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Privacy-Preserving Similar Patient Queries for Combined Biomedical Data
Abstract: The decreasing costs of molecular profiling have fueled the biomedical research community with a plethora of new types of biomedical data, enabling a breakthrough towards more precise and personalized medicine. Naturally, the increasing availability of data also enables physicians to compare patients’ data and treatments easily and to find similar patients in order to propose the optimal therapy. Such similar patient queries (SPQs) are of utmost importance to medical practice and will be relied upon in future health information exchange systems. While privacy-preserving solutions have been previously studied, those are limited to genomic data, ignoring the different newly available types of biomedical data.
In this paper, we propose new cryptographic techniques for finding similar patients in a privacy-preserving manner with various types of biomedical data, including genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic data as well as their combination. We design protocols for two of the most common similarity metrics in biomedicine: the Euclidean distance and Pearson correlation coefficient. Moreover, unlike previous approaches, we account for the fact that certain locations contribute differently to a given disease or phenotype by allowing to limit the query to the relevant locations and to assign them different weights. Our protocols are specifically designed to be highly efficient in terms of communication and bandwidth, requiring only one or two rounds of communication and thus enabling scalable parallel queries. We rigorously prove our protocols to be secure based on cryptographic games and instantiate our technique with three of the most important types of biomedical data – namely DNA, microRNA expression, and DNA methylation. Our experimental results show that our protocols can compute a similarity query over a typical number of positions against a database of 1,000 patients in a few seconds. Finally, we propose and formalize strategies to mitigate the threat of malicious users or hospitals.
Keywords: Biomedical data privacy
DOI 10.2478/popets-2019-0004
Received 2018-05-31; revised 2018-09-15; accepted 2018-09-16.
1 Introduction
With the plummeting costs of molecular profiling, and in particular whole-genome sequencing, the amount of personal biomedical data available is rapidly increasing. This new data availability has positively affected the research in medicine by enabling the development of research directions that were previously impossible due to the lack of data. Whole-genome sequencing has enabled biomedical researchers to identify the relations between a plethora of severe diseases and the genomic mutations responsible for them. For instance, links have been found between some genomic variants and the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease [1]. However, the genome is only the tip of the iceberg concerning the current biomedical data deluge.
Researchers have shown that aberrant levels of other types of biomedical data, such as epigenomic or transcriptomic data, could indicate its owner carrying a severe disease, such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, heart diseases or cancers [2–4]. Two of the most important epigenetic elements in the human body, DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs), have been associated with numerous diseases as well. For example, abnormal DNA methylation patterns, such as hyper- or hypomethylation, are often observed for cancer patients, leading to the hyper-activation of genes such as oncogenes, or the silencing of tumor suppressor genes [5]. Dysregulation of microRNA expression has also been shown to be linked to several types of cancer [6]. Finally, the combination of different kinds of biomedical data is an auspicious and growing direction of research. For in-
*Corresponding Author: Ahmed Salem: CISPA, Saarland University, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Pascal Berrang: CISPA, Saarland University, E-mail: email@example.com
Mathias Humbert: Swiss Data Science Center, ETH Zurich and EPFL, E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Michael Backes: CISPA Helmholtz Center i.G., E-mail: email@example.com
stance, Hamed et al. study the relation between breast cancer and the combination of various data such as DNA methylation, microRNA expression, and genomic variants [7]. Speicher and Pfeiger combine DNA methylation, microRNA expression, and gene expression for integrative analysis of tumor samples [8, 9].
As biomedical data are increasingly available, it becomes easier to compare patients’ data with each other. This functionality is of utmost importance to be able to find similar patients and, e.g., check how they responded to different therapies. In this context, the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) has developed the MatchMaker Exchange [10], a platform that facilitates rare disease gene discovery through a federated network of genotype and phenotype databases. It typically answers requests such as “do you have any patients similar to one who has hypertelorism with a deleterious variant in CASQ2”, where the similarity is defined by the receiving system. However, due to the serious privacy concerns related to genomic data [11–16], but also epigenomic and transcriptomic data [17–21], we anticipate that any similarity computation will have to be performed privately in the near future, i.e., without disclosing the patients’ raw biomedical data.
While privacy-preserving similar patient queries have been previously studied in the literature, these solutions have been practically limited to whole-genome queries [22–24]. In this paper, we propose new methods that allow us to find similar patients based on various types of biomedical data, such as genomic, epigenomic, and transcriptomic data, and to combine them if necessary. Moreover, our approach easily allows the users to query specific locations instead of the whole genome. This is especially important as omics-based diseases and therapies are always related to a limited set of positions [25–30]. Moreover, it easily allows a medical practitioner to find similar patients carrying a certain disease by querying the relevant disease markers for the chosen set of biomedical data types. Finally, it is generic enough to adapt to the functionality of any health information exchange platform, such as the MatchMaker Exchange.
**Contributions**
In this paper, we introduce the first privacy-preserving similar patient query system that can handle different biomedical data types, while enabling the users to query a specific subset of positions and to put different weights on these positions or data types. Our system relies on additively homomorphic encryption and implements different protocols for performing similar patient queries based on two similarity measures widely used in the biomedical context: the Euclidean distance and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
Since the secure computation of Pearson correlation coefficient involves squaring of ciphertexts, we also propose an efficient extension for additively homomorphic encryption schemes that enables the squaring of ciphertexts. An additional requirement on the encryption scheme is that it also supports scalar multiplication of ciphertexts. Our extension is based on the work of Catalano and Fiore [31], adapting their idea to squaring and improving the efficiency in terms of ciphertext size and decryption time. We also prove our extension to be secure with regard to ciphertext indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attacks. We instantiate our protocols and the proposed extension with the Paillier cryptosystem.
We consider three different settings of information released to the parties involved in our protocols, thus offering some flexibility to the system designer. These range from both queried and querying parties learning only whether the similarity measure is below or above a predefined threshold (boolean outcome) to one of the two parties learning the final similarity measure and the other learning the boolean outcome. The latter case can be helpful when the querying party (e.g., a physician) wants to know to which extent his patient is similar to patients in the queried party’s database (e.g., in a hospital’s database). All our protocols are designed with a focus on keeping the communication overhead low, running in only one or two rounds of communication depending on the chosen setting. This allows for scalable parallel queries, effectively reducing the number of open connections and the bandwidth on the hospital’s side.
We rigorously prove our protocols to be secure in the presence of honest-but-curious user and hospital. Moreover, we provide an in-depth discussion and formalize countermeasures to prevent inferences from malicious users or hospitals. Finally, we implement and test the different protocols using various combinations of data. These show that we can query a typical number of biomedical data positions against a database of 1,000 patients in less than five seconds for the weighted Euclidean distance protocol, and in less than thirty seconds for the Pearson correlation coefficient. This demonstrates that our approach is efficient and highly practical in current clinical and research settings.
2 Background
2.1 Similar Patient Query
A similar patient query (SPQ) denotes a query carried out by a user (e.g., a medical practitioner) on a set of patients (usually from a hospital database). The query takes a patient’s data as input and returns a set of patients in the hospital database similar to the input patient. A single comparison between two patients can also be referred to as an SPQ. SPQs are crucial for medical practice. They are used, e.g., when a physician needs to find similar patients to his own in order to study their treatment history. The resulting information can then be used to optimize the treatment for his own patient. As biomedical data is privacy sensitive, it is crucial to protect both the patient’s data and the hospital’s data.
While the previously mentioned use case is essential in the clinical environment, SPQs are not limited to this setting. Such queries can also be employed to tell whether participants of a study conducted by multiple research groups are similar to each other or not. Often, it is also desirable in these cases to protect the datasets of each laboratory. A third scenario to mention is the use of SPQs for consumer-oriented portals such as Ancestry [32] or 23andMe [33] offering to find relatives based on the similarities within the genome. Two of the most popular similarity measures used in biomedical practice are the Euclidean distance and Pearson correlation coefficient [34–38]. We provide protocols for performing SPQs securely based on the two aforementioned similarity measures in a way that none of the participants learns the other’s data.
2.2 Biomedical Data
While there exist a plethora of different types of biomedical data, we focus on three of the most common types: genomic data, microRNA expression profiles, and DNA methylation profiles. Our approach, however, is general enough to capture any biomedical data that can be represented by an integer or a real value.
2.2.1 Genome
The first data type we consider is the genome. Abstractly, the genome is a pair of sequences of three billion bases taking value in \{A, T, G, C\}. This pair of sequences carries the genetic signature of its holder.
The genomes of two human beings only differ in around 0.1% of the positions. These locations varying between individuals are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). There are currently about 150 million referenced SNPs on dbSNP[39]. At each SNP location within a single DNA sequence, there are two possible nucleotide values. The most frequent value is called the major allele, and the other the minor allele.
As the DNA is a pair of sequences, at any SNP position there are two alleles. Hence, there are only three possible combinations for the values of a SNP which are: (i) both are major alleles, (ii) one is major and the other is minor, or (iii) both are minor alleles. We usually encode these combinations as 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Therefore, a genome of length $L_1$ can be encoded as $\{0, 1, 2\}^{L_1}$. Note that we are interested in a subset of length $L'_1 \ll L_1$ in our SPQ setting. We describe how the genomic data comparison can be combined with the other biomedical data types in Section 6.1.
2.2.2 MicroRNA Expression
The second type of biomedical data is microRNA (miRNA) expressions data. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules containing about 22 nucleotides and are mainly responsible for gene regulation, i.e., which parts of the DNA are active in a given cell. There are more than 5,000 known miRNAs. The expression of microRNA is proportional to the number of active miRNA molecules expressed in a group of cells and thus is represented by a positive, real value. A microRNA expression profile of size $L_2$ can be formally represented as $\mathbb{R}_+^{L_2}$. As for the genome, we are interested in a subset of the microRNA expression points of size $L'_2 \ll L_2$. In Section 6.1, we explain how we encode these values as fixed point integers in our implementation.
2.2.3 DNA Methylation
The third type of biomedical data we consider is DNA methylation. In DNA methylation, a special molecule is attached to a certain position of the DNA. Specifically, such a methylation can only occur at positions where a $C$ nucleotide is followed by a $G$. While a position in a single cell can only be methylated or not, the DNA methylation can vary across different cells and copies of the DNA. Hence, DNA methylation is meaasured as a real value between 0 and 1, which represents the fraction of cells that are methylated at a particular position. There are around 28 million known DNA methylation positions in the human genome. A DNA methylation profile of size $L_3$ is formally structured as $[0, 1]^{L_3}$. Again, for our SPQ, we are only interested in a subset of the methylation positions of size $L'_3 \ll L_3$. As for the microRNA expression, we describe how we encode the methylation values as fixed point integers in Section 6.1.
## 3 System Model
Our protocols assume two participating parties we refer to as the hospital and the user. The hospital is the entity that possesses and manages the database of the biomedical data. In principle, there can be multiple hospitals. Although we name this party a hospital, it could as well be any organization that collects and stores biomedical data. The second party in our protocols is the user, who initiates the query. The user is interested in performing an SPQ against a patient in the hospital database.
We aim to compute the similarity between two patients. One patient’s data is known to the hospital, and the other patient’s data is known to the user. None of the parties should learn the other party’s data. Regarding the outcome of the SPQ, we consider three different scenarios of information released to either party. In the first setting, the hospital is allowed to learn the similarity measure outcome and returns to the user only whether this outcome is above or below a predefined threshold. In the second setting, both parties only learn whether the similarity measure outcome is above or below the threshold. Lastly, in the third setting, the hospital does not learn anything, and the user learns the similarity measure outcome.
In our approach, we assume an honest-but-curious user and hospital, i.e., they have to follow the protocol but may try to extract or infer more information from any data they can get. The honest-but-curious hospital and user model is widely accepted in the literature [20, 22, 40–42]. However, we propose extensions for the defense against a fully malicious user and hospital in Section 9 to show the generalizability of our approach for different use cases.
## 4 Building Blocks
In this section, we first recall the similarity measures we use in our protocols. Then, we present the basics of public key encryption and our extension to additively homomorphic encryption for squaring operations.
### 4.1 Similarity Measures
In this paper, we focus on two types of similarity metrics, namely Pearson correlation coefficient (PC) and the Euclidean distance (ED) since both metrics are frequently used in the context of biomedical applications. However, our general scheme can be easily extended to other similarity measures, such as cosine similarity.
PC measures the linear correlation between two sets of values. The coefficient’s value is between +1 and −1, where +1 means complete positive correlation and −1 means complete negative correlation. We use the following equation for calculating the PC:
$$\frac{n \sum_{i \in I} x_i y_i - \sum_{i \in I} x_i \sum_{i \in I} y_i}{\sqrt{(n \sum_{i \in I} x_i^2 - (\sum_{i \in I} x_i)^2)(n \sum_{i \in I} y_i^2 - (\sum_{i \in I} y_i)^2)}}$$
(1)
where $I$ is the set of positions the user is interested in, $x$ and $y$ are the two vectors whose similarity he wants to measure.
ED is always greater than or equal to zero, and the smaller the distance, the more similar two patients are. We use the following equation for estimating ED:
$$\sum_{i \in I} (x_i - y_i)^2$$
(2)
In fact, the actual ED is the square root of that equation. However, since we just compare the distance with a threshold, we can square both the threshold and the real ED to facilitate the computation under encryption and end up with the same result.
### 4.2 Public-key Encryption
Public-key encryption was first introduced by Diffie and Hellman in [43], and numerous schemes for public-key cryptography have been proposed since then. In our paper, we require a public-key encryption scheme with the additively homomorphic property, allowing to add messages under encryption. More formally, we need a scheme $\Pi_{PKE} = (\text{Gen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec}, \text{Add}, \text{Smul})$ such that:
\((\text{pk}, \text{sk}) \leftarrow \text{Gen}(1^k)\), the generation protocol generates a pair of public and private keys on the input of the security parameter.
\(c \leftarrow \text{Enc}(\text{pk}, m)\), the encryption protocol outputs a ciphertext on the input of a message and the public key.
\(\{m, \bot\} \leftarrow \text{Dec}(\text{sk}, c)\), the decryption protocol outputs a message on the input of a valid ciphertext and a private key, otherwise it fails.
\(c_2 \leftarrow \text{Add}(c, c_1)\), the addition protocol, which outputs a ciphertext on the input of two ciphertexts. The output ciphertext holds the sum of \(m\) and \(m_1\) where \(m\) and \(m_1\) are the decryptions of \(c\) and \(c_1\).
\(c_2 \leftarrow \text{Smul}(k, c_1)\), the scalar multiplication protocol, which outputs a ciphertext on the input of a scalar and a ciphertext. The output ciphertext contains the multiplication of \(k\) and \(m_1\) where \(m_1\) is the decryption of \(c_1\).
There are many available schemes fulfilling our requirement. We will rely on the Paillier cryptosystem [44] for our implementation and evaluation.
### 4.3 Squaring of an Encrypted Message
Since both our similarity measures in Section 4.1 require the user to calculate the square of an encrypted message, we propose an extension of any additively homomorphic encryption scheme supporting scalar multiplication. We will instantiate our extension exemplarily for the original Paillier cryptosystem providing the ability for the squaring operation. While plain additive homomorphic encryption does not support such an operation, we follow the approach of Catalano and Fiore [31], which extends an additively homomorphic encryption scheme with a multiplication operation. However, the primary drawback of their scheme is that the multiplication operation and its subsequent operations can substantially increase the size of the ciphertext.
Therefore, we adapt their scheme to only support squaring of encrypted messages. Our modification eliminates one component of the original construction and thus can significantly reduce the ciphertext size, thereby also decreasing the decryption time by almost a factor of two. We build on an additive homomorphic encryption scheme \(\hat{\pi} = (\text{Gen}', \text{Enc}', \text{Dec}', \text{Add}', \text{Smul}')\) over the message space \(\mathcal{M}\). Where \(\text{Gen}'\) is the key generation algorithm, \(\text{Enc}'\) is the encryption algorithm, \(\text{Dec}'\) is the decryption algorithm, \(\text{Add}'\) is the ciphertext addition algorithm, and \(\text{Smul}'\) is the scalar multiplication algorithm. Leveraging this scheme, we build our new scheme \(\pi = (\text{Gen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec})\) over the same message space with the operations
\[
\{\text{Add}(c_1, c_2), \text{Smul}(k, c), \text{Square}(c)\}
\]
In the following, we will define the operations on our scheme \(\pi\), starting with the encryption.
#### 4.3.1 Encryption
In principle, now every ciphertext is represented by a pair \(c = (\alpha, B)\), with \(\alpha\) being a ciphertext of the underlying scheme \(\hat{\pi}\) and \(B\) being a list of ciphertexts \(\beta_i\) of \(\hat{\pi}\).
A freshly created ciphertext has an empty list \(B\) and the message \(m\) is encrypted with the underlying scheme \(\hat{\pi}\) and stored in the first part of the ciphertext \(\alpha\), i.e., \(\text{Enc}(m) = (\text{Enc}'(m), [\ ])\) with \([\ ]\) being the empty list.
#### 4.3.2 Decryption
The decryption of a ciphertext \(c = (\alpha, B)\) works as follows:
\[
\text{Dec}((\alpha, B)) = \text{Dec}'(\alpha) + \sum_{\beta_i \in B} \text{Dec}'(\beta_i)^2.
\]
#### 4.3.3 Addition
To add two ciphertexts \(c_1 = (\alpha_1, B_1)\) and \(c_2 = (\alpha_2, B_2)\) the \(\alpha\)'s are just added together using the homomorphic property and the \(B\)'s are concatenated. Hence, we get
\[
\text{Add}(c_1, c_2) = (\text{Add}'(\alpha_1, \alpha_2), B_1 || B_2),
\]
where \(||\) is the list concatenation.
#### 4.3.4 Scalar Multiplication
To scale a ciphertext \(c\) by a factor \(k\), we distinguish between two cases. The first is when \(c\) is a simple ciphertext, i.e., ciphertexts for which the list \(B\) is empty. In this case, \(\text{Smul}(k, c) = \text{Smul}(k, (\alpha, [\ ])) = (\text{Smul}'(k, \alpha), [\ ])\). The second case is when \(c\) has a list \(B\) which is not empty. In this case, we only support scalar multiplications with factors which have integer square roots. To scale a ciphertext \(c\) with a factor \(k\), we scale \(\alpha\) with \(k\), and then scale all the ciphertexts in the list \(B\)
with the square root of $k$. More formally, $\text{Smul}(k, c) = \text{Smul}(k, (\alpha, B)) = (\text{Smul}'(k, \alpha), [\text{Smul}'(\sqrt{k}, \beta_i)]_{\beta_i \in B})$.
### 4.3.5 Squaring
Below is the modified multiplication protocol from [31], adapted only to calculate the square $\text{Square}(c)$ of the ciphertext $c$. The following protocol does only rely on the given operations on ciphertexts and can hence be executed without the knowledge of $m$.
1. Let $\text{Enc}(m) = c = (\alpha', B')$. If $B'$ is not empty, throw an error since we only support a single squaring operation.
2. Pick a random value $a \leftarrow M$.
3. Calculate $\gamma_1 = \text{Enc}'(-a)$.
4. Calculate $\beta = \text{Add}'(\alpha', \gamma_1) = \text{Enc}'(m - a)$.
5. Calculate $\gamma_2 = \text{Enc}'(-a^2)$.
6. Calculate $\gamma_3 = \text{Smul}'(2a, \alpha') = \text{Enc}'(2am)$.
7. Calculate $\alpha = \text{Add}'(\gamma_2, \gamma_3) = \text{Enc}'(-a^2 + 2am)$.
8. Return $(\alpha, [\beta])$, where $[\beta]$ denotes the list with only $\beta$ as element.
Compared to the original multiplication protocol, our modification reduces the number of random values to one instead of two, effectively decreasing the size of $\beta$ by a factor of 2. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ can be calculated efficiently because of the additive and scaling properties of the encryption scheme. The additive property allows the addition of the messages under encryption. The scaling property allows the ciphertexts to be scaled by a scalar.
The correctness of these modifications follows from the following theorem.
**Theorem 1.** The squaring modification is correct, i.e., $\text{Dec}(\text{Square}(\text{Enc}(m))) = m^2$
**Proof.**
$$\text{Dec}(\alpha) = -a^2 + 2am \quad (3)$$
$$\text{Dec}(\beta)^2 = (m - a)^2 \quad (4)$$
Simplifying Equation 4 results in
$$\text{Dec}(\beta)^2 = m^2 - 2am + a^2 \quad (5)$$
Adding Equation 3 and 5 results in
$$-a^2 + 2am + m^2 - 2am + a^2 = m^2 \quad (6)$$
The security proof is given in Appendix B.
## 5 Assumptions
We rely on the following two assumptions for our system. First, we assume there exists a scheme $\pi = (\text{Gen}, \text{Enc}, \text{Dec}, \text{Add}, \text{Smul})$, which is a CPA secure additively homomorphic public encryption scheme. $\text{Gen}$ is the key generation algorithm, $\text{Enc}$ is the encryption algorithm, $\text{Dec}$ is the decryption algorithm, $\text{Add}$ is the ciphertext adding algorithm, and $\text{Smul}$ is the scalar multiplication algorithm. Second, we assume the non-collusion between users and hospital. The non-collusion assumption makes sense in our case because, if they collude, then no information needs to be hidden, as they can directly share their data with each other. In a realistic scenario, the hospital would try to learn the user’s data, and the user would try to learn the hospital’s data.
## 6 Design
In this section, we present our protocols for performing similar patient queries based on diverse biomedical data.
### 6.1 Setup
As previously mentioned, genomic data are usually represented as a sequence of nucleotides or, if we focus on SNPs, as an integer between 0 and 2. MicroRNA expression and DNA methylation data are usually represented in the form of real values, with DNA methylation being bounded between 0 and 1.
Since the different representations of data can be a barrier to combine all of them for calculating the SPQ, we unify their representation by encoding them as fixed point integers. We consider SNPs to be represented by 0, 1, or 2. DNA methylation values and microRNAs are scaled up by a factor of $10^p$ for $p$ digits of precision and then rounded to the nearest integer. In this work, we set $p = 8$ digits of precision for DNA methylation values because the methylation values in our dataset are encoded with 8 digits. For the same reason, we set $p = 9$ digits of precision for the microRNA expression values.
Since all data are now presented as integers, the hospital publishes all of its data under encryption and reveals the locations and types of the data. A user then picks the positions he is interested in and calculates the similarity value, which he will send to the hospital in order to obtain the final result.
It is important to mention that we are using additively homomorphic encryption scheme, hence the user is able to apply different weights with different positions or data types. He can apply the weights both to his values and to the hospital’s without any interaction with the hospital. This is particularly crucial to account for the scaling performed to the data types. For instance, if the user wants to cancel the scaling factor while using the PC version of the scheme, he just needs to make all values scaled with the same factor. The scaling factor will be canceled without any extra actions, due to the PC Equation 1. For the ED version, the user would need to divide the final value with the square of the scaling factor to cancel it. An example for scaling the values would be to multiply the methylation values by 10, and DNA values by $10^9$ to make them 9 digits similar to the microRNA expression values.
We assume the hospital to create a key pair $(pk, sk)$, which is the key for the encryption scheme. For our evaluation, we rely on the adapted version of the Paillier cryptosystem. Using this key pair, the hospital publishes the patients’ biomedical data, including the positions, the type of data, the encryption of the data itself. We further assume the hospital to publish the encryption of the square of the patients’ data values. While the square could in principle be calculated by the user, directly publishing it is much more efficient.
For each of the similarity measures used in this paper, we will present three settings differing in the information release to each party. Table 1 summarizes the three settings we consider. A “boolean” information release to a party means that this party only learns whether the similarity is below or above a predefined threshold, whereas releasing the “similarity” means the party learns the actual outcome of the similarity computation.
### Table 1. Three settings considered in our SPQ protocols with regard to the information release to each party.
| Setting | Hospital | User |
|---------|----------|------|
| 1) | similarity | boolean |
| 2) | boolean | boolean |
| 3) | nothing | similarity |
#### 6.2 SPQ using Euclidean Distance
Scheme 1 presents our protocol for calculating the SPQ using ED in the basic setting, i.e., when the hospital does learn the similarity value and returns to the user whether it is below or above the predefined threshold. However, instead of considering the equation for ED as presented in Section 2, we will use an expanded version of it as follows:
$$\sum_{i \in I} x_i^2 - 2x_iy_i + y_i^2$$
By using the expanded version and the additionally published squared values, we can avoid calculating the
square of a ciphertext, which is not only computationally expensive but results in increasing the ciphertext size as mentioned in Section 4.3. The only disadvantage of using that equation is that now the hospital needs to also publish the encryption of the square of the values. However, this is already required for the SPQ using PC as will be explained in Section 6.3.
As a reminder, $I$ is the set of positions the user is interested in. Let $h$ be the vector containing the hospital’s patient’s data, $u$ be the vector containing the user’s patient’s data and $w$ be the vector containing the values of the user’s weight for each position of the set $I$.
Scheme 1 also explains how to incorporate the weights for individual positions during the computation. Basically, the user assigns different weights for every position by multiplying them to the ciphertexts in each row following the equation $\sum_{i \in I} \text{Enc}(h_i^2 + u_i^2 - 2h_iu_i)^{w_i}$.
In our second setting, we hide the similarity value from the hospital and only let both parties learn whether it is above or below the threshold. This can be easily achieved by leveraging the ciphertext comparison protocol proposed in [45]. The hospital would publish the encryption of the threshold and the user compares it to his result using the building block, sending only the comparison result to the hospital instead of $res$.
Our third setting, in which only the user learns the similarity value, can be easily achieved by the user blinding $res$. The hospital then sends the decrypted value to the user, who unblinds it and hence receives the desired outcome.
### 6.3 SPQ using Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Scheme 2 presents our protocol for calculating the SPQ using PC in the basic setting, in which the hospital learns the correlation coefficient and returns to the user only whether it is below or above a threshold. $I$ is the set of positions the user is interested in, $h$ the vector containing the hospital’s patient’s data, and $u$ be the vector containing the user’s patient’s data.
As shown in Scheme 2, we use our ciphertext squaring extension to calculate $p_7$. According to the Equation 1, $p_7$ is supposed to be multiplied by $-1$. However, our ciphertext squaring extension presented in Section 4.3 does not support such multiplication. In order to bypass this issue, we calculate the opposite (negative value) of both parts of the denominator in (1) leading to the same final value since the two negative values cancel out.
For the blinding and unblinding of $p_{10}$ and $p_{11}$, it is important to note that the blinding and unblinding are performed in different groups. The blinding happens on the encrypted values, but the unblinding happens on the decrypted values. To ensure a correct unblinding, overflow of the blinded values should be avoided. This is not an issue in our scenario as the considered values are significantly smaller than the modulus size. More concretely, our data have maximum 9 digits which can be encoded in 30 bits, which is much smaller than the size of the cryptosystem modulus (2048 bits) that we use in Section 8. Finally, there is no constraint on $r_h$ as the blinding and unblinding operations are performed in plain.
In order to hide the resulting correlation coefficient from both parties, corresponding to our second setting, and to only reveal whether the result is above or below the hospital’s threshold, the hospital scales and encrypts $p_{14}$ before sending it to the user. The scaling depends on the accuracy needed by the hospital and the threshold should also be scaled with the same scaling factor, which should be known and public. Then, the hospital sends this encryption to the user who removes the blinding. Finally, both parties run the ciphertext comparison protocol proposed in [45] on the scaled threshold and the unblinded encryption.
For our third setting, the protocol can be adapted to let the user know the result instead of the hospital. This is achieved by the hospital not blinding $p_{12}$, which enables the user to learn the correlation coefficient.
### 6.4 Advantages of our Approach
Here we highlight the main advantages of our approach, notably with respect to previous contributions.
First of all, while some related protocols require a trusted third party such as the one presented in [24], we entirely eliminate the need thereof because neither the security nor the functionality of our protocols depend on any external parties.
Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to provide and evaluate protocols that are explicitly able to combine different types of biomedical data, also considering different weights for specific positions. They are essential to give specific positions or biomedical data more weight for the similarity calculation. Moreover, weights can also be used to give the user the flexibility of normalizing the distance if needed.
Compared to most other approaches, our protocols only require a very low amount of communication. One
| Inputs of User: | Hospital’s encrypted values, Hospital’s encrypted squared values, Hospital’s public key, his patient data and set $I$ of the positions he is interested in. |
|-----------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Inputs of Hospital: | Private key and threshold |
| Output: | If the PC between the hospital’s and user’s data is below the threshold or not |
| User: | Calculates $\sum_{i \in I} u_i$. Then multiplies the encryption of the hospital’s values to get $\text{Enc}(\sum_{i \in I} h_i)$ and raises it to the previously calculated $\sum_{i \in I} u_i$ to get $p_1 = \text{Enc}(\sum_{i \in I} u_i \cdot \sum_{i \in I} h_i)$. |
| User: | For every $i$ the user raises $\text{Enc}(h_i)$ to $u_i$ to get $\text{Enc}(h_i u_i)$ then multiplies these ciphertexts to get $\text{Enc}(\sum_{i \in I} h_i u_i)$. Finally, he raises it to $n$, where $n$ is the length of $I$ to get $p_2 = \text{Enc}(n \sum_{i \in I} h_i u_i)$. |
| User: | Multiplies $p_1^{-1}$ with $p_2$ to get $p_3 = \text{Enc}(n \sum_{i \in I} h_i u_i - \sum_{i \in I} h_i \sum_{i \in I} u_i)$. |
| User: | Calculates $p_4 = (\sum_{i \in I} u_i)^2 - n \sum_{i \in I} u_i^2$. |
| User: | Multiplies the encryption of the hospital’s squared values to get $\text{Enc}(\sum_{i \in I} h_i^2)$, then raises it to $n$ to get $p_5 = \text{Enc}(n \sum_{i \in I} h_i^2)$. |
| User: | Multiplies the encryptions of the hospital’s values to get $p_6 = \text{Enc}(\sum_{i \in I} h_i)$ then squares it to get $p_7 = \text{Enc}((\sum_{i \in I} h_i)^2)$. This squaring is done with the extension we previously introduced in 4.3. |
| User: | Multiplies $p_5$ to $p_7$ to get $p_8 = \text{Enc}((\sum_{i \in I} h_i)^2 - n \sum_{i \in I} h_i^2)$. |
| User: | Raises $p_8$ to the square of $p_4$, to get $p_9 = \text{Enc}(((\sum_{i \in I} h_i)^2 - n \sum_{i \in I} h_i^2)((\sum_{i \in I} u_i)^2 - n \sum_{i \in I} u_i^2)^2))$. |
| User: | Generates $r_1$ and $r_2$ as specified in Subsection 6.3 |
| User: | Blinds $p_9$ with the square of a random number $r_1$ to get $p_{10} = \text{Enc}(r_1^2((\sum_{i \in I} h_i)^2 - n \sum_{i \in I} h_i^2)((\sum_{i \in I} u_i)^2 - n \sum_{i \in I} u_i^2)^2))$. |
| User: | Blinds $p_3$ with the a random number $r_2$ to get $p_{11} = \text{Enc}(r_2(n \sum_{i \in I} h_i u_i - \sum_{i \in I} h_i \sum_{i \in I} u_i))$. |
| User → Hospital: | User sends $p_{10}$ and $p_{11}$ to the hospital. |
| Hospital: | Decrypts $p_{10}$, and calculates the square root of it. Then divides it with the decryption of $p_{11}$ to get $p_{12} = \frac{r_2 (n \sum_{i \in I} h_i u_i - \sum_{i \in I} h_i \sum_{i \in I} u_i)}{r_1 (\sqrt{(n \sum_{i \in I} h_i^2 - (\sum_{i \in I} h_i)^2)(n \sum_{i \in I} u_i^2 - (\sum_{i \in I} u_i)^2)^2})}$. |
| Hospital → User: | Hospital picks a random $r_h$ and sends $p_{13} = p_{12} \cdot r_h$ to the user. |
| User: | The user removes his blinding by multiplying $p_{13}$ with $\frac{r_1}{r_2}$, then multiplies it with $p_4$ to remove the extra scaling and get $p_{14}$. |
| User → Hospital: | User sends $p_{14}$ to the hospital. |
| Hospital: | The hospital removes its blinding by dividing $p_{14}$ with $r_h$ to get the coefficient and decides if the patients are similar or not. |
| Hospital → User: | Sends the user if the patients are similar or not. |
Fig. 2. Our protocol for Similar Patient Queries using Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
or two rounds of communication suffice to obtain the final results depending on which variant is used. This is important to reduce the online time of both parties. In other words, the low number of rounds avoids forcing both parties to be online to start the SPQ and stay online during the computation. Furthermore, a low amount of communication reduces the amount of bandwidth needed for each query. This is not only beneficial when limited bandwidth is available, but also when a hospital receives many queries at the same time.
Moreover, our protocols enable the user to query certain positions without the hospital knowing the positions. Since the hospital publishes the list of encrypted values for all positions, the user is free to compute the similarity on any set of positions without the hospital learning this set. We also discuss an extension of our protocols allowing to hide the result of the similarity computation from the hospital and instead only revealing whether the value is above or below a threshold. Finally, our protocol is generic enough to also apply to other similarity measures, data types and use cases such as the one presented in Appendix A.
7 Security and Correctness Analysis
In this section, we analyze and prove the security and correctness of our building blocks and protocols.
7.1 Correctness
The correctness property is defined as: the two parties engaged in the scheme should calculate the desired similarity metric. It is relatively straightforward to see
the correctness of the scheme calculating ED (cf. Section 6.2) and PC (cf. Section 6.3).
For ED scheme, the correctness follows from that we just calculate the equation but under encryption, which does not affect the final output. We use the expanded version of ED as presented in Equation 2 and compare it with the square of the threshold.
The scheme calculating PC uses the exact equation for the coefficient as presented in Equation 1. The blinding factors added in the scheme are all removed at a later stage, thus eventually providing the exact PC.
### 7.2 Security
Due to space constraints, we present the definitions and proofs related to the following theorems in Appendix B.
**Theorem 2.** Let $\Pi_{PKE}$ be IND-CPA secure. Then the squaring modification is CPA secure.
**Theorem 3.** Let $\Pi_{PKE}$ be IND-CPA secure. Then the SPQ using ED protocol is secure.
**Theorem 4.** Let $\Pi_{PKE}$ be IND-CPA secure. Then the SPQ using PC protocol is secure.
### 8 Performance Evaluation
In this section, we first describe the three datasets we rely upon for our experiments and then present our experimental setup and results.
#### 8.1 Datasets Description
In our experiments, we use three types of data, DNA, DNA methylation, and microRNA expression taken from three different datasets. For the genomic data, we use the publicly available data from the Personal Genomes Project (PGP) platform, which contains 7840 whole-genome sequences[46]. The data are stored in VCF (variant call format) files, which is a standard format in bioinformatics. We randomly extract from the VCF files 1000 SNP values. These values are 0, 1, and 2 as already mentioned depending on the alleles the SNP contains. The values 0, 1, and 2 are not equally distributed, the value 0 is the most frequent one. For the DNA methylation data, we rely on an epigenomic dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)[47] available under accession number GSE44684 [48]. We extract from the files the locations and methylation values of 67 individuals. Finally, for the microRNA expression data, we use the dataset under accession number GSE68951 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) [49]. We extract from the files the locations and the expression values of 26 patients. These three datasets show the general applicability of our approach to any type of biomedical data as well as their combination.
#### 8.2 Experiments and Results
We run the evaluation on two different servers located in different states. The hospital is run on the Amazon AWS service with an instance of type c3.8xlarge, which has 60 GB of memory, 32 Intel Xeon E5-2680v2 cores, and a network bandwidth up to 10 Gbps. The user is run on a local server with a 768 GB of memory and 4 Intel Xeon E5-4650L octa-core processors, providing 32 physical CPUs, and has the Intel’s hyper-threading technology enabled. Note that our protocol does not fully use the complete computational power of these machines. In practice, the maximum memory consumption of our protocols is about 20% of the hospital machine – 12 GB – and 2% of the user machine – 15 GB –, and the actual bandwidth of the network is about 200 Mbps. Both of the protocols use the second setting presented in Table 1 and are implemented in Java using multi-threading. As previously mentioned, we implement our evaluation instantiated by the Paillier cryptosystem [44] with a key size of 2048. It is also important to note that we implement the Paillier cryptosystem without any efficiency improvements, like those presented in [50]. These could be further implemented to reduce the running time.
We test different combinations of the number of participants, the number of positions, the data distribution with the protocol for the second setting, and every similarity measure variant. Recall that the second setting only reveals the boolean outcome to both parties. We chose to evaluate this setting, since it requires the most rounds of communication, thus providing an upper bound on our protocols. The first protocol we evaluate calculates ED without weights, the second protocol computes PC, and finally, the third protocol calculates the weighted Euclidean distance (WED). We randomly assign weights to every position independently. Regarding the biomedical data distributions we test the following combinations: We first assume that each type of data occupies 100% of the positions. Then, we assume one scenario in which each type of data takes an (almost)
equal share in the similarity protocol, i.e., DNA (D) taking 33%, microRNA expression (R) 33% and DNA methylation (M) 34%.
We consider between 10 and 1000 positions in one of the three biomedical data types or spread among all of them if we assume a given disease is influenced by multiple types of data. In the latter case, we assume all three data types have an (almost) equal number of positions that contribute to the disease. For instance, if we consider 10 positions, we pick 3 SNPs from the genome, 3 microRNA expressions, and 4 methylation positions. We select a range between 10 and 1000 positions to be as close as possible to realistic queries. For example, many diseases are associated with less than 10 genomic positions [25–27], while other diseases are influenced by up to 100 positions [28, 29], and finally there are a few examples where we need up to 1000 positions, like the study on classifying brain tumors based on methylation profiles in [30]. We test the range from 100 to 1000 positions (with an increasing step of 100) especially for demonstrating the scalability of our approach and cover even rare cases where more than 100 positions are relevant.
Regarding the number of participants, we consider numbers ranging from 100 to 1000 participants in the hospital’s database, with an increasing step of 100. Fig. 3 depicts the hospital’s computational time and the total time including the communication time and the user’s computational time for six different representative scenarios. First, we observe that the hospital computational time is almost constant regardless of the number of positions. This is because the hospital receives only one ciphertext no matter what the number of positions is. It is also independent of the number of participants because the hospital can operate on each participant’s data separately, in other words, the hospital processes all participants’ queries in parallel. Comparing the hospital time of Fig. 3, we observe that the data types that are used do not influence the hospital’s computational time. This is expected as the hospital always gets the same formatted ciphertext, regardless of the type of data being encrypted.
We also observe that the hospital’s time is almost equal for protocols WED and ED. This is not surprising because, in both cases, the hospital performs the same operations, as noted in Scheme 1. For the PC protocol, the hospital’s time is more than four or five times the corresponding time in the other protocols. This increment is due to the hospital having to decrypt and work on more ciphertexts than for the other protocols as noted by the number of operations the hospital performs in Scheme 2 compared to the number of operations in Scheme 1. Furthermore, one of these ciphertexts is the result of the squaring of a number which is expected to take more time as described in Section 4.3. Finally, we observe that the hospital’s computational burden is negligible compared to the user’s as well as to the communication time in our protocols shown by the blue curves with square dots in the figures. The reason for this is that the user performs the computations himself to hide the locations he is interested in, and the hospital mostly just decrypts the resulting ciphertexts.
Looking at the total time of Fig. 3 (a)-(c), we observe that the running time is larger for methylation data than for genomic data. It is slightly shorter than with methylation data when we combine all three data types. This shows that considering or combining different biomedical data other than solely genomic data increases the complexity of same patient queries. In general, the DNA-based similarity test takes less than 30 seconds for 1000 users and 1000 positions, and less than 5 seconds for 100 positions. Methylation-based similarity tests take around 10 seconds for 1000 participants and 100 positions. Note that the results for microRNA data are almost the same as for DNA methylation data as expected due to the similar real-valued nature and pre-processing of these data.
We further observe that the total time is in general not only linear in the number of positions that are queried but also in the number of participants in the database. The only exception for this observation is Fig. 3b. This exception results from having a higher concentration of 0s in the first 500 SNPs than in the second 500 SNPs. The non-linear behavior is because addition of zeros is faster than the addition of the non-zero values. This is the case since we add a plaintext value – the user value – directly to a ciphertext – the hospital value -, not a ciphertext to a ciphertext, for efficiency reasons. Finally, comparing the different protocols, we notice first that ED protocol (Fig. 3f) is the fastest one, about two times faster than WED protocol (see Fig. 3c for comparison with 3f). Furthermore, PC protocol takes the longest time: it is about six times slower than WED protocol (see Fig. 3d and 3e for comparison). This is because, in the PC protocol, the user calculates much more than in the other protocols, as can be seen when comparing Scheme 2 with Scheme 1. Moreover, in the PC protocol, there is an additional round of communication that is needed in the middle of the protocol. The increment in time between protocols ED and WED is caused by the additional operations needed for applying the weights (cf. Scheme 1).
Fig. 3. Time performance of the different protocols under various data distribution, numbers of participants/positions scenarios. (a) WED with 1000 participants and DNA methylation data only, (b) WED with 1000 participants and genome only, (c) WED with 1000 participants and combined genome, microRNA expression and DNA methylation data (uniformly distributed), (d) WED with 10 positions and DNA methylation data only, (e) PC with 10 positions and DNA methylation data only, and (f) ED with 1000 participants and combined biomedical data as in (c).
To further test our protocols’ scalability, we evaluate their performance when performing a similar patient query against 1 million patients in six different settings covering each of the six scenarios in Fig. 3. In the following, we report the setting and the corresponding total time to perform the similarity computation: (a) WED protocol for 100 positions on methylation data: 4.6 hrs, (b) WED protocol for 1,000 positions on DNA: 14.6 hrs, (c) WED protocol for 100 positions on the three data types: 2.3 hrs, (d) WED protocol for 10 positions on methylation data: 1.3 hr, (e) PC protocol for 10 positions on methylation data: 3.8 hrs, (f) ED protocol for 1,000 positions on the three data types: 10.8 hrs. These results demonstrate the ability of our protocols to scale to up to 1 million patients.
In order to show that our protocols can even be run on less powerful machines, we perform several experiments locally, i.e., on a MacBook Pro with 16 GB memory and 2.7 GHz Intel Core i7 processor. The same laptop is used for both the hospital and user. The resulting time is on average five times slower than with more powerful machines used in other experiments.
We also report the size of communication between the hospital and the user in Table 2. As expected, using different combinations of biomedical data or a different number of positions does not affect the size of data being exchanged because the size of ciphertexts is independent of the data type. The hospital or user always sends/responds with the same type and number of ciphertexts, independently of the data type used, only depending on which protocol is being executed. This is why we just report the data exchanged per patient. As the table shows, the PC protocol’s communication size is larger compared to the other protocols. This is due to having two rounds of communication and having a ciphertext which is the result of squaring a ciphertext, compared to the other protocols that only have one round with standard ciphertexts being sent. The squared ciphertext has a larger size than a standard ciphertext due to its construction as described in Section 4.3. Finally, note that the data exchanged is slightly larger than expected due to the overhead added by Java.
We do not report the encryption time because the hospital encrypts the data only once per patient in its database. As already mentioned, this encryption occurs before any user can use the system and, as such, it is not time-critical. After the data is encrypted, users can start querying the hospital’s encrypted data.
Finally, it is important to mention that we are considering the worst case for the number of queries. Indeed, according to our biomedical colleagues, medical practitioners or researchers are interested in having one to maximum three similar patients for a given case. On one hand, for common diseases or variants, there is a high chance that the user gets the one or those few patients he needs in 1,000 queries or before. On the other hand, there is some chance that she would have to query more than 1,000 patients before finding one or two matching patient(s) in the case of rare diseases. In order to account for the latter case, we have further experimented our similarity computation protocols with 1 million patients.
Second, the number of queries can be significantly decreased by clustering the hospital’s data. The hospital can use clustering techniques to provide a few representative patients and let the user query against those only. If the SPQ results in a similar representative, a more fine-grained search in the cluster containing this representative can be carried out similarly.
However, the clustering technique mentioned in [35] would not work in our setting because it creates clusters based on the whole genome. Intuitively, our clustering idea is to run the clustering algorithm on the data multiple times, each time on different sets of positions. Each patient will have an ID to represent him, for clustering purpose only. The hospital would then publish the clusters’ description, i.e., which positions are considered into this cluster, and attach a list next to each patient identifying which clusters he is in. The positions used for clusters can be for example the positions used for identifying different diseases, with every disease having its own clusters. Note that since the hospital knows its patients’ values, the clustering would happen on plain data and only once, at the setup.
Table 2. Data exchanged per patient between the user and the hospital for the different protocol variants
| Protocol | Data sent by user | Data sent by hospital |
|--------------|-------------------|-----------------------|
| ED & WED | 802 Bytes | 47 Bytes |
| PC | 3594 Bytes | 849 Bytes |
9 Countering Malicious Behavior
In this section, we propose possible defenses against malicious users and hospital.
9.1 Malicious Users
Our first defense aims to maintain the accuracy of the SPQs while enhancing the hospital’s data protection. It is based on the fact that the users are not anonymous while querying the hospital. The hospital should create and store a profile for each user based on his expected behavior. Then, as the user is not anonymous while querying the hospital, the hospital monitors the user’s actions in order to detect any deviation from proper behavior. If the hospital catches misbehavior, it can take actions ranging from blocking the user to legal actions.
Due to the strong privacy guarantees of our protocols, the hospital only learns which user is querying the service. However, it does not learn which positions are queried, which patient on the hospital’s side is queried, or what the patient’s data on the user side looks like. Depending on the protocol used, it does not learn either the exact similarity outcome. Therefore, it is challenging for the hospital to detect every kind of misbehavior. We will present here an extension for the defense mentioned above, which provides more capabilities to the hospital – effectively increasing the privacy of the hospital’s data – by degrading the accuracy of the SPQs.
If we want to protect our scheme against a malicious user, we must assume he does not know the final similarity value. If the user knew the similarity outcome, it would be quite easy for him to query specific SNPs and appropriately assign his SNPs’ values to infer those of the hospital. Therefore, in the following, we assume the setting in which only the hospital learns the similarity measure while the user only learns whether the similarity outcome is above or below a public threshold. In this setting, we can apply the sparse vector technique for differential privacy as defined in [51]. The sparse vector technique adds noise to the similarity values and compares the result to a noised threshold. Generally, it
is assumed that queries resulting in a value above the threshold are considered privacy sensitive (also called a positive outcome). The noise on the threshold is only redrawn when the outcome is positive, and there is a bound $c$ on the number of queries that yield such a positive outcome. It is straightforward to adapt the algorithm for the case where results below the threshold should be considered privacy-sensitive.
Given our similarity measures, we consider the case where query results above the threshold are considered privacy-sensitive. The sparse vector technique is $(\epsilon, \delta)$-differentially private and provides $(\alpha, \beta)$-accuracy guarantees on the result. Let $a_1, \ldots, a_k \in \{\top, \bot\}$ denote a stream of answers for $k$ queries $x_1, \ldots, x_k$, determining whether the similarity $s(x_i, h)$ between $x_i$ and the hospital’s values $h$ is above the threshold ($\top$) or not ($\bot$). Given $\delta > 0$, the following equation defines the relation between $(\epsilon, \delta)$-differentially privacy and $(\alpha, \beta)$-accuracy:
$$\alpha = \frac{(\ln k + \ln \frac{2c}{\beta} \sqrt{512 \ln \frac{1}{\delta}})}{\epsilon}.$$
The sparse vector technique is called $(\alpha, \beta)$-accurate with respect to a threshold $T$ if, except with probability at most $\beta$, the algorithm does not halt before the $k^{th}$ query, and for all $a_i = \top$: $s(x_i, h) \geq T - \alpha$, and for all $a_i = \bot$: $s(x_i, h) \leq T + \alpha$. In practice, this means that the threshold has not been altered by more than $\alpha$ with probability $(1 - \beta)$.
There are six parameters influencing the algorithm: $k$, $c$, $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\epsilon$, $\delta$. $k$ is the total number of queries a user is potentially able to submit, and $c \leq k$ is the cut-off point on the number of privacy sensitive outcomes. If $c$ queries returned a positive outcome (above the noised threshold), further queries will not be answered. Given this guarantee, the algorithm is able to answer these queries with a positive outcome up to an error $\alpha$ with probability $(1 - \beta)$. The parameter $\epsilon$ is the privacy-loss parameter, controlling the amount of noise. $\delta$ controls the probability of a privacy breach event happening and should be kept very small or event be set to 0 (the corresponding relation for $\delta = 0$ can be found in [51]).
By determining suitable bounds for the error on the threshold, the hospital can use the relation above to calculate suitable parameters for the sparse vector technique in order to increase the patient’s data privacy while striving for an acceptable utility. How the parameters have to be chosen in practice mainly depends on the amount of error medical practitioners would feel comfortable with.
For example, a hospital could allow a user to perform a total of $k = 1,000$ queries, $c = 10$ of which may yield a positive outcome. From medical practice with a given type of data, the hospital determines that an error of at most $\alpha = 50$ is acceptable. The chosen error should only be allowed to exceed $\alpha$ in $\beta = 10\%$ of the cases. Setting $\delta = 10^{-10}$ will then yield $\epsilon \approx 11.64$.
### 9.2 Malicious Hospital
First, it is important to note that a malicious hospital can publish wrong data in the first place. However, as the hospital’s encrypted data is published, such data cannot be changed at any time without anyone noticing it. This eliminates the risk of having the hospital publishing data specially crafted to steal a user’s data.
For this defense, we consider the setting in which only the user learns the similarity measure, and the hospital learns nothing. The intuition behind the defense is forcing the hospital to perform all of its operations in public while presenting proof of correctness for them. The user can check that if the hospital is misbehaving by merely checking the operations and the proofs.
The hospital only decrypts the value in the ED scheme. To defend against a malicious hospital, the hospital would only need to provide a proof of decryption like the one presented in [52]. This way the user will be sure that the decryption is correct, then he can follow the scheme to unblind the value locally and learns the similarity measure, while the hospital learns nothing.
For the PC scheme, it is more complicated. In this scheme the hospital blinds $p_{10}$ and $p_{11}$ locally. To perform the blinding in public, the hospital would need to blind the values before decrypting them to avoid leaking their values to the user, and to provide a proof of correctness for the blinding. To accomplish this, the hospital can use a non-interactive zero-knowledge proof of knowledge (NIZK) [53]. More concretely, the hospital publishes $\mathcal{X}_1$ and $\mathcal{X}_2$ which correspond to the blinded versions of $p_{10}$ and $p_{11}$, respectively. The hospital then proves the correctness of $\mathcal{X}_1$’s and $\mathcal{X}_2$’s construction by creating and publishing the following proof of knowledge $PK\{(r_h) : \mathcal{X}_1 = p_{10}^{r_h} \land \mathcal{X}_2 = p_{11}^{r_h}\}$. Concretely, this proof shows that there exists an $r_h$ that the hospital knows and uses to construct $\mathcal{X}_1$ and $\mathcal{X}_2$ as illustrated in the proof. The hospital can decrypt both values in public while proving their decryption. Since the same blinding factor $r_h$ is used in blinding both values, the user can calculate $p_{12}$ himself, and the rest is executed as described in the original scheme.
10 Related Work
There are several previous papers on finding similar patients in a privacy-preserving manner.
Wang et al. [22] propose a technique for similar patient queries that uses the edit distance between DNA sequences approximated by a private set difference. Contrary to this approach, we are not bound to genomic data, but instead we consider other types of biomedical data such DNA methylation or microRNA expression data as well. These data types cannot be handled by Wang et al.’s approach due to its representation and the similarity measure they use. Furthermore, our approach improves upon the amount of communication needed and the flexibility to query specific positions selectively.
Al Aziz et al. [54] propose two approximations for edit distance to perform similar patient queries. Their work is similar to [22], with one of their approximations achieving a better accuracy for longer genomic sequences at the expense of the running time. Our protocol does not rely on the edit distance, which enables us to use other data types than DNA only. Also, it gives us the advantage to offer the user the possibility to apply different weights for different positions, which cannot be done using their approach.
Asharov et al. [23] present another SPQ improving upon the work in [22]. However, they also only consider DNA data. Moreover, their approach leaks a syntactic reference genome, which they claim does not leak any information but without any formal proof. Our approach does not leak any information about the result except that it is above or below a threshold, and we reduce the communication needed for the protocols. Besides, even if the syntactic reference genome does not leak information, it has another disadvantage: Each hospital will have a different reference genome, which forces the user to calculate and store the difference between each of his patients and all of these reference genomes.
Naveed et al. [24] give an interesting solution for a variety of operations like similar patient query, paternity test, etc. by relying on controlled functional encryption. Their approach presents a modified functional encryption which is efficient and can achieve the previously mentioned functions for DNA sequences. However, it would be hard to handle the methylation or expression data as they consider the patient as a vector of 1’s and 0’s which indicate the user’s SNPs values. The challenge of methylation or expression data is that they are real, not binary, values. They further rely on a third party which does not collude with anyone, which is not required with our approach. Finally, we consider different settings regarding the leakage of the final result (as shown in Table 1).
Huang et al. [55] show that garbled circuits can be used for efficiently computing similar patient queries similarly to [22]. However, using homomorphic encryption makes our schemes more flexible than garbled circuits since garbled circuits require the number and set of positions to be determined in advance. Given the size of every data type, it is not practical to create a circuit for every possible combination of positions. Finally, contrary to our schemes, garbled circuits cannot prevent the leakage of the positions the user is interested in.
Finally, Oprisaru and De Cristofaro propose a privacy-enhanced version [56] of the Matchmaker Exchange (MME) platform [10]. More specifically, they rely on Reverse Private Information Retrieval (PIR) to allow researchers to query a gene within the MME platform anonymously. Contrary to their approach, we provide data confidentiality by hiding both the positions and values of the queried genomic variants.
Another field which handles similar problems as finding the similarity between two users is location privacy. In location privacy, the task is to find similar routes. Hallgren et al. present a scheme for privacy-preserving ridesharing based on threshold private set intersection (PSI) in [57]. Using PSI for comparing similar patients would have several drawbacks. First, it would restrict the similarity metrics used. Second, the user would need to reveal the set of positions he is interested in. Third, combining different data types with different weights would not be possible unless the user reveals the set of weights, which is hidden in our schemes.
Zhong et al. present three protocols for determining if two users are close to each other while preserving their location privacy [58]. They use homomorphic encryption similar to our approach. However, their use case is restricted to only finding the distance between two users. We are considering many positions and more complicated use cases. Moreover, their protocols suffer from disadvantages which would question the practicality if used in our use case, such as the need for a trusted third party or the cost on the results’ accuracy.
11 Conclusion
In this paper, we develop the first cryptographic protocols able to perform privacy-preserving similar patient
queries with new types of biomedical that will be used in daily routine by medical practitioners in the near future. Beyond genomic data, epigenomic and transcriptomic data reveal a lot about our personal health status and, as such, must be processed with the highest security and privacy guarantees. In this endeavor, we propose two schemes which rely on different similarity measures, namely the Euclidean distance and Pearson correlation coefficient, with the ability to query a specific subset of data and positions with different weights. Our schemes do not require any trusted third party and significantly reduce the online time needed by the hospital and user.
We prove the security of our schemes against honest-but-curious users and hospitals, and we implement and test our protocols to show their applicability in real settings based on real biomedical data. Our experimental results demonstrate that a typical number of positions of interest can be queried for 1,000 patients in less than five seconds for the weighted Euclidean distance and in less than thirty seconds for the Pearson correlation coefficient. Finally, we present strategies to mitigate the threat of malicious users or hospitals. We formalize our defense against malicious users by relying on the sparse vector technique which provides guarantees on the data privacy and on the results’ accuracy.
12 Acknowledgments
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ ERC grant agreement no. 610150-imPACT. This project was further supported by the grant #2017-201 of the Strategic Focus Area “Personalized Health and Related Technologies (PHRT)” of the ETH Domain.
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A Reversed SPQ
Reversing the roles of hospital and user results in an additional protocol, which is useful by itself. Suppose that a physician wants to test a patient against some disease. The other party (a hospital or a third party laboratory) has a private model (i.e., positions and similarity measure) they do not wish to reveal. In such a scenario, the physician could act in the role of our protocol’s hospital and reveal his encrypted data to the other party. The other party then utilizes the protocol (as described in Section 6.2 and 6.3) to test the patient’s data for a specific disease. In the end, the physician is the one decrypting the final result and learning the diagnosis.
B Security Analysis
In this section, we analyze and prove the security of our building blocks and protocols. We define security as follows: the user should not learn anything about the hospital’s data except the final outcome of the schemes. Similarly, the hospital should not learn anything about the user’s data except the final outcome of the scheme. We formalize security as the following cryptographic game between a challenger and an adversary:
**Definition 1 (Security).** A similar patient query $\pi$ is secure if and only if, for all polynomial-time (PPT) adversaries $A$, there is a negligible function $\text{negl}$ such that:
$$\left| \Pr[\text{ExpSec}^A_\pi(\kappa, b) = 1] \right| \leq 0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa)$$
Where $\kappa$ is the security parameter, $\pi$ is the similarity metric, and $\text{ExpSec}^A_\pi(\kappa, b)$ denotes the following experiment:
**Setup:** The challenger sets up the system as defined in Section 6.1.
**Queries:** The challenger provides $A$ with the following two interfaces:
- On input $\text{CorruptUser}$, the challenger aborts if $\text{CorruptHospital}$ interface was called before, otherwise it passes the control over the user to $A$ and plays the role of the hospital in the specified protocol as defined in the scheme $\pi$.
- On input $\text{CorruptHospital}$, the challenger aborts if $\text{CorruptUser}$ interface was called before, otherwise it passes the control over the hospital to $A$ and plays the role of the hospital in the specified protocol as defined in the scheme $\pi$.
Corrupting a party in the game means that $A$ will be able to see any messages that this party can see. However, the adversary still has to follow the protocol correctly due to the honest-but-curious setup.
Challenge: At some point, A wants to be challenged on two patients (i and j), the data of which have the same dimensions and type. If i and j have different data dimensions, the challenger aborts. Otherwise, it flips a coin b and picks a user to encrypt his data and publish the encryption. A has to follow the protocol in her role, but can try to learn extra information from any value received or generated by the party she has corrupted. The protocol is run normally till the point the similarity measurement is learned. We do not allow A to learn the result because by learning the result she can trivially win the game by just running the scheme against the user i and j and checking the output. Then, A outputs the bit b' which represents which patient he thinks the challenger picked, challenger outputs 1 if and only if b = b'.
Before proving our schemes to be secure, we next recall the definition of CPA security.
B.1 CPA security
The CPA property stands for indistinguishability of ciphertexts under chosen plaintext attack. This property is a basic property for any secure public key cryptosystem. Intuitively, this property means that the scheme is secure even if an attacker has an encryption oracle. It is considered basic in public key cryptosystems, because the public key is by definition public, effectively corresponding to an encryption oracle.
A public key encryption scheme π is called CPA secure if, for all polynomial-time (PPT) adversaries A, there is a negligible function negl such that:
\[ \left| \Pr[\text{ExpCPA}_\pi^A(\kappa, b) = 1] \right| \leq 0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa) \]
Where κ is the security parameter, and ExpCPA_\pi^A(\kappa, b) denotes the following experiment:
**Experiment 1** (ExpCPA_\pi^A(\kappa, b)).
\[
\begin{align*}
(pk, sk) &\leftarrow \text{Gen}_\pi(1^\kappa) \\
(m_0, m_1) &\leftarrow A(pk) \\
c_b &\leftarrow \text{Enc}(pk, m_b) \\
b' &\leftarrow A(c_b)
\end{align*}
\]
Output 1 if and only if \(|m_0| = |m_1| \land b' = b\).
B.2 Squaring modification proof
Having recalled the CPA property, we will first show our squaring modification to yield a CPA secure scheme.
Proof of Theorem 2. Intuitively, if we are able to replace the output of the extension with the encryption of uniformly random numbers and the adversary cannot distinguish the difference, then the modification is secure.
The output of the extension consists of two ciphertexts β and α. In order to prove that we can replace β and α with the result of squaring a uniformly random number, we design a cryptographic game. In this game, the adversary is given the public key. Then, the adversary gives a number he wants to be squared. The game flips a coin b and sends him β' and α' which are the result of squaring the encryption of a uniformly random number if b = 1, or the result β and α of squaring his encrypted, chosen number if b = 0. The adversary outputs b' and he wins only if b' is equal to b.
We assume towards contradiction that there is a distinguisher D which can differentiate between the two cases with a non-negligible probability. We build a reduction R against the CPA property of Π_{PKE}.
Simulation
R initializes the CPA challenger to get the public key pk, which it forwards to D and waits until D sends a number m. R generates a uniformly random r and forwards m, r as its challenge and waits to receive c*. R squares the ciphertext c* as mentioned in Section 4.3 to get α* and β*. It forwards them to D and waits for the output of D. Whenever D outputs b, it simply forwards it as its own output.
Analysis
R is efficient and perfectly simulates both cases of D. In the first case, when b = 0, A receives β and α, which are the result of squaring m. In the second case, when b = 1, A receives β* and α*, which are the result of squaring a uniformly random number.
Since D wins with a non-negligible probability, R also wins with a non-negligible probability. This is a contradiction to the CPA property of Π_{PKE}. Therefore, the modification is secure.
B.3 SPQ using Euclidean distance
Proof of Theorem 3. To prove the security of this protocol we will consider the two possible views of the adversary. The first when he corrupts the hospital and the second when he corrupts the user, which is simulated in the game by the adversary calling the CorruptHospital or CorruptUser interface. Since the game only allows a single entity to be corrupted every run, we will prove every case separately and show that both cases the adversary cannot win with a probability more than $0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa)$.
Let the two events CorruptHospitalWin and CorruptUserWin represent the events of winning the game when the adversary called the CorruptHospital or CorruptUser interface, respectively.
First we start with the simulation of the game, then we calculate the winning probabilities for each event. Assume towards contradiction the existence of an attacker A, who can break the SPQ using Euclidean distance with a probability greater than $0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa)$, where $\text{negl}$ is a negligible function. We build a reduction $R$ which is an attacker against the CPA property of $\Pi_{\text{PKE}}$.
**Simulation**
$R$ initializes the CPA challenger to get the public key $pk$, which it publishes. Since this is a public encryption scheme, A can encrypt all the messages she wants and does not need an encryption oracle. $R$ waits for A to send the two patient data $P_0, P_1$ and aborts if these are not of the same dimension. Otherwise, $R$ parses them to two sets of messages $m_0, m_1$, where the $m_i$ is the biomedical data for $P_i$. $R$ then forwards $m_0, m_1$ as its challenge messages set and receives $c_b$, which it publishes online. It is important to maintain the order of the messages because each item of this set would be the biomedical data of a certain position and type. $R$ waits for A to corrupt a party using the interface provided, then according to which party was corrupted, $R$ takes the role of the uncorrupted party and interacts with A as specified by the protocol except that it does not send the final outputs. $R$ waits for A to output $b'$ which represents A's guess on which patient it is. $R$ then forwards the $b'$ as its own output which represents which message is encrypted in $c_b$.
**Analysis**
We start with the CorruptHospitalWin event. Here A corrupts the hospital and $R$ simulates the user. Since we do not consider the final value, A’s view is just the encryption of the similarity value. The simulation here is simple since $R$ just calculates the Euclidean distance between the encrypted values as indicated in Section 6.2 and sends A the final encrypted value.
In both cases $b = 0$ and $b = 1$, $R$ perfectly simulates the game for A. The order of messages are preserved because the CPA game does not change the order of messages. Since A wins with a probability greater than $0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa)$ then $R$ wins with the same probability. As $R$ is efficient and wins the CPA game with a probability greater than $0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa)$, this contradicts the CPA property of $\Pi_{\text{PKE}}$. Therefore, $P[\text{CorruptHospitalWin}] < 0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa)$.
For the CorruptUserWin event, A corrupts the user and $R$ simulates the hospital. Since we do not consider the final value so A’s view ends after sending the encryption of the similarity value. A just calculates the Euclidean distance between the encrypted values as indicated in Section 6.2 and sends $R$ the final encrypted value.
The probability analysis here is the same as for the CorruptHospitalWin event. $R$ simulates the game perfectly so the winning probability of A is the same as $R$, which contradicts the CPA property of $\Pi_{\text{PKE}}$. Therefore, $P[\text{CorruptUserWin}] < 0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa)$.
Finally, since both events CorruptHospitalWin and CorruptUserWin winning probability is less than $0.5 + \text{negl}(\kappa)$, the SPQ using Euclidean distance protocol is secure.
$\square$
### B.4 SPQ using Pearson’s coefficient
**Proof of Theorem 4.** Abstractly, this variant is similar to the other one which uses the Euclidean distance as a measurement of similarity. The only differences are that the parties perform another set of operations on the published ciphertext. But this is done locally, so it does not make a difference in the proof. There is a round of interaction in this protocol, which we will give a proof for. We consider the same events as mentioned in Section B.3.
We first consider the CorruptHospitalWin event. This case is more complex than the other variant as the hospital receives additional data from the user, which the adversary will learn. The hospital receives two ciphertexts which it can decrypt to get the two values of the nominator and denominator of the Pearson’s coefficient. However, these two values are blinded by two randoms with at least the same length. This perfectly hides the values, since new randoms are picked for every value sent by the user. It perfectly hides since one can find $r_1 \cdot r_2 = r'_1 \cdot userData$, assuming that the $userData$ is the data the user sent to the hospital and $r_1, r_2$ and $r'_1$
are random numbers. Therefore, an adversary corrupting the hospital does not learn anything about the user except the final result.
For the other event CorruptUserWin. A similar information-theoretic hiding argument can be applied on the $p_{13}$ he receives because the hospital blinds it with a random number. This only leaves the part of the protocol before sending $p_{12}$ which does not include any interaction between the user and hospital. Thus, the rest of the proof can be carried out analogously to the corresponding part in the SPQ with Euclidean distance’s proof. Hence, the SPQ using Pearson’s coefficient protocol is secure. □
|
Toward a History of Ukrainian Literature
George G. Grabowicz
Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
diasporiana.org.ua
HARVARD UKRAINIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Monograph Series
Editorial Board
Omeljan Pritsak, Editor-in-Chief
Ihor Ševčenko
Paul R. Magocsi, Managing Editor
Committee on Ukrainian Studies
Edward Keenan
Horace G. Lunt
Richard E. Pipes
Omeljan Pritsak, Chairman
Ihor Ševčenko
Wiktor Weintraub
Cambridge, Massachusetts
George G. Grabowicz
Toward a History of Ukrainian Literature
Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
Copyright 1981 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College
All rights reserved
ISBN 0-674-89676-9
Library of Congress Catalog Number 80-53801
Printed in the United States of America
The Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute was established in 1973 as an integral part of Harvard University. It supports research associates and visiting scholars who are engaged in projects concerned with all aspects of Ukrainian studies. The Institute also works in close cooperation with the Committee on Ukrainian Studies, which supervises and coordinates the teaching of Ukrainian history, language, and literature at Harvard University.
Chapter One. Prehistory
Chapter Two. Method and Premises of Čyževs'kyj's History
Chapter Three. The Argument of the History
Chapter Four. The Basic Problems
Preface
This work was first published in *Harvard Ukrainian Studies* (Volume I, Number 4) as a review and critique of Dmytro Čyževs'kyj's *A History of Ukrainian Literature*. It was written when that eminent Slavist was still alive, and in great measure it was intended to initiate a discussion, but it appeared only after his death. As before, "it is published in the spirit of that very scholarship which Dmytro Čyževs'kyj believed in and valued." Apart from some minor emendations and the omission of those sections that dealt with the translation itself, the present edition stands substantially unchanged.
Also unchanged, to my mind, is the pertinence of this critique. Now, as four years ago, the student of Ukrainian literature still needs a history of the subject which, rather than being confined to formal issues and universal schemata, conveys a sense of its totality by focusing on the cultural context and its parameters. This I take to be fundamental in the history of any literature, but especially so in Ukrainian literature, given the turbulence and the discontinuities of the Ukraine's political and social history. As much as this book is concerned with a critical examination of Čyževs'kyj's *History*, my underlying goal and theme is the articulation (albeit in a very preliminary form) of an alternative and, I believe, more accurate and more functional model of Ukrainian literary history.
*Harvard University*
*March, 1981*
G.G.G.
I. PREHISTORY
1. As a rule, scholarly histories of literature reflect both the national, traditional historiography and the general, "international" state of the discipline. Often they are also the best indicator of the current state of literary scholarship, for they define the parameters of the historical material to be investigated and illustrate the theory, methods, and the critical sophistication that can be brought to bear on the subject. Judging by this, our general impression that all is not well with Soviet Ukrainian literary scholarship must be given melancholy substantiation. The various Soviet histories of Ukrainian literature, inevitably authored by committee, mirror the historical literary process with peculiar distortion.\(^1\) While bending the overall contours and filtering out disharmonious facts, they mostly treat what they do see with the dull tools of vulgarized theory and ideological dogma. The official histories, however, do not exhaust the field. The very existence of institutions inevitably produces literary scholarship, even
\(^1\) The emphasis of the definitive eight- (actually nine-) volume *Istorija ukrajins'koji literatury* (Kiev, 1967–71) is indicative of this. It devotes one volume to the literature of the eleventh to the mid-eighteenth century, one to the period of the mid-eighteenth century to the 1830s, four to the remainder of the nineteenth century and the years leading up to the Bolshevik Revolution, and three to Soviet literature (i.e., a volume for every fifteen- to eighteen-year interval).
historico-literary scholarship, that is serious and important—if less visible and influential.
2. For all the shadows on the Soviet scene, in the West the state of scholarship in the history of Ukrainian literature has been much worse, in fact, virtually non-existent. Perhaps the worst situation relates to studies written in English, which is made all the more striking when juxtaposed with the English language histories of Polish or Russian literature. For counterparts to a Manfred Kridl, a Czesław Miłosz, or a D. S. Mirsky, the English-speaking reader interested in Ukrainian literature could only turn to an A. P. Coleman or a Clarence Manning. The comparison is not altogether fair, for the works in question were hardly conceived as histories. Coleman's *Brief Survey of Ukrainian Literature*,\(^2\) or "brief sketch of the checkered history of the literature of Ukraine," as he is pleased to style it in the conclusion, is basically the text of an anecdotal talk delivered before a Columbia University Ukrainian club. The forte of Manning's somewhat longer *Ukrainian Literature: Studies of the Leading Authors* is pathos and sympathy for the downtrodden and freedom-loving "Irish of the Slavonic world" (as Watson Kirkconnell chooses to call the Ukrainians in his "Foreword" to this study).\(^3\) Both works are inadequate not so much because of their sketchiness, but because in matters of Ukrainian literature their authors were amateurs.
A recent, similarly popularizing English survey of Ukrainian literature is Jevhen Šabliovs'kyj's *Ukrainian Literature Through the Ages*,\(^4\) an adequate example of Socialist Realist vulgarity and mendacity.
3. Besides these few, uninspired surveys there have been two studies on specific periods in Ukrainian literature: Professor George S. N. Luckyj's *Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1933*, and his
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\(^2\) Arthur Prudden Coleman, *Brief Survey of Ukrainian Literature* (New York, 1936).
\(^3\) Clarence A. Manning, *Ukrainian Literature: Studies of the Leading Authors* (Jersey City, 1944).
\(^4\) Yevhen Shabliovsky, *Ukrainian Literature Through the Ages* (Kiev, 1970).
more recent *Between Gogol' and Ševčenko*. Both are very useful—and not only to the beginning student.
4. But the publication of *A History of Ukrainian Literature*, the first serious attempt at such a history to appear in English, clearly marks a new beginning, and, one would hope, a major step toward the long overdue establishment of Ukrainian literary scholarship in the West. As such, it merits our closest attention. Given Čyževs'kyj's high reputation, we can justifiably expect to find it to be, in Professor Luckyj's words, "a scholarly account of the entire, complex history of the literature, which could serve as a reference guide for further study and at the same time offer a critical interpretation of the development of the literature from the eleventh to the twentieth centuries."
5. The book in question is a translation of Dmytro Čyževs'kyj's *Istorija ukrajins'koji literatury*, published in 1956 by the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. This work was itself a continuation of Čyževs'kyj's abiding interest in the history of Ukrainian literature. In 1942, in Prague, he had published a history of Ukrainian literature dealing with the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Baroque, and in the years 1941–44 he wrote, in three long "sketches" a ground-breaking, and now virtually forgotten, study of the Ukrainian Baroque. What is of primary significance in the latter
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5 George S. N. Luckyj, *Literary Politics in the Soviet Ukraine, 1917–1934* (New York, 1956); Idem, *Between Gogol' and Ševčenko* (Munich, 1971).
6 Dmytro Čyževs'kyj, *A History of Ukrainian Literature: From the 11th to the End of the 19th Century*, trans. by Dolly Ferguson, Doreen, Gorsline, and Ulana Petyk, ed. and with a foreword by George S. N. Luckyj (Ukrainian Academic Press, Littleton, Colo., 1975).
7 *Ibid.* p. IX. All subsequent page references are to this edition. When two numbers are given, the first refers to the English translation and the second to the Ukrainian original (fn. 8).
8 Dmytro Čyževs'kyj, *Istorija ukrajins'koji literatury: Vid počatkiv do doby realizmu* (New York, 1956).
9 *Istorija ukrajins'koji literatury*, vol. 2: *Renesans ta reformacija: Barok* (Prague, 1942).
10 *Ukrajins'kyj literaturnyj barok: Narysy*, vol. 1 (Prague, 1941), vol. 2 (Prague, 1942), and vol. 3 (Prague, 1944).
is that Čyževs'kyj was not only writing a literary history, but above all consciously formulating and applying a theory of literary history.\textsuperscript{11} A few years later, in the article-brochure \textit{Kul'turno-istoryčni epoxy},\textsuperscript{12} Čyževs'kyj elaborated his basic schema for a theory of literary history and subsequently used it as the theoretical basis for his synoptic \textit{Outline of Comparative Slavic Literatures},\textsuperscript{13} and then the \textit{Istorija ukrajins'koji literatury}. This theory, and its concrete application in the \textit{History}, will be of prime concern for us, as will the overall argument of the book, which traces the history of Ukrainian literature, chapter by chapter, from "Pre-history" to the age of "Realism."
At the risk of appearing immodest, it should be noted that we are basically dealing with the \textit{History} for the first time, for it is a curious and disturbing fact that, with but one or two exceptions,\textsuperscript{14} there was no serious reaction to Čyževs'kyj's original \textit{Istorija}. Now, the appearance of the English version reactualizes its important position in Ukrainian scholarship.
\section*{II. THE METHOD AND PREMISES OF THE \textit{HISTORY}}
1. Our subsequent analysis of Čyževs'kyj's individual points and general theses will deal with the broader issues. Now our focus is specifically on the method and presentation of secondary source material. Under this rubric, moreover, we can deal with those ele-
\textsuperscript{11} At one point in the \textit{Narysy} (1:50–51) he speaks (as is fitting for the Prague milieu) of a "'structuralist' history of literature."
\textsuperscript{12} Dmytro Čyževs'kyj, \textit{Kul'turno-istoryčni epoxy} (Augsburg, 1948).
\textsuperscript{13} Dmitry Ciževsky, \textit{Outline of Comparative Slavic Literatures}, Survey of Slavic Civilization, vol. 1 (Boston, 1952).
\textsuperscript{14} The only real, extensive analysis was made that same year by Jurij Šerex (Shevelov): "Na ryštovannja istoriji literatury," \textit{Ukrajins'ka literaturna hazeta}, June 1956, no. 6 (12), pp. 1–2. A polemical but, in the circumstances, rather moderate reaction came from the Soviet Ukrainian scholar O. Bilec'kyj; cf. "Stan i problemy vyčennja davn'oji ukrajins'koji literatury," in his \textit{Zibranja prac' u p'jaty tomax} (Kiev, 1965), 1:123–27. A survey of critical reactions to Čyževs'kyj was made by Osyp Danko, "Prof. Dmytro I. Čyževs'kyj u nas i v čužyx," \textit{Lysty do Pryjateliv} 14, nos. 157–158–159 (1966): 43–46. Cf. also Jurij Lavrinenko, "Dmytro Čyževs'kyj—literaturoznavec'," in \textit{Zrub i parosty} (New York, 1971).
ments that are Čyževs'kyj's and those that are newly added for this English version.
2. Already the 1956 edition of Čyževs'kyj's bibliography could be faulted for being narrow and idiosyncratic in parts, and generally somewhat dated (in the main, it reflects the scholarship of the first two or three decades of the twentieth century). But given the circumstances of its writing, and the specific nature of the Ukrainian original, this is more or less excusable. For the English version, however, to present this same bibliography, twenty years later, virtually unchanged, is to mock the reader's expectations of "a scholarly account of the entire, complex history of the literature" and "a reference guide for further study." Given the fact that in the period since 1956 there have appeared many significant scholarly works pertaining to all periods of Ukrainian literature, given the genuine flowering of interest in Old Kievan literature, given the important contributions in many countries in national and general, theoretical studies on the Renaissance, the Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism and Realism (especially the Baroque and Romanticism), and the fact that the stated purpose of the bibliography is to acquaint the reader with "the current status of research" (619), the author and the editor would perhaps have been better advised to forgo a bibliography (as was done with the *History of Russian Literature*) than to engage in unconvincing window dressing. For not counting references to new editions of previously cited works, and not counting the new section on Realism, the entire bibliography, for every chapter and every period of Ukrainian literature, is supplemented by a total of *twenty-six new positions!* The break-down is as follows: three new positions for all of "General Histories," the "Pre-Historic Period" and "Translated and Borrowed Literature," two new works for all of Kievan literature, one work for the literature of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and two on the Renaissance and Reformation, eight on the Baroque, two on Classicism, and eight on Romanticism. If one were to believe this to be an accurate reflection of the actual state of interest and scholarship, the picture would appear bleak indeed. Fortunately, the reality and its depiction are two different matters.
2.1 In the realm of "General History" (of Ukrainian literature) there have not been any significant new contributions apart from the obvious one—the eight-volume Kiev edition. Čyževs'kyj's own Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, which is listed here as the other contribution, treats Ukrainian literature in a peripheral and niggardly manner.\textsuperscript{15} The minimal treatment here is made even worse by the editorializing of Professor Zenkovsky, who distorts much of Čyževs'kyj's argumentation (i.e., by ascribing the Kievan period solely to Russian literature, by making "East Slavs" [Ostslaven] into "Russians," and by generally minimalizing the Ukrainian and aggrandizing the Russian element in the complex historical interrelation of these literatures).\textsuperscript{16} For the editor to substitute this work for Čyževs'kyj's earlier Outline of Comparative Slavic Literatures, with its more balanced and undistorted treatment of Ukrainian literature, is only a disservice.
Missing under the rubric of "General History" is mention of the fact that both the five-volume History of Ukrainian Literature of Hruševs'kyj and the three-volume History of Voznjak have been reprinted. What is also missing—and this is quite regrettable—is mention of the single most useful tool for any student or scholar working in Ukrainian literature, namely, the five-volume Ukrajins'ki pys'mennyky: Bio-bibliohrafičnyj slovnyk (Kiev, 1960-65).
2.2 In the next sections, those relating to "Prehistory," "Translated and Borrowed Literature," and especially to the Kievan literature of the eleventh to thirteenth century, the "Monumental" and "Ornamental" periods, as Čyževs'kyj calls them, one would expect to see a situation that is dramatically different. As anyone working in the field knows, the last twenty years have witnessed a remarkable upsurge in Soviet, and non-Soviet, scholarship; already at the "midway
\textsuperscript{15} Dmitrij Čiževskij, Comparative History of Slavic Literatures (Nashville, Tenn., 1971). In the thirteen-page chapter on the Renaissance, for example, one page is devoted to Ukrainian literature—and that is the highpoint. In the chapter on Baroque there are in sum two or three paragraphs. In the eleven-page chapter on Classicism, half a page is devoted to Ukrainian travesties; the thirty-page chapter on Romanticism has no more than about ten one-sentence references to things Ukrainian; and the twenty-five-page chapter on Realism has two sentences noting the existence of Panas Myrnyj, Ivan Franko and Mikhaylo Kocjubynsky (sic), and one more sentence stating that "The entire sizable Ukrainian stage literature of realism managed not to go beyond the borders of the peasant world" (p. 173).
\textsuperscript{16} The pattern of distortion and falsification in Zenkovsky's editing of this book is discussed in Jaroslav Rozumnyj's "Porivnjal'na istorija slav'jans'kyx literatur Dmytra Čyževs'koho," Sučasnist', 1973, no. 2 (146), pp. 33-43.
point" of 1966 there was a solid block of achievements.\textsuperscript{17} And yet, incredible as it may seem, only three—three!—new positions are adduced: an English translation of the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle, a new edition of the \textit{1076 Izbornik} and a study of Josephus Flavius's \textit{History of the Jewish War} in Old Rus'ian translations. While the Soviet scholarship in this area is usually of the highest order, while it deals very frequently with such subjects as style, poetics, and theory (relating to genres, aesthetic perspective, worldview, etc.), while the annual appearance of the \textit{Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoj literatury} invariably introduces new and interesting studies, none of this is recognized, neither the works of D.S. Lixačev, V. Adrianova-Peretc, or I.P. Eremin, nor the various studies on the \textit{Igor' Tale}, or the many collective studies—nothing.\textsuperscript{18} Whatever the reason for this silence, it makes for bad scholarship.
2.3 The same applies in varying degree to the other sections of the Bibliography as well. For the Renaissance, for example, neither the recent overview of the state of the scholarship by the late Bohdan Krawciw, nor the works mentioned in his article, with the exception of Nalyvajko's, are included.\textsuperscript{19} In all, the latter and Jaremenko's study of the \textit{Perestoroha} are the only new works to be noted. Unmentioned, too, are Voznjak on Ivan Borec'kyj (1954), and the recent study by Isajevych on Ivan Fedorov (1975).\textsuperscript{20}
Studies on the Renaissance and Reformation in Poland (and the Ukraine was, of course, an integral part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) have been qualitatively and quantitatively most impressive. The bibliography on the subject in the \textit{Nowy Korbut} covers more than 60 pages of small print in double columns.\textsuperscript{21}
\textsuperscript{17} See Rudolf Neuhauser, "Changing Attitudes in Soviet-Russian Studies of Kievan and Old Russian Literature," \textit{Canadian Slavonic Papers} 8 (1966): 182-97.
\textsuperscript{18} See especially the cumulative indexes in the \textit{Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoj literatury}; for an older bibliography see N.F. Droblenkova's \textit{Bibliografija sovetskix russskix rabot po literature XI-XVII vekov, za 1917-1957 gg}. (Moscow, 1961); see also Günther Wytrzenn, \textit{Bibliographische Einführung in das Studium der slavischen Literaturen} (Frankfurt-am-Main, 1972).
\textsuperscript{19} See Bohdan Kravciw [Krawciw], "Renesans i humanizm na Ukrajini," \textit{Sučasnist'}, 1974, no. 9 (165), pp. 33-52.
\textsuperscript{20} See M. Voznjak, \textit{Pys'mennyc'ka dijal'nist' Ivana Borec'koho na Volyni i u L'vovi} (L'viv, 1954), and Ja.D. Isajevych, \textit{Peršodrukar Ivan Fedorov i vyynknennja drukarstva na Ukrajini} (Kiev, 1975).
\textsuperscript{21} Vol. 1, pp. 57-127.
however, brings himself only to cite Tretjak’s 1912 study of Skarga. One could, at the very least, have expected him to mention Brückner’s “Spory o unie w dawnej literaturze.”\textsuperscript{22}
In this section Čyževs’kyj also deals with the \textit{dumy}, and the Bibliography mentions some basic positions—Žytec’kyj, Kolessa, Hruševs’ka. However, it neglects to mention a recent scholarly collection of \textit{dumy} which, unlike earlier popular editions, provides many variants and a competent introduction, and which, above all, is available, and not, like the three above-mentioned collections, a bibliophilic rarity.\textsuperscript{23} Among recent critical works, the late Orest Zilyns’kyj’s article on the origins of the \textit{duma} should also have been included.\textsuperscript{24}
2.4 When turning to the Baroque, one is reminded that Čyževs’kyj is widely and justly considered to have been instrumental in bringing this period to the prominence it now enjoys. Yet the bibliography provides a very disappointing picture of the scholarship on the Baroque. Of the eight new entries, five are new editions (of Vyšens’kyj, Skvoroda, Velyčkovs’kyj, the \textit{Litopys Samovydcja} and an English translation of Dorošenko’s \textit{Ohljad ukrainjs’koji istoriohrafiji}) and three are studies—an article by Ivan’o (not Ivan’ko!), a study of Vyšens’kyj’s language, and Čyževs’kyj’s own study of Skovoroda. But although the scholarship on the Ukrainian Baroque does not compare with that devoted to Kievan and Old Rus’ian literature, or with the broad front of Polish scholarship, the situation is somewhat brighter than one could infer from this updating. Thus, along with above-mentioned editions, there have also appeared editions of the works of Klymentij Zinovijiv (Kiev, 1971); and, a year later, a reprint of Peretc’s edition, with a foreword by Čyževs’kyj himself(!);\textsuperscript{25} of Mytrofan Dovhalevs’kyj’s \textit{Poetyka}, complete with a valuable introduction by I. V. Ivan’o;\textsuperscript{26} the works of Teofan Prokopovyč;\textsuperscript{27} and a carefully prepared series of monuments of the Ukrainian language (which, in view of Čyževs’kyj’s express interest in the development
\textsuperscript{22} See Alexander Brückner, “Spory o unie w dawnej literaturze,” \textit{Kwartalnik historyczny} 10 (1896): 578-644.
\textsuperscript{23} \textit{Ukrainskie narodnye dumy} (Moscow, 1972).
\textsuperscript{24} Orest Zilyns’kyj [Zilynskij], “Dawna duma ukraińska i polska w świetle danych historycznych,” \textit{Slavia Orientalis} 22, no. 4 (1973): 439-50.
\textsuperscript{25} Klymentij Zinovijiv, \textit{Virši, Prypovisti pospolyti} (Kiev, 1971), and \textit{Virši jerom. Klymentija Zynovijeva syna}, ed. V. Peretc (Munich, 1972).
\textsuperscript{26} Mytrofan Dovhalevs’kyj, \textit{Poetyka/Sad poetyčnyj/} (Kiev, 1973).
\textsuperscript{27} Feofan Prokopovič, \textit{Sočinenija}, ed. I. P. Eremin (Moscow, 1961).
of the literary language, would also seem relevant). Also not mentioned are such important synoptic studies as those of Isaievyč on the role of the bratsiva in Ukrainian culture in the sixteenth to eighteenth century, Xyžnjak on the Kiev Mohyla Academy, a collection of articles on the philosophic thought of that period (Vid Vyšens'koho do Skvorody), and, not least, Ja.P. Zapasko's admirable study, with excellent bibliography, on the art of book printing in the Ukraine in the sixteenth to eighteenth century.
Mention of Čyževs'kyj's 1973 study of Skvoroda should not have totally eclipsed the considerable output of Skvorodiana on the 250th anniversary of the poet-philosopher's birth. While differing in quality, and ranging in subject matter from philosophical investigation (Filosofija Hryhorija Skvorody) to fictionalized biography (by I. Pil'huk), the more serious of these works certainly deserve mention.
Other works which focus on this period are M.S. Hrycaj's studies of Old Ukrainian poetry, prose, and drama; H. Sydorenko's study (also appearing in Polish) of Ukrainian versification; a collection, with commentary, of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Ukrainian fables, and, finally, a superbly edited collection of five unpublished articles by the eminent Ukrainian scholar of this period, V. N. Peretc. They, too, are overlooked.
28 I.e., the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences' series Pam'jatky ukrajins'koji movy, with such positions as Leksykon slovenoros'kyj Pamvy Beryny (1961), Leksykon latyn's'kyj Je. Slavyneč'koho, Leksykon Sloveno-latyn's'kyj Je. Slavyneč'koho ta A. Korec'-koho-Satanov'koho (1973) and the fine facsimile edition of I. Uževyč's Hramatyka slov'jans'ka (1970). (The series also contains earlier and later monuments, e.g., the Ukrajins'ki hramoty XV st. [1965], the Ukrajins'ki hramoty XIV st. [1974], and the Slovnyk ukrajins'koji movy of P. Bilec'kyj-Nosenko [1966].)
29 I.e., Ja.D. Isaievyč, Bratsiva ta jix rol' v rozyvitku ukrajins'koji kul'tury XVI-XVIII st. (Kiev, 1966); Z.I. Xyžnjak, Kyjevo-Mohyljans'ka akademiya (Kiev, 1970); Vid Vyšens'koho do Skvorody: Z istoriji filosof's'koji dumky na Ukrajini XVI-XVIII st., ed. V.M. Ničyk (Kiev, 1972); and Ja.P. Zapasko, Mystectivo knyhy na Ukrajini v XVI-XVIII st. (Lviv, 1971). One can also note Isaievyč's Džereła z istoriji ukrajins'koji kul'tury doby feodalizmu, XVI-XVIII st. (Kiev, 1972).
30 I.e., Filosofija Hryhorija Skvorody (Kiev, 1972); Leonid Maxnovec', Hryhorij Skvoroda: Biohrafija (Kiev, 1972); P.M. Popov, Hryhorij Skvoroda: Xudožnyj žyt-tjepys (Kiev, 1971); and A. Niženeč', Na zlami dvox svitiv (Xarkiv, 1970).
31 M.S. Hrycaj, Davnia ukrajins'ka poezija (Kiev, 1972), Davnia ukrajins'ka proza (Kiev, 1975), and Ukrajins'ka dramaturhija XVI-XVIII st. (Kiev, 1974); H. Syvokin', Davni ukrajins'ki poetyky (Xarkiv, 1960); H.K. Sydorenko, Ukrajins'ke viršuvannja: Vid najdavnis'yx časiv do Ševčenka (Kiev, 1972) and her Zarys wersyfikacji ukraїnskiej (Wrocław, 1961); Bajky v ukrajins'kij literaturi XVII-XVIII st. (Kiev, 1963); V.N. Peretc, Issledovanija i materialy po istorii starinnoj ukraïnskoj literatury XVI-XVIII vekov (Moscow, 1962). The latter is extremely valuable for its full bibliography of Peretc's writings.
The pattern that emerges seems to indicate a reluctance to consult or acknowledge Soviet scholarship. This is a serious problem in its own right. But how can one explain, given Čyževs'kyj's citing of marginal German studies, the near total absence of references to any Polish studies of the Baroque (with the only exception being Brückner's general history)? Missing are not only such recent studies as those of Cz. Hernas and J. Sokolowska, but also works which deal specifically with Ukrainian literature, e.g., those of R. Łużny or P. Lewin.\textsuperscript{32} In English, one could have at least expected to see Harold Segal's recent "comparative survey," \textit{The Baroque Poem}.\textsuperscript{33}
2.5 As regards Classicism, no mention is made of the recent full edition of Kotljarevs'kyj's works, or of the edition of Bilec'kyj-Nosenko's poetry, or of the collection of "little-known" early nineteenth-century Ukrainian plays (including those of V. Hohol', K. Topolja, etc.),\textsuperscript{34} or of various critical studies.
2.6 The culmination of this pattern comes with the section on Romanticism, which is the longest and which has as many as eight additions to the 1956 bibliography. Of these, two are new anthologies, and the rest various studies. The most inadequate part of this section is the first (A and B), dealing with "Literary Romanticism" and "Ukrainian Romanticism." What we have listed here is P. Kluckhohn's \textit{Das Ideengut der deutschen Romantik} (1942), A. Beguin's \textit{L'âme romantique} (1934), one unnamed article each by Čyževs'kyj, Fylypovyč and N. Hnatyšak (this "on the ballad"), and again Čyževs'kyj's \textit{Narysy z istoriji filosofiji na Ukrajini}, which, it is said here, "contains a section of the world view of the Ukrainian Romantics" (634). And this is all. In view of Čyževs'kyj's professed intent to list "those editions of texts and those studies that will aid the reader in familiarizing himself with the current status of research" (619), this must be seen as some sort of misunderstanding. For the resurgent interest
\textsuperscript{32} Czesław Hernas, \textit{Barok} (Warsaw, 1973); Jadwiga Sokolowska, \textit{Spory o barok: W poszukiwaniu modelu epoki} (Warsaw, 1971); cf. Ryszard Łużny, \textit{Pisarze kręgu Akademii Kijowsko-Mohylanskej a literatura polska} (Cracow, 1966), or Paulina Lewin, \textit{Wykłady poetyki w uczelniah Rosyjskich XVIII w. (1722-1774) a tradycje polskie} (Wrocław, 1972).
\textsuperscript{33} Harold B. Segal, \textit{The Baroque Poem: A Comparative Survey} (New York, 1974).
\textsuperscript{34} Cf. I.P. Kotljarevs'kyj, \textit{Povne zbirannja tvoriv} (Kiev, 1969); Pavlo Bilec'kyj-Nosenko, \textit{Poeziji} (Kiev, 1973); and \textit{Ukrains'ka dramaturhija peršoji polovyny XIX stolitija} (Kiev, 1958).
in Romanticism, in both East and West, has given us considerably more than this list. In English there are, besides the well-known studies by Wellek, Abrams, or Praz, a number of recent informative and provocative studies—by L. Furst, H. Bloom, N. Frye, and many others.\textsuperscript{35} There are also general overviews of European Romanticism and specific studies of Slavic Romanticism.\textsuperscript{36} It is in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, however, that Romanticism has undergone a dramatic renascence, tangible proof of which was also the Seventh International Congress of Slavists in Warsaw, in 1973, devoted in large part precisely to this period. The long and traditional Polish interest in this field has been given new insights by the recent works of Stefanowska, Janion and Žmigrodska.\textsuperscript{37} In Russian literature, too, several studies on Romanticism have recently appeared.\textsuperscript{38} And finally in Ukrainian literature, as well, Romanticism has been “rehabilitated.” Along with the two anthologies mentioned here (\textit{Ukrajins'ki poety-romantyky 20-40-x rokiv XIX st.} and \textit{Pys'mennyky zaxidnoji Ukrajiny}) there appeared new editions of Kulîš, Borovykov's'kyj, Hrebinka, Storoženko, Šaškevyč, Metlyns'kyj and Kostomarov, and Afanas'jev-Čužbyns'kyj; several facsimile editions of Ševčenko’s poetry (\textit{Try lita}, the first \textit{Kobzar}, etc.); a facsimile of the \textit{Rusalka Dnistrovaja}, and, in Czechoslovakia, a large, two-volume edition of the works of Duxnovyč; there have appeared anthologies of the post-Ševčenko poets, of the “pre-Revolutionary” fable and of “songs and romances” (the latter two with considerable attention to the Romantic period); an anthology and studies of the ballad; studies of the periodicals of that period; and also—and this would be of particular interest to Čyževs'kyj, given his interest in the various “Ukrainian schools”—\textsuperscript{35}
\textsuperscript{35} Cf., for example, René Wellek, “The Concept of Romanticism in Literary History” and “Romanticism re-Examined” in his \textit{Concepts of Criticism} (New Haven, 1963); M. H. Abrams, \textit{The Mirror and the Lamp} (Oxford, 1953); Mario Praz, \textit{The Romantic Agony} (London, 1970); L. Furst, \textit{Romanticism}; the collection \textit{Romanticism and Consciousness}, ed. H. Bloom (New York, 1970); cf. also the very informative anthology ‘\textit{Romantic’ and Its Cognates: The European History of a Word}, ed. Hans Eichner (Toronto, 1972).
\textsuperscript{36} Cf., for example, the bibliography prepared by S.A. Zenkovsky*for Čyževs'kyj's \textit{History of Nineteenth-Century Russian Literature}, vol. 1: \textit{The Romantic Period} (Nashville, 1974).
\textsuperscript{37} Cf., for example, Zofia Stefanowska's \textit{Historia i profecja} (Warsaw, 1962); Maria Janion's \textit{Romantyzm: Studia o ideach i stylu} (Warsaw, 1969), and various articles by Maria Žmigrodska.
\textsuperscript{38} See, for example, \textit{Problemy romantizma} (Moscow, 1967), and \textit{K istorii russkogo romantizma} (Moscow, 1973. A more recent publication is Ju. V. Mann's \textit{Poetika russkogo romantizma} (Moscow, 1976).
an anthology of Polish poets writing in Ukrainian.\textsuperscript{39} None of these is mentioned. From a scholarly standpoint, however, more serious is the omission of various important studies and research tools, such as the two-volume bibliography of Ševčenko criticism, various solid studies on Ševčenko, particularly those of Ivakin and Komyšančenko, the annual Ševčenko Conferences, a Calendar of his life and work, etc.\textsuperscript{40} What Čyževs’kyj does cite is frequently peripheral and his emphasis misplaced: he mentions K.H. Meyer’s minor Die Ukraine in der polnischen Romantik but ignores the much more substantive (though still flawed) work of R.F. Kyrčiv; he mentions Hnatjuk’s brief article on Tymko Padurra and the Decembrists, but neglects to note that same critic’s important study of Kulīš and Michal Grabowski, and their common interest in the Scottian novel.\textsuperscript{41} Most often, however, the works listed are peripheral by the very fact that they are badly dated. (One should note here that special attention should be paid to recent full editions of the works of various Ukrainian writers, for these usually contain a more or less extensive selection of their letters. Since archeographic work in Ukrainian literature leaves much to be desired, the epistolary legacy of Ukrainian writers provides an invaluable documentation for their age.)
2.7 The concluding section on Realism summarizes this bibliography. In this newly added chapter Čyževs’kyj treated—and we shall see how, below—Ukrainian literature from Rudans’kyj, Fed’kovyč and Marko Vovčok to Franko and Lesja Ukrajinka. For this whole period his bibliography is as follows: two outdated histories (by Ohnovs’kyj [sic] and by Petrov), two contemporary sketches (by Drahomanov
\textsuperscript{39} See, for example, Ukrajins’koju muzoju natxenni (Kiev, 1971); Ukrajins’ka balada: Antolohija (Kiev, 1964), and H.A. Nud’ha, Ukrajins’ka balada: Z teoriji ta istoriji žanru (Kiev, 1970); Ukrajins’ka dožovtneva bajka (Kiev, 1966). On the periodical publications see M. D. Bernštejn, Žurnal ‘Osnova’ i ukrajins’kyj literaturnyj proces kincja 50-x—60-x rokiv XIX st. (Kiev, 1959), I.Z. Bojko, ed., Ukrajins’ki literaturni al’manaxy i zbirnyky (XIX počatok XX st.): Bibliohrafičnyj pokazačyk (Kiev, 1967), and V. Dmytruk, Narys z istoriji ukrajins’koji žurnalistyky XIX st. (Lviv, 1969).
\textsuperscript{40} See, above ¶11, Ju.O. Ivakin, Komentar do “Kobzarja” Ševčenka, [vol. 1] Poeziji do zaslannja (Kiev, 1964), and [vol. 2] Poeziji 1847-1861 rr. (Kiev, 1968), and M.P. Komyšančenko, Z istorii ukrajins’koho ševčenkoznavstva (Kiev, 1972). Cf. also T.H. Ševčenko, Bibliohrafiya literatury pro žyttja i tvorčist’, 1839-1959, vols. 1 and 2 (Kiev, 1963).
\textsuperscript{41} See R.F. Kyrčiv, Ukrajins’kyj fol’klor u pol’s’kij literaturi: Period romantyzmu (Kiev, 1971); see also V. Hnatjuk, “Pol’s’kyj literator M.A. Hrabovs’kyj i joho prytateljuvannja z P.O. Kulīšem,” Zapysky istoryčno-filolohičnoho viddilu [Vse]ukrajins’koji akademiji nauk (Kiev) (hereafter ZIFV-[V]UAN), vols. 19 (1928) and 23 (1929).
and Franko), Jefremov's history (which had already been cited under "General Histories"), Zerov's *Vid Kuliša do Vynnyčenka*, D.S. Čalyj on *Stanovlennja realizmu* and M.D. Bernštejn on the literary criticism from the 1850s to the 1870s—and that is all.
One is at a loss to see how this contributes to a "scholarly account," a "reference guide" or a "critical interpretation." If anything, it is the stuff of academic anecdotes.
3. If the bibliography at the end raises some questions about the author's approach, the introductory chapter reveals some of Čyževs'kyj's premises in the writing of this book. It shows that this history was conceived above all as an antidote and corrective to the various histories of Ukrainian literature that preceded it. To be sure, Čyževs'kyj never states this explicitly; what he does is to promise to utilize all the previous "achievements" or "employ the scholarship" of the various schools of literary history, while noting at the same time that "attention will be focused on those problems that have not as yet been sufficiently studied—questions of form and periodization" (8). Form and periodization are indeed central for Čyževs'kyj, but the promise of a synthetic stance is not born out; there is little evidence to show that he implements the ideas of earlier schools of criticism. But what are these schools? In his brief synopsis Čyževs'kyj mentions such post-Romantic schools as the "philological" (e.g., Ohonovs'kyj, Petrov, Daškevyč), the "socio-political" (both "populist" and "Marxist"), the "historical," the "comparativist," and finally the "formalist." (The terms "historical" and "comparativist" are actually misleading coinages of our translators. Čyževs'kyj, in fact, speaks repeatedly of a *Geistesgeschichte* approach [duxovnostoryčnyj naprjam] and of a "searching for influences." The latter especially should not be confused with comparativism.) With the exception of the last, the "formalist," Čyževs'kyj is quite critical of these approaches. Moreover, some of them were only marginally applied to the history of Ukrainian literature (e.g., the *Geistesgeschichte* of Buslaev). Of the various histories mentioned, only Hruševs'kyj's meets with Čyževs'kyj's approval, but it, of course,
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42 A much more comprehensive bibliography is contained in the entry for Ukrainian literature in *Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopaedia* (vol. 1 [Toronto, 1963], pp. 960-1097), for which Čyževs'kyj wrote the articles for the period covered in the original *Istorija ukrains'koji literatury*. Although at times quite unselective, the bibliography in this encyclopedia entry is by far more scholarly than the one proposed here.
does not go beyond the beginning of the seventeenth century. The bulk of Ukrainian literary scholarship was written from what Čyževs'kyj calls the "socio-political" perspective, and the only modern history spanning the length of Ukrainian literature was a work epitomizing this approach, namely, Serhij Jefremov's very popular *Istorija ukrains'koho pys'menstva* which appeared in four editions between 1905 and 1922. This work looms large on the critical horizon for Čyževs'kyj, and his *History*, by all indications, seems to be conceived as a rebuttal to Jefremov and the critical tradition he represents, with its origins going back to Belinskij, Franko and Hrinčenko. This opposition can be deduced not only from the historical state of affairs, i.e., from the fact that Ukrainian literary scholarship of the first decades of the twentieth century had indeed been greatly affected by populist, "socio-political" conceptions championed by Jefremov, but also from pervasive internal evidence. In a very real sense, Čyževs'kyj's *History* is a covert though coherent polemic against Jefremov and the ideas he stands for. Thus, the initial and persistent emphasis on literature as an art form to be judged by formal and intrinsic criteria is in direct contrast to Jefremov's (and his predecessors') notion of literature as, on the one hand, a reflection of social forces and political-ideological positions, and, on the other, of literature as an agent of change and progress and hence a sphere of activity that can adequately be judged precisely by the degree to which it effects such change and progress, or, as Čyževs'kyj ironizes, by the "benefit" it brings "to the 'people,' the 'proletariat,' the 'revolution,' etc." (6).⁴³ Thus, too, Čyževs'kyj's "intrinsic" and "stylistic" and "international" periodization of Ukrainian literature (Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism, etc.) is an eloquent response to Jefremov's scheme where the range of Ukrainian literature is subsumed by such periods as (1) "the age of national independence (to the end of the fourteenth century)," (2) "the age of national dependence (end of the fourteenth to the end of the eighteenth century)," and (3) "the age of national rebirth" (end of the eighteenth to the beginning of the twentieth century).⁴⁴ These criteria speak for themselves. In the case of a specific period, Čyževs'kyj's defense of
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⁴³ That Jefremov saw literature as just such an agent is illustrated most persuasively by his study of the theme of hunger in Ukrainian literature, "Bez xliba," *ZIFV-[V]UAN*, vol. 51 (1927). Cf. also G. Grabowicz, "Serhij Jefremov jak istoryk ukrajin's'koho pys'menstva," *Sučasnist',* 1976, no. 10 (190).
⁴⁴ S. Jefremov, *Istorija ukrains'koho pys'menstva* (Kiev and Leipzig, 1919), pp. 12-13.
Ukrainian Baroque literature, his rejection of the notion that it was “‘removed from life,’ foreign to the interests of the people, ‘scholastic,’ of use to no one” (260) is clearly directed against populist (and later “vulgar-Marxist”) criteria, but perhaps most of all against Jefremov, who more than any contemporary questioned the value of this literature. In a more general way, Čyževs’kyj’s recurrent defense of, and emphasis on, the religious component in Ukrainian literature, be it in the Kievan period, in the Baroque, or in the eighteenth century, is very much in reaction to the positivism and the secularizing populism of such as Jefremov.
The major theses that Čyževs’kyj feels called upon to defend—the need to approach literature as art and not simply as social data, the scholar’s obligation to treat the entire spectrum of literary phenomena and not only, e.g., the “progressive” works, the need to guard against ahistorical value judgments—all these are well within the defensive perimeter of even the moderately sophisticated student of literature. They are self-evident and rudimentary truths, especially to the English-speaking public. But this is precisely the rub—Čyževs’kyj’s *History* envisions an audience that is still under the sway of Jefremovite concepts. (In actual fact, this is a fair assumption about the general Ukrainian audience, be it in the 1940s, when Čyževs’kyj conceived his book, or in 1956 when it was published, or to a large extent even today.) Čyževs’kyj’s task, consequently, is to rectify the deficiencies in the perception of literature that are part and parcel of the cultural legacy of the average Ukrainian *inteligent*. In so doing he can also safely dispense with repeating what is presumably common knowledge. In effect, as a corrective to Jefremov (and again we mean not only Jefremov but the tradition he embodies), the *History* presupposes knowledge of much of the factual data, and quite ignores the customary historical, social, political and cultural background. Czesław Miłosz, author of an admirable English-language history of Polish literature,\(^{45}\) considered this a courageous methodological decision:
Perhaps the most remarkable instance of a heroic decision to maintain methodological purity is the history of Ukrainian literature (in Ukrainian) by Professor Dmytro Čyževs’kyj. Geographical, historical, economic and social data is scrupulously avoided; it is a history of styles, but one that is set in an abstract space, reminding us by its absence of earthly reference points of the sky of ideas.
\(^{45}\) Czesław Miłosz, *The History of Polish Literature* (London, 1969).
"But," he continues pointedly,
Čyževs'kyj wrote for Ukrainians. How should one begin to talk about one's literature if the basic assumption must be that one's readers know nothing—either of geography, or of history, or of any subject pertaining to that realm? Will he not compromise methodological purity for the sake of crudely practical and immediate ends?46
Leaving aside for the moment the fundamental question of whether a dissociation of "literature as such" from its "background" is at all possible in a historical treatment, we can readily see that for the present edition the audience has changed, that it is American, or Canadian, or generally English-speaking, and not Ukrainian. It is an audience that, given the total absence of any adequate treatment of the subject, requires a balanced and comprehensive account of the entire course of Ukrainian literature, one that is fleshed out with precisely those "earthly reference points" of which Milosz speaks, i.e., primarily social and cultural processes, that put the whole subject in a dynamic context, and, in short, make the history of Ukrainian literature real. Instead they are offered a study that largely assumes knowledge of the context, i.e., of such mundane matters as biographical data, of information on historical and cultural events and processes, etc., and focuses on such "intrinsically literary" matters as style, genre, periodization, literary language, etc. An understanding of the latter, however, presupposes the former, the context. And the reader first confronting the complex subject of Ukrainian literature must surely be puzzled to encounter a literature where there are styles and genres and forms, but often no distinct authors, or works, or "background." For the editor and publisher to expect that a work so closely tailored to the needs and expectations of one society and its critical tradition could perform the same function for an
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46 Czesław Milosz, "O historii polskiej literatury, wolnomyślicielach i masonach," *Kultura* (Paris), 1970, no. 4 (271), p. 4. A bit further on Milosz makes some acute observations on the pitfalls and the cultural gap facing translations. About Julian Krzyżanowski's *Polish Romanticism* he says "It is a collection of all the banalities that are meant to establish for all time the image of 'la Pologne martyre.' This book elicits bloodthirsty feelings among the readers, as is demonstrated by the copies in Berkeley which have comments in the margins saying in English, 'Good for them!' 'They didn't beat them hard enough!' 'Dwarfs imitating giants!' etc." Of Manfred Kridl's *A Survey of Polish Literature and Culture* he says "It may be that Kridl is the proof that unless a professor becomes disaccustomed to a Polish audience, he will not be able to speak to foreigners" (p. 5). Here, one need only replace the word "Polish" with "Ukrainian."
entirely different one is nothing short of naive. Merely translating the *Istorija*, with no substantive changes or additions, without any consideration of the new audience and context and with no hint of the peculiar goals and circumstances determining the conception of the original, does not, in itself, provide an adequate English-language history of Ukrainian literature. In fact, it is likely to disorient the reader.
Let us illustrate this point.
4. In the same introductory chapter where Čyževs’kyj provides his thumbnail sketch of earlier Ukrainian scholarship, he also deems it necessary to include a section which, in somewhat under six pages, attempts to provide a primer on poetics. To the English-speaking public this section may seem quaint, or incongruous in the extreme—but it is quite consistent with the premises discussed above. Beginning with two paragraphs on language (where he mentions, for example, archaisms, neologisms, jargon, etc.) and moving on to one- or two-sentence definitions of “tropes and figures” (e.g., metaphor, epithet, alliteration) and concluding with a discussion of the “content” of the work (here the theme and the plot!) Čyževs’kyj provides his audience with the indispensable tools for an adequate literary analysis. For, as he tells us, “Only after an analysis of the form, content and main idea of the work can its place in the historical evolution of literature be defined. This is the goal of the ‘synthetic’ approach to literary evolution” (13). What is so incongruous and revealing here is the inclusion of this rudimentary information in a book which also deals with rather more sophisticated issues of literary scholarship and literary historiography, and which presents new theses concerning literary-historical periodization, etc. Such absolute ABC’s are not to be found in standard histories of literature, not in Krzyżanowski’s two histories of Polish literature, nor in Miłosz’s, nor Gudziij’s, nor Mirsky’s—nor, for that matter, in Čyževs’kyj’s own history of nineteenth-century Russian literature or his *Comparative History of Slavic Literatures*. Significantly, his *History of Russian Literature*, whose first four chapters (more than a third of the book) are virtually identical with the present *History*, also eschews such literary *Kinderstube*. In the older Ukrainian literary-historical tradition, however, such a presentation of the basics is quite common. (This tendency to popularize and to start *ab ovo* is, of course, characteristic of older histories of literature in general. Jefremov, for example, starts with
a programmatic definition of literature—for him the “aesthetic principle” is a tautology, and literature, particularly Ukrainian literature, is the expression of the creative powers of the nation;⁴⁷ Hrušev’s’kyj, too, begins with a discussion of the object of literary study, but his treatment is sophisticated and informative and not in the category of a primer: Voznjak’s discussion of the nature of literature is, on the other hand, superficial.) Čyževs’kyj’s introduction also follows this pattern, even while his emphasis is different, and his approach conceived as a corrective for earlier efforts.
Čyževs’kyj’s sense of his Ukrainian audience and his need to provide it with the most rudimentary knowledge also results in much oversimplification. This tendency, regrettable in any “scholarly account” or “reference guide,” is not simply a function of brevity. One may wonder why Čyževs’kyj defines “epithet,” “antithesis,” or “parallelism,” but omits such equally important poetic elements as image, paradox, ambiguity, or the very basic “symbol.” To be sure, this may be excused by his express intent to give only examples and not an exhaustive list. Less excusable, however, are faulty definitions, such as the one for metaphor, which is made indistinguishable from simile (and all the examples for which are, in fact, similes; 9). It is still less excusable to call such figures as metaphor, metonymy, etc., “devices of linguistic ornamentation” (9 and passim). That which is the essence of poetic language cannot very well be “ornamentation.” Just as infelicitous is Čyževs’kyj’s use of the outdated opposition of “form” and “content,” especially when the former is the “linguistic ornamentation” and the latter such things as the composition of the work, plot, theme and motif! (The opposition of “form” and “content,” while now generally abandoned by critics, can theoretically be utilized to tease out fine philosophical distinctions—provided the analysis is performed with great rigor, as is done by Ingarden. There is no such rigor here.)
Over and above the “form and content,” Čyževs’kyj postulates an “idea-content” (13) of the work (in the original this is “idejnýj zmist” [18] and it could perhaps be better translated simply as the “idea” of the work); this “idea-content” is a reflection of the author’s worldview, and this “may emerge in the work ‘of itself’” or else he may “consciously wish to offer certain ideas and views to his reader. In such cases we refer to the *tendentiousness* of the work.”
⁴⁷ Jefremov, *Istorija ukrajins’koho pysmenstva*, pp. 6-12 and passim.
Thereupon we are told that *Son* and *Neofity* “are typical of Ševčenko’s tendentious works” (13).
Perhaps these and similar notions could be elaborated to say something meaningful, but as they stand now they are greatly overgeneralized and oversimplified. Again one must observe that the editor could only have done Čyževs’kyj a service by recognizing this whole section for what it is and simply deleting it. Instead, the embarrassment is only compounded by the translators. When, for example, Čyževs’kyj speaks of a “vyšča interpretacja” (19) he seems to be referring to the philosophical and historical “higher criticism” originating in Germany in the late eighteenth century; the translators, however, apparently know nothing of this and attempt to muddle through with “interpretation of [the work’s] meaning” (13). When Čyževs’kyj speaks of “commonplaces” (*zahal’ni miscja, loci communes*; 16) they repeatedly translate this as “direct narration” (10).
One important qualification must be made here, however. It rests on the fact that Čyževs’kyj himself at one point calls his *History* “popular scholarship,” ([tvir] naukovo-popularnoho xarakteru; 39). He says this in passing but his meaning is clear, and it is corroborated by the evidence. (The translation deletes this reference; 34-35.) Our expectation of scholarly rigor and completeness must perforce be modified when the work in question intentionally adapts its scholarship to a popular form. On the other hand, the English version of the *History* admits to no such qualification, and it is to this version, purporting to be the last word in Ukrainian historico-literary scholarship, that we are addressing ourselves. Ultimately, however, these are secondary matters, for the most interesting and most pertinent aspects of Čyževs’kyj’s book are his theory of literary history and his theoretical conception of Ukrainian literature, and this is basically unaffected by the mode of his presentation.
### III. THE ARGUMENT OF THE HISTORY
The *History* treats its subject according to eight distinct periods: (1) the period of Monumental Style (70 pp.), (2) the period of Ornamental Style (88 pp.), (3) the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries (9 pp.), (4) the Renaissance and Reformation (23 pp.), (5) the Baroque (102 pp.), (6) Classicism (64 pp.), (7) Romanticism (147 pp.), and (8) Realism (30 pp.). Interspersed with these are seven “minor” or ancillary
chapters: (1) the Introduction (16 pp.), (2) the Pre-historic period (20 pp.), (3) Translated and Borrowed Literature (26 pp.), (4) Literature written in Latin (3 pp.), (5) Literature of “National Revival” (3 pp.), (6) Ukrainian Sentimentalism (2 pp.), and (7) “Biedermeier” and the “Naturalist (sic) School” in the Ukraine (3 pp.). Judging solely by the yardstick of space allotted, it is evident that the oldest period of Ukrainian literature, from the beginnings to the end of the thirteenth century, is of prime importance for Čyževs’kyj since it occupies slightly more than one-third of his entire account (over 200 pp.). (It is made even weightier by the relatively fewer quotations in this section.) The period from the fourteenth century to the end of Classicism, with the Baroque taking the lion’s share, also accounts for more than a third. Finally, Romanticism and Realism, and, to be sure, the “Biedermeier” and “Naturalist School,” make up the remaining smaller section. Apart from questions of merit, this scheme is interesting for the way it neatly reverses the traditional emphasis of Jefremov, or of the eight-volume Soviet history, for which the last three-quarters of the nineteenth century, i.e., “Romanticism” and “Realism,” dominate the entire history. This, too, may perhaps be seen as a covert rebuttal of existing approaches. And one cannot but notice that in this scheme the attention given to “Realism” is disproportionately small. (On methodological grounds, the decision to take the three-to-four-page sections which Čyževs’kyj had called “excursuses” in the original and turn them into full-fledged “chapters” is rather questionable.)
A. “PREHISTORY”
The first chapter, on Prehistory, begins with a very traditional problem, namely, the question of the origin or “roots” of literature in oral literature and “folklore.” Čyževs’kyj, however, refrains from the traditional speculation and argues persuasively that, contrary to what the Romantics believed, little can be deduced about the “ancient oral tradition” of, say, the eleventh century, on the basis of modern (eighteenth- and nineteenth-century) folk texts (17 and passim). While this is true, in his formulation Čyževs’kyj repeats a most common misconception: like virtually all who wrote on the subject, be they
48 Hruševs’kyj basically devotes the entire first volume to this issue; cf. Istorija ukrajins’koji literatury, vols. 1-5 (New York, 1959).
pre-Revolutionary or post-Revolutionary, Soviet or non-Soviet, he fails to distinguish between oral literature and tradition as such, and folklore. The two are not synonymous, especially in the period in question. (Hruševs’kyj, who treats the interrelation of written and oral literature with great subtlety and depth, also does not make a clear distinction between oral literature and folklore; however, he consistently speaks of ustina, not narodna, slovesnist’.)\(^{49}\) The essential point of difference is that folklore is the creativity that is produced and nurtured by the “folk”—the “peasantry,” the “people,” or (in the very loose and misleading Ukrainian and Russian terminologies) the narod, or, still later, also the city proletariat—and this folk culture is parallel to and distinct from “high” or “elite” culture. Oral literature, on the other hand, while largely falling within the domain of folklore, especially in recent times, is not at all to be defined by the latter; it can very well be the product of high culture. The Homeric epics, for example, are demonstrably oral compositions\(^{50}\)—but they are certainly not folklore. Moreover, generally speaking one has no tools for dealing concretely with the problem of folklore, i.e., the creativity of the “humble folk,” the narod, prior to the eighteenth or at least the seventeenth century when the texts were first recorded. In our instance, when we know so little of the social structure of Kievan Rus’ in, let us say, the eleventh century, there is little solid ground on which to stand when speaking of folklore. There is even less justification for associating singers who, as Čyževs’kyj himself notes, “were kept at the courts of princes and their retainers” (18), with folklore. This is merely confusing. To be sure, Soviet critics (especially Soviet Ukrainian critics) with their notion of the “progressive” (in fact, metaphysical) nature of the narod’s creativity, and with their exaggerated emphasis on it, are much the worse offenders; for Čyževs’kyj folklore and oral literature are really quite peripheral. Nevertheless, a proper understanding of these phenomena and the distinctions involved is very important for Ukrainian literature, a literature in whose historical development the relationship between “high” and “low” culture and between written and oral works played a crucial and determining role.
\(^{49}\) Hruševs’kyj, *Istorija ukrajins’koji literatury*, 1: 21-25 and passim.
\(^{50}\) See Albert Lord, *The Singer of Tales* (Cambridge, Mass., 1960).
B. "TRANSLATED AND BORROWED LITERATURE"
1. A different issue appears in Čyževs'kyj's next chapter, "Translated and Borrowed Literature." Most of this literature came from Byzantium, and the influence of Byzantine literature on old Kievan literature in general, not only in terms of translations and "borrowings," can hardly be overestimated. Čyževs'kyj's account of this influence, subdivided according to genre (liturgical books, canonical and apocryphal religious literature, secular literature, etc.) is informative and reasonably concise. (The analogous account in the *History of Russian Literature* is more concise and somewhat better proportioned; while its paraphrases of contents are shorter, the context is clearer. At times it also gives more information, for example, about the "Xoždenie Zosymy do raxmaniv"; failure to mention this work in the Ukrainian *History* is unfortunate since it has interesting implications for Ukrainian—Hutsul—folklore, and, for that matter, for Hassidic folklore, and is, in fact, the major point of contact between the two traditions.)
2. What should be the central issue for this chapter and for the "Byzantinist period," as old Kievan literature has been called, is the nature of the influence, the nature of the literature that Byzantium was giving the newly civilized Slavs. For Čyževs'kyj this question is answered in one sentence: "In large part these translated works were of early Christian or Helleno-Christian origin; uniquely Byzantine influences did exist but they were not dominant" (39). And this is most inadequate. As we see from an article by O. Bilec'kyj (1959) and a subsequent, more detailed article by I. Eremin (1964), there is a deeply significant and historically portentous relationship that is at work here. For, as Eremin reminds us, in the eleventh and twelfth centuries Byzantine literature was undergoing a splendid
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51 Professor Dov Noy of Hebrew University discussed this connection in his paper "Ukrainian-Hucul Folklore in the Hasidic Legends of Rabbi Israel Ba'al-Shem-Tov," presented in the Seminar in Ukrainian Studies at Harvard University, 17 December 1976. A résumé of the talk appears in the *Minutes* of the Seminar for the 1976-77 academic year (vol. 7, pp. 39-41).
52 Cf. Šerex [Shevelov], "Na rystovannjax istoriji literatury," and below.
53 Cf. O. Bilec'kyj, "Perekładna literatura vizantijs'ko-bolhars'koho poxodžennja." *Zibrannja prac' u p'jaty tomak*, vol. 1 (Kiev, 1965), pp. 128-87, and I.P. Eremin, "O vizantijskom vlijanii v bolgarskoj i drevnerusskoj literaturax IX-XII vv.," *Literatura drevnej Rusi* (Moscow, 1966), pp. 9-17.
“Renaissance.” It was a time of lively interest in classical antiquity, in poetry, prose and philosophy, in history (Thycidides and Polibius, Herodotus and Xenophon), and in secular satire (on the model of Lucian); it was a time when secular and church authorities studied and commented Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Aristophanes and Menander, when Plato and Aristotle were studied, and when religious literature was expanded to include exegesis and polemics.\textsuperscript{54} “And yet,” Eremin continues,
this broad range of socio-literary activity in 11th-12th century Byzantium passed without leaving a trace on contemporary Rus’. Not one of the more or less notable Byzantine authors of that period was translated, not even the most outstanding—Michael Psellus (1018-1078), theologian and philosopher, historian and philologist, orator and poet.\textsuperscript{55}
What Rus’ received, in fact, was a vast amount of medieval \textit{Reader’s Digests}, various compilations, condensations, anthologies and selections. It got the \textit{Paroemenarium} (selection of quotations for divine service) and the \textit{Triodion} (collection of church songs), the Patericons and apocrypha, and such works on “natural science” as the \textit{Hexameron} and the \textit{Physiologus}, in short, the whole gamut of popular, “low-brow” literature. Where the Byzantines could study the historiosophy of Thycidides, the East Slavs were offered the chronicles of Malalas, for whom the past is an anecdotal grab-bag, where Paris is a scholar and a panegyrist to Venus; if in Constantinople one could read the \textit{Physics} of Aristotle, in Kiev one had to do with the \textit{Physiologus} and learn about the phoenix that lives five hundred years without food.\textsuperscript{56} There were also, to be sure, translations from the fourth- to sixth-century Greek church fathers, the sermons of John Chrysostomos, Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianus, the theology of John Damascene, etc., but mass literature predominated, and it also modelled the presentation of the religious literature, i.e., by way of anthologies—in the \textit{Zlatousti, Margarit, Izmaragd}, etc.
The pattern of cultural imperialism is obvious enough. As Bilec’kyj puts it, “Only that was translated which was absolutely indispensable for the new Christian cult, or that which in its properties and content would further the hegemony of Byzantine culture over the
\textsuperscript{54} Eremin, “O vizantijskom vlijanii,” pp. 9-10.
\textsuperscript{55} Eremin, “O vizantijskom vlijanii,” p. 10.
\textsuperscript{56} Cf. Bilec’kyj, “Perekladna literatura,” p. 129.
‘barbarians’ that it was civilizing.” It is somewhat remarkable that this is highlighted by Soviet scholars who as a rule are most reluctant to admit to any such inferiority (the standard history by Gudzij, for example, glosses over this aspect). For his part, Čyževs’kyj in presenting this literature confines himself to apologetics for its religious coloration. This is evident throughout, but one can focus on one important moment. In his opening remarks in the section on “Secular Literature” he notes,
The “secular” nature of the translated literature in general and the scholarly works in particular is only relative. In the tenth and eleventh centuries the belief that total harmony did and ought to exist between religion and other spheres of knowledge was so strong that any issue could be resolved merely by reference to Christian dogma or the Holy Scriptures. Thus, while many of the scholarly works of the Kievan period may now appear to have too great a religious and ecclesiastical coloration, in their historical context they satisfied the requirements of scholarship. However, most of the “scholarship” of Kievan Rus’ with the possible exception of theological works, was exclusively of the popular variety. (49)
To say of these works that “in their historical context they satisfied the requirements of scholarship” is simply tautologous. It is precisely the task of the historian to determine what kind of scholarship it was and how it compared to other models of scholarship (i.e., in Byzantium, the West, etc.). Similarly, the last two statements leave the ambivalence of scholarship/popular scholarship unresolved; they leave begging such questions as the reason for and the function of such a state of affairs, and above all, they leave unanswered the very basic question of the legacy of such “scholarship” and of such a relationship between the religious and the secular. These issues lie at the
57 Bilec’kyj, “Perekladna literatura,” p. 130. Ihor Ševčenko puts the case just as strongly:
Baptism did change the barbarians, those bestial creatures, into human beings, but the mere fact of the barbarians’ conversion was indeed a miracle. How else could they have changed from animals into our brothers? True enough, when the going was rough, one would try to mollify the newly converted barbarian adversary by appealing to the recently achieved community of faith. But, on the whole, barbaric nations, as opposed to individual barbarians, were too despised to be genuinely accepted into the community of Byzantine civilization, even after they had accepted baptism.
“Three Paradoxes of the Cyrillo-Methodian Mission,” Slavic Review 23, no. 2 (June 1964): 226-27.
58 Cf. N. K. Gudzij, Istoriya drevnej russkoj literatury (Moscow, 1966), p. 24 and passim.
very root of the Ukrainian and generally East Slavic cultural experience, and every history, and history of literature, must begin here.\textsuperscript{59} Regrettably, Čyževs'kyj avoids this issue.
C. THE PERIODS OF “MONUMENTAL” AND “ORNAMENTAL” STYLE
1. The treatment of old Kievan literature of the eleventh to thirteenth century is extensive (about one-third of the entire \textit{History}, as we have noted) and quite representative of Čyževs'kyj's method and approach. As he will throughout, he treats the material almost exclusively under the rubric of various genres—sermons, the tale, chronicles, the epos, etc.—and brackets the whole with a general characterization of the period at the outset and a synthesizing conclusion at the end. The approach by genres holds true even if the given category or “slot” is “empty” of concrete works, which is the case with the “epos” in both subdivisions of this period. In itself, such a discussion of “empty slots” is not invalid—it was done at great length and provocatively, if speculatively, by Hruševs'kyj—but it is characteristic of Čyževs'kyj to posit a “full complement” of such categories (slots) for each period.
2. For the most part, the literature of this period is treated \textit{sub speciae} of several key works, e.g., the \textit{Igor' Tale}, the Life of Theodosius, the \textit{Supplication of Daniel}. The author and the circumstances of the writing figure hardly at all in the discussion, and, to be sure, this is largely valid for a period where there is little if any biographical data available, and where the literature, by its very nature, is supra-individual, emphasizing community, tradition and convention. As Lixačev puts it, this literature “was an art form created by means of the accretion of collective experience; it achieved tremendous effect by the wisdom of its traditions and the basically anonymous unity of its writing.”\textsuperscript{60} As we shall see, anonymity will return as a problematical issue in later periods.
\textsuperscript{59} Cf. the very interesting prologomena to Ukrainian cultural history of O. Zilyns'kyj [Zelyns'kyj], “Duxova heneza peršoho ukrajins'koho vidrodžennja,” \textit{Stezhi} 1, no. 7-8 (Nov. 1946 - Feb. 1947): 6-20.
\textsuperscript{60} D. S. Lixačev, Introduction to “\textit{Izbornik}”: \textit{Sbornik proizvedenij literatury drevnej Rusi} (Moscow, 1969), p. 7.
3. Undoubtedly the major question raised by Čyževs'kyj's approach here stems from his subdivision of the literature of Kievan Rus' into two distinct periods, the "Monumental" (for the eleventh century) and the "Ornamental" (for the twelfth and thirteenth centuries). In this he is rather isolated, for the majority of scholars, Soviet and non-Soviet, do not agree. For Bilec'kyj, for example, this is seen as the imposition of a "formalist," largely *a priori* scheme. He questions the apparent inconsistencies, as when the sermons of Serapion, bishop of Vladimir, are taken as expressive of the "ornamental style" in spite of the fact that Čyževs'kyj himself speaks of their "moral severity" and thematic monolithism.\(^{61}\) (A similar rebuttal concerning Čyževs'kyj's reading of the *Igor' Tale* becomes side-tracked by the extraneous criterion of its "patriotism.")\(^{62}\) The Western critic Jurij Šerex [Shevelov], however, also has reservations about the schematic pigeonholing of individual writers ostensibly by "style" but in fact by chronology. He says, for example, that "despite all of Čyževs'kyj's qualifications, and in contrast to the chronology, I would relate Ilarion's *Sermon on Law and Grace* to the ornamental style, and the works of Serapion (151) and Simon (161) to the monumental." In a more general and more substantive vein Šerex observes (as previously noted) that "both styles of Kievan Rus"—the monumental and the ornamental—came from Byzantium." "It is for this reason," he continues, "that I applied the term Byzantinism to them. Čyževs'kyj does not have this term. I thought it possible to coin it by analogy to the Romance style in art. I would consider both of these styles [monumental and ornamental] as variants of one style, not following one after the other but simultaneous, parallel and dependent on the character and cultural level of the author."\(^{63}\) Finally, it is interesting to note that the notion of a "monumental style" in old Kievan literature (and culture) has even found an adherent in Soviet scholarship, i.e., in Lixačev, but again it is applied to the entire period of the eleventh to thirteenth century.
4. In the matter of specific works and writers Čyževs'kyj's discussion suffers from his tendency to isolate the literary work from its social and especially political context. While this is, of course, a general tendency, it is particularly questionable for a period and culture
\(^{61}\) Cf. Bilec'kyj, "Perekładna literatura," 1: 124.
\(^{62}\) Bilec'kyj, "Perekładna literatura," 1: 124.
\(^{63}\) Šerex [Shevelov], "Na rystovannjax istoriji literatury," p. 2.
where, as Čyževs'kyj is first to admit, literature and the writer have no autonomous status, and where meaning and indeed form are determined by the work's function, which is its ideology. This also affects the work's chances of survival. Thus, the fact that the life of Antonius of the Kievan Caves Monastery has not been preserved was undoubtedly caused by the political reaction to the pro-Byzantine faction with which he was associated. Similarly, the perspective, the interpretation and the content of the chronicles, the lives and the tales were strongly, if not entirely, determined by the political orientation of the writer, be he writing at court or in a monastery (which, of course, also had its orientation). Thus Čyževs'kyj is not persuasive when he tells us that it is unfair to reprove Nestor for inventing facts, since "it is hardly possible that a pious writer such as Nestor, who assures his reader that he is recounting only what he has heard from the Xristoljubci, would falsify facts" (92-93).
5. Perhaps the most striking instance of a traditionally naive reading relates to the outstanding work of the period, the Igor' Tale. After an extensive analysis (in which he compares it to other epics but, in contrast to the translators, never calls it that) Čyževs'kyj turns to the unknown author. From the discussion (cf. 208-209), one can infer that he envisions (or at least entertains the notion of) the author as a "bard," like Halban in Konrad Wallenrod. This Ossianic conception was understandable for the first critics and enthusiasts of the newly discovered Slovo, but it no longer suffices. Recent scholarship (Eremin) has demonstrated that the composition of the work clearly follows the bookish tradition of a slovo; still more recent scholarship (Pritsak) has given us a closely argued dating for the work—1199-1201, with the actual date most probably 1201—and even more importantly, has shown that the Igor' Tale was above all a work finely attuned to Rus'ian dynastic politics, a work of a court writer—not an eyewitness, but a retainer working with a revised official version of the campaign—engaged to further the political aspirations of his patron, first Igor' Svjatoslavič and then (in the epilogue) following his unexpected death in 1201, his son Volodimer.
64 See Omeljan Pritsak, "'The Caves Monastery Collection' and the 'Tale of Bygone Years,'" forthcoming in Harvard Ukrainian Studies.
65 See pp. 193/183, 195/185, 201/190 and 204/193.
66 Eremin, "Zanrovaia priroda 'Slova o polku Igoreve,'" in Literatura drevnej Rusi.
67 Omeljan Pritsak, "The Igor' Tale as a Historical Document," Annals of the
mundane realia, one may submit, give us not only a truer picture but a much more exciting one than that projected by the repeated vague banalities about the author's alleged prowess as hunter or warrior, or, especially, about his "patriotism." (The latter criterion is, of course, much more the domain of Soviet critics than of Čyževs'kyj.)
6. Čyževs'kyj's comprehensive discussion of this period may, of course, elicit reservations at various points. Despite the rather detailed paraphrase of the content of Nestor's *Life of Theodosius*, for example, the analysis seems to miss some central moments, e.g., the dynamics and the symbolism of Theodosius' conflict with his mother (in the first part of the *Life*). And in general, here as throughout the book, the great emphasis on surface formal properties, i.e., long passages and even pages illustrating alliteration or some other euphonic device, when made at the expense not only of "background" but of deeper and no less "formal" properties, as of symbolic patterns and semantic levels, makes for a poor exchange. One must also confront the fact that in the comparable space allotted to him, Gudzij in his *History* gives a much fuller account of this period, and, to be sure, of the scholarship on it. But it is Čyževs'kyj's conclusions, the synthesis and perspective provided in the section "The Significance of the Literature of Kievan Rus'" (222-25), that are most troubling. Apart from the opening apologia for the literature of this period, a "Ukrainian excursus" that is quite out of place in this edition, the main problem is that Čyževs'kyj broaches fundamental issues and then leaves them unresolved. Thus he speaks of old Kievan literature as a great flowering that had "the most profound effect on the development of the character and the peculiar historical strengths of a nation" (222), and he also notes that this period had its weaknesses and deficiencies, above all, as he sees it, the near total absence of scholarship, of scientific writing, and even of theology. Such "flawed flowerings" may indeed be possible (and Čyževs'kyj intimates one such problem area when he speaks of the merits of adopting "an artificial Slavic literary language"), but rather than merely noting its existence it would be more fruitful to put it in a
*Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S.*, vol. 12 (1969-1972), nos. 1-2 (33-44).
68 Cf. Eremin, "K xarakteristike Nestora kak pisatelja," in *Literatura drevnej Rusi*.
69 In this and other respects, Eremin's treatment (fn. 79) is much more satisfactory.
historical perspective. For all the genuine achievements of the Kievan period, the fact of the East Slavs falling into the Byzantine cultural sphere of influence, and receiving only the low, mass version of this culture, was a disaster from which they, and specifically the Ukrainian people, never fully recovered. The West European “Renaissance without Humanism” of the twelfth century never took place on the Ukrainian territories. Even more, as Zilyns’kyj’s above-mentioned article so forcefully argues, adoption of the Byzantine religious worldview—i.e., its transcendental idealism, agnosticism, impersonalism, and, above all, ahistoricism and predestinationalism—and their adoption in the absence of Byzantine culture, legitimacy and the real power of the state, inevitably led to the collapse of Ukrainian society and cultural life in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries when confronted by the energetic, Western-oriented neighbors, Lithuania and Poland.\(^{70}\) When a revival did occur it was \textit{in spite of}, not because of, the Byzantine legacy. Čyževs’kyj’s claim that “it was precisely the traditions of old Kievan literature that made the later cultural revivals possible—both the unexpected, but less brilliant, renaissance of the Cossack era as well as that of the nineteenth century (on a different linguistic base)” (223) is very unpersuasive. (Unless, of course, he means this, as he probably does, quite ahistorically and metaphysically—as the creation of a national “soul” impervious to the historical process.)\(^{71}\) In fact, Ukrainian Baroque literature drew its inspiration primarily from the West, from Poland, as Čyževs’kyj himself notes, and the “discovery” of the Kievan legacy occurred in the 1620s, well after the initial stirrings of revival at the end of the sixteenth century, and as a search for legitimacy, not as a model or source of inspiration. It is rather the absence of any true Renaissance in Ukrainian cultural life and the selective and “scholastic” nature of the Ukrainian Baroque that can be credited to the early Byzantinist period.
D. “THE LITERATURE OF THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES”
The chapter dealing with this period begins with the statement that the incorporation of the Ukrainian lands into the Lithuanian and
\(^{70}\) Zilyns’kyj, “Duxova heneza peršoho ukrajins’koho vidrodžennja,” p. 11 and passim.
\(^{71}\) As much is suggested by the preceding sentence: “This spiritual preparation, this initial flowering, could not be erased even by those centuries which were less favorable for literary development.”
Polish kingdoms “undoubtedly [was] at least partially responsible for the cultural decline” (226), but why this should be so is not at all clear. The Ukrainian-Belorussian language, for example, was the official language of the Lithuanian state, and Rus’ culture was still the more highly developed. The reason for the decline was probably internal, as suggested above, and not external: missing was the cement that could hold society together, and religious dogma and traditionalism, the only heritage of Eastern Christianity, could not substitute for it, nor could they provide the necessary resilience for change. It was not that the “Metropolitanate was moved to Moscow” (226) as the translators have it (implying some sinister agency?), it was rather that the Metropolitan Petro of Rata moved there himself in the 1320s, most probably to further his career.\(^{72}\) The reasons for this and for the whole melancholy period of “wasted years” are quite complex and can hardly be presented here. They stem from both the geo-political and cultural position of the Ukrainian lands and from the workings of the cultural legacy.
E. “RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION”
1. The chapter on the Renaissance and Reformation introduces new issues and some new problems. Characteristically, Čyževs’kyj begins with a discussion of the European Renaissance in general and then its role in Ukrainian literature in particular. What is immediately apparent, however, is that his approach to the Renaissance is rather polemical and hostile. Under three categories which he deems most important—the Renaissance “Classical ideal of beauty as harmony and balance,” the “‘discovery’ and ‘liberation’ of man,” and the “‘rediscovery’ of nature”—Čyževs’kyj proceeds to rebut the Renaissance and to “rehabilitate” at its expense the preceding Middle Ages and the coming Baroque. This is a very questionable procedure. For one thing, his interpretations are rather biased and do not objectively describe, let alone analyze, the nature and meaning of the Renaissance. For example: “The Renaissance certainly did ‘liberate’ man but it failed to ask the all-important question: did this ‘liberation’ from the authority of the Church and frequently also from all moral and social authority really lead to the ‘discovery’ of man’s essence, or was it merely a digression from the true path to this goal?” (237). For
\(^{72}\) Cf. M. Hruševs’kyj, *Istorija Ukrajiny-Rusy*, vol. 3 (New York, 1956), p. 271.
another, such a polemic against, of all things, a *period* in man's cultural history is, from the perspective of scholarship, a somewhat unorthodox procedure.\(^{73}\) The most important feature of the Renaissance, namely, secularization and the birth of individualism and intellectual emancipation, are conceded grudgingly (with quotation marks around most terms) if at all; a sharp opposition is drawn between the Renaissance and religion, whereas in fact the Renaissance grew out from a religious renewal (e.g., St. Francis of Assisi) and was a rejection of dogma, otherworldliness and asceticism, and an affirmation of individual religious feeling and experience. Another essential aspect, the material basis of the Renaissance, the commercial ground providing patronage for the arts as well as the national-political revival (particularly in Italy) is also ignored.\(^{74}\)
Both elements are quite absent from the Ukrainian sphere, and Čyževs'kyj notes this, but one is almost led to wonder whether his very definition of the Renaissance is not tailored to fit (and "exculpate") the Ukrainian cultural model with its deeper roots in the Byzantine and Baroque periods.
2. The most important consideration, however, which applies to the entire chapter, not just its introductory section, is that the Ukraine was at this time fully a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and that the Renaissance, Humanism, and the Reformation constituted an extremely vibrant and fruitful phase in the cultural life of
\(^{73}\) Cf. these passages:
For the Renaissance, there remained only dreams of contributions already made by those representatives of "late scholasticism" at the Sorbonne and elsewhere, towards whom the man of the Renaissance had to take a hostile stance, but which were later rediscovered by those who rejected a large portion of the "achievements" of the Renaissance and made an attempt to revitalize "the old," i.e., many of the most important ideals of the Middle Ages; these were men of the Baroque period, whose contributions to science were far greater than those of the exalted Renaissance Man (p. 238);
or:
... the accomplishments of the Renaissance were unable to satisfy even its sixteenth century followers. The Renaissance sought "enthusiasm," but was able to cultivate only a rather cool rhetoric: it sought a superior, universally developed man, but egoism, amorality, and anarchy were the only results; the Renaissance set itself as a goal the exploration of nature, but natural science in the Renaissance remained in a kind of wonderland, patronizing magic, alchemy, and astrology. The Renaissance sharply criticized the superstitions and prejudices of earlier times, but itself remained under the influence of superstitions of a more modern variety (p. 238).
\(^{74}\) Cf. Zygmunt Łempicki, *Wybór pism*, vol. 1: *Renesans, Oświecenie, Romantyzm* (Warsaw, 1966), especially pp. 82-91.
that multinational state. This, too, is not fully developed here. To be sure, Čyževs'kyj does not minimize the inertia and resistance to change, especially to secularization, of the majority of Ukrainian society, nor the hold over it of the old Byzantine traditions. One is inclined to agree when he says that "There is no doubt that the influences of the Renaissance and Reformation in the Ukraine were more widespread and more deeply felt in day-to-day life, and especially in the lives of individual people, than in literature" (241). But the matter should not be left where he leaves it: "Ukrainian literature of the sixteenth century not only manifested very few elements of the Renaissance and Reformation, but was also of limited significance as a whole"; and turning to the past and future ("There is no need to conceal this fact, in view of the magnificent literature of the Kievan and Baroque periods"; 241) does not obviate the need to look squarely at the present, i.e., the period in question. For as some recent, though still incomplete and unsystematized, research has shown, there was considerable involvement by Ukrainians in the active mainstream of the cultural life of the multinational Commonwealth.\(^{75}\) A perspective must be found on the cultural picture. As B. Krawciw noted,
Ukrainian society ... in the 15th-16th centuries in Poland and the Lithuanian-Ruthenian state cannot be confined only to the Ukrainian-speaking burghers, the clergy and the peasants, and in time the Cossacks, who in the best of circumstances were led by a small group of orthodox gentry—something which was done by S. Jefremov, at times by M. Hruševs'kyj, and others. Along with the above named social strata (estates) there was also a large stratum of gentry and magnates (former boyars and princes) who though Catholicized and Polonized still had not broken with the Rus' nation and faith.\(^{76}\)
Correlatively with this, the literary output of such a broadly conceived Ukrainian society cannot be confined only to what was written in Ukrainian (i.e., Church Slavonic or bookish Ukrainian) but must include works written in Polish and Latin. Finally, as Krawciw observed, it is clear that a significant role in Ukrainian cultural life was played by various cultural centers, not only on Ukrainian territories, such as L'viv and Zamost' and Ostroh, but also in Poland proper, i.e., Cracow. The analogy between Cracow in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries with its numerous Ukrainian students and lecturers and St. Petersburg in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is obvious, and it should be investigated further.
\(^{75}\) Kravciv [Krawciw], "Renesans i humanism na Ukrajini."
\(^{76}\) Kravciv [Krawciw], "Renesans i humanism na Ukrajini," p. 41
3. At the end of this chapter Čyževs'kyj turns to a rather different phenomenon—the *dumy*. Unfortunately, he misstates the issue at the outset when he introduces them as “a new type of folk song” (256). As with the old epos, with which the *dumy* are contrasted, this results from confusing oral with folk poetry. The major difference is that there is a fairly large corpus of *dumy*, which, though collected much later, still gives us the basis for establishing their properties and structure; and this, given the important role they played in later Ukrainian literature, especially poetry, is a matter of some priority. A thorough study of the *dumy* will almost certainly show that they are not folk poetry, arising from a local milieu and perspective, but poetry which reflects an entire “national” ethos, a sense of history, and encompasses various milieus—the church (as reflected in the moral injunctions), the military, the settled agricultural classes, etc. It will also probably show that analysis and classification of the *dumy* cannot rest on conventional approaches (for example, their subdivision by manifest thematic content, or the still more superficial device of dividing them into “those with ‘anonymous’ heroes, and those whose heroes are named”; 257), but must attempt to decode their complex symbolic structure, and on this basis establish a new classification.
F. “BAROQUE”
1. As indicated above, the chapter on the Baroque is one of the longest in the *History*, and well it should be, for the Ukrainian Baroque, like the Polish Baroque on which it drew so much, was not only an inordinately long-lived phenomenon, lasting for the better part of two centuries, from the time of Vyšens'kyj to Skovoroda, but was also a period of much literary and cultural activity. Yet despite the extended focus, in spite of Čyževs'kyj's unquestionable authority in matters dealing with the Baroque, and in spite of the generally illuminating opening discussion of the concept of the Baroque and of its formal characteristics, the chapter is disappointing. It disappoints, first of all, by the fact that the entire period of close to two hundred years is seen in total stasis. To be sure, Čyževs'kyj refers to stages in the European Baroque (Gongorism, Mannerism, Rococo) and he observes, quite correctly, that analogous stylistic changes were not in evidence in Ukrainian literature, but this, and the statement that “Some time after 1680, Ukrainian literature experienced a period in which the style was unusually flowery, overburdened with
formal decorative elements ..." (277), is all that is said about any possible internal dynamics in the literature of the period. There are a few scattered references to the development of this or that device or genre, e.g., a brief comment on the development of dialogues in drama (329) or a discussion of the evolution of the sermon (334-43). But the whole of Ukrainian literature and literary life in this period is frozen into an abstract, non-temporal scheme; Klymentij Zinoviev, Ivan Velyčkovs'kyj, Prokopovyč, Skvoroda, all exist synchronously, because, apparently, their Baroque style was one. And style is the only basic criterion for periodization, and the macro-periodization of Renaissance-Baroque-Classicism, etc., is virtually the only concession to the historical dimension. Without necessarily arguing for a division into "early" and "late" Baroque (or a "monumental" and "ornamental" Baroque) one can still distinguish several significant lines of development, and these developments, one may argue, are at least as worthy of attention in a history of literature as are stylistic changes.
We are not altogether surprised when Čyževs'kyj strongly downplays, and, except for a few comments on the sermon, virtually ignores the cultural (and social and political or ideological) "content" of various works. But while he speaks of "style," devices, and tricks, there is hardly any discussion—even in the case of historical works—of that very "content" or "idea-content" which he himself listed as part of the literary work.\(^{77}\) Instead, especially in the largest section on "verse poetry," there is a self-indulgent focus on formal (more correctly formalistic) features to the exclusion of all else. This may be adequate for a special study à la his own *Formalistische Dichtung bei den Slaven*,\(^{78}\) but a history requires more perspective and balance.
2. One major element that is missing from the discussion is that of the political orientation or the modes of national consciousness in the literature in question. Between Kasijan Sakovyč's *Virši na žalosnyj pohreb ... Sahajdačnoho* (1622) and Semen Divovyc'š Razhovor Velykorossii z Malorossieju* (1762) there is a broad spectrum of positions, reflected in such works, among others, as Velyčkovs'kyj's *virši* to
---
\(^{77}\) *Istorija Rusov* is the only work to be given a fuller treatment, but as Čyževs'kyj himself says, "it belongs to the post-Baroque era" (348). As to Velyčko, Čyževs'kyj cites several passages to illustrate his style, but of the "idea content" he can only say that "In the prefaces to the first and second volumes, Velyčko develops some of the basic ideas underlying his world view and his historical 'methodology'" (345)—and this is not very enlightening.
\(^{78}\) Cf. Dmitrij Tschizewskij, *Formalistische Dichtung bei den Slaven* (Wiesbaden, 1958).
Hetman Samojlovych, the *Synopsis* (probably written under the aegis of Gisel'), and Prokopovyč's *Vladimir*. But none of this is discussed: the central role of political ideology in the *Synopsis* and in *Vladimir* is not touched upon,\(^{79}\) Sakovyc'ş *Virši* on Sahajdačnyj are mentioned only in passing, and Velyčkovs'kyj's *virši* and the very important *Razhovor* of Divovyč are not mentioned at all. Even if one were disposed to ignore these works because they have only "ideological" or "political" value (which is not the case—they have manifest literary value as well) there is also the question of the development of literary consciousness, of a literary stance, and of evolution in the articulation of aesthetic issues. Regrettably, these considerations are also ignored. For our part we can only point to a few salient "milestones." Vyšens'kyj, for example, with his fierce spirit of reaction, with his violent opposition to all things new and Western, including of course the Classics, Humanism, and the culture of the Renaissance, has, as Čyževs'kyj elaborates at length, little use for the new aesthetic or for new literary models. (Vyšens'kyj's opposition is perhaps not as absolute as Čyževs'kyj implies: in his "Poslanie k starice Domnikii" [1605] he concedes the possibility of utilizing the new learning and the new arts—though in proper, subordinate relation to Church dogma and tradition.)\(^{80}\) Ivan Velyčkovs'kyj, however, writing at the end of the century, perceives the issue in very different terms. In the "Predmova do čytelnyka" of his *Mleko* (1691) he gives the reason for his *štučky poetickie*, and what is more important, formulates a new aesthetic (and patriotic) consciousness:
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\(^{79}\) Cf. Jury Šerech [Shevelov], "On Teofan Prokopovič as Writer and Preacher in his Kiev Period," *Harvard Slavic Studies*, vol. 2 (1954); cf. also S.L. Pestić, "Sinopsis kak istoričeskoe proizvedenie," *Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoj literatury* 15 (1958): 284-98.
\(^{80}\) Thus: Але бым я радил нашим фундатором благочестия во Львовѣ: в первых, церковнаго послѣдования, словословия и благочестия узаконити, дѣтем научити; таже утвердивши сумнения вѣры благочестивыми догматы, тогда вѣшних хитростей для вѣдомости касатися не возбранятія. Не бо аз хулю грамотичное учение и ключь к познанию складов и речей, яко же нѣвы мнят и подобно глаголют: «Зане же сам не учился, того ради и нам завидит и возбраняет», and again: И не вѣдомость хулю художества, але хуло, што тетврѣшние наши новые русские философы не знают в церкви ничтохе читати,— ни тое самое Псалтыры, ни Часослова.
Cf. Ivan Višenskij, *Sočinenija* (Moscow and Leningrad, 1955), pp. 162-63; cf. also the *History*, pp. 263-74. Here, too, the unsteady hand of the translators is evident. When Čyževs'kyj says "... i renesans i reformacija dija n'oho [i.e., Vyšenskij]—lyše z'"javyc'ša pidupadu, rozkladu, antyxristovoho 'soblaznu'" (234), they come back with "... he considered both the Renaissance and the Reformation to be no more than the manifestations of the decline, the disintegration of the anti-Christ 'heresy'" (264).
Уважаючи я, иж многія народове, звлаща в науках обфитуючие, много мают не только ораторских, але и поетицких, чудне а мистерне, природным их языком, от высоких разумов составленных трудолюбий, которыми и сами ся тьшат, и потомков своих дозвѣлы острят, я, яко истинный сын Малороссійской отчизны нашей, болѣючи на то сердцем, иж в Малой нашей Россіи до сих час таковых нѣ от кого тыпом выданных не оглядяю трудов, з гордивости моей ку милой отчизнѣ, призвавши бога и божию матку и [святых], умыслилем, иле зможность подлого [дозвѣ]пу моего позволяла, нѣкоторые значнѣйшые штуки поетицкие русским языкком выразити, не з якого языка на рускій оные переводячи, але власною працею моюю нобо на подобенство інородных || составляючи, а нѣкоторые и цѣле русскіе способы вынайдующи, которые и иншим языкком анѣ ся могут выразити.
(Here one might note that acknowledgment of these considerations would have gone far toward putting the range of Velyčkovs'kyj's devices and tricks—which form the bulk of Čyževs'kyj's illustrations—into perspective; as the section on "verse poetry" now stands, the discussion does little more than catalogue them.) And finally one can turn to Prokopovyč's treatise on poetics and rhetoric which marks the beginning of Classicist poetics. What is striking here is that this work (first delivered as a cycle of lectures in 1705), dedicated to the Ukrainian youth studying in the Kievan Mohyla Academy (De arte poetica libri III ad usum et institutionem studiosae juventutis roxolanae dictati Kioviae in Orthodoxa Academia Mohyleana) had a very limited effect on Ukrainian literary currents and models. As Russian literature absorbed and elaborated the new Classicism, Ukrainian literature remained steadfastly Baroque. Dovhalevs'kyj's treatise on poetics, Hortus poeticus (1736), for example, illustrates both the
81 Cf. Ivan Velyčkovs'kyj, Tvory (Kiev, 1972), pp. 70-71. It is quite significant that for Velyčkovs'kyj the devotional, religious consideration does not eclipse but indeed harmonizes with the patriotic moment (thus: "... ložylem trud ne ku jakomu, ne daj bože tščeslaviju, ale ščegulne ku slave Boha slavy ... a na ozdobu otčysny našeї i utěxu malorossijskym synom jei ..." p. 70).
82 The term roxolani/roxolanae, as part of the terminology used in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, clearly referred to things Ukrainian; to translate it as russkie/russkogo (as is done in Eremin's and other [Russian] Soviet editions) is a distortion. (The translation of M. Dovhalevs'kyj's Hortus poeticus [Kiev, 1973] is accurate, i.e., the term "roxolano abdolonimo" in the title is given as "ukrajins'komu sadivnykovi" [cf. pp. 25-26]—but then this is a Ukrainian edition. Cf. the concluding section below.)
traditionalism and the stasis that had come to characterize Ukrainian literature and literary theory of this period.
3. While ignoring such overarching issues, Čyževs'kyj also disregards the individual writer as a literary-historical fact. The sole exception is Vyšens'kyj, to whom Čyževs'kyj devotes much attention. In the original he was treated with the Renaissance; now he is bodily transposed into the Baroque (and this along with one passage refuting any similarity between Vyšens'kyj and Avvakum is the sum of the revisions and emendations to this chapter). The transposition is awkward and mechanical, however. The thread connecting him to the Renaissance polemicists (p. 232 in the original) is left dangling as he is now inserted between the sections on "The Nature of the Literary Baroque" and "Literary Baroque in Ukraine." One must conclude that Čyževs'kyj (or the editor?) decided that Vyšens'kyj was after all more "Baroque" than "Renaissance" and therefore is to be put on the other side of the great divide—but with no accompanying explanation, and without even a sentence being rewritten.\(^{83}\)
Along with what this says about a schematic and mentalist treatment of real historical phenomena, there is a further disappointment as it becomes apparent that the basis on which "style" is determined—and Čyževs'kyj's entire periodization rests on this—can be disconcertingly flimsy. In the original Čyževs'kyj repeatedly relates Vyšens'kyj to the Renaissance on the basis of his rhetorical style (cf. p. 240); now these statements remain unchanged, except that Vyšens'kyj's "Baroqueness" is asserted by the simple expedient of adding another label: now he is said to be "close to the rhetorical style of the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Baroque" (274; emphasis mine). The label, it seems, is more important than the historical and cultural reality. In fact, as Čyževs'kyj's own discussion makes abundantly clear, Vyšens'kyj is neither a "Renaissance" nor a "Baroque" writer in any meaningful sense of the term but an eminently medieval, scholastic figure who happened to write at the turn of the seventeenth century and who—and this is crucial—both reflected the existing state of Ukrainian culture and letters and was instrumental in conserving that state of affairs. He was not so much a "retrograde" figure as the most forceful and eloquent exponent of a culture that was (and remained for subsequent centuries) entirely non-secular. To talk of
\(^{83}\) Cf. pp. 263-74/232-41.
his “Renaissance” or “Baroque” style without elaborating the context is to leave a red herring for the unsuspecting.
4. Apart from Vyšens’kyj, the other writers of this period are quite undifferentiated. The names of Klymentij Zinoviev, Ivan Velyčkovs’kyj, Prokopovyč, or Skovoroda simply appear at various points and one can easily get the impression that they are all cut of the same cloth. But this is not true. Klymentij Zinoviev, for example, was a wandering monk, not very sophisticated though not unlettered, who was endowed with remarkable powers of observation and memory, and with a passionate drive to preserve his multifarious experiences and impressions, details of folklore, song and pobut. His corpus of virši and sayings, while undistinguished in terms of poetic technique and “form,” is a unique encyclopedia of Ukrainian popular life as well as an extended autobiographical statement and meditation on life and morality.
5. When speaking about Klymentij, Čyževs’kyj at one point calls his “Raxuba drevam roznym” the first poem to be written in Sapphic verse (three lines of twelve syllables and a fourth with eight syllables)” (305/271). It is nothing of the sort. The “Raxuba” is a simple catalogue with no division into strophes or even lines.84 It is even an open question whether this is poetry in any conventional sense (unless, of course, one suspects the wandering monk of being a dadaist or constructivist avant la lettre): it comes at the end of a long (1560 entries) alphabetically arranged list of proverbs and sayings, and is precisely what our seventeenth-century “encyclopedist” says it to be, a “Raxuba drevam roznym jak na vselennoi mnoho obretaetsja (kolko znalem i čuvalem tolko i napisalem).” Moreover, the definition of Sapphic strope given by Čyževs’kyj is wrong: it is a syllabic strophe of three eleven-syllable lines (5+6) and one five-syllable line that tends to a pointe. The earliest and closest approximation to this occurs in the “Ostroz’kyj lament” (1636) describing the clash between Ukrainian burghers and Polish gentry that came about when the body of Prince Oleksander Ostroz’kyj was being moved from an Orthodox to a Catholic church by his daughter.85 For example the moment of the clash:
84 Cf. Klymentij Zinovijiv, Virši, Prypovisti pospolyti (Kiev, 1971), pp. 266-67.
85 Cf. O. Bilec’kyj, ed., Xrestomatija davn’oji ukrajins’koji literatury (Kiev. 1967), pp. 176-78.
Еднак як ся на мость споткали,
З замку выйшовы, внет ся замышали,
Коли возница почал их бычовати,
Казал вступовати.
Що видячы оныи люде нещасливыви,
Будучы с того барзо жалослывыи,
С попудливости всь ся порвали,
Кыи побрали.
Слуги той панеи и всь дворяне,
Видячы, же не жарт, кинулися на ных едностайне,
Шабел добывышы, внет же по собь:
То мнь, то тобь.
Indeed the “lament” (of which only the concluding “prydatok” is in Sapphic verse) is in various other respects an important and interesting work, and it is regrettable that Čyževs’kyj does not mention it.
6. At the other end of the poetic spectrum from Klymentij Zinoviev is Ivan Velyčkovs’kyj. A protopresviter and protégé of Lazar Baranovyč, he was one of the most accomplished and sophisticated poets in the Ukrainian Baroque. His panegyrics to Baranovyč and Hetman Samojlovyč, his collections “Zegar” and “Mleko” are masterpieces of Baroque poetics. Yet, Čyževs’kyj does not see fit to mention any of these works, let alone discuss their complex interplay of wit and profound religious and patriotic ideology; in his presentation, Velyčkovs’kyj is noteworthy only for the “štučky.” The first of the above-mentioned works, the elegantly convoluted and erudite panegyric to Baranovyč (in impeccable Sapphic strophes!) is written in Polish, and as such illustrates most strikingly the central issue of the bilingualism in Ukrainian Baroque literature. But this, too, is outside the scope of Čyževs’kyj’s interest.
7. With Teofan Prokopovyč the issue of bilingualism, or rather biculturalism, reappears in yet another complex form. With him we can also begin a process of differentiation, whereby, as already noted, the Classicist mode, and later, specific new genres came to be practiced in Russian—that is, Imperial—literature, while Ukrainian literature continued to subscribe to traditional forms and modes. Finally, the
86 See Velyčkovs’kyj, Tvory.
last representative of the Ukrainian Baroque, Skovoroda, is in many ways unique as thinker and poet and deserving of a fuller treatment (especially from one as qualified in this matter as Čyževs'kyj) than he is afforded.
8. Clearly, the importance of individual writers lies not in their biographies (though Čyževs'kyj himself concedes the relevance of literary biographies) but in the way they embody the literary process and at the same time contribute through their individual profile to the richness of the literature. Čyževs'kyj's stress on the common denominator, his focus on supra-individual categories (genres, etc.) is understandable as the organizing device that it is, and justifiable as an attempt to introduce intrinsic, formal criteria where they have been lacking so long. But such an attempt, as we see from J. Krzyżanowski's fine treatment of the Polish Baroque in his History, need not obviate the individual artist. As it stands here, the method employed by Čyževs'kyj is reductive and constricts rather than expands our understanding of the Ukrainian Baroque.
9. Another feature that is sorely missed in this chapter, and one which, as Šerex observed, Čyževs'kyj was excellently qualified to provide, is a discussion of the relationship between the Ukrainian and the Polish Baroque. We are given a discussion on the influence of Ukrainian Baroque literature on Russian and South Slavic literature, a section on the "Ukrainian school" in Polish literature, but the Ukrainian-Polish context is somehow (one is tempted to say, perversely) ignored. And yet it is a central issue. Its importance rests not only on the fact (noted by Čyževs'kyj) that major writers of this period wrote as much, if not more, in Polish than in Ukrainian (e.g., Baranovyč, Potij, Galjatovs'kyj, et al.), or that Polish writers and their works were closely followed, whether for purposes of polemics (e.g., Vyšens'kyj and Skarga), or as models (where, for example, P. Kochanowski's Goffred became the classical model for a modern epic for Prokopovyč and other writers on literary theory and poetics) or as prototypes (as, for example, S. Twardowski's Wojna domowa, which, despite its hostile treatment of the Xmel'-nyčcyna, was translated and continued to inform various Ukrainian
\footnote{Julian Krzyżanowski, Historia literatury polskiej (Warsaw, 1966).}
accounts of this period). What is most basic, however, is the fact that throughout the seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth Ukrainian literature shared a cultural milieu with Polish literature while maintaining its own separate, strongly scholastic traditions. This uneasy coexistence, this interface of common ground and opposition, adumbrated also by the fact that for virtually all literate people, and undoubtedly for the elite, Polish was a lingua franca, makes Ukrainian Baroque literature an extraordinarily complex and interesting phenomenon. The same applies mutatis mutandis to the relationship between Ukrainian and Russian literature, which from the second half of the seventeenth century grew in intensity as the Ukraine was progressively absorbed into the Russian Empire. But, as Čyževs’kyj shows us, what began as a cultural “mission” ended as a Babylonian captivity. The fate of Ukrainian literature in this “captivity” is the subject of the following chapter.
G. “CLASSICISM”
1. The chapter on Classicism is in some respects an improvement on the previous one: it provides on the one hand a clearer picture of the actual cultural and political context, and, on the other hand, while still maintaining a general approach by genres, devotes considerable attention to the major writers of the period (Kotljarevs’kyj, Kvitka, Hulak, et al.). As a result, the beginning student can in all probability get a more coherent sense of this period than in the case of the Baroque. At the same time, however, Čyževs’kyj proposes a number of formulations in this chapter with which one must take issue. The first of these, the single most misleading concept in the entire History, is the notion of “an incomplete literature of an incomplete nation.” But since this is a crucial theoretical issue, and a working premise, indeed axiom, that is not confined to this chapter, we are perhaps justified in reserving it for the final, theoretical discussion. There are, nevertheless, many other points to take up here.
2. As with the preceding chapters, Čyževs’kyj prefaces this one with a general statement on “Literary Classicism,” and thus prepares the ground for the discussion by outlining his criteria, his understanding
88 Cf. G. Grabowicz, “Samuel Twardowski’s Wojna domowa: Literary Context and Aspects of Genre,” in For Wiktor Weintraub (The Hague, 1975).
of the major issues, etc. But as with the preceding (i.e., the Renaissance and the Baroque), it becomes evident that here, too, the "general" (in effect, Western) literary-historical phenomenon and the Ukrainian "variant" are far apart. Čyževs'kyj concedes as much at the outset as he states that
Classicism assumed a peculiar form in Ukraine where certain factors (see below) precluded the establishment of any significant opposition to the Baroque. In addition, the new "classicist" style did not enjoy the wide development found in the West or among other Slavic peoples: Ukrainian Classicism was weak and rather poorly defined. (370-71)
This rather important qualification, however, remains largely unrealized and unapplied—except for subsequent references to the "weakness" or the "incompleteness" of Ukrainian Classicism. The basic premise of the existence of "Ukrainian Classicism," rather than, let us say, "Ukrainian literature of the period of Classicism," the belief that this "Classicism" is essentially, structurally of a piece with Western, or for that matter Russian or Polish Classicism, is professed without any reservations. And this, needless to say, creates various problems. (Even before turning to them, it is interesting to observe that as with the Renaissance, here, too, Čyževs'kyj feels called upon to polemicize with Classicism, by saying, for example, that:
Clearly there was much that was pernicious in the psychology of the period of Classicism. In Ukraine in particular, the social structure led to a narrowing of the thematic range of literature. At the same time, the ideology of the Enlightenment brought on rationalistic aridity and the neglect of a great part of life—especially in that sphere which is so important to literature [and to all art in general]—that of the feelings. [373-74]
Apart from the dubious assertions about the "aridity" and the "neglect" of "feelings"—in some respects there may have been, in others not, and in general this is a question of historical relativity and value and taste—the indulgence of preference through facile value judgments on whole cultural periods [pro Baroque and Romanticism, anti Renaissance and Classicism] is somewhat questionable for a historian).
3. One cannot contend, of course, that Čyževs'kyj's approach to Ukrainian literature of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century qua "Classicism" is without merit. It does focus attention on the problem of genres, on the predisposition to "low" genres (travesty, satire), etc. The reason for this choice of "low" genres, or, putting
it more broadly, the system of the literature is not made clear, however. While it is helpful to know that Ukrainian literature of this time was influenced by and modelled itself on various Classicist premises, it is quite another thing to postulate that Ukrainian literature was then *as a whole system* defined by the ideology and poetics of Classicism. From what Čyževs’kyj says it is clear that no such Classicist system existed. But rather than investigating the possibility of a different system then in existence or at least in *statu nascendi* in Ukrainian literature, a system by all indications more complex and heterogeneous than that sketched out by the Classicist model, Čyževs’kyj finds that Ukrainian “Classicism” is not as “complete” as other Classicisms, e.g., the French or the Polish, in that it does not exhibit the same range of genres and styles, particularly in the “middle” and “high” registers (cf. pp. 374-76 and 431-34), and that it lacks the “ideological traits” characteristic of Classicism.\(^{89}\) He also argues, though not as categorically, that Ukrainian “Classicism” was not only “incomplete” and “untypical” (433) but also somehow inconsistent in its stylistic expression (i.e., having “stylistic indistinctness”; 376) and unduly and perniciously long-lived. (This, to be sure, closely echoes Zerov’s qualification of the *kotljarevščyna* as “a long and persistent illness of Ukrainian letters.”)\(^{90}\)
These are the main problems, each flowing from Čyževs’kyj’s normative conception of literature and literary history. They are illustrated by a number of specific arguments which bear questioning.
4. Čyževs’kyj begins by asserting, quite correctly, that no clear divide, no revolutionary theory and no polemics or manifestos heralded the transition from Baroque to Classicism in Ukrainian literature. He then turns to what he takes to be the first instances of the new poetic movement—and here the discussion is astonishing in its misconceptions. For what he does is to take various eighteenth-century *virši* and argue (pp. 377-80) that (1) these are “modern parodies” exemplifying an “aristocratic tenor” or “aristocratic spirit” (and implicitly having a gentry provenance), that (2) “their authors seem imbued with enthusiasm for the Enlightenment; their attitude to
\(^{89}\) I.e., “It was quite easy to overlook the ‘classicism’ in Ukrainian ‘Classicism,’ for Ukrainian literature lacked those characteristic genres and stylistic and ideological traits (rationalism, ‘high style,’ etc.) which would have been unacceptable either to the Romantics or to the Realists” (376). Cf. below.
\(^{90}\) Cf. M. Zerov, *Nove ukrajins’ke pys’menstvo* (Munich, 1960), p. 98.
religion appears ironic, even blasphemous. Also noticeable is a new aristocratic spirit characteristic of the Enlightenment's disdain for the beliefs of the common people," and that (3) "the authors used not the actual popular speech but rather a coarse one. And they treated it as they did everything emanating from the people—with unmistakable disdain and contempt" (377). The actual poems which Čyževs'kyj cites (and characteristically does not identify) to buttress these bizarre conclusions are various Christmas and Easter virši, generally from the eighteenth century (but possibly even from the seventeenth); their authors were almost certainly the mandrovani djaky, and that this poetry was originally delivered orally is indicated by the finale of two of the poems cited, the Christmas virša:
Сю виршу, панове,
Що празныка чытаю,
И святым рождеством
Вас поздоровляю!
and the Easter one:
Не подывы, святый владыко!
Може для тебе и дыко,
Що таку виршу сказав,
Але-ж пысанкы не взяв,
Бо на кращу не розжывся.
А погану як прынесть?
Бо й мы такы знаем честь.
This is also suggested by the near perfect kolomyjka meter ([4 + 4 + 6]2) of the former, e.g.,
Диды, бабы
Пьво, меды,
Горилку, варену
Кухлыком пьютъ;
З кнышами трутъ
Свыныну печену.
While there is no indication of an aristocratic "spirit" or "tenor" or provenance in this poetry, there is still less evidence for arguing
91 Cf. Bilec'kyj, Xrestomatija, pp. 533-52.
92 Bilec'kyj, Xrestomatija, pp. 536 and 542.
an "Enlightenment spirit" in this traditional and strongly folk-influenced form of expression. Equally deplorable is the attempt to cast this poetry as blasphemous, as vulgar, and as contemptuous of the "people." As to the former, although the religious sphere is often treated lightly and humorously in the genre of "burlesque virši," any unbiased and informed reading will show that blasphemy does not figure here at all. The satiric thrust is directed at the Christians, not at Christianity, e.g.:
Христос воскрес, рад мир увесь, дождав божои ласки.
Тепер то всяк наився в смак свяченой паски ... 93
The religious beliefs are unchallenged, and in fact the religious framework, as Zilyns'kyj had noted, 94 is still the only modality of expression. (It is enough to contrast these virši with, say, Voltaire's La Pucelle or Puškin's Gavriladiada to see how farfetched their identification with "Enlightenment blasphemy" really is.) It is also questionable whether one can truly speak of this poetry as parodic. In the technical sense by which parody simply means transposition from one level or mode to another it is, indeed; in the broader sense of ridicule or mockery it is most often not parodic, at times emphatically not. The effect of the "lowered" tone is often to make the narrative emotionally real and gripping. It performs the essential literary function of "de-automatizing" the perception of the subject. Such is the case with a fragment cited by Čyževs'kyj to illustrate "typical ... 'manorial' poetry with its 'enlightened' near-blasphemies" (378-79) (the bracketed lines were omitted in Čyževs'kyj's citation):
Кажуть, буцим молодыци
Негодяяки, ледашыци
И пуглыви, як зайцы, —
Аж неправда, молодцi.
Се-ж Марiя серед ночы
Пустылася зо всiй мочы
Плакаты на гроб Хрыстов,
На Голгофу мiж кустов.
[Не боялась синагогы,
Подряпала вельмы ногы
93 Bilec'kyj, Xrestomatija, p. 536.
94 Zilyns'kyj, "Duxova heneza peršoho ukrajins'koho vidrodžennja."
И попала там Хрыста.
Вин-же ій сказав спроста :]
Чого, Марусе, так ты плачеш?
Я воскрес — сама ты бачыш ...
The line “Čoho, Maruse, tak ty plačes?,” with its unaffected tenderness, is quite moving, and, one could even say, a foreshadowing of the intimate directness of Ševčenko’s “Marija.” In their emotional actualization of the Biblical story these and other such moments actually testify to genuine piety, a feature which characterizes folk and folk-like reworkings of Biblical motifs in different cultures and in different times. This, for example, is a version of the meeting between Christ and Mary Magdalene as told by Jędrzej Wawro (1864-1937), the folk artist and storyteller of Southern Poland:
Święto Magdalena była ozpustnom dziewicom, bo lubila sie ciesyć z parobkami. Przebiyrania różne nosila, z wielgiem państwem balowala i po nocach sie smyrala z kawalyrami.
No dobrze. Jak roz tak sla do domu nad ranem, naciesono i nagrzysono, tak spotkoł sie ś niom Poniezus, a óna—hips, za plot!
—O raneści—powiado—ten mi wsuje!
A Pon Jezus jom widziol, pogroził ji palcem:
—Magdalenko, Magdalenko, co ci powiym, to ci powiym, ale ci powiym, cies sie z kim kces, grzys z kim kces, ino końca patrz.
Like the eighteenth-century Ukrainian virša, this reworking of the Gospel is a particular form of actualization and “humanization,” and to call it blasphemous would be simply absurd.
There is a similar problem with Čyževs’kyj’s understanding of “vulgar” and “contemptuous.” To begin, he is careful to pick those passages that appear most “drastic” or “coarse”; thus he cites a verse like
Хлопци, дивки
На выпередкы
Биграют пид хатки,
Як ты вовкы
Або свынки
Скурнечуть колядкы
but omits the following ones which are quite effective in their imagery:
95 Cf. Bilec’kyj, Xrestomatija, pp. 539-40.
96 Cf. Tadeusz Seweryn, Świątkarz powsinoga (Warsaw, 1963), p. 84.
Маты земля
Уся гуля
Узявшись в бокы,
Письни гука,
Бьє гоцака,
В пидковы шырокы.
Ангелы вси
[На небеси]
Плещуть в ладони,
З радости бьют,
Письни гудут
Якимови дони. 97
(He also apparently does not take into consideration the very real probability that the peripatetic performers of these virši, the mandrovani djaky, would not be disposed to speak well of their amateur competition, the xlopci and divky.) In general, Čyževs’kyj does not appreciate the humor in these works, and this, while a handicap for any literary critic, is particularly disabling for Ukrainian literature where humor (often broad and earthy) plays such a central role.
The restricted appreciation of humor goes hand in hand with an oversensitivity to vulgarity. The most telling instance of this form of critical hyperesthesia occurs in the ill-fated Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, where after citing a passage from Hulak-Artemovs’kyj’s travesty ode “Do Parxoma I” Čyževs’kyj states that “no translation can render the vulgarity of this language.” 98 The poem is indeed an exercise in burlesque crudity, and it is not Hulak’s best, but can one really say that it is so vulgar as to be untranslatable? Whether emotional reaction or misreading of the cultural and literary context, this tendency distorts much of the discussion in this chapter.
5. A centerpiece of this chapter is Kotljarevs’kyj and his Enejida, and the analysis of this work is one of the lengthier ones in the whole History. Čyževs’kyj’s primary focus is on the language, and this is well taken, for by its virtuosity, its broad range of comic effects and its sheer lexical and connotative volume it becomes more than medium or vehicle; the language of the Enejida, as we see from the numerous
97 Bilec’kyj, Xrestomatija, p. 534.
98 Čiževskij, Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, p. 116.
catalogues, of foods, games, names, occupations, etc., becomes a verbal metaphor for the entire Ukrainian ethos. If ever the rather banal contention that the language is the hero of the work were true, it would be here. Thus Čyževs'kyj's observation that "Kotljarevs'kyj paid little attention to the character of his heroes: they are completely non-individualized, their character changing unrecognizably, in some cases, during the poem" (383) is quite true. This explains (if it does not quite justify) the psychological obtuseness in the poem that Zerov found so unpalatable.\footnote{99}{Zerov, \textit{Nove ukrajins'ke pysmenstvo}, pp. 68-9. A comparison shows that Čyževs'kyj's discussion draws considerably on Zerov.}
5.1. Along with a discussion of the language and the formal properties of the genre, some (to be sure, less) attention is paid to thematic concerns. And here a few qualifications are in order. Čyževs'kyj is certainly correct to note that the \textit{Enejida} is both a "dictionary" and an "encyclopedia" of Ukrainian life,\footnote{100}{The idea of the \textit{Enejida} as an "encyclopedia" or "faithful document of Ukrainian life" is a leitmotif in Kotljarevs'kyj criticism, and goes back to Kostomarov's "Obzor sočinenij pisannyx na malorossijskom jazyke" (1843).} or Ukrainian material and spiritual culture, but given this broad range, a synthesizing judgment fixing the work's hierarchy of themes and values, its "meaning" in the broadest sense, is necessary: the \textit{Enejida} is, after all, a watershed work, ushering in modern Ukrainian literature. No such synthesis is provided, however.
5.2. One central moment (rather more important than the satiric component on which Soviet criticism places great stress and which Čyževs'kyj all but ignores) is Kotljarevs'kyj's evocation of the national historical past, specifically of Cossackdom. For Čyževs'kyj this is a secondary matter; as far as he is concerned it is "transformed, first of all, into components of travesty" (398). As evidence of this he cites a few casual references to Cossack institutions and ranks, or instances of the poem's characteristic hybridization of classical antiquity and the Ukrainian past, for example, Enej's reference to himself as "Ja košovvj—Enej trojanec'" (cf. 398). An extended sympathetic image of the \textit{Het'manščyna},
\begin{quote}
Так вічної пам'яти бувало \\
У нас в Гетьманщині колись, \\
Так просто військо шиковало,
\end{quote}
Не знавши: стій, не шевелись;
Так славній полки козацькі
Лубенський, Гадяцький, Полтавський
В шапках було, як мак, цвітуть.
Як грянуть, сотнями ударять,
Перед себе списи наставлять,
То мов мітлою все метуть.
(IV, 101)
is explained away as stemming “from not altogether perfect knowledge” (398). (In the original, to be sure, Čyževs’kyj said that this flowed “napivsvidomo”; 346.) But neither imperfect knowledge nor semi-consciousness are at issue. In fact, the Enejida provides ample proof that Kotljarevs’kyj was well acquainted with various aspects of Ukrainian life, past and present: of the Cossacks, of officialdom, and of the common people. Referring to another passage, Čyževs’kyj argues that “having aroused in readers their sense of nationalism and even sovereignty, Kotljarevs’kyj deals them a bitter blow only a few lines later with this unheroic and vulgar tableau” (398) and as illustration of this cites the following fragment (IV, 126), stressing the words pjanu and nahajem pidjanhav:
Так Сагайдачний з Дорошенком
Козацьким військом величавсь.
Один з бунчуком перед раттю,
Позаду другий п’яну браттю
Донським нагаем підганяв.
What is not taken into account here is that this “unheroic and vulgar tableau” is an elaboration on perhaps the single best-known Ukrainian historical folk song, “Oj na hori da ženci žnut’.” It would seem quite reasonable that if the song’s division into vanguard and rear guard is accepted (“… poperedu Dorošenko …/… a pozadu Sahajdačnyj”) the function of the latter would be, among other things, to bring up stragglers, and these could very well be drunk. It is essential, however, to round off this scene by adding this stanza’s last three lines (which Čyževs’kyj somehow deleted) to see how truly “unheroic and vulgar” this “tableau” is, and how Kotljarevs’kyj turns the Zaporozhians “into components of travesty”:
Рядочком їхали гарненько,
З люльок тютюн тягли смачненько,
А хто на конику куняв.
5.3. The issue is straightforward: the most important value in the *Enejida*, the one untouched by any humorous or condescending treatment, is one’s country, and its most obvious objective correlative—Cossackdom.\(^{101}\) This has been argued with greater or lesser sophistication by much of Kotljarevs’kyj criticism, and in debunking it Čyževs’kyj presents no persuasive arguments. His contention that “Possibly the only places in which Kotljarevs’kyj refrained from using travesty are those having a moral or humanistic character” (399) remains unsupported. The two out-of-context fragments he cites here (i.e., V, 77 and V, 39) are *not* references to abstract *povynnist’* and *čest’* but rather unmistakably clear references to duty and honor *in defense of one’s country, one’s people*—here the Cossack-Trojan host. In his desire to overlook this, Čyževs’kyj seems to be almost tendentious in his citations: when speaking of references to folk songs he cites verse 2 of part III (395):
\[
\begin{align*}
&\text{А вітри ззаду все трубили} \\
&\text{В потилицю його човном,} \\
&\text{Що мчалися зо всеї сили} \\
&\text{По чорним пінявим водам.} \\
&\text{Гребці і весла положили,} \\
&\text{Та сидя люлечки курили} \\
&\text{І кургикали пісеньок :} \\
&\text{Козацьких, гарних запорозьких,}
\end{align*}
\]
but for no apparent reason—unless it is to purge the poem of all “ideology”—he omits the last two very revealing lines of this stanza:
\[
\begin{align*}
&\text{А які знали, то московських} \\
&\text{Вигадовали бриденьок.}
\end{align*}
\]
This is unfortunate, for this distich again illustrates Kotljarevs’kyj’s “patriotism” and his attitude of esteem, not travesty, toward the Cossack past. Moreover, this distinction between “beautiful Cossack songs” and “ugly Muscovite ones” casts doubt on the notion, put forward by Čyževs’kyj, that for Kotljarevs’kyj Russian and Ukrainian elements are coequal (cf. 396-97).
\(^{101}\) Cf., for example, the views of O. Bilec’kyj, A. Šamraj, P. Volyns’kyj and V. Gippius; cf. Je. Šabliovs’kyj and B. Derkač, Introduction to I.P. Kotljarevs’kyj, *Povne zibrannja tvoriv* (Kiev, 1969), p. 19 and passim.
5.4. The “patriotism” here is not simple, of course; it is not of the Romantic Cossacophile variety. The best intrinsic proof of this is the ambivalent treatment of Enej and his Cossack-Trojans. They are at the same time valiant warriors (especially in the later parts) and bedraggled and hungry ragamuffins (especially in part I). Reflected in this ambivalence is the prevailing late eighteenth-century attitude to the Zaporozhians (but not the Cossack State as such), an attitude born of Enlightenment centralism and promulgated by official historiography, in which the Sič was basically a nest of anarchic vagabonds and robbers. In literature this attitude was best reflected in the novels of Vasyl’ Nariżnyj (Narežnyj), Bursak and Zaporožec. For Kotljarevs’kyj, though it is discernible in scenes of revelry and “low” behavior, this attitude is nevertheless subordinate to the heroic, “national” dimension of Enej’s host: their cause, their representation of their country is never questioned.
5.5. The question of travesty and of Čyževs’kyj’s understanding of it is crucial. For him the meaning of Kotljarevs’kyj’s poem is fully exhausted by the abstract norms and values of the genre. And since it is “travesty” and since it has “vulgar” words and expressions it cannot be “serious.” This is an insistent refrain, e.g., “… these expressions [“rude vulgarisms,” etc.] offended readers for by then the poem had attained, to Kotljarevs’kyj’s surprise, the reputation of a composition of serious significance, the first work of modern Ukrainian literature” (388; italics in the original), or “Because readers regarded the poem as a serious work, from a certain point of view, a negative impression was produced on them by the strange, coarse (and non-folk) ‘corrupted’ words in its lexicon” (389), or, “Nevertheless, serious ideological themes are not entirely absent from the Enejida” (399), or “Such was the difference between his [Kotljarevs’kyj’s] era and the Baroque when a poet of similar temperament and equal interest in antiquity and national life and customs would have produced not a travesty, not a work whose genre lay on the periphery of literature, but a work of truly important significance” (402), or, finally, this eloquent conjecture: “Indeed, in some parts of his poem it would not be difficult to transform the piece into a serious work. One need only remove the linguistic elements of the travesty—the vulgarisms, the overly colloquial expressions, the ethnographic details, etc. It would not be necessary to change the style—it is completely classical” (402-403). The equation of travesty with
“unseriousness,” the disdain of “vulgarity,” the antiquated notion that the division into “high” and “low” genres actually implies intrinsic value, i.e., is tantamount to “better” and “worse,” and, above all, the belief, remarkable for a literary scholar, that one can “fix up” a poem by removing some “linguistic elements” (which in fact constitute its essential structure) without thereby necessarily “changing the style”—all this vitiates the entire analysis. Here, as in other parts of the book, an ostensibly formal and dispassionate judgment becomes a deeply emotional value judgment, with the underlying values (norms) remaining quite unexamined. There is no recognition that Kotljarevs’kyj’s *Enejida* expresses an ethos, a cultural perspective in which broad humor (“vulgarity”) plays a central, *structural* role, and that this perspective is an adequate reflection, a historically “necessary” expression of a national—not folk, or class—experience; there is no recognition of the fact that what Boileau thought of the mock-epic, or what Kotljarevs’kyj’s contemporaries, or Ševčenko, or Kulīš thought of it is not half as important as what the poem constitutes as an artistic and symbolic construct and what its function was in the development of Ukrainian literature and literary consciousness. Finally, there is apparently no awareness that definitions of genres and hierarchies of genre are abstract tools that aid in understanding the literary process but are not ends or absolutes against which a work is to be compared and found wanting. Because of this, and because the genre of travesty and the ideal of “seriousness” (and beyond that the goal of a “complete” literature) is more important for Čyževs’kyj than the *Enejida* itself, he can arrive at such disturbing conclusions.
6. Čyževs’kyj’s treatment of the other major writers of this period, Hulak-Artemovs’kyj and Kvitka, also shows instances of the same normative thinking, with its hierarchy of values and with the attendant range of biases. The distortions that ensue affect not only specific works but the overall profile of the authors, and ultimately of the whole period. The discussion of Hulak, while allowing some qualifications, while conceding his literary talent and formal mastery, is, on the balance, one-sided and rather unfair. As against Kotljarevs’kyj, the main charge is “vulgarity” and “travesty” (the qualification being that for Hulak “the level of vulgarization may vary; while he seems to favor the speech of drunkards and buffoons … serious, lyrical language may also be found in his work” [405]). When not flawed
in this way his language is “unnaturally sentimental” (407), and even when attempting “serious works,” i.e., his translations of the Psalms, the effect is “rather ponderous” (409). The fact that Hulak paraphrased two Romantic ballads, by Mickiewicz and Goethe, is taken by Čyževs’kyj as a sign of inconsistency, and his bad orientation in the realm of literary theory (“It is consistent with Hulak-Artemovs’kyj’s not very lofty literary-theoretical thinking that he accepted the new post-classical literature without any of the resistance typical of Classicists elsewhere”; 410). “These translations, too,” Čyževs’kyj claims, “came out as travesties” (410).
This is simply false. “Tvardovs’kyj” is a very interesting adaptation of Mickiewicz’s ballad and a significant step toward Romanticism; it elaborates on the original, and thereby loses some of its conciseness, it adds folkloristic detail and color, it inserts a few broad scenes and expressions (which are in keeping with the original), but it is not a travesty. “Rybalka,” on the other hand, tends to the sentimental, and though it relies to some extent on a lexicon now associated with the burlesque tradition (such words as smyk, hul’k, t’ox, etc.), it has nothing of the travesty in it. The frequent diminutives that Čyževs’kyj finds so objectionable are a function of Hulak’s conscious attempt to see “if one cannot express in Ukrainian feelings that are gentle, noble, and elevated, and which do not force the reader or listener to laugh, as he would from Kotljarevs’kyj’s Enejida or from other poetry written with a similar purpose” (cf. the introduction by M. Kačenovskij accompanying the poem in the Vestnik Evropy). Rather than magisterially chide Hulak (“If one were not familiar with [his] paraphrases of the Psalms, one might think that he considered the Ukrainian language unfit to convey serious ideas”; 411) it would have been more to the point to refer to this not unimportant fact.
This is the crux of the problem: Čyževs’kyj does not approach the phenomenon, the literary fact, as something to be described and analyzed in its own right, i.e., in its own temporal and cultural context, but insists on judging it by an absolute, of genre, of “seriousness,” etc. The extreme to which this can lead occurs, as we have just seen, when he castigates Hulak-Artemovs’kyj—as poet, not as
---
102 Mickiewicz’s ballad is entitled “Pani Twardowska,” not “Pan Tvardovs’kyj” as Čyževs’kyj and the translators have it (410/354).
103 Vestnik Evropy, 1827, no. 20, p. 288; cited in P.P. Hulak-Artemovs’kyj, Tvory (Kiev, 1964), pp. 243-44.
literary critic—for tainting his Classicism by translating Romantic ballads (as if a poet were obliged to live up to the purity of a literary movement).
An important literary-historical issue is involved here, namely, the fact that Hulak-Artemovs’kyj and Kvitka, to name but the central figures, cannot be fully understood only in terms of Classicism and its poetics. As Čyževs’kyj himself points out more than once, the phenomenon of Classicism, its temporal delimitation, and, above all, its distinctness in the eyes of contemporaries and the given awareness of its writer was never very clear. It was in many respects a transitional period, and the literature of this time (and Čyževs’kyj never fully brings this out, except by the unfortunate metaphor of “incompleteness”) was still largely a provincial literature, one in the process of developing its norms and values and in the process of articulating its “language.” Given this, and the inevitable blurring of contours in this period, it is certainly questionable to judge its authors and works by the fixed norms of another literature, be it French or Polish or Russian. It is only unfortunate that though Čyževs’kyj recognizes this in principle (cf. p. 368) he does not always practice it.
7. A closely associated issue, but one which Čyževs’kyj largely ignores, is how the literature of this period, from Kotljarevs’kyj in the *Enejida* to Hrebinka in his *Lastivka*, progressively articulates its national and cultural and *literary* self-awareness.\(^{104}\) The question of language, of vernacular Ukrainian, is important, but still only the tip of the iceberg. Beyond it, the burlesque mode, the broad gamut of humor, are further means of asserting a new consciousness. Pre- and post-Revolutionary critics, notwithstanding their tendency to pathos and overstatement, were essentially right in speaking of the humor of the *Enejida* as a many-leveled form of national (and cultural and literary) self-assertion.\(^{105}\) The case of Hulak-Artemovs’kyj is still more striking. In such pieces as “Deščo pro toho Haras’ka,”\(^{106}\) the prose part of the “Suplika do Hryc’ka Kvitky,” or the “Pysul’ka do ... ‘Ukra-
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\(^{104}\) The excursus on “The Literature of National Revival” only touches upon the existence of this problem. In the chapter on “Classicism” it is not really discussed—certainly not in the terms we propose.
\(^{105}\) An eloquent statement of this is Jevhen Sverstiuk’s “Ivan Kotljarevs’kyj smijetsja”; English translation in Ievhen Sverstiuk, *Clandestine Essays*, trans. and ed. by George S. N. Luckyj (Cambridge, Mass., 1976).
\(^{106}\) The translators call *this* a “travestied ode,” and take the opening sentence of this prose “note” (“Vono to bać . . .”) to be its title; cf. pp. 430-31.
jins'koho Hincja' ..." Čyževs'kyj sees only elements of travesty and vulgarity (430-31), but in fact there is something of great significance here. In the existing state of affairs these pieces constitute the boldest expression of a Ukrainian sense of separateness, and indeed disaffection. Where the Istorija Rusov couched its argument in the guise of history, Hulak-Artemovs'kyj uses the device of the language question and the pose of a simpleton:
Воно то, бач, оцé по-нашому Гарасько, а по-московській, либо́нь, Гораций. — О! вже вони хоч що перековерсають по-своєму! Там-то вже предивенна їм мова!
And while rambling on about the linguistic peculiarities of the Great Russians,
От часом трапиться так, що стоїш перед ним з добру годину, а він тобі січє та рубає! ... Що ж? — Хрін його й слівцé второпає, — що він там верзе та паплює! От тілько буцім-го й дочувась, що « вот-с », та « што-с », та « да-с », та « нет-с », та « гаварю-кажу », « гаварю-кажу », а що він там гаворить-каже, того, далебі, що і з попом не розбереш!
he brings in such telling comments as
Ще б щось сказав, бо язык дуже свербить, та цур їм! ... У нас, бач, уся старшина московська: чи то далéко до пені? Бог з ними! ... Возьмеш, як то кажуть, личком, а оддаси ремінцем!
(A similar note is repeated in the "Suplika," and more than twenty years later Hrebinka in his postscript to the Lastvika is still more pointed.) This is not, to be sure, the explicit, impassioned and politically crystallized convictions of Ševčenko of the great satiric poems (though Ševčenko himself turns to this comic and oblique tradition in his postscript to the Hajdamaky); but as oblique as it is, it is nevertheless a form of protest, and what is more, a tentative articulation of a literary program. For under the surface of jokes about pronunciation and orthography, there is the current of a thesis, to wit: "ours is different and it is as good as theirs." Even if there is a
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107 "Deščo pro toho Haras'ka," Hulak-Artemovs'kyj, Tvory, p. 60.
108 Cf. Jevhen Hrebinka's "Do zobačennja" (Postscript to Lastvika, 1841), in his Tvory v r'jaty tomah (Kiev, 1957), 5: 325—Хотів було я вам, панове, пустить свою книжку зимою, та як одніс у друкарню, як стали москалі друкарювать, так я вам кажу, і сміх, і горе! Чи ви повірите, що над одним листиком та б'ються
tinge of self-deprecation, the conscious juxtaposition ("Vono to, bač, oce po-našomu Haras'ko, a po-moskov's'kij, lybon', Goracij") is programmatic. (That it also coincided with and furthered the "complex" of the "sly Little Russian," that it may have become part of what Zerov termed the "literary disease of kotljarevščyna," is a different matter, and a historical and literary problem in its own right.) The basic features of this rudimentary "program," it seems, are two. The first is a more or less conscious positing of a distinct Ukrainian community, one which transcends the class distinctions of pan and xlop. This is a prominent leitmotif in Hulak-Artemovs'kyj (cf. especially the "Pysul'ka"), in Kvitka, in Hrebinka, and it culminates in Ševčenko's political injunction of the "Poslanie" ("I mertvym i žyvym i nenarodženym ..."):
Обніміте ж, брати мої,
Найменшого брата, —
Нехай мати усміхнеться,
Заплакана мати.
That in real social terms this was unrealized, that this was a literary fiction goes without saying. In fact, that is the very point. The second feature, a corollary to this sense of a distinct cultural community, is the felt need of a point of coalescence, of consensus, of a common denominator, and this is provided by the narod, by the peasant ethos. What is essential is that while in one sense this is the lowest common denominator, the emphasis is not on the "lowest" but on the "common," for the folk is culturally closer to the gentry likes of a Hulak-Artemovs'kyj or a Kvitka than the ethos of the socially equal but culturally different moskali. In a word, cultural identification is seen to transcend class distinctions. For the Soviet critic this may appear to be a réchauffage of the ("bourgeois nationalist") conception of a "classless Ukrainian nation." It is nothing of the sort: class distinctions existed, of course, and Soviet criticism will continue tediously to remind us of this, but the existence of this literary fiction or "ideal value," from Kotljarevs'kyj to Ševčenko, is inescapable.
тиждень або й більше. Ти напишеш гіляя, а він видруковує гвляв: зто, стало быти, каже, красивей. — «Та мовчи, будь ласкав, москалю, та роби те, що тобі кажуть, за що гроші береш». От він як почує гроші, зараз і схаменеться. Що ж? Трохи згодом знов уже перевертue по-своєму!...
8. Another significant result of this feeling of distinctness is the coinage of a distinct literary terminology. What began as a focus on pronunciation and orthography, and jokes about names ("Vono to, bač, oce po-našomu Haras'ko ...") is now extended to the literary form itself, to the names of genres. Thus when Kvitka writes a cycle of six epigrams in Ukrainian he gives it a very indicative title: "Špyhačky, abo po Moskov'komu épigrammy." While not every genre is given a new name, the pattern of coinages is unmistakable. Thus in the works of Hulak-Artemov's'kyj, Kvitka and Kotljarev's'kyj himself we find *pysul'ka* for "epistle," *pobre xen'ka* for "anecdote," *pryka zka* for "epigrammatic fable," *pisnja* for "ode" or rather "encomium," later *prybajutka* for "proverb" (Borovykovs'kyj), etc. (As we shall see, the final and most ambitious step in this direction was taken by Stepan Rudans'kyj.) In the spirit of Čyževs'kyj's argument, this parallel terminology could also be taken as evidence of vulgarity or insufficient seriousness, but only if we accept the normative premise that a "full complement" of genres is necessary, that some of them must be "high" and express an elevated mode, and, for that matter, have a "proper" terminology. The situation changes considerably if a different premise is accepted. If, for example, we posit "organicity" rather than "completeness" as the basic criterion and desideratum, we could argue that the Ukrainian literature in question is organically relying on its own traditional resources (of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century models, of non-elite "folk" models) while in contrast Russian literature of this time relies almost exclusively on foreign, imported models. The *ody*, *épigrammy*, *opery*, *eposy*, and *satiry* of Russian Classicism reflect a borrowed terminology and spirit and constitute, according to *this* criterion, an artificial system, as "artificial" as other systems imported in the course of Russian history: French dress and furniture, German bureaucracy, Dutch naval technology, etc. This, of course, is normal and natural for an empire, and by the same token the pattern in Ukrainian literature is also normal and natural for its historical development. It is more than that—it is necessary. For one can say unequivocally that the travesties and burlesques, the "vulgaries" and the "unseriousness" were necessary
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109 This is the form of the original title: cf. *Molva* 4, no. 120 (1833): 477-78. In the eight-volume edition of Kvitka's works (Kiev, 1970) the title is Ukrainianized and *épigrammy* becomes *epihramy*, thus blurring the important contrasting between the two terms (8: 298). The present translation with its "Little Stingers or Moscow-style Epigrams" totally erases the meaning.
for the further development of Ukrainian literature; it was through them that the distinctness of Ukrainian literature (and, of course, the culture and the historical experience) could be expressed. For Ukrainian writers of this time to attempt an “elevated” Classicist mode, to borrow from or to model themselves on Russian, or Polish, or French or any other foreign literature, in short, to make Ukrainian literature imitative at this crucial juncture, would have been suicidal. They could, and did, express the “cosmopolitan,” the “general” literary content in Russian and in the “high” genres; the specifically Ukrainian content, the Ukrainian themes and experiences, and the emotions intrinsically associated with them could only be expressed in Ukrainian, and, in the beginning, in forms (genres) closely associated with those already existing in the tradition. It is *qua* recourse to the roots and not *qua* contempt for the common man born of the Enlightenment (of which contempt there is indeed hardly any evidence in the texts) that these writers turned to the “low” genres.
From the methodological perspective, it seems a reasonable proposition that if literary history has for its object the *actual* literary process (and not an ideal or schematic version) then the stages of that process constitute a necessary structure, and as part of that structure do not lend themselves to evaluation. For strictly speaking, only artistic phenomena can be evaluated. The literary process and its stages can only be analyzed and described. This is a central theoretical premise, to which we shall return. For the moment, one can argue by way of illustration that both the stylistic breadth and the national consciousness of a Ševčenko would have been impossible without a Kotljarevs’kyj with all his “stylistic” and “national” limitations; and the above-quoted “Poslanie” could only come after a “Pysul’ka.”
9. As with Hulak-Artemovs’kyj, the discussion of Kvitka also suffers from the misconceptions centering around the problem of “vulgarity” and “unseriousness”; this need not be anatomized again. Our discussion can be focused on two issues, one general and one specific. The former concerns Čyževs’kyj’s contention that Kvitka cannot be considered a sentimentalist (cf. pp. 435-36). This can be accepted only in the sense that Kvitka’s relation to or dependence on Russian sentimentalism of the Karamzin school is not, as Čyževs’kyj argues (in rebuttal of Zerov), demonstrable in terms of specific linguistic and formal devices. On the other hand, it is evident, as illustrated
by his best-known work, "Marusia," that Kvitka, if not a Karamzinist, was still a sentimentalist in the broader or "psychological" sense, which Čyževs'kyj concedes. He feels, however, that the term should be properly used only "in its historico-literary sense" and consequently considers the question of Kvitka's sentimentalism solely sub speciae of the "Russian Sentimentalist school of Karamzin." Since Kvitka's sentimentalism (or "sensibility") does not conform to the conventions of that school but reflects an indigenous Ukrainian basis, it cannot be sentimentalism. This, we submit, is another victory for schematism: "Ukrainian Sentimentalism," it seems, can be admitted only if it conforms to Russian Sentimentalism.
The specific issue concerns Čyževs'kyj's treatment of a story by Kvitka, the brilliant "Konotops'ka vid'ma," a work to be ranked among the best in all of nineteenth-century Ukrainian prose. Čyževs'kyj passes it over in one sentence: "'Konotops'ka vid'ma'" ("The Witch of Konotop," 1837) recounts how a Cossack captain and a clerk drowned witches in a pond" (421). This is all for a story that in its intricate construction of plot and character, its subtle play with mood and folk stylization is equal to the best of the early Gogol'. To be sure, a bit further on Čyževs'kyj alludes to the story, but only to scold Kvitka for demonstrating moral insensitivity, to show that "Kvitka's 'morality' was both too strictly preached and imperfectly practiced" (429). To arrive at this conclusion he must overlook the difference between the author's "morality" and that of his represented character (whose statement occasions this judgment) as well as that of the clearly limited, stylized narrator. It is as if one were to judge Gogol's intelligence on the basis of Rudyj Pan'ko's.
10. The issue, of course, is not that a particular work was underestimated, it is rather that here as in many other places Čyževs'kyj does not perceive nor do justice to the complexity of voice and the author's stance. Further, he does not see that as with the individual writers, so also with the entire period labelled "Classicism," i.e., roughly the first three decades of the nineteenth century, the defining feature, the center of gravity, is a searching for a new literary idiom and direction, as well as an audience and a literary "ideology" that would be linked to the old yet adapted to the new. This perhaps explains the broad range of models utilized by Hulak-Artemovs'kyj—the classical Horace, the neo-Classicist Krasicki, the Romantics Goethe and Mickiewicz—as well as the range of themes and genres.
from satiric fable and epigram to ballads, psalms and occasional verse. This also perhaps explains the "mixed" styles, for example, in Kotljarev's'kyj, with the burlesque *Enejida* and the sentimental *Natalka Poltavka*, or in Kvitka, with the sentimental "Marusja" and the almost Romantic—and satiric—"Konotops'ka vid'ma."
11. This search for a new literary idiom and direction had for its most obvious feature recourse to the vernacular, as Čyževs'kyj stresses, but one can hardly agree with him that this "practice was undertaken partly as a diversion and partly in imitation of foreign literature which relegated to the low genres (travesty, grotesque, burlesque) those dialects and languages which did not yet have their own literatures, e.g., the Italian dialects and the Provençal language" (431-32). To this one might answer that it is clear from the works themselves and from such ancillary sources as the authors' correspondence that they were written with utmost seriousness; the very fact of writing in a language that conveyed no political status and furthered no careers indicates deep emotional commitment. Their work expressed
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110 Kvitka's letter—in Russian—to Krajevskij (28 Dec. 1841; *Tvory*, 8: 272-73) expresses unequivocally the importance of emotional content that only one's own language can provide, the postulate of a broad readership, and beyond that, still more radically, the claim (later to be developed by Kulîš) of the greater purity and antiquity of Ukrainian as opposed to Russian. It bears citing at length:
There is no point in quarreling over the Little Russian *language* when neither side knows it in the least. There are beauties in it that are inexpressible in any other language, turns of phrase that are peculiarly its own, that are entirely original and that are already, unwittingly, being adopted by those who malign it (the *Biblioteka dlja čtenija*). Whatever the translation from our language into Russian, it will not by far preserve all or convey all. Both of the contending sides should be here, precisely here, to be persuaded by actual experience as to how, with what enthusiasm, and by whom everything written in our language is accepted. (I speak of the upper circles, with roots, the local people, not the newcomers.) Stories need several editions, the plays give the owners of provincial theaters a substantial income in any season. Who is the audience for all this? The simple people do not read much. My *Lysty k zemljakam*, written precisely for them, have not reached everyone. Nevertheless, many people read, and not only because they have nothing better to do. ... In a word, if you were to travel in our *gubernias* (and there are many of them) and not in the major cities, you would see that one can and one must write in our own language. ... The *raskol* raised by *Russian* journalists against our language will not exist for long. Let *our* youth mature, become fully fledged, i.e., become accustomed to the pen, and they will show and prove that the Great Russian language is only a dialect of several *gubernias*, a child, and not the oldest at that, of *our* language, the oldest and truly Slavic son. ... The true Russian language is not to be found in drawing rooms, nor in books nor in Russian journals. Try to write an article without foreign words, without foreign terms and expressions. It is impossible. But in our language it is possible, and it is pure, and smooth, and quite inexpressible in any other language. (Emphases in the original.)
a national experience, past and present, and a unique ethos, one in which the comic and the burlesque played an important, traditional role. Unfortunately, it appears that for Čyževs'kyj this is precisely what determines the alleged diversionary nature of this literature—as if expression of traditional and emotional values could be simply a “diversion.” By the same token, there is little justification for speaking of this literature as something undertaken in imitation of other literatures. While particular conventions and genres may indeed have been adopted, and this is true of all national literatures, the prime motivation flowed from the native soil; its spirit and “content,” and to a great extent its “form,” were *sui generis* and unborrowed.
**H. “ROMANTICISM”**
1. The Chapter on Romanticism is probably the best chapter in the *History*, for several basic reasons. One is Čyževs'kyj's undisguised empathy for this period. Another is his abandonment of the usual schema: instead of approaching the period synchronically, by genre, and thus largely bypassing internal developments as well as the general cultural context, Čyževs'kyj for the first time treats the period diachronically, focusing on such historically valid subdivisions as the “Xarkiv Romantic School,” “Kievan Romanticism,” West Ukrainian Romanticism, “Late Romanticism,” etc. The result is a fuller and more balanced treatment, and one in which the student, for the first time perhaps, has a literary period presented in historical perspective and with concerted reference to a broader social and cultural context. In fact, Čyževs'kyj explicitly calls attention to this new approach as in an earlier chapter (actually an excursus) on “The Literature of ‘National Revival’” he states that “beginning with Romanticism, the material will be divided not according to literary genre, but according to author, for the Romantic period in Ukraine produced a fundamental change in the psychology of the author and in his attitude toward his work.” “In this world,” he continues,
man was the focus of attention for the Romantic worldview; and in works of literature, the subject was the author, either real or fictitious (as in instances of pseudonyms, or in attempts to speak in the name of an omniscient author, or a *kobzar* minstrel, etc.). Former times had numerous pseudonymous, anonymous, or “pseudoepigraphic” works (attributed by the author to someone else—e.g., poetry or *Istorija Rusiv* [The History of the Russes]). Since the time
of Romanticism, every author has had his own literary biography (only *literary* biographies interest us in this book). Accordingly, it is impossible to fragment the creativity of a particular author, and to insert his individual works in different divisions in the book. (368-69)
This argument, however, is problematical—not because Čyževs’kyj himself ends by “splitting” Ševčenko between two different sections (i.e., “Kievan Romanticism” and “Late Romanticism”) and not because Ukrainian Romantics were particularly fond of pseudonyms (Amvrosij Mohyla, Jeremija Halka, Is’ko Materynka, Pan’ko Nebrexa, etc.),\(^{111}\) but because it is not at all clear why it is only with Romanticism that authors begin to have *literary* biographies. Is it only a Romantic (and then post-Romantic) literary consciousness that confers this? Do Kotljarevs’kyj and Hulak-Artemovs’kyj have any less a “literary biography” than do Kostomarov or Ševčenko? And *in principle*, i.e., apart from availability of data, why should the biographies of Vyšens’kyj or Velyčkovs’kyj or Skvorodra not be the stuff of *literary* biographies? And, indeed, what is a “literary biography”? Surely it is not to be identified with Romantic self-consciousness or the Romantic pose? One feels here that Čyževs’kyj is making, on the one hand, virtue or theory out of necessity (i.e., the lacking or fragmentary data on pre-nineteenth century writers), and, on the other, adapting, as Šerex notes,\(^{112}\) his approach to the critical tradition and the expectations it has established.
2. Another reason for Čyževs’kyj’s success with this chapter stems from the fact that in contrast to the preceding periods, Romanticism in Ukrainian literature was indeed a conscious and at times even a programmatic movement, one which to an unprecedented degree was modelled on existing literary theories and conventions in the neighboring Polish and Russian and also in the more distant West European literatures. Thus, while his fine synoptic overview of the Romantic Weltanschauung still pertains much more to the Western literatures than to Ukrainian literature (for example, as regards Romanticism’s anti-Enlightenment stance, or its interest in the Baroque, or its Medievalism), the overall picture is quite informative. Particularly valuable is his linking of Romanticism with national “reawakening,” with the rediscovery, through historicism and folklore,
\(^{111}\) I.e., respectively, Metlyns’kyj, Kostomarov, Bodjans’kyj and Kuliš.
\(^{112}\) “Na ryštvannjax …,” p. 2.
of the idea of *nationhood* as such, as well as the true observation (which by some is applied to all “minor literatures”) that Romanticism left a marked impression on all subsequent literary development, and penetrated profoundly into the national consciousness” (445). These and similar insights provide a valuable framework for the student’s orientation in this period.
3. Nevertheless, the exposition has flaws, large and small. One such “small” flaw (and the adjective refers not to the intrinsic importance of the problem but to its delimited and specific nature) surfaces in the treatment of Ševčenko’s metrics, which comes at the very beginning of the discussion of the poet. Here Čyževs’kyj argues that “gradually he cultivated meters typical of folk songs such as the *kolomyjka* (rhythmical dance tune), 8a, 8b, 8c, 6b (*sic!*)... and the *koljadka* (Christmas carol) ... .” “Ševčenko,” he continues,
rejected the tradition of regularly alternating stress (found in Kotljarevs’kyj, in imitation of Russian poetry). In his verses the alternation of stresses is considerably freer, in accordance with the laws of Ukrainian folk poetry: a rhythmic unit is composed not of one or two syllables, but of an entire line. (499-500)
The passage is completed by a footnote: “The discovery of the folk character of Ševčenko’s poetry can be attributed to S. Smal’-Stoc’kyj. Further contributions to this scholarship have been made by Kyryl Taranovs’kyj who, however, often seems to adapt Ševčenko’s versification to his own theories” (500). All this is wrong. To begin, Ševčenko’s so-called *kolomyjka* and *koljadka* rhythms, while modelled on folk meters, are also determined by the syllabo-tonic principle, i.e., by the presence of binary and ternary rhythms (iambs, trochees, amphibrachs, etc.) and not simply by the syllabotonism of the folk meter. (The schema of the *kolomyjka* meter is usually given as \([4 + 4 + 6]2\), and not as given here.) If the “discovery” of the folk character of Ševčenko’s verse is to be attributed to anyone, it is to Pantelejmon Kuliš, who argued this in 1861.\(^{113}\) What was acceptable then, however, was no longer good scholarship at the time of Smal’-Stoc’kyj. His conception of Ševčenko’s versification, namely, that his rhythms are based solely on the metrical system of Ukrainian
\(^{113}\) Cf. N.P. Čamata’s recent overview of scholarship on Ševčenko’s versification in *Ševčenkoznavstvo: Pidsumky j problemy* (Kiev, 1975), and also the monograph by H.K. Sydorenko, *Rytmika Ševčenka* (Kiev, 1967).
folk songs (i.e., that the rhythmic unit comprises the entire line) has been decisively rebutted by a host of scholars, beginning with B. Navrockyj, A. Šamraj, O. Doroškevyč, and F. Kolessa.\textsuperscript{114} The accompanying notion, borrowed from Smal'-Stoc'kyj, that “Ševčenko rejected the tradition of regularly alternating stress” (by which Čyževs'kyj evidently means syllabotonism in general and iambic tetrameter in particular) is also manifestly wrong. Not only does iambic tetrameter figure in the first poem of the first Kobzar (i.e., “Pryčynna”) and not only does it play from the beginning a significant role in all of Ševčenko’s poetry, it becomes in the later poetry considerably more pronounced. A major analysis of Ševčenko’s use of this meter, with special reference to comparative statistical data and with reference to the functional role of this (and other meters) in Ševčenko’s poems, and with particular consideration of how his model differs from the Puškinean and the Kotljarevskean, was made by Kiril Taranovsky.\textsuperscript{115} For Čyževs'kyj casually to slight these investigations and in the face of the scholarship of the last fifty years to fall back on the discredited and basically unscholarly notions of Smal'-Stoc'kyj is unfortunate. When one considers this, and the casual and indefensible claim that “Ševčenko did not simply paraphrase folk songs—he created songs which \textit{are} folk songs in nature” (498) (as if the creativity of a literate city dweller could ever \textit{be} folk art), and the repeated confusion of syllabotonic with tonic meters (cf. pp. 479, 541, 578, and passim) and finally the looseness and impressionism of the analyses (to the extent that they are that and not mere enumerations) of Ševčenko’s rhythmic or euphonic devices, one sees the degree to which the already noted tendency to popularize undercuts the scholarship. It is only this consideration, and the sense of an unsophisticated audience which it implies, that would allow Čyževs'kyj to say, with all apparent seriousness, that “Occasionally in Ševčenko’s poetry, it is the considerations of sound and the musical qualities of language rather than the idea behind a poem which governs its choice of words and syntax” (510). One would have to conclude that he still believes that poetry is written with ideas, not words.
4. Different problems arise with different writers. It seems highly questionable, for example, to say of Metlyns'kyj that his poetry “is
\textsuperscript{114} Čamata, \textit{Ševčenkoznавство}, p. 438.
\textsuperscript{115} See his “Četvorostopni jamb T. Ševčenka,” \textit{Južnoslovenski filolog} (Beograd), 20, nos. 1-4 (Belgrade, 1953-54): 143-90.
philosophical throughout—for the most part, historic-o-philosophical” (468). The qualification that follows (“Admittedly, it is that kind of philosophical poetry in which every thought appears only in concrete form, as an image”) does not help, for in fact what we have in Metlyns’kyj’s poetry is not philosophy (be it concrete or abstract or historical) but pathos and sentiment and nostalgia for the past. The distinction between these things should perhaps be maintained. The tendency in Ukrainian (and not only Ukrainian) criticism to call “philosophical” any poetry that approaches the contemplative mode is deep, but misguided nonetheless.
5. A more significant problem, and a more general instance of what is probably a hasty conclusion, occurs when Čyževs’kyj discusses the earliest Romantics, i.e., Borovykovs’kyj and Metlyns’kyj, as “true Romantics” (458) without any qualification. But a qualification may be necessary. In the case of Borovykovs’kyj the very fact of the Classicist legacy in his writing (which Čyževs’kyj does note) might cause a moment’s hesitation; but it is in his “Romanticism” itself that the problem lies, for those elements which for Čyževs’kyj are decisive (“The thematic material ... is genuinely Romantic—the flight at night with a dead lover, Romantic landscapes and Romantic tableaux ...” [458]) are in fact indicative of something else. As with Žukovskij, the Gothic atmosphere and setting point to a pre-Romantic rather than a Romantic poetics. Many of the elements that Čyževs’kyj stresses—night, cliffs, storms, graves, dead lovers, etc.—are the typical obstanovka of, for example, the pre-Romantic “graveyard school” in English poetry (Gray, Collins, Young et al.). In and of themselves these elements of setting (which Čyževs’kyj also calls “thematic material”) do not constitute a Romantic Weltanschauung, or vision, or poetics. As Cleanth Brooks notes, “With many of the [English] pre-Romantics, it is almost sufficient merely to point to the new poetic objects—owls, ivy, ruined towers, and yew trees. Indeed, some of their poems may be considered as little more than display cases filled with collections of such objects tied loosely together with appropriate interjections ....” (The corresponding Ukrainian “display cases” contain the steppe, burial mounds, Cossack lances and sabres, and banduras.) And Brooks’s next statement applies equally to English and to Ukrainian literature: “Perhaps never before or since have poetic terms become cliches so rapidly; and this is a
measure of the weight of the dependence placed upon them in securing the poetic effect." 116 The poetry of Borovykovs'kyj, Metlyns'kyj, and the early Kostomarov is defined principally by mood (nostalgia for the past, melancholy) and setting (primarily a gloomy and exotic Ukraine). Such genuinely Romantic traits as a sense of the primacy of the poetic ego and the creative imagination, as greatly heightened self-awareness and the consequent sense of alienation from society, as the symbolic apprehension of the world and the central role given to irony, all these are present only in embryo, if at all. The fact of turning to folklore and folk song for inspiration does not make these poets (to use the terms favored by the translators) "full-fledged" or "full-blown" Romantics—especially when history, the other pillar of Romantic ideology, is for the most part represented only as vague reminiscence (cf. Metlyns'kyj's "Step" or "Kladovyšče," or Kostomarov's "Mohyla") or as Gothic story (e.g., Metlyns'kyj's "Pidzemna cerkva") or—and this is quite revealing—as moral and political lesson, very much in the pre-Romantic spirit of Niemcewicz or Ryleev (cf. Kostomarov's "Spivec' Mytusa"). In short, the qualified, tentative, indeed pre-Romantic nature of the early Ukrainian Romantics must be recognized. (The same applies to the West Ukrainian early Romantics: it is indicative, for example, that Šaškevyč translates not only from Goszczyński's blood-and-horror Romantic Zamek kaniowski, but also from the softly sentimental and classicist Karpiński, or that Ustjanovyč, surely the best of these poets, has a diction and stance that is determined as much if not more by a Classicist rather than a Romantic poetics.) A true and full establishment of Romanticism comes only with Ševčenko.
6. Čyževs'kyj's treatment of the other end of the spectrum, the late Romantics, may also evoke some reservations. For one, the poet Jakiv Ščoholiv is not discussed at all. He is mentioned only in passing, once at the end of the section on the Xarkiv school, where Čyževs'kyj notes, quite correctly, that he was "probably the most distinguished poet of the Xarkiv circle," and then again in the chapter on Realism (and once or twice more). It appears that Ščoholiv did not quite fit into any of the subdivisions of Ukrainian Romanticism, nor subsequently merit any attention under the rubric of Realism. This is
116 Cleanth Brooks, "Notes for a Revised History of English Poetry," in Modern Poetry and the Tradition (Chapel Hill, 1939), pp. 233-34.
regrettable, because in terms of artistic achievement, and in the light he casts on the nature of Ukrainian Romanticism, he was an important poet—certainly more important than a Metlyns'kyj or a Šaškevyč or a Padurra, each of whom is discussed at length.\textsuperscript{117} (Ščoholiv's influence, to be sure, was not great—but, except for Ševčenko, no Romantic can be said to have been influential.) In contrast, the prosaist Oleksa Storoženko, an undoubtedly belated Romantic, is given more attention, but one wonders whether Čyževs'kyj's estimation of him is not unduly harsh. He is unmoved (indeed rather repelled) by Storoženko's humor, and he faults him for lacking the "deep ideological approach found in Gogol'" (?!) (566). (In this, as in several other places, Čyževs'kyj seems to be following the lead of Franko—and Jefremov.)\textsuperscript{118} But clearly neither "impropriety" (cf. "Also common are coarse jokes as well as excessively crude incidents [brawls, etc.]; nor did Storoženko shrink from elements of impropriety even when largely irrelevant to the development of the narrative"; 565) nor, \textit{pace} Franko, lack of ideology, nor even the fact of being "belated" or "outdated" is really an appropriate criterion for evaluation.
7. The last late Romantic whose treatment should also perhaps be questioned is Stepan Rudans'kyj. This poet gets no more attention than does Ščoholiv. What is more, Čyževs'kyj is inclined to see only his "early" work as Romantic, and claims that "the style, language and composition of the majority of Rudans'kyj's works, even his ballads, were in the spirit of the new literary current, Realism" (567). In fact, however, when one takes the fundamental criteria into consideration—his conception of the role of the poet and the role of poetry, his vision of the Ukraine and its past—Rudans'kyj is seen to be a genuine Romantic.\textsuperscript{119} More than that, Rudans'kyj must be judged a very important poet, both for his poetic achievement and for the light he sheds on the deep processes occurring in Ukrainian literature. Specifically, this concerns his elaboration of a broad range of poetic forms, quite independently of the Ševčenkian tradition, and beyond that of a literary theory, a poetics based on folk and oral poetry. The term \textit{spivomovky}, erroneously applied by Franko
\textsuperscript{117} Cf. M. Zerov, "'Nepryvitanij spivec': Ja. Ščoholiv" in \textit{Do džerel} (Cracow, 1943).
\textsuperscript{118} Cf. Ivan Franko, \textit{Narys istoriji ukrains'ko-rus'koji literatury} (Lviv, 1910).
\textsuperscript{119} Cf. the valuable introduction to the third edition of Rudans'kyj's works (Kiev, 1972) by P. Kolesnyk; this edition is not mentioned in the bibliography.
and later critics only to his short humorous poems, was applied by Rudans'kyj to poetry as such; the terminology and the poetic practice was a radical break with the accreted norms and conventions of literature, and was expressive of a desire to go back to the deepest—oral, musical, mythopoeic—roots of poetry. The culmination of this was his translation of the *Iliad*, his *Omerova Il'jonjanka*, which in its radical "Ukrainianization" illustrated his personal theory of poetry and also was perhaps the most developed expression of a long tradition in Ukrainian literature of relying on native forms and modes.\(^{120}\) For Čyževs'kyj, not surprisingly, these are only "strange transformations" (*dyvovyzni peretovmačennja*; 567/474).
8. The centerpiece of the chapter is, understandably, Ševčenko. The attention Čyževs'kyj devotes to him is considerable and the importance he assigns to him as a poet and an influence on Ukrainian literature is unqualified, and yet for all that, the picture of Ševčenko tends to be incomplete and unbalanced. And this follows directly from the basic premises of Čyževs'kyj's approach. The problem is not that he divides Ševčenko between two periods as noted above (in one sense this could be justified), nor that he does not qualify the designation of "Romantic" for Ševčenko's late poetry. These are complex issues that could hardly be developed fully here, and they are secondary to the extent that they deal more with periodization than actual content. The real problem is that Čyževs'kyj does not develop, or, as the case may be, does not even mention some basic aspects of Ševčenko's work, aspects and moments without which Ševčenko cannot be fully understood.
Čyževs'kyj begins by discussing Ševčenko's versification and prosody and then moves to instrumentation, tropes, and language. This is done with copious illustrations, but the illustrative material is not used strictly analytically: more often than not these are catalogues and mere "appreciations." This takes up well over half of the space allotted to the poetry. The remaining topics that are treated are Ševčenko's ballads, his use of the "Byronic poem," his "themes" (by which Čyževs'kyj means "the fantastic," "madness," "suicide," and "torture, fire, the murder of one's children, capital punishment" [519]), and then his "few basic ideas and concepts," i.e., *Slovo, Pravda, Slava*, etc. (521). In the subsequent section on "Late Romanticism"
\(^{120}\) Cf. p. 57 above.
the discussion is only slightly amplified: Čyževs'kyj observes, for example, that “his work was still characterized by the features of the ‘Byronic poem’ or the Romantic ‘free poem,’” and that “Ballads were the only genre in which Ševčenko ceased to write during this period” (537); he concedes that “The proportion of social and political (including anti-clerical sentiments) poems was augmented”; “but” he adds “this merely reflected the general mood of the times” (538); he argues that “Thematically, the sole new element was the rejection of the Ukrainian historical subject matter” (538) and in the final paragraph notes Ševčenko’s turning “to the individual, with special emphasis on his right to life and happiness,” and the symbolism of the child and mother as expressing Messianic “hopes for the future Ukraine” (539).
8.1. Major aspects of Ševčenko’s poetry are thus overlooked. There is no discussion, for example (perhaps because Soviet critics dwell on this so much), of Ševčenko’s satire, on the Russian state (e.g., “Son,” “Kavkaz”), on his countrymen (e.g., “I mertvym i žyvym . . .”), on literary critics (Hajdamaky), on church dogma and biblical history (“Cari”). There is hardly any discussion of Ševčenko’s political and social ideology. There is no discussion at all of Ševčenko’s subtle irony—a feature so important to the Romantic poet—which he directs at the world, at his fate, at himself as a poet, at fame and glory, at various poetic conventions. There is not even mention of his inspired bitter humor, and, more generally, of the turbulent flow of emotions that constitutes the basic structure of most of his poetry.
8.2. Ševčenko’s thematic range is presented reductively. His themes are much more resonant and symbolically charged than what is implied by Čyževs'kyj’s enumeration of plot lines (madness, murder, suicide, etc.) or by the label of “Romantic horror.” To take but one example, the murder of children by parents (cf. “Utoplenna” or Hajdamaky) is expressive of a deep symbolic structure, the totality of which can be called Ševčenko’s myth of the Ukraine. (The central figures in this symbolic structure, one may add, are characteristically complex and emotionally polysemous: the mother, for example, who indeed stands for the Ukraine, is both sanctified and demonized; scenes and images of idyllic, holy love are—necessarily—balanced by incest, hate and murder.) On the other hand, history, the national past, the national experience is also a continuing, profound concern, and one that is
only modulated, not "rejected" or abandoned as Čyževs'kyj claims; between the early stereotyped Cossacophilism of "Ivan Pidkova" and "Tarasova nič" and the late poems, "Buvaly vojny i vijs'kovi svary" and "Jakby to ty Bohdane pjanyj" there is a long line of development, but the concern for the past and how it affects the present does not cease.
In all, Čyževs'kyj's treatment of Ševčenko, as regards both the passionate, emotional essence of his poetic drive and the complexity of his symbolic world, is woefully restricted; Ševčenko's protean genius is reduced in the discussion to a dessicated schema. An example from one of the many catalogues of quotations may illustrate the problem. The lines are from the poem "Knjažna":
Selо! selо! veseli xaty,
veseli zdaleka palaty ...
Čyževs'kyj breaks off the citation at this point and does not include the lines that follow:
Bodaj vy ternom porosly!
Šcob ljudy j slidu ne najšly.
Šcob i ne znaly, dej šukaty ...
To be able to perform such an amputation in the process of making a point about "sonorous repetitions" is to reveal remarkable insensitivity to the meaning and emotional coloration and the integrity of the poetic statement. It is like ignoring an enjambment, or, in a different framework, like having schoolchildren declaim the passage that precedes these lines (beginning with "Selо!—i serce odpočyne" and ending with "Sam Boh vytaje nad selom") and turning that which is a bitter and ironic aside in a poem about incestuous rape—with God indifferently looking on: "I Boh ne znaje / A može znaje, ta movčyt'"—into a pious, rustic idyll. Unfortunately this is not an isolated case, but a synecdoche for Čyževs'kyj's approach.
8.3. However, our disappointment with this must be tempered by our awareness of the peculiar function and premises of the whole History (cf. above). In this context the treatment of Ševčenko (or any other writer) is more understandable, if still not persuasive. The emphasis on "formal" or stylistic matters clearly presupposes that the reader is acquainted with traditional readings of Ševčenko's poetry, his ideology, etc. Unfortunately, one cannot expect the Englishspeaking reader (and the Ukrainian one as well) to be guided by or even to be aware of this tacit assumption. This reader, the beginning student, may even be surprised to learn—because Čyževs'kyj deems it too unimportant, or too well-known to mention—that until he was about twenty-four, Ševčenko was a serf. The literary import of this "detail" is far from insignificant; it might suggest, for example that for Ševčenko the idea of freedom is rather more than a "literary theme," or that for him it is qualitatively different than it is for, say, Byron.
9. A special problem are the so-called Ukrainian schools in Polish and Russian Romantic literature. They are undoubtedly important for an understanding of Ukrainian Romanticism, and they are, of course, significant for the respective literatures as well. They are also part of a larger, quite complex phenomenon, and Čyževs'kyj's failure to differentiate this phenomenon is the first and basic flaw in his treatment. The question of the Ukraine, or of Ukrainian themes in Polish and Russian Romanticism, is as broad as it is interesting, and one can hardly do justice to it here.\(^{121}\) But at least one must note that the subject is much too heterogeneous, its internal differentiation much too basic, to warrant its being discussed, as was done by a contemporary, the Polish Romantic writer and critic, Michał Grabowski, as one "school."\(^{122}\) This is particularly true of Russian literature. Here, for example, the differentiation in the literature on the Ukrainian historical theme, specifically the Cossack past, stems from differences of national (ethnic) background, as between such Ukrainians as Somov, Maksymovyč, and Gogol' on the one hand, and such Russians as Ryleev, Puškin, Bulgarin et al., on the other, and even more from intrinsic literary and ideological divergences existing between the pre-Romantic Decembrists (Glinka, Ryleev, and the "fellow traveler" Somov) and the later Romantics, including Puškin and Bulgarin, and, finally, in a category of one, Gogol', with his genuinely mythical treatment of the Ukrainian past.
The discussion of the Polish Romantic depiction of the Ukraine and its past is also problematical. To repeat once again Grabowski's formula, and say that "Strictly speaking, the Ukrainian school was limited
\(^{121}\) See G. Grabowicz, "The History and Myth of the Cossack Ukraine in Polish and Russian Romantic Literature" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1975).
\(^{122}\) Grabowski introduced this notion in his *Literatura i krytyka*, vol. 1, pt. 2 (Vilnius, 1840).
to three Romantic poets: A. Malczewski [who] ... portrayed Ukraine during its knightly Cossack period; Bohdan Zaleski ... [who] ... celebrated an idyllic and elegiac Ukraine; and S. Goszczyński [with his] ... vision of hajdamak Ukraine" (453) is simplistic in the extreme. This may have been acceptable criticism in the 1840s; it is not now. To list such minor writers as Groza, Olizarowski, etc., and to omit Rzewuski, to pass over Czajkowski and the Cossacophilism he represents with one sentence, to include Słowacki only to mention his juvenile "Dumka ukraińska" and "Żmija" and to omit any mention of his deep and symbolic treatments of a tragic Polish-Ukrainian past in "Waclaw," in Beniowski, and especially in Sen srebrny Salomei, is to apprehend the subject through a filter of worn-out clichés.
The fundamental problem with the so-called Ukrainian schools, however, is not the differentiation or the relative importance of the writers involved (though in their own right these are important matters), but a clear sense of the relation of this phenomenon to Ukrainian literature. In this regard, Čyževs'kyj's contention that those Ukrainian writers of the first half of the nineteenth century who wrote in Russian (and this includes virtually all, from Kotljarevs'kyj and Hulak to Ševčenko and Kuliš) "also contributed to the Ukrainian school of Russian literature" (452) must be re-examined. For we have not only significant, in fact essential, differences in the treatment and conception of the Ukraine by, say, Ryleev and Puškin on the one hand, and Ševčenko and Kuliš on the other, but also the much more important question of whether such writing as, for example, Ševčenko's prose should be considered "Russian literature." As we shall see, it definitely should not.
10. The final and "biggest" problem in this chapter is Čyževs'kyj's understanding of what constitutes the essence, so to speak, of Ukrainian Romanticism. For the most part, the final section on "The Significance of Ukrainian Romanticism" is true and balanced. (Perhaps the discussion of Romantic historicism is overly simplified, particularly with reference to the ideas of Ševčenko and Kuliš; cf. 582-83.) The recurring assertion of a central, defining principle in Ukrainian Romanticism is most problematical, however. Thus, in Čyževs'kyj's summation,
The most important feature and contribution of Ukrainian Romanticism was its conscious attempt to create a "complete literature" capable of satisfying
the requirements of all circles and strata of Ukrainian society. The aspiration toward a complete literature was achieved chiefly in the creation of a "complete language," an all-round language well suited for use in all spheres of literature and life. (580)
Assuming for the moment the theoretical validity of the concept of "complete literature" and "complete language," the question still remains whether there was a conscious attempt on the part of the Ukrainian Romantics to effect such completeness, and further, whether this attempt is "the most important" and implicitly the defining "feature and contribution of Ukrainian Romanticism."
10.1. It is clear from Čyževs'kyj's account that Ukrainian Romanticism was not at all characterized by literary manifestoes proclaiming a new conception of literature and attacking their literary predecessors, as in the so-called Battle of the Classicists with the Romantics in Polish literature. As he points out in several places, a sharp demarcation between the Ukrainian "Classicists" and the Romantics was not in evidence: not only is there chronological overlapping, but the presence of both "styles" or modes is found in various writers (e.g., Hrebinka and Borovykovs'kyj, and even Hulak-Artemovs'kyj). The case for an ideological or programmatic rejection by the Romantics of their "Classicist" predecessors is also not clear (perhaps because the "Classicists" were not all that Classicist). While Ševčenko did refer to the Enejida in the introduction to the second, unpublished, Kobzar (1847) as "dobra, a vse-taky smixovyna na moskovs'kyj štalt," this must be understood in the context of the whole statement, and it must be balanced by the unqualified praise of his "Na vičnu pam"jat' Kotljarevs'komu."
10.2. However, even without manifestoes or clearly enunciated programs one can have a "conscious attempt," a new understanding of literature and its role. This one can readily accept. Moreover, in the sense that every new movement, school and development makes any literature more "complete," i.e., fuller or richer than it was before, Ukrainian Romanticism did create a "more complete literature." But Čyževs'kyj has a different "completeness" in mind. For him this is, on the one hand, expansion of the range of forms and
---
123 See Walka klasyków z romantykami, ed. Stefan Kawyn (Wrocław, 1960).
124 See Taras Ševčenko, Povne zibrannja tворів u šesty tomax (Kiev, 1964), 6: 314.
genres, coupled with an admittedly conscious, unabashed modeling on other literatures, the Western and the neighboring Slavic. And this too can be readily accepted. On the other hand, however, Čyževs’kyj points to a particular “content” in this “more complete” literature. To his mind this is above all the establishment of a higher level of sophistication, specifically by making the literature and the language more acceptable for “educated society.” This he sees among others in Metlyns’kyj and Kostomarov (cf. p. 472), in Petrenko (“[his] work is signifi[cant and unique in that he forsook folk song subject matter and attempted to relate the language and themes of his romances more closely to the spiritual life of the educated person”; 477), in Kulīš (but only in one prose work: “Perhaps the only story written for the educated reader was ‘Potomky ukrajins’koho hajdamactva’ ...”; 555), and generally in the whole Romantic movement. This line of reasoning, one may submit, is misleading. To begin, the greater “sophistication” of Romanticism (as opposed to the preceding “Classicism”) can be argued only on the basis of artistic, formal and technical achievements, effective linguistic means, the gamut of themes and genres, etc., but not on the basis of a more educated audience, since the audience, whether for Kotljarevs’kyj or Hulak-Artemovs’kyj, Ševčenko or Kulīš, was one. Čyževs’kyj says as much when he notes that the works of the Romantics and those of the “older generation” were published side by side in various almanacs and periodicals (cf. p. 456). More importantly, a conscious desire to accommodate literature to the tastes and expectations of “educated society” is certainly not in evidence on the thematic plane. In fact, the search for inspiration in history, in the national experience, in folklore *as the repository of the emotional life of the nation* was often made in the face of precisely such “educated expectations” (cf. Ševčenko’s sarcastic reply to the Russian reviewers of his *Kobzar* in the introduction to *Hajdamaky*). That the language of literature (that is, not only the verbal but also the artistic medium) was expanded is clear, but not only did it not become, as Čyževs’kyj is forced to admit (and we accept the term only provisionally), “a ‘complete language,’ an all-round language well suited for use in all spheres of literature and life” (580), it is questionable whether such a conscious attempt existed. Russian, after all, was still freely used as the language of scholarship and of belles-lettres, particularly prose, by even the most “patriotic” writers (Ševčenko, Kulīš et al.). On the other hand, some of the writers central to the Romantic movement (e.g., Metlyns'kyj and Maksymovyč) were convinced that Ukrainian was a dying language, or at least existing only on a regional and somewhat artificial basis.\textsuperscript{125}
The introduction of a “high style” on the other hand was an important development. As Shevelov has argued,\textsuperscript{126} this is the major contribution of Petrenko’s poetry, but this “high style,” characterized by contemplative Weltschmertz, does not of itself warrant identification with poetry for the “educated.” In fact, the other, dominant strain in Ukrainian Romanticism—Ševčenko’s—was in no lesser way
\textsuperscript{125} Metlyns’kyj’s “Zametki otnositel’no južnorusskogo jazyka” (the introduction to his first collection of poetry \textit{Dumky i pisni ta šče deščo} [Karkiv, 1839]), in which he describes with obvious enthusiasm and love the beauties of the Ukrainian language, begins, nonetheless, with these words:
The South Russian language which was spoken by our first Chroniclers who preserved, from the flood of time, as in an ark, the testament of the founders of the Russian State for posterity, the South Russian language in which our fathers sang, in their \textit{dumy}, the life and glory of Southern Rus’, that holy cradle of a powerful State, the language in which, most probably, were spoken the speeches of the Kievan Princes, the forefathers of our Orthodox Tsars, [the language] whose words and expressions sound to this day in Holy Writ … the South Russian language, I say, \textit{is forgotten and grows silent from day to day, and there will come a time when it will be forgotten, and will grow silent} … . (Emphasis mine.)
Cf. also his poem “Smert’ bandurysta,” with these opening lines of the \textit{banduryst’s} song:
Грім напусти на нас, Боже, спали нас в пожарі,
Бо і в мені, і в бандурі вже глас замирає!
Вже не гримітиме, вже не горітиме, як в хмарі,
Пісня в народі, бо вже наша мова конає!
On the other hand, he balances this with feelings of hope for a rebirth of the language. Thus: “No možeť byť i to, čto v erohi prenebreženija južnorusskogo jazyka ljubov’ k nemu prosnetsja”; see also his poem “Ridna mova.” Cf. \textit{Ukrajins’ki poety-romantyky 20-40-x rokiv XIX st.} (Kiev, 1968), pp. 152, 175, 177, and passim.
Maksymovyč’s views on this matter are succinctly expressed in his letter to the Galician russophile D. Zubryc’kyj (22 April 1840), in which he suggests that West Ukrainian writers write in Ukrainian, but argues that for the Ukrainian writers in the Russian Empire, Russian has become a natural medium. Here, too, he clearly distinguishes between the meaning of “Great Russian” and “Russian,” with the latter signifying a common state, patrimony and \textit{lingua franca} (cf. below):
Here, in the Russian Empire, the Great Russian language has become the Russian language, and we speak it, write in it, and think in it as in a common language, one that is also used in the Ukraine (among the educated classes). Therefore everything that is written in Little Russian is to some extent already artificial, having only a regional interest, as that written in the Alemannic dialect for the Germans. We cannot have a literature in the South Russian language; there can only be—and there are—discrete works—by Kotljarevs’kyj, Kvitka (Osnov’janenko), Hrebinka, and others. (First emphasis mine.)
\textit{First published (in Russian) in the journal \textit{Halyčanyn} 1, no. 2 (1863): 107-109. Cf. \textit{Xrestomatija materialiv z istoriji ukrajins’koji literaturnoji movy}, ed. P.D. Tymošenko, vol. 1 (Kiev, 1959), p. 204 and passim.}
\textsuperscript{126} George Y. Shevelov, “Z istoriji ukrajins’koho romantyzmu,” pp. 757-66.
directed at the "educated"; in contrast to Petrenko, however, Ševčenko charged his poetry with the realia of Ukrainian life, and his images and diction were drawn from what we may call "popular experience." The difference between these two Romantic styles is, as Shevelov shows, significant, but it can hardly be said to hinge on the issue of education or appeal to the educated. It is safe to say that while there certainly was development, a genuine differentiation among readers of Ukrainian literature probably did not occur until well into the twentieth century. In the early nineteenth century there was one audience, one market, be it for Hulak-Artemovs'kyj or Kuliš, the purveyors of the so-called kotljarevščyna and the Kulturträgers. If only for this reason, Čyževs'kyj's distinction between literature written "for the people" and for the "educated" does not conform to the actual state of affairs.
10.3. Two further points need mentioning here. One concerns the literary process itself. In the article noted above, Shevelov, after speaking of the severe difficulties and delays in publishing, the absence of a lively and continuous literary arena, in short, the whole "abnormality" of the Ukrainian literary scene, refers to the process of early nineteenth-century Ukrainian literature as a "proces-ne-proces," and concludes with the sobering reflection that "Today's historian of Ukrainian literature must do the work of an archeologist, and, for that matter, an archeologist digging up not former cities but models of cities that were never built." 127 This is an important consideration to keep in mind when dealing with any aspect of early nineteenth-century Ukrainian literature, and especially when formulating judgments on the whole of the period. Nevertheless, it must be stressed that the existence of a literary process as such cannot be doubted. It may have been extremely complex and difficult and at times tenuous and discontinuous, but it was a process. Were it not, Ukrainian literature would have ceased to exist. The essential question for the scholar and historian is to determine its dynamics, to reconstruct the nature of this process. And this brings us to the second point. The process must not only be seen dynamically, it must also be seen contextually, that is, with full cognizance of the specificity of the cultural background, particularly of how it forms the stages of the process. A concept (borrowed from anthropology) which inte-
127 Shevelov, "Z istoriji ukrajins'koho romantyzmu," p. 766.
grates both these frames of reference is that of cultural—in our case, literary—readiness. One of the first to apply it to Ukrainian literature (without using the term itself) was P. Fylypovyč, who in his fine article on Ševčenko and Ukrainian Romanticism focuses on the gradual, organic acceptance of various Romantic forms or models (e.g., Ossianism, Byronism), and shows it to be a reflection of the culture’s growing readiness to absorb them.\(^{128}\) This concept must inevitably become a principal tool for the literary historian.
11. In the light of these issues, Čyževs’kyj’s approach must again seem somewhat reductive, especially in the tendency to make the literary process and the context secondary to formal considerations. Most reductive perhaps is the conception of Ukrainian Romanticism largely in terms of an alleged drive for completeness, for this reduces not only the history of the literature but literature itself to a “prime cause.” The desire to perfect the language and the expressiveness of literature is part of the very definition of the literary process, though it is only one of its many constituent factors. For the individual writer, the artist, however, a programmatic concern for such “completeness” can hardly be seen as the determining motive behind his creativity. To claim otherwise is to project one’s own mode of thinking on a different form of human activity.
I. “REALISM”
1. *Finis coronat opus*. The final chapter on Realism is the major contribution of this English version of Čyževs’kyj’s *History*. Where in preceding chapters the emendations, if any, were minor (an added paragraph or sentence here and there, the transposition of Vyšens’kyj from the Renaissance to the Baroque), now a whole new period is introduced: rather than stopping with Romanticism, or with an excursus on the non-existent “Biedermeier” and “Natural Schools” in Ukrainian literature, we are taken through the nineteenth and into the beginning of the twentieth century. The absence of an original version makes it rather more difficult to review the translation, but that it is a translation, and that it has all the problems discussed earlier, is evident. Apart from that, the chapter speaks for itself, and
\(^{128}\) Pavlo Fylypovyč, “Ševčenko i romantyzm,” *ZIFV-[V]UAN*, 1924, no. 4, pp. 3-18.
in view of the fact that it speaks of a period in Ukrainian literature with which some readers may be relatively acquainted—given the traditional emphasis and the general availability of texts and critical studies—it is inevitable that the first impression of a reader would be that this chapter, which treats the literature of the second half of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth in thirty pages, is tacked on, dashed off, “written on the knee,” so to speak. Apparently, this reaction was shared by the editor, for in his “Foreword” he notes that “The last chapter, on Realism, which has been specially prepared for this edition, might, at first glance, seem inadequate.” “However,” he continues, “considering the weakness of Ukrainian Realism (in comparison with Russian and Polish literatures) it is not surprising that this period is treated as a transitional one” (ix-x). This is hardly an adequate explanation. Apart from the totally spurious “comparativism”—by the same token one could also dismiss Ukrainian Classicism and Romanticism as not being “as good” as the Russian and Polish ones—the suggestion that Ukrainian Realism warrants a superficial treatment because the period is “transitional” is doubly false. First, regardless of where one draws the boundaries, i.e., regardless of whether one includes such writers as Marko Vovčok and Stepan Rudans’kyj on one end and Lesja Ukrajinka on the other (which Čyževs’kyj does, and which is questionable, especially in the case of the latter), a period that encompasses such writers as Svydnyc’kyj, Nečuj-Levyc’kyj, Panas Myrnyj, Franko and Makovej, the poets Hrinčenko, Hrabovs’kyj, Samijlenko and others, is clearly important. Second, even if one were to concede that “Realism” in Ukrainian literature is “transitional,” namely, that the preceding Romanticism and the following Modernism witnessed greater artistic achievements, it would still not justify a casual treatment.
Čyževs’kyj’s own explanation of this chapter is somewhat disingenuous, as well. “At the time I was preparing my book” he says in a footnote “… I was unable to provide a concluding chapter on Realism. This was due chiefly to the fact that the libraries in which I was working, in Europe and in the United States, lacked the writings of the Ukrainian Realists.” It is rather difficult to envision the library that would have Velyčkovs’kyj and Prokopovyč, or for that matter Kvitka and Kostomarov, and not have Panas Myrnyj or Franko; given the general availability of these writings—then and now—one would hardly need a library. But Čyževs’kyj goes on to say something more revealing: “I wish here to present on a different
scale than in the book proper, albeit in the form of a brief study, an outline of the literature of this period. I admit that this study will not be exhaustive and that it will probably have a considerable subjective coloration” (588). The candid admission of subjectivity and selectivity seems to imply that a thorough study may be in order—a view explicitly stated by Čyževs’kyj in the introduction to the original edition: “Zakinčujemo vyklad istoriji literatury v cij knyzi roman-tykoju. Literatura doby realizmu ta modernyx porealistyčnyx tečij duže šyroka ta vymahatyme knyhy takoho ž obsjahu, jak i cja” (p. 22; emphasis mine). The author, we may conclude, does not share the editor’s notions about the importance of this period.
2. The chapter, as usual, begins with a general discussion of the concept of the period, or “What, in fact, is realism?” (588). For Čyževs’kyj this is above all the question of realist “style,” which he, apparently following the lead of Roman Jakobson, sees as basically metonymical, whereas the Romantic style was metaphorical (589-90). From this principle, this prime cause, he adduces the very essence of Realist poetics:
With the advent of Realism more information came to be known about an object—not through comparison but through expanding its depiction to include the origin of the object, its development, and its surroundings. A maiden was, therefore, not seen as a flower but as the child of a certain social class and a detailed description was provided of her childhood environment, her upbringing and her early life, etc. A person was to be defined according to his social class. Because of the requirement imposed on a work, that it contain such information about its characters, its dimensions were broadened and the surroundings became almost as important as the object itself. Realism thus was a “metonymic style”: it is because of this that the sweep of Realist creations is much greater than that of Romantic writings. The imperative created for Ukrainian literature by these large-scale works was onerous indeed. (590)
Such a distinction between Romantic and Realist styles is not without validity, of course, but it is questionable whether it is sufficient for a historical perspective, whether it gives an adequate and balanced picture—not of “Realist style” in its pure form—but of this period of Ukrainian literature. For beyond this stylistic differentiation and a concomitant discussion of the development of the Ukrainian literary language (with special focus on the lexical divergences between Western and Eastern Ukrainian; cf. pp. 591-92) Čyževs’kyj has little to say about the basic features of Ukrainian Realism.
The question of the new thematics of Realism is touched upon only tangentially, as a corollary to the language question, i.e.:
... Realism consciously limited literary themes to those spheres in which the Ukrainian language was already being used—the depiction of the village and its inhabitants, and, to a limited degree, the portrayal of a small-size city and certain intellectual circles who still used Ukrainian in their daily lives. This corresponded to ‘reality’ and consequently was deemed to be ‘realistic.’ (591)
There is hardly any discussion of the formation, tentative as it may have been, of new literary ideologies, of new conceptions of the role of the writer and new perceptions of his audience. There is no discussion, for example, of the growing concern with the psychology of the individual, and the varied and at times quite successful approaches to this—in Svydnyc’kyj, Nečuj-Levyc’kyj, Panas Myrnyj and Franko, and its culmination in Les’ Martovyč’s Zabobon. Only in the case of Franko is this issue raised. Of Svydnyc’kyj’s Ljuborac’ki, the first work to treat the psychology of the individual against the background of ominous social processes, the dissolution of the old patriarchal order, the destructive effects of denationalization, Čyževs’kyj finds only this to say:
The novel, Svydnyc’kyj’s major work (apart from minor contributions to periodicals), was written in the style of a chronicle, mainly as a long series of conversations. The nature of the chronicle also allowed the use of Polish and Russian expressions by individual characters. There are no idyllic scenes or positive heroes whatever in this chronicle novel, the account of an unfortunate clerical family—in particular, of the son who bears the author’s name, Anatol’. (595)
3. As in the opening remarks so also in the discussion of individual writers, the only extended focus is on “linguistic elements” and the given writer’s approach to the literary language. Thus we are told that “[Nečuj-]Levyc’kyj’s greatest skill, linguistic characterization, ensured moreover that the language of his works was not only truly popular but, above all, feminine speech” (596). (We also learn that his stories frequently lacked a “dominant idea”[?] and humor[!].) On the other hand, of Panas Myrnyj, whose novels and tales were “on a considerably higher spiritual level,” we learn that he “employed the common language exclusively” (598). A minor writer, Olena Pšilka, gets disproportionate attention—as much as Myrnyj or Nečuj-Levyc’kyj—because of her views on the literary language and her contributions (illustrated by various examples) to an “intellectual language.” Most
of the discussion of M. Staryc'kyj centers around his (largely unsuccessful) attempts to coin a new literary idiom. Even the treatment of Franko, the only one to show some balance, is heavily inclined in this direction. It also offers such insights as
Franko ... expressed his hopes for a proletarian (scientific) socialism, and with much superior force as illustrated by his striking and expressive tableaux *Boryslav's'ki opovidannja* (*Boryslav Stories*). He supported the Eastern Ukrainians in their linguistic struggle as a matter of course, and to the extent that he studied the language, including that of Nečuj-Levyc'kyj. Stylistically, however, he was schooled in the West (which in no way lessens his merits)—or, to be more specific, he had to create his own style. It was only with Lesja Ukrajinka that Franko was connected—but this was through a certain world view. (604)
and: “Franko’s creativity, too, was aimed at the intellectuals—who, however, may indeed have sprung from the common people. The times had already produced such people” (606).
4. Apart from the question of the development of the Ukrainian literary language, the discussion of this period is perfunctory and idiosyncratic. Some important writers are not discussed at all, and only their names are mentioned in passing, e.g., M. Pavlyk, P. Hrabovs'kyj, V. Samijlenko; major writers whose work (at least in part if not in its totality) corresponds to “Realism”—the early Kocjubyns'kyj, and Vynnyčenko—or who develop from and maintain some continuity with Realist traditions—Osyp Makovej, Vasyl' Stefanyk, Les' Martovyč—are also not considered. (The latter three are not even mentioned.) At the same time, Čyževs'kyj does see fit to bring in the “Modernists”—Voronyj, Oles', Karmans'kyj et al.—and, above all, to dilate at the end on a writer who certainly does not belong here at all, namely, the neo-Romantic Lesja Ukrajinka.
5. This finale is most revealing—not only in its “form,” i.e., the fact that proportionately the greatest attention of the chapter on “Realism” is devoted to a writer who is manifestly not a Realist, but especially in its “content,” i.e., in Čyževs'kyj’s opinions on her role in the Ukrainian literary process. For Lesja Ukrajinka provides him with the perfect platform from which to confront Ukrainian Realism, and Ukrainian literature in general. With Lesja Ukrajinka Čyževs'kyj has the ideal objective correlative for his sense of dissatisfaction—let us be more explicit—his sense of embarrassment and shame for much if not all of Ukrainian literature of this time.
Above all this is occasioned by the state of the Ukrainian theater at the end of the nineteenth century, with its worn-out ethnographism, with its tired tradition of the “pojuščij i pljašcuščij narod.” In discussing the plays of Staryc’kyj, Čyževs’kyj had noted that “With such precepts [the necessity of scenic effects, colorful ethnographic material, etc.], the theater could hardly become an educational medium for the people, much less for the intelligentsia” (612). (To the extent that Staryc’kyj had a pedagogical intent, the issue is legitimate, but still not central to the literary value of the works in question.) In his summation of the phenomenon as a whole, however, we hear not the dispassionate judgment of a historian but the recollections of a mortified eyewitness:
... it was a diversion for the petty middle-class and the servant class; later, after 1905, soldiers were also admitted into Ukrainian theaters. In this way the respect of Ukrainian youth for “its theater” was lost; it waned gradually, but the principal consequence was that the theater had forfeited its influence. It remained little more than an opportunity to hear the Ukrainian language in a social situation and, at that, to observe the lack of comprehension of the illiterate audiences—their laughter at tragic scenes or for no reason at all other than hearing a language which for them was not only unaccustomed but also, for their society, inadmissible. Such a state of affairs reduced intelligent young people to despair and to a sense of national shame and disgrace. (Emphasis mine; 613)
The dramas of Lesja Ukrajinka are taken as the happy antidote to this, and her work in general is seen as a transcending of the “limitations” of Realism: “Lesja Ukrajinka concludes the history of Ukrainian Realism having made the valuable contribution of a literary form which led literature far beyond the limits of Realism and which made Ukrainian literature a world literature for the first time” (615). The refrain that Lesja Ukrajinka “made Ukrainian literature a world literature for the first time” is an old cliché in Ukrainian, especially émigré, criticism, but Čyževs’kyj repeats it with the fervor of a true believer. Thus: “Lesja Ukrajinka raised Ukrainian literature to the level of a world literature, one which treats themes that are common and important to mankind as a whole (involving situations which happen not only in Ukraine, but everywhere in the world and at any moment in the historical process)” (616), or a bit further: “It was by disregarding the boundaries of a certain people or of a certain time that Lesja Ukrajinka, possibly for the first time in the history of Ukrainian literature, was able to create works that belonged to the heritage both of Ukraine and of the world (even Ševčenko’s ‘Caucasus’ requires commentaries if it is to be read by a non-Ukrainian, while for the ‘exotic’ plays of Lesja Ukrajinka, they are unnecessary),” or “… if there are any Ukrainian works which are able to speak not only to fellow Ukrainians but also to humanity at large, these works are [her] dramatic poems—a fact that would hold true even if they had appeared in prose translation” (617). And finally this pronouncement:
Lesja Ukrajinka took a phenomenal step beyond the narrow confines of Realism and beyond the confines of Ukrainian literature in general. It was an achievement which has been scarcely appreciated to the present day. Yet if the poetess really developed her own works as a result of having outgrown the positions of Realism (which is more than doubtful), then it was a great service on behalf of Realism toward the cause of Ukrainian literature which had otherwise suffered considerably because of this trend. (617)
In the tortured logic and syntax of the last sentence we have an example of schematism and reification at their most sublime—having “harmed” Ukrainian literature, Realism now “makes up for the damage” by producing Lesja Ukrajinka.
6. What is noteworthy in all these sentiments is that this “phenomenal step,” this “great service” is seen as existing quite independently of actual artistic achievement. (Once or twice Čyževs’kyj concedes imperfections in Lesja Ukrajinka’s work, but rejects the charge that her plays are rhetorical and grandiloquent as “amazing allegations.” “They forgot” he says of those who think so, “that rhetorical and declamatory elements were also found in classical tragedy as well as in Shakespeare and in the dramas of French Classicism where they dominated the stage and enthralled the audience—and without drinking and dancing …” [616]. The fact, however, is that Lesja Ukrajinka’s poetry, especially the lyrical, but the dramatic as well, is frequently debilitated by rhetoricalness, and that the issue is not with rhetoric as such but the fact that it is bad rhetoric, overburdened with pathos and wordiness.) The basic point of Čyževs’kyj, and the traditional clichéd argument, is that by virtue of introducing “world themes” Lesja Ukrajinka was making Ukrainian literature into, or leading it unto the path of, world literature. This is patently absurd, and it is remarkable that a scholar of Čyževs’kyj’s stature repeats it. A literary work, like a painting, like any work of art, is aesthetically valuable not by virtue of its subject matter but by the totality of its artistry, its “form-and-content.” In the case of Lesja Ukrajinka the
“world themes” are no guarantee at all of artistic excellence (and it is telling that what is undoubtedly her best work—“Lisova pisnja”—is neither allegorical nor “historical” but rooted in native Ukrainian traditions). The question of how Lesja Ukrajinka’s thematics influenced the Ukrainian literary process is a broader one, but it, too, is not divorced from considerations of artistic quality: ultimately the magnitude and effectiveness of literary influence is also measured by artistry and not merely by subject matter.
7. Underlying the facile generalizations about the “gigantic step the poetess had taken on to the field of world literature” (generalizations which, among other things, blithely disregard the above-discussed issue of the necessary cultural-literary readiness for this or any other “gigantic step”) is the implicit, deep-seated and logically necessary conviction that Ukrainian literature and “world literature” are somehow two different things, that without the incorporation of certain “world themes” or reworkings of certain literary works (e.g., Don Juan), or at the very least writing “for humanity at large” in a manner that requires no “commentaries,” Ukrainian literature is not world literature; ergo that it is somehow incomplete and inferior.
This nonsense is synthesized from several fallacies: the quasimetaphysical notion of a monolithic “world literature,” where in fact there is a manifold of synchronically and diachronically interpenetrating literary traditions and conventions; the ethnocentric, parochial and ahistorical perspective that allows one to see the complex web of these traditions and conventions—of which Ukrainian literature is an intrinsic part—in terms of the binary opposition Ukrainian literature/world literature; and, not least of all, an undercurrent of feelings of inferiority rushing to conclude that on the one hand, the “world theme” is intrinsically more valuable than one dealing with “purely Ukrainian” matters, and, on the other, that the latter cannot appeal to “humanity at large.” Associated with all this is the naive self-deception that works with such “world themes” do in fact “speak” to “humanity at large.” In fact, such works are quintessentially intended for Ukrainian consumption; the non-Ukrainian public (the “world,” “humanity at large”) is not as interested in another poem about Robert Bruce or another version of the Don Juan theme as it is—given a good translation—in a story by Kocjubyns’kyj or Stefanyk. It is embarrassing to have to repeat the truism that it is the artistry, not the subject matter, that makes a work universal.
8. In this and other respects the chapter on Realism continues the more or less conscious approach of the whole *History*, with its tendency to subjective, even partisan involvement, its tendency to reduction (here to see Realism *sub speciae* of the language question), and the selective focus, which produces, at best, a discussion of some pertinent issues, but not a historical and balanced overview. As a result, even though it is much more casual and idiosyncratic than the whole, the concluding chapter, written twenty years after the book first appeared and more than thirty years after work on it was first begun, still highlights the premises and flaws of Čyževs’kyj’s *History*.
IV. THE BASIC PROBLEMS
As Čyževs’kyj notes in his introduction to Hruševs’kyj’s monumentally conceived but unfinished *Istorija ukrajins’koji literatury*, histories of literature inevitably become dated—precisely because they are scholarly works.\(^{129}\) Not only is our factual knowledge continually expanded, but the discipline itself, and the humane sciences as a whole, grow and develop. Consequently, reevaluation of the scholarship of the past and reexamination of the state of the discipline is a scholarly imperative.
1. Perhaps the most fundamental premise in Čyževs’kyj’s *History* is the belief that literature is a unique phenomenon that exists apart from other spheres of human activity (social, political, etc.) and that consequently a history of literature need concern itself only with “immanently literary” criteria, that it, too, can be conceived as a kind of *Ding an sich*. But while the first part of the proposition can be taken as true—certainly as far as the ontology and structure of the literary work is concerned—the second is surely false. For a true history of literature, as we have already argued, must concern itself not only with the text but with the context as well, for it is only with a cultural (and social and political) context that we have a literary process, a *literature*, as opposed to an aggregate of texts. Without attention to the overall context, the given study ceases to be a history.
\(^{129}\) Myxajlo Hruševs’kyj, *Istorija ukrajins’koji literatury*, vol. 1 (New York, 1959), p. x.
of literature and becomes instead a study of particular aspects of the literature, its formal properties, for example, or the development of the literary language, etc. Such a special, narrow focus is epitomized by Čyževs’kyj’s *Formalistische Dichtung bei den Slaven*, and it is one that characterizes in various respects the *History of Ukrainian Literature*. This is not to say, of course, that Čyževs’kyj is totally oblivious of the social and cultural context (though he does ignore the economic or socioeconomic dimension entirely). He does occasionally relate literary phenomena to processes in Ukrainian cultural and social history. His explanation of the notion of an “incomplete literature” is a notable example of this:
... The Ukrainian nation, having lost its leading classes at the end of the eighteenth century, became a nation that was “incomplete”; similarly “incomplete” was its literature (see below). The entire meaning and thrust of the Ukrainian national movement during the nineteenth century consisted in “completing” the national organism, in raising it to a true culturally independent stratum. In the field of literature, this difficult task involved the creation of a complete system of literary forms. For a long time the attempt failed, especially since various social and political conditions stood in its way. (368)
These occasional “contextual” elaborations are few and far between, however, and when they do occur they are for the most part vague and generalized—as illustrated by the above reference to “various social and political conditions.” As such, Čyževs’kyj’s method—contrary to the editor’s opinion—does not really show “constant regard for deeper cultural and social influences and undercurrents” (ix). This is demonstrated not only by his avowed intent to focus attention “on those problems that have not as yet been sufficiently studied—questions of form and periodization” (8), and not only, as we have seen, by the various individual analyses of authors or periods in which there is no regard or even reference to any such “deeper cultural and social undercurrents,” but most fundamentally by his understanding of *what is literature*. For Čyževs’kyj literature is perceived as something universal, as something that in its essence transcends national and cultural determinants. His history of Ukrainian literature is treated *sub speciae* of the putative universal (more specifically Western or European) structures, values, historical experiences, conventions; it is written from an idealistic and consequently also normative vantage point.
One does not by any means deny that there are many structures in literature that are universal. They are above all the peculiar ontic
status of the literary work, the role of the imagination, the imposition of form, the division into genres, the importance of conventions and norms, etc. But where poetics and literary theory (be it Aristotle's, Lessing's, or Ingarden's) deal with literary works in general, and draw on concrete works only to illustrate or establish general propositions, literary history, especially the history of a national literature, has for its subject a set of particular works, a set of particular circumstances and processes—in short, the specifics of literature. For Čyževs'kyj, however, the specifics—in this case of Ukrainian literary history—are decidedly secondary; his scholarship, his attention is directed at what is general or "universal" in Ukrainian literature, either in the narrowest sense, i.e., in reference to formal properties and aspects, or in the broadest, that is, reflecting the overarching historical or ideological constructs (Classicism, Romanticism, etc.). The "middle ground," the uniquely Ukrainian "substance" is largely slighted if not altogether left out of the picture. Put in another way, the framework for Čyževs'kyj's approach to the history of Ukrainian literature comes not from its own process and dynamics, but from a ready-made "universal" scheme. If it can be demonstrated that the scheme, the blueprint, is often inapplicable and the criteria, the tools, inappropriate, then the resulting edifice will undoubtedly be misproportioned and askew.
2. Our first axiom must be that any given literature is indissolubly bound up with its culture, that it is molded by it and is always its reflection and expression. Thus for the historian, the first focus must be on the specifics, the particular and unique structures of that literature.
3. Literature—a national literature—is a system. This follows from the preceding. It is a system which, like the culture of which it is a part, expresses the life, values, experiences, etc., of a group, and like that culture it is by its very nature complete. Čyževs'kyj's claim to the contrary, as he repeatedly speaks of the purported incompleteness of modern Ukrainian literature (in the chapters on Classicism, Romanticism and Realism), is the single most serious fallacy in the entire History, and its refutation is perhaps the most important prerequisite for an adequate history of Ukrainian literature.
130 It is also introduced into the Comparative History of Slavic Literatures. And
The first formulation of this thesis—"incomplete literature of an incomplete nation"—shows that on this one occasion (cf. above) Čyževs'kyj did approach the phenomenon in a larger context. It also shows the possible antecedents of his opinion, for the formula "incomplete nation" seems to echo Herderian distinctions between "historical" and "non-historical" nations or peoples, distinctions which received their crudest expression in the racial hierarchy of a Gobineau. It is generally accepted in the social sciences that there is no such thing as an "incomplete nation." There are ethnographic groups, tribal societies, peasant societies, etc., and there are nations—but the differentiation, and, necessarily, evaluation of nations according to superior and inferior, historical and non-historical, complete and incomplete, is the realm not of scholarship but of, say, political propaganda. One could argue in Čyževs'kyj's defense that he uses the concept of incompleteness not evaluatively but historically, as simply describing a historical process or state of affairs. In fact, the evaluative component is inescapable, as it is with the category historical/non-historical, but while the attendant emotional involvement is real (cf. Čyževs'kyj's comments on the Realist theater) it is indeed probable that intellectually there was no intent to evaluate. The criterion of completeness, however, is also not justifiable historically. For when Čyževs'kyj speaks of "incompleteness" in the Ukrainian body politic it is implicitly taken to be the result of the loss of political independence and autonomy (the second half of the eighteenth and the nineteenth century): "The Ukrainian nation, having lost its leading classes at the end of the eighteenth century, became a nation that was 'incomplete'; similarly 'incomplete' was its literature . . ." This distorts the historical process. When some classes or groups disappear or are "lost" there occur changes in internal make-up, in institutions, in social stratification, but the nation does not therefore die or become incomplete. By reason of the loss of political independence the Polish nation in the nineteenth century would also have to be called incomplete, and, similarly, every nation that ever "lost" an elite or ruling class through war or revolution (the Czech, the French, the Russian, the Chinese, etc.) would be incomplete. One can and one does speak of various stages in the development of modern nations, but the
it is indeed dismaying to find that it is being given credence by some critics; for example, in the review cited above, William B. Edgerton considers "the distinction between 'complete' and 'incomplete' literatures" a "stimulating insight" (Slavic and East European Journal 16, no. 1 [1972]: 85).
category of complete/incomplete, with its evaluative and normative overtones, has no scientific validity.\textsuperscript{131}
The basic issue for us, however, is not history but the history of literature, and in this regard the notion of “incomplete literature” is, if anything, even more untoward. It stems, as already noted, from Čyževs’kyj’s strong normative sense: he postulates a “required,” a “normal,” “content,” or profile for Ukrainian literature—in terms of its system of genres, above all, in its forms and values—and deems any deviation from this a sign of incompleteness. A notion of incompleteness must logically postulate a sense or model of completeness, and this model, as is obvious from Čyževs’kyj’s discussion, is provided by other literatures, principally the West European. The basic question, however, of why a literature expressing one culture, one set of historical experiences and influences, should be a yardstick for another, of why Ukrainian literature in whatever aspect, in its genres or its emphases, \textit{should be} like any other literature, is never faced. By this procedure any number of literatures—Persian, Turkish, Chinese—might be called incomplete because at some period in their history they do not exhibit the same system of genres that the West European literatures do. Theoretically, one could reverse the process and claim that a Western literature, say, French, is “incomplete” because it does not have a feature, a genre of a non-Western literature, for example the Ukrainian \textit{duma}. In practice this is never done for the simple reason of West European ethnocentrism (which Čyževs’kyj very much shares) and the hierarchy, the sense of status that it projects. By reason of similar immanent “status” one would also hardly think to call Chinese literature incomplete, no matter how many West European genres it was missing. In essence the principle implicit here—that every literature is a complete system, to be judged on its own terms and in its proper cultural context—is correct, it must only be made general and not contingent on unscholarly notions of “status.” It is revealing to observe in this connection that this problem has been broached in recent Russian literary scholarship, namely, in D.S. Lixačev’s interesting investigations on the poetics of the literature of Old Rus’. \textsuperscript{132} Among the central points in this syncretic study are those which clearly parallel the principles discussed here:
\textsuperscript{131} For a somewhat different approach see Omeljan Pritsak and John S. Reshetar, “The Ukraine and the Dialectics of Nation-Building,” in \textit{The Development of the U.S.S.R.}, ed. Donald W. Treadgold (Seattle and London), pp. 236-67.
\textsuperscript{132} D.S. Lixačev, \textit{Poètika drevnerusskoj literatury} (Leningrad, 1971).
the conviction that literature expresses and mirrors a culture not only by its manifest content but by its organization as well, the fact that literature constitutes a “system of genres” and that this system’s capacity for accommodating new elements is narrowly confined (cf. the above-discussed idea of cultural readiness), and, as a synthesis of these points, an implicit rejection of any notion of “incompleteness.” 133 It is an argument, of course, that is to be applied not only to Old Rus’ian and Old Russian literature but as a general principle of literary history. The notion of an “incomplete literature” should be repudiated not because it offends national pride, but because it is false.
4. Before finally laying it to rest, however, we might look at two attendant methodological issues. The first concerns the line of reasoning that culminates with the notion of completeness/incompleteness, but which underlies some other premises of Čyževs’kyj’s, notable among them his general scheme of periodization. At its core it is a reasoning that is quite analogous to evolutionist thinking. In anthropology and associated fields, evolutionism is the term applied to those nineteenth-century theorists (Morgan, Taylor, Bachofen) who shared the basic premise that all human cultures follow the same path and pass through the same stages in their cultural evolution. In the process of attempting to reconstruct the past on the basis of the present they concluded that various contemporary primitive cultures were in essence “delayed” or archaic stages of our own developed one. The empirical thinking of later schools (beginning with Malinowski) rejected this “cabinet approach,” as they called it, which arbitrarily focused on particular data (e.g., the evolution of particular tools or implements) and while fitting it into a theory, neglected to see the culture as a functioning whole. Čyževs’kyj reminds us of this naive nineteenth-century thinking as he assumes that all literatures must develop a particular “content” and form, as he focuses on one issue, i.e., the system of genres, without reference to the particular nature of the whole context, and as he determines completeness/incompleteness on this basis, and indeed postulates “decline into” and “evolution from” such incompleteness. With these premises and in the absence of empirical criteria the way is open to various forms of subjectivism.
133 Lixačev, Poëtika drevnerusskoj literatury, p. 68.
The second issue pertains to Čyževs'kyj's pronounced tendency to reification, or, at the very least, the tendency to see the phenomenon in question statically. A literature, a culture, a nation are all dynamic entities; Čyževs'kyj sees them in stasis, almost as physical things. One can speak of static, or conventionally defined, or physical objects as being incomplete—an incomplete set of Shakespeare's works, an incomplete museum—but an incomplete literature? An incomplete culture? A pie from which a wedge is taken is indeed an incomplete pie, but is a nation a pie that becomes incomplete when it loses most or even all of a certain group?
5. The conceptual cornerstone of Čyževs'kyj's *History* is the designation of style as the basis and criterion of the literary process. This is consonant with his avowed emphasis on formal matters and the unavowed but pervasive downgrading of the cultural context. It is an approach not without precedent—above all in the history of art—and it is also not without its problems. The first, of course, is the very definition of the term "style." As we see from dictionaries of literary terms and encyclopedias of poetics, "style" is used in multifarious, often mutually exclusive ways; it can be regarded as constituting the "essential form" of the work of art or as a generic term, "a product of many elements," to be "broken down into species and subspecies until it terminates in the individual." To cite one informative entry, style can be examined under various categories or "elements that enter into communication, hence affect style."
A style may take its epithet (species) from (1) its author, Homeric style; (2) its time, medieval style; (3) its language or medium, Germanic style or lyric style; (4) its subject, philosophical style; (5) its geographical place, Billingsgate style; (6) its audience, popular style; (7) its purpose, humorous style.
Most common perhaps is the understanding of style as the expression of an artist's individuality; in Buffon's famous formula: "Le style est l'homme même." The typologies of style that have resulted from this belief range from the objective, statistical, to the impressionistically psychological (differentiating, for example, such styles as "weak, delicate, balanced, positive, strong, hybrid, subtle and defective"). But despite the differences occasioned by variegated and ambiguous
---
134 E[dward] A[.] T[enney], "Style," in *Dictionary of World Literature*, ed. Joseph T. Shipley (Totowa, N.J., 1964), p. 397.
135 T[enney], "Style," p. 398.
136 Cf. Stephen Ullmann, *Meaning and Style* (New York, 1973), p. 71.
usage, "style" can still function as a rewarding analytical tool—provided it is applied in a conscious and precise way.\textsuperscript{137}
In Čyževs'kyj's \textit{History}, however, no attempt is made to define "style." It is introduced, abruptly and somewhat tautologously, as the basis of periodization ("Analiza stylju pryvela do vysnovku, što same zminy literaturnyx styliv dajut' najkrašči ta sutoliteraturni kryteriji dlja periodyzacji literatury"; 19),\textsuperscript{138} and it is apparently assumed that its denotation is self-evident. But while a definition is not provided at the outset, it soon becomes quite clear that here style is synonymous with literary period. One explicit articulation of this is given in the brochure \textit{Kul'turno-istoryčni epoxy}, in which Čyževs'kyj first states his periodization scheme (and shows that he models himself on the history of art):
The first historians, it seems, who consciously attempted to divide the entire development of the cultural sphere they were investigating into epochs, which they characterized according to content, were the historians of art .... The history of art becomes to a large extent a history of "styles," that is, the history of the changes in systems of artistic ideals, artistic tastes, and characteristic features of artistic creativity that characterize each period.
And:
Along with the study of more and more spheres through the method of "cultural-stylistic" investigation, a most important tendency is the attempt to see in every period, with all its various and variegated spheres (politics, art, literature, philosophy, piety, etc.), a totality whose every side equally represents the same cultural style.\textsuperscript{139}
These theses are subsequently incorporated into the \textit{History of Ukrainian Literature}.
Yet to the degree that style is expanded to mean a whole epoch or period, its analytical usefulness is proportionately impaired. First, because the construction becomes tautologous (as in the above-cited sentence that says that the analysis of style establishes style as the most truly literary criterion for periodization; all it does, in fact, is show that style is a fit subject matter for stylistic analysis). The basis or "matter" for periodization, we are told, is style, and style
\textsuperscript{137} A fine example of this is Peter Gay's study of \textit{Style in History} (New York, 1974); the introductory section, "Style—From Manner to Matter," succinctly describes the pitfalls and potentialities of the term.
\textsuperscript{138} "Stylistic analysis revealed that changes in style were the best and most intrinsic criteria for the periodization of literature" (13-14).
\textsuperscript{139} \textit{Kul'turno-istoryčni epoxy}, pp. 6-7.
is the totality of a period, so the idea, the *Gestalt* of the period and not the actual phenomena in it, becomes the basis for periodization. Secondly, the discussion of style as the total set of a period tends to absolutize it, to discount or downgrade differentiation within it. (In this regard the concept of a “model” for a period is much more functional precisely because it avoids the dangers of monism.)\(^{140}\) To be sure, in *Kul’turno-istoryčni epoxy*, a theoretical, hypothesizing and more carefully formulated work, Čyževs’kyj repeatedly warns against this flaw and the tendency to make the schema more real than the concrete material it stands for. In practice, however, in the *History*, this warning is not followed. When in the theory of *Kul’turno-istoryčni epoxy* he warns against the seductiveness of such harmonious, monolithic periods/styles—
... the harmonious, monolithic character which the historical process and the separate historical epochs assume under such a perspective is not of itself a positive argument for the correctness of the conception that is the basis of such an approach—
in the praxis of the *History* he is quite seduced by them. Consequently, two discrete periods, the monumental and the ornamental, are posited when the evidence tends to suggest a broader and more heterogeneous period encompassing both; obversely, the differentiation within the Baroque is ignored (even after Čyževs’kyj himself points to its existence). Similarly with the later periods of Classicism, Romanticism, and Realism: the desire to find “harmonious, monolithic” epochs overshadows the intractable reality.
Ultimately, beyond the question of a balanced understanding of style is the more fundamental question of whether this “intrinsically literary” criterion is sufficient basis or “matter” for literary history. As we have argued earlier, it is not. Unless the context and the dynamics of the process are considered, the focus on style, even when it is conceived broadly, with many subdivisions, will highlight one, albeit important, aspect, and not the whole of literary history.
6. Periodization, as Čyževs’kyj repeats more than once, is the focal point of his enterprise. His scheme for periodicizing Ukrainian literary history embodies his central theoretical ideas on style as the substance of literary history, on the nature of literary development, on the
\(^{140}\) Cf. Jadwiga Sokołowska’s *Spory o barok: W poszukiwaniu modelu epoki* (Warsaw, 1971), especially pp. 13-77.
nature of literature itself. It is inevitable, therefore, that any flaws or problems in the building blocks would be more than evident in the overall structure. And they are.
Čyževs’kyj’s periodization of Ukrainian literature, as we have seen in some detail, and as his critics have variously remarked, is highly schematic. He implicitly accepts the model of West European literary history—early and late Medieval periods, the Renaissance and Humanism, the Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism and Realism—and unto this Procrustean bed he stretches and squeezes the material of Ukrainian literature. The resulting incongruities are then for the most part seen as “deficiencies” or “weaknesses”—of the material, not the schema. This procedure is the very opposite of that followed by the art historians Čyževs’kyj approvingly alludes to in the Kul’turno-istoryčni epoxy. For a Wölfflin the procedure was to use the category of Renaissance or Baroque as a generalization that would accommodate and describe the mass of available evidence.\(^{141}\) To make the generalization and the schema primary and the material secondary is to do violence to reality. The product cannot help but be unnatural if the operation—as illustrated by the introduction into the scheme of Ukrainian literary history of such empty slots as “Biedermeier” and the “Natural School”\(^{142}\)—is quintessentially mechanical.
While the periodization scheme does not do justice to Ukrainian literature, one could perhaps find justification for it on the grounds that it does set forth hypothetical (purportedly universal) principles against which the history of Ukrainian literature may be viewed. Thus while the total picture may in the end be distorted, the hypothetical nature of the conception may conceivably offer new insights that would partially offset the accompanying inadequacies. This much may be conceded. The method itself, however, the theoretical principle on which the schema rests, has very little to recommend it.
Basically, Čyževs’kyj posits a perpetual oscillation of styles: “It is also possible, it seems, to establish a pattern in the change of literary styles. This pattern is based on the repeated alternation of opposite tendencies: styles, and to a certain extent ideologies as well, oscillate between two opposite poles” (14). This oscillation hinges on one binary set of features:
\(^{141}\) Cf. his *Principles of Art History* (New York, 1932).
\(^{142}\) The fact that the categories of “Biedermeier” and the “Natural School” are subsequently recognized as inapplicable to Ukrainian literature is not as important as the fact that they are admitted *a priori* as legitimate categories.
In spite of the great variety of literary styles in European literature, it is not difficult to isolate the two basic types with opposite characteristics: love of simplicity, on the one hand, and a preference for complexity on the other; a preference for clarity based on definite rules of an established framework, on the one hand, and a predisposition to incomplete, fragmented, "free" form on the other. (14)¹⁴³
In Kul'turno-istoryčni epoxy and in the recent Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, Čyževs'kyj represents this see-saw schema of oscillating styles (and periods and modes of perception) with a graph:
In the latter publication Čyževs'kyj gives a finer "tuning" to the graph:¹⁴⁴
(In Kul'turno-istoryčni epoxy he accommodates Ukrainian literature by extending the see-saw to include "neo-Classicism.")¹⁴⁵ Now, whether this movement is depicted as an S-curve or a zig-zag (in
¹⁴³ This seems to echo Wölfflin (cf. the Conclusion to his Principles of Art History) but there the reasoning is always subtle and far from any schematism. A direct precursor for this theory of oscillation may have been Louis Cazamian, cf. his "La Notion de retours périodiques dans l'histoire littéraire" and "Les Périodes dans l'histoire de la littérature anglaise moderne," in Essais en deux langues (Paris, 1938); cf. also René Wellek and Austin Warren, Theory of Literature (New York, 1956), pp. 267 and 354. For Čyževs'kyj's possible indebtedness to other, German, theorists, see the necrology in Harvard Ukrainian Studies 1, no. 3 (September 1977): 379-406.
¹⁴⁴ Comparative History of Slavic Literatures, pp. 16 and 18.
¹⁴⁵ Kul'turno-istoryčni epoxy, p. 13.
Lixačev’s rendition of it),\textsuperscript{146} the graph has no analytical value—it is basically a doodle. Worse still, it is misleading. The problem here is not the absence of chronological demarcations between periods (in fact the impossibility of providing such), and not the lack of consideration for simultaneous, “overlapping” tendencies, and generally the question of discontinuity, and the problem of “in-between” periods—these are all issues that Čyževs’kyj claims to be aware of,\textsuperscript{147} and as far as the latter problem is concerned he does expand the scheme to accommodate them. Nor is the problem the implicit equation of the two sets of peaks, or technically speaking, the non-differentiation of the amplitude of the curve, that is to say, the lack of provision for measuring the intensity or intrinsic (historical, artistic, statistical, etc.) \textit{value} or importance of the period.\textsuperscript{148} The problem with the graph is not the amplitude of the curve, or its length, but the curve itself, i.e., the fact that the literary process and literature as such \textit{is reduced to one function}, here the eternal oscillation of the simple and the complex, the Classical and the Baroque. In actuality there is a myriad of such “functions,” of literary-historical issues and problems, in the realm of style and content, that ought to be considered—and when they are it is doubtful whether the resulting picture can be conveyed by a graph.
7. Čyževs’kyj’s recourse to the Weberian idea of “ideal types” does not quite save his methodology. The device of a model that would elucidate a cultural phenomenon is certainly valid, but whereas for Max Weber it is a tool intended to facilitate understanding of irrational behavior and deviation from the rational norm, for Čyževs’kyj the ideal type attains reality—or is to be found in it—and it becomes the norm. This is evident from his own words:
In literary scholarship, as in the other arts and social sciences, one must strive to form not concepts but “ideal types” (Max Weber). Concepts of this sort (if one can use “concept” in a broader sense) include not characteristics common to an entire group of objects but typical characteristics, which may be absent from many objects or present only in a small subgroups that includes the most significant objects. To create an ideal type of Gothic church, the
\textsuperscript{146} Poètika drevnerusskoj literatury, p. 73.
\textsuperscript{147} Cf. Kul’turno-istoryčni epoxy, pp. 13-16.
\textsuperscript{148} Lixačev, for example, has difficulties with this, too, but his concern—mistaken, it seems—is that the scheme has no provision for demonstrating progress in literature; Poètika drevnerusskoj literatury, p. 74.
characteristics of the Strassburg Cathedral are more important that those of a hundred small village churches. One should proceed in just this way in dealing with works of literature.\textsuperscript{149}
There seems to be a confusion here of literary theory with literary history, for the latter deals, as we have noted, with the concrete, the specific. If the sampling consists of “a hundred small village churches,” one will not understand it better by measuring it according to the “characteristics of the Strassburg Cathedral.” An ideal history, which is what Čyževs’kyj tends to slip into, is neither fish nor fowl, neither ideal nor history.
8. An alternative periodization scheme seems to be indicated. Its full elaboration can come only with a new history of Ukrainian literature, and for the present one can merely outline some necessary revisions. Thus the earliest period of Ukrainian literature, the eleventh to thirteenth century, which Čyževs’kyj divides into the monumental and ornamental styles, should be viewed as essentially one. The period of decline in the fourteenth to fifteenth century can indeed be called transitional, but as Hruševs’kyj’s \textit{History} shows, there is much here that is worthy of further attention. The cultural and literary renaissance of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century should be distinguished as a separate period, but not identified with or perceived through the prism of the Renaissance and Reformation. The literature of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, subsumed by Čyževs’kyj into one large Baroque period, should perhaps be seen as dividing into two periods more or less at the time of Prokopovyč. The period that Čyževs’kyj identifies as Classicism, the end of the eighteenth and the first three decades of the nineteenth century, should certainly not be defined solely by Classicism but rather viewed as a transitional period in which traditional, popular forms (burlesque, etc.), Classicist and Sentimental conventions, and the new pre-Romanticism were unevenly commingled. Romanticism constitutes a distinct period, but as with all the others it must first and foremost be seen in its Ukrainian specificity. “Realism” on the other hand is a very complex phenomenon. While the attempt to deal with its various manifestations decade by decade (Jefremov and current Soviet historians) is not persuasive,\textsuperscript{150} a differentiation of the period is essential. As a general
\textsuperscript{149} \textit{Comparative History of Slavic Literatures}, p. 17.
\textsuperscript{150} Cf. Zerov, \textit{Nove ukrains’ke pys’menstvo}, p. 27.
principle, the "geographical" approach, where various cultural centers—e.g., Poltava and Xarkiv in the first decades of the nineteenth century, St. Petersburg in the 1860s, L'viv at the end of the century—play a crucial and determining role, seems to be worthy of further investigation.\(^{151}\) The various literary movements or currents at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century—Modernism (neo-Romanticism), Symbolism, Impressionism, and subsequently Futurism and "neo-Classicism"—are all interesting in themselves and in varying degrees produced works of high artistic merit, but are by no means to be seen as periods, as Čyževs'kyj seems to imply.\(^{152}\) Rather it is the interplay, the very fact of dynamic, often hostile coexistence, e.g., of Futurism with "neo-Classicism," that contributes to the polyphony of a historical period, in this case the 1920s.
In short, the historical category, "literary period," is not comprised of any one movement or style. At the very least it must be recognized that it is an age that creates a style, not the style an age: it is the Napoleonic period, for example, that creates the Empire style, not vice versa. Čyževs'kyj at times claims otherwise, particularly when speaking about *periods* of "monumental" and "ornamental" style. One might submit that when the content (cultural, social, and political) of an age has not been demonstrated one can hardly speak of its style, and when one does so—and the very terms "ornamental," "monumental" suggest this—it is on the basis of subjective and selective generalizations (something that Čyževs'kyj himself virtually admits). To identify style and period, to conceive the development of Ukrainian literature *solely* qua Classicism, Romanticism, Realism, etc., is, at the very best, to give a history of styles in Ukrainian literature, not a history of the literature.
9. Finally, we turn to a most crucial problem, which, while not unique to Ukrainian literature, is one without which a proper understanding of the history of Ukrainian literature is impossible. It is simply the question of the language of a national literature, and, specifically, the thesis that language is the ultimate, indeed only, determinant of a national literature. The assumption, inherited from the Romantics,
\(^{151}\) Cf. M.I. Petrov, *Očerki istorii ukrainskoj literatury* (Kiev, 1884); Hruševs'kyj, *Z novoho ukrajins'koho pys'menstva*, and Zerov, *Nove ukrajins'ke pys'menstvo*, pp. 22-24.
\(^{152}\) *Kul'turno-istoryčni epoxy*, pp. 13-16 passim.
that it is, has become commonplace and for some apparently an article of faith. (One can see its extension in the problematic thesis that the affinity of Slavic languages is of itself sufficient basis to claim affinity of Slavic literatures.) The arguments against this identification are various.
One is the historical continuity of a literature. A literary tradition continues, a literature of a people remains one even if the language in which the literature is written changes, sometimes drastically. The Old English Beowulf written in Anglo-Saxon is part of the history of English literature; the early Polish or Hungarian literature written in Latin is part of the history of these literatures; the Osman works written in Persian belong to Turkish literature; the Igor' Tale, the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writings in bookish Ukrainian are as much part of the history of Ukrainian literature as are nineteenth- and twentieth-century Ukrainian writings. Čyževs'kyj was perfectly correct in rejecting that nineteenth-century thinking which confined Ukrainian literature only to that written in the modern vernacular. In other quarters the same argument was raised as a function of political hostility. The result was one: abbreviating the literature also abbreviated Ukrainian history.
To take an empirical approach, on the other hand, it is obvious that there can be different literatures and different literary traditions even when the language is the same. Such is the case with English and American literature, or with the literatures of other English-speaking countries, or with German and Austrian, French and Walloon, Castillian and Latin American literatures, etc.
Finally, there are historical and contemporary analogies: the existence of Irish literature in English, of Turkish literature written, depending on the requirements of the genre, in Persian or Arabic, of Japanese literature written in Chinese. The different linguistic basis does not change the fact that the texts and the authors are respectively Irish, Turkish or Japanese. The axiom that these examples illustrate is that not only language but culture, the set and continuity of a people's experiences, values, traditions, etc., also determines a literature and gives it identity, i.e., both selfsameness and individuality. Indeed language is so important precisely because it is so often—if not always—the major carrier of that identity.
This, of course, bears strongly on Ukrainian literature, whose linguistic basis over the course of its history has been peculiarly complex. One complicating element was the drastic change in literary language
as the vernacular replaced the bookish language of Middle Ukrainian; it was a change that also effected a considerable, though far from total, break in literary tradition, and it came without the mediation (as was the case in Russian) of a gradation of styles. Rather more complicating was the fact that at various extended periods in its history Ukrainian literature was bilingual and even multilingual. For many writers of the seventeenth (and to a lesser extent of the eighteenth) century a major mode of expression was Polish—as exemplified by the excellent poetry of Ivan Velyčkovs'kyj—and also Latin and Greek. Similarly, in the eighteenth and the first half (and more) of the nineteenth century it was Russian. These works, the *Istorija Rusov*, the prose of Kvitka and Hrebinka, the *Žurnal* of Ševčenko and many, many more are an essential part of the Ukrainian literary process, of Ukrainian literature. Like Polish in the seventeenth century, Russian at this time was a natural mode, an imperial *lingua franca*; given the political state of affairs this was normal and inevitable. As in the seventeenth-century multinational Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, so in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Russian Empire, use of the *lingua franca* implied no rejection, no hedging on one's Ukrainian identity. As noted above, Maksymovyč, typical of his contemporaries, was quite clear on the difference between *ruskij* and *velikorusskij*; to judge the literary identity of his contemporaries by today's criteria of national consciousness is simply anachronistic. It is only with politically crystallized national consciousness and with the upsurge of political power that the Ukrainian language becomes the sole linguistic base for Ukrainian literature. The contemporary political regression tends to bear out this formula—for now one can be a Ukrainian writer, a Ukrainian member of the Union of Writers of the Ukrainian SSR, writing for a Ukrainian public, and write in Russian.
10. In Eastern Europe, and particularly in the lands of the old Russian Empire, literature and politics are bedfellows, and the revisions in literary-historical thinking suggested here are not likely to meet with the approval of the official guardians of literature. (The border between Russian and Ukrainian literature is sharply drawn, though here and there are shadowy places: Feofan Prokopovyč, for example, is in Russian editions simply a Russian writer while in Ukrainian
---
153 Cf. *Pys'mennyky radjans'koji Ukrajiny: Dovidnyk* (Kiev, 1976).
editions he is both a Ukrainian and a Russian one; the same holds true for the whole period of Kievan literature; Gogol’ is a jealously guarded outpost; Skovoroda, on the other hand, has been ceded to the Ukrainians.) In the West there is only the inertia of traditions, preconceptions, and simplifications to contend with. In this regard Ukrainian literary scholarship has a considerable task before it—not recapturing literary territory, not cultural revanchism, but bringing objective scholarly tools to bear on a complex and long neglected, and, not least of all, very interesting field.
HARVARD UKRAINIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Monograph Series
Ievhen Sverstiuk, *Clandestine Essays*, translated with an introduction by G.S.N. Luckyj. Littleton, Colo.: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1976.
Taras Hunczak (ed.), *The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution*. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, distributed by Harvard University Press, 1977.
Paul R. Magocsi, *The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus’, 1848–1948*. Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1978.
Ivan Zilyns’kyj, *A Phonetic Description of the Ukrainian Language*, translated by W.T. Zyla and W.M. Aycock, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, distributed by Harvard University Press, 1979.
George G. Grabowicz, *Toward a History of Ukrainian Literature*. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, distributed by Harvard University Press, 1981.
Omeljan Pritsak, *The Origin of Rus’,* Vol. I. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, distributed by Harvard University Press, 1981.
Andrei S. Markovits and Frank S. Sysyn (eds.), *Modernization and Conflicts of National Identity: The Case of Austrian Galicia*. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1981.
Sources and Document Series
*Proceedings of the Conference on Carpatho-Ruthenian Immigration*, transcribed, edited and annotated by Richard Renoff and Stephen Reynolds. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1975.
*Nonconformity and Dissent in the Ukrainian SSR, 1955–1975: A Select Bibliography*, compiled by George Liber and Anna Mostovych. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1978.
*The Cossack Administration of the Hetmanate*, 2 vols., compiled by George Gajecky, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1978.
*An Early Slavonic Psalter from Rus’: St. Catherine’s Monastery, Mt. Sinai*, Volume I: Photoreproduction, edited by Moshé Altbauer and Horace G. Lunt. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, distributed by Harvard University Press, 1978.
*The Ukrainian Experience in the United States: A Symposium*, edited by Paul R. Magocsi. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1979.
Occasional Papers
Omeljan Pritsak, *The Origin of Rus'*, Inaugural Lecture delivered at Harvard University, October 1975. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1976.
HARVARD SERIES IN UKRAINIAN STUDIES
*Eyewitness Chronicle* (Litopys Samovydcja), Part I, edited by Orest Levyc'kyj. Munich: Fink Vlg., 1972.
George S. N. Luckyj, *Between Gogol' and Ševčenko*. Munich: Fink Vlg., 1971.
Myron Korduba, *La littérature historique soviétique ukrainienne*. Munich: Fink Vlg., 1972.
Oleksander Ohloblyn, *A History of Ukrainian Industry*. Munich: Fink Vlg., 1971.
Fedir Savčenko, *The Suppression of Ukrainian Activities in 1876* (Zaborona ukrajinstva 1876 r.). Munich: Fink Vlg., 1970.
*The Galician-Volynian Chronicle*, translated and annotated by George Perfecky, Munich: Fink Vlg., 1973.
Dmitrij Tschižewskij, *Skovoroda: Dichter, Denker, Mystiker*. Munich: Fink Vlg., 1974.
The following is a list of the most important and frequently used terms in the field of computer science:
1. Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a task.
2. Data Structure: A way of organizing data that allows efficient access, modification, and manipulation.
3. Database: An organized collection of data stored in a computer system.
4. Database Management System (DBMS): A software application that provides services for creating, maintaining, and managing databases.
5. Encryption: The process of converting information into a coded form to prevent unauthorized access.
6. Hashing: A technique for mapping data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values.
7. Interface: A boundary between two systems or components that allows them to communicate with each other.
8. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): A programming paradigm that uses objects to represent real-world entities and their interactions.
9. Protocol: A set of rules and procedures for communication between different systems or devices.
10. Query: A request for information from a database.
11. Security: The protection of data and systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
12. Software: A collection of instructions that can be executed by a computer to perform specific tasks.
13. System: A collection of interrelated components that work together to achieve a common goal.
14. User Interface (UI): The part of a computer program that interacts with the user, allowing them to input commands and receive feedback.
15. Virtual Machine (VM): A software implementation of a computer system that runs on top of another operating system.
These terms are fundamental to understanding the concepts and practices in computer science, and they are widely used in various fields such as software development, database management, security, and networking.
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The annual meeting of East Dakota Educational Cooperative was called to order at 5:25 p.m. on Tuesday, July 19, 2022, via Zoom by President Renee Ullom. Members present were Renee Ullom and Scott Sandal by Zoom and Paula Hawks and Gordon Sweeter by phone. Members of administration present were Joan Frevik, Lisa Bjorneberg, and Dave Vander Grift, all by Zoom. All motions are carried and unanimously approved on a roll call vote unless stated otherwise.
Action 23-07-01: Motion by Sandal, seconded by Sweeter to approve the agenda as presented.
Action 23-07-02: Motion by Sandal, seconded by Hawks to approve the June 22, 2022, board meeting minutes as published.
President Ullom asked for Conflict of Interest Disclosures. None were presented.
Joan Frevik gave an update on administrative matters.
Board members (and alternates) for the upcoming year include Lexy Klinkhammer (Paula Hawks) from West Central, Scott Sandal (Clayton Wulf) from Lennox, Renee Ullom (Ellie Saxer) from Brandon Valley, and Gordon Sweeter (Annie First) from the East Dakota Foundation.
Action 23-07-03: Director Frevik assumed the gavel and opened for nominations for Board President. Motion by Sandal, second by Sweeter to nominate Renee Ullom as Board President for the 2022-2023 school year and that nominations cease and the Board cast a unanimous ballot for Renee Ullom as President for the 2022-2023 school year.
Action 23-07-04: President Ullom assumed the gavel and opened for nominations for Board Vice President. Motion by Ullom, second by Sweeter to nominate Scott Sandal as Board Vice President for the 2022-2023 school year and that nominations cease and the Board cast a unanimous ballot for Scott Sandal as Vice President for the 2022-2023 school year.
Action 23-07-05: Motion by Sandal, second by Sweeter to approve the items in the consent agenda. Motion carried. The consent agenda addressed the following items:
Board meetings will be held the third Tuesday of each month at 5:00 PM at East Dakota Educational Cooperative. The Official Newspaper will be the Lennox Independent. The Official Depository will be the First National Bank of Sioux Falls. The Business Manager will be Dave Vander Grift. The substitute teacher rate will be $20.00 per hour. The substitute SLP rate will be $45 per hour. The resolution for withholding benefits. The cost per page of records requested by parents will be $0. The Civil Rights/Equal Employment Opportunity Officer will be Lisa Bjorneberg. Lisa Bjorneberg will be designated as Title IX Coordinator. Authorization to invest funds in the South Dakota Public Funds Investment Trust for the general fund. The Federal Programs Authorized Representative will be Dave Vander Grift. Authorize the business manager to pay utilities, credit cards, leases, fiscal agent stipends and other expenses, and other bills as needed when due dates are prior to board meetings. Authorize Dave Vander Grift, the Board President, and Vice President as authorized signers on bank accounts. Authorize Dave Vander Grift, Joan Frevik, and Board President as authorized signers on contracts and agreements. Authorize Dave Vander Grift to sign revenue agreements with South Dakota State departments for renewing ongoing projects as needed prior to board meeting. Set reimbursement rates for staff use of personal vehicles and per diem meals. Set school nutrition meal rates at @2.50 (30 cents reduced) and $4.35 (40 cents reduced).
Action 23-07-06: Motion by Sandal, second by Sweeter to approve additional banking services with First National Bank as presented.
Action 23-07-07: Motion by Sandal, second by Sweeter to approve the items in the consent agenda. The consent agenda addressed the following items:
June total payroll $447,732.74.
Additions to Pay: Ahrendt, Kelli M $292.25; Clausen, Christine A $945.78; Beam, Chantal $904.41; Arrington, Sydney $1,771.16; Dirkson, Samantha $102.94; Harvey, Rebecca A $187.88; Hoffman, Brianna $175.00; Hoover, Lee $25.50; Kanable, Sarah M $1,762.20; Kindelspire, Debra A $987.50; King, Jenna R $825.00; Klingenberg, Kelly J $651.30; Mccann, Sarah M $86.25; Mork, Dianne Kay $2,043.20; Mutschelknaus, Amy Lynn $1,291.44; Oster, Tiffany A $187.88; Samuel, Rani H $117.50; Solomon, Meghan $167.00; Thompson, Lorelei Jo $1,821.72; Thompson, Matthew B $1,188.39; Thompson, Rebecca $1,118.26; Uhrich Sr, Mark J $36.62; Welberg, Taylor $519.60; Welch, Breanna R $621.46; Wells, Ashley L $275.00. Reductions to Pay: Sturma, Janae M -$1,484.28.
Additions to Staff: Haley Brown – SLP, contract $64,609 for 186 days, beginning 7/1/22; Alec Finch – Success Coach, Teachwell Academy, $31,504 for 179 days, beginning 8/19/22; Brianna Hollestelle – Foundations Teacher, contract $41,500 for 183 days, beginning 8/1/22; John O’Brien – Success Coach, $33,652 for 179 days, beginning 8/19/22; Paula Sharkey – SLP, contract $38,557 for 111 days, beginning 8/1/22; Mark Stavenger – Dean of Students, $50,000 for 205 days, beginning 8/1/22; Allison Wood, SLPA, contract $32,752 for 178 days, beginning 8/1/22. Contract Revisions: Brianna Hoffman – addition of 42 days. New contract $30,488 for 148 days beginning 7/1/22; Kelly Klingenberg – revise days from 4 hrs to 8 hrs. New contract $18,063 for 52 days beginning 7/1/22; Ali Nettestad – addition of 6 days. New contract $61,135 for 176 days beginning 7/1/22; Angela Mulder – revise contract to $55,572 beginning 7/1/22; Kristine Smith – revise contract to $49,050 beginning 7/1/22; Larissa Neugebauer – revise contract to $51,298 beginning 7/1/22. Reductions in Staff: Annette Gering-Poiries – resigned part-time virtual teaching position, effective 6/30/22; Morgan Heisinger – resigned SLPA position, effective 6/30/22.
June disbursements in the amount of $155,223.16 were as follows: Abc Automatic Building Control, $1356.18; Adobe Inc, $15.96; Amazon, $697.41; Area li Business Managers, $125.00; Argus Leader, $118.74; Arrington, Sydney, $22.68; Atlas Tree Service, $2113.00; Avel Ecare, $6955.34; Baum, Dara, $3364.69; Berg, Joy, $1650.63; Best Buy, $26.61; Billion, Erika, $168.75; Black Hills Special Services, $140.00; Brandon Valley Media Group, $52.70; Brown, Thomas, $48.00; Bureau Of Administration, $23.04; Burkett, Sarah, $150.00; Canton School, $200.00; Case, $20.00; Century Business Products, $890.78; Child Nutrition Services, $13825.00; Costco, $0.56; Curriel, Hector, $100.00; Dakota Wesleyan University, $1500.00; Dang, Aaron, $150.00; Dang, Kathy Jo, $150.00; Diede, Carla, $100.00; Division Of Criminal Investigation, $1058.25; Docusign, $301.12; East Dakota Foundation, $19150.00; Ebay, $54.35; Eckmann, Carol, $1175.00; Ecowater Systems, $34.00; Emc Insurance, $23888.00; Food Service Refund, $80.25; Friedrichsen, Crystal, $1250.00; Froiland, Cynthia, $1819.76; G&D Viking Glass Inc, $482.26; Gas Station, $227.41; Gilbert, Ann, $1250.00; Google Llc, $577.09; Great Plains Zoo, $220.00; Greater Sioux Falls Area Chamber Of Commerce, $50.00; Gross, Stefanie, $100.00; Heartland Corn Maze, $100.00; High Plains Technology, $2067.00; Holiday Inn, $1976.97; Hollestelle, Brianna, $35.00; Honomichl, Amy, $1100.00; Hotels Various, $1.75; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, $3144.41; Hutman, Inc, $525.00; Hy-Vee, $150.46; Jackson, Kristy, $26.04; Jcl Solutions, $104.43; Jensen, Louann, $1766.56; Jones, Suzanne, $34.02; Julie Prairie Photography, $125.00; Justice Fire & Safety, $148.00; Karls, $92.95; Kelo-Tv, $149.00; Konda-Varilek, Kama Jean, $150.00; Ksb School Law, $2520.00; Lennox School, $950.00; Lowes Pro, $1398.00; Lund, Tamara, $150.00; Lyft, $113.19; Macziewski, Jennifer, $150.00; Maher, Bobbi, $4400.00; Matheson, $1859.49; Maxfield, Jeannette, $150.00; Mccorkle, Mary, $1606.06; Menard'S, $20.82; Microsoft, $23.96; Midamerican Energy, $673.46; Midco, $484.93; Minnehaha County Treasurer, $26.20; Mutschelknaus, Amy, $92.82; Nelsen, Kiki, $150.00; Nelson, Cindy,
Action 23-07-08: Motion by Sandal, second by Hawks to approve the following revenue agreements:
1. Aberdeen School District - SLP Services, $52,500 23.SP.AB.803.01; 2. West Central School District – Prosper Enrollment, $146,610 23.PR.WC.804.01; 3. West Central School District – Academy Services, $54,912 23.AC.WC.779.01; 4. West Central School District – Project Search Enrollment, $18,100 23.PS.WC.764.01; 5. West Central School District – SLP Services, $63,190 23.SP.WC.803.01; 6. Chester School District – SLP Services, $97,650 23.SP.CS.803.01; 7. Harrisburg School District – Prosper Enrollment, $48,870 23.PR.HB.804.01; 8. Tea Area School District – Academy Services, $78,144 23.AC.TA.779.01; 9. Tea Area School District – Strive Enrollment, $9,050 23.ST.TA.794.01; 10. Tea Area School District – Transition Enrollment, $18,100 23.TR.TA.765.01; 11. Tea Area School District – Project Search Enrollment, $18,100 23.PS.TA.764.01; 12. Tea Area School District – Prosper Enrollment, $48,870 23.PR.TA.804.01; 13. West Central School District – Career Development, $3,000 23.CD.WC.794.01; 14. Lennox School District – Transition Enrollment, $36,200 23.TR.LX.765.01; 15. Lennox School District – Project Search Enrollment, $18,100 23.PS.LX.764.01; 16. Lennox School District – Academy Services, $27,456 23.AC.LX.779.01; 17. SD-DOE - GED Consulting, $16,500 2022C-556; 18. SD-DOE - SD Comp Needs Assessment, -$3,250 2022C-091 #3; 19. SD-DOE - Webinar & Content Creation, $1,600 2022C-550; 20. SD-DOE - B-3 SLP & PT, $78,000 2023C-046; 21. SD-DOE - B-3 SLP & PT, $95,680 2023C-046 #1.
Action 23-07-09: Motion by Sandal, second by Hawks to approve the following expense agreements: Lunch service agreement with Sioux Falls Public School District.
Action 23-07-10: Motion by Sandal, second by Sweeter to adjourn the meeting at 5:36 p.m.
Approved this 16th day of August, 2022.
_________________________ ________________________________
Board President Business Manager
FY2023 Salaries:
Ahrendt, Kelli - 48630; Anderson, Tyler - 81352; Arrington, Sydney - 32851; Beam, Chantal - 34875; Bjorneberg, Lisa - 76659; Braun, Melissa - 62530; Brown, Haley - 64609; Brown, Sheri - $43.42/hr; Clausen, Christine - 35553; Dannen, Liz - 48981; Deckert, Taylor - 46002; Dirkson, Samantha - 43241; Dowling, Megan - 63000; Erickson, Jeremiah - 72100; Faulstich, Charlene - 46000; Fey, Amanda - 64400; Finch, Alec - 31504; Fitzsimmons, Chayden - 42525; Fodness, Casey - 51298; Frevik, Joan - 122448; Fryda-Aarstad, Jill - 62525; Gingrich, Renae - 58494; Halseth, Krista - $43.42/hr; Halvorson, Abby - 59399; Hansen, Katelynn - 71559; Harvey, Rebecca - 62525; Heubroock, Whitley - 34875; Hoffman, Brianna - 30488; Hollestelle, Brianna - 41500; Hoover, Lee - 34875; Ingerson, Linda -
57662; Jackson, Kristy - 55273; Jensen, Terri - 75761; Josko, Kelly - 46831; Kanable, Sarah - 60000; Kapperman, Laura - 58356; Kindelspire, Debra - 36874; King, Jenna - 32449; Klingenberg, Kelly - 18063; Koch, Amy - 61830; Kock, Jesse - 42000; Krogman, Melissa - 60384; Ladd, Aiden - 31504; Larson, Sandy - 55009; McCann, Sarah - 33924; Moore, David - 62981; Mork, Dianne - 76800; Mulder, Angie - 55572; Mutschelknaus, Amy - 79364; Nduru, Eugene - 71070; Nettestad, Ali - 61135; Neugebauer, Larissa - 51298; Nolder, Terri - 50274; O'Brien, John - 33652; Oskar, Leah - 36160; Oskar-Groen, Kristi - $35/hr; Oster, Tiffany - 49325; Outka, Janeen - 89488; Piekarski, Kari - 75798; Poncelet, Arlene - 73066; Ralston, Annlee - 53588; Reisch, Karin - 61800; Samuel, Rani - 34662; Schneiderman, Dallas - 70061; Sharkey, Paula - 38557; Smalley, Jason - 58850; Smalley, Teri - 62981; Smith, Kristine - 49050; Solomon, Meghan - 58918; Stahl, Brandon - 52206; Stavenger, Mark - 50000; Thompson, Lorelei - 77429; Thompson, Matthew - 34875; Thompson, Rebecca - 35278; Trudeau, Abby - 38135; Tyler, Dianna - $39.91/hr; Uhrich, Mark - 39220; Vander Grift, Dave - 71659; Welberg, Taylor - 31930; Wells, Ashley - 21836; Wood, Allison - 32752.
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ADEPT: An Agent-Based Approach to Business Process Management
N. R. Jennings, T. J. Norman & P. Faratin
Department of Electronic Engineering,
Queen Mary and Westfield College,
University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
Abstract
Successful companies organise and run their business activities in an efficient manner. Core activities are completed on time and within specified resource constraints. However to stay competitive in today's markets, companies need to continually improve their efficiency — business activities need to be completed more quickly, to higher quality and at lower cost. To this end, there is an increasing awareness of the benefits and potential competitive advantage that well designed business process management systems can provide. In this paper we argue the case for an agent-based approach: showing how agent technology can improve efficiency by ensuring that business activities are better scheduled, executed, monitored, and coordinated.
1 Introduction
Company managers make informed decisions based on a combination of judgment and information from marketing, sales, research, development, manufacturing and finance departments. Ideally, all relevant information should be brought together before judgment is exercised. However obtaining pertinent, consistent and up-to-date information across a large company is a complex and time consuming process. For this reason, organisations have sought to develop a number of IT systems to assist with various aspects of the management of their business processes. Such systems aim to improve the way that information is gathered, managed, distributed, and presented to people in key business functions and operations. In particular, the IT system should: (i) allow the decision maker to access relevant information wherever it is situated in the organisation (this should be possible despite the fact that information may be stored in many different types of system and in many different information models); (ii) allow the decision maker to request and obtain information management services both from departments within and departments from outside the organisation; (iii) pro-actively identify and deliver timely, relevant information that may not have been explicitly asked for; (iv) inform the decision maker of changes which have been made elsewhere in the business process which impinge upon the current decision context; and (v) identify the parties who may be interested in the outcome and results of the decision making activity.
Analysis of a number of business processes, from various industrial and commercial domains, resulted in several common characteristics being identified:
- Multiple organisations are often involved in the business process. Each organisation attempts to maximise its own profit within the overall activity.
- Organisations are physically distributed. This distribution may be across a site, a country, or even continents. This situation is even more apparent for virtual organisations [Mowshowitz1996] which form allegiances for short periods of time and then disband when it is no longer profitable to stay together.
- Within organisations, there is a decentralised ownership of the tasks, information and resources involved in the business process.
- Different groups within organisations are relatively autonomous — they control how their resources are consumed, by whom, at what cost, and in what time frame. They also have their own information systems, with their own idiosyncratic representations, for managing their resources.
- There is a high degree of natural concurrency — many interrelated tasks are running at any given point of the business process.
• Business processes are highly dynamic and unpredictable — it is difficult to give a complete a priori specification of all the activities that need to be performed and how they should be ordered. Any detailed time plans that are produced are often disrupted by unavoidable delays or unanticipated events.
Given these characteristics, it was decided that the most natural way to view the business process is as a collection of autonomous, problem solving agents which interact when they have interdependencies. In this context, an agent can be viewed as an encapsulated problem solving entity which exhibits the following properties [Wooldridge and Jennings1995]:
**Autonomy:** agents perform the majority of their problem solving tasks without the direct intervention of humans or other agents, and they have control over their own actions and their own internal state.
**Social ability:** agents interact, when they deem appropriate, with other artificial agents and humans in order to complete their problem solving and to help others with their activities.
**Pro-activeness:** agents take the initiative where appropriate.
**Responsiveness:** agents perceive their environment and respond in a timely fashion to changes which occur in it.
The choice of agents as a solution technology was motivated by the following observations: (i) the domain involves an inherent distribution of data, problem solving capabilities, and responsibilities (conforms to the basic model of distributed, encapsulated, problem solving components); (ii) the integrity of the existing organisational structure and the autonomy of its sub-parts needs to be maintained (appeals to the autonomous nature of the agents); (iii) interactions are fairly sophisticated, including negotiation, information sharing, and coordination (requires the complex social skills with which agents are endowed); and (iv) the problem solution cannot be entirely prescribed (problem solvers need to be responsive to changes in the environment and to unpredictability in the process and pro-actively take opportunities when they arise).
When taken together, this set of requirements leaves agent technology as the strongest solution candidate — (distributed) object systems have the encapsulation but not the sophisticated reasoning required for social interaction or pro-activeness, and distributed processing systems deal with the distributed aspect of the domain but not with the autonomous nature of the components.
## 2 The ADEPT Architecture
The ADEPT architecture can be viewed at two levels: the architecture of the multi-agent system in which an agent acts, and the internal architecture of a single agent. The former represents the structure of the system as a whole, and the role of an agent within that system. The latter represents the separation of concerns of the functional components of a particular agent.
The ADEPT multi-agent architecture is composed of a number of autonomous agencies (see figure 1). The concept of an agency has a recursive definition. An *agency* contains a single *responsible agent*, a possibly empty set of *subsidiary agencies* and a set of *tasks* that are under the direct management of the responsible agent. In the ADEPT environment agents are autonomous; i.e. agents have control over the tasks that they may perform, the resources available to them and how they coordinate their activities with other agents. Therefore, the only way in which such agents may cooperate in solving problems is through *negotiation*. Agents operate by negotiating for *services*, or units of problem-solving activity, in the management of a business process (a task is an atomic service). A responsible agent’s agency represents its domain problem solving resources.
The recursive definition of an agency allows a nested (hierarchical) agent system to be constructed in which a responsible agent realises its function through the responsible agents of lower level agencies (these lower level agents have the same structure and can, therefore, have subsidiary agents as well as tasks in their agency). For example, the responsible agent of agency A may represent a legal department whose work is carried out by a number of lawyers, each represented by the responsible agents of agencies such as A.1 and A.2. This structure enables flat, hierarchical, and hybrid organisations to be modeled in a single framework. The differences between the responsible agent of a subsidiary agency (A.1 and A.2 are subsidiaries of A) and that of a peer agent (A, B and C are peers, and A.1 and A.2 are peers) relate to their levels of autonomy and helpfulness. In both cases, the agents negotiate to reach agreements. However the responsible agent of a subsidiary agency cannot reject a proposal outright (although it can counter-propose until an acceptable agreement is reached), and it must negotiate in a cooperative (rather than a competitive) manner since there is a degree of commonality of purpose.
All ADEPT agents have the same basic internal architecture, illustrated by the responsible agent of agency A (figure 1). An agent has a number of functional components concerned with each of its main activities — communication, service execution, situation assessment, and interaction management. The agent architecture reflects this.
2.1 Communication Module (CM)
The CM routes messages between an agent and both its agency and peers. During task management (e.g., the activation, suspension, or resumption of a task), messages are routed between the agent’s Service Execution Module (SEM) and the tasks managed by that agent. During service execution management (e.g., the initiation or termination of a service being provided by another agent under some agreement), messages are routed between the agent’s SEM and the SEM of the agent providing the service. During negotiation, messages are routed between the agent’s Interaction Management Module (IMM) and the IMM of the agent, or agents, being negotiated with.
2.2 Interaction Management Module (IMM)
The IMM provisions services through negotiation. The Situation Assessment Module (SAM) invokes the IMM to initiate negotiation for a service. The IMM’s decision-making capabilities are supported by three types of information: scheduler constraints emanating from the SAM; knowledge an agent has about itself and its own domain (represented in the Self Model (SM)); and knowledge the agent holds about responsible agents of both peer and subsidiary agencies (represented in the Acquaintance Model (AM)). With this knowledge and the agent’s negotiation model, the IMM generates initial proposals, evaluates incoming proposals, produces counter-proposals, and, finally, accepts or rejects agreements for the provision of a service (i.e., Service Level Agreements, or SLAs).
2.3 Situation Assessment Module (SAM)
The SAM is responsible for assessing and monitoring the agent’s ability to meet the SLAs it has already agreed and any SLAs that it may agree in the future. This involves scheduling and exception handling. The scheduler maintains a record of resource availability which can be used to determine whether SLAs can be met or whether new SLAs can be accepted. The exception handler receives exception reports from the SEM during service execution and decides upon the appropriate response. For example, if a service is delayed then the SAM may decide to locally reschedule it, to renegotiate the SLA, or to terminate it altogether.
2.4 Service Execution Module (SEM)
The SEM is responsible for managing services throughout their execution. This involves service execution management (start executing services as specified by the agent’s SLAs), information management (routing information between tasks, services and other agents during execution), and exception handling (monitoring the execution of tasks and services for unexpected events and then reacting appropriately). In the event of task failure for example, the SEM may recover by attempting to restart the task if the present schedule can still be met, or report the exception to the SAM for rescheduling.
2.5 Acquaintance Model (AM) and Self Model (SM)
Within the AM, the agent maintains a record of peers and subsidiaries which can provide services of interest. The SM is the primary storage site for SLAs to which the agent is committed, descriptions of the services the agent can provide, run time application/service specific information, and generic domain information.
Both ADEPT’s multi-agent and internal architectures are designed to ensure maximum flexibility to adapt as a business process changes (see [Jennings et al.1996] for more details). The autonomy of each agent and the agreements it enters into with others are the key to this flexibility. For this reason, ADEPT’s negotiation technology is discussed further in section 3.
3 Negotiation
Services are associated with one or more agents that are responsible for managing and executing them. Each service is managed by one agent, although it may involve execution of sub-services by a number of other agents. Since agents are autonomous there are no control dependencies between them; therefore, if an agent requires a service which is managed by another agent it cannot simply instruct it to start the service. Rather, the agents must come to a mutually acceptable agreement about the terms and conditions under which the desired service will be performed (i.e an acceptable SLA must be instantiated). The mechanism for making SLAs is negotiation — a joint decision making process in which the parties verbalise their (possibly contradictory) demands and then move towards agreement by a process of concession [Müller1996].
There are three components of the ADEPT negotiation model: (i) the communication protocol, (ii) the service level agreements, and (iii) the reasoning model. The protocol specifies the communication primitives that an agent can use to query an agent on what services it can perform (an agent sends a CAN-DO primitive which is responded to with an I-CAN primitive), to agree on the details of an agreement (PROPOSE, COUNTER-PROPOSE, ACCEPT, and REJECT), and to manage the invocation of an agreement (i.e. instructing agents to activate, suspend or resume a service, and informing agents of completions or failures of a service).
The novel aspects of negotiation in the ADEPT system relate to the types of agreements that agents can make and the models they use to guide their negotiation behaviour. The requirements of the business process domain mean that agreements need to be more encompassing and the reasoning more elaborate than those found in most extant multi-agent systems. To this end, multi-lateral and multi-issue decision mechanisms have been developed [Faratin et al.1998] that assist an agent in evaluating offers and, when necessary, generating new offers. The latter mechanisms are composed of tactical and strategic decision making. Tactics model low level decisions that take into account the agent’s environment (such as time, resources and other’s behaviours) and its preferences. Strategies, in turn, model coarse grain and general behaviours which determine the overall style of negotiation (such as conciliatory or competitive negotiation).
The nature and scope of the SLAs are derived from the types of legal contract that are often used to regulate current business transactions (figure 2 shows a typical example taken from a BT application (see section 4)). Service_name is the service to which the agreement refers and sla_id is the SLA’s unique identifier (covering the case where there are multiple agreements for the same service). Server_agent and client_agent represent the agents who are party to the agreement. Delivery_type identifies the way in which the service is to be provisioned. In figure 2 the delivery type is “on-demand”. This indicates that the service may be invoked under this SLA whenever it is required by the
client, but within the times stated and at a frequency below that indicated in the volume slot. Alternatively, the SLA may represent a “one-off” service. This indicates that the service can be invoked only once by the client within the time period indicated. The SLA’s scheduling information is used by the SAM and the SEM for service execution and management — duration represents the maximum time the server can take to finish the service, and start_time and end_time represent the time during which the agreement is valid. In this case, the agreement specifies that an agent called CSD can invoke an agent called DD to cost and design a customer network whenever it is required between 09:00 and 18:00 and each service execution should take no more than 320 minutes. The agreement also contains meta-service information such as the volume of invocations permissible between the start and end times, the price paid per invocation, and the penalty the server incurs for every violation. Client_info specifies the information the client must provide to the server at service invocation (in this case CSD must provide the customer profile) and reporting_policy specifies the information the server returns upon completion.
Existing theoretical work on negotiation [Nash1950, Raiffa1982, Rosenschein and Zlotkin1994] provides important insights into how agents should negotiate to produce optimal solutions. However, a number of unrealistic assumptions are common in these negotiation models; typical assumptions include the availability of complete action descriptions, a utility function that can order all alternatives in all contexts, and that agents exhibit perfect rationality when selecting actions. In contrast, practical applications typically adopt simplistic approaches to negotiation. In the contract net protocol [Smith and Davis1981], for instance, a manager sends out a request to a number of potential contractors to provide a given service to a given degree of quality. The potential contractors return a bid if they are capable of fulfilling all the requirements. The manager then selects the best bid. However, this model fails to capture many intuitive and important aspects of the negotiation process. For example, bidders cannot counter-propose better options, they cannot modify any of the service agreement parameters, and the emphasis in devising a complete specification is placed solely with the task manager. Given these limitations, the approach within ADEPT has been to develop a deep and explicit model of the process of negotiation. The model covers the whole process of generating initial offers, evaluating offers, and counter proposing if offers are unacceptable (see [Faratin et al.1998] for more details). In this model, agents evaluate proposals. Then, using both a predictive model of the behaviour of other agents and its own preferences, a decision is made on whether to accept or reject the current proposal, or to counter-propose an alternative. Issues such as the time by which an agent requires the service, and minimum or maximum prices that are acceptable for a service are considered when the contents of the SLA to be proposed are determined. The parameters within which an agent may negotiate, e.g. the maximum price it is prepared to pay for a service, are dependent on the application.
4 Exemplar Application: BT’s Provide Customer Quote Process
ADEPT technology has been used to develop business process management systems for a number of real-world applications. Here we outline one such application: a system for managing a British Telecom (BT) process for providing a quotation for designing a network to provide particular services to a customer. The process receives a customer service request as its input and generates as its output a quote specifying how much it would cost to build a network to realise that service. It involves up to six parties: the sales department, the customer service division, the legal department, the design division, the surveyor department, and the provider of an out-sourced service for vetting customers.
The process is initiated by a customer contacting the customer service division. The customer’s details are captured, and, while the customer is being vetted (in terms of its credit worthiness, false ID, etc.), their requirements are elicited. If the customer fails the vetting procedure, then the quote process terminates. Assuming the customer is satisfactory, its requirements are recorded and mapped against the service portfolio. If the requirements can be met by a standard off-the-shelf item then an immediate quote can be offered based on previous examples. In the case of bespoke services, however, the process is more complex. The customer service division further analyses the customer’s requirements and while this is occurring the legal department checks the legality of the proposed service. If the desired service is illegal, then the entire quote process terminates. If the requested service is legal, then the design phase starts. To prepare a network design it is usually necessary to have a detailed plan of the existing equipment at the customer’s premises. Sometimes such plans might not exist and sometimes they may be out of date. In either case, the designer determines whether the customer site(s) should be surveyed. On completion of the network design and costing, the customer is informed of the service quote. The business process then terminates.
From the business process description, the following agent system was designed (figure 3). The agents (denoted by the circles) were chosen to represent distinct departments or enterprises involved in the
business process. The VC agents represent the concerns of external enterprises as this activity is out-sourced. Agent SD is within DD's agency because the design division has overall management responsibility for the surveyors.
The process is triggered when the sales agent sends a request to the CSD agent to provide a customer quote. The CSD agent identifies the SLA associated with the request: in this case it relates to the Provide-Customer-Quote service. The corresponding service description is parsed to create a tree of possible routes that the SEM can take. A depth first path is selected and the tasks and services in that path are scheduled and resourced (by the SAM). The SEM begins executing the constituent sub-services and tasks. One of the first sub-services it encounters is to vet the customer (this occurs in parallel with the capture-customer-requirements task and after capture-customer-details). When the SEM comes to execute this service it realises (by checking its SM) there is no associated SLA and so it reports an exception to the SAM. The SAM determines that the service cannot be realised locally (by referring to its SM) and so it must be bought in from an external agent. It also decides that the service should be provisioned in an on-demand manner because it is an activity that is needed on each invocation of the business process. As such, it is preferable to negotiate for a longer term SLA covering multiple invocations rather than negotiating for one each time the business process is invoked. In addition to identifying the service name and the desired provisioning mode, the SAM indicates any scheduler information which influences the provisioning of the service (e.g. the service's earliest start and latest end times).
Vet customer service provisioning begins with the CSD agent sending CAN-DO messages to all the agents it can identify (using its AM) as being potentially able to provide this service (in this scenario there are three such agents: VC1, VC2 and VC3). These messages emanate from the IMM. Negotiation proper begins when CSD concurrently sends out initial proposals (in the form of instantiated SLAs) to all the vet customer agents which responded with I-CAN. This initial proposal may be acceptable to one of the VC agents in which case an agreement is made and the negotiation is terminated. However, in most cases the VC agents find some part of the proposal unsatisfactory (it is a competitive negotiation after all) and so return a revised counter proposal to CSD. The CSD and VC agents then engage in several concurrent rounds of exchanging SLA messages until either the CSD comes to an agreement with one of the VC agents or all the VC agents reject all the offers and break off negotiation. If the CSD agent receives more than one acceptable offer, it selects the one closest to its specified optimum. The chosen agent is informed of its success and an SLA for the Vet-Customer service comes into force. Within the CSD agent, the IMM tells the SAM of this new agreement. The SAM then instructs the SEM to continue the execution of Provide-Customer-Quote service with the freshly agreed Vet-Customer SLA stored in its SM. Since the agreement is for on-demand provisioning, the CSD agent can ask the chosen VC agent to vet customers as and when new customers are presented to it from the sales department. The SEM of the CSD agent sends a service activation request to the SEM of the selected VC agent within the time frame specified in the SLA. When the customer has been vetted, the client VC agent informs the CSD agent of the result (as specified by the SLA's reporting policy). If the customer fails the vetting procedure then Provide-Customer-Quote fails and the sales department is informed. If the customer is successfully vetted, the CSD agent starts executing the next sub-service.
The next sub-service checks whether the customer's request is for a portfolio item. If it is a portfolio item then the service is identified (identify-service) and a quote is looked up (provide-quote) and returned to the sales department (as specified in the SLA between the CSD and the sales department). Execution of Provide-Customer-Quote then terminates.
If the desired service is bespoke then the next sub-service to be executed is Cost-Design-Customer-Network. Again the SEM informs the SAM that there is no associated SLA in place. The SAM decides the service must be bought in (after examining its SM) and that it should be provisioned in an on-demand manner (because it is required every time a customer requests a bespoke service. A one-off SLA would be justified if a significant proportion of the customer service requests were for portfolio items). It then asks the IMM to obtain an appropriate agreement. The IMM notes from its AM that the only agent offering this service is DD and so it starts negotiating with it. Assuming the two agents reach an agreement, the IMM of the CSD agent informs its SAM which informs its SEM that an appropriate SLA is now in place (see figure 2). When CSD indicates that the Cost-Design-Customer-Network service should be invoked, the DD agent starts executing it under the newly agreed SLA. When the customer's requirements have been analysed in more detail, the legality of the customer's request is checked. The DD agent realises (by checking its AM) this service can only be provided by the LD agent and so it starts to negotiate with it. The service is provisioned in a one-off manner because it is too expensive to have waiting idle when there are no designs to check. When the agreed legal service is invoked, the requirements are checked and the
appropriate course of action is taken depending on the outcome of this review.
As part of the design activity, a survey of the customer's premises may be needed. If this is the case, the SEM of the DD agent informs its SAM that no SLA is in place. The SAM notes (by examining its AM) that an agent (SD) within its agency can provide the service. It decides the service should be provisioned in a one-off manner (because the service is only occasionally required) and so the DD's IMM negotiates with SD. Assuming they reach an agreement (and they should since the negotiation is inherently cooperative), the DD agent invokes the agreement and requests SD to obtain a survey for the customer's premises. When the survey is complete or after the service is declared legal if no survey is required, the design-network task is carried out and then a costing is produced. The cost of the service is returned to the CSD agent as specified in the Cost-Design-Customer-Network SLA (figure 2). The Provide-Customer-Quote service then completes and the quote is returned to the sales department.
For subsequent service quote requests, several of the basic agreements for managing the business process are already in situ. The CSD agent has an on-demand SLA for vetting customers and it may also have an agreement for costing and designing the customer's network. This means there is less of a negotiation overhead on subsequent process invocations. The services that may generate further negotiations in subsequent quote processes are those which are only occasionally invoked — legal services and survey customer site.
5 Conclusions
The ADEPT system is presented as a novel solution to the problem of software agent inter-operation in domains such as business process management and electronic commerce. The architecture can model the structure of hierarchical or flat organisations, or a mixture of the two, through the concepts of agents and agencies. In coordinating the actions of agents within a multi-agent architecture it is important to find a balance between the autonomy of agents within the system and the communication overheads involved in coordinating action. Agents with little autonomy typically require less communication bandwidth; for example, a subservient agent will simply follow instructions. Agents with greater autonomy must be persuaded to act on another's behalf, and hence agents must negotiate for services. The ADEPT architecture supports the encapsulation of services through the hierarchy of agencies, and so enables abstracted services to be negotiated for, reducing communication overheads. To enable service encapsulation, subsidiary agencies behave more cooperatively with the responsible agent of their agency, surrendering a degree of autonomy. However, these agents retain control
over their own resources, the tasks that they perform and their coordination and communication with other agents. They simply cooperate in negotiation with their responsible agent wherever possible; i.e. they are subsidiary, not subservient. Peer agents have no such disposition, and so the provision of a service is predicated on there being a mutually acceptable agreement produced through negotiation. However, an agent may be more cooperative with a peer that represents a different department of the same organisation than a peer representing the interests of a different organisation.
References
[Faratin et al.1998] Faratin, P., Sierra, C., and Jennings, N. R. 1998. Negotiation Decision Functions for Autonomous Agents. *International Journal of Robotics and Autonomous Systems*.
[Jennings et al.1996] Jennings, N. R., Faratin, P., Johnson, M. J., Norman, T. J., O’Brien, P., and Wiegand, M. E. 1996. Agent-based business process management. *International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems* 5, 2&3, 105–130.
[Mowshowitz1996] Mowshowitz, A. 1996. Social dimensions of office automation. In *Advances in Computers* 25, pp. 335–404.
[Müller1996] Müller, H. J. 1996. Negotiation principles. In G. M. P. O’Hare and N. R. Jennings Eds., *Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence*, pp. 211–229. Wiley.
[Nash1950] Nash, J. F. 1950. The bargaining problem. *Econometrica* 28, 155–162.
[Raiffa1982] Raiffa, H. 1982. *The Art and Science of Negotiation*. Harvard University Press.
[Rosenschein and Zlotkin1994] Rosenschein, J. S. and Zlotkin, G. 1994. *Rules of encounter: Designing conventions for negotiation among computers*. MIT Press.
[Smith and Davis1981] Smith, R. G. and Davis, R. 1981. Frameworks for cooperation in distributed problem solving. *IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics* 11, 1, 61–70.
[Wooldridge and Jennings1995] Wooldridge, M. and Jennings, N. R. 1995. Intelligent agents: Theory and practice. *Knowledge Engineering Review* 10, 2, 115–152.
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TUNE IN
NATIONAL RADIO MAGAZINE
JERI SULLAVAN
OCTOBER, 1943 15 CENTS
20¢ IN CANADA
7 things you should do to keep prices down!
If prices soar, this war will last longer, and we could all go broke when it’s over. Uncle Sam is fighting hard to keep prices down. But he can’t do it alone. It’s up to you to battle against any and every rising price! To help win the war and keep it from being a hollow victory afterward—you must keep prices down. And here’s how you can do it:
1. **BUY ONLY WHAT YOU NEED**
Don’t buy a thing unless you cannot get along without it. Spending can’t create more goods. It makes them scarce and prices go up. So make everything you own last longer. “Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without.”
2. **PAY NO MORE THAN CEILING PRICES**
If you do pay more, you’re party to a black market that boosts prices. And if prices go up through the ceiling, your money will be worth less. Buy rationed goods only with stamps.
3. **SUPPORT HIGHER TAXES**
It’s easier and cheaper to pay for the war as you go. And it’s better to pay big taxes now—while you have the extra money to do it. Every dollar put into taxes means a dollar less to bid for scarce goods and boost prices.
4. **PAY OFF OLD DEBTS**
Paid-off debts make you independent now... and make your position a whale of a lot safer against the day you may be earning less. So pay off every cent you owe—and avoid making new debts as you’d avoid heiling Hitler!
5. **DON’T ASK MORE MONEY**
in wages, or in prices for goods you have to sell. That puts prices up for the things all of us buy. We’re all in this war together—business men, farmers and workers. Increases come out of everybody’s pocket—including yours.
6. **SAVE FOR THE FUTURE**
Money in the savings bank will come in handy for emergencies. And money in life insurance protects your family, protects you in old age. See that you’re ready to meet any situation.
7. **BUY WAR BONDS**
and hold them. Buy as many as you can. Then cut corners to buy more. Bonds put money to work fighting the war instead of letting it shove up prices. They mean safety for you tomorrow. And they’ll help keep prices down today.
**KEEP PRICES DOWN...**
*Use it up... Wear it out...*
*Make it do... Or do without.*
This advertisement, prepared by the War Advertising Council, is contributed by this magazine in cooperation with the Magazine Publishers of America.
LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
THEY DIFFER ABOUT DRAMA
Editor of TUNE IN:
I like your magazine, but I think you should be told that there are persons who turn the dial to another program when they hear the beginning of "Lights Out," and who enjoy dramas with a happy touch, rather than a "weepy" one.
I like to listen to my radio when I'm ironing, but I want to feel better, rather than depressed, when the play ends. Also, I hate for the players to drop their voices to such a low tone that I miss hearing a sentence or two. They do not seem to realize that one cannot always hear well enough the radio to turn up the volume.
Many, many times the music or one of the actors is playing with too loud enough to disturb the neighbors, and the "heat" of the program is low in tone that I cannot understand at all by one ten feet away from the radio—unless one can take time to turn the volume down, then up, then down again.
Please tell someone to do something about it—but do not publish my name!
B. F. M.
Ottawa, Kansas
Gentlemen:
I wish to remark on your story about "Lights Out" in the August issue. I enjoyed the article and always listen to the broadcast. I myself sit around the radio "with tingling spine" wondering what will come next. I hope you will continue to print these articles in your tremendously popular magazine.
ROBERT KLINGMAN
Bronx, New York
(Editor's note: Variation in volume is sometimes necessary for dramatic effect—but "B. E. M." might have let us use her name. Her criticism is an intelligent presentation of a specific point of view.)
ANSWERING OUR READERS
Gentlemen:
I am writing to ask something I have been wanting to know for a long time. How do they arrive at the number of listeners to a radio program? K. J. DOMERGUE
Hattiesburg, Mississippi
(Editor's note: Methods of getting this information vary. Frequently used are: (1) The "coincidental," for which the supervisor telephones and asks the program a household has tuned in on their radio, at that moment, and (2) "Impression," for which they ask people interviewed by telephone or in person, what program during the week they listen to at a specified time.)
Gentlemen:
First of all, I would like to get a letter to Miss Helen Forrest, who sings with Harry James and his band. How should I get a letter to her, outside of sending it to James' band?
My second favor has to do with metrical disagreement over the song "As Time Goes By." The words of the ballad and I have been "arguing" over the date on which it was composed.
JOSEPH PETILLO
U. S. Army Air Forces
(Editor's note: TUNE IN cannot give out personal addresses. However, we will receive any letters addressed in care of the Chesterfield Program, CBS, 485 Madison Ave., New York City. The song "As Time Goes By," was first introduced in 1931, and revived this past year in the motion picture, "Casablanca.")
TUNE IN:
When I read the story of Harry James, in the August issue, I claimed he had been married to Louise Tobin. Everybody knows he is now married to Betty Grable. Why can't you give us some up-to-date news?
MRS. G. L. ART
Detroit, Michigan
(Editor's note: Several readers who picked up their copies late in the month of September, may have missed the story of Harry James. It appeared in the August issue.)
MOTHER OF 4 EARNS $1,000 ON HER WRITING
"Without jeopardizing our home life a bit, I have been able to earn $1,000 a year, graduating from N. I. A. It has given me the responsibility of four small children, house duties, haphazard health and war work, I am sure I could have done more before. After only two lessons I sold a garden series to Baltimore American, and the next day he bought my writing child's play."
Gladys Carr, Annapolis, Md.
"How do I get my Start as a writer?"
HERE'S THE ANSWER....
First, don't stop believing you can write; there is no reason to think you can't write until you have tried. Don't be discouraged if your first attempts are rejected. That happens to the best authors, even to those who have "arrived." Remember, too, there is no age limit in the writing profession. Conspicuous success has come to both young and old writers.
Where to begin, then? There is no sure way than to get busy and write.
Gain experience, the "know how." Understand how to use words. Then you can construct the word-buildings that now are vague, misty shapes in your mind.
O Henry, Mark Twain, Kipling, Ring Lardner, just to mention a few, all first learned to use words at a newspaper copy desk. And the Newspaper Institute Copy Desk Method is today helping men and women of all ages to develop their writing talent . . . helping them gain their first little checks of $25, $50, and $100.
Learn To Write by WRITING
The Newspaper Institute of America is a training school for writers. Here your talent grows under the supervision of expert writers and critics. Emphasis is placed on teaching by practice. We don't tell you to read this author and that author or to study this style. We don't give you rules and theories to absorb. The instructors teach you to express yourself in your own natural style. You work in your own home, on your own time.
Each student writes several hundred type as assignments as though you worked on a large metropolitan daily. Your stories are then returned to us and we make suggestions and rewrites, so to speak. Faults are pointed out. Suggestions are made. What you discover is that you are getting the "feel" of it, that professional touch. Yet, it is a natural, easy approach. You can see where you are going.
When a magazine returns a story, one seldom knows the real reason why it rejects it. They have no time to waste giving constructive criticism. The N. I. A. tells you where you are wrong, and why, and shows you what to do about it.
A Chance To Test Yourself — FREE!
Our unique Writing Aptitude Test tells whether you possess the fundamental qualities necessary to successful writing—imagination, observation, dramatic instinct, imagination, etc. You'll enjoy taking this test. It's free. Just mail the coupon below and see what our editors think about you.
Newspaper Institute of America
One Park Ave., New York 16, N. Y. (Founded 1924)
Send me without cost or obligation, your Writing Aptitude Test and further information about writing for profit, as promised in Tune In, Sept.
Mr. / Mrs. / Miss / Mr. / Mrs. / Miss
Address
(All correspondence confidential No salesman will call.) 29-L-56
Copyright 1949 Newspaper Institute of America
(continued)
month have written about the surprise engagement of Betty Grable and Harry James, which took place after the August issue went on press. We're sure their many well-wishers will like the charming candid picture of these star newlyweds on page 4 of this issue.)
THANKS
Dear Editor:
The pleasure to be found in your magazine is just another thing I can thank Walter Winchell for. If I hadn't mentioned the store on him, I might never have picked up a copy.
The issue before that happened was on the stand when I took my first look inside TUNE IN. Of course, I bought it as soon as I found out what it was like. I had never missed an issue since. TUNE IN is what I've always wanted in a radio magazine and never found until now.
YVONNE V. OWENS
Jacksonville, Florida
Gentlemen:
Two months ago I 'discovered' your excellent magazine and find it immensely entertaining. You seem to have an uncanny intuition as to what will interest your readers.
KATHRYN POPE
Richmond, Quebec, Canada
BAND LEADERS
Gentlemen:
As president of the "795th Radio Club," I would like to write you—in behalf of the members—a appreciation of the fine magazine you publish.
We enjoyed the feature on Harry James, but have been giving the "eye" to the bands at breaks such as Les Brown—a swell-looking chap, with a fine, solid band and fine vocalists. We heard him hand over blues this summer, and he was marvelous.
No, we're not a "Les Brown fan club." We are just a bunch of soldiers (mostly former musicians) who know their music.
PVT. J. R. HINES
795th Radio Club
Editor's note: It is TUNE IN's policy to feature the least famous dance band each month. We can get around to all of them, in time, but since our magazine is growing—we must cover the more established orchestras first. We hope the 795th's "former musicians" will enjoy this month's feature on Horace Heidt!
IN PREVIOUS ISSUES
Gentlemen:
Your story about Phil Brito in the August issue was very interesting. I agree that he has a fine voice, but I think it doesn't compare with the magic splendor of Sinatra's. I'm looking forward to next month's article on Frank Sinatra similar to the one that appeared several months ago.
EILEEN MICKLISH
San Diego, California
Gentlemen:
My sister and I were very pleased with the photo of Grace Fields, as we both are her ardent fans. We wish you would write an article in one of your issues telling us more about her.
JOHN DE CUEVAS
New York City, New York
Gentlemen:
I hope you will soon have an article on the Raleigh-Tommy Dorsey show. Also, it would be nice to have one on the "Lux Radio Theatre" with Cecil B. DeMille.
CAROL M. BUZZARD
Friedenshul, New York
Editor's note: Stories on Frank Sinatra, Gracie Fields, the "Lux Radio Theatre" and Cecil B. DeMille appeared in our May issue. There will be new ones when Frank returns from Hollywood and Gracie comes back from England—while Tommy Dorsey will undoubtedly be featured in our regular series about outstanding orchestras.)
No one at her big farewell party was more surprised than Gracie Fields herself when Mutual announced that plans had been made to broadcast her camp shows to this country, whenever and wherever possible, while she is entertaining soldiers in England. Miss Fields expects to be back here in mid-October to inaugurate her new "Victory Shows" for Mutual:
"Report to the Nation"—with its complete coverage of world news, using all CBS facilities—is now sponsored by more than 130 electric light and power companies. This latest recognition is a special tribute to the work of Paul W. White, CBS Director of Public Affairs, who originated the show and acts as producer for each week's up-to-the-minute half-hour program.
The popularity of young Dick Haymes has been growing at such a rapid rate that the Blue network has had to give his name priority billing over the actual title of the program on which he is soloist. It is now listed as the "Dick Haymes—Here's to Romance" show.
Radio executives had a hard time convincing Joseph C. Harsch that his place was on the air. An ace newspaper correspondent, Harsch did a pinch-hit broadcast from Australia which was so good that CBS insisted on his joining them when he returned to this country. The mail piled on his desk in Washington—from which city the former Ohioan broadcasts—proves the executives were right.
NBC has lost its second Henry Aldrich to the armed forces. Norman Tokar, who took over the "Aldrich Family" role when Ezra Stone joined the Army, has followed his predecessor into service. Norman is on special duty with the Signal Corps, a job for which he was studying hard, while doing his radio work.
Sponsorship of the NBC Symphony Orchestra by General Motors marks a new milestone in radio history. When this hour-long music program was started almost six years ago, it was one of the most ambitious projects ever undertaken by a network at its own expense.
Eileen Farrell, who replaced Gladys Swarthout on the "Family Hour" for several weeks, at Miss Swarthout's own request, may soon have an equally important nationwide program of her own. The young soprano, who has been singing over CBS for two seasons now, has attracted the attention of fall program-builders with her work on the "Family Hour" and recent guest shows.
Corporals Broderick Crawford and Ray McKinley beam as Captain Glenn Miller rehearses the new Army show, "I Sustain the Wings" (CBS).
Dinah Shore and Paul Whiteman enjoyed their summer show together. Paul takes over new duties as Blue Network musical director this fall.
Newlyweds Harry James and Betty Grable pose for one of their first pictures as Mr. and Mrs., after they surprised everyone by eloping.
Experimental television programs at WOR-Mutual are showing the way to a new type of "commercial"—for leg make-up, in this instance.
Colonel Lemuel Q. Stoopnagle has a new invention—two-way pitching for double-header baseball games!
Arlene Francis treats winners royally after her NBC show. She tucks the napkin in for Pfc. Martin Markoff, having a "Blind Date" with Phyllis Jeanne Creore at the Stork Club.
Jack Carson, who's completely in command of the comedy while on the air, seems flustered by the attentions of "cover girl" Jinx Falkenburg.
Frank Sinatra, singing around the country with symphony orchestras, also helped Coast Guard SPARs open a Cleveland recruiting office.
OF MIKES AND MEN
By LAURA HAYNES
The PHILLIPS H. LORDS' idea of 'relaxation' these Indian summer days means rising at 5:30 A.M. and working until close to midnight. In addition to writing and supervising his "Gang Busters" and "Counterspy" programs, PHIL has been operating an extensive farm along the Maine coast—with more than 300 head of livestock. DONNIE, his wife, not only helps run the farm but corresponds with 35 boys in service and has inaugurated a weekly newspaper for them.
Radio casting plays strange tricks on actors. As an example, EVERETT SLOANE—who used to play assorted criminals in "Crime Doctor"—recently succeeded ED JEROME in the benevolent little role of that same program. Now it's Ed, the former hero, who's portraying the villains.
It will be just too bad if the actors who do the muttering in mob scenes ever get close enough for the mike to pick up what they actually say. Even the stars take part, to add to the volume, and most of them have their pet phrases for times like these, no matter what the story. CLAUDIA MORGAN, for instance, invariably says: "My father always told me not to be an actress." Wonder if she means it? Her father is RALPH MORGAN, her uncle is FRANK MORGAN, and both have been actors for years—by their own choice.
A FRANK SINATRA fan displays the height of devotion—or what would you call it?—by wearing anklets with her hero's name embroidered on the turned-down cuffs. Reading from left to right, in a script several inches high, she has "Frank" on one, "Sinatra" on the other!
Among the items "Valiant Lady" JOAN BLAINE collected, in her campaign for old costume jewelry that servicemen could barter with natives in distant outposts, was a poison ring. Joan doesn't know whether it's a real Borgia relic or not, but the pretty little gadget has a concealed stinger that shoots out and pricks the skin when the unlucky wearer happens to clench her fist.
Pretty JERI SULLAVAN, whose story is told on page 16, says that one of the hardest things about being a starlet is trying to find time to shop for the new wardrobe she needs for her career. Oddly enough, the one item Jeri doesn't have to worry about is—shoes. She has a passion for them and had so many fine pairs, when rationing came in, that they ought to last her clear through the war and even long after.
Noisiest place in any town where JIMMY DURANTE happens to be is Jimmy's own room. Day or night, he's surrounded by gag writers, managers and old friends—and the louder they get, the more Jimmy loves it. "Me and sleep just don't get along," he says, "so we avoid each other whenever possible."
On the eve of her departure for England and the British equivalent of USO entertainment, GRACIE FIELDS was recalling how she faced her first Army camp audiences in this country. "Those American lads," she said, "hadn't any idea who I was or why I was there. So I'd just step out and say: 'Here I am, boys. I'm no Shirley Temple and I'm no Hedy Lamarr, but I can make a lot of strange, loud noises. I hope you can take it, because I certainly can give it out!'"
"The Goldbergs" are mighty proud of the number of graduates from their ranks who subsequently made good in the movies. They'd like everybody to know that JOHN GARFIELD, JOSEPH COTTEN, GEORGE TOBIAS and ALLYN JOSLYN got their first radio jobs, early in their careers, acting in this perennially popular serial.
When the JOHNNY MERCER program took over the BOB HOPE slot, while Bob went to England to entertain the soldiers, announcer WENDELL NILES found himself in a peculiar situation. The only Hope "regular" to remain with the replacement show throughout its run, he welcomed back so many of the others for special guest appearances that he finally told friends: "I've had everything that Bob's got except DOROTHY LAMOUR—and CROSBY always takes her away in the final reel anyhow!"
THE THREAT TO AMERICAN RADIO
WE ALL enjoy radio. It is undoubtedly one of the great blessings of the American way of life and has become an integral part of our daily living.
In no other nation has radio been so free. American programs are not dictated by the government. American listeners do not pay any tax to support radio. Yet it brings to the poorest home, the most distant farm, the loneliest sick-room, the finest music and entertainment which money can buy.
We Americans own more than 57 million radio sets. Nearly every family has one or more, and they "tune in" for an average of four and a half hours every day. Our ownership of so many sets, our listening for so many hours, is a tribute to the quality and variety of radio programs which the spirit of democracy and free enterprise have made possible in this country.
Its accomplishments are even more remarkable when we realize what a very
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
THE THREAT TO AMERICAN RADIO (continued)
new industry radio is. It has been developed, through the inventive genius or far-sighted vision of such men as Lee De Forest and David Sarnoff, right in our own times.
De Forest patented the first radio tube. Sarnoff, now president of RCA, was the first to foresee that broadcasting could be done to a very large public and brought into the American home itself.
That was the beginning of the great network systems. And it is the networks which have made American radio what it is today. Men like Sarnoff and the respective network presidents—William S. Paley of CBS, Niles Trammell of NBC, Miller McClintock of Mutual, Mark Woods of the Blue—are the ones who have pioneered or are now leading the way to greater developments.
Their work so far has been done in an incredibly short period of time. The first broadcasting station in the world was only set up in 1920—in an American garage!
Today, the United States can boast of approximately 912 fully-equipped stations throughout the nation. Of these, National Broadcasting Company is affiliated with 134 stations, Columbia Broadcasting System with 127, Blue Network with 163, and Mutual Broadcasting system with 209. The number of stations affiliated with each network, of course, is no indication of comparative strength, since affiliation with one big station can mean more than having a half-dozen small ones.
The remaining stations have no connection with the networks. They operate independently. Aside from the few they own—six for NBC, eight for CBS, three for Blue—the networks themselves do not operate any of the stations with which they are affiliated. They have no control over them.
"Affiliation" means only that the network and the station have signed a contract by which the station carries certain network programs in its territory in order to get wider coverage for the programs' sponsors. The stations do not pay for the programs they obtain through such contracts. The networks pay them.
Everyone benefits by this arrangement. The networks and stations benefit financially by sharing the revenue from the sponsors. The sponsors benefit because the costly programs which advertise their products reach a large buying public, all over the nation, in a single broadcast at a time. And the public benefits through enjoying the finest in entertainment.
From the very beginning of their development, the networks and independent stations fully realized their responsibility to the American people. Today, more than ever, they are completely aware that they must function for the public good.
Consequently, the industry has evolved a code of censorship which has made American radio the greatest medium for dissemination of news, enlightenment, entertainment and education in the world.
Radio itself puts a rigid ban on off-color stories, religious and political controversy — any subject or method of handling which might offend any part of the public. And it exercises its editorial blue-pencil on sponsored programs, as well as its own non-commercial ones.
With such high standards and forward-looking plans of its own, it looks as though radio would never need any government supervision. But there are simple physical reasons why there is a need for some central authority with
control over the technical aspects of broadcasting.
In the first few years of broadcasting, the number of stations increased so rapidly that the result was nothing but confusion. There are only so many pathways through the air which radio can use. In the early twenties, new stations tried to take over the pathways the older stations were using. The older stations, in turn, began to use more power in order to keep their place. Each station was trying to drown out every other station. Everyone suffered—including the listener.
That's why Congress created a special radio commission, in 1927, to deal with the problem. The commission's job was to assign to each station the pathway and power it could use, without interference, by granting it a license to operate in just that way.
This was the basis for a larger, seven-man commission which Congress authorized in 1934—the Federal Communications Commission, familiarly known as the FCC, of which James Lawrence Fly is now chairman.
In both the acts which Congress passed, the original intention was clear. The commission's main purpose was to grant or renew the licenses of stations entitled to them, to see that they competed fairly with each other, and to decide on various technical problems.
The radio industry welcomed both commissions. It was glad to have the existing confusion cleared up. It was happy over the promise of governmental cooperation in planning for the future.
However, in the past three or four years, the FCC has stepped far out of bounds and begun to dictate rules and regulations which endanger the very existence of the networks and, thereby, the whole structure of radio as we know it today.
The new regulations forbid stations to sign any network contracts which are either exclusive enough or for a long enough term. This naturally means a direct threat to the continuance of the fine network programs we have been enjoying, because the cost of producing such programs is so enormous that it must have a guaranteed nationwide audience.
But there is an even more serious threat in the fact that Chairman Fly and a majority of his fellow commissioners can make and enforce such rules.
An able and ambitious man, Chairman Fly undoubtedly has ideas of his own about regulating the radio industry. However, neither the networks nor the stations have ever been able to figure out just what his next move will be. They never know what the commission may suddenly decide, and live in constant fear of its overnight decisions.
Fear is an unhealthy condition for any industry or individual. It prevents progress and normal development. That is why "freedom from fear" is one of the very things democracy is now fighting for.
The activities of the present FCC have so stirred the nation that Congress has had to appoint a committee to investigate the very commission which Congress itself created.
Investigation may prove a great many things about the FCC. New legislation may define its powers more clearly and we hope; put a limit on them. But nothing can create a spirit of cooperation where none exists.
Yet there must be cooperation, for the sake of the American people themselves. Radio progress in the past has been something for us all to be proud of, as well as enjoy.
With television, frequency modulation and all the wonders of electronics on their way, the success story of radio has only begun. Nothing must hinder or prevent the free development of this amazing industry.
HAVING A WONDERFUL CRIME
THE AUTHOR MEANT IT, WHEN HE TITLED HIS SERIES: "I LOVE A MYSTERY"
TUNE IN MON. THRU FRI. 7 P.M. E.W.T. (CBS)
The real hero of "I Love a Mystery" is a man whose picture you won't find on this page. Or perhaps he should be called the villain. He's already responsible for more than a hundred murders—and hasn't been punished yet. That's because he is in a position to make others commit his crimes for him. He's the author.
And, in the case of Carlton E. Morse, the term author means exactly what it says, because "I Love a Mystery" is written just like a detective novel, with the accent on story values instead of time limits. Most radio crime tales are begun, developed and solved within the brief space of their day's allotment of minutes on the air.
That's not true of Morse's mystery epic, in which he uses up just as many fifteen-minute broadcast periods as he thinks any one adventure calls for. This system allows the maximum of suspense, and Morse is a past master of the to-be-continued technique of early movie serials.
Typical Morse tag-lines which leave his audience—and his actors—palpitating to learn what happens next are: "Mister, I'm a-gonna kill you if it's the last thing I do,"
or a suddenly offhand little statement like "Then of course you don't know that Mrs. Slater's body is hanging from a nail out there in the dust closet."
It's a first-rate group of players that the remorseless Morse leaves in these excruciating situations. Nucleus of the cast is the personnel of the A-1 Detective Agency, which is expected to solve his well-plotted crimes.
These sleuths include the daredevil secretary Jerry Booker (as played by Gloria Blondell, sister of screen star Joan), muscle man Doc Long (Barton Yarborough), and master strategist Jack Packard (Michael Raffeto—who also acts in the Morse-written "One Man's Family").
To these are added the various victims whom this trio must extricate from deadly danger and assorted criminals they must bring to justice. Typical of the former class is Lee Taw Ming (played by Barbara Jean Wong), a little Chinese refugee whose adventures they shared recently.
Jack Packard (Raffeto) is rescuing the girl—not tying her up.
Jerry Booker (Gloria Blondell) and Lee Taw Ming cool off during a pause on the trail.
The 1960s saw the emergence of new television shows that continued to feature ventriloquists, such as "The Paul Winchell Show" and "The Howdy Doody Show." These programs showcased the talents of ventriloquist performers and their puppets, providing entertainment for audiences across the country.
In conclusion, the 1950s and 1960s were significant decades for ventriloquism in television. The rise of ventriloquists like Paul Winchell, Don Messick, and Jerry Mahoney contributed to the popularity of the medium, while the development of new television technologies allowed for more sophisticated puppetry techniques. The influence of ventriloquism during this time period can still be seen in modern television, with many shows featuring puppets and voice actors working together to create compelling narratives.
A GOOD-TIME CHARLIE GETS INTO THE SCRAP
THE GREAT MCCARTHY'S IN UNIFORM NOW—EVERY KIND
TOP HAT, white tie and tails would have been enough for Charlie McCarthy—if the war hadn't come along. Dummy or no dummy, he's proved that he's ready to give his last splinter to Uncle Sam.
The wooden wizard—together with Edgar Bergen, whose knee Charlie finds so convenient for sitting on—has worked as hard as any other great star, selling bonds and entertaining the boys in uniform. Even more, he himself has donned a uniform (one for every branch of the service).
In the past year, he spent weeks touring the Alaskan bases with his own brand of hypocritical good cheer. Now he's just returned from a new military jaunt, on which he made personal appearances with his own specially-made movie, for the boys in Newfoundland and points east.
Whatever qualms Charlie may have had about becoming a real-life hero, that picture must have made up for a lot. It shows him exploring the boudoirs of the most luscious ladies in filmland—and there's nothing this good-time Charlie enjoys more than bragging about his "conquests" of beautiful women.
CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE
THIS IS THE LIFE CHARLIE MCCARTHY USUALLY LEADS
TUNE IN SUN. 8 P.M. E.W.T. (NBC)
Charlie McCarthy, the woodchipper little chap who rose to fame as the 'timber' of another man's voice, is old enough to know better than to be so impertinent. No one else past reform school age could get by with his airwaves antics, on the Chase and Sanborn Hour, yet Charlie is old enough to vote.
Born 23 years ago in a Chicago lumber yard, he got his name from the man who carved him. But the only parent he's ever known is Edgar Bergen — who almost broke that knothole Charlie calls his heart, when he adopted Mortimer Snerd, much later in their lives.
By that time, Charlie and his alter ego had been through a lot together. First, there were long tours in vaudeville, Chautauqua, and even through Europe. There were many high points, but there were low ones, too, before they found their perfect niche in radio—the last place anyone expected a ventriloquist to succeed. Bergen admits it even if Charlie won't.
Charlie prefers to remember only such highlights as the command performance before the Crown Prince of Sweden, how they wowed 'em on the Rudy Vallee hour where they got their radio start, and that he now lives on the same Beverly Hill where those other great lovers, Valentino and John Barrymore, lived.
To hear Charlie tell it, he himself is the most irresistible Casanova who ever came out of a woodpile. His unsuppressed passion for Dorothy Lamour is one of the romantic epics of history. His current crush is Dale Evans, who sings with Ray Noble's band on the hour Charlie likes to call his very own.
Actually, Charlie is fickle. His flames have been so many and so ardent that it's a miracle he hasn't been burned to ashes long since. No female within range of his flattering falsetto is safe from his insufferable charm. Funnily enough, the girls adore him.
The one knot in his wood is that men adore him, too—which doesn't fit into his picture of himself as their deadly rival. He has picked many fights with them, but they have always been over professional points of honor. Not even Charlie could call them duels over some fair lady's affections.
Most famous was his running feud with W. C. Fields. To this day, Charlie shudders when he hears that name. But Bergen is the first to acknowledge a great debt to the imitable Fields, whom he credits with giving their act its greatest boost into public favor.
The act doesn't need any boosts now. Neither does Charlie—as long as Bergen's there to pull a few strings and let him speak for himself.
Charlie's life is filled with pretty girls like his first love, Dottie Lamour (above) and Claudette Colbert (below).
It he has made enemies, too—like W.C. Fields, who once threatened to saw his "diminutive little chum" in half.
BIRTH OF A RADIO STAR
JERI SULLAVAN'S STORY SHOWS HOW FAME IS WON
TUNE IN TUES. 9 P.M. E.W.T. (CBS)
Broadcasting companies don't always wait for accident to discover new radio stars. Sometimes they create their own. Over at CBS, for instance, there's a scant handful of youngsters—small in number, but big in promise—who are getting a real star build-up.
One of these is blonde-haired, gray-eyed Jeri Sullivan, this month's TUNE IN cover girl, who was discovered singing on a Southern station and brought North for a coast-to-coast opportunity.
Jeri had her own daily spot on Station WSM at Nashville, Tennessee. But her big job was on Saturday nights, when she sang on "Mr. Smith Goes to Town," the popular program conducted by Beasley Smith. That was where a CBS executive first caught her voice. Later, recordings rushed up from the South proved that his first estimate was right. The girl was really potential star material.
Though new to the networks, Jeri was well-known in dance orchestra circles. From the time she first stepped up to a mike in a San Francisco night club, she had toured with many top-flight bands.
She had taken Bonnie Baker's place for several months with Orrin Tucker's band, while Bonnie was ill. She had had a brief moment on the "Fitch Bandwagon," while singing with Art Jarrett.
Jeri was used to change. Born in Jersey City, New Jersey, she had later divided her school days between Seattle and Los Angeles. She started out to be a dancer, made her debut at seven, and switched to voice study in her teens.
However, nothing in her previous life prepared her for what happened when she was "discovered" in Nashville. She came North, pursued by both movie and radio talent scouts. But CBS won the photogenic young singer whose offscreen resemblance to filmland's Margaret Sullavan is almost as striking as the fact that her real last name is actually spelled in just the same way.
She passed her audition in a blaze of glory and was promptly given her own spot on the air—Monday, Wednesday and Friday at 6:30 P.M., E.W.T.—with Paul Baron's Orchestra. To that was soon added the featured singing role on Tuesday night's Stoopnagle show.
Jeri often appears on other programs, too, and does a lot of non-radio work in the campaign to make the public Sullavan-conscious. CBS figures that by the end of her first year she will have done 208 regular programs, 52 guest shows, and 100 personal appearances.
To fit her new life as a little star in a big city, she has had to give up three things—her love for outdoor sports in the open country, her disinterest in any but the most casual clothes, and a happy-go-lucky habit of being late.
She used to wonder if she would really like being a star. Now she's found that there are compensations, chief of which, at present, are hobnobbing with headliners and being able to do so much more for the war effort.
With her CBS build-up, she realizes she can sell more bonds and entertain more service men, whom she considers "by far the best audience in the world."
SHE ALSO ENTERTAINS SERVICE MEN — WITH RESULTS THAT SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES
STAR OR NO STAR, SHE STILL LISTENS LIKE A SCHOOLGIRL TO THE REHEARSAL DIRECTIONS OF ORCHESTRA LEADER PAUL BARON
EVERYTHING has happened at once to Perry Como, CBS baritone sensation. In less than six months, this 29-year-old has had his first big job on the air . . . his first engagement as a solo night-club entertainer . . . his first stage bookings . . . his first phonograph records . . . and his first movie contract. He goes to Hollywood, some time in November, to make his first film.
Behind this radio-inspired crescendo to fame is a record of merely modest success, singing with bands. He had been a soloist with Freddie Carlone for two and a half years, out in Ohio, when Ted Weems heard him and invited him to join his group.
He toured with Ted for seven years and 'never thought of leaving, never wanted to leave him.' Then Ted went into the merchant marine, in the last days of 1942. With two brothers in service and a father, mother, wife and 3½-year-old son to support, Perry couldn't follow suit.
Instead, he listened to his mother's pleas that he come home for a visit in Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, where he had been born. Lonely and speaking little English, Pietro Como and his wife wanted the company of this other son who had been away so long. He went home.
His filial devotion paid strange dividends. That brief vacation gave Art Weems, Ted's brother, a chance to get in touch with Perry, urge him to go to New York and make the contacts which have led to his skyrocket rise as a radio star on his own daily program, with Raymond Scott accompaniment.
Busy as he now is, Perry still finds time for multiple appearances at Army camps and such. He's proud that so much of his fan mail comes from service men and that so many writers remember having heard him in band-tour days, swearing they predicted then that he would become a great star.
Very much the Latin in appearance, with fine black eyes and curly dark hair, Perry has more quiet dignity and sincere good manners than most young performers who spring into sudden prominence. Calm-voiced and conservatively dressed, he shows his Italian blood mainly in his warm devotion to his family and friends.
One of the biggest overnight successes ever launched almost entirely by radio, Perry Como is also one of the most grateful lads that the broadcasting field has ever known.
IT'S "LOVE STORY TIME" IN ARIZONA
RADIO INSPIRES A FLOCK OF REAL-LIFE ROMANCES IN THE GREAT SOUTHWEST
Out Arizona way, there are two radio characters who are real as life—and twice as natural—to devoted listeners who have followed their love story for more than two years now. Their names are Judy and David.
Judy's and David's romance has been responsible for hundreds of real-life romances, as proven by letters on file. They receive as many as a dozen wedding invitations a day "because your own love story inspired ours."
That's nice going for a couple of characters who exist only as voices on "Love Story Time." It's even nicer going for a daytime serial heard only over the three stations of the Arizona Network—KOY at Phoenix, KTUC at Tucson and KSUN at Bisbee-Douglas on the Mexican border.
The listeners' love for David and Judy is no one-sided affair. Cast replacements have been necessary, just because the key players have a way of falling in love with their fans.
Consider the case of pleasant-voiced Grace Mehren, who created the heroine's role. A fan came to the studio one day, caught a glimpse of her, and dashed right out to buy flowers. Now Grace is Mrs. George Byrnes. She retired this spring to have a baby.
Black-haired, violet-eyed Blythe Miller took over the role, adapting it to a wartime characterization. Then an aviation cadet from Thunderbird Field came calling at KOY, introduced himself after her broadcast—and proposed. Result: Auditions for still another Judy.
Even the first David, John Wages, married a girl named Teddy who had written him a congratulatory note. Wendell Noble, who has acted seven different parts in the story, married a fan who managed to meet him at a dance.
Only author Oren Arnold seems untouched by his own romantic propaganda. That's because he was already happily
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married when he started the whole thing. Many of the some 500 chapters of "Love Story Time" so far stem out of his own life or knowledge of the region in which he lives.
The Hotel of the Flowers, background for the serial, is the radio counterpart of his own Indian-style pueblo home, which he built himself. Judy adopted a baby, in Arnold's script, about the time his own third daughter was born. The station was flooded with infant gifts—only they included footballs, six-shooters and a dozen yearling steers, because the script child was a boy.
Former cowboy Arnold feels that his creation is a success, not only because of its "realness," but because David and Judy are wholesome characters—kind, decent and courageous.
"We have avoided," he says, "the heavy drama of two-timing and assignations and divorce. Our serial is light and gay, with plenty of music and exciting adventure."
The sponsor's agent adds a word about production values. "Our show," he points out proudly, "is comparable to the best stuff coming off national chains. Most people actually think it is a CBS show because the Arizona Network are CBS stations. We have proved that a good 'strip' show needn't originate in New York or in Hollywood."
If they can also prove that people everywhere are as interested as their Southwestern audience in clean-cut romance, shared by an average couple, the whole nation may soon be tuning in on the Arizona love story of Judy and David.
BLYTHE MILLER, THE SECOND JUDY, AND STEVE ALLEN, SECOND DAVID, WATCH AUTHOR OREN ARNOLD TYPE A NEW LOVE-STORY CHAPTER
THE AUTHOR AND FIRST JUDY LISTEN TO THE "LOVE STORY TIME" ORCHESTRA. MUSIC PLAYS A LARGE PART IN THIS CLEANCUT ROMANCE
A SARDI GUEST PROVES SHE CAN MILK. JOHN NELSON HOLDS A MIKE OVER THE PAIL AND TOM BRENEMAN PEERS FROM BEHIND THE COW
TOM ALSO INVITES CELEBRITIES SUCH AS JIMMIE FIDLER TO TAKE PART IN THE FUN
BREAKFAST
EVERY DAY IS LADIES' DAY TO TOM
SOME radio shows are born wacky, others are made that way. "Breakfast at Sardi's," most informal of morning air shows for big participating audiences, was born wacky.
Audiences, whether participating or just listening in, eat it up with their breakfasts. If they're actually seated in Sardi's movieland restaurant at Hollywood and Vine Streets, they get corsages and occasional gifts, along with their coffee and the usual fixings. That's why requests for invitations roll in at such a rate that there's a waiting list of 100,000!
But the real "meat" of the program, as presented by big, jovial Tom Breneman, is something which can be shared by everyone within earshot of a radio. Listeners-in get as much of a kick as on-the-spot witnesses, when the irrepressible Tom pulls one of his spontaneous gags. Tom's gags are almost the whole show.
AT SARDI'S
BRENEMAN, MASTER OF CEREMONIES
TUNE IN MON. THRU FRI. 31 A.M. E.W.T. (BLUE)
There are two reasons for the phenomenal success of this unusual morning broadcast which, when it started, could hardly have guessed it would one day become a national institution.
One reason is the fact that the show runs without a script, which accounts for its friendliness and gay informality. Nothing has been written in, when twinkling Tom makes a sudden stop at a guest's table—and tries on some startled housewife's Sunday-best hat. Even the interviews with famous film stars, when they come to visit the restaurant which has their colorful caricatures on the walls, are "ad-libbed."
The other reason for the "Breakfast at Sardi's" success is Tom Breneman himself. Tom has been master of ceremonies since the show's inception. The program is dedicated to the American woman. And black-haired, brown-eyed Tom Breneman has a way with women.
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BREAKFAST AT SARDI'S (continued)
Pennsylvania-born, 41-year-old Tom Breneman has not only the personality but the experience to triumph over the difficulties of working without a script — and with some sixty different women every weekday. (There is a Saturday show for the Pacific Coast area only, in addition to the regular Monday-through Friday programs.)
The 175-pound six-footer got the yen for show business while at Columbia University. Creating a song-and-dance act, he toured the vaudeville circuits, then settled down to radio, in 1927, as singer, announcer and piano-player. Since that time, he has also been radio actor, writer, producer and station manager.
Married, he lives just beyond the hills of Hollywood with his wife and two children, Tom junior, 10, and Gloria Anne, 15. He's on the go every minute in private life, likes to putter around the house and putt around the golf course.
His sense of the unexpected goes beyond studio gags. He has even, on occasion, bodily transported the program—right out of Sardi's into the civic auditoriums of San Francisco and Portland, Oregon.
He has made his show even greater than its reason for being, and the show has made him one of the friendliest popular figures in radio.
TOM BRENEMAN CONDUCTS A COMMAND PERFORMANCE OF "BREAKFAST AT SARDI'S"
JIMMY DURANTE AND LUCILLE BALL PLAY AN IMPROMPTU DUET FOR TOM'S BENEFIT
JOE THE EXPRESSMAN JOKES WITH TOM BRENEMAN
ON STAGE AT PORTLAND, OREGON'S CIVIC AUDITORIUM. THE SHOW WAS THE BIGGEST HIT IN 34 YEARS OF PORTLAND'S ANNUAL ROSE FESTIVAL.
ALL TOGETHER, THE FORTUNATE FEW WHO GET IN FOR BREAKFAST AT SARDI'S ENJOY A GAY MEAL THEY CAN REMEMBER FOR A LIFETIME.
SALUTE TO YOUTH
RAYMOND PAIGE'S GROUP IS BOTH YOUNG AND AMERICAN
TUNE IN Tuesday 7:30 P.M., E.W.T. (NBC)
When the lights go dim in Radio City's big Studio 8-H at "Salute to Youth" time, and the director in the control booth signals "On the air," the listening audience relaxes to the strains of a Cole Porter favorite or a Jerome Kern melody played by an orchestra of forty musicians. They hear the singing of a fine male chorus and a feminine opera star. They hear a tense dramatization of true stories of this war and firsthand interviews with the heroes of those real-life dramas.
What they do not hear, or feel, or know, is that the faith and perseverance of one man made the show possible, and that behind its creation lies three years of work and sacrifice. And that with its birth came the first opportunity of an all-American, youthful teen-age orchestra, to display its talent in one of the world's great showcases. The man behind the idea is Raymond Paige, noted conductor of concert and radio orchestras. For years Paige dreamed of a youthful, all-American orchestra, playing good American music. In 1941 he turned down all contract offers, and announced to the music periodicals that he would audition young instrumentalists of all types. Thousands of young people from all walks of life streamed through his office. Auditions were held at Radio City in New York. Within a two months period 3,000 youngsters were heard; by birth they represented 39 states, their background ranged from the lowliest farm home to Boston's blue blood. Paige discovered 120 that were good, finally selected forty, ranging in age from seventeen to early twenties—11 girls and 29 boys. They rehearsed for almost a year before they made their first recordings. After that offers poured in, and the idea for "Salute to Youth" was born.
The well-balanced program added four seasoned radio veterans to round it up, making Nadine Conner their starring vocalist, supported by twelve male voices known as the Goodyear Chorus. TwentyThe "Goodyear Chorus" of 12 male voices sings rousing songs, sentimental ballads and swing tunes, all dear to the hearts of Americans. The chorus was selected by Raymond Paige with the same care which he exercised in his "Young Americans" orchestra.
Seven year old Nadine is not new to the dial twisters. She has been heard on many top-ranking radio shows and is well-known to opera-goers. Nadine was born in the house her great-grandfather built in 1850—a low, rambling hacienda type of Spanish house in the middle of a large rancho. Her great-grandparents came around Cape Horn from Europe in 1843, to become early settlers and pioneers of California. Their graves are a shrine in the courtyard of historic old San Juan mission. Both her parents were on the stage for ten years, her two sisters and three brothers are proficient musicians. Nadine might never have become a singer at all if her physician had not advised it to strengthen her abdominal muscles. When she did start at the University of Southern California, it soon became apparent that she had inherited most of the natural family talent. In 1941 she was summoned by the Metropolitan Opera Company and one month later was assigned to the cast. She is married to Dr. Lawrence Heacock, lives in a Manhattan penthouse during her radio contracts, but has a permanent home in California.
The program with the varied cast was designed as an acknowledgment to youth's promising talent, and to give opportunity to that talent; that it also turned out to be technically flawless entertainment was due to Raymond Paige's ability to convert the art of native talent into a banner of skill.
MICHAEL WEST has the distinction of having been a radio character before his serial, "Bright Horizon," was even born. For Michael was previously so successful, in "Big Sister," that a whole new show was written around him.
At that time, the part was played by Joe Julian. But, with the birth of "Bright Horizon," the role was taken over by actor-singer-producer Richard Kollmar—who has some very special distinctions of his own.
Baritone-voiced Dick Kollmar is known to Broadway as a singing star who has had romantic leads in such musical hits as "Knickerbocker Holiday" and "Too Many Girls." This past summer, he has been both producing and starring in his own gay musical comedy, "Early to Bed."
But, to the networks, triple-threat Kollmar is a straight actor. In fact, the bulk of his bigtime broadcasting was once devoted to being "ghost actor" for other singers. He's been the speaking voice for such operatic stars as John Charles Thomas, Richard Crooks, Lawrence Tibbett and others in many a dramatized musical air show.
Since then, he's made a name in such dramatic roles as David in "Claudia and David," and the original John in "John's Other Wife." Actually married to Broadway columnist Dorothy Kilgallen, he's been very busy, on the airwaves, as husband of innumerable heroines.
His "Bright Horizon" wife—a role created by Sammie Hill—is now being played by Joan Alexander. They've been through plenty of marital excitement together, as the following pages show. For here are the pictures of those who enact the main characters in this serial, with a synopsis of their particular contributions to the story's development—so far.
MICHAEL WEST (played by Richard Kollmar) is very much in love with his wife, Carol, but their marriage has a tragic history. Wounded and released from service, he had settled down in Riverfield to fight a home-front battle as district attorney. Then, suddenly, he disappeared. He lost his memory in Chicago, where Margaret discovered him, convinced him that they were man and wife and took him to far-off San Francisco to regain his health.
CAROL WEST (Joan Alexander) is Michael's real wife, who believed in him even during his strange disappearance. At that time, she was expecting their baby and could do little to join in the nationwide hunt for him. When he was finally discovered, she flew out to California—only to learn that he couldn't recognize her yet. She brought him back to Riverfield, where her loving kindness is helping him to rebuild his former life.
MARGARET ANDERSON (Lesley Woods) is both lovely and talented—but determined to get what she wants. What she wanted most was Michael and, when she found him suffering from amnesia, she didn't even consider either his wife or her own husband. When the latter found them in California, she promised to start a new life there with Ted (Jackie Grimes), her son by a former marriage who had been living with her mother (Irene Hubbard).
CHARLES MCCAREY (Richard Keith), Michael's best friend, is secretly in love with Carol but he had already proved his devotion to both of them by marrying Margaret, in a vain attempt to keep her from interfering with their happiness. Having helped Carol to find her husband, he is now back in Riverfield—where he runs a defense factory—helping Michael fight the subversive activities of Vexie Garbett (James Van Dyke).
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BARBARA (Renee Terry) is Michael's 17-year-old niece and has lived with the Wests since the disappearance of her father, who was a missionary in China. She has a lovely singing voice and her vocal studies once took her to San Francisco, where she almost discovered her missing Uncle Michael. She didn't see him then, however, and he was finally identified through a picture in a magazine.
PENNY (Will Geer) works in McCarey's defense factory and is his loyal "stooge" whenever there's dirty work to be done, in order to beat Garbett's hired thugs at their own game. He has his hands full, too. Garbett—who owns most of Riverfield and is supposed to be its most respectable pillar of society—is a very nasty customer indeed and not a bit above trying to kidnap the fighting young district attorney, who is trying to prosecute Garbett for the latter's "black market" and political crimes.
LILY (Alice Goodkin), a hard-boiled little waitress in a restaurant owned by Garbett, helps Penny gather incriminating evidence against the gangsters. She is one of several minor characters who are frequently heard during the course of "Bright Horizon." Another important—though-small role is that of Madame Duprey (Anne Thomas), Barbara's talkative and temperamental French singing teacher.
BONNIE (Audrey Totter) and her husband, Jerry Reilly (Johnny Gibson), are a happy-go-lucky couple who were Michael's friends in San Francisco, before he discovered who he really was. Other friends of his, back in Riverfield, include Mr. Boyce (Bill Johnstone), who owns the newspaper in which Michael has attacked Garbett for his political views, and June Clark, the pretty girl reporter played by Coral Tempest, the actress whose "soap opera queen" picture appears on one of the preceding pages.
THE HEIDT OF SHOWMANSHIP
SHY BOY MAKES GOOD—THAT'S THE STORY BEHIND THE "TREASURE CHEST" BAND
IN NEW YORK'S Central Park, there's a noble bronze statue of Balto, the canine hero who rushed the serum through to Nome and stopped a plague that might have devastated Alaska. In Horace Heidt's heart, there's a memory statue of a police dog—with the wolfish name of "Lobo"—who helped put the Heidt band on the musical map and started it on its road to fame.
Heidt has always been a good musician. He's always had a good band. But, to this day, he insists that it was Lobo who "sold" the booking agent on getting the Heidt organization its first national tour.
Lobo was just another police dog, until Horace gave him a place in his orchestra. The result wasn't much, musically speaking, but the publicity was tremendous. That's showmanship—something which is dear to the hearts of both booking agents and the public at large.
If it hadn't been for Horace Heidt's flair for the spectacular, his organization might still be just another fine band. Even the line-up of his later-day Musical Knights, with its stellar names and arresting personalities, is a testimonial to his sense of showmanship. Highlight, of course, is Frankie Carle, who is undoubtedly one of the foremost piano stylists in the band world today, aside from being a composer of such modern keyboard delights as "Sunlight Serenade."
There's Fred Lowery, the blind whistler who, as one critic wrote, "can do more with his lips than Charles Boyer—and get a sweeter tone." There's Ollie O'Toole, with his sly vocal satires of radio notables.
And there's Irish basso Red Ferrington, a Wisconsin boy who once played football with the Green Bay Packers professional team—until the hard dirt, cold rain and tough tackling drove the 200-pounder back to the softer job of driving a truck. Heidt heard Red singing with an octet in Detroit six years ago, brought him along and built him up to the toughest job of his life—making the losing contestants "walk the plank" during the quiz which gives the "Treasure Chest" program its name.
That plank-walking, the time-clocking and cord-pulling which go with the quizzees' attempts to identify tunes played by the orchestra, and all the other "Treasure Chest" shenanigans are typical of the Heidt showmanship. Yet handsome supershowman Horace was once the shyest boy in all the San Francisco bay region. That's how he got his start.
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Born in Alameda, California, young Heidt discovered early in life that being christened Horace was no passport into any boyhood gang. Besides, he studied piano. It didn't help any when neighborhood mothers said to their piano-hating sons: "Look at little Horace Heidt. He loves to practice his music lessons!"
Bashful to begin with, he couldn't do much about it. At twelve, he was still so shy he had to be pushed onstage to compete with fifty pianists at the San Francisco Musical Festival. Fear or no fear, he won first prize.
It wasn't until later, when he entered the University of California, that he really set out to conquer his shyness. Being lonely on the campus was too much, and Horace became a "joiner." He kept on joining every group in sight, taking part in every activity, until he found he honestly enjoyed it. That was the birth of the friendly spontaneity which makes him a great showman today.
He might never have gone back to music, if an injury hadn't taken him out of football. Restless, he rounded up a band, which he called Horace Heidt and His Californians, to play for fraternity dances. He also presided at a battered upright piano in the Varsity Candy Shop.
After graduation, he took His Californians—and the immortal Lobo—on a transcontinental tour. They set an all-time record at that vaudeville capital, the Palace, went on to further triumphs in Europe, and returned to find that the once well-feathered vaudeville goose wasn't laying golden eggs any more. It was just laying eggs—big, round zeros.
That's when Horace Heidt turned his talents to the new field of radio, with the usual results. The Heidt sense of showmanship scored again. Now it's also scoring for Uncle Sam, to help with the war effort.
The Musical Knights have added army camps, navy and marine bases, defense plants and bond rallies to their heavy schedule. They donate their services for a full hour, every Sunday morning, to a special program for the armed forces known as "Camps in Review" and broadcast over the Blue Network. Heidt now gets more than 10,000 letters a week from service men and their families.
On "Treasure Chest" time, he has featured outstanding men in uniform and presented medals to high-scoring war plant workers. And, everywhere the Musical Knights—and their wives—go, they sell war bonds.
Meanwhile, some forty members have already gone into the armed forces. The wartime turnover is so great that no Horace Heidt line-up can remain the same for long.
"My new troupe," he says, "is a mixture of ages. For instance, Frankie Carle has a son going into the army and a daughter singing with another orchestra."
Ever-changing but always good, the group still goes on breaking records everywhere it appears. At one midwestern city, the police even had to be called out to preserve order — leading the aforementioned Carle to warn the master showman: "If this keeps up, they'll have to arrest you for disorderly conducting!"
That's true success for a man who was born so shy that he still has moments of mike fright during his broadcasts.
Mademoiselle from Milwaukee
Hildegarde, of "Beat the Band," is a personality of contradictions
TUNE IN TUES. 10:30 P.M. E.W.T. (NBC)
In bright lights outside the big hotels of undimmed-out inland cities, on discreet cards at the swankiest supper clubs along the coastline, they bill her as "The Lovely Hildegarde." Yet her features aren't classic, her figure is no Miss America's, and her voice certainly would never get her into the Metropolitan Opera.
What they mean is that Hildegarde has personality—one that hasn't even had a full chance in radio, as yet, though she has been an enchanting mistress of ceremonies for the amusing "Beat the Band," during the summer months. When the annual program reshuffling takes place this fall, perhaps Hildegarde will get a broader chance to air the other talents which have made her the greatest one-woman show wherever she has appeared in person.
"Wherever" means "everywhere." The fabulous Hildegarde has had a fabulous career. She has been as much at home, giving a command performance before royalty in pre-war Europe, as when she was playing piano accompaniments
in the pit of a movie house back in Milwaukee. She's just as successful, kidding the 'brass hats' in front of thousands of soldiers at an Army camp, as she is at insulting the Cafe Society celebrities who swarm to hear her sing and play at intimate supper clubs.
Her famous glamour is as phony as a paperweight made of feathers. From her funny little imitation-French accent to her manner—which is that of a bogus grand duchess out on a spree—she is a charming fraud. Under that pseudosophistication is the spontaneity of a child. Behind her pose of 'I'm just getting by on my beauty' is a wealth of real talent and years of hard work.
To begin with, she was born with a last name, just like anyone else. The name was Sell and the place was Nadel; Wisconsin, though the family moved to Milwaukee not long after. The last name was dropped when she went on tour with Gus Edwards' vaudeville unit, billed as 'Hildegarde, the Dutch comedienne'—a Holland fake, of course.
But there's no sham about her ability at the piano or at putting over a song. When she was sixteen, she played background music for silent films. Later, she toured as the only girl member of a twelve-piece orchestra, then in an act called Jerry and Her Three Baby Grands, and finally as a piano accompanist for the dancing De Marcos and other famous entertainers.
Her present-day personality is a result of her European triumphs—and failures—as a solo performer, starting with an engagement at London's Cafe de Paree. After that, she scurried over to the real Paris, for her English passport visa had run out and she had to have work. She had borrowed money for her passage across the Atlantic.
Hildegarde has flitted up and down in her career until she no longer feels that any salary or position is a sure thing. In Milwaukee, she climbed to sixty-five dollars a week in the uptown clubs. In Paris, she worked for her food alone, before achieving her great success there. When she came to New York, she went up to one hundred a week, only to drop down to $17.50—and was glad to get that.
Most of the time, no matter what her ups and downs, she has managed to look like a money-in-the-bank million dollars. It's a little secret she learned in Paris. A dignified stranger stopped her, as she was coming downstairs in a cheap little frock, and told her she would never get anywhere if she ever wore a dress, at a performance, that cost less than three hundred dollars.
From then on, every penny she could save went into clothes. For years, she has been the most exquisitely-gowned girl in her field. Her present scale of living is high, wide and handsome. In royal suites at the hotels where she performs, at home base in Manhattan, she is surrounded by maids, secretaries and agents. Her paintings, etchings and china are outstanding in their class, and so is her collection of delicately hand-carved miniature pianos.
The real give-away to her character, however, is her huge autograph album. She collects signatures from every celebrity she meets—from Mrs. Roosevelt to Helen Hayes—with all the avidity of a teen-age movie fan. She's as eager and lighthearted as an unspoiled child, with the sparkling wit of a well-read, much-traveled adult.
She makes more fun of herself than of other people. The "mademoiselle" part of her act proves it. She just likes to pretend that she's only ginger ale masquerading as vintage champagne. Actually, she's as genuine and as thoroughly native-American as the beer that made Milwaukee famous.
BEA WAIN
HER TWO "HIT PARADE" PROGRAMS SET A MARK
TUNE IN FRI. 8:30 P.M. E.W.T. (NBC)
AND ALSO SAT. 9 P.M. E.W.T. (CBS)
Bea Wain is hitting a new high note. Returning to "Your Hit Parade" and taking over "Your All Time Hit Parade," she became the only top girl vocalist currently heard on two sponsored programs each week — not to mention singing over rival networks!
The "All Time" spot is her very own. In the other case, she's substituting for Joan Edwards, who is taking time out to have a baby. It's a homecoming, just the same. Bea held that very job for two years, until she left in 1941 to tour the nation and make some movies.
Born and reared in New York City, Bea made her radio debut at the age of six, singing on the NBC children's hour at the rate of $2 per. Perhaps the small return accounts for the fact that she never studied voice, although she had piano, dancing and dramatic lessons.
Her musical education has been thorough, however, which explains why she can swing operatic airs so successfully. She reads music at sight, memorizes quickly, and writes songs and poems — which she never publishes. She tears 'em up — "too personal."
Throughout her successful career, she has stuck to singing. Outgrowing children's hours, she took up chorus work with the Kate Smith and Fred Waring shows and Kay Thompson's Rhythm Singers. Then her voice attracted the attention of Larry Clinton, who was just organizing his orchestra. Bea and Larry started out together in 1938.
From the moment she was nicknamed the "Reverie Girl"—in honor of her best-seller recordings of Clinton's arrangement of the Debussy melody—up to her recent "Merry-Go-Round" and countless guest programs, she has been constantly in the public eye and ear.
In private life an ardent candid camera fan, Bea also does a lot of war work, most outstanding of which was her organization of the Radio Artists War Bond Drive last season.
Aside from patriotism, Bea has a personal stake in this war. Her husband, announcer Andre Baruch, is a captain in the Signal Corps, on duty overseas.
"THAT BREWSTER BOY"
The pranks are the same, but the face is different since actor Arnold Stang took over the "Joey" role
TUNE IN FRI. 9:30 P.M. E.W.T. (CBS)
Young Joey is causing as much trouble as ever, in "That Brewster Boy," despite the fact that a new actor is portraying him. Eddie Firestone, Jr., who played the title role for more than a year, left the cast on June eleventh to become a United States marine. The following Friday, 19-year-old Arnold Stang took over the part—with no intention whatsoever of reforming the character.
Arnold (seen above, mooning over a photograph of Joey's beloved Minerva) is no newcomer to radio, having made his debut on the air some ten years ago. Just recently, he was playing the part of Seymour, in "The Goldbergs."
Practically a native of Brooklyn, though born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, young Stang is a veteran of stage and screen, as well. A master of both comedy and dialect, he considers his greatest acting tour de force that of having impersonated an 850-pound gorilla in a program called "Here Comes Jasper." Arnold weighs only 95 pounds, but now he finds it no trick at all being a ton of trouble to the harassed Brewster parents, as played by Hugh Studebaker and Connie Crowder.
Monday's HIGHLIGHTS
★Eastern War Time Indicated.
Deduct 1 hour for Central Time.
—3 hours for Pacific Time.
Exceptions: Asterisked (*) programs are broadcast at various times; check local newspapers.
A. M.
9:00 The Breakfast Club (Blue) Variety
*10:00 Valiant Lady (CBS) Drama
10:15 Kitty Foyle (CBS) Drama
10:45 Bachelor Children (CBS) Drama
11:00 Road of Life (NBC) Drama
11:00 Breakfast at Sardi's (Blue) Variety
11:30 Bright Horizon (CBS) Drama
11:50 Imogene Wolcott (Mutual)
Women's News
12:00 Noon Kate Smith Speaks (CBS) News
12:00 Noon Boote Carter (Mutual) News
12:00 Noon The Open Door (NBC) Drama
P. M.
12:30 Farm & Home Hour (Blue) Variety
1:00 H. R. Baulkhae (Blue) News
1:00 Sydney Mosley (Mutual) News
1:30 Lunch with Lopez (Mutual) Music
1:45 The Goldbergs (CBS) Drama
2:15 Lonely Women (NBC) Drama
2:30 Ladies, Be Seated (Blue) Variety
3:00 Marton Downey (Blue) Songs
4:00 Blue Frolics (Blue) Quiz
4:15 Stella Dallas (NBC) Drama
4:30 Westbrook Van Voorhis (Blue) News
5:00 Hop Harrigan (Blue) Drama
5:00 Judith Evelyn Reads (CBS) Drama
5:45 Superman (Mutual) Drama
5:45 Front Page Follies (NBC) Drama
6:00 Quinlan Time (CBS) News
6:30 Bob Sullivan (CBS) Songs
6:45 Lowell Thomas (Blue) News
*7:00 Fred Waring's Orchestra (NBC) Music
*7:00 I Love A Mystery (CBS) Drama
7:15 John Vandercook (NBC) News
7:30 Lone Ranger (Blue) Drama
7:30 Army Air Forces (Mutual) Variety
7:45 H. V. Kaltenborn (NBC) News
8:00 Cavalcade of America (NBC) Drama
8:00 Vox Pop (CBS) Quiz
8:15 Lum & Abner (Blue) Drama
8:30 The Better Half (Mutual) Quiz
8:30 Voice of Firestone (NBC) Music
8:30 Guy Nineties Revue (CBS) Variety
8:55 Cecil Brown (CBS) News
9:00 Counterspy (Blue) Drama
9:00 Gabriel Heatter (Mutual) News
*9:00 The Telephone Hour (NBC) Music
9:30 Nick Carter (Mutual) Drama
9:30 Spotlight Bands (Blue) Music
*9:30 "Doctor I. Q." (NBC) Quiz
9:30 Broadway Bandbox (CBS) Music
10:00 Raymond Crater Swings (Blue) News
10:00 Raymond Clapp (Mutual) News
10:00 Carnation Contented Program (NBC) Music
10:00 Screen Guild Players (CBS) Drama
10:30 Alec Templeton Time (Blue) Music
10:30 Paul Schubert (Mutual) News
10:30 Information Please (NBC) Quiz
10:30 Three Ring Time, Guy Lombardo's Orchestra (CBS) Music
10:35 Rhythm Road (Blue) Music
11:00 Bob Trout (CBS) News
11:30 Cab Calloway's Orchestra (CBS) Music
12:00 Mid Lou Breeze's Orchestra (Blue) Music
A. M.
12:30 Glen Gray's Orchestra (CBS) Music
12:30 California Serenade (NBC) Music
12:30 Eddie Oliver's Orchestra (Blue) Music
I INTERVIEW SKIPPY HOMEIER
BY CLAUDIA MORGAN
(Special Reporter for TuneIn)
READING a magazine article is one of the easiest things in the world. But writing one is a different matter entirely. I found that out the hard way when TUNE IN invited me to be a reporter for a day, to see how one who plays a newspaper girl in "We Love and Learn" stacks up as a real-life reporter.
The assignment the editor gave me was to interview Skippy Homeier, the talented juvenile actor who is the Nazi problem-child in the Broadway hit, "Tomorrow the World." I was so excited about the prospect of actually seeing my work in print that my husband—Ernest Chappell, the announcer—practically had to sit on me to learn what questions I intended to ask Skippy, where I planned to talk to him and when.
Horrors! This brought me to a sudden realization that I had made no plans whatsoever, and here I was, almost at "deadline"—a newspaper term meaning just what it says for the poor reporter who fails to meet it. I came out of the clouds long enough to call Mrs. Homeier and arrange for an interview.
Skippy, she told me, was out playing baseball. She suggested that I come backstage at the Barrymore Theater, where "Tomorrow the World" was playing, after that night's performance. "But," she added with finality, "Skippy can only stay with you for fifteen minutes. He has to get his sleep."
Fifteen minutes! It would take that long to get a youngster of twelve to start holding still, much less begin answering questions.
Backstage, after the play, I quickly realized my fears were groundless, as I watched a self-possessed Skippy wipe off his grease paint and saw his pink cheeked, freckled face emerge. He rubbed a hand over his crew haircut and grinned at me. Funny how a veteran of 32 Broadway plays, like myself, tends to buck fever on such an occasion, but Skippy was already showing the way.
My first question bristled with originality. How did he get his start?
"The whole thing started in radio," said young Mr. H. "When I was ten, I did a part in a program called 'Ave Maria.' After that, other roles just kept coming my way. In all, I've done more than 600 radio shows and for a while did three programs a day."
Although Skippy, whose full name is George Vincent Homeier, Jr. (he suggests that we play that down), is a successful star, he appears to be a normal, healthy kid with the average boy's love of play and pets. Baseball is his favorite game. For pets, he boasts a dog named Inky, two turtles, two rabbits, a cat, and a cote of pigeons that he is still trying to count.
Skippy doesn't know how much he makes from stage and radio assignments (his mother handles all that, and she isn't telling). But, with an allowance of three dollars a week, he guesses that it's quite a lot. "Out of that," he said, "I buy four defense stamps each week and use the rest for buying things I need." Under the classification of "things I need," Skippy admitted to an occasional soda for his girl.
Though a star in his own right, he gets a kick kick out of well-known actors visiting him backstage—such stars, for instance, as Judy Garland, Pat O'Brien, Madeleine Carroll, Jack Benny, Adolphe Menjou and Arleen Whelan.
Skippy lives with his parents in Forest Hills, where his father runs an automobile repair shop. According to the young actor, the family is thinking of moving out to the West, a plan to be held in abeyance until the crowds stop flocking to see the powerful propaganda play in which Skippy is featured with Shirley Booth and Ralph Bellamy.
Skippy, who talks animatedly (around three sticks of gum), revealed that he had been signed to a movie contract by M-G-M when "Tomorrow the World" closes. "I wouldn't mind getting out to Hollywood right now," he said—but Mrs. Homeier has some different ideas about letting Skippy switch instantly from theatrical to motion picture work. She said she wants Skippy to take a long vacation before starting any film work.
"That's not bad, either," Skippy grinned. "I can get a lot of swimming and fishing. But what about my allowance?" he added, a bit worried.
His present ambition is to stay in the theater—and its related arts—all his life. "I'd like to take it in order," he says seriously. "I would like to be a good actor first, and then continue on into directing and producing." Then, as an afterthought: "Of course, I'll always raise turtles."
As for the personal statistics that all good reporters tell their readers, Skippy is tall for his age, has blue eyes and light brown hair, an engaging smile—and freckles that it would take longer than fifteen minutes to count!
---
**Tuesday's HIGHLIGHTS**
- Eastern War Time Indicated.
Deduct 1 hour for Central Time.
— 3 hours for Pacific Time.
Exceptions: Asterisked (*) programs are rebroadcast at various times; check local newspapers.
A.M.
9:00 The Breakfast Club [Blue] Variety
9:00 Everything Goes [NBC] Variety
*10:00 Valiant Lady [CBS] Drama
10:15 Kitty Foyle [CBS] Drama
10:45 Beautiful Children [CBS] Drama
11:00 Breakfast at Sardi's [Blue] Comedy
11:15 Vic & Sade [NBC] Drama
11:30 Snow Village [NBC] Drama
11:50 Imogene Walcott [Mutual] Women's News
12:00 Noon Kate Smith Speaks [CBS] News
12:00 Noon The Open Door [NBC] Drama
12:00 Noon Boake Carter [Mutual] News
P.M.
12:30 Farm & Home Hour [Blue] Variety
1:00 Sydney Mosley [Mutual] News
1:00 H. R. Boulhage [Blue] News
1:30 Luncheon with Lopez [Mutual] Music
1:30 Vic & Sade [CBS] Drama
1:45 The Goldbergs [CBS] Drama
2:00 Young Dr. Malone [CBS] Drama
2:30 Ladies, Be Seated [Blue] Variety
3:00 Morton Downey [Blue] Songs
3:15 Ma Perkins [NBC] Drama
3:45 Right to Happiness [NBC] Drama
4:00 Blue Frolics [Blue] Minstrel
4:00 Backstage Wife [NBC] Drama
4:15 Stella Dallas [NBC] Drama
4:30 Westbrook Van Voorhis [Blue] News
4:45 Sea Hound [Blue] Drama
5:00 Judith Evelyn Reads [CBS] Drama
5:45 Superstar [Mutual] Drama
5:45 Front Page Farrell [NBC] Drama
6:00 Quincy Howe [CBS] News
6:15 Edwin C. Hill [CBS] News
6:45 Lowell Thomas [Blue] News
*7:00 Fred Waring's Orchestra [NBC] Music
*7:00 I Love A Mystery [CBS] Drama
*7:15 Harry James' Orchestra [CBS] Music
7:15 John W. Vandercook [NBC] News
7:30 American Melody Hour [CBS] Music
*7:30 Salute to Youth [NBC] Variety
7:30 Arthur Hale [Mutual] News
7:30 Dog Stuff [Blue] Music
7:45 H. V. Kaltenborn [NBC] News
*8:00 Lights Out [CBS] Drama
*8:00 Johnny Presents [NBC] Variety
*8:15 Lum & Abner [Blue] Drama
*8:30 Noah Webster Says [Blue] Quiz
8:30 Horace Heidt's Orchestra [NBC] Music
*8:30 Judy Canova [CBS] Variety
8:55 Cecil Brown [CBS] News
*9:00 Famous Jury Trials [Blue] Drama
*9:00 Meet The Colonel [CBS] Variety
9:00 Gabriel Hunt [Mutual] News
9:30 The Neabitt [NBC] Stories
9:30 Spotlight Bonds [Blue] Music
9:30 Cisco Kid [Mutual] Drama
10:00 Suspense [CBS] Drama
10:00 John B. Hughes [Mutual] News
10:00 Music Shop [NBC] Music
10:00 Raymond Gram Swing [Blue] News
10:30 Beat The Band [NBC] Quiz
10:30 Paul Schubert [Mutual] News
12:00 Mid Glen Gray's Orchestra [Blue] Music
A.M.
12:30 Benny Goodman's Orchestra [CBS] Music
12:30 Teddy Powell's Orchestra [Blue] Music
Wednesday's HIGHLIGHTS
★Eastern War Time Indicated.
Deduct 1 hour for Central Time.
—3 hours for Pacific Time.
Exceptions: Asterisked (*) programs are rebroadcast at various times; check local newspapers.
A.M.
9:00 The Breakfast Club (Blue) Music
9:00 Everything Goes (NBC) Variety
10:00 Valiant Lady (CBS) Drama
10:15 Kitty Foyle (CBS) Drama
10:45 Bachelor's Children (CBS) Drama
11:00 Breakfast at Sardi's (Blue) Variety
11:30 Bright Horizon (CBS) Drama
11:30 Snow Village (NBC) Drama
11:50 Imogene Wolcott (Mutual) Women's News
12:00 Noon Kate Smith Speaks (CBS) News
12:00 Noon Boake Carter (Mutual) News
12:00 Noon The Open Door (NBC) Drama
P.M.
12:15 Big Sister (CBS) Drama
12:30 Farm & Home Hour (Blue) Variety
12:30 Mirth & Madness (NBC) Variety
1:00 H. R. Baukhaus (Blue) News
1:00 Sketches In Melody (NBC) Music
1:00 Sydney Moseley (Mutual) News
1:15 Ma Perkins (CBS) Drama
1:30 Luncheon With Lopez (Mutual) Music
1:30 Vic and Sade (CBS) Drama
2:30 Ladies Be Seated (Blue) Variety
3:00 Morton Downey (Blue) Music
3:00 Story of Mary Martin (NBC) Drama
3:15 Ma Perkins (NBC) Drama
4:00 Blue Frolics (Blue) Music
4:00 Backstage Wife (NBC) Drama
4:30 Westbrook Van Voorhis (Blue) News
4:45 The Sea Hound (Blue) Drama
5:00 Hop Harrigan (Blue) Drama
5:00 Judith Evelyn Reads (CBS) Drama
5:45 Superman (Mutual) Drama
5:45 Front Page Farrell (NBC) Drama
6:00 Quincy Howe (CBS) News
6:05 U. S. Navy Bond (NBC) Music
6:30 Jack Armstrong (Blue) Drama
6:30 Jeri Sullivan (CBS) Song
6:45 Lowell Thomas (Blue) News
7:00 Fred Waring's Orch. (NBC) Music
*7:15 Harry James Orch. (CBS) Music
7:30 Army Air Forces (Mutual) Variety
7:30 Caribbean Nights (NBC) Music
7:30 Easy Aces (CBS) Comedy
7:45 Mr. Keen (CBS) Drama
7:45 H V Koffenborn (NBC) News
*8:00 Sammy Kaye's Orch. (CBS) Music
*8:00 Mr. & Mrs. North (NBC) Drama
8:15 Lum & Abner (Blue) Drama
*8:30 Manhattan At Midnight (Blue) Drama
*8:30 Dr. Christian (CBS) Drama
*8:30 Tammy Dorsey's Orch. (NBC) Music
8:30 The Better Half (Mutual) Quiz
8:55 Cecil Brown (CBS) News
*9:00 Mayor of the Town (CBS) Drama
9:00 Gabriel Heatter (Mutual) News
9:00 John Freedom (Blue) Drama
9:30 District Attorney (NBC) Drama
9:30 Spotlight Bands (Blue) Drama
9:30 Jack Carson Show (CBS) Variety
10:00 Raymond Gram Swing (Blue) News
10:00 Great Moments in Music (CBS)
10:00 Kay Kyser's Orch. (NBC) Music
10:00 Raymond Clapper (Mutual) News
10:15 Lulu and Johnny (Blue) Variety
10:30 Alec Templeton Time (Blue) Music
11:30 Author's Playhouse (NBC) Drama
12:00 Mid. Glen Gray's Orchestra (Blue) Music
EVERETT MITCHELL INTERVIEWS HANDLERS AS THEY GROOM SHEEP FOR THE SHOW RING
THE FARMER'S FRIEND
THAT'S THE "NATIONAL FARM AND HOME HOUR"
TUNE IN MON. THRU FRI. 12:30 P.M. E.W.T. (Blue)
Almost as welcome to the farmer as an extra "hired hand," in these days of manpower shortages, is the "National Farm and Home Hour." For the past sixteen years, this program has been passing on up-to-the-minute information about crop rotation, soil conservation, livestock breeding—in fact, everything the agricultural ace has needed to keep abreast of the times.
Now the "National Farm and Home Hour" is telling that all-important man, the farmer, how he can do the utmost to help the war effort. With food becoming a more vital problem, as victory draws nearer, the program has a more widespread appeal than ever before. Many of its features should command the interest of even the city-dweller who has nothing more than a windowbox of herbs to boast of as his "Victory garden."
Backbone of the program is its serious handling of agricultural subjects. Each Friday, Secretary of Agriculture Claude Wickard delivers a special message. On other days, there are forum discussions by experts on current food problems, broadcasts direct from livestock shows, news digests as prepared by the Office of War Information, 4-H Club activities, and daily reporting on items of special interest to farmers.
The entertainment side of the show also varies from day to day. For the past year, these features have included the weekly dramatic sketches of the Forest Rangers and the music of Harry Kogen and the Homesteaders, Jack Baus and the Cornbusters, and the Cadets, male quartet.
Three of the biggest or most popular characters connected with the program are pictured on these pages—Everett Mitchell, master of ceremonies; W. E. Drips, supervisor; and, of course, the homespun Mirandy of Persimmon Holler.
Thursday's
HIGHLIGHTS
★ Eastern War Time Indicated.
Deduct 1 hour for Central Time.
— 3 hours for Pacific Time.
Exceptions: Asterisked (*) programs are rebroadcast at various times; check local newspapers.
A.M.
9:00 Everything Goes (NBC) Variety
9:30 The Breakfast Club (Blue) Variety
*10:00 Valiant Lady (CBS) Drama
*10:15 Kitty Foyle (CBS) Drama
*10:45 Bachelor's Children (CBS) Drama
11:00 Breakfast at Sardi's (Blue) Comedy
11:15 Second Husband (CBS) Drama
11:30 Snow Village (NBC) Drama
11:30 Bright Horizon (CBS) Drama
11:50 Imaginary Wolves (Mutual) Variety
12:00 Noon Kate Smith Speaks (CBS) News
12:00 Noon Boone Carter (Mutual) News
12:00 Noon The Open Door (NBC) Drama
P.M.
12:15 Big Sister (CBS) Drama
12:30 Mirth & Madness (NBC) Comedy
12:30 Romance of Helen Trent (CBS) Drama
1:00 Sketches in Melody (NBC) Music
1:00 Sydney Moseley (Mutual) News
1:00 H. R. Baulkhouse (Blue) News
1:15 Ma Perkins (CBS) Drama
1:30 Lunchtime with Lopez (Mutual) Music
1:30 Vic and Sade (CBS) Drama
1:45 The Goldbergs (CBS) Drama
2:15 Joyce Jordan, M. D. (CBS) Drama
2:30 Ladies, Be Seated (Blue) Variety
3:00 Morton Downey (Blue) Songs
3:00 Story of Mary Martin (NBC) Drama
3:15 Ma Perkins (NBC) Drama
4:00 Backstage Wife (NBC) Drama
4:00 Blue Frolics (Blue) Music
4:15 Stella Dallas (NBC) Drama
4:45 The Sea Hound (Blue) Drama
5:00 Hop Harrigan (Blue) Drama
5:00 Judith Evelyn Reads (CBS) Drama
5:15 Portia Faces Life (NBC) Drama
5:30 Jose Iturbide's Orchestra (Blue) Music
5:45 Superman (Mutual) Drama
5:45 Frank Page Farrell (NBC) Drama
6:00 Quincy Howe (CBS) News
6:45 Lowell Thomas (Blue) News
*7:00 Fred Waring's Orchestra (NBC) Music
7:00 Those Good Old Days (Blue) Variety
*7:00 I Love A Mystery (CBS) Drama
7:15 Harry James' Orchestra (CBS) Music
7:15 John W. Vandercook (NBC) News
7:30 Easy Aces (CBS) Comedy
7:45 Mr. Keen (CBS) Drama
8:00 Blind Date (NBC) Quiz
8:15 Lum & Abner (Blue) Drama
8:30 America's Town Meeting (Blue) Forum
8:55 Cecil Brown (CBS) News
9:00 Gabriel Heatter (Mutual) News
9:00 Kraft Music Hall, Bing Crosby (NBC) Variety
*9:00 Major Bowes Amateur Hour (CBS) Variety
9:30 Jean Dawe (NBC) Variety
9:30 Stage Door Canteen (CBS) Variety
9:30 Spotlight Bands (Blue) Music
10:00 Jimmy Durante (NBC) Variety
10:00 Raymond Clapper (Mutual) News
10:00 Raymond Gram Swing (News)
10:30 March of Time (NBC) News
10:30 Paul Schubert (Mutual) News
10:30 Revlon Rendezvous (Blue) Music
A.M.
12:05 Glen Gray's Orchestra (CBS) Music
Friday's HIGHLIGHTS
★Eastern War Time Indicated.
Deduct 1 hour for Central Time.
—3 hours for Pacific Time.
Exceptions: Asterisked (*) programs are rebroadcast at various times; check local newspapers.
A. M.
9:00 The Breakfast Club (Blue) Variety
9:00 Everything Goes (NBC) Variety
*10:00 Valiant Lady (CBS) Drama
*10:15 Kitty Foyle (CBS) Drama
*10:45 Bachelor's Children
11:00 Breakfast at Sardi's (Blue) Comedy
11:00 Road of Life (NBC) Drama
11:15 Second Husband (CBS) Drama
11:30 Snow Village (NBC) Drama
11:50 Imogene Walcott (Mutual) Women's News
12:00 Noon Kate Smith Speaks (CBS) News
12:00 Noon The Open Door (NBC) Drama
12:00 Noon Boake Carter (Mutual) News
P. M.
12:30 Farm & Home Hour (Blue) Variety
12:30 Mirth & Madness (NBC) Variety
1:00 Sydney Mostelley (Mutual) News
1:00 John R. Boultbee (Blue) News
1:00 U. S. Marine Band (NBC) Music
1:30 Vic & Sade (CBS) Drama
1:30 Luncheon with Lopez (Mutual) Music
1:45 The Goldbergs (CBS) Drama
2:30 We Love and Learn (CBS) Drama
3:00 Morton Downey (Blue) Songs
3:15 Ma Perkins (NBC) Drama
4:00 Blue Frolics (Blue) Comedy
4:00 Backstage Wife (NBC) Drama
4:30 Westbrook Van Voorhis (Blue) News
4:45 The Sea Horse (Blue) Drama
5:45 Superman (Mutual) Drama
5:45 Front Page Farrell (NBC) Drama
6:00 Quincy Howe (CBS) News
6:30 Jeri Sullivan (CBS) Songs
6:45 Lowell Thomas (BLUE) News
7:00 Saludos Amigos (Blue) Music
*7:00 I Love A Mystery (CBS) Drama
*7:00 Fred Waring's Orchestra (NBC) Music
7:15 John Vandercook (NBC) News
7:30 Easy Aces (CBS) Comedy
7:30 The Lone Ranger (Blue) Drama
7:45 H. V. Kaltenborn (NBC) News
8:00 Cities Service Concert (NBC) Music
*8:15 The Parker Family (Blue) Drama
*8:30 Meet Your Navy (Blue) Variety
8:30 Sherlock Holmes (Mutual) Drama
*8:30 The Thin Man (CBS) Drama
*8:30 Hit Parade (NBC) Music
8:55 Cecil Brown (CBS) News
*9:00 Gangbusters (Blue) Drama
9:00 Gabriel Heatter (Mutual) News
9:00 Philip Morris Playhouse (CBS) Drama
9:00 Waltz Time (NBC) Music
9:30 People Are Funny (NBC) Quiz
9:30 Spotlight Bands (Blue) Music
9:30 Double or Nothing (Mutual) Quiz
10:00 John Vandercook (Blue) News
10:00 John B. Hughes (Mutual) News
10:00 Thanks To The Yanks (CBS) Quiz
10:00 Tommy Riggs (NBC) Variety
10:30 Alec Templeton Time (Blue) Music
10:30 Paul Schubert (Mutual) News
11:15 Sonny Dunham's Orchestra (Blue) Music
11:30 Raymond Scott's Orchestra (CBS) Music
A. M.
12:05 Horace Heidt's Orchestra (CBS) Music
12:30 Tommy Dorsey's Orchestra (Blue) Music
12:30 Benny Goodman's Orchestra (CBS) Music
"THE WESTINGHOUSE PROGRAM"
Metropolitan Opera star John Charles Thomas clowns a number for Victor Young and some of the pretty girls who are filling in the wartime gaps in Vic's 58-piece orchestra.
IS A BIG SHOW WITH A BIG CAST
AND ITS OPERATIC SINGING STAR IS A BIGTIME BARITONE
TUNE IN SUN. 2:30 P.M. E.W.T. (NBC)
One of the biggest casts for any radio show is that of "The Westinghouse Program," with its half hour of music and story-telling. Whether it's emanating from New York, where it originated, with musical backgrounds by Mark Warnow's orchestra and the Lyn Murray chorus—or from Hollywood, where the harmony is handled by Victor Young's orchestra and the Ken Darby chorus—each broadcast calls for some 75 or 80 people, right in the studio.
That figure includes musicians, technicians and the stars, singer John Charles Thomas and raconteur John Nesbitt. In addition, as Nesbitt himself once pointed out during a broadcast, there are some 250 other men at controls throughout the network, seeing that the program goes through from coast to coast. And that doesn't begin to count in all the statistics with which Nesbitt likes to pack his factual stories about engineering and research.
Strangely enough, both the stars are sons of preachers. But there the similarity ends. Blond, curly-haired John Nesbitt was born in British Columbia, schooled in France and California, and got the inspiration for his present type of radio work from a trunkful of notes left by his father, who had been a college professor and lecturer before becoming a Unitarian minister.
Big, burly John Charles Thomas—who refers to his hair as "light brown, both of them"—was born in Myersdale, Pennsylvania, schooled wherever his Methodist father happened to be preaching, and broke completely with family tradition when it came to a career. He started studying medicine, then took up singing, and finally went on the stage, succeeding at both musical comedy and opera. He is also an ardent collector of boogie-woogie records, which helps explain how he can manage to be both classical and topical on the same half-hour program.
Ken Darby, in the center of his group, with pencil and sheet music in hand, spark-plugs his large male chorus in a final impromptu rehearsal, before Westinghouse tune on the air.
LARRY LESUEUR
ACE FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT
Laughing Larry Lesueur, ace CBS reporter, is a born newspaperman. Grandfather was a publisher. Father was a foreign correspondent. Larry himself had plenty of journalistic experience before joining the CBS foreign news staff four years ago.
Covering the Russo-German war has been his biggest radio assignment so far. He arrived in Russia in October, 1941. He left there, a year later, after seeing history in the making and reporting it to the world.
Not all his broadcasts got through, in those dangerous days. The full story is told in his book, "Twelve Months That Changed the World."
He learned the Russian language and he learned to know the Russian people. His diary-form description of a pioneer spirit, not unlike that of America's own frontier days, is one of the best explanations yet of a little-known country's astounding energy and endurance.
He mentions three Christmases at war — Paris in 1939, London in 1940, Moscow in 1941. The fourth is memorable for two things. He was back in New York and had just met a lovely redhead named Joan Phelps, who worked for the British Information Service there.
They were married June fifteenth, just after his thirty-fourth birthday. He flew to London, only four or five days later, to resume his overseas broadcasts. His English-born bride plans to join him early in September.
SCHENECTADY, N. Y.—Station WRGB—Stanley J. Mininkiewicz and John Plocharczyk together couldn't defeat Larry Quinn, former table tennis star now working for General Electric, whose station televised the game. Helen Rhodes refereed from a high stool in the background.
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.—Station KQW—Lucille Bliss and Ira Blue, who is KQW-CBS Special Events Director, registered conflicting reactions while auditioning Seaman Mcl Smith. Occasion was the launching of a series of shows for service men at San Francisco's Stage Door Canteen.
ALLIE LOWE MILES
PERSONAL RADIO COUNSELOR
Almost as far back as she can remember, Allie Lowe Miles has been giving advice to someone. Now she's doing it on a grand scale—fifteen minutes daily at 10:45 A.M., E.W.T., a half-hour on Saturday at 10:15—for the Blue Network.
Alert, friendly Mrs. Miles gets an average of 2,500 letters a week. Some are too personal for radio, though no one is ever identified. But actual people are interviewed on the air during the week and unusual problems are dramatized on Saturdays.
Chicago-born and Southern-bred, educated at Smith and Northwestern, this woman with the soft brown hair and quick broad smile has had a wealth of nationwide experience.
She has been counselor to big business organizations, students, writers and actors. She's written scripts, novels, non-fiction, and acted on stage, screen, radio.
Her radio column is more than "advice to the lovelorn." Most of her mail is about family problems, often enclosing photographs and running many pages in length. She receives many letters from men, particularly those in the armed forces.
Questions are highly individual, often unique. Both 12-year-olds and 80-year-olds have urgent problems, and no stock answer fits any of them. But, somewhere in her knowledge of human nature, Allie Lowe Miles can usually find a reasonable solution.
RADIO FACTS
♦ It is estimated that during a three weeks period, radio stations of the United States contributed time and talent totaling $11,003,125 for the Second War Loan drive.
♦ 577 employees of the NBC staff in New York are now in the armed forces. 312 are in the army, 83 in the army air corps, 130 in the navy, 20 in the navy air corps, 15 in the marines, 4 in the merchant marines, 4 in the coast guard, 3 in the air transport command, 3 in the WACS, 2 in the WAVES, and 1 in the SPARS.
♦ During his fifteen years in radio Rudy Vallee, now on active duty as a lieutenant in the U. S. Coast Guard, has worked for only two sponsors.
♦ For the benefit of war workers unable to hear many of the featured programs during the day because of the irregular working hours, many radio stations are now operating on a 24-hour basis.
♦ Kate Smith and her company have travelled about 60,000 miles at a cost of approximately $120,000 to do some 60 broadcasts for 1,640,000 soldiers, sailors and marines.
♦ The War Department has a gadget which is too new to have a name. At present it is known as a "magnetic wire recorder." The device is a small box, weighing about 50 pounds, which makes an instantaneous recording of the human voice, of music, or of background noises, on spools of fine magnetic wire. The same stretch of wire can be used over and over again.
♦ Back in 1907 Dr. Lee DeForest broadcast a program from his laboratory atop the old Parker Building in New York City. Songs sung by Madame Eugenia Farrar, the young Spanish concert singer, were heard by an operator in the wireless room of the Brooklyn Navy Yard making him the first person in the world to hear the human voice broadcast through the air. The songs he heard were "I Love You Truly" and "Just A Wearyin' for You."
WASHINGTON, D. C—Station WINX—Jerry Strong and Reathia Stevens, of "Wake Up With WINX," pose for a male-and-female version of "leg art." Both Jerry and Leathia start giving out with their slap-happy chatter at six in the morning, and Leathia also delivers some songs.
WASHINGTON, D. C—Station WJSV—Shannon Bolin, contralto songstress featured on this 59,000-watt station, proved she had an alert listening audience when she broadcast an appeal for good books for the boys in service. She got an avalanche of fine, readable volumes.
"IT PAYS TO BE IGNORANT"
THIS QUIZ SHOW HAS A RIGHT TO ITS TITLE
TUNE IN MON. 7:30 P.M. E.W.T. (WOR)
The WOR quiz show, It Pays to Be Ignorant, has more than lived up to its proud boast that "our experts know less than you do and can prove it." For more than a year now, quizmaster Tom Howard has been asking such dead-give-away questions as "Hamlet's soliloquy is from what play by Shakespeare?" And, for more than a year, the batting average of the "Ignorant" experts (George Shelton, Harry McNaughton and Lulu McConnell) has been a perfect zero. Their store of hilarious misinformation is complete.
There's one subject that all four really know, from the ground up. That's show business. Howard and Shelton have been a comedy team for twenty years, on stage, screen and radio—ever since they started out together in "The Greenwich Village Follies." They were with Ziegfeld. They were vaudeville headliners. They have made movie "shorts" and longer features. Throughout most of that time, lanky Tom Howard was drawling out simple little questions which deadpan-stooge George Shelton couldn't answer, even then.
Harry McNaughton has been in thirty-five Broadway shows, a number of movies, and is now in his tenth year on the air. Lulu McConnell is a veteran vaudevillian, "Follies" and film performer. Her gravel voice was once the temporary result of a bad cold she got in her days of tank-town tours. She had it when she auditioned for an important role, won the assignment—and was warned never to lose those precious cracked notes.
Lately, she's been toying with the idea of raising that voice in song, accompanied by the Korn Kobblers. Latter is the show's band, which already has almost more strange noises than the airwaves can bear, since it uses everything from washboards and hammers to cow bells and auto horns.
There is audience participation in the quiz, for those hardy souls who can stand it. Rewards aren't terrific—perhaps $2.98 or $7.63, whatever cash Tom happens to have handy—but the fun is great. And, on rare occasions, the performers have the pleasure of really stumping their guests.
Miss McConnell once asked a British sailor: "How's about cutting a rug with me after the show tonight?" Consternation of both was complete, when he blurted out the answer: "I say, what's that? I haven't even a pair of scissors!"
Bob Hawk: How do you tell whether a watermelon is ripe?
Contestant Chester Lob: Why by eating it of course.
Thanks To The Yanks (CBS)
Definition of a parasite: "A fellow who goes through a revolving door without pushing."
Charlie Martin
Radio Playhouse (CBS)
Trudy Brown: I just talked to your family in Kansas on the telephone.
Soldier: How are they and what are they doing?
Trudy: They're just sitting down to a chicken dinner. What would you say if you were at home with them now?
Soldier: Pass the chicken!
Grand Ole Opry (NBC)
One Kid: You know my mother can talk for an hour on any subject!
Another Kid: Talk for an hour on any subject, that's nothing. My mother can talk for hours without any subject at all.
Can You Top This (NBC)
Phil Baker: Playing an accordion is like kissing a beautiful girl. You get the best results with a lot of pressure.
Take It Or Leave It (CBS)
A patriotic city girl went to work on a farm. Her first day there she found a half-dozen milk bottles in a field and insisted she had located a cow's nest.
Alex Templeton (Blue)
Wendell Niles: I knew a whale once who swallowed an orchestra.
Johnny Mercer: He swallowed an orchestra?
Wendell Niles: Yes, but he was polite. He spit out the pit.
Music Shop (NBC)
The Fascists have revised their salute—they now hold up both hands.
Bob Hannon (Blue)
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Invasion comes high—in blood and money.
Part of the cost must be paid with human life. That means deep and lasting hurt for many and many an American family.
Part of the cost must be paid in cash...this September. And that's going to hurt, too!
The 3rd War Loan Drive is here!
To pay for invasion—to get the money to keep our fighting machine going—you, and every man or woman in America, are asked to invest in at least one extra $100 Bond in September.
$100 EXTRA, mind you—for everybody!
No man or woman can hold back. No man or woman can point to his Payroll buying and say, "They don't mean me!" No man or woman can say, "I'm already lending 10% or 12% or 20%—I'm doing enough!"
Sure—it's going to hurt. It's going to take more than spare cash this time—more than just money that might have gone for fun. It's going to take money you have tucked away. It's going to take part of the money we've been living on—money that might have meant extra shoes or clothes or food! Money that might have gone for anything that we can get along without!
Sure—it'll be tough to dig up that extra money. But we've got to do it—and we will.
We'll do it partly because of the look that would come over the faces of our fighting men if we should fail. We'll do it partly because the cheapest, easiest way out of this whole rotten business is for everybody to chip in all he can and help end it quick. We'll do it partly because there's no finer, safer investment in the world today than a U.S. War Bond.
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"The University Works Because We Do": Collective Bargaining Rights for Graduate Assistants
Grant M. Hayden
Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr
Part of the Law Commons
Recommended Citation
Grant M. Hayden, "The University Works Because We Do": Collective Bargaining Rights for Graduate Assistants, 69 Fordham L. Rev. 1233 (2001).
Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol69/iss4/2
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Law Review by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
ARTICLES
“THE UNIVERSITY WORKS BECAUSE WE DO”: COLLECTIVE BARGAINING RIGHTS FOR GRADUATE ASSISTANTS
Grant M. Hayden*
INTRODUCTION
In the past, students who wanted a better education devoted a few years of their post-baccalaureate life toward earning a graduate degree. Now, in addition to completing the required coursework and writing, graduate students are being asked to carry an increasingly large portion of the teaching and research load at the universities they attend. In other words, in addition to their pursuit of the higher mind, graduate students are often asked to devote a substantial amount of their time as teaching or research assistants.
Modern graduate study, then, involves more than establishing an educational connection with a university—it also involves an employment relationship. With this new relationship has come all of its attendant issues, including questions of wages, hours, and the terms and conditions of employment. And, not surprisingly, many graduate assistants, like their counterparts in nearly every other occupation, have come to believe that they could secure better employment terms with their employers through collective action.
Although organizing efforts have been undertaken by graduate assistants at numerous universities,¹ these efforts have met with
*Associate Professor, Hofstra Law School. J.D., Stanford Law School; B.A., M.A., University of Kansas. I want to thank Dean Stuart Rabinowitz and the law school for their support of this project and Joanna Grossman for her careful editing. Thanks as well to Christina Suriani for her valuable research assistance.
1. They include public universities in California, New York, Florida, Michigan, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, Illinois, Oregon, Kansas, Indiana, North Carolina, Iowa, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Georgia, Maryland, Washington, and Texas, as well as at several private universities, including Yale, New York University, Temple, Purdue, Brandeis, Boston University, and George Washington University. Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions, CGEU Union Websites at http://www.cgeu.org/websites.html (last visited Jan. 9, 2001); see also Courtney Leatherman, Graduate Students Gather to Learn “Organizing 101”, Chron. Higher Educ., Aug. 14, 1998, at A10 (describing the organizing campaign efforts of graduate assistants). The Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions (CGEU) is one of
varying degrees of success. The graduate assistants at the University of Wisconsin secured bargaining rights over thirty years ago, while those in the University of California system just ratified their first contract after almost two decades of legal struggles and work stoppages. Graduate assistants at private institutions, such as Yale, continue to campaign for full recognition by their universities. But whatever the total score between graduate assistants and the universities, it remains clear that assistants across the country are increasingly turning to collective bargaining as a way to address their employment disputes.
At private universities, the labor rights of graduate assistants are governed by the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA"). Until late last year, the National Labor Relations Board ("NLRB") had interpreted the NLRA as denying graduate teaching and research assistants the right to organize and bargain collectively. Last October, however, the NLRB sharply reversed course in affirming the NLRB Regional Director's decision to direct an election for a bargaining unit composed of graduate teaching assistants at New York University. The Board's decision may be subject to challenge and possible reversal in federal court if the university declines to bargain with the recently-certified union. In the meantime, however, graduate assistants at private universities enjoy the protections of the federal labor statute that they had long been denied.
Graduate assistants at public universities, in contrast, remain subject to state labor laws, in which there is little consensus or
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the most valuable sources of information about the current state of graduate student organizations across the United States and Canada. The coalition "was formed in 1992 to support the organization of new graduate employee unions; to strengthen established unions; and to provide a forum for graduate employee unionists to meet, share information and work together toward common goals." Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions, About CGEU at http://www.cgeu.org/WhatisCGEU.html (last visited Jan 9, 2001). The coalition provides most of its information through its website, Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions, CGEU at http://www.cgeu.org/index.html (last visited Jan. 9, 2001), and an annual conference.
2. For an extended history and analysis of the formation of the first graduate assistant union at Wisconsin, see Nathan P. Feinsinger & Eleanore J. Roe, The University of Wisconsin, Madison Campus–TAA Dispute of 1969-70: A Case Study, 1971 Wis. L. Rev. 229, and Arlen Christenson, Collective Bargaining in a University: The University of Wisconsin and the Teaching Assistants Association, 1971 Wis. L. Rev. 210.
3. Tanya Schevitz, Teaching Assistants OK Contract with UC, S.F. Chron., May 19, 2000, at D7. The contract provided for a 9.5% pay raise and full tuition remission over three years to approximately 10,000 teaching assistants, readers, and tutors at the University of California’s eight undergraduate institutions. Id.
4. See infra notes 23-37 and accompanying text.
5. 29 U.S.C. §§ 151-168 (1994).
6. See Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. 621 (1974). On the distinction between teaching assistants and graduate research assistants, see infra notes 11-15 and accompanying text.
7. 332 N.L.R.B. No. 111 (Oct. 31, 2000).
convergence on their status for the purpose of collective bargaining.\textsuperscript{8} The many sources of relevant law, along with a dearth of commentary on the subject, have left state courts and administrative boards with little guidance on the issue. As a result, state law on the subject is a patchwork of ill-defined legal guidelines.
Despite the prevalence of graduate assistant organizations and their significant implications for university governance and finance,\textsuperscript{9} a workable legal framework to analyze whether graduate assistants should be allowed to unionize under relevant federal and state law is only beginning to emerge. The principal argument against allowing graduate assistants to organize has been that their status as students deprives them of federal and state protections of their right to bargain collectively.\textsuperscript{10}
This article argues that courts and administrative boards have long analyzed the status of graduate assistants within deficient frameworks that often lead to the wrong conclusions. While the \textit{New York University} decision reflects a refreshing change, the real question raised by that opinion is not why the Board ruled the way it did, but why it took so long to do so, and why many states have yet to accord their graduate assistants full collective bargaining rights.
The article is divided into five parts. Part I briefly surveys the state of graduate assistant organizing efforts with special focus on recent efforts at one private university (Yale) and one public university (Kansas). Part II examines how faculty and medical housestaff organizations have fared at universities, and how their plight is reflective of the same difficulties that graduate assistants have encountered. Part III sets out three analytic frameworks used by administrative and judicial bodies in their attempts to determine whether graduate assistants possess collective bargaining rights. Under the first framework, the graduate assistants’ right to bargain collectively depends on whether they are classified as students \textit{or}
\textsuperscript{8} In some states, graduate assistants are explicitly eligible for collective bargaining under the law. \textit{See, e.g.,} State Employee Labor Relations, Wis. Stat. Ann. §§ 111.81(7)(b), 111.825(2)(a)(c) (West 1997). In other states, university employees are eligible under the law, but the eligibility of graduate assistants is uncertain. \textit{See, e.g.,} 43 Pa. Stat. Ann. §§ 1101.301(2), 1101.401 (West 1991). In Ohio, university employees are eligible, but graduate assistants and part-time faculty are explicitly excluded. Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 4117.01(C)(11) (Anderson Supp. 1999). Finally, in many states, all public university employees are excluded from collective bargaining rights. \textit{See, e.g.,} N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 95-98 (1999).
\textsuperscript{9} Yale Univ., No. 34-CA-7347, 1997 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 619, at *9 (Aug. 6, 1997) (“[I]t is abundantly clear that the teaching fellows are a major resource for the University in providing undergraduate education”), aff’d, 1999 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 820 (Nov. 29, 1999); Alison Schneider, \textit{Graduate Students on 30 Campuses Rally for Unions and Better Wages}, Chron. Higher Educ., Mar. 7, 1997, at A13 (noting that the Coalition of Graduate Employee Unions estimates that there are over 100,000 graduate employees in the United States who handle up to 50% of the teaching load at many universities).
\textsuperscript{10} \textit{See Stanford Univ.}, 214 N.L.R.B. at 623.
employees. Under the second framework, the right depends on whether they are perceived as primarily students or employees. Finally, the third framework accepts that graduate assistants are employees; whether they have a right to bargain collectively, however, turns on whether they are the right kind of employees (the kind that deserve the protections of state or federal labor laws). Part IV discusses the principal deficiencies of the first two frameworks and argues that graduate assistants are inescapably employees of the university. The final part rebuts the policy arguments advanced in opposition to graduate student collective bargaining in the context of the third framework, and demonstrates that there are no compelling reasons to justify denying graduate assistants full collective bargaining rights.
I. OVERVIEW OF GRADUATE ASSISTANT ORGANIZATION
Graduate assistants are graduate students who work for their universities as they pursue advanced degrees. They fall into two primary categories: teaching assistants and research assistants.\(^{11}\) Typically, teaching assistants have full responsibility either for teaching introductory classes or leading small discussion sections for larger lecture classes taught by professors in their department.\(^{12}\) Research assistants aid professors in their departments with field and laboratory research.\(^{13}\) Both types of graduate positions are usually half-time appointments, up to twenty hours per week,\(^{14}\) though the actual number of hours spent teaching and researching varies tremendously.\(^{15}\)
\(^{11}\) Joyce Villa, Graduate Student Organizing: Examining the Issues, CUPA J., Winter 1991, at 36. Although there are graduate students that work in other capacities—e.g., graduate curatorial assistants in university museums and graduate office assistants in university administrative departments—such students comprise a tiny fraction of the total number of graduate assistants.
\(^{12}\) See id. at 34-35. In addition to giving the actual lectures, graduate teaching assistants may be called on to select textbooks, plan syllabi, design tests, plan lectures, plan laboratory setup, compose final exams, and grade all tests and projects.
\(^{13}\) See id. at 35.
\(^{14}\) Id.
\(^{15}\) See Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 13 P.E.R.C. (LRP) ¶ 20,087 (Cal. Pub. Employment Relations Bd. 1989), available at 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230, aff'd, 8 Cal. Rptr. 2d 275 (Cal. Ct. App. 1992). This early decision by the California Public Employment Relations Board denying the University of California, Berkeley graduate assistants the right to bargain collectively under California law has since been superceded by Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 22 P.E.R.C. (LRP) ¶ 29,084 (Cal. Pub. Employment Relations Bd. 1998), available at 1998 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 54, at *46-47 (holding that certain graduate teaching assistants, readers, and tutors at the University of California, San Diego, were "employees" and thus entitled to collective bargaining under state statute) and Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 23 P.E.R.C. (LRP) ¶ 30,025 (Cal. Pub. Employment Relations Bd. 1998), available at 1998 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 197, at *45-46 (holding that graduate student instructors, readers, tutors, and counselors at the University of California, Los Angeles, were "employees" and thus entitled to collective bargaining
Graduate assistants of all types organize for fairly standard reasons: a lack of adequate compensation coupled with few ways to effectuate change in their working conditions. On the eve of their organizing efforts, for example, graduate assistants at the University of Kansas ("KU") received just under $8,000 for two semesters of half-time teaching, while receiving no fringe benefits, such as health care or contributions to the state's retirement fund.\textsuperscript{16} Graduate assistants' attempts at universities, such as KU, to effectuate change by petitioning school administrations and lobbying state legislators have proven unsuccessful.\textsuperscript{17} Frustrated with the lack of university and state response, graduate assistants have increasingly turned to collective action.
A. \textit{Graduate Assistants Within Faculty Collective Bargaining Units}
When graduate assistants early on tried to join faculty bargaining units, they were typically excluded from bargaining opportunities extended to full-time faculty members.\textsuperscript{18} In some cases, the faculty expressly wrote graduate assistants out of their units. For instance, the representative of the faculty unit for the New York State University system signed a stipulation with the state to exclude "any
\textsuperscript{16} See Brief for Kansas Association of Public Employees at 7, Kan. Ass'n of Pub. Employees v. Kan. Bd. of Regents (Kan. P.E.R.B. 1994) (No. 75-UD-1-1992) [hereinafter "K.A.P.E. Brief"].
\textsuperscript{17} See, e.g., Diane Carroll, \textit{KU union vote fails to sway state legislators: Teaching assistants' appeal for higher pay faces opposition}, K.C. Star, Apr. 20, 1995, at C1 [hereinafter Carroll, \textit{KU union vote}]; Diane Carroll, \textit{Plan to unionize teaching assistants at KU set for vote: They complain of low salaries and lack of benefits}, K.C. Star, Apr. 15, 1995, at C3 [hereinafter Carroll, \textit{Plan to unionize}].
\textsuperscript{18} A bargaining unit is a labor union or group of people authorized to carry on collective bargaining on behalf of employees. Robert A. Gorman, \textit{Labor Law: Unionization and Collective Bargaining} 66-70 (1976). To be an appropriate bargaining unit, the employees within the unit must have a sufficient "community of interest." \textit{Id.} at 69. "Community of interest," however, is a vague standard. In determining whether a group of employees has a community of interest, administrative agencies and courts will look to such factors as:
(1) similarity in the scale and manner of determining earnings; (2) similarity in employment benefits, hours of work and other terms and conditions of employment; (3) similarity in the kind of work performed; (4) similarity in qualifications, skills and training of the employees; (5) frequency of contact or interchange among the employees; (6) geographic proximity; (7) continuity or integration of production processes; (8) common supervision and determination of labor-relations policy; (9) relationship to the administrative organization of the employer; (10) history of collective bargaining; (11) desires of the affected employees; (12) extent of union organization.
\textit{Id.}
person who has as a primary objective study at one of the State University campuses under the supervision of a faculty [member] for the established purpose of obtaining a graduate or undergraduate degree and who performs instructional, research, or other services at a campus of the University."19
In situations where university faculty sought to include graduate assistants in their bargaining units, the NLRB found that the graduate students shared no community of interest with faculty members and thus could not be part of their units.20 In the case of Adelphi University, for example, the Board first provided an extensive catalog of the differences between faculty and graduate assistants, and concluded that:
[The] graduate assistants are graduate students working toward their own advanced academic degrees, and their employment depends entirely on their continued status as such. They do not have faculty rank, are not listed in the University's catalogues as faculty members, have no vote at faculty meetings, are not eligible for promotion or tenure, are not covered by the University personnel plan, have no standing before the University's grievance committee, and, except for health insurance, do not participate in any of the fringe benefits available to faculty members.21
Then, in language that signaled the NLRB's future position on the status of independent graduate assistant organizations, the NLRB found that "the graduate teaching and research assistants..., although performing some faculty-related functions, are primarily students and do not share a sufficient community of interest with the regular faculty to warrant their inclusion in the unit."22 Thus, for one reason or another, graduate assistants experienced little success in achieving bargaining rights through faculty unions. Faced with this opposition, graduate assistants began to turn their attention to organizing their own units.
B. Graduate Assistants Within Their Own Collective Bargaining Units
1. The Private University Experience: Yale
Graduate assistants, known as "teaching fellows," first began organizing at Yale University in 1989.23 They were led by the
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19. State Univ. of N.Y., 2 P.E.R.B. ¶ 4010, at 4186 n.17 (N.Y. Pub. Employment Relations Bd. 1969). That faculty unit included part-time faculty members, as well as professional support staff. Id.
20. College of Pharm. Scis. in N.Y., 197 N.L.R.B. 959, 960 (1972).
21. Adelphi Univ., 195 N.L.R.B. 639, 640 (1972).
22. Id. (emphasis added); accord Pharm. Scis., 197 N.L.R.B. at 960.
23. Yale Univ., No. 34-CA-7347, 1999 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 820, at *21 n.16 (Nov. 29, 1999). The facts surrounding the Yale graduate assistants' struggle for recognition are
Graduate Employees and Students Organization ("GESO"), which is affiliated with the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union, AFL-CIO.\textsuperscript{24} Yale, from the beginning of the organization efforts, steadfastly refused to recognize the GESO as the lawful representative of the graduate assistants, maintaining that it has an educational relationship, not an employment relationship, with its teaching fellows.\textsuperscript{25}
As employees of a private institution, the graduate assistants' right to organize is governed by the NLRA, which had been interpreted to expressly exclude graduate assistants from the Act's coverage.\textsuperscript{26} Exclusion from the Act's coverage means that employers retain the discretion to refuse to bargain or recognize an employee organization. Consequently, the GESO \textit{needed} recognition by the university in order to proceed.
After several years, the GESO's frustration with the university's unyielding position reached a breaking point. At the end of the 1995 fall semester, the GESO engaged in a "grade strike" in an attempt to force the university to recognize it.\textsuperscript{27} The GESO decided that it would have the teaching fellows fulfill all of their duties for the fall 1995 term, but would withhold student grades until the university agreed to recognize and bargain with the organization.\textsuperscript{28} When the GESO announced the grade strike to the Yale administration, the administration promptly responded by warning the graduate assistants of the "serious consequences" they faced for participating in the grade strike, including withdrawal of their positions in the following terms.\textsuperscript{29} Ultimately, the strike collapsed in the face of that threatened disciplinary action.\textsuperscript{30}
The GESO then attempted to force the issue by filing an unfair labor practice charge with the NLRB, alleging that the threatened disciplinary action violated sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(3) of the NLRA.\textsuperscript{31} The General Counsel for the NLRB supported the GESO's
\begin{itemize}
\itemset out in David L. Gregory, \textit{The Problematic Employment Dynamics of Student Internships}, 12 Notre Dame J.L. Ethics & Pub. Pol'y 227, 245-49 (1998). More current information on the Yale organizing drive may be found on the GESO's website, Graduate Employees and Students Organization, \textit{GESO Publications} http://www.yaleunions.org/geso/pubs/index.htm (last visited Jan. 9, 2001).
\item Yale Univ., No. 34-CA-7347, 1997 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 619, at *1 (Aug. 6, 1997).
\item \textit{Id.} at *10-11.
\item Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. 621, 623 (1974).
\item \textit{Yale Univ.}, 1999 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 820, at *45-47. The GESO also engaged in a three-day teaching strike in February 1992, but that strike was unsuccessful. \textit{Id.} at *42-43.
\item \textit{Id.} at *47.
\item \textit{Id.} at *51-53.
\item \textit{Id.} at *57-58.
\item \textit{Id.} at *33-34. Section 8(a)(1) of the NLRA makes it an unfair labor practice for any employer to "interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 157." 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1) (1994). Section 158(a)(1) prohibits some types of employer anti-union speech. See, e.g., NLRB v. Gissel
\end{itemize}
claims, and issued a complaint in early 1997.\textsuperscript{32} A hearing was held that spring, at which Yale denied the charges in the complaint and, in addition, maintained its long-held position that the teaching fellows were not employees under the NLRA.\textsuperscript{33}
Although the administrative law judge dismissed the complaint,\textsuperscript{34} the judge never addressed the question of whether the teaching assistants were employees under the NLRA.\textsuperscript{35} Instead, he based his decision on the fact that, regardless of the assistants’ status, the grade strike was a partial strike and thus it constituted unprotected activity under the Act.\textsuperscript{36} That ruling was appealed, and the NLRB affirmed the judge’s section 8(a)(3) ruling and remanded the judge’s section 8(a)(1) ruling for further consideration.\textsuperscript{37} In the meantime, Yale has held fast to its position and has continued to withhold recognition of any graduate assistant union.
2. The Public University Experience: Kansas
At the time the KU graduate assistants began their organizing drive, the university employed approximately 1100 graduate teaching assistants\textsuperscript{38} who taught thirty percent of the classes.\textsuperscript{39}
\textsuperscript{32} Yale Univ., 1999 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 820, at *34.
\textsuperscript{33} Id. at *34-36 nn. 2,4.
\textsuperscript{34} Id. at *91.
\textsuperscript{35} Id. at *37 n.5.
\textsuperscript{36} Id. at *68-75. While employees have the right to strike in an effort to improve their working conditions, see NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., 306 U.S. 240, 256 (1939), they do not have the right to engage in something that falls short of a complete work stoppage (a partial strike), see Honolulu Rapid Transit Co., 110 N.L.R.B. 1806, 1811 (1954). For a more thorough discussion of partial strikes, see Craig Becker, “Better Than a Strike”: Protecting New Forms of Collective Work Stoppages Under the National Labor Relations Act, 61 U. Chi. L. Rev. 351 (1994), and Richard Mittenthal, Partial Strikes and National Labor Policy, 54 Mich L. Rev. 71 (1955).
\textsuperscript{37} Yale Univ., 1999 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 820, at *5, *22-23. The decision also directed the administrative law judge to consider the question of whether the teaching fellows were employees under the NLRA, id. at *22, but a recent settlement of the case may prevent such a finding. Courtney Leatherman, Yale Settles Dispute on Grade Strike by Teaching Assistants Seeking a Union, Chron. Higher Educ., Apr. 14, 2000, at A19.
\textsuperscript{38} K.A.P.E. Brief, supra note 16, at 5. This number does not include the over 460 graduate students employed as research assistants at the university. Letter from Virginia Nichols, Univ. of Kan. Office of Institutional Research and Planning, to Dutch Chung, Fordham Law Review (Jan. 22, 2001) (on file with author).
\textsuperscript{39} Heather Jameson, KAPE Hurdles Milestone for KU GTAs, Kan. Ass’n of Pub. Employees J., Nov.-Dec. 1994, at 1.
heavy reliance on graduate teaching stemmed, most probably, from economics: the average graduate assistant teaching two classes of thirty-five students for two semesters received just $7,938 and a partial tuition waiver, which together amounted to only one-fourth to one-fifth of a professor's salary.\textsuperscript{40} Frustrated by decades of inadequate compensation and a general lack of responsiveness to their concerns, the graduate assistants decided to follow their counterparts across the country and form a union.\textsuperscript{41}
A group of graduate assistants, originally called AEGIS, and later the Graduate Teaching Assistant Coalition ("GTAC"), began an organizing drive in the fall of 1991.\textsuperscript{42} The university administration, state board of regents, and state legislature were unequivocally opposed to the idea of dealing with a graduate assistant union. But unlike their Yale counterparts, the graduate assistants at Kansas did not need approval from either the school administration or state in order to proceed because their right to unionize was governed by a Kansas statute, which, on its face, covered \textit{all} state employees.\textsuperscript{43} Three years after the unionizing efforts began, after numerous delays and a full hearing, the Kansas Public Employees Relations Board ("PERB") ruled that the teaching assistants had the right to vote on forming a union.\textsuperscript{44}
That ruling, however, spurred the opposition. Upon hearing of the graduate assistants' victory before the Kansas PERB, the Chairman of the Kansas Senate Ways and Means Committee immediately threatened to cut funding for teaching assistants if they voted to organize a union.\textsuperscript{45} The graduate assistants responded by filing an unfair labor practices complaint against the senator for discouraging them from forming an employee organization through intimidation, coercion, and threat.\textsuperscript{46} In the fall of 1995, the teaching assistants voted to affiliate themselves with the American Federation of Teachers,\textsuperscript{47} and by the fall of 1997, ratified a contract with the university.\textsuperscript{48} That contract provided, among other things, a regularized appointment process, merit salary increases, university contributions for health
\begin{itemize}
\item[40.] \textit{Id.}
\item[41.] See Diane Carroll, \textit{Teaching assistants favor union}, K.C. Star, Apr. 19, 1995, at A1 [hereinafter Carroll, \textit{Teaching assistants}].
\item[42.] Graduate Teaching Assistant Coalition, \textit{Best of the GTACurrent}, at http://www.ukans.edu/~gtac/bestof.html#sec1 (last visited Jan. 9, 2001).
\item[43.] Kan. Stat. Ann. § 75-4324 (1997).
\item[44.] Diane Carroll, \textit{Ruling permits union}, K.C. Star, Oct. 19, 1994, at C1 [hereinafter Carroll, \textit{Ruling}]; Jameson, \textit{supra} note 39.
\item[45.] Carroll, \textit{KU union vote}, \textit{supra} note 17.
\item[46.] Diane Carroll, \textit{KU officials face complaint from teaching assistants union}, K.C. Star, Aug. 17, 1995, at C4 [hereinafter Carroll, \textit{KU officials}].
\item[47.] Carroll, \textit{Teaching assistants}, \textit{supra} note 41.
\item[48.] Graduate Teaching Assistant Coalition, \textit{Contractual Agreement of Employment}, http://www.ukans.edu/~gtac/contract.html (last visited Jan. 9, 2001).
\end{itemize}
insurance, and a tuition and campus fee waiver for graduate teaching assistants.\textsuperscript{49}
3. Other Public University Experiences
Graduate assistants at public universities in other states seeking to organize into their own collective bargaining units have met with mixed reaction. Some state university systems, such as Massachusetts, voluntarily established such units.\textsuperscript{50} Other states have legislated solutions to the issue. Wisconsin, for example, obliges its universities to bargain with its graduate assistants.\textsuperscript{51} Several other states, however, have expressly excluded graduate assistants from the bargaining table.\textsuperscript{52} Florida, for instance, amended its statute to deny graduate assistants the right to bargain.\textsuperscript{53} In its haste to pass the law, the Florida legislature failed, however, to create any record of its purpose for excluding graduate assistants from the definition of public employee.\textsuperscript{54} Ironically, that amendment triggered a series of events that eventually solidified the right of graduate assistants in the University of Florida system to bargain collectively.\textsuperscript{55} The amended statute excluding graduate assistants from collective bargaining was immediately challenged by Florida's graduate assistants as violating the state constitution because Florida had constitutionalized collective bargaining rights for its public employees.\textsuperscript{56} The Florida Court of
\textsuperscript{49} \textit{Id.} at arts. 5-7.
\textsuperscript{50} Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 36. Massachusetts, however, initially resisted graduate assistant efforts to organize. Over ten years later, after a concerted effort by the students, the university recognized a unit of graduate assistants. \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{51} Wis. Stat. Ann. §§ 111.81(1) & (7)(b) (West 1997).
\textsuperscript{52} Ohio's statutory grant of the right for public employees to bargain collectively, for example, provides:
"Public employee" means any person holding a position by appointment or employment in the service of a public employer . . . except: . . . (11) Students whose primary purpose is educational training, including graduate assistants or associates, residents, interns, or other students working as part-time public employees less than fifty percent of the normal year in the employee's bargaining unit . . .
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 4117.01(C)(11) (Anderson 1994).
\textsuperscript{53} Fla. Stat. Ann. § 447.203(3)(i) (West 1997).
\textsuperscript{54} United Faculty of Fla. v. Bd. of Regents, 417 So. 2d 1055, 1057-58 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982).
\textsuperscript{55} In a 1977 decision, the Florida Court of Appeals affirmed the Florida Public Employees Relations Commission ("PERC") certification of graduate assistant units. Board of Regents v. P.E.R.C., 368 So. 2d 641, 642 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1979). The PERC found that graduate teaching and research assistants were employees within the meaning of the Florida statute, § 447.203(3)(i), which grants most public employees the right to bargain collectively. \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{56} The Florida Constitution provides: "Right to Work.—The right of persons to work shall not be denied or abridged on account of membership or nonmembership in any labor union or labor organization. The right of employees, by and through a labor organization, to bargain collectively shall not be denied or abridged. Public employees shall not have the right to strike." Fla. Const. art. I, § 6 (emphasis added).
Appeals agreed with the graduate assistants and struck down the offending part of the statute because the state failed to demonstrate a compelling interest to justify its denial of collective bargaining rights to graduate assistants.\textsuperscript{57} As a result of this decision, the rights of graduate assistants to bargain collectively are now more secure in Florida than in any other state.
Most often the universities opposed to efforts by graduate assistants to organize have challenged their status as "employees" under the NLRA or state statute. Unfortunately, neither the Act nor most state statutes explicitly address the issue. Thus, the controversy has been left to the courts and labor boards to decide. The fundamental issue facing those bodies, which Parts III through V of this paper will address, is whether graduate assistants should be afforded the right to bargain collectively. First, however, it may be useful to examine briefly the state of faculty organization and then analyze the somewhat analogous plight of medical housestaff.
II. UNIVERSITY FACULTY AND MEDICAL HOUSESTAFF ORGANIZATION
A. University Faculty Organization
College and university employees were among the last groups of employees to organize for the purpose of collective bargaining.\textsuperscript{58} One reason for the delay was that most universities had extensive internal governance procedures.\textsuperscript{59} Another possible explanation, one that haunts efforts to organize graduate assistants to this day, is that many university employees believe that union membership tarnishes their status as professionals.\textsuperscript{60} Efforts to organize full-time faculty at private universities were further stymied by the NLRB and the courts. In 1980, for example, the Supreme Court helped set back faculty organization efforts at private universities when it affirmed the NLRB's holding that full-time faculty at private universities exercise supervisory and managerial functions and were therefore excluded from NLRA's coverage.\textsuperscript{61}
\textsuperscript{57}. United Faculty of Fla. Local 1847 v. Bd. of Regents, 417 So. 2d 1055, 1061 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982).
\textsuperscript{58}. Univ. of N.H. Chapter of the Am. Ass'n of Univ. Professors v. Haselton, 397 F. Supp. 107, 109-10 (D.N.H. 1975).
\textsuperscript{59}. \textit{Id.} The existence of such procedures gave university employees avenues to express grievances and initiate changes. \textit{See id.} at 110.
\textsuperscript{60}. \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{61}. NLRB v. Yeshiva Univ., 444 U.S. 672 (1980). Faculty members were excluded from the NLRA despite the fact that they satisfied the Act's requirement for professional status, their supervisory and managerial functions were exercised on a collective basis, and they were subject to the ultimate authority of the board of trustees. NLRB v. Yeshiva Univ., 582 F.2d 686, 696 (2d Cir. 1978), \textit{aff'd}, 444 U.S. 672 (1980); Sar A. Levitan & Frank Gallo, \textit{Can Employee Associations Negotiate New
Despite these structural, attitudinal, and legal setbacks, faculty continued organizing to try to obtain the benefits that had been secured by their counterparts in other employment sectors, including higher salaries, fringe benefits, and a measure of job security for their non-tenured members.\textsuperscript{62} Through these efforts, thirty states granted full-time faculty the right to organize and bargain collectively in their state schools by 1988.\textsuperscript{63} Part-time faculty, while often excluded from bargaining units of full-time faculty because they lacked a sufficient community of interest,\textsuperscript{64} were often allowed to maintain their own units.\textsuperscript{65} Thus faculty, at least at public universities, have made tremendous strides in securing the right to bargain collectively.
B. Medical Housestaff Organization
Although the life of an intern or resident is unlike the life of a graduate student, the legal issues surrounding the status of housestaff in teaching hospitals are similar. Interns and residents, commonly referred to as housestaff, are medical school graduates completing the final phase of their graduate medical training with a hospital.\textsuperscript{66} A physician's internship and residency typically lasts between one and five years and is undertaken at a teaching or research hospital unrelated to the university giving the resident's original medical education.\textsuperscript{67} Housestaff may work well over 100 hours per week and perform most of the services of full medical doctors.\textsuperscript{68}
Much like graduate assistant positions, medical internships and residencies are considered training programs. Cases addressing the bargaining rights of housestaff often include extended discussions of the bargaining rights of student employees.\textsuperscript{69} Although some of the specific issues affecting the organizing efforts of these two types of
\textit{Growth?}, Monthly Lab. Rev., July 1989, at 17-19.
\textsuperscript{62} See Levitan \& Gallo, \textit{supra} note 61, at 13.
\textsuperscript{63} This accounted for almost 30% of all full-time faculty members. \textit{Id}.
\textsuperscript{64} See, e.g., Trustees of Boston Univ. v. NLRB, 575 F.2d 301, 308 (1st Cir. 1978) (finding that part-time faculty members had "no mutuality of interest [with full-time faculty in] (1) compensation, (2) participation in University Government, (3) eligibility for tenure, and (4) working conditions").
\textsuperscript{65} See, e.g., Univ. of San Francisco, 265 N.L.R.B. 1221, 1224 (1982) (finding that the part-time faculty constituted a bargaining unit appropriate for bargaining purposes).
\textsuperscript{66} Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr., 223 N.L.R.B. 251, 251 (1976); see Boston Med. Ctr. Corp., 162 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 1329, 1333-36 (1999) (discussing the typical progression from medical student to physician).
\textsuperscript{67} \textit{Cedars-Sinai}, 223 N.L.R.B. at 251; see \textit{Boston Med. Ctr.}, 162 L.R.R.M. (BNA) at 1333-36.
\textsuperscript{68} \textit{Cedars-Sinai}, 223 N.L.R.B. at 255 (Fanning, Member, dissenting). For a catalog of some of the specific duties of different types of medical residents, see \textit{Boston Med. Ctr.}, 162 L.R.R.M. (BNA) at 1333-36.
\textsuperscript{69} See, e.g., \textit{Boston Med. Ctr.}, 162 L.R.R.M. (BNA) at 1343-44; St. Clare's Hosp. and Health Ctr., 229 N.L.R.B. 1000, 1000-02 (1977); \textit{Cedars-Sinai}, 223 N.L.R.B. at 253.
employees will be discussed together in the next section, a preliminary overview of the collective bargaining efforts of medical residents may be useful.
Housestaff seeking collective bargaining rights have faced many of the same obstacles as graduate assistants. The NLRB and various state public employee relations boards have split on the issue of whether housestaff have the right to bargain. Housestaff in many state and federal hospitals have been found to be employees for the purpose of collective bargaining.\textsuperscript{70} The Michigan Supreme Court, for example, affirmed the decision of the Michigan Employee Relations Commission to certify a bargaining unit of interns and residents.\textsuperscript{71} The court found the housestaff to be both students and employees, and then held that because the relevant Michigan statute did not expressly exclude student employees, residents were employees for the purpose of collective bargaining.\textsuperscript{72} Additionally, the Federal Labor Relations Authority construed residents working in federal hospitals to be employees under the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute.\textsuperscript{73}
The NLRB and many other states, however, have not been so favorably disposed to medical housestaff over the past several decades. The NLRB originally determined in \textit{Cedars-Sinai Medical Center} and \textit{St. Clare's Hospital} that housestaff who fall within its jurisdiction are not employees for the purposes of the NLRA.\textsuperscript{74} In \textit{Cedars-Sinai}, the Board held that while interns and residents at private, non-profit hospitals "possess certain employee characteristics, [they] are primarily students."\textsuperscript{75} This decision was especially surprising in light of the fact that section 2(12) of the NLRA was specifically designed to include residents within the Act's definition of "professional employee."\textsuperscript{76}
Late last year, however, the NLRB reversed course in \textit{Boston Medical Center} and overruled \textit{Cedars-Sinai} and \textit{St. Clare's Hospital}.\textsuperscript{77}
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{enumerate}
\item See, e.g., \textit{Boston Med. Ctr.}, 162 L.R.R.M. (BNA) at 1348; Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Pub. Employment Relations Bd., 715 P.2d 590, 599-600 (Cal. 1986); Michigan, Regents of the Univ. of Mich. v. Employment Relations Comm'n, 204 N.W.2d 218, 226 (Mich. 1973).
\item \textit{Regents of the Univ. of Mich.}, 204 N.W.2d at 226.
\item \textit{Id.} at 224-25.
\item Long Beach Veterans Admin. Med. Ctr., 7 F.L.R.A. 434, 445 (1981). The somewhat circular definition of "employee" under the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute § 7103(a)(2) is simply "an individual . . . employed in an agency." \textit{Id.} at 441.
\item St. Clare's Hosp. and Health Ctr., 229 N.L.R.B. 1000, 1000-02 (1977); Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr., 223 N.L.R.B. 251, 253 (1976).
\item 223 N.L.R.B. at 251.
\item \textit{Cedars-Sinai}, 223 N.L.R.B. at 257-59 (Fanning, Member, dissenting). Both the language of the statute and the legislative history of the amendment adding section 2(12) compel this conclusion. \textit{Id.}
\item Boston Med. Ctr. Corp., 162 L.R.R.M. (BNA) 1329, 1332 (1999).
\end{enumerate}
\end{footnotesize}
The Board analyzed the problem by examining whether medical housestaff met the rather broad definition of "employee" within the NLRA.\textsuperscript{78} The core of the opinion stepped through various indicia of employee status—such as the existence of taxable compensation, the existence of benefits, and the provision of services—in its analysis of the issue.\textsuperscript{79} Although the Board discussed some of the factors that made the housestaff "students,"\textsuperscript{80} that discussion, preeminent in its earlier cases, faded into the background, replaced by arguments concerning the possible policy implications of granting the housestaff full rights under the Act.\textsuperscript{81}
Despite the recent change of heart by the NLRB, several states continue to exclude housestaff from their definition of "employee." Pennsylvania, for example, found that residents in its public hospitals were not employees.\textsuperscript{82} Florida, oddly enough, also found its residents to be "students rather than employees" because they lacked indicia of their employee status.\textsuperscript{83} Thus, as with graduate assistants, there is no consensus on the legal status of housestaff for the purpose of collective bargaining. Fortunately, because courts and administrative
\textsuperscript{78} \textit{Id.} at 1339-40.
\textsuperscript{79} \textit{Id.} at 1340-41.
\textsuperscript{80} \textit{Id.} at 1341.
\textsuperscript{81} \textit{Id.} at 1332-44. For example, the Board discussed and dismissed arguments that granting bargaining rights to medical housestaff would make them less loyal to their patients, prevent them from completing their professional training, and interfere with academic freedom and the educational mission of the institution that they served. \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{82} Wills Eye Hosp. v. Pa. Labor Relations Bd., 328 A.2d 539, 543-44 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1974).
\textsuperscript{83} The Florida PERC found the following facts to indicate the absence of an employment relationship between hospital and residents: (1) appointments of residents to hospital were controlled by medical college, rather than by hospital; (2) patient care service assigned to and provided by residents was under the direct supervision and control of the medical college; (3) the medical college retained final authority to evaluate residents' professional performance and educational achievement; (4) the medical college retained final authority to discipline, advance and retain residents; (5) the medical college paid one-third of residents' stipend; (6) two-thirds portion of residents' stipend that was funded by hospital was not derived from hospital revenues, from which salaries of other hospital employees were paid, but from ad valorem taxes; (7) the amount of stipend was determined by negotiations between medical college and hospital without the participation of residents; (8) amount of stipend paid to residents had no correlation to number of hours worked or to complexity of work; and (9) residents did not share in same fringe benefits available to other hospital employees.
\textit{In re} Bd. of Regents, through the Univ. of S. Fla. College, 8 F.P.E.R. ¶ 13,166 (1982). While this seems to contradict the Florida's pro-labor stance in the case of its graduate assistants, see \textit{supra} notes 53-57 and accompanying text, the decision actually protected the residents in the short term. Because the residents had gone on strike, they would have faced substantial penalties under Florida law had the Florida PERC determined that they were employees. \textit{In re} Bd. of Regents, through the Univ. of S. Fla. College, 8 F.P.E.R. at ¶ 13,166.
bodies have tended to take similar approaches to the issue, dealing with the certification petitions of both groups, the recent movement by the NLRB toward greater labor rights for medical housestaff bodes well for graduate assistants.
III. THREE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORKS
A. The Three Existing Frameworks
The various approaches taken by administrative and judicial bodies over the last thirty years in their examinations of the status of graduate assistants and medical housestaff may be placed in three different frameworks. Those frameworks conceive of graduate students as, first, either students or employees; second, primarily students or primarily employees; or, third, employees, but not necessarily the type of employees accorded rights to engage in collective activity.
Using the first analytical framework, the NLRB in *Cedars-Sinai Medical Center*,\(^{84}\) for example, found the housestaff to be “students rather than . . . employees.”\(^{85}\) Within this framework, the categories “student” and “employee” are viewed as mutually exclusive. Courts and administrative bodies often use this strategy to deny bargaining rights to groups of employees who show any indication of being students.\(^{86}\)
To sidestep the analytical difficulty of calling graduate assistants or medical housestaff either students or employees, several administrative bodies, including the NLRB, have moved away from that first, rigid framework. In its place, they substituted a second framework, a “predominance” or “primary purpose” test, in which the student employee is categorized as either primarily a student or primarily an employee to decide whether graduate students have collective bargaining rights. The second framework balances various indicia of student and employee status to determine the status of graduate assistants. If graduate assistants are categorized as primarily employees, then they have the right to bargain collectively; if they are primarily students, they do not.
The NLRB determines the primary status of student employees by looking at their motivation for performing the services at issue.\(^{87}\) Student employees who work for either an educational or a commercial employer and whose work is related to their education
---
84. 223 N.L.R.B. 251 (1976).
85. *Id.* at 253 (emphasis added).
86. See, e.g., *id.* at 253-54.
87. *Id.* at 253; see *St. Clare’s Hosp.*, 229 N.L.R.B. at 1000-02.
are usually categorized as "primarily students" and thus deprived of the right to join other bargaining units or form their own unit.\textsuperscript{88}
Under the third framework, courts and administrative bodies concede that graduate assistants are employees but distinguish between two types of employees: those who have the right to bargain collectively and those who do not. The Massachusetts Labor Relations Commission, for example, uses a two-part inquiry.\textsuperscript{89} First, it asks whether graduate assistants are in an employment relationship with their university.\textsuperscript{90} If they are, then the Commission asks whether the relationship is of the type that gives rise to collective bargaining rights.\textsuperscript{91} The Commission ultimately used this approach to deny collective bargaining rights to the state's graduate assistants.\textsuperscript{92}
\section*{B. General Limitations of the Existing Frameworks}
While the three ways of analyzing the status of graduate assistants have similar analytical foundations, each approach presents shortcomings in the way it characterizes the employment relationship between the university and graduate assistants that may, in the end, predetermine the outcome of the inquiry.
The first approach, holding "student" and "employee" as mutually exclusive categories, unduly limits the examination. Administrative and judicial bodies using this first approach look for any indications that the graduate assistants are students and then reason, ipso facto, that they are not employees.\textsuperscript{93} The focus, then, is simply upon indicia of student status without any real inquiry into their dual status as employees. The problem, of course, is that the categories "student" and "employee" are not mutually exclusive. Such a distinction is certainly not supported by any statutory language in the NLRA. As Member Fanning pointed out in his dissent in \textit{Cedars-Sinai}, "[S]ince the statutory exclusions do not mention and the policy underlying the nonstatutory exclusions does not reach 'students,' the relationship between 'student' and 'employee' cannot be said to be mutually exclusive."\textsuperscript{94} Indeed, the NLRB, in another case, appears to have
\begin{itemize}
\item \textsuperscript{88} St. Clare's Hosp., 229 N.L.R.B. at 1001-02.
\item \textsuperscript{89} Bd. of Trs., Univ. of Mass., No. SCR-2096, slip op. at 28-29 (Mass. Labor Relations Comm'n Apr. 25, 1979) (Cooper, Chairman).
\item \textsuperscript{90} \textit{Id}.
\item \textsuperscript{91} \textit{Id}.
\item \textsuperscript{92} \textit{Id}. The Commission's policy arguments for finding that graduate assistants were not the type of employees that possessed bargaining rights are discussed in Part IV. It is worth noting, however, that the university voluntarily granted recognition to a representative of a graduate assistant bargaining unit, thus mooting the Commission's decision.
\item \textsuperscript{93} The reverse is also true. In the case of New York, the PERB looked to indications that the group were employees, and stopped the inquiry. See Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 34. Of course, that may be the only inquiry that is relevant for the purposes of determining whether a group has a right to bargain collectively.
\item \textsuperscript{94} 223 N.L.R.B. at 254 (Fanning, Member, dissenting).
\end{itemize}
acknowledged that the two categories are not exclusive when it categorized groups of employees according to whether they were also students at the institution that employed them.\textsuperscript{95} The second framework has many of the same drawbacks as the first. The balancing approach taken in the second framework also limits the inquiry, but it at least more deeply examines the indicia of both student status and employee status to determine whether a graduate assistant has collective bargaining rights. Even if graduate assistants are primarily students, the second framework fails to address the implications arising from the fact that they may also be employees. As Fanning explained, “[t]he fundamental question then is always whether the individual before us, be that individual ‘primarily a carpenter’ or ‘primarily a student,’ is, \textit{nevertheless}, an ‘employee’ under the [National Labor Relations] Act.”\textsuperscript{96}
Under the third framework, the question becomes not whether graduate assistants are truly employees, but whether, for public policy reasons, they should be accorded collective bargaining rights. This third approach at least makes explicit what is only implicit in the first two approaches: that as a matter of public policy, graduate assistants may be denied the rights to organize and bargain collectively when denying such rights serves some higher purpose. This third framework, however, has some of the same problems as the first two: it merely shifts the inquiry—whether graduate assistants should have a right to bargain collectively—back a step. It does at least have the advantage of making the normative issues explicit in its analysis.
The remainder of this article will analyze the substantive issues that arise within these three frameworks. Specifically, the next part will analyze the indicia of employee and student status, and the final part will address the public policy arguments against extending collective bargaining rights to graduate assistants.
IV. GRADUATE ASSISTANTS AS EMPLOYEES AND AS STUDENTS
A. Graduate Assistants As Employees
Conventionally, an “employee” is someone who performs service for another in exchange for compensation.\textsuperscript{97} Several administrative and judicial bodies have found that graduate assistants are
\textsuperscript{95} St. Clare’s Hosp. and Health Ctr., 229 N.L.R.B. 1000, 1000-02 (1977).
\textsuperscript{96} Cedars-Sinai, 223 N.L.R.B. at 254 (Fanning, Member, dissenting).
\textsuperscript{97} See, e.g., NLRB v. Town & Country Elec., Inc., 516 U.S. 85, 90 (acknowledging that employees include anyone who works for another). There is some authority for restricting the ordinary definition of “employee” to exclude independent contractors and agents. See Black’s Law Dictionary 543 (7th ed. 1999). For a more general discussion of the status of student employees, see Gregory, supra note 23, and Martin H. Malin, Student Employees and Collective Bargaining, 69 Ky. L.J. 1 (1980).
“employees” under this simple definition. The NLRB, for example, recently noted in *New York University* that:
Graduate assistants work as teachers or researchers. They perform their duties for, and under the control of, the Employer’s departments or programs. Graduate assistants are paid for their work and are carried on the Employer’s payroll system. The graduate assistants’ relationship with the Employer is thus indistinguishable from a traditional master-servant relationship.\(^{98}\)
The New York PERB also found that graduate assistants were employees for the purposes of their bargaining statute, explaining that a regular and substantial employment relationship existed and that the legislature had evinced no intent to exclude graduate students.\(^{99}\) Thus, receiving compensation for services rendered was enough for these administrative bodies to find employment relationships that gave rise to bargaining rights. Other, more specific aspects of graduate assistants’ relationship with universities are also indicative of an employment relationship.
1. Form of Compensation
The method of payment—a salary—makes the relationship between graduate assistants and universities look like one of employment.\(^{100}\) Several universities fighting graduate assistant organization have attempted to characterize the salary as a “stipend,” a form of financial aid.\(^{101}\) However, “stipend” is merely a “buzzword” used to bolster the universities’ position.\(^{102}\) Monies for graduate assistant salaries often
---
\(^{98}\). 332 N.L.R.B. No. 111 at 2. The Florida Court of Appeals similarly noted: They [graduate assistants] . . . perform work for the various universities operated by the board, their work is of benefit to the universities for which it is performed, the work is performed subject to the supervision and control of professors who are employees of the several universities, and the work is performed in exchange for the payment of money by the board to the graduate assistants who perform the work. *A more classic example of an employer-employee relationship can hardly be imagined.*
United Faculty of Fla. Local 1847 v. Bd. of Regents, 417 So. 2d 1055, 1058 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982) (emphasis added); see also *In re Employees of Temple Univ.*, Case no. PERA-R-99-58-3 (Penn. Pub. Rel. Bd. Oct. 17, 2000) (finding graduate assistants to be employees under state law in part because they “receive compensation from Temple in the form of stipends and tuition and book allowances and are required to perform services for Temple in exchange for that compensation”).
\(^{99}\). *In re Communications Workers of Am./Graduate Student Employees Union*, 24 N.Y.P.E.R. (LRP) ¶ 3035 (1991), available at 1991 N.Y.P.E.R. (LRP) LEXIS 2523, at *10; see Villa, supra note 11, at 34.
\(^{100}\). Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 13 P.E.R.C. ¶ 20,087 (Cal. Pub. Employment Relations Bd. 1989), available at 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting), aff’d, 8 Cal. Rptr. 2d 275 (Cal. Ct. App. 1992).
\(^{101}\). See, e.g., *New York Univ.*, 332 N.L.R.B. No. 111; *Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees*, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\(^{102}\). *Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees*, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230
come out of the general fund for the university.\textsuperscript{103} Payments to graduate assistants are made through regular university personnel payment channels,\textsuperscript{104} and graduate students often receive the same paycheck as other state employees.\textsuperscript{105}
Graduate assistant salaries cannot be characterized as a form of financial aid for a number of reasons. First, graduate assistantships are not awarded on the basis of need.\textsuperscript{106} Second, characterizing graduate assistant salaries as mere "aid" ignores the necessity of the services they provide to the university.\textsuperscript{107} Finally, universities themselves often do not consider the salaries as financial aid. Indeed, one director of financial aid flatly stated that the compensation received by graduate teaching assistants is not considered financial aid by the financial aid department itself.\textsuperscript{108} Clearly, the form of compensation for services rendered by graduate assistants is a strong indication of employee status.
2. Taxation of Compensation
Many administrative and judicial bodies have taken the taxable status of graduate student compensation as an indication of their status as employees. After years of fluctuating on the subject, the Internal Revenue Code now states that while most tuition reductions (in the form of a complete or partial tuition waiver) are not taxable,\textsuperscript{109}
\begin{itemize}
\item (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\item \textsuperscript{103} K.A.P.E. Brief, \textit{supra} note 16, at 8.
\item \textsuperscript{104} \textit{Id.}; Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\item \textsuperscript{105} K.A.P.E. Brief, \textit{supra} note 16, at 8.
\item \textsuperscript{106} See Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 PERC (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\item \textsuperscript{107} \textit{See id.}
\item \textsuperscript{108} K.A.P.E. Brief, \textit{supra} note 16, at 10.
\item \textsuperscript{109} The exemption of tuition waiver from gross income is spelled out in § 117(d) of the Code:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Qualified tuition reduction.
\begin{enumerate}
\item In general. Gross income shall not include any qualified tuition reduction.
\item Qualified tuition reduction. For purposes of this subsection, the term "qualified tuition reduction" means the amount of any reduction in tuition provided to an employee of an organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) for the education (below the graduate level) at such organization (or another organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii)).
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
I.R.C. § 117(d) (1994).
Tuition reduction provided for an employee for education \textit{at graduate school} is covered in § 117(d)(5):
\begin{enumerate}
\item Special rules for teaching and research assistants. In the case of the education of an individual who is a graduate student at an educational organization described in 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) and who is engaged in teaching or research activities for such organization, paragraph (2) shall be applied as if it did not contain the phrase "(below the graduate level)".
\end{enumerate}
salaries received as a result of the activity that qualifies a graduate assistant for tuition reduction are included in gross income.\textsuperscript{110} Section 117(c) states:
(c) Limitation. Subsections (a) and (d) [exempting certain types of monies from gross income] shall not apply to that portion of any amount received which represents payment for teaching, research, or other services by the student required as a condition for receiving the qualified scholarship or qualified tuition reduction.\textsuperscript{111}
Thus, the IRS considers graduate assistant salaries to be taxable, providing further indication that graduate assistants are employees.
Administrative and judicial bodies, however, have used (or failed to use) the tax status of graduate student salaries in a variety of ways. The NLRB, for example, determined that research assistants at Stanford University were not employees for the purposes of collective bargaining because their income was tax exempt at that time.\textsuperscript{112} State public employee relations boards have also looked to the taxable status of graduate student income. The Oregon Employment Relations Board relied heavily on evidence that graduate employees had federal and state income tax as well as Social Security withheld from their income in its decision that they were employees.\textsuperscript{113} The Board even went so far as to define the graduate student organizing unit in language similar to the tax code cases.\textsuperscript{114}
Other states considered the tax issue but did not find it compelling. The California PERB, for example, was not at all persuaded by the taxable nature of graduate assistant salaries, finding that graduate students were not in an employment relationship with the university despite the taxation of their compensation.\textsuperscript{115} The New York PERB did not even consider the argument by the graduate assistants that tax status is an indication of employee status.\textsuperscript{116}
3. Other Factors
There are several other indications that the relationship at issue is one of employment. For example, at KU, teaching and research assistantships are often advertised as job vacancies.\textsuperscript{117} The postings
\textit{Id.} § 117(d)(5).
\textsuperscript{110} \textit{Id.} § 117(c).
\textsuperscript{111} \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{112} Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. 621, 622 (1974).
\textsuperscript{113} Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 38.
\textsuperscript{114} \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{115} Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 13 P.E.R.C. ¶ 20,087 (Cal. Pub. Employment Relations Bd. 1989), available at 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\textsuperscript{116} \textit{In re} Communications Workers of Am./Graduate Student Employees Union, 24 NYPER ¶ 3035 (N.Y. Pub. Employment Relations Bd. 1991), available at 1991 NYPER (LRP) LEXIS 2523.
\textsuperscript{117} K.A.P.E. Brief, \textit{supra} note 16, at 3; see Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 37.
have legal employment footnotes, such as equal opportunity employer statements, base salary statements, and duties and requirements.\textsuperscript{118} Except for the lack of offered benefits, application packets are often identical to those sent to faculty.\textsuperscript{119} Moreover, some universities require their graduate assistants to sign employment contracts prior to commencing duties. Kansas, for instance, requires students to sign a contract outlining the "Conditions of Appointment for students employed as part-time graduate teaching assistants."\textsuperscript{120}
\section*{B. Graduate Assistants as Students}
In determinations of graduate assistant status, indicia of employment status constitute only half of the analysis. Employers argue that the graduate employees are students rather than employees, or, more frequently, "primarily students." Those seeking to reject the certification of graduate assistant bargaining units have availed themselves of various arguments that point toward the academic nature of the assistants' relationship with the university. Most of these arguments, however, are less than convincing.
1. Relationship to Academic Program
Some argue that because most graduate programs require their teaching and research assistants to be continuously registered as students with the university, a graduate assistant is more student than employee.\textsuperscript{121} Like the University of California system, most universities require that their graduate assistants remain registered students in good standing.\textsuperscript{122} That fact, however, does not warrant the conclusion that they are more like students than employees. First, the condition of continued enrollment may be viewed as merely a job requirement. Requiring certain qualifications of an employee does not diminish his status as an employee. Indeed, in this case, a requirement of continuous enrollment really bears less of a relationship to the actual work than, say, requiring a truck driver to maintain a valid driver's license. Second, the fact that not all enrolled graduate students also teach or perform research suggests that such activities are not an intrinsic part of being a student. That is, not all students teach, but some students are employed as teachers in addition to being students.
\begin{itemize}
\item \textsuperscript{118} K.A.P.E. Brief, \textit{supra} note 16, at 3.
\item \textsuperscript{119} \textit{Id}.
\item \textsuperscript{120} See, e.g., \textit{id}. (emphasis in original).
\item \textsuperscript{121} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230; Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 34. California's Higher Education Employer-Employee Relations Act, Cal. Gov't Code § 3562(e) (West Supp. 2000), makes this relationship part of the test of employee status.
\item \textsuperscript{122} See Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 36.
\end{itemize}
Many maintain that because university departments have teaching or research requirements as part of their graduate degree programs, such activity is merely part-and-parcel of being a graduate student. At the University of California at Berkeley, for example, sixteen departments had some sort of teaching requirement for their graduate students.\textsuperscript{123} Additionally, graduate research assistants are often required to do research as part of their degree program.\textsuperscript{124}
This argument is not compelling. First, most departments do not require any type of teaching by candidates for a graduate degree.\textsuperscript{125} Moreover, those that \textit{do} usually demand only two or possibly three semesters of teaching; many graduate students, however, often teach for four or five years to support themselves through graduate school.\textsuperscript{126} In addition, although graduate schools often have a research requirement, the requirement does not mandate that the students be \textit{employed} as researchers. As with teaching requirements, few departments require their students work as research assistants during their entire tenure, yet many students choose to do so for economic reasons.
Some argue that graduate assistants are primarily students because, even if employment is not required, they still receive academic credit for their work.\textsuperscript{127} As applied to graduate teaching assistants, however, this argument is usually untrue.\textsuperscript{128} Indeed, the Florida courts distinguished teaching assistants from medical residents precisely because the assistants did not receive academic credit for teaching.\textsuperscript{129}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textsuperscript{123} See Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\item \textsuperscript{124} Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. 621, 621-22 (1974).
\item \textsuperscript{125} See, e.g., New York Univ., 332 N.L.R.B. No. 111 (Oct. 31, 2000); Yale Univ., No. 34-CA-7347, 1997 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 619, at *5-6 (Aug. 6, 1997) (“With a few limited exceptions, service as a teaching fellow is not a degree requirement in any educational discipline.”), aff’d, 1999 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 820 (Nov. 29, 1999); see also In re Employees of Temple Univ., Case no. PERA-R-99-58-3 (Penn. Pub. Relations Bd. Oct. 17, 2000) (“[T]he Graduate Assistants perform vital teaching and research services for Temple not . . . as a required part of their educational curriculum, but by their own choice. There is no requirement that a graduate student perform work for Temple as a Graduate Assistant in order to obtain a graduate degree.”) Even at the University of California, Berkeley, for example, the sixteen departments that required any sort of teaching represented only a small percentage of the departments at the university. Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\item \textsuperscript{126} See Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting)
\item \textsuperscript{127} Stanford Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. at 622.
\item \textsuperscript{128} See, e.g., In re Employees of Temple Univ., Case no. PERA-R-99-58-3 (“[T]he Graduate Assistants do not receive academic credit for the performance of their duties”).
\item \textsuperscript{129} United Faculty of Fla. Local 1847 v. Bd. of Regents, 417 So. 2d 1055, 1059 n.3 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982).
\end{itemize}
2. Importance to Education and Career
A weaker version of the previous argument asserts that the work of graduate student employees is central to their education and thus should be categorized as educational.\textsuperscript{130} For example, the NLRB found residents' service to be "directly related to" and an "integral part of" their education.\textsuperscript{131} But, such a position is, ultimately, without merit.
The argument's first shortcoming is that much of the work performed by graduate assistants is often not related to their dissertation or other required degree work.\textsuperscript{132} Work assignments, while usually in a teaching assistant's general academic area, are made according to the needs of the department, and may be completely unrelated to the assistant's specific field of interest.\textsuperscript{133} Further, even if the subject is within the graduate student's area, it usually involves very basic subject matter that the student has already mastered.\textsuperscript{134} Indeed, if anything, teaching actually hinders the academic progress of most graduate assistants by reducing their ability to take on a full academic load, thereby delaying work on their dissertations.\textsuperscript{135} Although this argument applies with greater force to research assistants than to teaching assistants (their research is more closely related to their own academic work),\textsuperscript{136} research assistants may also work on projects not directly related to their dissertations.\textsuperscript{137}
The weakest version of this argument maintains that graduate assistants are more students than employees because they learn something on the job.\textsuperscript{138} Of course, learning something on the job does not make one a student instead of an employee. As pointed out by the dissent in \textit{Cedars-Sinai}, "there is a didactic component to the
\textsuperscript{130} Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 34. In California, the relationship of services to a student's educational objectives and whether those educational objectives are subordinate to the services are an express element of the test of employee status for the purpose of collective bargaining. California's Higher Education Employer-Employee Relations Act, Cal. Gov't Code § 3562(e) (West Supp. 2000); see Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 22 P.E.R.C. ¶ 29,084 (Cal. Pub. Employment Rel. Bd. 1998), available at 1998 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 54, at *7-8, *20-32; Regents of the Univ. of Cal., 23 P.E.R.C. ¶ 30,025 (Cal. Pub. Employment Relations Bd. 1998), available at 1998 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 197, at *8-9, *30-34.
\textsuperscript{131} St. Clare's Hosp. and Health Ctr., 229 N.L.R.B. 1000, 1002 (1977).
\textsuperscript{132} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{133} United Faculty of Fla., 417 So. 2d at 1058.
\textsuperscript{134} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting); Yale Univ., No. 34-CA-7347, 1997 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 619, at *8 (Aug. 6, 1997), aff'd, 1999 N.L.R.B. LEXIS 820 (Nov. 29, 1999).
\textsuperscript{135} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{136} Id.; Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 36.
\textsuperscript{137} Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. 621, 622 (1974).
\textsuperscript{138} See Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
work of any initiate, but simply because an individual is ‘learning’ while performing this service cannot possibly be said to mark that individual as ‘primarily a student and, therefore, not an employee’ for purposes of our statute.”\textsuperscript{139} Similarly, the Michigan Supreme Court concluded, “Members of all professions continue their learning throughout their careers. For example, fledgling lawyers employed by a law firm spend a great deal of time acquiring new skills, yet no one would contend that they are not employees of the law firm.”\textsuperscript{140}
Finally, some contend that teaching is part of a graduate teaching assistant’s education because it will make them more attractive in the job market.\textsuperscript{141} It has even been argued that this is why graduate students teach.\textsuperscript{142} Although teaching experience is a factor in obtaining a faculty position, it is not an important one. Instead, research, especially published research, is the key to advancement in almost any academic discipline.\textsuperscript{143} At any rate, the skills that many learn on the job do not make the relationship something other than one of employment.
3. Motivation to Accept Position
Some administrative bodies maintain that graduate assistants are more like students than employees because they base their choices upon academics, not economics.\textsuperscript{144} They assert that a graduate assistant’s choice of graduate schools, for example, is principally based on educational factors.\textsuperscript{145} Their interest in taking the positions purportedly arises primarily out of academic, not economic concerns.\textsuperscript{146} The focus of the graduate student program is therefore “not on the amount of the stipend, hours, or fringe benefits, but, rather, on the educational program . . . .”\textsuperscript{147}
This argument fails for several reasons. A person who works as an employee is still an employee even if her principal focus is upon getting an education.\textsuperscript{148} An individual may take a job for many reasons, but those reasons do not destroy her status as an employee. In addition, graduate students consider a range of factors in their decision among graduate schools, including the availability of
\begin{itemize}
\item[139.] Cedars-Sinai Med. Ctr., 223 N.L.R.B. 251, 256 (1976).
\item[140.] Regents of the Univ. of Mich. v. Mich. Employment Relations Comm’n, 204 N.W.2d 218, 226 (Mich. 1973).
\item[141.] Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\item[142.] Id.
\item[143.] Id. (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\item[144.] See St. Clare’s Hosp. and Health Ctr., 229 N.L.R.B. 1000, 1002 (1977); Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\item[145.] Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\item[146.] Id.
\item[147.] Id.
\item[148.] United Faculty of Fla. Local 1847 v. Bd. of Regents, 417 So. 2d, 1055, 1059 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982).
\end{itemize}
economic support. Finally, the argument is based on the false premise that graduate students work solely to learn. In reality, graduate students decide to teach or do research because of economic considerations.\textsuperscript{149}
4. Limitations on Employment
There is a cluster of arguments that conclude on the basis of various limitations placed on their workload that graduate assistants are students. For example, most universities limit their graduate student appointments to half-time positions. This limitation was interpreted by the California PERB as an indication that Berkeley's graduate assistants were primarily students.\textsuperscript{150} It is unclear why such limits make one less of an employee. At least in California, the half-time limit was mainly intended to boost state funding to the institution,\textsuperscript{151} not to protect graduate students from overworking themselves.
The California PERB further argued that limitations upon the number of terms graduate students could work in their careers, and the fact that they are transitory employees with little hope of career employment with their graduate institution, supported their contention that graduate assistants should be treated as students and not employees.\textsuperscript{152} This argument is also unconvincing. Universities may limit the number of semesters a student can teach or research, but these levels may be set to fulfill the university's needs and funding requirements, not to facilitate the studies of its graduate students.\textsuperscript{153} In addition, term limitations are common among non-tenured academic employees.\textsuperscript{154} Finally, many graduate students spend the bulk of their five to ten-year tenures as teaching or research assistants, which makes their stay less ephemeral than suggested by the California PERB.
The California PERB also used the fact that graduate assistants are only hired one year at a time as further evidence of their status as students.\textsuperscript{155} Many employees, however, sign contracts for fixed terms, and still more are at-will. Ironically, the lack of multi-year contracts is one of the deficiencies that prompt graduate assistants to bargain in the first place.\textsuperscript{156} This brings us directly to some of the final and least convincing arguments, based on graduate assistants' inadequate compensation and lack of authority.
\textsuperscript{149} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{150} \textit{Id.} (Majority opinion).
\textsuperscript{151} \textit{Id.} (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{152} \textit{Id.} (Majority opinion).
\textsuperscript{153} \textit{Id.} (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{154} \textit{Id.} (Majority opinion).
\textsuperscript{155} \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{156} This was the case at KU.
Some opponents to treating graduate assistants as employees argue that graduate assistant compensation should be characterized as a stipend because it bears no relationship to either the hours spent or the services performed.\textsuperscript{157} Outside the university similar services would probably be compensated at a much higher level. The opponents argue that the compensation paid is “more in the nature of a living expense as opposed to compensation for services rendered” because “[s]tep increases are not available to the students in either the GSI [graduate student instructor] or GSR [graduate student researcher] positions, and cost-of-living increases are not automatically granted each year.”\textsuperscript{158} Instead of giving regular cost of living increases or setting compensation levels in relation to the value of the services performed, universities set compensation at a level to encourage graduate assistants to apply for non-university financial aid.\textsuperscript{159}
The opponents further argue that the lack of benefits also indicates the student status of graduate assistants.\textsuperscript{160} For example, students at the University of California, Berkeley, did not receive “retirement benefits, medical or dental benefits, short-term disability insurance, paid life insurance, paid vacation, or paid sick leave.”\textsuperscript{161} Further, graduate student employment was not subject to the university’s regular layoff policy, and the student employees did not use the standard grievance procedures.\textsuperscript{162} For these reasons, the California PERB found that graduate students employed at Berkeley lacked the “indicia of employment” that were necessary to support their right to bargain collectively.\textsuperscript{163} Similarly, the NLRB found Stanford research assistants to be students rather than employees in part because they did not receive any fringe benefits.\textsuperscript{164}
The absurdity of these arguments is evident. Lack of adequate compensation and benefits does not mean that graduate assistants are merely students, nor does it indicate that they are not employees; instead, it simply means that they are \textit{undercompensated} employees. Holding that a group lacks the right to bargain collectively \textit{because} they are grossly underpaid, and thus could not possibly be employees, is self defeating. Graduate assistants organize in order to redress these deficiencies in their compensation and benefits; it is nonsensical to deny them the right to organize on these grounds.\textsuperscript{165}
\begin{itemize}
\item[157.] Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. 621, 622 (1974).
\item[158.] Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\item[159.] Villa, supra note 11, at 36.
\item[160.] Stanford Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. at 622; Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\item[161.] Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\item[162.] Id.
\item[163.] Id.
\item[164.] Stanford Univ., 214 N.L.R.B. at 622.
\item[165.] See United Faculty of Fla. Local 1847 v. Bd. of Regents, 417 So. 2d 1055, 1060
\end{itemize}
A final argument advanced for the proposition that graduate assistants are merely students revolves around their purported lack of responsibility. In *Adelphi University*, for example, the NLRB found that graduate teaching assistants held little responsibility because full-time faculty, not graduate assistants, determined class content and grades.\(^{166}\) The NLRB further observed that graduate assistants could not attend faculty meetings or be eligible for promotions and tenure.\(^{167}\)
In fact, many graduate teaching assistants now have much more responsibility than those at Adelphi University in the early 1970's. Teaching assistants at KU, for example, selected textbooks, planned syllabi, gave lectures, designed and graded all projects and examinations, and assigned a final grade.\(^{168}\) In short, they had complete control of their class from start to finish. Selected graduate assistants also served on various university committees.\(^{169}\) Even if one accepted the premise that graduate teaching assistants are not granted much responsibility, that would not compel the conclusion that the assistants are therefore mere students. It would simply mean that they are relatively low-level employees.
5. Conflicts
Those who view "student" and "employee" as mutually exclusive categories argue that graduate assistants are not employees because their employment duties are subordinate to their academic duties when the two come into conflict.\(^{170}\) In truth, however, a graduate assistant's employment obligations usually take precedence. As the dissent in the California case pointed out:
The proper comparison would be to examine what would happen when a conflict arose between degree work and the duties of a GSI [graduate student instructor] who is already in that position.... It is... undisputed that, where there is a conflict between degree work and GSI duties, the GSI duties take precedence....
In fact, the evidence shows that when GSIs are faced with strict deadlines for both types of work, they go to their professors (from whom they are taking classes) or their research advisors and seek an extension of time to complete their work. The deadlines for GSI work (for example, the submitting of grades) are, in contrast, viewed
\(^{166}\) Adelphi Univ., 195 N.L.R.B. 639, 640 (1972).
\(^{167}\) Villa, *supra* note 11, at 36.
\(^{168}\) K.A.P.E. Brief, *supra* note 16, at 7.
\(^{169}\) See id.
\(^{170}\) Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
as immutable. . . . [This] unequivocally results in the conclusion that educational objectives of GSIs are subordinate to the services provided.\textsuperscript{171}
Plainly, the argument that graduate assistants' role as students takes precedence over their role as employees is not compelling in light of what actually occurs when conflicts arise.
The arguments that graduate assistants are either "merely" students or "primarily" students, therefore, are seriously deficient. Some argue, though, that even if graduate assistants are employees, they should nonetheless be denied collective bargaining rights for public policy considerations. Those arguments are the subject of the final section of this article.
V. PUBLIC POLICY ARGUMENTS
Some universities and administrative bodies that oppose organizing efforts admit that graduate assistants are "employees" but argue that allowing them to bargain is contrary to public policy. The Massachusetts Labor Relations Commission, for example, used it to deny certification to a unit of graduate assistants.\textsuperscript{172} The policy arguments most often asserted are that extending bargaining rights to graduate assistants would interfere with academic freedom and policymaking of the university and disrupt faculty-student relationships.
Some federal and state judicial bodies, however, have found that public policy does not dictate denying collective bargaining rights to graduate assistants. As one federal court explained, "[w]e . . . have not been directed to, nor have we found, any expression of a national labor policy that students be wholly unregulated in either the [National Labor Relations] Act itself or its legislative history."\textsuperscript{173} The court went on to find that the impact of collective bargaining should not determine national labor policy, but should instead be dealt with by educational policymakers.\textsuperscript{174} Some state legislatures have agreed. The California legislature, for example, found collective bargaining of graduate assistants to be consistent with the educational policies of the state.\textsuperscript{175} Thus, there is some recognition that judicial and administrative bodies should not address questions of public policy when deciding whether to grant bargaining rights to graduate assistants.
\textsuperscript{171} \textit{Id.} (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{172} Bd. of Trs., Univ. of Mass., No. SCR-2096, slip op. at 28-29 (Mass. Labor Relations Comm'n Apr. 25, 1979).
\textsuperscript{173} NLRB v. Comm. of Interns and Residents, 426 F. Supp. 438, 452 (S.D.N.Y. 1977).
\textsuperscript{174} \textit{Id.} at 453.
\textsuperscript{175} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
A. Bargaining over Education
The principal public policy argument against allowing graduate assistant unions is that collective bargaining would obligate universities to bargain over educational matters.\textsuperscript{176} The California PERB, for example, reasoned that because economic and educational concerns overlap, granting bargaining rights to graduate assistants would result in negotiating academic practices.\textsuperscript{177} Similarly, the lead opinion in the Massachusetts decision reasoned that allowing graduate assistants to bargain over wages, hours, and conditions of employment would necessarily impact the academic, financial aid, and admissions policies of state schools.\textsuperscript{178} Those opposed to graduate assistant bargaining rights argue that bargaining would inevitably affect decisions, such as the number of students admitted to graduate programs, and replace considerations of academic excellence with factors such as seniority.\textsuperscript{179} The evils, according to this argument, are self-evident. Collective bargaining would directly affect academic policy, a subject traditionally within the exclusive province of the university. Further, in states such as California, granting bargaining rights to graduate assistants would violate a state statute that proscribes negotiations over educational policy.\textsuperscript{180}
This argument has been amplified by the argument that extending such rights somehow impinges upon academic freedom,\textsuperscript{181} such as the freedom of the university “to determine for itself on academic grounds who may teach, what may be taught, how it shall be taught, and who may be admitted to study.”\textsuperscript{182} The NLRB echoed this sentiment, noting that academic “freedoms encompass not only the right to speak freely in the classrooms, but also such fundamental matters as the right to determine course length and content; to establish standards for advancement and graduation; to administer examinations; and to resolve a multitude of other administrative and educational concerns.”\textsuperscript{183} The Board resolved that “[i]f one were to conclude that the student-teacher and employee-employer relationships were in fact analogous, then it would follow that many academic freedoms would become bargainable as wages, hours, or terms and conditions of employment.”\textsuperscript{184}
\textsuperscript{176.} See Villa, \textit{supra} note 11, at 36.
\textsuperscript{177.} Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230.
\textsuperscript{178.} Bd. of Trs., Univ. of Mass., No. SCR-2096, slip op. at 24.
\textsuperscript{179.} \textit{Id.} at 24-25.
\textsuperscript{180.} Cal. Gov’t Code § 3562(q)(1) (West Supp. 2000); see Ass’n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{181.} St. Clare’s Hosp. and Health Ctr., 229 N.L.R.B. 1000, 1002 (1977).
\textsuperscript{182.} Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234, 263 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
\textsuperscript{183.} St. Clare’s Hosp., 229 N.L.R.B. at 1003.
\textsuperscript{184.} \textit{Id.}
These arguments of public policy are flawed for several reasons. Initially, the arguments depend upon an overly broad definition of educational policy. The definition of "educational objectives" adopted by the California PERB, for example, includes nearly every concern even remotely related to an academic discipline.\textsuperscript{185} Furthermore, the same argument applies to every other union within the university system that might bargain over issues that ultimately affect matters of educational policy.\textsuperscript{186} State boards, however, have been fairly liberal in allowing faculty unions, and even more so in allowing the organization of university support staff. Moreover, in most states, the absence of a strike threat for public employees means that the university need not accept bargaining proposals inconsistent with educational quality.\textsuperscript{187}
Finally, any adverse impact that collective bargaining may have upon educational policies truly within the university's exclusive province may be dealt with by limiting the scope of bargaining.\textsuperscript{188} Certain matters of educational policy could be held out as permissive as opposed to mandatory subjects of bargaining. Several states already use this approach. Michigan, for instance, determined that the scope of bargaining can be limited if issues fall within the educational sphere, holding that "[s]ome conditions of employment may not be subject to collective bargaining because those particular facets of employment would interfere with the autonomy of the Regents."\textsuperscript{189} The Michigan Employment Relations Commission went on to find that the university's ten-term teaching limit was not a mandatory subject of bargaining because it affected matters in the educational sphere, such as encouraging students to finish their degrees and directly influencing the number of students that could be funded.\textsuperscript{190} Courts and administrative bodies should therefore deal with what is a proper subject of bargaining by limiting the scope of the bargaining process, not by denying bargaining rights altogether.\textsuperscript{191}
\textsuperscript{185} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{186} United Faculty of Fla. v. Bd. of Regents, 417 So. 2d 1055, 1059-1061 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1982).
\textsuperscript{187} \textit{Id.} at 1059-60. Most states expressly deny public employees the right to strike. See Martin H. Malin, \textit{Public Employees' Right to Strike: Law and Experience}, 26 Mich. J.L. Reform 313, 313 (1993).
\textsuperscript{188} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib. Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{189} Univ. of Mich., 4 M.P.E.R. ¶ 22,039 (Mich. 1991).
\textsuperscript{190} \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{191} One final public policy argument has been advanced by the Board of Regents for the University of Florida system, which argued that it should be protected from bargaining because it might agree to pay more than it should. Fortunately, the Florida Court of Appeals gave this argument its full due, dismissing it in one sentence, stating that "[I]f concern about higher costs were sufficient reason [to deny graduate assistants the right to bargain], collective bargaining rights could be denied to every employee ...." United Faculty of Fla. v. Bd. of Regents, 417 So. 2d 1055, 1060-1061
B. Disruption of Student-Faculty Relationship
The second public policy argument made against graduate assistant organizing rights is that bargaining would disrupt graduate student-faculty relations. This argument manifests itself in opposition to collective bargaining for all academic employees. Usually, proponents of this position describe the university as a delicate, easily disrupted academic community.\textsuperscript{192} Arguments specific to graduate assistants focus upon the "personal" nature of graduate education, one that is not well suited to collective action.\textsuperscript{193} The student-teacher relationship is said to be one of mutual interests, as opposed to the conflicting interests at the core of the adversarial employment relationship.\textsuperscript{194} Some further argue that the student-faculty relationship is not supposed to be equal, as it might be at the bargaining table: faculty members, by virtue of their position, obviously know more than the students they teach.\textsuperscript{195}
The principal flaw in this argument is that graduate assistants do not bargain with faculty—they bargain either with administrators at private universities or state regents (either directly or through university administrators) at public universities. The faculty is merely another class of employees, a class that may bargain for its own contract with the university.
A second problem with this argument is that it exaggerates the relationship between graduate teaching assistants and faculty. The student-mentor relationship that may exist between research assistants and their professors simply does not exist between teaching assistants and their supervisors.\textsuperscript{196} Teaching assistants usually have limited contact with their supervising professor, and receive little real "supervision."\textsuperscript{197}
Finally, the only large scale study on the issue found that graduate assistant unions do not harm student-professor relationships.\textsuperscript{198} Gordon Hewitt, an institutional research analyst at Tufts University, asked nearly 300 faculty members at five universities with collective bargaining for graduate assistants whether unions impeded their
\textsuperscript{192} See, e.g., Univ. of N.H. Chapter of the Am. Ass'n. of Univ. Professors v. Haselton, 397 F. Supp. 107 (D.N.H. 1975) (stating that the potential undermining of the relationship is a reasonable basis for the state to exclude the university employees from the benefits conferred by the state statute on other state employees).
\textsuperscript{193} St. Clare's Hosp. and Health Ctr., 229 N.L.R.B. 1000, 1002 (1977).
\textsuperscript{194} Id.
\textsuperscript{195} Id. at 1002-03.
\textsuperscript{196} Ass'n of Graduate Student Employees, 1989 P.E.R.C. (LRP) LEXIS 230 (Craib, Member, concurring and dissenting).
\textsuperscript{197} Id.
\textsuperscript{198} Graduate-Student Unions Don't Hurt Professor-Advisee Relations, Survey Finds, Chron. Higher Educ., Nov. 5, 1999, at A18.
ability to advise and educate graduate students.\textsuperscript{199} Ninety percent of the faculty members said that it did not impede their ability to advise graduate students, and ninety-two percent said that unions did not make it more difficult to instruct graduate students.\textsuperscript{200} Thus, the argument that collective bargaining will somehow disrupt the delicate student-teacher relationship is not supported.
\section*{CONCLUSION}
The arguments against allowing graduate teaching and research assistants to organize into collective bargaining units are not compelling. Graduate assistants possess all the classic indicia of employees. The three approaches used by administrative agencies and courts to assess whether graduate assistants should be allowed collective bargaining rights focus upon the irrelevant question of whether graduate assistants are students or employees for the purpose of collective bargaining. Graduate assistants are, of course, \textit{both} students \textit{and} employees and, as employees, they should be granted the right to bargain collectively. The arguments for classifying graduate assistants as solely students are either non sequitur (graduate assistants receive no fringe benefits) or patently false (graduate teaching is crucial to an academic career). Finally, the public policy arguments against the certification of units of graduate assistants are seriously flawed. Plainly, when graduate assistants organize to remedy their employment situation, they should be accorded full rights at the bargaining table.
\textsuperscript{199} \textit{Id.} The five universities were the State University of New York at Buffalo and the Universities of Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Oregon. \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{200} \textit{Id.}
|
Surface-to-Surface Transition via Electromagnetic Coupling of Coplanar Waveguides
Robert W. Jackson
David W. Matolak
University of South Carolina - Columbia, firstname.lastname@example.org
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/elct_facpub
Part of the Signal Processing Commons, Systems and Communications Commons, and the VLSI and Circuits, Embedded and Hardware Systems Commons
Publication Info
Postprint version. Published in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Volume 35, Issue 11, 1987, pages 1027-1032.
© IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1987, IEEE
Jackson, R., Matolak, D. (1987). Surface-to-Surface Transition via Electromagnetic Coupling of Coplanar Waveguides. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 35(11), 1027-1032.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.1987.1133802
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Surface-to-Surface Transition via Electromagnetic Coupling of Coplanar Waveguides
ROBERT W. JACKSON, MEMBER, IEEE, AND DAVID W. MATOLAK, MEMBER, IEEE
Abstract — A transition is investigated which couples coplanar waveguide on one substrate surface (a motherboard) to coplanar waveguide on another substrate surface (a semiconductor chip or subarray) placed above the first. No wire bonds are necessary. A full-wave analysis using coupled line theory is presented and verified experimentally. The use of this transition for coupling to millimeter-wave integrated circuits is discussed.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, many microwave and millimeter-wave modules (receiver front ends, for example) are made up of submodules which are hybrid or MMIC components such as low-noise amplifiers or phase shifters. Wire bonds are usually used to connect these submodules to each other or to transmission lines which run between modules. It is desirable to minimize this type of connection since it is a labor-intensive process and can degrade circuit performance at very high frequencies. In the future it is likely that many of these wire bonds will be eliminated by combining submodules into larger monolithic units. However, phased antenna arrays using tens of thousands of elements would still have need of transitions between antennas, feeds, or active modules, and it would be convenient to eliminate critical wire bonds as much as possible [1].
In this paper, we investigate a method of electromagnetically coupling from a coplanar waveguide (CPW) on the surface of one substrate to a CPW on the surface of another. Fig. 1 shows the basic structures which are under consideration. In both cases the chip (or subarray) is fed electromagnetically by the transmission line on the motherboard underneath. In Fig. 1(a), both the motherboard and the “chip” are assumed to have a high permittivity ($\epsilon_r = 10$ or $13$) with the feed line located on the underside of the motherboard. Alternatively, Fig. 1(b) shows the feed line on the top of a low-permittivity motherboard coupling to a high-permittivity chip. It is more convenient to construct a 50-$\Omega$ CPW feed line in the first structure. The second structure, however, has a tighter coupling for a given chip thickness and therefore requires less surface area. If the motherboard permittivity in this second structure is much less than the chip permittivity, its effects can be neglected and the analysis of both configurations proceeds in the same manner.
CPW is a good candidate for motherboard transmission lines since it has its principal fields on the substrate surface and thus is easier to couple to structures placed above it. It can also have low losses if its dimensions are chosen properly [2]. On the active surface, CPW has advantages due to its ease of construction and low parasitics [3].
In what follows, the transition is modeled as a set of coupled lines which are analyzed using full-wave techniques. The analysis is used to design transitions which were constructed and measured at C- and X-band. Finally, potential designs for millimeter-wave applications are discussed.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Coupled Line Analysis
The structures in Fig. 1 each consist of a four-port coupled line section with one port connected to an input line on one surface, one port connected to an output line on the other surface, and the remaining ports terminated in open circuits. In Fig. 2, three cross sections of the coupling region are shown with current configurations for the three modes which have left–right symmetry. The first mode, called the even coupled coplanar waveguide mode, and the second mode, called the odd mode, are used to analyze the coupler. The third mode, a parallel-plate mode, has been observed to have no effect within the coupler’s bandwidth. By determining the impedance and guide wavelength of each of the first two modes, the impedance parameters of the two-port transition are given by [4]
$$z_{11} = -j \frac{(Z_{0e} + Z_{0o})}{2} \text{ctn} \beta l$$ \hspace{1cm} (1a)
$$z_{12} = -j \frac{(Z_{0e} - Z_{0o})}{2} \csc \beta l$$ \hspace{1cm} (1b)
$$\beta^2 \equiv (\omega/c_0)^2(\epsilon_{\text{eff}, e} + \epsilon_{\text{eff}, o})/2$$ \hspace{1cm} (1c)
Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of motherboard and electromagnetically coupled submodule. (a) Feed line underneath motherboard, both substrates with the same permittivity. (b) Feed line on top of a low-permittivity motherboard.
Fig. 2. Schematic of the three coupled coplanar waveguide modes with left–right symmetry: (a) even mode, (b) odd mode, (c) parallel-plate mode.
where $Z_{0e}$ and $Z_{0o}$ are the even- and odd-mode impedances, $\epsilon_{\text{eff}, e}$ and $\epsilon_{\text{eff}, o}$ are the corresponding effective dielectric constants, and $l$ is the coupling length. If $l$ is chosen such that $\beta l$ equals $90^\circ$ at the center frequency of the band and the terminating impedance is chosen to be $(Z_{0e} - Z_{0o})/2$, a perfect match will occur.
B. Full-Wave Analysis
In order to determine the odd and even impedances and effective dielectric constants, a full-wave analysis [5], [6] is necessary since the strip widths and separation can become an appreciable fraction of a wavelength in size. The even-mode analysis proceeds by placing a horizontal magnetic wall midway between the two sets of conductors in Fig. 2(a). Likewise, the odd mode is analyzed by placing a horizontal electric wall midway between the two sets of conductors of Fig. 2(b). (The parallel-plate mode in Fig. 2(c) is also obtained this way.) The resulting basic structure is shown in Fig. 3, where an extra dielectric layer has been added so that the effect of air gaps can be estimated. The electric walls on the box sides are set far enough from the CPW to have a negligible effect.
Since the full-wave analysis of structures similar to this is well known [5], [6], it will only be described briefly. As shown in Fig. 3, CPW is enclosed in a box having perfect electric side walls and perfect magnetic or electric walls on the top and bottom. All currents lie on the $z = 0$ plane and vary according to the factor $\exp(-j\beta x)$, which is suppressed. The longitudinal current components are assumed to be symmetric around $y = 0$ and the transverse components to be antisymmetric. The electric fields tangential to the $z = 0$ surface are related to the exciting currents via the expression
$$\begin{bmatrix} \tilde{E}_x(n) \\ \tilde{E}_y(n) \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} Q_{xx}(n, \beta) & Q_{xy}(n, \beta) \\ Q_{yx}(n, \beta) & Q_{yy}(n, \beta) \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \tilde{J}_x(n) \\ \tilde{J}_y(n) \end{bmatrix}$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
where
$$\tilde{J}_i(n) = \frac{1}{a} \int_{-a/2}^{a/2} J_i(y) e^{-jn\pi y/a} dy,$$ \hspace{1cm} (3a)
$$J_i(y) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \tilde{J}_i(n) e^{jn\pi y/a}, \quad i = x, y$$ \hspace{1cm} (3b)
and similar expressions for $\tilde{E}_i(n)$ and $E_i(y)$. In order that the fields have the proper behavior at the side walls and due to the symmetries in the assumed currents, $n$ takes on only odd values. The derivation of the expressions for $Q_{ij}(n, \beta)$ is outlined in the Appendix for magnetic and electric cover plates.
Following the usual method of moments approach, $J_x$ and $J_y$ are expanded in terms of known functions multiplied by unknown coefficients such that
$$J_i(y) = \sum_{l=1}^{N_i} A_{il} f_{il}(y), \quad i = x \text{ or } y$$ \hspace{1cm} (4)
and $N_i$ is the number of expansion modes used for each current component. Moments of $E_x$ and $E_y$ are taken and
forced to zero on the $z=0$ plane wherever conductors occur such that
$$\frac{1}{a} \int_{-a/2}^{a/2} E_i(y) f_{il}(y) \, dy = 0,$$
$l=1,2,\cdots,N_i$ and $i=x$ or $y$. (5)
This results in the following equations:
$$\begin{bmatrix}
Z^{xx}(\beta) & \cdots & Z^{xy}(\beta) \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
Z^{yx}(\beta) & \cdots & Z^{yy}(\beta)
\end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}
A_{x,1} \\
\vdots \\
A_{x,N_x} \\
A_{y,1} \\
\vdots \\
A_{y,N_y}
\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}
\vdots \\
0 \\
\vdots
\end{bmatrix}$$
(6)
where each of the submatrices $Z^{ij}$ is defined by
$$Z^{ij}_{lp} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty} \tilde{f}_{il}(-n) \cdot Q_{lj}(n,\beta) \cdot \tilde{f}_{jp}(n),$$
$i=x$ or $y$; $j=x$ or $y$;
$l=1,2,\cdots,N_i$; $p=1,2,\cdots,N_i$ (7)
and $\tilde{f}_{il}(n)$ is related to $f_{il}(y)$ via (3a). The $i,j$ indices denote the submatrix and the $l,p$ indices denote the element within the submatrix. As usual, $\beta$ is varied until the determinant of the impedance matrix of (6) is zero. The coefficients $A_{il}$ can then be determined. The forms of the function used in the expansions are [5], [6]
$$f_{xl}(y) = \frac{\cos m\pi(y'/S_k + .5)}{\sqrt{(S_k/2)^2 - (y')^2}}$$
(8)
$$f_{yl}(y) = \frac{\sin m\pi(y'/S_k + .5)}{\sqrt{(S_k/2)^2 - (y')^2}}$$
(9)
$$y' = y - y_k$$
where $S_k$ is the width and $y_k$ is the center of the $k$th strip. So, for example, the $l=1,2$ expansion functions for $J_x$ might correspond to $y_1=0$, $k=1$, and $m=0,2$. The $l=3,4,5$ expansion functions for $J_x$ would then correspond to $y_2=\pm(S_1/2+W+S_2/2)$, $k=2$, and $m=0,1,2$. Continuing the example, for the $J_y$ expansion there would be only one center strip expansion mode identified by $f_{y1}$ with $y_1=0$, $k=1$, and $m=2$. The side strips would have two modes, $f_{y2}$ and $f_{y3}$, with $y_2=\pm(S_1/2+W+S_2/2)$, $k=2$, and $m=1,2$. The symmetries with respect to the $z,x$ plane are used to combine the expansion functions centered at $y_2=(S_1/2+W+S_2/2)$ with the ones centered at $y_2=-(S_1/2+W+S_2/2)$.
Once the propagation constant $\beta$ and the current amplitudes $A_{xl}$ and $A_{yl}$ are determined, the impedance of the resulting mode can be determined according to the power–current definition:
$$Z_c = \frac{1}{|I_0|^2} \left[ \int_{\text{box}} \int \left( E_y H_z^* - E_z H_y^* \right) dy \, dz \right]$$
(10)
where $I_0$ is the total longitudinal current on the center strip in Fig. 3 and the integration is over the cross section of the box.
The $y$ integration can be converted to a summation in $n$, and the $z$ integration performed analytically. The calculations are straightforward and well known [5] but tedious and, due to space limitations, are not included in this paper.
C. Representative Results
To analyze the coupler in Fig. 1(b), the impedance and effective dielectric ($\epsilon_{\text{eff}} = \beta^2/k_0^2$) constant of the even (Fig. 2(a)) and odd (Fig. 2(b)) modes must be determined. These quantities can be obtained from the analysis of the structure in Fig. 3 by setting $d_1=0$, $d_2=d/2$, and $d_3$ large. For the odd mode, the upper and lower walls are electric; for the even mode, they are magnetic. (The upper wall is of no consequence since it is far away.) A representative result is shown in Fig. 4, where impedances and effective dielectric constant are plotted versus substrate half-thickness ($\epsilon_r=10.2$). Note that as the substrate thickness increases, the even- and odd-mode impedances move toward each other, indicating, as expected, lower coupling. The even- and odd-mode effective dielectric constants are much different when good coupling occurs, and simply averaging the two worked well in the cases discussed in
this paper. Equations which more properly account for the different phase velocities can be found in the literature [7].
By making $d_1$ nonzero and setting $\epsilon_{r1} = 1.0$, the effect of an air gap of $2d_1$ can be estimated. Fig. 4 shows that an air gap primarily affects the odd-mode effective permittivity. This is not surprising since the electric fields of the odd mode are more normal to the dielectric–air interface than the electric fields of the even mode (see Fig. 2(a) and (b)).
III. MEASURED RESULTS
These types of transitions have been designed, built, and measured at 5 GHz and 10 GHz. Fig. 5 shows the dimensions of a set of 5-GHz couplers built on Duroid substrate ($\epsilon_r = 10.2$). There are two transitions, one from the “motherboard” (1.27 mm thick) to the “chip” (0.635 mm) and one back again to the motherboard. Measured return loss, shown in Fig. 6, is better than 20 dB over a 25-percent bandwidth. This return loss is due to the two surface-to-surface transitions and has been de-embedded from the coax-to-CPW transitions on either end of the motherboard using the time-domain option on an HP-8510 system. The insertion loss of the entire structure (including coax transitions) is about 0.6 dB and is well behaved in the passband.
A 10-GHz single transition from one side of a substrate (Duroid 6010.2, 1.27 mm) to the other was constructed and measured to have better than 15 dB of return loss over a 10-percent bandwidth. This includes the coax-to-CPW transitions at either end of the substrate.
In both cases, the center of the passband was measured to be about 12 percent lower than the design frequency. This is attributed to the open end discontinuities which make the coupled line sections look electrically longer than their physical length. The dashed line in Fig. 6 is the frequency response of the theoretical model of the measured structure. This model consists of two ideal transitions (described by (1)) separated by an ideal transmission line of appropriate electrical length. The modeled length of each coupler is in excess of the physical length by about 1.2 mm and was chosen to match the theoretical and measured center frequencies. Note that the measured and theoretical bandwidths are in fair agreement and that length extensions of $\Delta l = 0.6$ mm on each end of the ideal coupler are sufficient to compensate for fringing fields in the actual coupler. In an attempt to reduce this end effect, the chip substrate was trimmed so that the open ends terminated at the substrate edge. This produced a marked deterioration in match due to the fact that trimming reduced the end capacitance for the open end on the chip but not for the open end on the motherboard. Simple circuit modeling shows that an imbalance like this will produce the effect observed.
The sensitivity of the 5-GHz model was investigated by displacing the chip enough to cause a significant change in the de-embedded return loss. A transverse displacement of roughly 1.3 mm (2/3 of the combined substrate thickness) reduced the return loss from more than 20 dB to roughly 15 dB. A longitudinal displacement of roughly $\pm 1.8$ mm caused the same change in return loss. Generally, it was found that the transition was not overly sensitive to alignment.
As stated previously, the presence of a low-permittivity substrate below or above the coupled line region has little
effect. This was confirmed by pressing a 1.5-mm-thick $\epsilon_r = 2.5$ substrate on the underside of the structure in Fig. 5. Measured return loss changed only slightly and was still better than 17 dB over a 25-percent bandwidth. More discussion of this is presented below.
IV. Discussion
One of the principal concerns in the use of this type of transition will be its size. The width of the structure is controlled by the substrate thickness. By reducing the separation (substrate thickness) between launching and receiving lines, one can reduce the size necessary for a given coupling. In Fig. 1(b) the feed network is on the same side of the motherboard as the chip, and the separation of the two coupled lines is just the thickness of the chip substrate. If, for example, the chip were 0.635-mm-thick alumina and the motherboard were 1.27-mm quartz, the transverse dimensions for a 50-$\Omega$ match would be reduced to 40 percent of those in Fig. 5. Of course the up-down symmetry is broken by placing the conductors in this manner, but if the motherboard permittivity is much lower than the chip permittivity, this effect is small. A rough estimate of the effect of motherboard presence can be seen by computing the odd and even impedances of Fig. 3 if $d_3$ is made to be half the chip thickness, $d_2$ is the motherboard thickness, $d_1$ is infinite, and the permittivities are arranged appropriately. For the alumina/quartz example already mentioned, this increased the dimensions from roughly 33 percent to 40 percent of Fig. 4.
The longitudinal size is primarily determined by the operating frequency since the coupling region is one quarter of an effective wavelength long. In terms of coupling to MMIC's, this size requirement means that practical applications of this transition will be the millimeter-wave range.
At 35-GHz, a 50-$\Omega$ transition from a 0.25-mm quartz motherboard to a 0.1-mm GaAs chip is computed to have the following dimensions (see Fig. 3). $S_1 = 50 \mu m$, $S_1 + 2W = 500 \mu m$, $S_2 = 450 \mu m$, and a length of 790 $\mu m$. These dimensions are much the same for a transition at 60 GHz except that the length is about halved. These sizes indicate that transitions such as this would probably be too large to use with current MMIC's (1 mm $\times$ 2 mm) but may have applications for the larger IC's which will be used in the future [1].
V. Conclusions
A transition has been developed for coupling coplanar waveguide on one surface to coplanar waveguide on another. Coupled line theory and a full-wave analysis were used to predict the behavior of this transition. Measured results show good agreement with theory insofar as match is concerned, but measured center frequency was lower than predicted due to end effects. A 25-percent bandwidth was measured.
This transition is likely to have applications in hybrid circuits at microwave frequencies or in large integrated circuits or layers of circuits at millimeter-wave frequencies.
APPENDIX
The fields in each layer of Fig. 3 can be obtained from the $z$-directed magnetic and electric potentials in each of the three layers. For electric cover plates,
$$\psi_1^m = C_1^m \cos k_1 (d_1 + d_2 + z)$$
$$\psi_1^e = C_1^e \sin k_1 (d_1 + d_2 + z)$$
$$\psi_2^m = C_2^m \cos k_2 z + D_2^m \sin k_2 z$$
$$\psi_2^e = C_2^e \cos k_2 z + D_2^e \sin k_2 z$$
$$\psi_3^m = C_3^m \cos k_3 (d_3 - z)$$
$$\psi_3^e = C_3^e \sin k_3 (d_3 - z)$$ \hspace{1cm} (A1)
where $k_i = (\epsilon_i k_0^2 - k_x^2 - k_y^2)^{1/2}$, the subscripts $i=1,2,3$ refer to the different layers, and
$$C_2^m = \frac{\text{TM}_2(k_3/\epsilon_3) \sin k_3 d_3}{\text{TM}_2(k_3/\epsilon_3) \sin k_3 d_3 + \text{TM}_1(k_2/\epsilon_2) \cos k_3 d_3}$$
$$\cdot \frac{j(k_x \tilde{J}_x + k_y \tilde{J}_y)}{k_x^2 + k_y^2}$$
$$C_2^e = \frac{\text{TE}_2 \sin k_3 d_3}{\text{TE}_2 k_3 \cos k_3 d_3 + \text{TE}_1 k_2 \sin k_3 d_3}$$
$$\cdot \frac{\omega \mu_0 (k_y \tilde{J}_x - k_x \tilde{J}_y)}{k_x^2 + k_y^2}$$
$$D_2^m = -C_2^m \text{TM}_1/\text{TM}_2 \quad D_2^e = C_2^e \text{TE}_1/\text{TE}_2$$
$$C_1^m = (C_2^m \cos k_2 d_2 - D_2^m \sin k_2 d_2)/\cos k_1 d_1$$
$$C_1^e = (C_2^e \cos k_2 d_2 - D_2^e \sin k_2 d_2)/\sin k_1 d_1$$
$$C_3^e = C_2^e/\sin k_3 d_3$$
$$C_3^m = (k_2/\epsilon_2)(\epsilon_3/k_3) D_2^m/\sin k_3 d_3$$
$$\text{TM}_1 = (k_2/\epsilon_2) \cos k_1 d_1 \sin k_2 d_2$$
$$+ (k_1/\epsilon_1) \sin k_1 d_1 \cos k_2 d_2$$
$$\text{TM}_2 = (k_2/\epsilon_2) \cos k_1 d_1 \cos k_2 d_2$$
$$- (k_1/\epsilon_1) \sin k_1 d_1 \sin k_2 d_2$$
$$\text{TE}_1 = k_1 \cos k_1 d_1 \cos k_2 d_2 - k_2 \sin k_1 d_1 \sin k_2 d_2$$
$$\text{TE}_2 = k_1 \cos k_1 d_1 \sin k_2 d_2 + k_2 \sin k_1 d_1 \cos k_2 d_2.$$ \hspace{1cm} (A2)
For magnetic cover plates the potentials are
$$\psi_1'^m = C_1'^m \sin k_1 (d_1 + d_2 + z)$$
$$\psi_1'^e = C_1'^e \cos k_1 (d_1 + d_2 + z)$$
$$\psi_2'^m = C_2'^m \cos k_2 z + D_2'^m \sin k_2 z$$
$$\psi_2'^e = C_2'^e \cos k_2 z + D_2'^e \sin k_2 z$$
$$\psi_3'^m = C_3'^m \sin k_3 (d_3 - z)$$
$$\psi_3'^e = C_3'^e \cos k_3 (d_3 - z)$$ \hspace{1cm} (A3)
where the prime denotes magnetic cover plates and
\[
C_{2'}^m = \frac{\text{TM}_1'(k_3/\epsilon_3) \cos k_3 d_3}{\text{TM}_1'(k_3/\epsilon_3) \cos k_3 d_3 - \text{TM}_2'(k_2/\epsilon_2) \sin k_3 d_3} \\
\cdot \frac{(k_x \tilde{J}_x + k_y \tilde{J}_y)}{(k_x^2 + k_y^2)}
\]
\[
C_{2'}^e = \frac{\text{TE}_1' \cos k_3 d_3}{\text{TE}_2' k_2 \cos k_3 d_3 - \text{TE}_1' k_3 \sin k_3 d_3} \\
\cdot \frac{\omega \mu_0 (k_y \tilde{J}_x - k_x \tilde{J}_y)}{(k_x^2 + k_y^2)}
\]
\[
D_{2'}^m = - C_{1'}^m \text{TM}_2'/\text{TM}_1' \quad D_{2'}^e = C_{2'}^e \text{TE}_1'/\text{TE}_2'
\]
\[
C_{1'}^m = (C_{2'}^m \cos k_2 d_2 - D_{2'}^m \sin k_2 d_2)/\sin k_1 d_1
\]
\[
C_{1'}^e = (C_{2'}^e \cos k_2 d_2 - D_{2'}^e \sin k_2 d_2)/\cos k_1 d_1
\]
\[
C_{3'}^e = C_{2'}^e/\cos k_3 d_3
\]
\[
C_{3'}^m = -(k_3/\epsilon_3)(k_2/\epsilon_2) D_{2'}^m/\cos k_3 d_3
\]
\[
\text{TM}_1' = (k_2/\epsilon_2) \cos k_2 d_2 \sin k_1 d_1 \\
+ (k_1/\epsilon_1) \cos k_1 d_1 \sin k_2 d_2
\]
\[
\text{TM}_2' = (k_2/\epsilon_2) \sin k_1 d_1 \sin k_2 d_2 \\
- (k_1/\epsilon_1) \cos k_1 d_1 \cos k_2 d_2
\]
\[
\text{TE}_1' = k_1 \sin k_1 d_1 \sin k_2 d_2 - k_2 \cos k_2 d_2 \cos k_1 d_1
\]
\[
\text{TE}_2' = k_1 \sin k_1 d_1 \cos k_2 d_2 + k_2 \sin k_2 d_2 \cos k_1 d_1.
\] \hspace{1cm} (A4)
The Fourier series field amplitudes are then obtained from
\[
\tilde{E}_i = - \tilde{\nabla} \times \psi_i^e \hat{z} + \frac{1}{j \omega \epsilon_0 \epsilon_i} \tilde{\nabla} \times \tilde{\nabla} \times \psi_i^m \hat{z}
\] \hspace{1cm} (A5)
\[
\tilde{H}_i = \tilde{\nabla} \times \psi_i^m \hat{z} + \frac{1}{j \omega \mu_0} \tilde{\nabla} \times \tilde{\nabla} \times \psi_i^e \hat{z}
\] \hspace{1cm} (A6)
where
\[
\tilde{\nabla} = j k_x \hat{x} + j k_y \hat{y} + \hat{z} \frac{\partial}{\partial z}.
\]
Equations (2) are easily obtained from the preceding expressions by replacing \( k_x \) by \( \beta \) and \( k_y \) by \( n \pi/a \).
**REFERENCES**
[1] J. A. Kinzel, “GaAs technology for millimeter-wave phased arrays,” *IEEE Antennas Propagat. Newsletter*, vol. 29, pp. 12–14, Feb. 1987.
[2] R. W. Jackson, “Considerations in the use of coplanar waveguide for millimeter-wave integrated circuits,” *IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.*, vol. MTT-34, pp. 1450–1456, Dec. 1986.
[3] M. Riaziat, I. Zubcek, S. Bandy, and G. Zdasiuk, “Coplanar waveguide used in 2–18 GHz distributed amplifier,” in *IEEE MTT-S Microwave Symp. Dig.*, 1986, pp. 337–338.
[4] G. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T. Jones, *Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures*. Dedham, MA: Artech House, 1980, p. 221.
[5] R. Jansen, “Unified user oriented computation of shielded, covered and open planar microwave and millimeter wave transmission line characteristics,” *Microwave, Opt., Acoust.*, vol. 3, pp. 14–22, Jan. 1979.
[6] T. Itoh, “Spectral-domain immittance approach for dispersion characteristics of generalized printed transmission lines,” *IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.*, vol. MTT-28, pp. 733–736, July 1980.
[7] G. I. Zysman and A. K. Johnson, “Coupled transmission line networks in an inhomogeneous dielectric medium,” *IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.*, vol. MTT-28, pp. 733–736, July 1980.
---
**Robert W. Jackson** (M’82) was born in Boston, MA, on October 18, 1952. He received the B.S. degree in 1975 and the Ph.D. degree in 1981, both in electrical engineering, from Northeastern University in Boston. His thesis was on nonlinear plasma interactions in the earth’s bow shock.
From 1981 to 1982 he was an Assistant Professor at Northeastern University. Since 1982, he has been on the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, where he is a member of the Microwave and Electronics Laboratory. His research interests include numerical electromagnetics applied to millimeter-wave integrated circuits and active microwave and millimeter-wave circuit design.
---
**David W. Matolak** (S’85–M’86) was born in Johnstown, PA, on August 29, 1961. He received the B.S.E.E. degree from the Pennsylvania State University in 1983 and the M.S.E.C.E. degree from the University of Massachusetts in 1987.
From September 1983 to January 1985, he was employed in the Telecommunications Engineering and Standards Division of the Rural Electrification Administration, Washington, DC, where he analyzed low-capacity microwave radio systems and digital voice-processing techniques. From January 1985 to October 1986, he was a graduate student and research assistant in the Microwave and Electronics Laboratory of the University of Massachusetts. In October 1986, he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories, North Andover, MA, where he is working on the analysis of analog and digital microwave radio systems.
Mr. Matolak is a member of Eta Kappa Nu.
|
Internet Neutrality: A Battle Between Law and Ethics
Reena Cheruvalath\(^1\)
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature 2017
Abstract In 2016, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India issued the Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for Data Services Regulations. It favours the principle of internet neutrality. This principle suggests that all data on the internet should be treated equally without discrimination by user, content, site, etc. The objective of this paper is to justify the idea that internet neutrality cannot ensure equality in the ethical sense. Net neutrality can only maintain technological equality. The author proposes the argument that technological equality is not the same as ethical equality. Treating all content, which is not homogenous, equally leads to unethical activities. It hampers an individual’s relationship with his or her society and, thereby, blocks the foundation for social justice. Accordingly, the neutrality principle ignores the idea of social justice and fails to protect human rights. Hence, it cannot be ethically justifiable in its present form.
Keywords Internet neutrality · Equivocation · Technical equality · Non-discrimination · Right
1 Introduction
In the present digital era, where many are tech-savvies, it is important to explore whether they are ethically sensitive or using technology responsibly. The idea of ‘internet neutrality’ is one of the hottest topics discussed across the world in this regard, and the agenda behind the concept is to empower the users. Although there is a need for the responsible use of computers, the authorities have not provided any proper
\(^1\) Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, BITS Pilani- K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Sancoale, Goa, India
\(\star\) Reena Cheruvalath
firstname.lastname@example.org
guidelines with which to monitor users. The existing laws are for regulating internet service providers. In February 2016, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) issued the Prohibition of Discriminatory Tariffs for Data Services Regulations. According to the regulation: “No service provider shall offer or charge discriminatory tariffs for data services on the basis of content … content includes all content, applications, services and any other data, including its endpoint information, that can be accessed or transmitted over the internet … prohibition of discriminatory tariffs for data services is necessary to ensure that service providers continue to fulfil their obligations in keeping the internet open and non-discriminatory” [28]. The internet neutrality principle acts as the foundation for this rule. The principle suggests that all data on the internet should be treated equally without discrimination by user, content, site, etc. Through the internet, one can access newspapers, magazines, videos, books, articles, and so forth. This shows the varied nature of content available on the internet. The motive behind the concept of net neutrality is to avoid discrimination against all its users, both in applications and available content. Accordingly, as per the principle, these varied or heterogeneous contents are treated as equal.
The objective of this paper is to justify the idea that internet neutrality cannot ensure ‘neutrality’ in the ethical sense, and it raises three propositions. (1) Internet non-neutrality can fall into the category of unfair ethical marketing practices. However, an internet user cannot claim that accessing all data equally is a human right. The reason for this is that the contents of data sets are not homogeneous. People use internet data for unethical and illegal purposes. This can hamper an individual’s relationship with his or her society and thereby blocks the foundation for social justice. This is a threat to the concept of social justice. Accordingly, the neutrality principle ignores the idea of social justice and fails to protect human rights. Hence, it cannot be ethically justifiable in its present form. (2) The issue of ‘net neutrality’ cannot be solved by bringing the concept of ‘equality’ into the picture. There is an ontological difference between the use of the word equality in a ‘technical sense’ and in an ‘ethical sense’. (3) Defining ‘technological equality’ as ‘ethical equality’ to ensure nondiscrimination invites the fallacy of equivocation. In short, through neutrality, equality in technology can be secured.
As stated by Welch [33], there are various issues regarding net neutrality, such as regulatory practices, privacy, encouraging future innovation, free access to users and start-ups, etc. All these general issues have ethical implications and the related queries arising from them have not been solved. Ethical questions, such as ‘who decides what a user should browse through the internet?’, ‘who decides what is good for users?’ or ‘why data cannot be treated as equal?’ and so on, have not been answered. Hence, it is significant to examine in such a context, questions like ‘can we justify net neutrality ethically apart from its legality?’ and ‘on what grounds can it be justified?’
2 Net Neutrality and Ethics
‘Internet’ is the term given to a group of computers connected to each other and is used as a medium for information sharing and communication. It is considered to be ‘networks of networks’ [4]. The idea of ‘internet neutrality’ is of recent origin. The
world’s largest internet companies, such as Google, Skype, Facebook, etc., introduced the concept of internet neutrality in 2009, assuming that ‘data neutrality’ would help businesses to compete on the grounds of content alone, cites [8]. In other words, the principle allows users to use the internet according to their choices or personal preferences. To clarify the idea of neutrality, it is necessary to interpret the word ‘non-neutrality’. In a condition of non-neutrality, content providers and users have to pay for the facilities provided by internet services in order to access content. In this context, the word ‘neutrality’ means treating all applications and content equally, thereby providing the service to all customers in an equal way. Users can choose content and service providers freely, without being subject to any control.
Some countries (such as Chile and the Netherlands) have introduced net neutrality regulations. The argument of those who support net neutrality is that it challenges the traditional hierarchies of power and promotes democracy [1]. It safeguards a user-centric system and this open architecture is essential in order to enjoy fundamental rights within an interconnected societal context and, hence, needs to be protected [5]. Net neutrality promotes fair competition and blocks the monopoly of companies and, thus, adopting non-net neutrality is an unethical and discriminatory marketing practice. TRAI regulation is based on the postulation that accessing the internet and receiving information are human rights. It includes two rights: the right to express oneself and the right to receive information.
At this point, two questions arise: ‘What constitutes human rights?’ and ‘Is accessing all content equally, as part of net neutrality, a human right?’ A fundamental right is that one can make a moral claim. It is different from a privilege provided by the authorities in return for fulfilling particular criteria or requirements. Human rights ensure the well-being of individuals. Concerning the first question above, there are two answers. First, human rights are universal and unconditional, possessed by all persons and alienated from any particular practices or institutions in society [6], and they ensure human dignity [20]. Second, according to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights,” quotes Gaete [12: 149]. The appeal of the concept of human rights lies in its universality [21]. Every individual has human rights.
Here, the underlying assumptions are (a) all agents can claim their rights without any restriction, and (b) every individual respects the human dignity of others while claiming their own human rights. (Mentally challenged people and small children are exempt from the above obligatory act as they may lack the ability to understand the concept of human dignity. By default, it is the moral obligation of people who do not belong to this category to ensure the human rights of such individuals are upheld.) Related to the second question, net neutrality as a ‘right’ is comprised of certain other rights: (1) the right to choose service providers, (2) the right to use the medium in order to access the internet, and (3) the right to use data and content, accessed equally through this medium. The mediums are www, email, messenger, etc. The content application providers are Yahoo, Google, Facebook, and so forth.
There may be no problem in claiming one’s right, so long as the government ensures its fulfillment. Nonetheless, considering net neutrality to be a human right requires that the user respects the other users’ and non-users’ human dignity. The issue in the Indian context (or in any country, for that matter) is that all internet
users do not have the necessary education needed in order to understand their ethical obligations with respect to the dignity of others. Studies show that there are fraudulent practices on the internet, namely security sales and trading, electronic commerce, and so forth [3]. Moreover, the varied nature of content makes things more complicated.
The content available on the internet is heterogeneous and contains both unethical and ethical aspects. Websites provide such content without filtering it to its different users. Some internet content providers (ICPs) offer educational and informative content. At the same time, there are other ICPs which provide unethical content. For example, the content in porn sites and the websites which promote violence and terrorism are unethical. The sites containing pornography question the dignity of individuals, especially that of women and children. Research shows that internet pornography not only draws the attention of people with paedophilic tendencies, but also contributes to the crystallisation of such interest in people who have not shown prior sexual interest in children [35]. There are countries which control the dissemination of such content, for example, Hong Kong [29].
Some ICPs support a certain ideology and provide religiously biased content which can harm the sentiments of others. Often, users do not assess whether the available content is authentic or not. Furthermore, ‘a content provider is anonymous or merely has a virtual identity’ [31: 214]. Many religious people support the idea of neutrality, saying it is a ‘fundamental right’. According to them, neutrality helps to express their religious ideas and communicate them to their followers [15]. There are sites which promote religious extremism and, consequently, it can lead to social injustice.
Any living being is a subject of justice. ‘Justice’, in this context, means fair treatment. ‘Social justice’ ensures that these living beings “have the dignity that deserves the respect and support of laws and institutions” [20: 86]. It is “fair access to rewards for all individuals and groups within a society” [11: 23]. Social justice requires that everything be treated with respect that is equally distributed. Providing free access to the internet, as a right, and treating all content, sites and medium in an equal manner can lead to an imbalance in the rights between (1) ethically non-sensitive users and sensitive users, and (2) non-sensitive users and non-users. Here, only some groups of people receive the right to use internet content to satisfy their personal desires, which calls into question the human dignity of the latter. It can harm the ‘right to well-being’ of the latter group. Accessing content from pornographic sites, or other illegal sites, through a right to receive information, blocks the ‘right to privacy’ of others. The saddest aspect of this is that there is no initiative from the part of the authorities to educate these non-sensitive users. It indicates the need for providing basic ethics’ education, which should start at the lower school level. Moreover, as there is an absence of any controlling mechanism, the principle of internet neutrality facilitates the misuse of internet medium and content and, thereby, curtails the other agents’ moral right of ‘being respected’. It fails to make possible a harmony of rational wills, as stated by Linden [16: 20]. Besides, it invites the issue of marginalisation, as stated by Youngs [36]. Research shows that online communication has a tendency to increase hostility [7]. Although
the internet can play a significant role in communicating social justice globally, lack of ethical sensitivity in users can create injustice.
As stated by Weckert [32], the websites containing prohibited material can be shut down. However, there is no mechanism to prevent a new site containing similar material from being established. For instance, a user can create new sites with offensive content. It is impossible for the government to block illegal sites, as many servers are located outside India and about forty million such websites exist on the internet [2]. Besides, the implementation of law needs a supportive society, one which understands that accessing offensive material on the internet is a serious issue and that the use of filtering software can help solve the problem [23]. There is no monitoring mechanism to control and block the above-mentioned contents and to ensure that only information which is ethical and legal is provided by the sites. In some cases, blocking can be useful in order to prevent unwanted use by children and those who are engaged in anti-social activities. However, filtering content is not possible within the condition of net neutrality, as mentioned above. In the absence of net neutrality, ICPs could block various speeches or content. Besides, ICPs publish their own ideologies through the medium. As stated by Vedder [30], ICPs have the responsibility of blocking the content of their sites if, in their efforts at profit making, certain people in society are at risk of being harmed or offended.
An ethical problem related to this, is that if there is no proper regulatory system, such providers can publish their views as supportive/opposed to any issue, irrespective of its ethicality, depending on their ideological stand. For example, when Facebook introduced Free Basics into India to ensure internet literacy amongst people, the major question raised was: “through the free websites what if Facebook campaigns for some political party during election time”? [24]. Also, according to the regulations of the literacy campaign, only a few websites were available for learners, which in itself is discriminatory. TRAI has asked Facebook and Reliance Communications to stop their free basic service in India, citing the same reason.
To control and regulate the content of a site, it is useful to confirm who owns it. Accordingly, protecting the data and ownership of information are other related issues concerning the principle of internet neutrality, which can result in unequal distribution. It occurs in different ways. First of all, after sending or uploading information or data by the user (first party) in a second-party website on the internet, it becomes part of the second party (an organisation or website, e.g. Twitter, Facebook) who has accepted the data. Even if the second channel does not publish the data, the first party cannot possess it because the data goes from the user’s computer to the second-party system. Regarding the second party, the ownership goes to a third party (service device, e.g. Apple), which is the medium for connecting the two parties. The ‘universal’ nature of the internet raises the issue of uncontrollability. Unless ownership is clear, it is difficult to protect data and this ‘un-owned’ or ‘many-owned’ property cannot be distributed equally.
In brief, as a right, the principle is equally applicable to every moral agent who is in a similar situation. Nonetheless, net neutrality can be a human right and universal if, and only if, all contents are homogeneous, and the principle brings benefit to everyone. It is not possible for any agency to unify all heterogeneous data on the
internet. However, the agency can regulate or introduce a mechanism to control data which are harmful. That is mainly a technical issue. Retrieving all data from the internet is not an ethical issue. Instead, accessing the contents of the data sets, which are not homogeneous, is an ethical issue. The ethical responsibility of the agency is to check which contents are harmful. The ethical aspect lies in deciding ‘who owns the right to decide what is harmful to the user’. Although software is protected by copyright, online interactive communications are not protected by any law [22]. If a user has the capacity to distinguish harmful content from non-harmful content, then he or she has the right to make that decision. Available data do not support that this is actually the case, and the evidence shows that there is an increase in cybercrime rates [26, 27], especially in developing countries [14]. The author states that the main reasons for people in those economies engaging in cybercrimes are high unemployment and low wages. Studies show that adolescents use the internet to carry out illegal activities, to bully and cheat others, and to engage in illegal gambling [17].
Another point to bear in mind is that the regulatory system itself can misuse the medium or use it unethically. For instance, the government, guided by vested interest, can intrude into the privacy of others by collecting their data, which is meant to be private, claiming it is an important part of national security. This is only possible because the government has access to greater freedom on the internet, as stated by Welch [33]. As Thomas, Forcht and Counts [25] have highlighted, the internet cannot simply rely on the law to maintain order. As one can see, the issue of how to regulate the net has clearly not been solved [18].
3 Technological Equality Versus Ethical Equality
The issue of ‘net neutrality’, which is technical in nature, cannot be solved by bringing the concept of ‘equality’ and ‘non-discrimination’ into the picture. There is an ontological difference between ‘equality in technology’ and ‘equality in an ethical sense’. To guarantee the equal rights of everyone in a group, all members of that group need to have a common quality, which is ethically justifiable. From the technological perspective, the common quality shared by all is only ‘those who use the internet’ or ‘those who know how to use the internet’, not ‘all those who are ethically sensible in their use’. Net neutrality, as a human right, is based on the proposition that ‘technical equality is identical to ethical equality’. Defining ‘technological equality’ in terms of ‘ethical equality’ commits the fallacy of equivocation. When an argument is constructed, the meaning of the terms used in the argument must be consistent throughout the argument. An argument uses equivocation if any of the terms employ more than one sense in different parts of the argument [10].
The present argument, on which the regulation is established, goes like this:
Equality helps to ensure nondiscrimination.
Transmission of data through open and free internet traffic helps to ensure equality.
Therefore, transmission of data through open and free internet traffic helps to ensure nondiscrimination.
In this argument the term ‘equality’ is ambiguous. It is ambiguous in the sense that in the first proposition the word ‘equality’ is used in an ethical sense. In the second proposition, the term ‘equality’ is used in a technical sense.
Accordingly, the principle leads to inconsistency and, thus, it cannot constitute an ethical law. Through net neutrality, equality in technology can be established since everyone is able to access it equally. Equality in technology can satisfy its economic function or can bring equality in an economic sense. The principle stops websites charging more for a faster service, and thereby avoids discrimination. However, ethical equality is ensured when people recognise the rights of each other and treat others with dignity and respect. Sites with illegal content do not promote this ideal. A person who wishes to access unethical or illegal content ensures his or her own human right, but can cause harm to another individual, which is discriminatory. Internet neutrality prohibits ICPs from blocking sites or censoring or prioritising content. Moreover, ‘equality as inclusion’ emphasises certain rights and responsibilities which may also include concerns around social justice, as stated by Cook [9: 71].
4 Conclusion
Advancement in information and technology, without understanding its ethical implications, is disastrous. Net neutrality can be a privilege, but not a right. It becomes a right when (1) all users are properly educated to recognise their ethical responsibility in using the internet in a responsible way, without harming the rights of others, and (2) all content displayed through ISPs is legal. In short, being able to access all data equally is not the basic human right of an internet user, because it does not guarantee equality in the ‘ethical sense’. Moreover, validating a new human rights’ claim needs to show how it is linked to other rights that have already been registered as ‘justified’ in a contemporary canon of international human rights law, as stated by Winston [34]. Net neutrality as a right infringes other basic existing human rights, such as the ‘right to well-being’ and the ‘right to privacy’ and so on, and, thus, it does not guarantee social justice.
It is clear that the time has come to review and develop proper regulations for technological innovations, especially that of the internet. Implementing new rules and regulations without foreseeing the consequences or ethical implications will hinder progress, rather than support it. Available data shows that cybercrimes are committed by educated youths [19]. There is a need to create awareness amongst educated young people about the ethical implications of internet use. Whatever the intention, violating someone else’s property without permission cannot be ethically justifiable. Hence, before introducing new rules and regulations, there is a need to educate young people about the ‘rights’ and ‘wrongs’, or ethical implications, of the internet. It is the government’s responsibility to make the law appear reasonable to the general public [13]. This affirms the point that the issue of accessing data from
the internet needs to be solved technically, not ethically. It is a technical issue and the government should provide technical regulations instead of trying to solve the problem by providing internet users with a new right.
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|
RECORD MEGA COMPANIES
COMING FULL CIRCLE
WALRUS!
ISSUE 257
MARCH 12, 1979
ROCK'S T.V. CONNECTION
PLUS
More News On The Wire!
Radio City: Management Replies!
NEW YORK
IN THE NEWS: Bill Nelson, former prime mover of Be Bop Deluxe, has announced the lineup of his new band, RED NOISE. In addition to Bill on guitars will be Be Bop holdover Andy Clark on keyboards, Ian Nelson (Bill's brother) on drums, Rick Fenn on bass and American drummer Steve Peer, formerly of New Jersey group TVT. Peer, however, does not appear on Red Noise's debut LP, SOUND ON SOUND, scheduled for mid-March in case on Capitol, the drummer on the LP is English sessionman and ex-Fairport Convention Dave Mattacks... Reports have it that the new Eagles album will contain a heavier rock n' roll feel than is usually associated with the group. Eagles will also appear on the soundtrack to Urban Cowboy, a film being produced by their manager, Irv Azoff... Gilda Radner will become the next member of Saturday Night Live's Yoo-Hoo Four Time-Time-Players to record an LP. The album, LIVE FROM NY — THE GILDA RADNER ALBUM, is due for spring release on Warner Bros. and will feature the Rough Cutt's, Castello's Diamond Child and Roxy's for backing vocals. Bob Tischler and Paul Shaffer will co-produce... Todd Rundgren is doing his bit to help the so called "boat people," the Indo-Chinese refugees who have lost their citizenship and have been crowded into provisional camps in the South China Sea area. Todd has organized a benefit concert to raise funds for food and medical supplies for the refugees at the Yorktown Palladium on February 16, and has enlisted the help of a few friends: Blue Oyster Cult, the Patti Smith Group, and the David Johansen Band have all donated their time to this worthy cause, along with Todd and Utopia. Other special guests will probably appear unannounced, as well. The two shows, both of which sold out quickly, are being recorded for King Biscuit Flower Hour syndication... In addition to his fundraising activities, Rundgren's been one of the busiest producers around over the last few months. In four months he's worked on five LPs, all scheduled for release this spring: Tulip by Patti Smith, Tom Robinson Band, Meat Loaf and his own Utopia. Todd says he may stop touring for a while to work on video projects, including a possible TV pilot... Controversy seems to be arising over a song suggested by William Parker and the Ramour called "Mercury Poisoning," which won't appear on their new LP, but will probably surface eventually one way or another. It seems that Parker's former label is not too pleased with the implication of the title...
Spencer Davis, now working as an independent producer on the West Coast, recently got together for a reunion dinner with the three other members of the original Spencer Davis Group — Steve Winwood, Muff Winwood and Peter York. It was the first time the four had gotten together in over eleven years. B.B. King starts four week tour of the USSR Feb. 28.
IN THE STUDIO: Andy Pratt is recording at RCO Studios in Woodstock, co-producing with Eddie Offord of Yes/ELP fame... Nils Lofgren in the studio with Bob Ezrin... Peter Frampton at Cheriton in L.A. ... The Doors arranged by Apple/Chipetz in Philadelphia, recently inked to Arista, at Sound Mixers being produced by Rick Chertoff...
IN THE CAN: LPs finished and ready for release soon include Dwight Twilley's TWILLEY and TYCOON's debut on Arista in late February; Raydio's ROCK ON and Patti Smith's WAVES on Arista in March; Rick Wakeman's "unflavored" RHAPSODIES, a double LP recorded in Switzerland with Tony Visconti on A&M in March; No Dice's TWO FACED on Capitol in March, and Roxy Music's MANIFESTO on Atlantic, also for March release.
— Dave Schulps
LOS ANGELES
APPOINTMENTS, PROMOTIONS & PERMUTATIONS: News of Capitol/EMI's buyout of United Artists Records came as little surprise to many in the multitude of indy snap-ups thus far this year. U.A. chiefs Artie Mogull and Jerry Rubenstein will remain on the company's board of directors. While financial details have not been disclosed, the duo of industry veterans no doubt turned a nifty profit in the year since they purchased the label from Transamerica. Jim Mazza, President of EMI America, will assume U.A.'s American Music responsibilities... Larry King has been appointed V.P. of Promotion at MCA. He hails from Atlantic where ex-colleagues Vince Faraci and Tune Erim have been elected to Vice President positions in national promotion posts... Russ Shaw, late of Chrysalis, moves over to the MCA hierarchy, becoming V.P. of Artist Relations... Maxanne Sartori, WBCN air personality and former Island Records employee, assigned to director of development directorship for Elektra/Asylum. Maxanne, in charge of the Southern region, will operate from Nashville... Moving into Island's Burbank base is Mike Papale, taking on the promotion chores previously handled by Freddie Mancuso... And Jon Scott, last heard from at the turbulent ABC offices, is now Vice President of Special Projects in Capricorn Records' L.A. headquarters. One reason for the move: Capricorn's signing of Australian rocker Billy Thorpe, of whom Scott's a staunch supporter. Thorpe's debut for the label, CHILDREN OF THE SUN, out soon.
'Tour' Du Jour—Elvis Costello's 53 date tour opener is Berserky's Rubinos!
MICHAEL NESMITH WRITING BIG DOGMA: Michael Nesmith soon to enter the studio with "more electric, basic rock 'n roll" tunes for his first studio effort since 1977's FROM A
Michael Nesmith
RADIO ENGINE TO THE PHOTON WING: Tentative title for the new album by THE RIDER ON THE BIG DOCMA. Michael's Carmel-based label (administrated by new prez Kathryn Nesmith) recently signed two new acts, Jet and Magician. And five-time U.S. surfing champ Cockey Carroll's "Pan Amika On Board" single has shipped from Pacific Arts' HQ.
LP LOOPS, STUDIO SCOOPS: CBS to release Rachel Sweet... Producer Jack Nitzsche completed the mixed L.A. for Graham Parker & The Rumour's SQUEEZING OUT SPARKS. Tracks for the Arista LP, which Nitzsche considers one of his best production jobs ever, include: "You Can't Be Too Strong," "Discovering Japan," "Love Gets You Twisted" and "Waiting For The UFOs"... Denny Cordell, originally pegged to produce Carlene Carter's second Warners' disc, dropped in favor of Nitzsche. Carter's already cut eight songs to bed with C.C. in Hollywood, with Clover — Elvis Costello's MY AIM IS TRUE band — providing the musical accompaniment... John Hiatt, newly inked to MCA, recording in town... Sparks signs to Virgin for its portion of the world with Ron and Russell Mael currently label shopping for a Stateside release. The Giorgio Moroder-produced disco flavored platter is called NUMBER ONE IN HEAVEN... Roy Orbison signed to Elektra/Asylum, just wrapping up his album's worth o' tunes in Tinsel Town.
PERAMBULATING PRODUCT: Upcoming releases from some of the diskeries include: Eddie & The Hot Rods' third LP, "The Walker," due shortly from Island, produced by Pete Kerr (responsible for the Sleeper of the Year, 1978, award for The Motors' APPROVED BY THE MOTORS)... from RCA, new Evelyn King, disco act Witchcraft, and MEMORIES OF ELVIS with Vernon and the Colonel... Atlantic issuing a new Average White Band, Randy Bachman's Iron Horse Group, Bad Company, The Moody Blues and Genesis... ABC has The Atlantics' BIG CITY ROCK, a third from Shotgun and the Dramatics' ANY TIME, ANY PLACE. Tentative April slates include the Crusaders, Lenny Williams and Tom Petty (though T.P.'s "The Heartbreakers" are still tranched in the studio, unlikely to meet that early deadline)... Follow-up single to Ian Matthews' monster Mushroom hit "Shake It" is the STEALIN' HOME LP opener, "Give Me Your Girl." It's likely that Ian Gomm, famed guitarist/songwriter/vocalist with the Brinsley Schwarz boys signed to CBS with his "Summer Holiday" LP forthcoming.
COVER STORIES: Frankie Miller sings Bob Marley's "Is This Love" on his upcoming David Mackay (Bonnie Tyler) produced record... French crooner Johnny Hallyday celebrating his 20th anniversary in the U.S. with a new album. Allan McDougall, Island Music publishing exec and one of Hallyday's biggest fans (McDougall is a burly 7'-feet coerced the chanteur into a Parisian-produced cover of Robert Palmer's "You're Gonna Get What's Comin'" (now "Come Un Voleur") and Jimmy Cliff's "You Can Get It..." ("Toi T'as Le Bon Tour de L'Amour"). Following Phil Spector's record-topping top 40 entry, McDougall predicts potentially similar success for Johnny in the States... Lowell George does Jimmy Webb's "Himmler's Ring" on his first solo outing. THANKS, I'LL EAT IT HERE.
RUMOR MILL: Artie Ripp, rock entrepreneur and head of the dear-departed Kama Sutra label, given an even million to re-establish the logo under the wide wingspan of CBS Records? * * * * *
... My concert-bookin' spy Irza Tingle reports that plans are in the works for Phyllis Hyman, Wild Cherry and several Virgin acts to open for Steely Dan. A bill like that could pop all over the place.
— Steven X. Rea
SO GONE HE'S UNFORGETTABLE!
ROBERT GORDON's first two albums, featuring the singles "Red Hot" and "Fire," made him one of the most talked about vocalists in rock 'n' roll. Drawing from country swing and rhythm and blues, Gordon redefines a tradition of energy and emotion as old as rock itself.
Welcome "Rock Billy Boogie," the wild first album on RCA Records from Robert Gordon.
Includes the just released single: "It's Only Make Believe" b/w "Rock Billy Boogie"
ROBERT GORDON
Rock Billy Boogie
Produced by Richard Gottehrer
"An Instant Record"
The 1979 George Harrison
George Harrison
Featuring "Blow Away" BRC 8763
Produced by George Harrison and Russ Titeiman.
On Dark Horse Records and Tapes, DHK 3255
Manufactured and distributed by Warner Bros. Records Inc.
JAY BLACKBURN
Jay Blackburn figures the Loop is number 127. The one-hundred-and-twenty-seventh radio station that he has programmed, worked at, consulted or rebuilt. KLIF, KERC, KAWA, KUYS, WMBJ, "need bottom line, level A alphabet soup." If programming is not unlike writing a novel, Jay is the "Author" of more than 100 radio stations, a kind of prolific Isaac Asimov of broadcasting.
Not far off the mark because Jay's a writer about radio comes from science fiction. He says, "We live in the future and if you don't live in the future you fall behind." Right. Now tell 'em about fiber optic laser transmission. Tell 'em about the computer you've got at home Jay.
Tell 'em "never to forget the point of a radio station. Numbers aren't the whole thing. The whole thing is dollars. The point of a radio station is to make as much money as possible."
"Records," Jay says, "are little round things with holes that are what I use to get demographics."
Jay discovered those little round things when he was in the 7th grade. It was KLIF in Dallas. Jay took the morning bus downtown and worked the telephone and pulled records. And he did that until high noon "when that old man would come around and then hustle over to KBOX for more telephones and more records.
Jay grew up in Dallas, but he was born in Austin. And when he talks you can still hear how his voice was salt-and-peppered with Texas.
He got his first job when he was a 17 year old kid from college. That was KERC, 500 watts, two tower directional, and Jay ran the Jesus tapes on Sunday morning. He calls it "The Big Curse." Then it was more radio. Armed Forces Radio, Vietnam, a little TV, then back home with KERC.
That lasted two days. Jay figured there was BIG MONEY in the boob tube and so he jumped across the street to Channel 13. Turned out there wasn't any BIG MONEY, just $75 a week for a kid show and some puppets.
Then it's suburban Houston, KMCO. Jay knew what he wanted. To be a salesman. After they made him a salesman, they made him Sales Manager. Then General Manager.
Then Jay met Art Holt, a radio consultant and broker. Holt's job was to find money-losing radio stations, revitalize and sell them for money-making profit. What Jay did for Holt was what Lou Chancer, St. Louis, for make-up. "Holt would call up and say 'we need a business type. Dress up like a Harvard Business School graduate, glasses, and leather briefcase.' Or 'we need a creative type. Let the hair grow, blue jeans.'"
Jay and Holt turned over some 60 stations this way. Then Jay worked in a dozen other places. And then he quit radio. He even quit America.
Jay ended up on the southern latern tip of Puerto Rico. From radio station command to commanding his own sail boat. The real music in his life is warm salt water and sunshine. But it didn't last long.
Then Bob Bennett, Bob Bennet, who worked for Bob Hope, pitched Jay to consult a Top-40 station in San Juan. Jay already knew enough Spanish from Texas border towns. And radio, like he says, "is the only thing I can do."
Bennet's station in San Juan is WBMJ. That mushrooms into something called HBB, a consulting group in the Caribbean. Antigua, St. Lucia, Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic, Philippines. In fact, Jay still handles a few of those radio stations.
Then he figured he wanted a bigger boat. Jay says he needed money for a cruiser that could sail around the world. So he went looking for a new station in a major market. "I called a friend and said I got a little AOR format and it'll work." Ever get the feeling that everything is "little" to people from Texas? Jay's little AOR format was WILZ in Chicago. Later Jay runs it this: "Our job is to play the hits. But the definition of the hits keeps changing. The more things change, the more they stay the same. AOR changes with the culture."
Chicago is a big, competitive market. That's just the way Jay likes it. He likes working long hours. He also, ironically, calls himself lazy. "Colourful isn't it-a-bitch ain't it," he laughs. "But don't put that in the story." There it is Jay. Anyway.
She wants to stretch the borders of that map. She talks about herself learning, developing, she can go in any direction. But not too far away from music. "I'm a prisoner of rock and roll," Mavis says. She likes Springsteen, The Fabulous Poodles, Dire Straits, The Cars, New Wave, new music dancing; she likes disco. She likes comedians Gilda Radner, and cowboy boots. Mavis even tells me that it doesn't rain a lot in Seattle. Fate chance. More things to like. Old movies and Bogart and Fellini and Marlene Dietrich. The connection to a passion for People magazine and novels of gothic romance. She even likes trash. The more we talk the longer the laundry list. Whatever it is, Mavis seems to like it.
Not quite. She doesn't like black people, for instance. She finds Devo "too disturbing" to enjoy. She hates Styx. She also resents the way some slimy guys from the slimmer part of the record business confuse her job with hers. "What Mavis wants from that job is respect. Not to be greaseballs. At the same time, Mavis figures this is a good time for women in radio. It's also a very good time for her.
She sets her own hours. She works late. She likes KZOK "because the station is willing to take a risk." You get the feeling that's how Mavis likes to think of herself. Willing to take a chance.
Mavis works a weekly air shift on Sunday nights. During the day she keeps her phone hot with 30 or 40 calls a day. She calls herself "the main squeeze between the station and the record companies." Mavis also does a weekly feature called "Mavis the Morning After" and although it sounds like a pill you take the next day, it's reviews, movies, and rock and roll. Always the music.
"You make a statement with programming," according to Mavis. "And I'm stuck by it. What's important is that the AOR has kept its identity between disco and MOR."
Her job as Music Director meant learning to say "NO" to the ubiquitous army of production people that lay siege to a radio station. "The worst of it," she says, "is saying NO to the small labels that have put their entire fortune into a record."
And when Mavis hears the station and it sounds good—that's what she gets out of it, what makes it worthwhile.
One other thing she tells me. "Put a 'damn it' in there." Alright Mavis. Damn it.
Rock's T.V. Connection
By Mark Meher
Ivan Curry has a fantasy — strictly professional, of course. "What'd real music do?" he says, like a child in a candy shop, "is put Diana Ross in a large-scale construction setting; put her next to one of those huge pieces of earth machinery, you know the kind I'm talking about, that are used to move rocks. I'd put her right next to one of those giant cranes, she'd be dressed in an elegant gown, or something, the whole scene would have a kind of anachronistic feel. The machine, of course, wouldn't be functioning ... it's great, you know, don't you think?"
Curry is a television director who specializes in contemporary pop music presentations. Back in the late '60s, he acquired a solid reputation among his peers with his work on SOUL, a precursor of today's mass-produced, grease-downed R&B-/disco thons.
The above fantasy is clearly that, a pipedream. All TV music directors, however, say Curry, what is it "finding the thing that works." "It can be anything," he explains. "It doesn't have to represent a concrete idea. You could have Sid Vicious rapping with Billy Graham for five minutes. I think that would be a stimulating piece of television." What Curry is talking about is grabbing an essential moment, a little snippet of realism/surrealism that does not have to be contrived. This is the director's dream.
The reality, however, is that most television directors working in the pop (rock) music field are constantly frustrated by a wide range of problems, keeping them from reaping the fruits of TV's omnipresent influence on American culture. For TV and rock & roll represent the classic entertainment industries, mutually. Hence two industries that grew and matured at approximately the same time, share a marked teenage bias, produce an almost clinically hypnotic reaction in the viewer/listener, and rely largely on the audiences' shared experience and value systems.
"The act of sitting in front of a television set is itself a replacement of other modes of experience and awareness," writes Jerry Mander in his highly controversial and thought-provoking book, FOUR ARGUMENTS FOR THE ELIMINATION OF TELEVISION (Morrow). "With TV . . . the artificial information pile is brought inside our darkened rooms, inside our stifled minds, and shot by cathode guns through our unmoving eyes into our brains, and recorded. We have no participatory role in gathering information." This process, by which our images are selected for us by others and our senses are rendered limited to one artificial source, is similar to that of a rock concert, where internal awareness is likewise "choreographed" and our perceptions narrowed to a tiny stage. Lasers, smoke bombs, colored lights and larger-than-life rock stars make up the field of vision.
The German critic, Walter Benjamin, writing 30 years before McLuhan, suggests that when images are filtered through a tiny screen, they are dislocated from their natural "aura." Only the image is left, and thus the distinction between living things and mere commodities is lost. A piece of art, writes Benjamin, loses its original meaning, and a new meaning is attached to it. In this system, all images are equal, and can be used for any and all purposes. The repugnant new-Futurism in much of today's rock & roll, with violent imagery (Nazis, S&M), the bias toward death, the breakdown of subtlety, can be viewed in a similar light.
Therefore, it is no coincidence that in Nicholas Roeg's The Man Who Fell To Earth, the star David Bowie playing the alien who is driven mad by television. Transfixed, in front of the set, he shouts wildly at the screen: "Stop it, get out of my mind, go back where you came from." But the images won't go away. He becomes transformed into an extension of the tube, and its reality becomes his own. Bowie himself has made a living in rock & roll by acting out different personas, none of them real, all of them embodying the "foreign" (gross and) emotions depicted on television. Bowie claims these characters eventually obscured his own, and for that reason, he says he has decided to abandon the whole routine.
All in all, it would seem that TV and rock & roll, these stepchildren of the electronic age, would be perfect marriage partners.
Yet it is the rock industry that is unable or unwilling to make the marriage work. This recalcitrance is reflected in a myriad of ways, including the comments of the following artists:
Billy Joel, "The whole TV thing is shoddy, and I don't want any part of it. . . . they put you on behind 'Kiss And The Shit Hits' or some group like that, with big letters, B-I-L-L-Y, shining in back of you. You've got five minutes to do your thing and get off. It eats you up and leaves nothing."
George Clinton of Parliament/Funkadelic: "Ain't no sense of getting out there and doin' the thing in that time span. All of us musicians always had to record ourselves to this media creation. this short attention span thing . . . the whole thing's getting more and more freaked out. They say mostly negative shit is stimulating, so they've addicted us to bad shit. People are susceptible to this shit."
Peter Tosh, before singing with Mick Jagger on NBC's Saturday Night Live: "Got no time, mon, to do more than two songs. It all done so fast. It's got nothin' to do with me."
Ivan Curry takes the directors' position that the problem is one of attitude. He tells the story of the time he did a Soul segment with Wilson Pickett. "This is maybe nine or 10 years ago, and Pickett had an album out. I figured I'd open with a shot of Pickett's face on the album jacket and then dissolve into the face onstage. That would do two things: first, it would alert the public that the guy had an album in the stores, which was a solid enough commercial; and second, more important, it would get me past the four or eight-bar intro."
Continues Curry, "So I went to Atlantic Records. King Curtis was my music director then. You know Atlantic wouldn't even give us the damn album jacket to use! This is the kind of thing we run up against all the time. The folks at the record companies, the managers, the artists, they simply don't like TV! They don't think it pays. They figure they're getting maybe five grand for the show, so they're really doin' you, the director, a big favor."
When the orchestra is forced to learn the entire song in less than half an hour, and the director is in the dark concerning the artist and the music, the lack of communication between the parties invariably spells disaster. One TV director recounts story of a well-known rock chantease, who shall
likewise remain anonymous. During the shooting, she was to have moved to a spot on the stage for a predetermined camera shot. The camera was there, but the artist wasn't and there was a big empty blotch in the lens. The cameraman, thinking he heard the director shout "Cut!" ceased shooting. "What happened?" shrieked the director. "You yelled 'Cut!'" replied the cameraman. "Not cut, you fool," said the director. "C-U-N-T. I said 'cut.'"
Ken Ehrlich, a veteran TV producer whose most recent effort was the NBC/CBS "Gift of Song" show on NBC, attributes rock's alleged failures to the "vaudeville approach." "The idea of putting on a rock act for five or 10 minutes to grab the kids has been around since Ed Sullivan. He did it successfully, but it won't work now. The 1970's TV audience is tuned into the personalities on a much closer level. TV is going to have to present the people and the music with some sort of personal, dramatic point of view, or we'll stay in the 1950's forever."
Examples of successful rock & roll presentations on film and TV includes the Beatles' films ("that's as good as we've progressed to be so far," says Ivan Cury), Monterey Pop and Woodstock, rock festival films of the late '60s: Soundstate, PBS' innovative and eclectic pop music offering; and, believe it or not, The Osmond Family Show (formerly Donny & Marie). One TV director even calls Kiss' recent network kiddie extravaganza as being "a step in the right direction. Doing something a little inventive, at least." All of these shows were singled out for the manner in which they "combined the artists' music and personalities;" the perfect, sprightly blending of movement, camera angle, editing, and other visual devices with sound and effects.
One weekly TV show that was singled out as a successful music presentation, although for different reasons, was Saturday Night Live. "If I was going to do another TV show," asserts Billy Joel, "I'd do Saturday Night again. The production values were high, and the people seemed to have an awareness of what's going on in pop music. . . ." In truth, most rock shows, whether live or taped, have fairly high production standards. Sound recording equipment and techniques on a television studio, for example, generally match those of a 24-track recording facility. The musical director of Saturday Night Live, Howard Shore, whose verbal phrasings and intonations bear a strong resemblance to those of John Belushi offers a few reasons why the music portion of the show has been successful in the late-night time slot.
"Besides the fact that we have a good staff that really cares about the music," he says, "we have a little more time (than other shows) to rehearse. Usually the guests come in Friday afternoon from maybe 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. . . . I'd say they have three, four hours, total time (compared to half hour or an hour on most variety format shows). Where points is the straight-ahead manner in which the musical segments are shot. 'We block' em out almost like a comedy sketch, so they seem to follow the overall concept of the show. Plus, there are live acts. This adds something to the performances. True, we only have one shot on the air, we can't fix things up in the mix later. But the live showcase seems to be very popular with the artists."
Here's the key to the show's success. "Sure, we have problems with certain artists," notes Shore, "but usually they want to be on. Where we run into trouble is not with the artists themselves, usually, but in cases where, say, there's a new manager and he hasn't learned to talk to his artist. When you start dealing with all the people around the artist, you have confusion. Hell, the artists themselves love the show. Most of them watch it at home. They love being on with Gilda (Radner). And there's lots of clowning around backstage. It's a good atmosphere."
Siret and other directors mention a number of reasons why artists are uncomfortable with the television medium in general, besides the aforementioned belief that it is worthless when it comes to selling records. "A lot of stars," suggests Shore, "are afraid of it. I suppose they feel it may hurt concert grosses (although this is widely thought to be a fallacy)." Other rockers have expressed concern that the quality of the sound will be decreased markedly, as it passes through the tiny two-inch speakers on our sets.
They feel their own lack of personality (Bob Dylan's concert special of 1977 is oft-cited as a classic example of a lack of "personality" on screen), coupled with the poor sound, will alienate more existing fans than the show gains them new ones. They also feel that top TV pay (estimated at under $100,000) can't match that for live coliseum or stadium performances.
Should all these aesthetic, technical and monetary concern be ameliorated, would this improve the lot of rock & roll programming on prime time TV? Until now, primetime rock has more or less bottomed out, beginning with shows like Shindig and Hullabaloo in the '60s and continuing with recent ratings disasters by Dylan, Ringo Starr, and the Rutles, plus Rolling Stone Magazine's low-ranking 10th Anniversary Special.
Special.
Jeff Satkin, an instructor in television technology at New York's New School For Social Research, doesn't think the future is now. "The 8 to 11 p.m. TV audience reflects the fact that the nation's demographic is getting older," he says. He notes that the poor TV speakers, that the poor low signal-to-noise ratio, low fidelity sound and the unimaginative productions do have a negative effect on viewing patterns. "But most viewers aren't aware of these things," he adds. "Look at the guy on the street with their radios turned up so high the sound is distorted until it's noise with a beat. That's the primetime audience."
Satkin suggests that if viewers were actually interested in improving the quality of transmission, they'd avail themselves of the low-priced devices that allow the TV to be wired to the stereo system for higher fidelity. He notes that the coming of digital sound may increase expectations somewhat, but the cost of improving the individual TV speakers is probably too high to anticipate any change in the near future.
Don Kirshner, whose syndicated show is perhaps TV's last remaining pop/rock variety series, doesn't agree that its only a matter of demographics. He blames it on the Nielsen people. "They only survey one TV in a house. The adults may be watching their program downstairs, but in the kid's room, they're watching the Rolling Stones or Rod Stewart. Plus, they don't count college dorms where a whole group of young people are watching a music show. It's a bad system."
"You'd expect Kirshner to say that," says Satkin, who once worked at Viacom. "Kirshner show's former syndicator. "I think there are other reasons why his show might have problems. Certainly, they could use a host with more charisma."
Still, when all is said and done, it's back to the frustrations of the rock & Rollers. "Sometimes, you know, you do get that one show where everything is going. You're talking to the artist, he's not afraid you're gonna rip off his record. We had it one day. The artist was cool. We had a great mix in the studio, but out on stage, it was a bad mix; heavy drums and bass, the vocals were lost. So everything sounded great to us, but when we cut into the crowd, nobody was clapping. We couldn't get it. The live feeling was lost."
But guys like Cury stick around, through the trials of loud noise levels that drown out director's instructions and shake tubes in the camera lens, through the disinterested artists and the brief fruitless rehearsals. "One day, maybe they'll understand what TV is about. That a TV show should be worked out with the same care as that tape with a cello solo. And that it'll be seen in the intimate eye of the camera, a snapping finger can be worth more than a giant space ship. That a guitarist's face can be as expressive as a wide angle stadium shot."
Cury sighs as his eyes search the desk for a favorite quotation from W.H. Auden. In the author's eyes, wrote Auden, there are four types of creation. The first is pure rubbish; the second, good ideas but unrealized; the third, fully realized but lacking in importance; and the fourth, that for which the artist is "honestly grateful."
"Ideally," says Cury, back in fantasy land again. "If I had to film a concert or a guy on a talk show, I'd go out and live with him for awhile, get to know him . . ."
NEW RELEASES
BELOW IS A CATALOGUE OF NEW RELEASES. THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO CATEGORIES DESIGNED TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF THEIR RELATIVE MUSICAL WORTH. THESE FIRST IMPRESSIONS ARE NOT MEANT TO RELATE IN ANY WAY TO PAST, PRESENT OR FUTURE SALES.
SPECIAL MENTION ALBUMS
High Artistic Achievement
(NONE)
STRONGLY MERITORIOUS
Consistently Striking at Excellence
(NONE)
MERIT PLUS ALBUMS
Competent Lps with Some Special Element
CELEBRATION
Pacific Arts Pac 7-122
Too many whistable songs spin through the Celebration album, for it to be ignored. Mike Love and Charles Lloyd, as central figures, insure the sense of swingin' joy which is injected into song after song.
COUCHOSS
Warner Bros. BSK 3289
A resilient rock sound introduces Couchooss favorably. Nice tunes together with the performance elevate this new band to an immediate state of respect. A winner. Smartly, a pro-nomen (Ko-shaw) is included.
MICHAEL FRANKS
TIGER IN THE RAIN/Warner Bros. BSK 3294
Forging what may be his best total package of songs. Michael's mellow purrs jazzy. As always he benefits from a super back-up too. Made for the coast.
HERBIE HANCOCK
FEETS DON'T FAIL ME NOW/Columbia JC 35764
Master of melodies, Herbie proves to be one of the few who can successfully integrate words into his music. Some of what he is doing is too pop. Side two drops the hit formulas but retains the high quality music. It's a very strong side.
GEORGE HARRISON
Dark Horse 3255
Though he must be looking over his shoulder with every effortless melody he writes, George still writes them. Further, he presents them in his wholly unique way. In a world of me-too's, praise Harrison.
PETER McCANN
ONE ON ONE/Columbia JC 35724
His voice pushes forward to deliver his songs with simple clarity. His production, performances and strong writing insure consistent quality. Still, One On One doesn't establish Peter McCann as a one and only.
PETER ROWAN
Flying Fish 071
A strong album, Rowan's feel for the music of the Southwest is transmitted forcefully. His vocal's leading the way. The record sounds like it was fun to make, if you like anarchy in the tracks. It is fun to listen to.
DEE WELLS
THREE HEARTS/Capitol SO-11907
A taut rhythm track governs a set of flowing songs. The contrast is sometimes stark. Relatively soft voiced vocals texturize Three Hearts further. Lots of high-end songs deliver it.
GARY WRIGHT
HEADIN' HOME/Warner Bros. BSK 3244
His spirited rock songs take off behind the soloing. It's the energy which draws the listener inside. A couple songs on each side reach out like big ear-hooks.
MERIT ALBUMS
Thoroughly Competent Lps
BAROOGA BANDIT
COME SOFTLY/Capitol ST-11924
Leaning on a drum drone Barooga Bandit rocks solidly. Passable material could be improved to the band's advantage. Midwestern thrust.
CHEAP TRICK
AT BUDOKAN/Epic FE 35795
Not the most articulate live album ever heard, but the recording does capture the tricky power. Through the haze their quality songs emerge clearly. Intense.
JIM COLEGROVE
PANTHER CITY BLUES/Flying High FH 6501
Colegrove's good rockin' blues comes from post-war, urban life. It's a raucous, barroom jump that has fun built right into it. The roots of rock and roll. Write: 7121 W. Vickery 118, Ft. Worth, Tex. 76116
LARRY CORVELL & THE BRUBECK BROTHERS
BETTER THAN LIVE/Direct Disk Labs D.D. 109
The lp's balance leans toward the technical. Playing and recording the emphasis is on ability and not on beauty. Characteristic of both the Brubeck Boys and Corvell there is no musical statement made. They are all top notch side men who shouldn't be leaders. Good in everyday.
JOE ELY
DOWN ON THE DRAB/MCA 3080
Coming out of Texas country-rockin' Joe Ely has been a potent, though under-recognized, artist for a long time. Here the proportion of country to rock has been altered in favor of rock. What hasn't changed is the Ely ease with a tune.
GENERATION X
VALLEY OF THE DOLLS/CHR 1193
As the last of the living punks, Generation X has a responsibility. They live up to it. Anarty song like "Paradise West" raises the energy. X Crash on a higher level. Ian Hunter's presence is felt even in the thick recording sound.
GULLIVER
RED HOT/THE WIND/Columbia JC 35767
A strong entry in the power rock sweepstakes. Gulliver shaves dynamism into its performances. Then the harmonized chorus kicks in. No new ideas, just a potent reworking of the formula.
HICKORY WIND
COLUMBIA BRIDGES/Flying Fish 074
This folk band starts with tradition. They are, however, liable to suddenly invoke the electronic stroke. It's rarely done as well as with Sam Morgan's beautiful guitar solo in the very first track. Hickory Wind will go anywhere for a good music time.
IRAKER
Columbia JC 35655
Generating tremendous energy is the central theme of this lean jazz band. Rhythm is paramount. It is when melody genuinely equals the drive that Iraker converts steam into real motion. Try side two for that.
PETER LANG
BACK TO THE WALL/waterhouse 7
Stepping out of his guitar virtuoso image at moments, Peter expands the musical sound of this lp. In doing so, he proves to be quite a fine singer. Still, the guitar tracks exude confidence the vocals lack.
MARTIN, BOGAN & THE ARMSTRONGS
THAT OLD GANG OF MINE/Flying Fish 056
Combo swing has to be one of the single most infectious kinds of music ever played. A wealth of trad jazz material and the spirit of Martin, Bogan and the Armstrongs keeps it lively.
MICHALSKI & OOSTERVEEN
Columbia JC 35602
Do you think that they changed their names? Dramatists M&O tell stories of interpersonal intrigue. They are very confined by form. The arrangements are the attraction.
OSIRIS
SINCE BEFORE OUR TIME/Warner Bros. BSK 3311
A one man show, Deiris who borrows heavily from Sly & Larry Graham. He does not borrow his fine tunes, however. The combination of style and songs results in a top rank rhythm and blues album.
RANDY ROSS
Spontaneous SFD 3304
There is no doubt who the central figure in this lp is. Randy's fusionist guitar is strikingly musical. His band is good too. Though it doesn't jump off the record, Mistral is worth a listen.
WILLIE 21544 Rambla Vista, Malibu, Ca. 90265.
RUBICON
AMERICAN DREAMS/20th Century T-577
Strengths in rhythm movement and energy give high marks for performance. It would be hard for their good songs to be that good. Attracted to the flame.
MARY RUSSELL
HEART OF FIRE/Paradise PAK 3292
Mary's production is very spirited. It reaches back for classic R&B tunes and delivers pleasing tunes which point toward its advantage. It's flaw is in missing color, a singular sense of style. Solid otherwise.
TERJE RYPDAL, MIROSLAW VITOUS & JACK DEJOHNETTE
ECM 1-1125
Rypdal's guitar whine is a plaintive call. When he is fronting the trio the unified potential of these enormous talents breaks out of its otherwise sterile cocoon. Close to explosive.
MONGO SANTAMARIA
RED HOT/Columbia-Tappan Zee JC 35698
Half of the best band/half disco. Mongo's music could alienate everyone. When the sound gets a little more intimate, as in "Afro-Cuban Fantasy," and "Sambita" it is best. Big and broad.
JANNE SCHAPER
EMI/Columbia JC 35508
Earwax is a first step to real accomplishment by a formidable talent. The liner notes make a point about focused music which we have been arguing for a long. It is a point worth hearing and is the first career step he's taken. Fifty percent of these melodies are as strong as the concept which points to the next step to be taken.
SUNBLIND LION
ANVIL/RECORD/Homegrown SL 02
Memorable songs and lots of energy carry the power rock of Sunblind Lion. Though it does sound forced at times, they manage to survive in the wilderness. Write: Box 312, Plymouth, Wis. 53071.
TYCOON
Arista AB 4215
Power harmonies. Tycoon comes on strong like a winner. They sit, centered directly in the hit groove. They may cash in with their hooky songs and performances.
U.K.
DANGER MONEY/Polydor PD 1-6194
Danger Money is on the attack. It is dominated by dynamic arranging. "Something To Lose" the show-stopping direct tune is best because it is balanced best.
VARIOUS ARTISTS
CALIFORNIA DREAMING/American Intern. ALP 3001
Original music and standard rock performances take the movie out of the phrase movie music. Two new names Henry Small and FDR, do well enough to rate a mention. On the mellow side. It's back to the beach for A.I.
ROGER VOUDBURIS
RADIO BAND/Atlantic Bros. BSK 3290
The singer/songwriter strain remains very strong witnessed by releases like Roger's. A punchy performance highlights this series of singable songs. Not completely distinctive.
RAY WATTS
Nascent 001
An accomplished guitarist Ray works both in a group and in a solo context. All of his tunes turn inward especially the solo songs which are often dense and introspective. Texture and texture variations would help a fine player.
Write: JCOA, 6 W. 95th St., New York,N.Y. 10025.
SATISFACTORY ALBUMS
Partly Competent Lps
TODD HOBIN BAND
Aries AA 9140
They've got the rock band idea but the performance is spotty. Not ready yet is the overall impression as the various tracks reveal an underdeveloped musical personality.
SCOTT JONES
ROADS/Flight FR 1705
Scott Jones is a folky anachronism. His songs are pleasant enough but their presentation leaves them behind in the demo class. That, in spite of a large cadre of players. Production force is needed most.
## NORTHEAST
### CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
**WCAS**
**DON COHEN**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- McQuinn, Clark & Elvis Costello
- Hillmar Al Green
- Dire Straits J. Amatrading
- Doobie Bros. *George Harrison
- Al Rhy. Aces
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- Steve Forbert Poco
- David Bromberg Eric Clapton
- Nicolette Charles Lloyd
- Albert King Cat Stevens
- Harrisville Tanya Tucker
- Jules & Ardy Mendelson
- The Polar Bears *Michael Franks
- Grateful Dead *Tim Krekel
- Peter Tosh Doc & C
- Rick Roberts Merle Watson
- Sally Oldfield
### WORCESTER, MASS.
**WRAF**
**JOHN DUNCAN**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- The Beatles Poco
- Sugar Blue Al Stewart
- Elvis Costello Rod Stewart
- Dire Straits Toto
- Doobie Bros. Bee Gees
- J. Geils Band Blondie
- Billy Joel Cheap Trick
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- Fab. Poodles Angel
- Eddie Money Boombtown Rats
- Little River Bd. Kayak
- Marshall Bain Jimmie Mack
- Cindy Bullens McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- Max Demian Marc Tanner
- Al Rhy. Aces
#### ADDS:
- Bob Welch *Desmond, Child & Rouge
- Gary Wright *T.O.
- The Police
#### SINGLES:
- Walter Egan
#### COMMENTS:
We're all real excited about a live broadcast that we'll be doing Thurs night featuring New England favorite, The Police and our special guest Richard T. Bear. The show will be kicking off a brand new showcase club in Worcester called Sir Morgan's Cove. It's something that Central New England has needed for a long time and we'll be supporting it 100%. Special thanx to Richard T. & band, Nancy, Joshua, and Lee "Golden Ears" Arnold. 'Till next time - Happy Trails. - John
### HARTFORD, CT.
**WDRC-FM**
**COUNTRY PAUL PAYTON/RISS DANA**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Bee Gees Foreigner
- Blondie Billy Joel
- Blues Bros. Nicolette
- Chicago Elvis Costello
- Dire Straits Rod Stewart
- Doobie Bros. Toto
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- Neil Stewart/45 Ian Matthews
- J. Harrison McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- The Babys Grateful Dead
- The Police J. Geils Band
- Bonnie Pointer Heart
- Kayak G. Thorogood
- Little River Bd. *Bob Welch
- SS. Manchester Neil Young
#### NEW ADDITIONS:
- Marc Tanner
---
## RADIO
### NEW YORK, N.Y.
**WPXJ**
**JAY CRAWFORD**
#### ADDS:
- Bob Welch
- Linda Ronstadt
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Blues Bros. Eddie Money
- The Cars Blondie
- The Clash Elvis Costello
- Dire Straits Robert Gordon
- Doobie Bros. The Jam
- Fab. Poodles Jimmie Mack
- Steve Forbert Cliff Richard
- J. Geils The Police
- Billy Joel Boombtown Rats
- *The Tubes Rachel Sweet
#### SINGLES:
- *Bad Co.
#### IMPORTS:
- *The Only Ones
#### COMMENTS:
Thanks to Richard T. Bear for stopping in. Chicago Joe and I were extremely impressed with the live performance by The Clash in New York. Hi to Hartford's Country Paul Payton. Jay
### ROCHESTER, N.Y.
**WCMQ**
**GARY WHIPPLE**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Billy Joel Pointer Sisters
- Dire Straits Hot Chocolate
- Doobie Bros. Elvis Costello
- Rod Stewart Nicolette
- Eddie Money
- The Babys Bob Welch
- Queen Heart
- Blues Bros. Poco
- Chicago Styx
- Toto
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- Firefall Gino Vannelli
- Al Stewart Linda Ronstadt
- Bee Gees FM/BLACK NOISE
- E. W. & F. Sanborn
- Fab. Poodles McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- Grateful Dead Neil Young
- Steve Forbert
#### ADDS:
- George Harrison Boombtown Rats
- Robben Ford *T.O.
- Gary Wright *Desmond, Child & Rouge
- The Jam
- *Bad Co.
- Judy Collins
#### SINGLES:
- *Bandit
### NEW YORK, N.Y.
**WPLJ**
**GLORIA EHRENFEILD**
#### ADDS:
- Good Rats Fab. Poodles
- "City Liners" *Mirror Stars"
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman *Don't Stop..."
- Long Long... Dire Straits
- *Cheap Trick "Surrender"
- "Down to...
### NEW YORK, N.Y.
**WRVR**
**JIM SMITH**
#### ADDS:
- L.A. Four *Friesen/Stowell
- Oscar Peterson
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Joe Sample *Michael Franks
- Lonnie L. Smith
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- Bob James David Valentin
- Angela Bofill Charles Lloyd
- Chick Corea George Benson
- Cedar Walton *George Duke
### LONG ISLAND, N.Y.
**WLIR**
**LARRY KLEINMAN**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Outlaws/LIVE The Police
- Fab. Poodles Eddie Money
- George Harrison Robin Johnson
- Molly Hatchet Bob Dylan
- Elvis Costello
- Outlaws Neil Young
- Blues Bros. SS Johnny
- Good Rats G. Thorogood
- Billy Joel Kayak
- Talking Heads
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- Blondie
- Dire Straits Eric Clapton
- Peter Tosh Grateful Dead
- Jimmie Mack The Cars
- Rolling Stones Camel
- Steely Dan
#### SINGLES:
- *Only Ones
#### IMPORTS:
- *The Only Ones
#### COMMENTS:
Thank you to dept. - To Walter Winick, Harvey Leeds, Lauren, and Epic Records for our radio concerts with the fabulous poodles and Molly Hatchet. To Brian Lane for the poodles and Pat Armstrong for Molly Hatchet, and also to Dave Morrell, Lenny Scalfidi and Arista Records and to Charlie Brown, George Campbell and Fred Callers for the Outlaws concert. Thanks also to Alex Demers and Dave Newman of WLOQ for their professionalism and help with the Outlaws and Molly Hatchet netwo broadcast.
### LONG ISLAND, N.Y.
**WBAB**
**BRIAN BERNARD**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- George Harrison FM/BLACK NOISE
- Dire Straits *Good Rats
- Billy Joel Santana
- Eddie Money Flash & *Elvis Costello
- *Blonde Kayak
- Rod Stewart Toto
- Bob Welch #1, ... & P.
- Doobie Bros. Heart
- Grateful Dead Pointer Sisters
- The Who
- Poco
- *Camel
- *Roger Hammil
- SS Johnny
- Al Stewart Sad Cafe
- Gary Wright Van Morrison
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- White Snakes *Tocc
- *Michael Franks Steve Forbert
- *Couchois Eric Clapton
- Mary Russell Paul Korda
- Roger Voudris Neil Young
- Outlaws Sally Oldfield
- Be Bop Deluxe Angel
- Alice Cooper Desord, Child & Rouge
- Stephen Stills
### PHILADELPHIA, PA.
**WIOC**
**NELDA LEIGHT**
Cont'd
## NORTHEAST
### WIQO Cont’d
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Bob Welch
- George Harrison
- The Cars
- Eric Clapton
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- Donic K
- B.J. Harvest
- Marc Tanner
- Neil Young
- Molly Hatchet
- Boston
- Elvis Presley
- Dire Straits
- Doobie Bros.
- Fab. Poodles
- Steve Forbert
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Gary Wright
- Molly Hatchet
- Linda Ronstadt
- R. Ravenscroft
- J. Starship
- Bonnie Tyler
- Kayak
- Jimmie Mack
- The Babys
- Blues Bros.
- Camel
- Firefall
- FM/BLACK NOISE
- J. Geils Band
- Robt. Johnson
- Nicolette
- Ian Matthews
- Outlaws
**LIGHT AIRPLAY:**
- Kim Carnes
- Joe Ely
- Fresh
- Muddy Waters
- Head East
- Brownsville
- Shoes
- Hawklords
- Nico Flynn
- Maddy Prior
---
### WYFS Cont’d
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Kim Carnes
- Billy Burnette
- T. Wilson
- Charles Lloyd
- M.M. Hain
- George Duke
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- Parliament
- King Crimson
- Jimmie Mack
- The Police
- Fab. Poodles
- Cheap Trick
- Molly Hatchet
- Gilberto Gil
- TKO
- Desmond Child & Rouge
- Nat. Lampoon
- Ralph McTell
- Andy Mendelson
**IMPORTS:**
- Bob Dylan
- Nat. Health
- Jo Jo Zep
**SPECIAL PROGRAMMING:**
- Peter Hammill – live broadcast.
---
### LAUREL, MD./WASHINGTON, D.C.
#### WLMD
**STEVE MAZUROWSKI**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Rod Stewart
- Billy Joel
- Dire Straits
- Bee Gees
- Pointer Sisters
- Poco
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Eric Clapton
- O. Newton-John
- Firefall
- Al Stewart
- John Denver
- J. Starship
- Neil Young
- Max Demian
**SINGLES:**
- The Babys
- M.M. Hain
- M. Manchester
- Styx
- Nigel Olson
- Bob Welch
- Chicago
---
### PHILADELPHIA, PA.
#### WYSF
**SONNY FOX/TRIP NEIB**
**ADD’S:**
- Camel
- G. Harrison
- Angel
- TKO
- Dry Jack
**DROPS:**
- Marc Tanner Bd.
- Trillion
- Little River Bd.
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Elvis Costello
- Doobie Bros.
- Foreigner
- Billy Joel
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- The Babys
- G. Thorogood
- Blues Bros.
- Boontown Rats
- Fab. Poodles
- Poco
- *Bad Co.
**SINGLES:**
- *Toni K.
- *The Police
- *McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- *Dry Jack
- *Hot Chocolate
- *Trillion
- *Little River Bd.
---
### BETHESDA, MD./WASHINGTON, D.C.
#### WHFS
**DAVID EINSTEIN**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Elvis Costello
- J. Geils Band
- Dire Straits
- Tonio K
- Boontown Rats
- Brownsville
- Jam
- Anaz. Rhy. Aces
- G. Thorogood
- Robben Ford
- Peter Frampton
- Doobie Bros.
- Blues Bros.
- Steve Forbert
**Cont’d**
---
### WYDD Cont’d
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Fab. Poodles
- FM/BLACK NOISE
- M.M. Hain
- Spirit
- B. J. Harvest
- Mitch Ryder
- Cooder Browne
- Albert Collins
- Camel
- Crazy Horse
- *Jarne Schaffer
- *Michael Franks
- *Ira Kaplan
- Marvin Gaye
- Marc Tanner Bd.
- Phil Manzanera
- The Yankees
- Hot Chocolate
- Robert Gordon/ (single)
**IMPORTS:**
- Flash & The Pan
- Andy Mackay
- *Burning Spear
**SPECIAL PROGRAMMING:**
- Peter Hammill – live broadcast.
---
### WEST HARTFORD, CT.
#### WWUH
**JIM FIFIEND**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Camel
- *Sally Oldfield
- Todd Rudgmen
- Elvis Costello
- *Tomita
- *The Jam
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Egg Sampler
- Bandit
- Little River Bd.
- *Cowboys
- The Clash
- *Am. Rhy.
- UFO
- Phil Manzanera
- Frank Zappa
- FM/BLACK NOISE
- Cat Stevens
**IMPORTS:**
- Gilli Smyth
- National Health
---
### WEST HAVEN, CT.
#### WNHU
**KEITH ALTOMARE/STEVE MARINO**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- *Toni K
- *The Police
- The Jam
- Max Demian
- *Elvis Costello
- Boontown Rats
- Stiff Sampler
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- TKO
- *Angel
- Max Demian
- Desmond, Child & Rouge
- Head East
**SINGLES:**
- Little River Bd.
- Santana
- 10cc
- *Donna Summer
- *Robert Gordon (both sides)
---
### PITTSBURGH, PA.
#### WHPF
**MICHAEL FIRST, M.D.**
**ADD’S:**
- Cheap Trick
- Nat. Lampoon
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Kayak
- Ernie Kriva
- Dry Jack
- Elvis Costello
- FM/BLACK NOISE
- The Police
- Horslips
- Donald Byrd
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Fab. Poodles
- Azimuth
- Barre Phillips
- Hickory Wind
- Charlie Earland
- Boontown Rats
- Muddy Waters
- Blues Bros.
- Phil Manzanera
- Camel
**IMPORTS:**
- Nat. Health
---
### SYRACUSE, N.Y.
#### WAER
**RICH SUTTON**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Elvis Costello
- The Jam
- +J. Armatrading
- Stone Forbert
- Camel
- Doobie Bros.
- B.J. Harvest
- David Bromberg
- Fab. Poodles
- J. Armstrong
- B.J. Harvest
- Elvis Costello
- Vin Garbutt
- Al Green
- John Hartford
- Alberta Hunter
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- *TKO
- *Angel
- Max Demian
- Desmond, Child & Rouge
- Head East
- *Tubes (45)
- *White Snake
- *Robert Gordon (45)
- Rachel Sweet (Heavy)
**NEW ADDITIONS:**
- *Tubes (45)
- *Joe Ely
- *Jaki Byard (45)
- *Flash & Company
**IMPORTS:**
- Poco
- J. Geils Band
- Cream/Odley
- Maru Dibango
- Sad Cafe
- Phil Manzanera
- Marshall Hain
---
### UTICA, N.Y.
#### WOUR
**TOM STARR**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Elvis Costello
- Dire Straits
- *Toni K
- Doobie Bros.
- FM/BLACK NOISE
- *Robert Johnson
- Steve Forbert
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- The Jam
- UFO
- Boontown Rats
- Head East
- Phil Manzanera
- Bandit
- Good Rats
- New Demian
---
### PITTSBURGH, PA.
#### WYCD
**MICHAEL KIRVEN**
**ADD’S:**
- *TKO
- *B. J. Harvest
- The Babys
- Blues Bros.
- Firefall
- Billy Joel
- Eddie Money
- Poco
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- *Michael Franks
- *Bob Welch
- *Anaz. Rhy. Aces
- Sad Cafe
- G. Thorogood
- Talking Heads
- G. Thorogood
- Toto
- Cindy Bullens
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Kevin Augusti
- Am. Rhy. Aces
- Camel
- Dire Straits
- Doobie Bros.
- J. Armstrong
- B.J. Harvest
- David Bromberg
- Fab. Poodles
- Vin Garbutt
- SS Johnny
- Cat Stevens
- Linda Ronstadt
- R. Thompson
---
### MONTPELIER, VA.
#### WNCS
**LINDA LEEHMAN**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Stone Forbert
- Ralph McTell
- Nicolete
- Sally Oldfield
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- The Polar Bears
- Kayak
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- SS Johnny
- Cat Stevens
- Linda & R. Thompson
## NORTH EAST
### Ithaca, N.Y.
**WIBC**
- **Bill Rose**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Blues Bros.
- Billy Joel
- Cat Stevens
- Eric Clapton
- +Rod Stewart
- Grateful Dead
- Nicolette
- Doobie Bros.
- Fab. Poodles
- +Elvis Costello
- Eddie Money
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- *Poco
- *Todd Rabin
- *Peter Tosh
- *Melanie
- Fab. Poodles
- *Marc Tanner
- Jim Denler Band
- Boontown Rats
- J. Geils Band
- *Good Rats
- Firefall
#### SINGLES:
- Bob Welch
### Albany, N.Y.
**WQBK (101.4)**
- **John Cooper**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Elvis Costello
- Doobie Bros.
- Steve Forbert
- The Jam
- Camel
- Blues Bros.
- Dire Straits
- Fab. Poodles
- Grateful Dead
- Robt. Johnson
- The Cars
- David Johansen
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- Blondie
- Kayak
- Eddie Money
- Joe Sample
- The Police
- Tomio K
- R.T. Bear
- Boontown Rats
#### SINGLES:
- Nick Lowe
#### IMPORTS:
- Flash & The Pan
- Rachel Sweet
### Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
**WPOH**
- **Ron Rizzi**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Blues Bros.
- G. Thorogood
- Pointer Sisters
- J. Starship
- Beacon
- *G. Harrison
- Sad Cafe
- Nicolette
- +Steve Forbert
- +Rod Stewart
- Elvis Costello
- Dire Straits
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- John Denver
- Fab. Poodles
- Kayak
- The Babys
- Eddie Money
- Poco
- Joe Sample
### Poughkeepsie, N.Y.
**WSPK**
- **Jim Simonetti, P.D.**
- **Stew Schantz, M.D.**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Dire Straits
- Eddie Money
- Doobie Bros.
- Elvis Costello
- Poco
- Sad Cafe
- *Blues Bros.
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- *The Police
- Camel
- Steve Forbert
- Trillion
- Marc Tanner Bd.
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
#### SINGLES:
- Bob Welch
- Hot Chocolate
---
## SOUTH
### Nashville, Tenn.
**WKDF**
- **Sylvia**
#### ADDS:
- Jimmie Mack
- *TKO
- Boontown Rats
- B.T.O.
- Bob Welch
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Rod Stewart
- Doobie Bros.
- Dire Straits
- Billy Joel
- Toto
- *TKO
- Peter Hamill
- Joe Sample
- Barre Phillips
- David Frisen
- John Stowell
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- *Cheap Trick
- G. Harrison
- Fab. Poodles
- Dire Straits
- B. J. Harvest
- Robben Ford
- The Police
- Camel
- J. M. Jarre
- Dire Straits
- *Legs Diamond
- *TKO
- *Michael Franks
- *Gulliver
- *Brownsville
- Generation X
- Marilyn Scott
- Jade LaFleur
- The Clash
- Tim Krekel
- Bob Marley
- Scotty Moore
- Keith Jarrett
- Todd Rundgren
- Resurrection Bd.
- David Johansen
- J. Geils Band
#### SINGLES:
- Wilding/Bonus
- Camel
- Jules & The Polar Bears
- Sad Cafe
- Richard Usman
- John Abercrombie
- Ornette Coleman
- Larry Bright
- *Frank Zappa
- Return to Forever
- Cano
- *Gary Boyle
#### IMPORTS:
- Maneige
- *The Group
### Atlanta, Ga.
**WRKS**
- **Joe Whitaker**
- **Paul Anderson**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- *Frank Zappa
- Liv Taylor
- Leon Redbone
- John Hickman
- *Bill Hardman
- *Azimuth
- Dire Straits
- *John Hartford
- The Babys
- David Bromberg
- Bob James
- R. Crumb
- Blues Bros.
#### SINGLES:
- *Jimmie Mack
- Kayak
- Trillion
- Marc Tanner Bd.
- Boontown Rats
- Hot Chocolate
---
## WRBK Cont'd
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- Bill Evans Trio
- *Bennie Wallace
- *Donnie L. Smith
- *Bally Bros.
- (local)
- Cathy Fink &
- Duck Donald
- Stan Getz
- Art Farmer
- Richard G. Holmes
- Holy Modal Rounders
- Cat Stevens
- Peter Tosh
- S.S. Johnny
- Ducks Deluxe
- Lionel Hightower
- *The Id'
- (local)
#### COMMENTS:
The new WRBK antenna arrived damaged and had to be returned. We're hoping for more in the summer over spring break. If it's not one thing, it's another. Not many concerts or good albums out now. Looking forward to the opening of Alex Cooley's Capri and the release of the new Allman Bros. album. That is it from WRBK-ED Radio.
### Jacksonville, Fla.
**WJAX**
- **Rich Langlois**
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Rod Stewart
- Blues Bros.
- Dire Straits
- Heart
- Bee Gees
- Styx
- Doobie Bros.
- AC/DC
- Firefall
- Molly Hatchet
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- The Babys
- Cheap Trick
- Elvis Costello
- Tomita
- Head East
- Sally Oldfield
#### SINGLES:
- Rose Royce
#### SPECIAL PROGRAMMING:
- BBC Rock Hour
- King Biscuit
- Jazz Album Concert
- Feature Album Monday thru Friday
#### COMMENTS:
We interviewed Nancy Wilson of Heart in connection with their concert here today.
Also Triumph on 16th.
We had a Valentine's Ball - 1300 people showed up and we gave away Bob Welch & Heart albums.
Large prize for biggest "Heart On."
### Jacksonville, Fla.
**WJUE (92K)**
- **Ross Block**
#### ADDS:
- Gary Wright
- *TKO
- *Michael Franks
- Bob Welch
- *The Police
- Bee Gees
- *Tomita
#### HEAVY AIRPLAY:
- Poco
- Billy Joel
- Rod Stewart
- Doobie Bros.
- Sad Cafe
- Eddie Money
- Dire Straits
#### MODERATE AIRPLAY:
- Kim Carnes
- Triumph
- Angel
- Rouge
- Camel
- Neil Young
- Kayak
- Horisips
- Elvis Costello
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- *G. Harrison
- Holy Modal Rounders
- Cat Stevens
- Peter Tosh
- S.S. Johnny
- Ducks Deluxe
- Lionel Hightower
- *The Id'
- (local)
#### SINGLES:
- *Jimmie Mack
- Kayak
- Tantrum
- Nicolete
- Good Rats
- Eddie Money
- Firefall
- *G. Harrison
#### IMPORTS:
- The Babys
- The Police
- Tomita
- Bandits
- *Bob Welch
- *Joe Sample
#### SINGLES:
- *AC/DC
- UFO
- Fab. Poodles
- Kayak
- Return to Forever
- Be Boys deluxe
- Tomio K.
- Boontown Rats
- Melanie
- Horisips
- Eddie Money
- Barre Phillips
- Good Rats
- Joe Sample
- Max Demian
- Peter Tosh
- Trillion
- Jimmie Mack
- David Johansen
#### SINGLES:
- Frozen Flight'
#### COMMENTS:
I have seen the future of Rock 'n' Roll...it is Sweetwater and The Police. Love those albums. Nothing to say, just somewhere clever to say it.
Bye!
Cledra
---
**Cont'd**
SOUTH
TAMPA/ST. PETERSBURG, FLA.
WOSR
STEVE HUNTINGTON/BOB STROUD
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
Doozie Bros. Toto
Rod Stewart Dire Straits
Blues Bros. Todd Rundgren
Firefall Al Stewart
Billy Joel Van Morrison
Linda Ronstadt Poco
Eric Clapton Chicago
Nicolette Santana
Sea Level Pointer Sisters
Elvis Costello Ian Matthews
Grateful Dead
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Eddie Money Robert Johnson
Heart G. Thorogood
Fogel,Weis. Sad Cafe
Pablo Cruise Joe Sample
Neil Larsen *Camel
Little River Bd. Desmond,Child & Queen
Neil Young Rouge
Ambrosia Jimmie Mack
The Cars Cindy Bullens
E. W. & F. The Police
Foreigner Bob Welch
Bob Marley Chick Corea
SS Johnny Lonnie L. Smith
Steve Martin Woodchaw
J.J. Walker Angela Boilll
Gerry Rafferty Melanie
Styx John Denver
Bee Gees Faith Band
Hall & Oates The Babys
Outkast J. O. D.I. Band
Cat Stevens J.M. Jarre
Peter Tosh Marvin Gaye
Gino Vannelli Bobby Caldwell
Bob James McGuinn,Clark & Hillman
Eric Carmen Locc
Frank Zappa
Am. Rhy. Aces George Benson
George Benson David Bromberg
Hot Chocolate Max Weinman
Fab. Poodles Weather Report
SPECIAL PROGRAMMING:
Buddy Holly - Between the Tracks.
COMMENTS:
I'm looking forward to seeing many of you in L.A. I'll be in Ray-Bans No. 5022-615.
Steve
ORLANDO, FLA.
ZETA 7
BILL MIMS, M.D.
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
Billy Joel Red Stewart
Dire Straits Styx
Elvis Costello Toto
Doobie Bros. Molly Hatchet
Horslips G. Harrison
Bubble Honey Bob Welch
Poco
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
*Amaz. Rhy. Aces Nicolette
*April Wine Nazareth
The Babys Sad Cafe
Blues Bros. McGuinn,Clark & Hillman
Camel Eric Clapton
Desmond Child & Rouge
Max Demian
+FM/BLACK NOISE T.M.G.
+J. Geils Band Couchois
The Doors Head East
Ian Matthews Headmaster
SINGLES:
J. Star Simpson Rolling Stones
Peter Tosh Little River Bd.
ZETA 7 Cont'd
COMMENTS:
I guess I made the deadline this week...gotta say that the new format is just super...Dean Sciarra's column has been particularly noteworthy.
Meanwhile back at the ranch, we're pleased to welcome Mike Cooper to our staff here at ZETA as research director and occasional host and music expert person on station. Here is rapidly becoming an incredible haven for talented AOR folks and the support we're receiving from the community only confirms our belief in our direction. Come enjoy stars or sun, rain or snow. - Bill
P.S. Anybody got a copy of Ian Dury's "Rhythmstick" - how 'bout an American distributor for Stiff?
PT. LAUDERDALE, FLA.
WSHE
MICHELE ROBINSON
TOM JUDGE
ADD'S:
*Bob Welch *Judy Collins
*B.T.O. *Badfinger
*Amaz. Rhy. Aces *Legs Diamond
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
Blues Bros. Eddie Money
Elvis Costello Poco
Dire Straits Rod Stewart
Doobie Bros. Cindy Bullens
Billy Joel Cheap Trick
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Fab. Poodles Kayak
Nicolette Molly Hatchet
Cat Stevens Hillman
Molly Hatchet G. Harrison
Jimmie Mack
SINGLES:
Walter Egan
Zwol B.T.O.
IMPRESS:
I'd love to play Roxy Sweet if I could get a copy of the album.
COMMENTS:
Want to compliment and congratulate Mike Cooper on his nice sequence of good luck!! Was good to see Steve Huntington and his wife, along with all the Atlantic Records folks in Miami to present Firefall with platinum albums.
Also, I'd hello to Dave Dannheiser and George Gerrity at Warner Bros...always good to see y'all! Finally, congratulations well deserved to Al Moss, now with Ariola!!
See ya -
Michele
NEW ORLEANS, LA.
WNCE
CAPT. HUMBLE
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
*Dire Straits Doobie Bros.
Michael Franks D. Newton-John
Dave Valentin Rod Stewart
George Harrison Bee Gees
Billy Joel
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Blues Bros. Lee Oskar
E. W. & F. Neville Bros.
Third World
NEW ORLEANS, LA.
WRNO
SAM ROBERTS
ADD'S:
*G. Harrison *The Police
Cont'd
WRNO Cont'd
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
Chicago Ian Matthews
Eric Clapton Poco
Dire Straits Linda Ronstadt
Doobie Bros. Joe Stevens
Foreigner Al Stewart
Billy Joel Rod Stewart
Nicolette Styx
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
The Babys Sad Cafe
The Cars Talking Heads
Firefall Peter Tosh
Grateful Dead Toto
Heart McGuinn,Clark &
Eddie Money Hillman
Pointer Sisters Bee Gees
SINGLES:
*B.T.O.
NEW ORLEANS, LA.
WTUL
SHEPARD SAMUELS
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
Sally Oldfield Tomita
Elvis Costello Rick Roberts
Fab. Poodles Anthony Phillips
Grateful Dead David Bowie
Boomtown Rats Van Morrison
Camel Robbie Ford
Frank Zappa Willie Nelson
Todd Rundgren Steel Pulse
Jimmy Buffett UFO
Blues Bros. Neville Bros.
Kayak Pat Metheny
Peter Tosh Rolling Stones
Nat. Lampson J. Starship
Spirit J. M. Jarre
Brian Eno Pat Moraz
Chickin Crack the Sky
FW/BLACK NOISE Muddy Waters
Cheap Trick Talking Heads
Toni K. Blondie
Bob Marley Styx
Jam
G. Thorogood Devo
Al Stewart
Tracy Nelson
Melanie
Peter Hammill Return to Forever
Dire Straits Larry Coryell
Horslips Tw'gie Hydal
B. J. Harvest Charlie Parker
The Meters Anthony Braxton
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
*Cheap Trick
*Blondie
*Camel
*Kayak
*G. Harrison
DROPS:
Tanya Tucker
The Doors
The Babys
Blues Bros.
Dire Straits
Doobie Bros.
Heart
Elvis Costello
Fab. Poodles
J. Geils Band
Poco
Sad Cafe
Trillion
Cindy Bullens
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
The Police
Marc Tanner
Marvin Gaye
McGuinn,Clark &
Hillman
Kim Carnes
HOUSTON, TEX.
KLOL
JO HARBISON
ADD'S:
*Bob Welch *Hawklords
*G. Harrison *B.T.O.
*Jan Hammer *Toni K.
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
The Babys Nicolette
Dire Straits Sad Cafe
Doobie Bros. Rod Stewart
Steve Forbert Toto
Billy Joel
Cont'd
KLOL Cont'd
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Chicago April Wine
Elvis Costello Cindy Bullens
Fab. Poodles Marc Tanner Bd.
First Impress
Billy Joel AC/DC
Robert Johnson Kayak
Eddie Money Bee Gees
Poco McGuinn,Clark &
G. Thorogood Hillman
Trillion Robben Ford
The Police Jules &
Blonde The Polar Bears
Nazareth Max Demian
Kim Carnes Amaz. Rhy. Aces
Boomtown Rats
HOUSTON, TEX.
KPFT
WAYNE PITRIE
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
*William Penn Elvis Costello
*Brian Eno Pere Ubu
*Jackie Warrior Soulless &
*Het. To Forever The Banshees
Jim Colgrove David Bromberg
Sally Oldfield Devo
Anthony Phillips +EGG SAMPLER
Kayak +Intrumental
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
*Valdy Jim Hall
Bob Marley Enrico Rava
*LaSelne *Ornette C
*Ultravox Carla Bley
Tomita John Zorn
Tonio K Hot Chocolate
*Puddy Waters The Jam
TKO
IMPORTS:
+Souixsie &
The Banshees
+Pere Ubu
+Steve Hillage
+Bob Dylan
+Brian Eno
MEMPHIS, TENN.
WLXV
STEVE STEVENSON
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
*Cheap Trick +Muddy Waters
*Tomita +Harclay James
*Head East Harvest
+Max Demian +Triumvirat
+Fab. Poodles +Camel
+NO WAVE Angel
+The Police Marc Tanner
+Horslips +Triumph
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
*Hickory wind +Joe Ely
*Jan Pare +Frank Zappa
*Boomtown Rats J. Starship
*Sam Morrison Grateful Dead
*Peter Hammill Liv Taylor
Robben Ford Medusa
Whitesnake +M. Walden
Tonio K Generation X
*Chris Youlden +Best of Bomp
Tim Krekel +Valdy
Marilyn Scott Hilary
Brownsville
Will Robinson The Babys
Rick Roberts +UPD
Good Rats Nazareth
+Elvis Costello Trillion
+Am. Rhy. Aces Rock Invasion
IMPORTS:
*A. Phillips National Health
*Jade warrior
ATHENS, GA.
WUGG
CHUCK HAMBLEN
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
*Muddy Waters +Elvis Costello
*A. Phillips +David Bromberg
*Boomtown Rats +Amaz. Rhy. Aces
*The Police +Jade warrior
*Jan +Nic Jones
+Frank Zappa
Cont'd
## SOUTH
**WJQQ Cont'd**
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- McGuinn, Clark & The Flying Burrito Brothers
- Cheap Trick
- Tim Krekel
- L. J. Wilson
- Horslips
- Return to Forever
- The Clash
**MOBILE, ALA.**
**WAAB**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- The Jam
- Whitesnake
- Robert Johnson
- Good Rats
- Horslips
- Camel
- Cheap Trick
- Dire Straits
- The Police
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Bo'down Rats
- Jan Park Band
- Fab. Poodles
- Marcia James
- Harvey
- National Health
- Marc Tanner
- Jesse C. Young
- Rubicon
- Ret. To Forever
- Robben Ford
- Wireless
- Sad Cafe
- Angel
**LAKE CHARLES, LA.**
**KZRA (NOMA 104)**
**SKY**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Bonnie Tyler
- Billy Joel
- Dire Straits
- Blues Bros
- Eddie Money
- Grateful Dead
- Neil Young
- Al Stewart
- J. Geils Band
- Horslips
- Kayak
- Kris & Rita
- Boston
- The Babys
- Jimmie Mack
- Rabbit
- Evie Sands
- B. J. Harvset
- Brooklyn Dreams
- Elvis Costello
**SHREVEPORT, LA.**
**KMBO**
**JOHN SHERMAN**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Dire Straits
- Little River Bd.
- The Babys
- Poco
- Rod Stewart
- Eddie Money
- Doobie Bros.
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Faith Band
- Eric Clapton
- Gerry Rafferty
- E. W. & F.
- Nicolette
- Bee Gees
- Elvis Costello
- Melanie
- The Police
- Pat Metheny
**SINGLES:**
- Chick Co'e
**HOUSTON, TEX.**
**KUHF**
**LAUREN VALLE**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Dane Donohue
- Neil Larsen
- Camel
- Judy Mandelson
- Chuck Lloyd
- Jan Park Band
- M. Manchester
- 100% Whole Wheat
- Joe Sample
- Hilary
- Billy Joel
- Jimmie Mack
- Eddie Money
- Poco
- Nicolette
- Mark-Almond
- Cat Stevens
- Todd Rundgren
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Gilberto Gil
- Linda Ronstadt
- J. Armatrading
- Chicago
- Queen
---
## MIDWEST
### COLUMBUS, OHIO
**WLQO (QFM 96)**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Rod Stewart
- Doobie Bros.
- Toto
- Eric Clapton
- Styx
- Billy Joel
- The Babys
- Pointer Sisters
- Foreigner
- UFO
- Trillion
- Fab. Poodles
- Elvis Costello
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Dire Straits
- Eddie Money
- Poco
- The Godz
- Poco
- Dire Straits
- Billy Joel
- The Police
**SINGLES:**
- Bob Welch
- B.T.O.
### CINCINNATI, OHIO
**WEBN**
**CURT GARY**
**ADS:**
- *G. Harrison
- *Rubben Ford
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- The Babys
- Blues Bros.
- Camel
- The Cars
- Elvis Costello
- Dire Straits
- Doobie Bros.
- Billy Joel
- Nicolette
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- J. Geils Band
- Ian Matthews
- Joe Sample
**CONT'D**
### DETROIT, MICH.
**WAX**
**JOE KRAUSE**
**ADS:**
- *Barooga Bandits
- *TKO
---
## RADIO
### AUSTIN, TEX.
**KUT**
**PAT CRUMBEHORN**
**JAZZ:**
- Akiyoshi
- Tabackin
- Carla Bley
- Gary Burton
- Ron Carter
- Cheryl Lynn
- Bill Evans
- Stan Getz
- Dexter Gordon
- Steve Khan
- Eddie Palmieri
- Dave Valentin
- Weather Report
- David Friszen/John Stowell
**SOUJ:**
- Chanson
- Peabo Bryson
- Chaka Khan
- Cheryl Lynn
- Gene Chandler
- Faize-O
- Melba Moore
**FOLK:**
- David Bromberg
- Nic Jones
- John Rembourn
- Pater Lang
- R. Crumb
- John Hartford
### CORPUS CHRISTI, TEX.
**C-101 (KNON)**
**MANDO CAMINA**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Blues Bros
- Eddie Money
- Doobie Bros.
- Nicolette
- Pointer Sisters
- Lays Diamond
- Poco
- Bee Gees
- Dire Straits
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- Marc Tanner
- Kayak
- Bob Welch
- Dobie Gray
- Sally Oldfield
- Desmond, Child & Rouge
- B.T.O.
**SINGLES:**
- *Bad Co.
### CHICAGO, ILL.
**WRXT**
**BOB GELMS**
**ADS:**
- *G. Harrison
- *Tonio K.
- *Cheap Trick
- *Muddy Waters
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Blues Bros.
- Elvis Costello
- Dire Straits
- Poco
- The Godz
- Poco
- Dire Straits
- Billy Joel
- The Police
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Pointer Sisters
- Foreigner
- UFO
- Trillion
- Fab. Poodles
- *Kayak
**SINGLES:**
- *Root Boy Slim
- "The Shah is Gone"
### ELGIN/CHICAGO, ILL.
**WRLK**
**WALLY LEISERING**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Am. Rhy. Aces
- Muddy Waters
- Hendrix
- G. Thorogood
- Mickey Jupp
- Dire Straits
- David Sancious
- Fat Band
- Eddie Money
- Steve Forbert
- Kayak
- Elvin Bishop
- FM/BLACK NOISE
- Robben Ford
- B.J. Harvest
- Billy Novick
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- *TKO
- Pipedream
- E. L. & P.
- Ian Matthews
- Joe Sample
- Joe Turner
- Joe Turner
- Fogel/Weis.
- George Tidwell/
Fat Band
- Dennis Solee
- Hendrix
- Gil Scott-Heron
- Kenny Burrell
- Cedar Walton
- Ryo Kawasaki
- Ray Bryant
- Smak
**SINGLES:**
- Bob Welch
### MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.
**KORS**
**TACK HAMMER**
**MARY SOLDM**
**ADS:**
- *Bob Welch
- *G. Harrison
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Blues Bros.
- Rod Stewart
- Dire Straits
- Double Bros.
- Eric Clapton
- Talking Heads
- G. Thorogood
- Poco
- Tosh
- Horslips
- Devo
- Todd Rundgren
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Styx
- Queen
- Sad Cafe
- Billy Joel
- Foreigner
- Cat Stevens
- Styx
- Trillion
- UFO
- Kayak
- B. J. Harvest
- Be Bop Deluxe
- Melanie
- Bob Seger
- Weather Report
- Frank Zappa
**SINGLES:**
- Nigel Olsson
- Poco
- Al Stewart
- Firefall
### ST. LOUIS, MO.
**KSHE**
**TED HABECK**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Horslips
- *Rod Stewart
- *G. Harrison
- *Kay Wright
- The Babys
- J. Geils Band
- Doobie Bros.
- Robert Johnson
- Runn
- Sad Cafe
- Toto
- Elvis Costello
- Kayak
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
- Blues Bros.
- G. Thorogood
- UFO
- Head East
- April Wine
- Baby Grand
- Potomaker
- Fresh
- B. J. Harvest
- Jimmie Mack
- Max Denlan
- Camel
- *Boomtown Rats
- Boston
**SINGLES:**
- Bob Welch
### SHAWNEE MISSION/KANSAS CITY, KS.
**KIDL**
**JOE LYONS**
**ADS:**
- *Neil Diamond
- *John Denver
- Bee Gees
- *Michael Franks
- Kim Carnes
- *Carole King
- Barry Manilow
- *Fuller/Kaz
- *Kiki Dee
---
**World Radio History**
13
## Midwest
### KUDL Cont'd
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Chicago
- Nigel Olsson
- Doobie Bros.
- M. Manchester
- Nicolette
- Bobby Caldwell
- Little River Bd.
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Eric Clapton
- B. Streisand/
N. Diamond
- Poco
- Captain, T. Nashville
- Linda Ronstadt
- Andy Gibb
- 10cc
- Liv Taylor
**SINGLES:**
- *Delegation
- Jorge Santana
- *Anne Murray
- *Dr. Hook
- *Bob James
- Santana
### Cincinnati, Ohio
#### WXUJ
**GREG CRAWFORD**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- UFO
- Max Demian Band
- FM/BLACK NOISE
- Trillion
- Kayak
- Brownsville
- B. J. Harvest
- Triumph
- The Babys
- Medusa
- G. Thorogood
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Good Rats
- Cheap Trick
- Horslips
- *Rubicon
- Cindy Bullens
- *Lynx
- Elvis Costello
- Jam
- Paul Korda
- Generation X
- Frank Zappa
- *MO
### Akron, Ohio
#### WKDO
**CRAG JOHNS**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Bee Gees
- Dire Straits
- Rod Stewart
- Sad Cafe
- Doobie Bros.
- Nicolette
- Pointer Sisters
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- G. Harrison
- Bob Welch
- Gary Wright
- Couchois
- Kayak
- Marc Tanner
- McGuinn, Clark &
Paragher Bros.
- Hillman
### Ypsilanti, Mich.
#### WEMU
**JOHN HANNIKES/DARBYL MORRISON**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Osdar Walton
- Bob James
- Walt Bolden
- Dexter Gordon
- Art Farmer
- Dry Jack
- Passmore
- Pat Metheny
- Joe Sample
- Marik
- Joe Farrell
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- M. Nascimiento
- Jimmie Mack
- Janne Schaeffer
- Aparad Jamal
- Oscar Peterson
- Neil Larsen
- Ray Bryant
- Barre Phillips
- Ruby Braff
- Anthony Braxton
- Marilyn Scott
- Ret. To Forever
- Christie/
- Marsh
### Evanston, Ill.
#### WNUR
**MIKE FRANCIS**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Thad Jones/
- Steely Dan
- Mel Lewis
- Firefall
- Oscar Peterson
- Billy Joel
- Ornette Coleman
- Ian Matthews
- Elvis Costello
- Phil Manzanera
**Cont'd**
### WNUR Cont'd
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Liv Taylor
- Jim Hall/
- Red Mitchell
- G. Thorogood
- Creme/Godley
- Al Jarreau
- J. Starship
- Eddie Money
- M. Manchester
- Santana
- The Who
- Kansas
- UPO
- Dire Straits
- Gilberto Gil
**SINGLES:**
- Rolling Stones
- Wazmo Nariz
### Woodstock, Ill.
#### WXRO
**MICHAEL O'CONNOR**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Dire Straits
- Eddie Money
- Doobie Bros.
- Poco
- E. L. & P.
- *Sad Cafe
- Grateful Dead
- Rod Stewart
- Billy Joel
- *Poco
- Nicolette
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- The Babys
- Jimmie Mack
- Blues Bros.
- Ian Hunter
- Camel
- Max Demian
- *Elvis Costello
- Van Morrison
- *FM/BLACK NOISE
- Trillion
- Horslips
- Marc Tanner
- Kayak
**SINGLES:**
- *The Police
### Rockford, Ill.
#### Y95
**BRAD HOFFMAN, ASS'T. P.D.**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Chicago
- Blues Bros.
- Poco
- McGuinn, Clark &
Hillman
- Doobie Bros.
- Hillman
- Firefall
- Poco
- Rod Stewart
- Billy Joel
- Head East
- Eric Clapton
- Eddie Money
- Molly Hatchett
- Sad Cafe
- Dire Straits
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Ted Nugent
- Nazareth
- Al Stewart
- The Police
- Elvis Costello
- J. Geils Band
- Kayak
- Trillion
- Horslips
### St. Louis, Mo.
#### KWUM
**LOU CALCITERRA**
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Barry Altenschlager
- Ken Kawasaki
- Blue
- Phil Manzanera
- Boomtown Rats
- Great Jazz Trio
- Jaki Byard
- Pat Metheny
- *Camel
- Milestone
- Chick Corea
- Jazzmen
- *Elvis Costello
- *Sad Cafe
- Creme/Godley
- *M. Nascimiento
- Charlie Earland
- Barre Phillips
- *E.L. & P.
- *Poco
- *Fotomaker
- Tom Scott
- *Good Rats
- *Frank Zappa
- Horslips
### Mesa/Phoenix, Ariz.
#### KDKB
**LINDA CLAYTON**
**ADD'S:**
- *G. Thorogood
- *April Wine
**DROPS:**
- Ian Matthews
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- The Babys
- Foreigner
- Chicago
- Poco
- Dire Straits
- Rod Stewart
- Doobie Bros.
- Little River Bd.
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Blues Bros.
- Eddie Money
- Eric Clapton
- Queen
- J. Geils Band
- Styx
- Billy Joel
- Toto
### Seattle, Wash.
#### KZOK
**MAVIS MACKOFF**
**ADD'S:**
- *Marc Tanner Bd.
- *G. Harrison
- *Gary Wright
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Blues Bros.
- Rod Stewart
- The Cars
- Talking Heads
- Eric Clapton
- G. Harrison
- Elvis Costello
- Neil Young
- Dire Straits
- Van Halen
- Doobie Bros.
- Boontown Rats
- Steve Forbert
- G. Rafferty
- Heart
- McGuinn, Clark &
Hillman
- Billy Joel
- TKO
- Eddie Money
- Poco
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Fab. Fodderies
- Styx
- Firefall
- Toto
- Robert Johnson
- J. M. Jarre
- Nicolette
- Bighorn
- Rolling Stones
- Cheap Trick
**SINGLES:**
- *B.T.O.
### Bellevue, Wash.
#### KZAM
**MARION SEYMOUR**
**ADD'S:**
- *G. Harrison
- *Judy Collins
- *Bob Welch
- *Joe Ely
- *Gary Wright
- *Couchois
- *Ira Gere
- *Manfred Fest
- *Double Image
- *Gary Peacock
- *Hickory Wind
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Blues Bros.
- Linda Ronstadt
- Elvis Costello
- S.S. Johnny
- Dire Straits
- Kim Carnes
- Doobie Bros.
- Amaz. Rhy. Aces
- Bee Gees
- Steve Forbert
- McGuinn, Clark &
Hillman
- Billy Joel
- Bob Seger
- Van Morrison
- B. Sprague
- Poco
- Fogel./Weis.
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Cat Stevens
- Art Ensemble
- Saskia & Serge
- Dells
- Anthony Braxton
- Josephine Baker
- Isabel Parra
**LIGHT AIRPLAY:**
- *Marlyn Scott
- *Art Ensemble
- of Chicago
- *Dave Fritz
- *Kayak
- Imports:
- Josephine Baker
- Quillapayun
### Portland, Ore.
#### KGON
**GLORIA JOHNSON**
**ADD'S:**
- *Cheap Trick
- *The Police
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Blues Bros.
- Sad Cafe
- Dire Straits
- Santana
- Doobie Bros.
- Toto
- Billy Joel
- Toto
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- Eric Clapton
- Eddie Money
- Elvis Costello
- Head East
- Heart
**SINGLES:**
- Foreigner
- Al Stewart
### Portland, Ore.
#### KVAN
**DAVE LEE**
**ADD'S:**
- *Kim Carnes
- *Bob Welch
- *Gary Wright
**HEAVY AIRPLAY:**
- Blues Bros.
- Pointer Sisters
- Chicago
- Rolling Stones
- Eric Clapton
- Santana
- Doobie Bros.
- Cat Stevens
- Firefall
- Rod Stewart
- J. Geils Band
- Toto
- Grateful Dead
- J. C. Young
- Billy Joel
- McGuinn, Clark &
Hillman
- Poco
**MODERATE AIRPLAY:**
- The Babys
- Neil Young
- FM/BLACK NOISE
- Bob Seger
- Foreigner
- J. Armatrading
- Heart
- Jules
- Van Morrison
- The Polar Bears
- Queen
- 10cc
- Sad Cafe
- Stephen Stills
- Al Stewart
- Max Demian
- Styx
- Alice Cooper
- G. Thorogood
- Kayak
**SINGLES:**
- *B.T.O.
- *J. M. Jarre
WEST
KZEL
CHRIS KOVARIK
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
Blues Bros. McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
Eddie Money Nicolette
Dire Straits B.J. Harvest
Billy Joel Tim Krekel
Elvis Costello Doobie Bros.
Rod Stewart
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Marshall Hain Fab. Poodles
Cat Stevens Sad Cafe
Bonnie Tyler Jimmie Mack
Eam Carrigan Cam
Evie Sands Muddy Waters
Kim Carnes Head East
The Police Poco
Rubben Ford J. Geils Band
Angels Styx
Kayak Eric Clapton
SINGLES:
Rolling Stones Elvis Costello
Tantrum Nick Lowe
B.T.O. Robt. Gordon
The Tubes Bob Welch
Bandit Peter Criss
Dodgers The Tubes
Cindy Bullens Beach Boys
Frankie Miller
ADD'S:
George Harrison Judy Collins
Bob Welch Dave Edmunds
Gary Wright Merle Watson
Mary Russell Larry Coryell
Joe Ely Michael Franks
COMMENTS:
The evolution in radio continues. Stan Garrett, longtime KZEL staff member and program director, has left the station...I am the new P.D. of KZEL and will be handling the music today. Bill Jackson has been named P.D. at KZAP our sister station. Ch-ch-ch-changes! I look forward to working with all of you and will see you at R&R. Chris Kovarik
KZAP
CHRIS MILLER
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
A. Stewart Neil Young
Toto Doobie Bros.
Billy Joel Elvis Costello
Jesse Dire Straits
Rod Stewart Eric Clapton
Styx
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Pointer Sisters Marc Tanner Bd.
Talking Heads Cindy Bullens
Foreigner Nazareth
Molly Hatchet The Police
Phoo Cheap Trick
Sud Cafe Boontown Rats
Fab. Poodles Ho-slips
Kayak
SINGLES:
Blondie Hot Chocolate
Bob Welch Nicolette
NEWS & PUBLIC AFFAIRS:
The KZAP News Dept. is pleased to announce the hiring of a new morning news person. Viki Liviakis has done extensive work in the Bay area and just returned from a year in Europe. Her skills besides journalism include graphic arts, and photography.
Cont'd
KZAP Cont'd
COMMENTS:
In the new Music Department, we're getting great response to Cheap Trick, Fabulous poodles, and Kayak. We're getting a similar reaction to the Boontown Rats. We welcomed Santana to town last week. Greg Walker dropped by for a visit. We gave away Inner Secrets, tickets, and catalogues, and the grand prize winner got a limo ride to the show. Sad Cafe Update: In our Record Run - the winner only netted 75 albums however, he did get a copy of every picture disc in the store and a copy of the Keith Jarrett Sun Bear set. Get a Car picture 45. - Chris
SAN FRANCISCO, CA.
KMEL (KAMEL 106)
MARK COOPER
ADD'S:
*Bob Welch *Whitesnake
*The Tubes *Bad Co.
SINGLES:
*April Wine *Triumvirat
*B.T.O.
KSAN
KATE INGRAM
ADD'S:
*E. Bop Deluxe *G. Harrison
*E. J. Harvost *Marc Tanner Bd.
*Cheap Trick *Bob Welch
*Generation X *Gary Wright
*Good Rats
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
Blues Bros. Eddie Money
Eric Clapton Rolling Stones
Elvis Costello G. Thorogood
Dire Straits Blondie
Doobie Bros. The Police
J. Geils Band 10cc
Robert Johnson
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
The Babys Boontown Rats
Clindy Bullens Creme/Godley
Fab. Poodles Dove
Grateful Dead Bryan Ferry
Van Morrison Flash & The Pan
Linda Ronstadt Jam
S.S. Johnny Greg Kihn
Santana Ronnie Tyler
Talking Heads JFD
Toto The Who
LIGHT AIRPLAY:
Phil Manzanera Mickey Jupp
Bethnal Love Lovitch
Dr. Feelgood Nick Lowe
Flying Lizzards Rachel Sweet
(single) Johnny Thunder
Ian Gomm (imp.) Tono K
SINGLES:
Ian Dury *Keith Richard
Bob Dylan *Cold Chisel
SAN JOSE, CA.
KOME
DANA JANG
ADD'S:
AC/DC +Nicolette
The Babys +Eddie Money
+Blues Bros. Pointer Sisters
Eric Clapton Queen
Elvis Costello +Creme
Dire Straits +Godley
Doobie Bros. +Rod Stewart
J. Geils +Toto
Billy Joel UFO
KOME Cont'd
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
*Camel The Police
Cheap Trick Sad Cafe
FM/BLACK NOISE Gary Wright
Grateful Dead Amz. Rhy. Aces
Molly Hatchet April Wine
Cat Stevens Boontown Rats
Tanya Tucker Brownsville
*Bee Gees Steve Forbert
Fab. Poodles Ho-slips
*Jo. Harrison Max Demian
Head East Nazareth
Robt. Johnson Marc Tanner
McGuinn, Clark & Tonio K
Hillman Trillion
Poco Rolling Stones
*Robert Gordon *The Tubes
Frankie Miller *Bob Welch
Suzi Quatro
SINGLES:
*April Wine *Wireless
*Triumvirat *Steve Forbert
*B.T.O. *Gary Wright
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
*The Police Tonio K.
Nazareth Fab. Poodles
Blues Bros. The Clash
The Babys Max Demian
URF Rod Stewart
Boontown Rats Queen
Eddie Money Cheap Trick
Elvis Costello
Jules & The Polar Bears
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Camel Whitesnake
The Doors *Wireless
J. Geils Band Robert Johnson
Jam
SINGLES:
*G. Thorogood Rod Stewart
*Robert Gordon The Clash
Blues Bros. Elvis Costello
The Police Boontown Rats
Queen The Dells
The Babys The Yachts
Fab. Poodles The Records
Max Demian Richard Hell &
Tonio K. The Voidoids
IMPORTS:
Flash & The Pan Mickey Jupp
The Flys Wreckless Eric
DP's The Offs (sgl.)
Bethnal Magazine (sgl.)
SPECIAL PROGRAMMING:
ALBUM FEATURE...
The Police
INTERVIEWS...
The Clash
Aynsley Dunbar
COMMENTS:
Molly Hatchet arrived in San Jose for a show with The Outlaws - we did an interview with heavy promotional interest, but the record stores can't hang on to a copy.
ANNOUNCER LINE-UP...
Program Dir. - DON WRIGHT
6 - 10 am - TOM MIX
10 - 2 pm - MIKE VEGA
2 - 6 pm - LOBSTERS
6 - 10 pm - TAWN MASTREY
10 - 2 am - LEROY HANSEN
2 - 6 am - CASEY STANGL
SANTA CRUZ/GILROY/SAN JOSE, CA.
KFAI
LAURA ELLEN
Cont'd
KFAI Cont'd
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
*Jim Colegrove Willis Nelson/
*C.C.R. SWEET MEMORIES
*Joe Ely Willie Nelson/
*Jimmie Skinner AND FAMILY
*Doc & Johnny Paycheck
Merle Watson Rio Ride
Amaz. Rhy. Aces Peter Rowan
Elvin Bishop Otis Rush
Boone Creek Jim Silvers
David Broberg G. Thorogood
Guy Clark Tanya Tucker
Jill Croston TEXAS SAND
Rodney Crowell ANTHOLOGY OF
Jerry Lee Lewis WESTERN SWING
Nicolette J. L. Willis
Lorrie Lynn J. J. Walker
Carl Mann Neil Young
Mary McCaslin &
Jim Ringo
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Blues Brothers PACIFIC STEEL
Cooper Brown Conway Twitty
Hot Mud Family Porter Wagoner
Glen Campbell Hank Thompson
Kris & Rita Buck White &
*Tim Krekel Down Home Folks
LOS ANGELES, CA.
KMPT
KATHY DEROUVILLE
ADD'S:
*Steve Forbert *G. Harrison
*Tono K.
DROPS:
Heart Cat Stevens
Queen
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
The Babys Poco
Blues Bros. Rod Stewart
Dire Straits Styx
Doobie Bros. Hot Chocolate
Billy Joel Little River Bd.
Eddie Money
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Elvis Costello Neil Young
J. Geils Band Boontown Rats
LOS ANGELES, CA.
KMST
PAW MAY
ADD'S:
*Bob Welch *Kim Carnes
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
Elvis Costello Eddie Money
Dire Straits Poco
Doobie Bros. Pointer Sisters
Billy Joel Rod Stewart
Nicolette Bee Gees
MODERATE AIRPLAY:
Blues Bros. Cindy Bullens
Toto Blondie
Hot Chocolate
McGuinn, Clark & Hillman
SINGLES:
*Bad Co.
PASADENA, CA.
KNQ
JED FISH GOULD
ADD'S:
*Tono K. *Triumph
*B. J. Harvest *Bluebeard
*Camel +*Bob Welch
*Muddy Waters +*TKO
HEAVY AIRPLAY:
The Police Cheap Trick
G. Thorogood Talking Heads
Elvis Costello The Cars
Robert Johnson Devo
URF The Clash
The Babys 999
Blues Bros. Angels
Be Bop Deluxe Blondie
Heart
Cont'd
## HOT SONGS
HOT SONGS ARE DERIVED FROM INFORMATION OBTAINED BY SPECIAL SURVEY OF OUR CONTRIBUTORS. THE ALBUMS SPOTLIGHTED ARE SELECTED FROM AVAILABLE NEW RELEASES. TRACKS ARE LISTED IN ORDER OF PREFERENCE. AN UNDERLINE DENOTES AN OVERWHELMING CHOICE. THE TOP NEW TRACKS ARE LISTED IN PERCENTAGE ORDER TO THE LEFT.
| ESTABLISHED SONGS | MORE SONGS | NEW SONGS |
|-------------------|------------|-----------|
| 1. DIRE STRAITS "Sultans of Swing" | AMAZING RHYTHM ACES "Love & Happiness" | TIM KREKEL "Little Bitty Pretty One" |
| 2. DOOBIE BROTHERS "What a Fool Believes" | GILBERTO GIL "Sarara" | .663 |
| 3. ROD STEWART "Do Ya Think I'm Sexy" | HILARY "Evening Essence" | .419 |
| 4. EDDIE MONEY "Maybe I'm a Fool" | HORSLIPS "Lonliness" | .395 |
| 5. POCO "Crazy Love" | "The Man Who Built America" | .349 |
| 6. TOTO "I'll Supply the Love" | "Homesick" | .337 |
| 7. ELVIS COSTELLO "Accidents Will Happen" | "Tonight" | .326 |
| 8. THE BABYS "Everytime I Think..." | "I'll Be Waiting" | .302 |
| 9. BLUES BROTHERS "Rubber Biscuit" | HOT CHOCOLATE "Every 1's A Winner" | .291 |
| 10. BLUES BROTHERS "Soul Man" | JOE JACKSON "Sunday Papers" | .267 |
| 11. THE BABYS "Head First" | THE JAM "David Watts" | .256 |
| 12. ELVIS COSTELLO "Peace Love & ..." | "Mr. Clean" | .244 |
| 13. LITTLE RIVER BAND "Lady" | "I..Tube Station" | .233 |
| 14. POCO "Heart of the Night" | RICK JAMES "High on Your Love Suite" | .221 |
| 15. SAD CAFE "Run Home Girl" | KIM CARNES "It Hurts So Bad" | .208 |
| 16. TALKING HEADS "Take Me to the River" | "What Am I Gonna Do" | .198 |
| 17. FABULOUS POODLES "Mirror Star" | TONI K "Let It Roll" | .186 |
| 18. BILLY JOEL "Big Shot" | "Ain't No Way to Be" | .186 |
| 19. NICOLETTE "Lotta Love" | TOMITA "Song of Venus" | .174 |
| 20. B.T.O. "Heartaches" | TONI K "Life in the Foodchain" | .174 |
| 21. MAX DEMIAN BAND "Paradise" | "The Funky Western..." | .174 |
| 22. KAYAK "Keep the Change" | "Hatred" | .174 |
| 23. MUDDY WATERS "Mannish Boy" | FRANK ZAPPA "Sleep Dirt" | .163 |
| | "The Ocean..." | .163 |
| | B. J. HARVEST "Lovin' is Easy" | .163 |
| | "Joey's On the Street" | .163 |
| | "Sip of Wine" | .163 |
| | "Don't You Write..." | .163 |
| | "So Lonely" | .163 |
| | AMAZING RHY. ACES "Lipstick Traces" | .163 |
| | "David Watts" | .163 |
| | "Mr. Clean" | .163 |
| | "Homesick" | .163 |
| | "Surrender to Me" | .163 |
THE POLICE "Roxanne"
BOOMTOWN RATS "Rat Trap"
BOOMTOWN RATS "Lonliness"
BOOMTOWN RATS "Man Who Built..."
AMAZING RHY. ACES "Love and Happiness"
BEE GEES "Tragedy"
HOT CHOCOLATE "Everyone's a..."
TONI K "Life in the Food..."
JOE SAMPLE "Carmel"
TONI K "Funky Western..."
MUDDY WATERS "Mannish Boy"
THE POLICE "Can't Stand Losing..."
MAX DEMIAN BAND "Paradise"
MC GUINN... "Long, Long Time"
FRANK ZAPPA "Sleep Dirt"
B. J. HARVEST "Lovin' is Easy"
BOOMTOWN RATS "Joey's On the Street"
B. J. HARVEST "Sip of Wine"
MC GUINN... "Don't You Write..."
THE POLICE "So Lonely"
AMAZING RHY. ACES "Lipstick Traces"
THE JAM "Mr. Clean"
HORSLIPS "Homesick"
MC GUINN... "Surrender to Me"
## BEHIND THE GRAPHS
### RADIO ACTION CHART
TOP 40 LPs IN GAIN/LOSS ORDER
| Artist | Change | Artist |
|-------------------------|--------|-------------------------|
| McGuinn/Clark/Hill | +18.4 | The Babys |
| Kayak | +15.4 | UFO |
| Horslips | +13.2 | Poco |
| Camel | +3.8 | Sad Cafe |
| Steve Forbert | +3.8 | Al Stewart |
| Blondie | +3.2 | Bee Gees |
| Max Demian | +2.9 | Elvis Costello |
| Marc Tanner | +1.5 | Eddie Money |
| Heart | +1.4 | Fabulous Poodles |
| FM/BLACK NOISE | -0.6 | Robert Johnson |
| The Cars | -4.6 | George Thorogood |
| Talking Heads | -4.7 | Cat Stevens |
| Santana | -5.2 | Pointer Sisters |
| Nicolette Larson | -5.7 | Toto |
| Styx | -6.3 | Rod Stewart |
| Doobie Bros. | -6.7 | Neil Young |
| Dire Straits | -6.7 | Blues Brothers |
| Firefall | -7.3 | Queen |
| Blues Brothers | -16.1 | Eric Clapton |
| Grateful Dead | -18.9 |
### REGIONALS
#### RADIO TOP 15s
| Artist | Northeast | South | Midwest | West |
|-------------------------|-----------|-------|---------|------|
| E. Costello | .799 | .778 | .737 | .610 |
| Dire Straits | .613 | .630 | .662 | .553 |
| Doobie Bros. | .607 | .620 | .657 | .540 |
| Blues Bros. | .557 | .560 | .626 | .500 |
| Eddie Money | .541 | .532 | .545 | .475 |
| Fab. Poodles | .428 | .519 | .470 | .404 |
| Billy Joel | .421 | .509 | .419 | .286 |
| Heart | .415 | .493 | .384 | .262 |
| McGuinn | .400 | .449 | .369 | .262 |
| Kayak | .355 | .380 | .348 | .283 |
| Poco | .340 | .352 | .348 | .271 |
| The Police | .340 | .282 | .300 | .267 |
| Toto | .333 | .278 | .293 | .200 |
| G. Harrison | .309 | .278 | .293 | .262 |
#### RETAIL TOP 15s
| Artist | Northeast | South | Midwest | West |
|-------------------------|-----------|-------|---------|------|
| Rod Stewart | .917 | .872 | .954 | .933 |
| Blues Bros. | .811 | .769 | .948 | .853 |
| Bee Gees | .726 | .692 | .715 | .840 |
| Billy Joel | .716 | .521 | .627 | .800 |
| Dire Straits | .572 | .519 | .514 | .413 |
| Elvis Costello | .424 | .487 | .569 | .587 |
| Doobie Bros. | .361 | .308 | .551 | .400 |
| E. W. & F. | .333 | .265 | .425 | .387 |
| Toto | .212 | .239 | .246 | .320 |
| Foreigner | .200 | .137 | .221 | .253 |
| Clapton | .188 | .120 | .176 | .227 |
| Nicolette | .157 | .111 | .163 | .200 |
| Styx | .144 | .103 | .144 | .160 |
| The Cars | .133 | .103 | .139 | .147 |
| Richard Pryor | .128 | .103 | | |
### ANALYSIS
BY GEORGE MEIER
Though the entire Top 10 of the Centerfold Charts seem to have peaked, it is still the natural area of greatest interest. It shapes up as a classic battleground between two giants, W.E.A. and Columbia. With the exception of two positions, they dominate the arena.
Last issue we speculated that the uptard Dire Straits might prevent Elvis Costello from reaching number one in radio airplay and it looks like that just might have happened, although neither record has run its full course yet.
The incredible sales story is in the success of the Blues Brothers, Rod Stewart and the Bee Gees. Each one of which is a white interpretation of black music.
Solid chart positions are sustained by The Fabulous Poodles, Steve Forbert and Blondie largely on the strength of Northeastern airplay. While the support of McGuinn, Clark & Hillman is charted in their airplay on both coasts. It's the West which is contributing the sales punch to the Pointer Sisters and, predictably, the Southern airplay which buoys the chart positions of both Poco and Nicolette. Curiously, Styx – a Midwestern band – does especially well in the South, while Heart dies in the Midwest of all places.
Also, the rock-rock of Toto gets its air juice from strong Midwestern radio support.
Our Radio Action Chart accentuates movement in two directions. It shows the plummeting fortunes of the most recent radio stars. Time seems to be up for Toto, J. Geils, Rod, Queen, Blues Brothers, Eric Clapton and The Dead. While it defines the fast start of McGuinn, Clark & Hillman, Kayak, and Horslips. Many of the other Radio Futures of last issue made it into the Centerfold just with much less heroic jumps. This means Radio Action is stocked with new releases needing a significant response. There is, however, depressingly little to look for in the retail future. It's a strange situation, one which we cannot recall seeing before. Maybe it was the weather.
In looking at the numbers, one is again struck by the oft mentioned Midwestern reluctance to accept the newer rock sound. The Police, The Boomtown Rats, The Jam and Tonio K all represent that sound and all suffer airplay depressions in that area.
### RADIO FUTURES
| NATIONAL % | ARTIST | N.E. | S. | M.W. | W. |
|------------|-------------------------|------|----|------|----|
| .252 | THE POLICE | .340 | .227| .111 | .267|
| .224 | BOOMTOWN RATS | .277 | .176| .116 | .265|
| .199 | CHEAP TRICK | .195 | .269| .177 | .174|
| .162 | THE JAM | .239 | .157| .055 | .156|
| .159 | GEORGE HARRISON | .309 | .236| .076 | .032|
| .152 | AMAZ. RHYTHM ACES | .154 | .167| .091 | .174|
| .134 | JIMMIE MACK | .230 | .153| .086 | .067|
| .133 | ROBBEN FORD | .148 | .148| .111 | .123|
| .129 | TONIO K | .157 | .135| .030 | .156|
| .126 | BAR. JAMES HARVEST | .094 | .148| .182 | .113|
**NON-PROGRESSIVE SALES**
- Olivia Newton-John
- Chic
- Village People
- Gloria Gaynor
- Barbra Streisand
- Barry Manilow
NORTHEAST
LIEBERMAN ENTERPRISES Cont'd
TOP 15:
Rod Stewart Blues Bros.
Foreigner Anne Murray
Bee Gees Gloria Gaynor
Chic Nicolette
Billy Joel Dire Straits
O. Newton-John Eric Clapton
Village People Toto
Richard Pryor
SELLING IMPORTS:
Bob Dylan Tubular Bells
Lindisfarne (picture disc)
SELLING SINGLES:
Rod Stewart Nigel Olsen
Village People Hot Chocolate
Gloria Gaynor E. W. & F.
Chic Billy Joel
Pointer Sisters Blues Bros.
O. Newton-John Chicago
New Gees Donna Summer
Cheryl Lynn
COMMENTS:
New Badfinger is DYNAWITE - welcome back
Watchout for Max Demian, Wonder Band, Toni K. (if it could ever get on radio) and classic rock ops.
BRONX HAVAR (PHILADELPHIA), PA.
PLASTIC FANTASY
BETSY BERLIN/HAROLD GOLD
TOP 15:
Dire Straits Elvis Costello
The Cars Rod Stewart
The Police (Yes, Cheap Trick
they ARE that Steve Fortbert
big!) Molly Hatchet
Blues Bros. Jam
Doobie Bros. Rolling Stones
Grateful Dead Devo
McQuinn, Clark & Hillman
SELLING IMPORTS:
Elvis Costello Eno/Cluster
COMMENTS:
We have gotten incredible in-store response to the new Police album. We're counting on them to do their share - we're doing ours!
Also - check the staying power of The Cars. It's still around and keeps CLIMBING!
WASHINGTON, D.C.
DISCOUNT RECORDS
#BABY MC ANIGAL
(Top 10 among 3 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
Alber Collins Holy Modal
McQuinn, Clark & Rounders
Hillman
TOP 15:
Blues Bros. Foreigner
Billy Joel Rolling Stones/
52ND STREET SOME GIRLS
E. W. & F. O. Newton-John
B. Rabbitt John Denver
Rod Stewart Bee Gees
SAT. NIGHT FEVER
Boston Billy Joel/
Dire Straits STRANGER
WAXIE MAXIE'S
KENNY DOBLE/BOB BOILEN
(Representing 16 stores...)
Cont'd
FAIRFAX, VA.
PENGUIN FEATHER
DANA GORE
(Representing 5 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
Muddy waters Angel
Poco Sad Cafe
Jan Boomtown Rats
UFO The Godz
AC/DC The Police
Amaz. Rhy. Aces
TOP 15:
Dire Straits Elvis Costello
Blues Bros. Eddie Money
Bee Gees Billy Joel
Rod Stewart Molly Hatchet
G. Thorogood Rolling Stones
Van Halen O. Newton-John
McQuinn, Clark & Hillman Linda Ronstadt
SELLING IMPORTS:
Steve Hillage Judas Priest
Eno/Cluster Cheap Trick
SOUTH
LOUISVILLE, KY.
VINE RECORDS
JOHN TIMMONS
(Representing 4 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
#Max Demian Band Fit!
#Kayak Instant Funk
Sad Cafe John Denver
Poco #Vivium!
Rufus Delegation
Cher?? (No kidding! nice out-
Cont'd
PT. LAUDERDALE, FLA.
SID'S RECORDS & TAPES
SKIP ASHWORTH
(Representing 2 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
Grateful Dead Peter Tosh
#Nicolette Poco
M. Manchester Blend
UFO Pointer Sisters #J. Starship
#Be Bop Deluxe
TOP 15:
Dire Straits J. Geils Band
Blues Bros. Firefall
Rod Stewart Bill Joel
O. Newton-John Pat Travers
Doobie Bros. Elvis Costello
Heart Styx
Toto John Denver
Bee Gees
SELLING IMPORTS:
All Eno Albums Bob Dylan
Cont'd
ARLINGTON, VA.
FANTASIA RECORDS & TAPES
BOB BOBBITT/CHIC PODI
(Representing 2 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
Jim Colegrove The Babies
UFO Jimmie Mack
Boomtown Rats Arlyn Gale
Camel Robben Ford
Marc Tanner Be Bop Deluxe
Cont'd
SOUTH
FANTASIA RECORDS & TAPES Cont'd
TOP 15:
Doobie Bros. Eric Clapton
Dire Straits Nicolette
Blues Bros. Santana
Rod Stewart McGuinn, Clark &
Billy Joel Hillman
Pat Travers Village People
Elvis Costello Bee Gees
Styx J. Geils Band
SELLING IMPORTS:
Bob Segarini Vibrators
Rachel Sweet B. Eno
T'Angerine Dream Anthony Phillips
Elvis Costello Gary Boyle
Rhino Royale XTC
IMPORT-SINGLES:
The Cramps The Profits
Nick Lowe Nervebreakers
HOUSTON, TEX.
RECORD RACK
BRUCE GODWIN
NEW REACTION:
Johnny Mathis Annie Murray
Romance John Denver
Cher The Police
Herbie Mann Cheap Trick
Gino Soccio Trillion
Tavares Fab. Foodles
TOP 15:
Peter Jaques ad. Blondie
Gonzales T-Connection
Gloria Gaynor Evelyn C. King
Arpeggio Wonder Band
Ultimate Bee Gees
Shirley Bassey Stick Fingers
Cecil Bee Instant Funk
SELLING IMPORTS:
LaBomba 12" MTL Express
Charisma Karen Cheryl
Superman 12" Circus
SELLING SINGLES:
12"... Rod Stewart
Love Exchange Bar-Kays
Gary U.S. Bonds Modena
Sister Sledge Glass Family
Anii Stewart Herbie Mann
Bombers Giorgio
Donna Summer The Rock
COMMENTS:
Please don't try and push anything on a 12" disc off as disco - it WON'T work - i.e. "Lotta Love" or Desmond Child & rouge - maybe some have checked out disco however but don't try and sell us some dog lp as a disco record - we WON'T buy it.
AUSTIN, TEX.
INNER SANCTUM
NEIL RUTTENBERG
NEW REACTION:
NO WAVE Legs Diamond
The Police Chip Taylor
#Yes L.A. The Contenders
Pointer Sisters Kate Bush
J. Starship #U-Roy
TOP 15:
Elvis Costello The Residents
Steve Forbert Doobie Bros.
The Cars Rod Stewart
Blues Bros. Mike Oldfield
Dire Straits Talking Heads
Peter Tosh Nicolette
Cheap Trick Boombtown Rats
Muddy Waters
SELLING IMPORTS:
Wire Pere Ubu
Kate Bush Steel Leg vs.
Devo The Electric
Mike Oldfield Dread
Steve Hillage Yes L.A.
SELLING SINGLES:
Generation X (all) Clash (all)
Bette Bright Undertones!
Wire Public Image
COMMENTS:
Whatever happened to Jam Records?
- Rev. Neil X
TULSA, OKLA.
PEACHES RECORDS & TAPES
NEW REACTION:
Dire Straits Bob Seger
Cher Chicago
Nicolette McGuinn, Clark &
J. Geils Band Hillman
The Babys Rufus
Phoebe Snow
TOP 15:
Bee Gees Eric Clapton
Rod Stewart Paco
O. Newton-John Neil Young
Doobie Bros. Steely Dan
Billy Joel Heart
Van Halen Billy Joel
B. Streisand Eddie Money
Styx
SELLING IMPORTS:
Judas Priest
The Babys Pointer Sisters
SELLING SINGLES:
Chic
CLEVELAND, OHIO
PEACHES RECORDS & TAPES
LARRY BOLE
NEW REACTION:
The Gods PW/BLACK NOISE
Elvis Costello J. M. Jarre
Angel Bobby Caldwell
UFO Johnny Mathis
Peaches & Herb Herbie Mann
TOP 15:
Rod Stewart Dire Straits
Billy Joel Doobie Bros.
Eddie Money Paul McCartney
Blues Bros. The Babys
Steve Miller Todd Rundgren
Poco Bob Seger
The Cars S.S. Johnny
Bee Gees
SELLING IMPORTS:
Tangerine Dream Michael Schulte
Steve Hillage Mike Oldfield
Pere Ubu Residents
Rachel Sweet Enq & Cluster
Brian Eno Hawklords
SELLING SINGLES:
Rod Stewart Bee Gees
Gloria Gaynor Peaches & Herb
Pointer Sisters Dan Hartman
Village People Gonzales
Chic Leif Garrett
COMMENTS:
I'm so glad to see the Pointer Sisters starting to do something - they deserve it.
If you haven't already, check PW/BLACK NOISE - this is what yes wish they were doing today.
Let's hear it for "HEROES OF ROCK 'N' ROLL" - the most comprehensive rock history I've ever seen!!
MIDWEST
CLEVELAND HEIGHTS, OHIO
RECORD REVOLUTION
GEORGE BERKOVICH
NEW REACTION:
Cheap Trick Muddy Waters
Mal Waldron McGuinn, Clark &
Max Demin Band Hillman
Anthony Braxton Charlie Wiener
Carla Bley (local) Charlie Mingus
Boombtown Rats
TOP 15:
Elvis Costello E. W. & F.
Dire Straits Peter Tosh
Rod Stewart Angela Bofill
Blues Bros. G. Thorogood
J. Starship PW/BLACK NOISE
Joe Sample Talking Heads
S.S. Johnny Lonnie L. Smith
Chic
SELLING IMPORTS:
Steve Hillage Lene Lovich
Tangerine Dream Burning Spear
Rachel Sweet Pere Ubu
COMMENTS:
Our third Elvis Costello front window is in. We've received nothing but rave comments. Maybe someone from COLUMBIA RECORDS ought to check it out.
MAPLE HEIGHTS, OHIO
PEACHES RECORDS & TAPES
MIKE WIELAND
NEW REACTION:
Dire Straits #Medusa
Bob James Rufus
Lonnie L. Smith Joe
Sad Cafe Angel Bofill
Poco J. Starship
TOP 15:
Bee Gees Toto
Billy Joel Rod Stewart
Blues Bros. Village People
Eddie Money Peabo Bryson
B. Streisand Doobie Bros.
Todd Rundgren Bob Seger
Neil Diamond E. W. & F.
Foreigner
SELLING IMPORTS:
Mike Oldfield Steve Hillage
Rachel Sweet Kate Bush
Tangerine Dream
SELLING SINGLES:
Capt. & Tennille Sister Sledge
Doobie Bros. Eddie Money
Chic Crystal Gayle
Village People Bee Gees
Rod Stewart Nicolette
COMMENTS:
Congratulations to Roger McGuinn, Gene Clark & Chris Hillman on a very fine album. These three still can put their music together as well as they ever have. McGuinn's two contributions have that sparkle that brings back memories. It's an album all musicians should listen to, so they can pick up some good pointers.
COLUMBUS, OHIO
PEACHES RECORDS & TAPES
BERNARD W. SCHRAEDER
NEW REACTION:
M. Manchester John Denver
McGuinn, Clark & Chuck Brown/
Hillman Soul Searchers
Muddy Waters The Gods
Joe Sample Cheap Trick
Rick James Jacksons
TOP 15:
Bee Gees Steve Martin
Blues Bros. Bob James
Doobie Bros. Eddie Money
Rod Stewart E. W. & F.
O. Newton-John B. Streisand
Chic
Billy Joel Dire Straits
Nicolette The Babys
SELLING SINGLES:
Capt. & Tennille Sister Sledge
Doobie Bros. Eddie Money
Chic Crystal Gayle
Village People Bee Gees
Rod Stewart Nicolette
COMMENTS:
Congratulations to Roger McGuinn, Gene Clark & Chris Hillman on a very fine album. These three still can put their music together as well as they ever have. McGuinn's two contributions have that sparkle that brings back memories. It's an album all musicians should listen to, so they can pick up some good pointers.
INDIANAPOLIS, IND.
KARMA
DON SIMPSON
(Representing 8 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
#Kayak Max Demian Band
Angel Trillion
McGuinn, Clark & Chuck Brown/
Hillman Soul Searchers
Marc Tanner Bd. Angela Bofill
Roadmaster Sister Sledge
TOP 15:
Bee Gees John Denver
Rod Stewart Billy Joel
Dire Straits O. Newto
Eddie Money J. Starship
Blues Bros. Village People
Doobie Bros. Nicolette
Cheap Trick Rick James
Elvis Costello
SELLING IMPORTS:
Little River Bd. Streetheart
Rachel Sweet Rich Kids
Kraftwerk
SELLING SINGLES:
Rod Stewart Dire Straits
Pointer Sisters Billy Joel
Nicolette Eddie Money
Parliament The Babys Lakeside
Doobie Bros. Chuck Brown/
Ami Stewart Soul Searchers
CHICAGO, ILL.
SOUNDS GOOD
MARK GUNCHEN
(Representing 6 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
Cher James Galway
#Mal Waldron Koto Handel
#Ira Sullivan Frederick
Muddy Waters Pennel
Abbado/Carmen
TOP 15:
Chic Tomita
Bee Gees Dave Valentin
Peaches & Herb Voltaire
Barry Manilow Village Pe
Gloria Gaynor Sarah Vaughan
E. W. & F. (Brazilian imp)
Blues Bros. Doobie Bros.
Donna Summer The Jacksons
SELLING IMPORTS:
Elvis Costello Jan wobble
Brian Eno Steve Hi
The Residents
SELLING SINGLES:
Bobby Caldwell Ami Stewart
Undertones Normal
Pointer Sisters
COMMENTS:
Checkout Mal Waldron's latest on Innercity. Explicit jazz with sensual overtones. It's simply wonderful.
Dave Valentins LP made our Valentin Day heartwarming. It's on Dave Grusin's GRP label, distributed by Arista.
### Midwest
#### Chicago, Ill.
**Hear Here**
- **Max Tuchten**
- (Representing 3 stores...)
**New Reaction:**
- Nicolette
- Tavares
- Cheap Trick
- Cher
- Johnny Mathis
- Sister Sledge
- Angel
- Eddie Money
- Phyllis Hyman
- Joe Sample
**Top 15:**
- Bee Gees
- Blues Bros.
- Chic
- E. W. & F.
- Peaches & Herb
- Rod Stewart
- Pointer Sisters
- Doobie Bros.
- Billy Joel
- UFO
- Eric Clapton
- Dire Straits
**Selling Singles:**
- Bee Gees
- Linda Ronstadt
- Rod Stewart
- Barry Manilow
- Chic
- Doobie Bros.
- Gloria Gaynor
- Pointer Sisters
- Village People
- Peaches & Herb
- O. Newton-John
- Nicolette
---
#### Chicago, Ill.
**Laurys Discount Records**
- **Dave Dranoff**
- (Representing 4 stores...)
**New Reaction:**
- Marc 'Anne' Bd.
- Bonnie Tyler
- David Olive
- #McQuinn, Clark &
- Cheap Trick
- Hillman
- Muddy Waters
- Annie Murray
- Angels Softill
- #O. Thorogood
- Michael Jackson
- Kayak
- The Babys
- #J. Starship
**Top 15:**
- Rod Stewart
- Bee Gees
- O. Newton-John
- E. W. & F.
- Blues Bros.
- Dire Straits
- Peaches & Herb
- Barry Manilow
- Doobie Bros.
- Billy Joel.
**Selling Imports:**
- Cheap Trick
- Elvis Costello
- Burning Spear
**Selling Singles:**
- Barry Manilow
- Rod Stewart
- O. Newton-John
- E. W. & F.
- Chic
---
#### Skokie, Ill.
**Sound Unlimited**
- **Fred Michals**
- (Representing 565 stores...)
**New Reaction:**
- Sad Cafe
- Bee Gees
- Trillion
- Peaches & Herb
- Cheap Trick
- Side Effect
- John Denver
- Marvin Gaye
- Richard Pryor
- Chuck Brown/
- Soul Searchers
- Cher
**Top 15:**
- Billy Joel
- Blues Bros.
- Styx
- B. Streisand
- Rod Stewart
- Foreigner
- Steve Martin
- Toto
- Chic
**Selling Singles:**
- by Mel Flass
- Rod Stewart
- Village People
- E. W. & F.
- Bee Gees
- Toto
- Cont'd
---
#### Palatine, Ill.
**Rainbow Holding Corp.**
- **Skip Lawson**
**New Reaction:**
- Camel
- Midnight Express
- G. Thorogood
- J. Starship
- Pointer Sisters
- UFO
- Albert Collins
- Cheap Trick
- Peaches & Herb
- Horslips
**Top 15:**
- Billy Joel
- O. Newton-John
- Barry Manilow
- E. W. & F.
- Eric Clapton
- Foreigner
- Nell Diamond
- GRB/ASE
**Selling Singles:**
- Alicia Bridges
- Gloria Gaynor
- Nick Cave
- Ian Matthews
- Pointer Sisters
---
#### Libertyville, Ind.
**Dog Ear Records**
- **Rick Johnson**
- (Representing 6 stores...)
**New Reaction:**
- Hot Chocolate
- Pointer Sisters
- G. Harrison
- #J. Starship
- #Sample
- Voyage
- #Musique
- Blues Bros.
- E. W. & F.
- Barry Manilow
- Doobie Bros.
- Billy Joel.
**Selling Singles:**
- Village People
- Chic
- E. W. & F.
- "A Little More Love"
- Dire Straits
**Comments:**
Go Olivia!
---
#### Milwaukee, Wisc.
**1812 Overture**
- **Bonnie Beigel**
- (Representing 5 stores...)
**New Reaction:**
- McGuinn, Clark &
- Hillman
- The Babys
- Bonnie Tyler
- Horslips
- #Sunblind Lion
**Top 15:**
- Blues Bros.
- E. W. & F.
- Barry Manilow
- Doobie Bros.
- Dire Straits
- O. Newton-John
**Selling Singles:**
- Village People
- Chic
- E. W. & F.
- "A Little More Love"
- Dire Straits
**Comments:**
Flip Side's in-store playlist is hot - we are selling off of our newly organized playlist - all stores are now directed as to what gets played and it seems to work. WALKS you look real good.
---
#### St. Louis, Mo.
**Discount Records**
- **Bill Miller**
- (Representing 4 stores...)
**New Reaction:**
- The Police
- Chuck Brown &
- Soul Searchers
- TKO
- Cheap Trick
- Jam
**Top 15:**
- Rod Stewart
- Bee Gees
- Blues Bros.
- O. Newton-John
- Billy Joel
- Gloria Gaynor
- Styx
- Supertramp
- (Crime...)
**Selling Singles:**
- The Jacksons
- Ace Frehley
- Village People
- E. W. & F.
- Cheryl Lynn
- Gloria Gaynor
- Parliament
**Comments:**
There's a grand new record store in Madison - 1812 Overture #6 opened there this week! Thank you to everyone involved.
---
#### Kansas City, Kan.
**Caper's Corner**
- **Corky Carrell**
**New Reaction:**
- McGuinn, Clark &
- Hillman
- Melanie
- Bee Gees
- B. J. Harvest
**Top 15:**
- Bee Gees
- Blues Bros.
- Eric Clapton
- Rod Stewart
- Pointer Sisters
- G. Harrison
- Nicolette
**Selling Imports:**
- Steve Hillage
- Penetration
- Bob Dylan
**Selling Singles:**
- Keith Richards
- Nick Lowe
- Rolling Stones
- Elvis Costello
---
#### Peoria, Ill.
**Co-op Tapes & Records**
- **Dave Roger**
- (Representing 26 stores...)
Cont'd
---
#### Milwaukee, Wisc.
**Milwaukee, Wisc.**
**1812 Overture**
- **Bonnie Beigel**
- (Representing 5 stores...)
**New Reaction:**
- McGuinn, Clark &
- Hillman
- The Babys
- Bonnie Tyler
- Horslips
- #Sunblind Lion
**Top 15:**
- Blues Bros.
- E. W. & F.
- Barry Manilow
- Doobie Bros.
- Dire Straits
- O. Newton-John
**Selling Singles:**
- Village People
- Chic
- E. W. & F.
- "A Little More Love"
- Dire Straits
**Comments:**
Flip Side's in-store playlist is hot - we are selling off of our newly organized playlist - all stores are now directed as to what gets played and it seems to work. WALKS you look real good.
---
#### St. Louis, Mo.
**Discount Records**
- **Bill Miller**
- (Representing 4 stores...)
**New Reaction:**
- The Police
- Chuck Brown &
- Soul Searchers
- TKO
- Cheap Trick
- Jam
**Top 15:**
- Rod Stewart
- Bee Gees
- Blues Bros.
- O. Newton-John
- Billy Joel
- Gloria Gaynor
- Styx
- Supertramp
- (Crime...)
**Selling Singles:**
- The Jacksons
- Ace Frehley
- Village People
- E. W. & F.
- Cheryl Lynn
- Gloria Gaynor
- Parliament
**Comments:**
There's a grand new record store in Madison - 1812 Overture #6 opened there this week! Thank you to everyone involved.
---
#### Kansas City, Kan.
**Caper's Corner**
- **Corky Carrell**
**New Reaction:**
- McGuinn, Clark &
- Hillman
- Melanie
- Bee Gees
- B. J. Harvest
**Top 15:**
- Bee Gees
- Blues Bros.
- Eric Clapton
- Rod Stewart
- Pointer Sisters
- G. Harrison
- Nicolette
**Selling Imports:**
- Steve Hillage
- Penetration
- Bob Dylan
**Selling Singles:**
- Keith Richards
- Nick Lowe
- Rolling Stones
- Elvis Costello
PHOENIX, ARIZ.
HOLLYWOOD RECORDS & TAPES
PHIL DI BLASI
(Representing 7 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
Gloria Gaynor Tomita
M. Manchester Bee Bob Deluxe
Poco Rick James
J. Starship Bobby Caldwell
Angela Bofill Eddie Money
TOP 15:
Blues Bros. O. Newton-John
Doobie Bros. Kenny Rogers
Rod Stewart Camel
Bee Gees Al Stewart
Dire Straits The Cars
Billy Joel Heart
Styx E. W. & F.
Pointer Sisters Selling Singles:
PHOENIX, ARIZ.
CIRCLES RECORDS
BRAD SINGER
(Representing 3 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
#Bar-Kays Gonzales
#T-Connection #Angela Bofill
#Breakwater Anne Murray
Amii Stewart Dire Straits
George Benson Kayak
TOP 15:
Bee Gees Cheryl Lynn
Rick James Doobie Bros.
Peaches & Herb Evelyn King
Gloria Gaynor Gloria Gaynor
Rod Stewart Marvin Gaye
Patback Band O. Newton-John
E. W. & F. Bohannon
Chic Selling Singles:
Evelyn C. King Cheryl Lynn
Peaches & Herb Emotions
Rod Stewart Chuck Brown &
Pointer Sisters Soul Searchers
COMMENTS:
Watch Amii Stewart...heavy sales on Marvin Gaye...lots of interest in Angie Bofill.
TUCSON, ARIZ.
ZIP'S RECORDS
JIM HARDY
(Representing 2 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
Amaz. Rhy. Aces #Max Demian
Bonnie Tyler Kris & Rita
#Cindy Bullens Gloria Gaynor
Kayak Anne Murray
Booontown Rats Instant Funk
TOP 15:
Rod Stewart Pointer Sisters
Dire Straits J. Starship
Doobie Bros. E. W. & F.
Santana Eddie Money
Billy Joel Bee Gees
Blues Bros. Elvis Costello
The Cars Styx
Nicolette Eric Clapton
SELLING IMPORTS:
Cheap Trick Devo
PORTLAND/CORVALLIS/EUGENE, ORE.
EVERYBODY'S RECORDS
DEB FLANAGAN
(Representing 6 stores...)
EVERYBODY'S RECORDS Cont'd
NEW REACTION:
Santana Peter Tosh
Talking Heads Nazareth
J. Geils Band David Bromberg
J. Starship Dave Valentin
Kenny Rogers G. Thorogood
TOP 15:
Dire Straits Nicolette
Doobie Bros. Toto
Blues Bros. E. W. & F.
Bee Gees Bob James
Rod Stewart Pointer Sisters
Billy Joel Eddie Money
Elvis Costello The Cars
Joe Sample Selling Singles:
SELLING IMPORTS:
Beatles Box Set
SELLING SINGLES:
Chic Keith Richards
Pointer Sisters Renee Royce
Cheryl Lynn O. Newton-John
Doobie Bros. Chicago
Rod Stewart Donna Summer
PORTLAND, ORE.
TOM MODICA
NEW REACTION:
Joe Sample Fatback
Tavares Gloria Gaynor
Randy Brown Cheap Trick
Breakwater Sister Sledge
Lonnie L. Smith #Robben Ford
TOP 15:
Rick James Chanson
Cheryl Lynn Rod Stewart
Bobby Caldwell Peabo Bryson
Doobie Bros. T-Connection
Rudolf Schenker Ronnie & Laws
Patrice Rushen George Benson/
Dire Straits SPACE
Blues Bros. Bob James
COMMENTS:
First let me eat SOM'row for my hasty comments concerning RCA & A&M. I have learned more about their agreement and I will hope that the streetwise approach of AMI will be heard at RCA, than to Beatie at RCA for helping me to see the light.
Although not Top 15 Elvis Costello continues to make a strong showing here. He is a force this tour! This artist has the special true greatness and we owe it to the future to break this unique writer and performer.
SAN FRANCISCO, CA.
TOWER RECORDS
DAVID BASSIN
NEW REACTION:
Tuxedo Moon Sister Sledge
Booontown Rats Michael Franks
Gary Wright Toni K.
TKO Amii Stewart
G. Harrison Joe Ely
TOP 15:
Bee Gees Dire Straits
Rod Stewart Eddie Money
Billy Joel Rolling Stones
Doobie Bros. Stevie Nicks
Blues Bros. Nicolette
E. W. & F. The Clash
Elvis Costello The Police
Blondie Selling Imports:
ELVIS COSTELLO Steve Hillage
Kate Bush Gary Moore
Tangerine Dream Throbbing
Fingerprintz Gristle
SELLING SINGLES:
The Cars Undertones
The Police Selling album
Clark Kent Ian Dury
COMMENTS:
If you are concerned about rising list prices and poor vinyl quality write to me and we'll organize a movement. Write to: 2525 Jones San Francisco, Ca. 94133.
SAN FRANCISCO, CA.
AQUARIUS RECORDS
PENNIE HUYLE
NEW REACTION:
#Tangerine Dream Tomita
#Flash & The Pan #Booontown Rats
Chrome #Jam
Cheap Trick Generation X
#Tuxedo Moon EP The Remains
TOP 15:
Elvis Costello Village People
The Clash Angela Bofill
Brian Eno The Police
The Residents Ultravox
Bee Gees Talking Heads
Dire Straits Carla Bley
Rod Stewart Arpeggio
Gloria Gaynor Selling Imports:
Public Image X-Ray Specs
Siouxsie & Pere Ubu
The Banchees Eno/Cluster
XTC Selling Singles:
The Rotters Vermillion
The Records Klark Kent
Gang of Four The Offs
Negative Trend Aurora Pushups
BERKELEY, CAL.
RATHER RIPPED
RAY FARRELL
NEW REACTION:
Dr. Stanley Z. ING
Daniels, M.D. #M. Nascimento
SEX FOR TEENS (#Tuxedo Moon
(in-store fore- Chrome)
Dish) Horislops
#Carla Bley #Wind Sung
#D. Grisman/ Sounds/
C. white, etc. ESSENCE...
MULESKINNER/ Selling Imports:
#Mary Watkins/ Siouxsie &
SOMETHINGS MOV- Eno, Moebius,
ING Roedelius
TOP 15:
The Clash Generation X
Brian Eno Selling Singles:
APRIL THE HEART Rod Stewart
Elvis Costello Chic
Brian Eno Bee Gees
MUSIC FOR FILMS Peaches & Herb
J. M. Jarre Selling Singles:
Camel Rod Stewart
Michel Moulle Chic
Nighthawks Selling Imports:
XTC Siouxsie &
Eno, Moebius,
Roedelius
CAPITOLA, CAL.
ODYSSEY RECORDS & TAPES
SHUART CLICK
(Representing 36 stores...)
NEW REACTION:
Robben Ford The Police
Angela Bofill The slab
Peaches & Herb Kayak
Cheap Trick Horislops
Marc Tanner Rd. Legs Diamond
Sad Cafe Selling Singles:
Bee Gees Nicolette
Rod Stewart Pointer Sisters
Blues Bros. UP!
UP! Selling Singles:
Peter Hammill N. M. Walden
Triumvirat Joe Sample
TOP 15:
Dire Straits Blues Bros.
Rod Stewart Camel
Nicolette Talking Heads
Elvis Costello The Babys
W. H. Moore Doobie Bro
(Import) Ultravox
Cheap Trick Chic
The Clash Bee Gees
Selling Imports:
Gary Moore Public Image
Steve Hillage XTC
Tangerine Dream Brian Eno
Christian Boule Selling Singles:
$Slammer Normal
### WNEB/Hadford, Mass. - Scott Mosher
**Artist(s):** FABULOUS POODLES; TWISTLE
**Place & Date:** Paradise, Boston, Mass. - 2/11
**Type of Place:** Club
**Ticket Price:** $1.94
**Capacity:** 500
**Attendance:** Full
**Audience Composition:** 20's (including lots of media types)
**Production Values:**
- Headliner: Opening Act
- Musicianship: Sufficient Deficient
- Material Quality: Clever Bland
- Showmanship: Engaging Obnoxious
- Sound Quality: Good Wall of "pound"
- Lighting & Staging: O.K. What?
**Reviewer's Reaction:** Thrills is the kind of band that gives you a smile and makes you feel like talents, crude Neanderthal-rock. But the Fabulous Poodles, with an unusual guitar-bass-drums-violin/mandolin line-up have something to say at times their strain to be witty, but their appearance (and maybe an electric mandolin solo) carries these eight job-wars thin. A few outstanding songs would help. High potential.
---
### MWEB/Orono, Me. - Jeremy Pisscott
**Artist(s):** GOOD NATS
**Place & Date:** Final Exam - 1/22
**Type of Place:** Small club
**Ticket Price:** $5.00
**Capacity:** 800
**Attendance:** Jammed
**Audience Composition:** College to mid-30's
**Production Values:**
- Headliner: Opening Act
- Musicianship: Crafty
- Material Quality: Refreshing
- Showmanship: "mysty"
- Sound Quality: Exquisite
- Lighting & Staging: Very good
**Reviewer's Reaction:** Waiting for the cats to come out was well worth the wait. At 11:30, The Marchals Bo Brueck and Co. took the stage with as much enthusiasm as the receiving crowd that had been there for nearly 3 hours. A selection of material from the new disc *Birth Comes To Us All*, provided nice variety. Since the beginning, the production has greatly improved, Mickey and John came on very subtly with their leads yet held nothing back on "Taking It To Detroit." The new material is fresh and fun to listen to.
---
### KFRC/Santa Clara, Ca. - Rich Bluth
**Artist(s):** CINDY BULLENS; THE KNACK
**Place & Date:** Old Waldorf, San Francisco, Ca. - 1/25
**Type of Place:** Club
**Ticket Price:** $6.90
**Capacity:** 450
**Attendance:** 300
**Audience Composition:** 20's & 30's
**Production Values:**
- Headliner: Opening Act
- Musicianship: Very good Fair
- Material Quality: Excellent Fair
- Showmanship: Refreshing Tried hard
- Sound Quality: Good Good
- Lighting & Staging: Very good Cloned
**Reviewer's Reaction:** The Knack who had received rave reviews in the past turned out to be "nothing out of the ordinary" set of music. They're a new band and they have some promise but need work. Their stage show, though exuberant, was full of cliches that came across poorly. This seems especially true to their bass player on stage which easily detracted. Cindy Bullens is a new artist just starting to break out, turned in a great set and showed great promise. She's really at home on the stage and could easily make the transition to larger halls. Her rather large band was well rehearsed and of top-notch musicianship. Look for Cindy Bullens to leap the parade of today's female rockers.
---
### WMBR-AM/Minneapolis, Minn.
**Artist(s):** GEORGE THOROGOOD & THE DESTROYERS; NIGHT STUFF
**Place & Date:** Cabooze Bar - 1/28
**Type of Place:** Nightclub/bar
**Ticket Price:** $1.00 cover
**Capacity:** 900?
**Attendance:** At least 950
**Audience Composition:** College age
**Production Values:**
- Headliner: Opening Act
- Musicianship: Excellent Fair
- Material Quality: Classics Blues strand
- Showmanship: Flamboyant Tired
- Sound Quality: Good Good
- Lighting & Staging: Primitive but same who needed it?
**Reviewer's Reaction:** Lonesome George really warmed up a frigid Minnesota night. Rig-roarin' guitar-playing is Thorogood's forte. In more recent years, he's shifted his ideas to blues. Thorogood takes Carl Perkins' blue suede shoes, Chuck Berry's duckwalk and Bo Diddley's backbeat and puts them together in a fresh and fun style that isn't seen too often.
---
### KAFA/Berkeley, Ca. - Doc Pelzel
**Artist(s):** THE NEW MISS ALICE STONE; LADIES SOCIETY ORCHESTRA
**Place & Date:** Inn of the Beginning - 1/21
**Type of Place:** Club
**Ticket Price:** $4.50
**Capacity:** About 200
**Attendance:** About 200
**Audience Composition:** Primarily varied, but primarily 20's & 30's
**Production Values:**
- Opening Act
- Musicianship: Excellent
- Material Quality: Excellent
- Showmanship: Very good
- Sound Quality: Very good
- Lighting & Staging: Good
**Reviewer's Reaction:** Formerly the only female member of the nine-person revue "Mystic Knights of the Silver Spoon," vocalist/saxophonist Miss Alice Stone now guides her piece all women group. The band features numerous original satires and routines in addition to entertaining versions of jazz/Dixie/blues standards. Although the show highlights a unique opportunity for the musicians to comment about their performance, and support the humorous orientation with strong competence. Definitely not an "Oom pah" or a "T 'n' A" act, the group is "liberated" without being pushy. A pleasant message is conveyed without use of soapbox.
---
### WQFS/Greensboro, N.C. - Timothy Nolan
**Artist(s):** DIXIE DREGS
**Place & Date:** The Boardwalk, downtown Greensboro, N.C. - 2/2
**Type of Place:** Small club
**Ticket Price:** $5.00, no reserved seats
**Capacity:** Approx. 300 - 400 persons
**Attendance:** Sold out
**Audience Composition:** College age to 30
**Production Values:**
- Headliner
- Musicianship: Good but practiced
- Material Quality: Very good
- Showmanship: Enjoyable
- Sound Quality: Very good
- Lighting & Staging:
**Reviewer's Reaction:** The Dixie Dregs are an innovative band with exciting performances on record. The Dregs are exciting live, except they play their songs just as good for me as from the album. I had really hoped to hear some improvisation during the show and was therefore somewhat disappointed and bored by them. Nonetheless, I seem to be alone in my judgement - nearly everyone else I knew there loved them. I would not discourage anyone from seeing them, but I would caution you not to listen to their records before you go.
---
### KROD/ Pasadena, Ca. - Jed Fish Gould
**Artist(s):** TIM LAKE; BO DIDDLEY; THE DILLS
**Place & Date:** Santa Monica Civic Aud. - 2/9
**Ticket Price:** $7.50
**Capacity:** 1500
**Attendance:** 1500
**Audience Composition:** 16-28
**Production Values:**
- Headliner: Opening Act
- Musicianship: I couldn't tell
- Material Quality: Good
- Showmanship: Volatile
- Sound Quality: Very loud Almost O.K.
- Lighting & Staging: Active Fair
**Reviewer's Reaction:** Aside from everyone who looks like they could reach you, there were many serious musicians and record industry people there. The songs come across as pop better on vinyl, but their live energy and audience interaction are likely unmatched. These guys dive into the audience for record breaks and thrive on a hall of anything anyone wants to throw on them. It took an encore to get them cranking.
NEW RELEASES
BELOW IS A CATALOGUE OF NEW RELEASES. THEY ARE DIVIDED INTO CATEGORIES DESIGNED TO GIVE YOU AN IDEA OF THEIR RELATIVE MUSICAL WORTH. THESE FIRST IMPRESSIONS ARE NOT MEANT TO RELATE IN ANY WAY TO PAST, PRESENT OR FUTURE SALES.
UNDISTINGUISHED ALBUMS
Hi-conceived Lps
THE LOW NUMBERS
TWIST AGAIN WITH.../Rhino RNLP 004
Having all of the markings of a home recording, The Low Numbers score low numbers. A combination of presenceless recording quality and an unperfected performance leaves them wanting.
FRINGE ALBUMS
Competent Lps Of Secondary Interest
LANE CAUDELL
MIDNIGHT HUNTER/MCN 3074
Midnight Hunter shows us a solid pop artist who has further potential. Lane's production is crafted, but it places him in album radio fringes. Search out the second half of each side.
JAY McSHANN
A TRIBUTE TO PATS WALLER/Sackville 3019
McShann's eloquent, easy flowing style applied to Fats Waller makes for a winning combination. This album fits behind you in a most comfortable way. Write: JCOA, 6 W. 95th St., New York 10025.
SPECIAL PROGRAMMING
Spoken word, poetry, comedy and extraneous musics
JOHN CAGE
Tomato TOW-7016
This music, from the 40's and 50's, remains obscure in the late 70's. Cage, of course, has had a wide influence, but his fame doesn't rest on his melodic feel.
CHROME
HALF MACHINE LIP MOVED/Siren DR 333
Captain Beefheart meets Space Punk. Damon Edge's concept is abstract rock intensity. The musical bite comes from the quite reasonable tunes which serve as the medium for the other mental distances.
DOUBLE IMAGE
ECM 1-1146
Double Image is quite a good name for this impressionistic jazz group. Their musical statement is always diffuse and never concise. However, their tonality and flow are pleasing otherwise.
PHILLIP GLASS ENSEMBLE
EINSTEIN ON THE BEACH/EMI 101
Glass is one of the all-time great avant-gardists. He is, because his sense of melody is quite as well developed as his sense of experimentation. His strangely convoluted pieces are beautiful in their way.
GARY PEACH
BASQUE 1-1119
So many bassists are quiet and introspective people. Their chosen instrument seems reflective of the person making the choice. Certainly, Gary's mostly solo bass LP is not a display of ebullient chops. Is it the measure of the man? "Snow Dance" is beautiful.
TEMPLE CITY KAZOO ORCHESTRA
SOME KAZOOS/Rhino RNEP 501
They only tackle the hits - "2001," "Stayin' Alive," "Miss You" and "Whole Lotta Love." At its conclusion you may feel as if you have heard all of the kazoo your life requires. Fun.
DAVID WERTMAN
EARTHY DELIGHTS/Sweet Earth SER 1002
Side two makes more harmonized sense than does one. They seem to enjoy it better too. Wertman's album proves how many good kazoo players there are - at least seven on this LP alone. Avant-slant. Write: Box 821, Northampton, Mass. 01060.
REISSUES
BE BOP DELUXE
THE BEST OF & THE REST OF/Harvest SKBO 11870
JAKI BYARD
GIANT STEPS/Prestige P-24086
JOHN COLTRANE
ON A MISTY NIGHT/Prestige P-24084
ERIC DOLPHY
FIRE WALTZ/Prestige P-24085
DEXTER GORDON
POWER/Prestige P-24087
JEFFERSON STARSHIP
GOLD/Grunlt 1-3247
CHARLIE PARKER
THE COMPLETE SAVOR STUDIO SESSIONS/Savoy 5500
THE REMAINS
Write: 21544 Rambla Vista, Malibu, Ca. 90284
Spooned SFD 3305
LIVINGSTON TAYLOR
ECHOES/Capricorn CPN 0220
JOE TEX
SUPER SOUL/London LC 50017
VARIOUS ARTISTS
IT TAKES TWO/Natural Resources NR 4012 TL
CHRIS YOUNDEN
A BRITISH BLUES LEGEND/55015
PROMOTIONAL DISCS
GRATEFUL DEAD
...SAMPLER/Arista SP-35
MOLLY HATCHET
LIVE/Epic AS 528
IMPORTS
Our imports are provided with the help of Jem Records P.O. Box 362 South Plainfield N.J. 07080 — 201-753-6100.
HELLFIELD
Epic/PERC 33001
Ramses well to describe their power rock formula. Hellfield has moments of real success, like "Too Long." Usually they contribute little more than their competence, solid as it is. Merit.
STEVE HILLAGE
LIVE HERALD/Virgin VG 3002
A good guitar potential. Steve has not yet fully harnessed his talent. When the guitar is in the lead the music is strong. Otherwise, it makes no statement. 3/4's of this 2 record set is live. Side four is a studio side. It tends to be more cogent and more consistent. Merit.
MACLAVER
MECHANICAL MOONBEMS/Harvest 064-23805
Incredible cover art predisposes you to like the band. Precision production fits in too. Then comes the rub. Fragmented melodies have to rely on all of the external pizzazz to keep afloat. It is what Fes does better. Merit.
MESSAGE
ASTRAL JOURNEYS/Brain 0060.165
Mixing power and acoustics creates an unusual feel for Message. When they stumble onto a decent tune the concept can be effective. Sometimes it falls apart. Good players. Merit.
NOVALIS
VIELLEICHT BIST DU EIN CLOWN/Brain 0060.164
A good, very straight-laced rock performance is forthcoming from Novalis. Four of the six tracks are sung in German, leaving the two instrumentals as the only real possibilities. Merit.
OSE
ADONIA/Egg 90.277
Electronic instrumentals of some quality are universal in the sense that they transcend the language barrier. However, so pleasing is this work is it places a gulf between itself and people unacquainted to advanced music. Some passages are strikingly pretty. Special Programming.
PERE UBU
DUB DEATH/Zy/Chrysalis CHR 1207
Pere Ubu conveys the impression that their antics are more for shock value than for music. When you wake these guys in the middle of the night, they probably whistle Beatles' songs like the rest of us. Oddball avant. Try "Ubu Dance Party." Special Programming.
RAMSES
ETERNITY RISE/Sky 020
A strange case of good players playing good tunes, mostly instrumental, which have little excitement built into them. Ramses is technically terrific, but spiritually vacuous. Merit.
STREETHEART
MEANWHILE BACK IN PARIS/Atlantic KCA 92002
A beat set in a drone stresses the bottomy nature of Streetheart. Their tunes are O.K., the best of them being "Pressure." Streetheart rocks steadily. A fine instrumental called "Captain Rhythm" graces side two. Merit.
TANGERINE DREAM
FORCE/Deutsche Virgin V 2111
Here the full integration of electronic and standard instruments is paralleled by an equivalent unity of rock and orchestral approaches. Striking are the eloquent tunes. They distinguish Tangerine Dream from all other electronic groups. Long tracks provide radio problems, not musical ones. Special Programming.
X-RAY SPEX
GERMFREE ADOLESCENTS/EMI INS 3023
Shortcuts rhythm and some lyrics define a remain punk. When they get down to real music a tune like "Warrior In Woolworths" provides a chance to breathe. They have their charming moments. Merit.
WALRUS
Box 35 Northport, Pa. 19072
215-667-9788
EDITOR/PUBLISHER
GEORGE MEIER
FEATURES EDITOR
DEAN SCIARRA
DESIGN CONSULTANT
DENNIS McGUIRE
SUBSCRIPTIONS
DIANE MEIER
STATISTICS
BILL MOSKO
PRODUCTION ASSISTANTS
FRANCINE MANLIN
SALLY WEINSTOCK
ADVERTISING DIRECTOR
ROBERT GRAHAM
8570 West Knoll Dr. West Hollywood Ca. 90069
213-657-0731
I have seen the future of rock and roll and it is 1946. All over again.
Think about 1946. There's just a handful of record companies: Columbia, Capitol, Decca, and RCA. Columbia is going to go into branch distribution. The majors are going to follow. Side by side, there's a network of indies. Just like today.
Consider 1979. Only a handful of majors. Columbia, EMI-Capitol, RCA, WEA, Polygram, and MCA. Within 2 weeks, ABC gets bought out. A&M makes a deal with RCA for branch distribution.
In between 1946 and 1979 a handful of record companies have come and gone. Some have vanished completely. Others have been integrated into the record oligarchy of the majors. Look for a difference. Because the difference between 1946 and 1979 is one of proportion. The difference is SIZE.
Bigness is how we get our music these days. And it is how we'll keep getting music. The majors are buying up properties faster than the Arabs can buy into Beverly Hills. In fact the majors are so big that Variety has taken to calling them the "majors" instead of "labels." A Ariola-Brook distribution, after all, is not unlike the vertical integration of an Exxon, from oil rig to retail. Record majors equal oil majors. The temptation is to call it a unique concentration of power. Except that our power alignment happened once before. Forward into 1946.
Even then, of course, the majors were giants. And today, that same record company BIGNESS is still reaching out. It's almost too big for some people. Sid Talmadge, who runs the independent distributorship in L.A. called Record Merchandising, says the majors are big enough to be dangerous. "It takes away our bread and butter," Talmadge argues. "Someday, somebody is gonna get a lawyer and find out if this is anti-trust." It almost sounds like Talmadge is talking about the phone company, not records.
Like all of the indies, Talmadge is in a squeeze. Almost overnight, the face of the music industry has changed. Presto! A&M and 20th Century to RCA, ABC and Dot to MCA, Capitol to Warner, and more! Labels themselves relied on their buyers and butter have been swallowed up by branch distribution. In Houston, H.W. Daly, a big sunbelt independent that carried both A&M and ABC, figures they'll loose 20% of their overall volume. Another 20% cut at Universal in Philadelphia.
The story is just about the same everywhere. In Houston, Bud Daly says, "Everybody is in a state of shock. Everybody is trying to figure out what's
HOT
EPA FAMILY
Cheap Trick
FE 35795 JE 35347
The Fabulous Poodles
Mirror Stars
including:
Mirror Star/Work Shy/B Movies
Chicago Boxcar/Baytown People
JE 35666
The Clash
Give 'Em Enough Rope
including:
Guns On The Run/The Gang In Town
All The Young Punks (New Boots And Contracts)
Safe European Home/Tommy Gun
JE 35543
Trillion
including:
Hold Out/Never Had It So Good/May As Well Go
Fancy Action/Give Me Your Money, Honey
JE 35460
Brownsville Air Special
including:
Cooda Crawlin'/Love Stealer/Who Do You Love
Taste Of Your Love/Watin' For The Weekend
JE 35606
Heart
FR 35555
Steve Perry
Alvin On Arrival
JZ 35538
Tony K.
Life In The Foodchain
JE 35545
Epic
And "EPIC"
are trademarks of CBS inc. © 1979 CBS Inc.
World Radio History
"We'll have to get off our rear ends and get new labels." — Silverman
gonna happen to this business." Add insult to injury. About 2 months ago, Daly got a telegram from ABC recommending the label to independent distribution. But the way the indies figured it, there was just too much smoke around ABC. There had to be a fire.
Somebody at RCA had a lot of money to spend and ABC was running in the red.
If you knew you couldn't bet on ABC, it didn't make it any easier. What made it worse was A&M. In the music industry, A&M has always been seen as a class act, a Cadillac of a music engine. A&M's decision to go with RCA was a bombshell. Especially to the indies. In a business where nobody can keep a secret, word was a tip-off on the A&M deal. The way the bomb exploded made it seem like a better kept secret than the Manhattan Project.
None of this changed the standing facts. A&M Pacific was a laboratory experiment in branch distribution that didn't make it. It may be that nobody can afford to set up branch distribution at this point in time, at least not without tons of money and fantastic volume. Despite its catalogue, A&M was not as hot as it has been. RCA needed another product to justify its own branch distribution. The death of Elvis Presley gave RCA the bucks to do what it wanted. And the marriage between RCA and A&M, a wedding of giants, needed another giant to play matchmaker. That matchmaker was Jerry Weintraub of Management 3.
There is an irony here and the irony is the fact that 2 years ago there were rumors that RCA itself was for sale. Today RCA is more than just a new record company, it is a new giant in a world of giants.
The suddenness of what happened to A&M is what blew everybody out. It's what threw the indies into a state of shock. There's a lot of talk on the street. The talk says some indies may go down. They're hurt. People aren't returning phone calls. No comment. Talk off the record. "They're all lying sons-of-bitches," one indie said. Frantic. Norieve.
There is something of a consensus on one point. Or maybe something of a wish. The indies are survivors. Nobody has to go down. Gene Silverman, the owner of the Music Trend near Detroit, says "major distributors have been around for a long time. We've gone through this before." True enough. Once upon a time the indies had Warner's Atlantic, United Artists, even RCA.
"There's over 100 labels not affiliated with anyone and these labels need a home," Silverman says. "The indies will just have to be more aggressive. We'll have to get off our rear ends and get new labels."
So the indies talk up Tomato, T.K., and other labels. Curious in its absence is Arista. If something sticks in the throat, it's this line from Billboard in which Arista's Executive Vice-president, Elisa Goldman, says his label will stay with the indies but "if ABC makes a move that could alter the picture."
Well ABC has made its move. What happens to Arista? Or Motown? Chess? Atlantic? Philadelphia International? Sid Talmadge says "everyday there's another rumor. It's chaos." There oughta be a Hot 100 for rumors. Gossip with a bullet. Ken Powell, Vice-president of Business Affairs for A&M, sums up this way: "It wouldn't suprise me if Arista went with somebody on Wednesday and if Motown went with somebody on Thursday. And I wouldn't suprise me if nothing happened." Amen.
What happens to Arista will depend on what happens to the independents. It's a domino effect. If the indies can't dig in, Arista will have to go with somebody else.
To make it the indies may have to expand more into retail. One-stops may start getting bigger. The rumor mill also has a lot of stories about Pickwick going into national distribution. All this is just playing against the background of smaller profit margins. For everybody.
What the indies will try to do, what they have to do, is build up the little labels. It is what the independents do best. It is also what makes it hard on the indies. Bud Daly, for example, has been in the business for 30 years and he'll tell you that if it wasn't for the independents, there wouldn't be any labels for the majors to buy.
Of course the flag the indies like to fly is sales muscle. They argue nobody could sell FRAMPTON COMES ALIVE or TAPESTRY better. But within the majors, many people say the indies are not as good as they used to be. That is what branch distribution is all about. It gives the majors more control over their music. And, if you follow it out, it makes the indies middlemen. Caught in the middle.
"The majors," Bud Daly says, "don't know what the indies have done. It's immaterial to them how an A&M got to be where they were. Everybody is number one."
RCA has a part to play in all this but nobody is sure what part. Richard Brown, the General Manager of the All South distributorship in New Orleans, is not expecting radio to play any part. According to Brown "radio plays the same damn stuff. It's just 30 songs in major markets. Records have to be sold first before a radio station plays them."
There's also a sense that the bigness of the music business might work against the individual recording artist. Some of the indies think that new talent will lose out. It is even possible that the bigness of the majors will throw off smaller companies. A new cycle might be born and cycles shape the pattern of the music industry.
So the indies say it's happening all over again. Like 1946. If the music business is cyclical, right? It's a vicious cycle for the indies. Remember the indies get their name from a long tradition of independence. They work alone. Everybody's problems are different from market to market. There is even some talk of infighting between indies.
But the indies figure on a Day of Reckoning with the majors. "Somewhere down the line, these people are going to have to do business with us again," Bud Daly says. That's advice shared by Barry Rayouff, the Distribution Manager for Pickwick in St. Louis. "There has to be a place for the new guy, for the little guy. There has to be an option. It's important for the indies to survive."
"Power," according to the Music Trend's Silverman, "is not a stationary thing. The concentration of power shifts one way and then another." Round and round. Is that really what's going to get records better? Maybe. Does it make better records? Not this time. This time, it's money. Power, sure. And BIGNESS.
Welcome to the future.
It was just ten years ago, in the City of Brotherly Love, that a young radio man with an ear for good music and an eye for solid information decided to pool his insights with those of his professional peers and share them publicly. He developed a progressive music newsletter, called it WALRUS!, and proceeded to permanently revolutionize radio trade publications.
The man's name was George Meier, and about the same time he was making his first mailing, two other young men, in a soon-to-be-famous small town in Georgia, joined forces to form a small record label and sign their first act. The men were Phil Walden and Frank Fenter. The label is Capricorn Records. The group was The Allman Brothers Band. And the rest is history.
The next decade...WALRUS! expands, grows and once again, we predict, revolutionizes trade publishing. The Allman Brothers Band, more together than ever, releases the long-awaited brand-new album, "Enlightened Rogues." And Capricorn Records is better than ever.
We salute our decade together, sharing a birthday, a friendship, and a mutual respect for the larger possibilities of quality. Happy Birthday to you, George! Happy Birthday to us all!!
On The Other Hand...
As you all remember from last week's episode, Our Hero Capt. Radio was caught in the throes of that dastardly villain, Mr. Dumps. The future looked bleak, to say the least. Well, just as in the serials of yesteryear, Capt. Radio has survived to fight yet another day.
Fortunately for Cap, there are people who care enough to send letters to headquarters. Jake Einstein, Exec VP and GM of WHFS in Bethesda, Md. writes:
"This has always been the tug of war between DJ and management. They call 'lists' to the guy who signs the check or there won't be a check to sign." Too many times, DJ's should work in a McDonalds, and GM's, many times, would not make good used car salesmen. Therein lies the tale.
"However, after a DJ gets a little exposure, announces a few concerts, gets the treatment from a few record distributors, receives one or two plaques for his ego... he or she sometimes loses touch with reality and they figure—a star is born."
"W's, VP's, or 'Broadcasters' (as they refer to themselves in Washington) are a 'trip'... they are prone to listen to the jargon of the surveys in addition to those things that support and endorse their posture as a VP or whatever."
"True, most of them having have little or no knowledge of programming or music, normally... they would not change formats or PD's or MD's as often as they do; neither would they hire some of the air staff in the first place."
"Radio is a great dog and pony show... it's a dog show on the cotton candy and, guess what? If you can't get your act on without a net, don't get on the high wire. If you would succeed in radio as the top banana, then I suggest one of three sure ways to success for the know-it-alls of radio... marry the boss' daughter... inherit a radio station or money enough to buy one... or stop the pitching and go to work, really go to work... but watch out for whom."
"Let's face it, the rank and file of media people, categorically speaking, are a weird set... almost a cult. We are a tribe, cursed with knottyalties and our tongues are rapier-like when we speak about many of our colleagues. There seems to be an abundance of talentless people in all areas of media—and the same applies to most pursuits whether they be artistic or commercial. How many people actually make it in the great big 5%? 10%? So it is not the format... or the guy who signs the checks... or the person who plays the music in life, but it's more or less being at the right place at the right time, better described in 'My Fair Lady' as 'a little bit of luck'. I'd rather be lucky than smart."
"Man's aim should exceed his reach, else there would be no heaven!"
There are other members of Capt. Radio's Legion who offer comments. Vince Cremona, VP and GM of WPIX and WICC, sympathizes with those who were mentioned in last issue's column, but only to a degree.
"It's never easy for a manager to fire someone, but the ability to terminate someone quickly, firmly and professionally is a prerequisite to management—as long as your reasons are sound and your cause is just. And, especially, you must respect the other person's dignity."
"As for people who enter the radio business because of the music, they might not belong in this business. People should not confuse the music and the radio industry. If you're in radio, like it for radio. It's not easy to like music, in some cases it's necessary. The radio business should be left to radio people."
Oliver Hayden, GM from KTIM, doesn't see management as all milk and honey.
"I've been insecure all of my life," he laughs. "Every Friday I look around and if I don't get a pink slip I know I can make it through the week-end. A lot more managers get fired than anybody knows about because most of it comes out as 'So-and-so has resigned' and the others are unannounced. That's happened to me twice. These just happen to be two ways to go—politics and failure. I've had one of each, but they weren't consecutive, thank God."
Art Canniolo became GM of WIOQ on Jan. 1, 1977. Since then, things haven't been quite the same. The best way to demonstrate the 'Q' philosophy is to compare it to the situations cited last week.
"I don't think those diverse situations are real business situations. I think they're the old style business situations where programming is looked at as some mysterious thing that no one really understands and you have to be nothing short of a genius to do. I look at it and so does Alex (Demers)—that we're in a business. And it's not that hard a business. You take a lot of input, you work it as a whole, radio station. You don't divide and conquer between the sales and programming departments and you run it like a business. I think radio is growing up. There are a lot more stations being operated like ours now. Those people in your last column came from a style of radio.
"Look, nobody invests in the whole in radio anymore. All we had to do was look around and find out how it works. We don't need to hire a genius to do it. There are no geniuses in this business.
"Getting all that I could out of what those people said last week, there's one thing I should note about this station: that's a little different. That is that our DJ's participate in sales success. They get a piece of the action. For that reason we never have trouble finding someone to go out on a promotion. It helps create a much happier family."
So, maybe the family plan works best for all concerned. Anything would be better than what's been happening in certain past situations. We must accentuate the positive and eliminate the negative if we want our Radio to survive.
Personally, having conducted the investigation of these problems, I now know a bit more about radio. And I'm happy to say that basically, radio is in good hands. It has always been. It's interesting to me that an industry as large as, geographically dispersed (Station to Station, so to speak) can be such a close knit group. That's a tribute to the professionalism on the part of everyone involved.
So, we're not in such dire straits as last issue's column implied. There are people out there who are honestly concerned with the future of the industry. Hi Ho Radio!
See you at the convention...
GOO GOO GOO JOOB!
ATTENTION AOR PROGRAMMERS!
GET WITH:
WNEW WRAS WCCC
WBAB K99 WAAF
WBCN KFML KMOD
WZOK WKDF KBBC
WYSP WQDR WSHE
WHFF WZZQ WJAX
WIQB KATT WLIR
WVUB KZEW WAVA
WZMF KLOL
WFMH KTIM
KADI KAWY
WORJ KTXQ
AND MORE TO COME
distributed by MCA
BADFINGER "Airwaves"
They're back on the airwaves with hard rock and soft ballads and all the sounds in between. Come and get it!
PRODUCED BY DAVID MALLOY
STEVE GOODMAN "High and Outside"
Three times a winner! He writes, sings, and produces from the heart with humor.
PRODUCED BY STEVE GOODMAN
HARRIER "Black Sheep"
Rock and roll...with no strings attached!
The revolutionary synthesizers of Jan Hammer
PRODUCED BY JAN HAMMER
POWER PLAYS FOR FEBRUARY
FROM ELEKTRA/ASYLUM RECORDS AND TAPES
|
Democracy's Discontent in a Complex World: Can Avalanches, Sandpiles, and Finches Optimize Michael Sandel's Civic Republican Community?
Hope M. Babcock
Georgetown University Law Center, firstname.lastname@example.org
This paper can be downloaded free of charge from:
https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/1171
85 Geo. L.J. 2085-2103 (1997)
This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub
Part of the Political Theory Commons
Democracy’s Discontent in a Complex World: Can Avalanches, Sandpiles, and Finches Optimize Michael Sandel’s Civic Republican Community?
HOPE M. BABCOCK*
In Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy, Michael Sandel looks about him and finds a vast and complex world governed by impersonal institutions and structures, in which discontented, anxious, and frustrated individuals are losing control over the forces that govern their lives, and in which the moral fabric of community is unraveling. His solution is to revitalize the civic strand of freedom found in republican politics and thus equip individuals to govern themselves. Sandel wonders how civic republicanism can exist in today’s world. Historically, republicanism has found a home in small, bounded places, which were largely self-sufficient and inhabited by people whose living conditions, education, and commonality enabled them to deliberate about public concerns. His structural answer is to disperse sovereignty both upwards and downwards of the modern nation state into a multiplicity of political communities and social institutions.¹ His normative answer is to infuse substantive moral discourse back into public political debate.²
Sandel concedes that there are risks to what he proposes. Practicing politics in a multiplicity of settings requires citizens who can abide the ambiguity associated with divided sovereignty, who can think and act as “multiply situated selves.”³ He worries that such “multiply-encumbered citizens” may drift toward “formless, protean, storyless selves, unable to weave the various strands of their identity into a coherent whole.”⁴ He labels the capacity to negotiate between these sometimes overlapping and sometimes conflicting obligations a civic virtue distinctive of our times.⁵ Sandel admits that granting the political community a stake in the character of its citizens may result in bad communities forming bad characters, and that that risk may only be partially cured by his proposal to disperse political power and construct multiple sites of civic forma-
* Associate Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center. J.D., 1966, Yale Law School; B.A., 1963, Smith College. The author would like to thank Dean Anita Allen for her gentle, yet persistent encouragement to complete this article and Lynn Stout for her tutelage in matters economic.
1. A revitalized civic life, Sandel believes, can be nourished in the particular communities where people live. Larger, more distant institutions must somehow be connected to political arrangements that reflect the identity of the participants in order to earn their loyalty. MICHAEL J. SANDEL, DEMOCRACY’S DISCONTENT: AMERICA IN SEARCH OF A PUBLIC PHILOSOPHY 345 (1996).
2. “Cultivating in citizens the virtue, independence, and shared understandings such civic engagement requires is a central aim of republican politics.” Id. at 274.
3. Id. at 350.
4. Id. at 350-51.
5. Id. at 350.
tion.\textsuperscript{6} Others are not so gentle with his vision, finding seeds of coercion, exclusion, and intolerance in the civic republican search for a totalizing political narrative based on collective norms and shared virtues.
This article proposes to examine Sandel’s civic republican community through the lens of complexity theory to test the robustness of his assumptions about the behavior of political communities and of the criticisms of his work.\textsuperscript{7} Complexity theory, which includes chaos and catastrophe theory, is an overarching field of mathematical analysis of the behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems.\textsuperscript{8} It offers a new way of thinking about the collective behavior of many basic interacting units (e.g., molecules, atoms, cells) that have the potential to evolve (or change) over time. While the definition of complexity is context-dependent,\textsuperscript{9} for complexity to emerge there must be both time (described by complexity theorists as an irreversible medium) and nonlinearity (a condition that produces complex and frequently unexpected results).\textsuperscript{10} Complexity theory shows why dynamic forces inevitably lead to unpredictable behavior in nonlinear systems, and that the most successful systems are those that maintain a balance between stasis and change and accomplish that result by maintaining a chaotic, random component in their midst.\textsuperscript{11} Complexity theorists\textsuperscript{12} are interested in explaining
\textsuperscript{6} \textit{Id.} at 321.
\textsuperscript{7} There are many conceptions of community; Sandel addresses only one—the republican conception. Robert B. Fowler identifies five others (participatory, global, traditional, religious, and existential), noting as he does so that “[n]o set of categories can capture the current range of conceptions of community which are part of a large and expanding conversation.” \textsc{Robert B. Fowler}, \textit{The Dance with Community: The Contemporary Debate in American Political Thought} 39 (1991). For a discussion of the republican conception of community, see generally \textit{id.} at 63-79.
\textsuperscript{8} \textsc{Peter Coveney \& Robert Highfield}, \textit{Frontiers of Complexity: The Search for Order in a Chaotic World} 7 (1995). The science of these systems is known as complexity theory. This article’s discussion of complexity theory owes a considerable debt to \textsc{Coveney \& Highfield, supra}; \textsc{Edward O. Wilson}, \textit{The Diversity of Life} (1992); J.B. Ruhl, \textit{The Fitness of Law: Using Complexity Theory to Describe the Evolution of Law and Society and Its Practical Meaning for Democracy}, 49 \textsc{Vand. L. Rev.} 1407 (1996).
\textsuperscript{9} \textsc{Coveney \& Highfield, supra} note 8, at 14 n.9.
\textsuperscript{10} \textit{Id.} at 9.
\textsuperscript{11} Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1410.
\textsuperscript{12} The field of complexity has attracted molecular biologists, ecologists, theoretical physicists, chemists, computer scientists, philosophers, and economists. Although economics arguably straddles the divide between science and the humanities, it possesses nonlinear features characteristic of complex dynamical systems (e.g., speculative bubbles) and contains objective measures of economic and financial success (e.g., profits and losses, revenues, and stock prices to name just a few). \textit{See William A. Barnett et al.}, \textit{Economic Complexity: Chaos, Sunspots, Bubbles, and Nonlinearity} (1989); M.C. Adam \& A. Szafarz, \textit{Speculative Bubbles and Financial Markets}, 44 \textsc{Oxford Econ. Papers} 626 (1992) (surveying literature); Lawrence E. Cunningham, \textit{From Random Walks to Chaotic Crashes: The Linear Lineage of the Efficient Capital Market Hypothesis}, 62 \textsc{Geo. Wash. L. Rev.} 546 (1996), \textit{cited in} Lynn Stout, \textit{How Efficient Markets Undervalue Stocks: CAPM and ECMH Under Conditions of Uncertainty and Disagreement}, 8 n.18 (unpublished manuscript) (in possession of author). There are also factors in financial markets that are not amenable to objectification, such as perceptions and rumors that can affect objective “fitness” measures. \textit{See Donald C. Langevoort, Selling Hope, Selling Risk: Some Lessons for Law from Behavioral Economics About Stockbrokers and Sophisticated Customers}, 84 \textsc{Cal. L. Rev.} 627 (1996); Donald C. Langevoort, \textit{Ego, Human Behavior, and Law}, 81 \textsc{Va. L. Rev.} 853 (1995). Although economists have taken a long time to recognize the inherent complexity of their
how order can emerge from this mass of evolving individual units and how unity can be found in diversity. They hope that their theory may lead to solutions to complex problems that contain an array of known and unknown variables in some time-dependent interaction.
Sandel has set out on the difficult task of solving a complex problem: how to restructure our sense of political community and thus reinvigorate our vision of citizenship. His effort, therefore, lends itself to analysis under the tenets of complexity theory. This article suggests that complexity theory exposes some fundamental weaknesses in Sandel’s thinking, but at the same time may offer a means of refining those aspects of civic republicanism that have drawn the most criticism—its tendency toward fundamentalism and exclusiveness. Evolutionary biologists call this process of refinement “adaptive improvement” (or “optimization”),\textsuperscript{13} an open-ended process by which a structure evolves through interaction with its environment to deliver a better performance.\textsuperscript{14}
This article’s juxtaposition of apparent “unlikes,” a political philosophy and a scientific methodology, is not as strange (or strained) as it might first seem.\textsuperscript{15} Despite Sandel’s desire to return to an idealized Athenian polis found in the character of its citizens and complexity theory’s rejection of the Greek ideal of simplicity, there are surprising commonalities between the two approaches to complex problems. Sandel (and his fellow civic republicans) share with complexity theorists a vision of a universe poised on the edge of chaos. Both are searching for order in that chaos, finding important to their searches the notion of individuals being situated in a larger whole. Both seek a grand and totalizing communal narrative (a global behavior pattern) that will make sense of individual existence in a larger, complex whole.\textsuperscript{16}
\begin{footnotes}
\item subject, the work of economists like Robert May and game theorists John Harsanyi, John Nash, and Reinhard Selton, 1994 Nobel laureates, is based on evolutionary and nonlinear principles. \textsc{Coveney \& Highfield}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 335-37. According to Professor Lynn Stout, some economists, she among them, are exploring the brave new world of postmodern finance, one branch of which is called chaos (“rational bubble” or “sunspot”) theory. This application of chaos theory explores scenarios in which a small deviation of an asset’s market price from its intrinsic value may be imagined through self-reinforcing cascade effects into wild price swings. Stout, \textit{supra}, at 8.
\item \textsc{Coveney \& Highfield}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 423.
\item \textit{Id.} at 430.
\item Peter Coveney and Robert Highfield recognize that with regard to the humanities there are no objective yardsticks or fitness measures for determining which ideas will prevail. Rather, in the humanities, which idea wins depends on a collection of more arbitrary and subjective criteria (e.g., an individual’s background, beliefs, and prejudices). The humanities distinguish themselves in this way from the sciences which depend for success on producing memes that can correctly account for and predict the results of experiments and observations (i.e., criteria which provide the measure of the meme’s “fitness”). \textit{Id.} at 258. For a more detailed description of memes, see \textit{infra} note 27.
\item For a critical view of grand narratives and totalizing thoughts, see \textsc{Jean-Francois Lyotard}, \textit{The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge} (1984), \textit{cited in} Iris M. Young, \textit{Justice and the Politics of Difference} 156 (1990) (stating “we have entered an era where knowledge is constantly changing, where our concepts of ourselves and of others are unstable, and where a teleological view of history can no longer anchor the meaning of our existence and our relationship with the social and physical world”), \textit{quoted in} Adeno Addis, \textit{Individualism, Communitarianism, and the Rights of Ethnic Minorities}, 67 Notre Dame L. Rev. 615, 617 n.9 (1991).
\end{footnotes}
But the approaches of civic republicanism and complexity theory are fundamentally different—the ideal community for each, the antithesis of the other. For example, while republican thought may situate (contextualize) the individual in a complex system (a political community), it tries to explain emergent phenomena, such as civil strife, anxiety, and discontent, in simple, reductive terms (i.e., individual behavior or civic character).\textsuperscript{17} In contrast, complexity theory is holistic and interactive, reaching beyond the behavior of individual units such as atoms and molecules, to seek a grand vision of the universe. Its preoccupation with the emergent or macroscopic properties of individual units makes it the antipode of the reductionist thinking of civic republicans.\textsuperscript{18}
Sandel uses the concept of community to quiet and calm, to point the way from complexity and conflict\textsuperscript{19} toward a world of “tight boundaries” where like discourses with like.\textsuperscript{20} In community, complexity theorists see diversity and randomness, competition and cooperation, variables and interactions, surprise\textsuperscript{21} and indeterminacy.\textsuperscript{22} While complexity theorists acknowledge that a system with nothing but these features might spiral out of control, a “rigid, immovable, perfectly ordered structure would allow no adaptation (improvement) at all.”\textsuperscript{23}
\begin{footnotes}
\item[17.] The civic republican search for the common or civic good in the character of a community’s citizens has its roots in ancient Greece. \textit{The Republic}, \textit{The Portable Plato} 656-57 (Benjamin Jowett ed., 1984) (stating “the soul[] [is] the only place where community will ever succeed”), \textit{quoted in Fowler, supra} note 7, at 160. The Platonic ideal re-emerges in Fowler’s “existential” model of community, which, like its ancient precursor, focuses on the community in the individual’s soul. Plato, Fowler, and Sandel are most concerned with the individual who is nourished by and thrives in the community—the person whom the community creates. To them, it is the individual who is the story, “not in isolation to be sure, but not homogenized and destroyed by absorption into a character-denying community either.” \textit{Fowler, supra} note 7, at 155.
\item[18.] Coveney and Highfield cite as examples of classic reductionist thought elementary particle physics, where the goal is to find a “Theory of Everything” that would be expressed in one or a few equations describing the fundamental interactions between all forms of matter, or in molecular biology the “doctrine of DNA,” in which large parts of biology could be rationalized on the basis of molecular action. \textit{Coveney & Highfield, supra} note 8, at 12.
\item[19.] Civic republicans particularly fear competition among unencumbered, self-seeking individuals. \textit{Michael Walzer, Radical Principles: Reflections of an Unreconstructed Democrat} 98 (1980), \textit{quoted in Addis, supra} note 16, at 642.
\item[20.] \textit{Fowler, supra} note 7, at 148. Strong community involves “fraternal sentiments and fellow-feeling,” a communal “mode of self-understanding.” \textit{Michael J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice} 150 (1982), \textit{quoted in Fowler, supra} note 7, at 4; \textit{see also Addis, supra} note 16, at 646 (criticizing the totalizing tendencies of “nationalist communitarians” to assimilate minorities into the dominant culture).
\item[21.] According to Ruhl, complexity theory has developed a “science of surprise” to explain why classical reductionism cannot produce predictive certainty when faced with dynamic nonlinear systems. \textit{Ruhl, supra} note 8, at 1438-40.
\item[22.] Complexity theory teaches that the highest average fitness of a species occurs exactly at the point of “transition from order to chaos.” \textit{Stuart A. Kauffman, At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity} 230 (1995), \textit{cited in Ruhl, supra} note 8, at 1465 n.223; \textit{see also Wilson, supra} note 8, at 9 (arguing that natural dynamism raises the diversity of life by means of local destruction and regeneration).
\item[23.] Complexity theorists believe that chaos, emergence, and catastrophe are inevitable components of sustainable, dynamical systems. \textit{Ruhl, supra} note 8, at 1442.
\end{footnotes}
The ideal for complexity theorists, therefore, is a very uncivic republican world precariously balanced on the edge of chaos.\textsuperscript{24}
If the teachings of complexity theory are correct—that chaos, emergence, and catastrophe are inevitable components of sustainable dynamic nonlinear systems—that these systems must, in other words, experience randomness to maximize self-sustainability,\textsuperscript{25} and that matter has an innate tendency both to self-organize and generate complexity—then what does complexity theory teach us about Sandel’s vision of political communities? Has Sandel missed an essential element for communal survival—the need for some amount of controlled (deterministic) chaos\textsuperscript{26} in a nonlinear dynamic evolving system, like a political community? Is a civic republican community too simple, too inelastic with too few variables and opportunities for interactions to survive? Is Sandel’s concern about self-seeking individuals unwarranted, but his worry about bad communities forming bad characters plausible? Should we worry that civic republicanism is what complexity theorists would call a \textit{meme},\textsuperscript{27} a cultural virus that has the capacity to self-replicate in an informational diaspora where the unlike are either assimilated or excluded to the impoverishment of us all?\textsuperscript{28}
Some critics of civic republicanism, like Adeno Addis and Robert Fowler, share a vision of community closer to the image of community that a complexity theorist might have than that proffered by Sandel and his fellow civic republicans. Addis and Fowler see community as a struggle or a dialectic. They are critical of the failure of republicans, and communitarians in general, to acknowledge that groups are inherently unstable and transformable—that group identities are contingent.\textsuperscript{29} To Fowler, “[c]ommunity is not a place or a thing; it
\begin{itemize}
\item \textsuperscript{24} \textit{Id.} Ruhl goes on to explain that somewhere between total order and total chaos is a regime of sustainable system behavior, called the region of complexity by complexity theorists, and that some chaos, emergence, and catastrophe must be experienced in the system to keep the system in that region. \textit{Id.}
\item \textsuperscript{25} \textit{Id.} at 1410. One of the major findings of complexity theory is that nonlinear dynamical systems must experience \textit{randomness} to maximize \textit{self-sustainability}. \textit{Id.} at 1416.
\item \textsuperscript{26} “Deterministic chaos” is a term used in complexity theory to embrace both the chaotic behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems and the “deep order” present in those systems. \textsc{Coveney & Highfield}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 174; \textit{see also id.} at 272 (discussing deterministic chaotic behavior in ant colonies).
\item \textsuperscript{27} A meme is a unit of cultural transmission which has the property of self-replication as it propagates from brain to brain—a pattern of information that has evolved to a form which induces people to repeat the pattern. Typical memes include individual slogans, catch-phrases, melodies, jingles, inventions, and fashions. \textsc{Coveney & Highfield}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 333-35 (citing \textsc{Richard Dawkins}, \textit{The Selfish Gene} 206 (1976) (explaining how ideas compete with one another for ascendancy in the minds of conscious people)); \textit{see also Daniel Dennett}, \textit{Consciousness Explained} 202 (1991) (responding to Dawkins); Glenn Grant, “Share-Right(s),” P.O. Box 36, Station H, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 2K5, Principia Cybernetica Web, “Memetics.” Coveney and Highfield complain that memes for classical equilibrium-based concepts have been infecting the minds of generations of science and economics students with the dogma that the behavior of complex systems can be deduced by summing their respective parts. \textit{Id.} at 336.
\item \textsuperscript{28} According to Addis neither individualism nor communitarianism is good for ethnic minorities as individualism denies the desirability or even reality of groups, while communitarianism excludes or assimilates their members. \textit{Addis, supra} note 16, at 615.
\item \textsuperscript{29} \textit{Id.} at 622, 648, 655 (stating “group identities are constructed relationally and, as a result, they
is a calling, a struggle, a journey," in which diversity and disagreement are good things, as they provide the "basis for the dialectics or the conversation that may lead us closer to community and may remind us that vibrant community is always open, always in process."30 Unless Sandel's vision of community can be optimized31 through a process of adaptive innovation32 to accommodate better the diversity and indeterminacy his critics embrace, complexity theory teaches that his civic republican polity is doomed to eventual extinction. Let us now turn to Sandel's theory of political systems and the insights that can be gained about its viability from the application of the teachings of complexity theory.
Sandel and other civic republicans, like Frank Michelman and Cass Sunstein, are distressed by what they sense to be a crisis over values in current American life brought on by an impoverished vision of citizenship that isolates individuals from the political community.33 To civic republicans, a shared life, self-consciously accepted, even more than a common life, is crucial.34 They believe that the country has somehow lost a vision of and chance for community during our historical evolution as a nation, and that the core of the American culture at our birth reflected republican norms which are more oriented toward community than liberal (or individual) values.35 A return to civic republican values, a rediscovery, as it were, of shared virtues arrived at through collective discussion, therefore, is required for the republic's survival.36 For Sandel and other civic republicans, these collective norms can best be achieved through political
---
30. FOWLER, supra note 7, at 161. Fowler prefers the "existential" model of community, precisely because it emphasizes paradox, tension, and even contradictions—end results civic republicans like Sandel are straining to avoid. Id. at 155.
31. Coveney and Highfield explain that the problem of calculating the "best" solutions in complexity theory becomes a matter of finding the optimal value of the function (i.e., its minimal or maximal value). The cost function of a given solution is best depicted as a landscape of potential solutions, called a "fitness landscape," where the height of each feature (or peak) is a measure of its cost. This undulating landscape is one way that complexity theory displays complex optimization problems. COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, supra note 8, at 107.
32. Adaptive innovation is a term used in complexity theory to describe how the process of adaptation and optimization refines the design of an organism through evolution. Id. at 16.
33. Fowler says that civic republicans attribute this malaise to the failure of Kant and the utilitarians to build a rational secular account for moral life. He identifies two other themes in the discontent of communitarians with current American life, a spiritual crisis (seen as a crisis over the absence of an inner life) and rampant individualism. FOWLER, supra note 7, at 9.
34. Id. at 4 (citing George A. Hillery, Jr., Definitions of Community: Areas of Agreement, 20 RURAL SOC. 111-23 (July 1955)).
35. FOWLER, supra note 7, at 25. Fowler rejects this conclusion, saying that the Founders were politically multilingual, inventive as well as eclectic, and cannot be put into any single category, including that of being mostly philosophical in their approach. Id. at 28.
36. Sandel seeks a return to an earlier time; a time when the "civic strand of American political discourse" predominated; when citizens deliberated among themselves about the common good and possessed the requisite knowledge of public affairs and a sense of belonging manifested by a concern for the whole, "a moral bond with the community whose fate is at stake." SANDEL, supra note 1, at 5-6.
participation.\textsuperscript{37}
If American society is to weather the . . . remainder of the present century, shared meanings and ideals must be rearticulated and reassessed . . . The reconstitution of a genuine national political society requires widespread participation in working out a more explicit moral understanding of citizenship . . . that is embodied in the life of the citizen . . . reforging a language of political discourse that can articulate the . . . common good.\textsuperscript{38}
At the core of civic republicanism is the capacity of citizens to share in the act of governing.\textsuperscript{39} Self-government, according to Sandel, requires citizens who identify sufficiently with political communities to think and act with a view toward the common good and political communities that \textit{control} the individual destinies of their citizens.\textsuperscript{40} Although this goal is daunting under modern conditions, Sandel believes it can be achieved, not by globalizing citizenship, but by dispersing sovereignty to a multiplicity of communities and political bodies, both upward and downward of the nation state—only by practicing citizenship in smaller public spheres, like those offered by schools, workplaces, places of religious worship, trade unions, and social movements, will citizens develop the virtues required for self-rule and loyalties to larger political wholes.\textsuperscript{41}
\begin{itemize}
\item[37.] Unlike Michelman and Sunstein, who primarily rely on the courts to make sense of and, where necessary, control the cacophonous strains of popular conversation, Sandel puts his entire faith in the political process. He sees in public institutions a means to gather people together and inculcate in citizens the habit of attending to public things. \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 321. For a spirited critique of Michelman and Sunstein’s civic-republican vision and a discussion of why participation in local government is the best way to encourage political discourse as well as moderation, see Kathryn Abrams, \textit{Law’s Republicanism}, 97 \textsc{Yale L.J.} 1591 (1988).
\item[38.] \textsc{William M. Sullivan}, \textit{Reconstructing Public Philosophy} 55 (1982), \textit{quoted in} \textsc{Fowler}, \textit{supra} note 7, at 64. Sullivan calls for “a framework of institutionalized norms establishing and sanctioning the conditions of reciprocity.” \textsc{Sullivan}, \textit{supra}, at 35, \textit{quoted in} \textsc{Fowler}, \textit{supra} note 7, at 69.
\item[39.] \textsc{Fowler}, \textit{supra} note 7, at 64.
\item[40.] According to Fowler, the republican vision of community is a polity where:
\begin{quote}
common good rules and public concerns triumph over the goals of the self-interested individual. The ideal is a place where citizens are united in public action and public spiritedness, reinforced by a rough equality, common respect, and basic human virtues, above all where “disinterested regard for the welfare of the whole . . . \textit{civic virtue},” holds sway.
\end{quote}
\textit{Id.} at 63.
\item[41.] \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 345-49. Abrams also favors dispersing sovereignty to local political institutions because they are highly visible, can be accessed easily, tap particularized norms that can become the basis for political action, share histories and traditions enabling citizens to grasp common norms more easily, and provide unique opportunities for exit. Like Sandel, Abrams suggests, for reasons of accessibility and identifiability, it may be useful to organize the institutions at the sublocal or neighborhood level (e.g., the city or neighborhood council) or to form them around the workplace. She argues that the plurality of local institutions makes it less likely that a given community’s values will be seen as comprising “objective truth.” Abrams, \textit{supra} note 37, at 1605-06. \textit{But see} Metro Broadcasting v. FCC, 497 U.S. 547, 566 (1990) (noting “as a matter of ‘social reality and governmental theory,’ the Federal Government is unlikely to be captured by minority racial or ethnic groups and used as an instrument of discrimination,” while smaller political units like states and cities, because they pose heightened danger of oppression, warrant more intensive judicial review (quoting City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469, 522 (1989) (Scalia, J., concurring))), \textit{referenced in} Julian N. Eule, \textit{Representative Government: The People’s Choice}, 67 \textsc{Chi.-Kent L. Rev.} 777, 783 (1991).
\end{itemize}
The practice of politics is seen by civic republicans to be a "process in which private-regarding 'men' become public-regarding citizens and thus members of a people." In other words, they transcend their individual existence to some larger meaning.\textsuperscript{42} To a civic republican, "politics means the discussion of alternatives by reference to a shared historical, cultural, political, and, ultimately, normative context."\textsuperscript{43} "Cultivating in citizens the virtue, independence and shared understandings such civic engagement requires is a central aim of republican politics"; indeed, Sandel calls such an aim a "formative ambition."\textsuperscript{44}
Individualism (or liberalism) has not equipped citizens to supply modern political institutions with the moral authority that these institutions need to govern. Individualism separates and abandons citizens to such an extent that they can no longer understand that significant moral experience is not about a private autonomous being, unconnected to goals, traditions, or others, or to a stabilized order of value and life.\textsuperscript{45} To Sandel, individualism leaves only the "un-encumbered self," which neither describes nor promotes valuable things like character, self-knowledge, and friendship.\textsuperscript{46} According to Sandel, strong community requires a communal "mode of self-understanding," "fraternal sentiments and fellow-feeling,"\textsuperscript{47} and creates citizens who are "situated" as opposed to "solitary" selves; the former being located in serious lives, communities, and ethical roles.
Despite the recent resurgence of interest in civic republicanism,\textsuperscript{48} it is not a
\begin{itemize}
\item[42.] Frank Michelman, \textit{Law's Republic}, 97 \textit{Yale L.J.} 1493, 1500 (1988). Michelman calls the process, which confers upon "its law-like issue the character of law binding upon all," \textit{jurisgenesis}. Jurisgenesis, according to Michelman, begins with a popular conversation, in which participants draw on features of their collective identity, expressed in narratives, analogies, and other professions of commitment, to answer questions about how they should live. \textit{Id.} at 1513. The courts preside over these jurisgenesis popular conversations by assisting in the maintenance of the popular dialogue, but even more importantly by extracting from the dialogue themes that seem to the courts to be most consistent with their vision of community as it has evolved over time, particularly "the inclusionary commitment that may be overlooked by other participants, bringing into the community those at the margins whose differing views enrich its common like." \textit{Id.} at 1525. For a discussion and critique of Michelman's theories, see Abrams, \textit{supra} note 37, at 1593–97.
\item[43.] Abrams, \textit{supra} note 37, at 1593. For Sunstein, such discussions must include "a commitment to political empathy, embodied in a requirement that political actors attempt to assume the position of those who disagree"—what he calls "empathetic deliberations." Cass R. Sunstein, \textit{Beyond the Republican Revival}, 97 \textit{Yale L.J.} 1539, 1555 (1988), \textit{quoted in} Abrams, \textit{supra} note 37, at 1601 (citation omitted).
\item[44.] \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 274.
\item[45.] \textit{See generally} Michael J. Sandel, \textit{Liberalism and Its Critics} 6, 153 (1984), \textit{quoted in} Fowler, \textit{supra} note 7, at 11–15; \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 20, at 179–83.
\item[46.] Communitarians reject the concept of self because "[i]t generates a radical individualism and then a radical competition among self-seeking individuals." Walzer, \textit{supra} note 19, at 98. This competition among self-seeking individuals, in turn, makes it more difficult to move in the direction of an effective egalitarian and socially just society. Mark Tushnet, \textit{Law and Group Rights: Federalism as a Model, in Law and the Community: The End of Individualism?} 277, 279 (1989), \textit{referenced in} Addis, \textit{supra} note 16, at 642.
\item[47.] \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 20, at 150, \textit{quoted in} Fowler, \textit{supra} note 7, at 4.
\item[48.] Fowler attributes the resurgence in republican thought to its restrained and chastened vision of communitarianism. "No wild ecstasy is associated with the idea; rather it offers a sober and modulated
\end{itemize}
vision without its critics. Sandel recounts some of those objections in Democracy's Discontent. For example, he writes, some believe his vision of community is too exclusive because it requires citizens to possess a certain excellence of character, judgment, and concern for the whole and that not every citizen possesses these virtues. To this reproach, he responds, "good citizens are made not found."49 To the criticism that civic republicanism runs the risk of being coercive,50 he responds by saying that his vision of the common good is more "clamorous than consensual."51 However, Sandel has more trouble rebutting another objection—that according political communities a stake in its citizens' character may result in bad communities forming bad characters—admitting that to be a "risk" of republicanism.52
Sandel also worries that the republican tradition teaches that for every virtue there corresponds a characteristic form of corruption and decay. He identifies two such characteristics. The first corruption is a tendency toward fundamentalism, to shore up borders and harden the distinctions between insiders and outsiders.53 The second is the possibility that the citizens of a republican polity may drift into a fragmented, storyless state, unable to interpret the conditions of the common life they share.54 This corruption, Sandel appears to fear the most.
The loss of the capacity for narrative would amount to the ultimate disempowering of the human subject, for without narrative there is no continuity image of community, promoted by chastened, responsible, public-spirited men and women." Fowler, supra note 7, at 78.
49. Sandel, supra note 1, at 319.
50. "The task of forging a common citizenship among a vast and disparate people invites more strenuous forms of soulcraft. This raises the stakes for republican politics and heightens the risk of coercion." Sandel, supra note 1, at 319.
51. Id. Sandel responds to the accusation that civic republicanism is coercive by saying that his vision of the common good is not unitary, and that the public institutions that fill the gaps between people and gather people together in various capacities, both separate and relate them. Id. at 325. This concern, however, is more widely shared than some of the other critiques Sandel mentions. See, e.g., Abrams, supra note 37, at 1591 (criticizing both Michelman and Sunstein's conceptualization of civic republicanism because their reliance on courts to mediate against the coercive strain of republican thought will not be as effective as local political institutions); Addis, supra note 16, at 648-58 (finding critical dialogic pluralism a more appealing construct than either individualism or communitarianism for minorities to express competing narratives while avoiding problems posed by the dilemmas of exclusion and assimilation); Onora O'Neill, Practical Reason and Possible Community: A Reply to Jean-Marc Ferry, 7 Ratio Juris. 308, 308-13 (1994) (critiquing communitarian reasoning to extent guided by improved idealized community whose numbers have been suitably reoriented). According to Abrams, Sunstein is particularly concerned about the "coercive power of shared norms," making him hesitant to prescribe an increase in mediation by substantive norms. Abrams, supra note 37, at 1607.
52. Sandel, supra note 1, at 321. Sandel notes, however, that "dispersed power and multiple sites of civic formation may reduce these dangers but cannot remove them." Id.
53. Id. at 350.
54. Id. at 350-51. Addis might welcome this concern, for he thinks of societies (communities) as "narratives, 'struggle[s] for the privilege of recounting the past.'" Addis, supra note 16, at 649 (quoting David Luban, Difference Made Legal: The Court and Dr. King, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2152 (1989)). Addis sees in dialogic engagement the means by which groups become rearranged, recast, and reconceptualized, resulting in the dominant group no longer seeing their norms as neutral and universal. Addis, supra note 16, at 650-51.
between present and past, and therefore no responsibility, and therefore no possibility of acting together to govern ourselves.\textsuperscript{55}
With regard to both of these concerns he rests his hope on those among us who can “make sense of our condition and repair the civic life upon which democracy depends.”\textsuperscript{56}
Several strands of complexity theory are apparent in Sandel’s work. For example, Sandel’s proposal to disperse sovereignty to a multiplicity of overlapping and potentially conflicting political and social institutions introduces a \textit{stochastic}, random element into his otherwise stable political system.\textsuperscript{57} Sandel’s civic strand of freedom, the capacity to self-govern, in complexity theory might be called an \textit{emergent property} of a complex system.\textsuperscript{58} Sandel’s faith that debating communal values in dispersed social and political institutions will allow civic virtue (or order) to emerge is a demonstration of what complexity theorists, like Per Bak, would describe as an example of the \textit{self-organized criticality}\textsuperscript{59} of a nonlinear dynamical system, and others would refer to as \textit{deterministic chaos}.\textsuperscript{60} The capacity of individuals to become good citizens once they re-engage in the dialogic process of republican citizenship\textsuperscript{61} shows \textit{adaptation}, an open-ended process in complexity theory by which a structure evolves through interaction with its environment to deliver a better performance.\textsuperscript{62}
However, in other ways, Sandel’s vision of community is the antithesis of what a complexity theorist would see; his assumptions about the behavior of political communities radically diverge from the lessons of complexity theory. It is to these points of divergence that this article now turns.
\begin{itemize}
\item[55.] \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 351.
\item[56.] \textit{Id.}
\item[57.] \textit{Id.} at 345. Sandel’s proposal resonates with the work of complexity theorist Stuart Kauffman on coupled systems models. For a more detailed discussion of Kauffmann’s work, see \textit{infra} text accompanying notes 100-106.
\item[58.] \textsc{Coveney} \& \textsc{Highfield}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 5. According to Coveney and Highfield, life is an emergent property that arises when physiochemical systems are organized and interact in certain ways, just as a human being is an emergent property of a large number of cells and a city is an emergent property of thousands or more human beings. \textit{Id.} at 330. They also use the examples of a single water molecule not being able to express a swirling vortex in a turbulent ocean or a collection of brushstrokes conveying the whole of a Van Gogh painting to illustrate this point. \textit{Id.} at 7.
Other examples of emergent properties found in Sandel’s civic republicanism might be his concept of community narratives which define a community’s character, purpose, and ends and are thus greater than the sum of the individual units that make up a community, or his assumption that the government should aim at a public good beyond the sum of private interests that make up the community. \textit{See} \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 1, 130-31.
\item[59.] \textit{See infra} notes 92-94 and accompanying text.
\item[60.] \textit{See supra} note 26 for a discussion of deterministic chaos.
\item[61.] The capacity for improvement seems implicit in Sandel’s belief in the educative process of civic engagement. \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 5-6, 274. The process of “cultivating in citizens the virtue, independence, and shared understandings” necessary for self-rule is what Sandel calls the “formative project.” \textit{Id.} at 128-33, 274.
\item[62.] \textsc{Coveney} \& \textsc{Highfield}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 118-19. Coveney and Highfield go on to note that species caught up in the adaptive struggle are engaged in an attempt to solve a complex optimization problem by finding effective improvements to existing structures. \textit{Id.}
\end{itemize}
The first lesson from complexity theory is that nonlinear dynamical systems must experience randomness to maximize self-sustainability and achieve optimized adaptation.\textsuperscript{63} The highest average fitness of an individual agent (i.e., its ability to achieve optimized adaptation) in a complex system occurs precisely at the transition from order (stasis) to chaos (a zone or place known as the “region of complexity”).\textsuperscript{64} Systems that can remain in the region of complexity are the most successful at enduring and withstanding the surprises their environment throws at them.\textsuperscript{65} However, to achieve this level of self-sustainability, these systems must maintain a chaotic, random component.\textsuperscript{66}
[T]he emergence in environmental biology of the concept of unpredictable, dynamically changing ecosystems has injected a heightened awareness of the role of indeterminacy and randomness into evolutionary theory[,] . . . “ecosystem dynamics and pure chance have much to do with the fitness of species.”\textsuperscript{67}
Adaptation is an “emergent property” in a complex system that spontaneously arises through the interaction of simple components in that system. Adaptation allows complex systems to restructure or modify their interaction patterns to become more successful.\textsuperscript{68} The most successful adaptations have
\textsuperscript{63} Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1416. The presence of chaos, emergence, and catastrophe in dynamic nonlinear systems means that small perturbations can result in large system changes, tending to amplify tiny differences, well below any error threshold one might see. \textit{Id.} at 1441 n.140.
\textsuperscript{64} Kauffman, \textit{supra} note 22, at 230; Joseph H. Connell, \textit{Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs}, 199 Sci. 1302, 1303-06 (1978) (noting that species diversity is often maximum at intermediate levels of disturbance), \textit{cited in} William M. Lewis, Jr., \textit{The Ecological Sciences and the Public Domain}, 65 U. COLO. L. REV. 279, 286 n.451 (1994).
\textsuperscript{65} Complex systems, although poised on the edge of chaos, are kept from falling into chaos by stability and simplicity (order revealed in the system’s global properties or behaviors). Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1410. Attractors are the behaviors that flow from the forces of order and disorder in complex systems and have the potential to regulate the surprise generators of chaos, emergence, and catastrophe. \textit{Id.} at 1440. An attractor is a modelled representation of the behavioral results of a system which depicts where the system is going based on the rules of motion in the system. \textit{Id.} at 1440 n.137. Attractors can be “fixed” and lend stability and predictability to a system, or they can be “strange” and lend flexibility and resilience to the system. Fixed attractors are brittle and crumble when faced with external forces of disruption while strange attractors are inherently unpredictable because of their susceptibility to surprise behavior. When a community of fixed and strange attractors is assembled in the proper balance (i.e., where chaos, emergence, and catastrophe are controlled by some countermeasures of order and repetition), the forces of order and disorder combine to allow a dynamical system to operate at “optimal adaptability.” \textit{Id.} at 1441-42. The notion of attractors as the regulators of surprise in a complex system can be applied to explain how the communal behavior of citizens in a community can determine the community’s response to some unanticipated event. Complexity theory teaches that some balance of forces is necessary to enable the community to operate at its best under those circumstances.
\textsuperscript{66} Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1410.
\textsuperscript{67} \textit{Id.} at 1434-35 (footnote omitted). For an examination of the tension between the stochastic nonequilibrium paradigm of complexity theory and existing environmental management strategies, see A. Dan Tarlock, \textit{The Nonequilibrium Paradigm in Ecology and the Partial Unraveling of Environmental Law}, 25 LOY. L.A. L. REV. 1121 (1994).
\textsuperscript{68} Plants and animals evolve in order to refine various features. This refinement process is called adaptation, “a term used to designate any open-ended process by which a structure evolves through interaction with its environment to deliver a better performance.” Adaptive improvement is the way a
random elements within them which lead to innovation (i.e., the discovery of smart, unexpected solutions to very hard problems).\textsuperscript{69}
Adaptation is associated with feedback and feedforward loops made possible by multiple paths of interactions between system components.\textsuperscript{70} Complexity theory teaches that simple systems (i.e., those with predictable behavior, few feedback/feedforward loops, and centralized decisionmaking that operate in accordance with easily understood computable rules) have difficulty adapting (i.e., the ability to absorb internal and external shocks, in complexity theory sometimes called “avalanches”),\textsuperscript{71} because they have few variables and, therefore, few interactions.\textsuperscript{72} By contrast, the feedback and feedforward loops made possible by complex system interactions enable such a system to restructure or modify the interaction patterns among its variables, opening up the possibility of a wider range of behaviors and a greater probability of successful adaptations.
Randomness in a social or political community can be found in the identity of the group that forms that community. Group identities are constructed relationally and, therefore, are contingent and unstable.\textsuperscript{73} As Angela Harris says,
[W]e are not born with a “self,” but rather are composed of a welter of partial, sometimes contradictory, or even antithetical “selves.” A unified identity, if such can ever exist, is a product of will, not a common destiny or natural birthright.\textsuperscript{74}
The process of forming an internal and external identity in a group setting, therefore, is dialogic or interactive and complex.
Reducing the concept of community down to its simplest form, to the smallest minimum unit of common or shared values, experience, and history, substantially reduces the likelihood of random events occurring and the likelihood of successful adaptation (finding smart solutions to hard problems) of that community.\textsuperscript{75} It may also mean that the very act of character formation that is
\textsuperscript{69} \textit{Id.} at 16.
\textsuperscript{70} Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1442 n.150.
\textsuperscript{71} \textit{See infra} note 93 and accompanying text
\textsuperscript{72} John L. Casti, \textit{Complexification: Explaining the Paradoxical World Through the Science of Surprise} 271-72 (1994), \textit{quoted in} Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1440 n.139.
\textsuperscript{73} Addis, \textit{supra} note 16, at 655. Addis also points out that group identities are constructed rationally, and that with regard to ethnic groups, those identities are constituted and sustained, in part, as a result of outsiders’ perceptions of the existence of the group, making the narrative of others as well as the narrative of the group part of what defines the ethnic group. \textit{Id.} at 655-56 n.99
\textsuperscript{74} Angela P. Harris, \textit{Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory}, 42 \textit{Stan. L. Rev.} 581, 584 (1990), \textit{quoted in} Addis, \textit{supra} note 16, at 655 n.98.
\textsuperscript{75} This view of communal life is diametrically opposed to that offered by Addis and reflected in his preference for critical dialogic pluralism. Addis, \textit{supra} note 16, at 67; \textit{see also} Beryl Blaustone, \textit{Myth}:
central to civic republican thought cannot occur because the circumstances under which adaptation takes place are not present.\textsuperscript{76}
The lack of randomness in a republican community may also explain its drift toward fundamentalism. Sandel admits that republicanism can lead to tight boundaries around core cultural values that exclude unlike from like or limit individual choice in the quest for consensus.\textsuperscript{77} He compensates for this tendency toward fundamentalism (\textit{stasis}) by having citizens debate civic values in many separate communities, not by introducing diversity into those communities. However, whatever randomness results from this process will be confined to the individual, as it is she, not the political community in which she is participating, that will experience the chaos and indeterminacy created by these multiple engagements.
Under complexity theory, therefore, the republican community will experience \textit{stasis} (fundamentalism) and never reach the region of complexity.\textsuperscript{78} By contrast, Addis’s “critical dialogic pluralism,” in which minorities directly engage the majority in debates over cultural norms, forces the majority (likes) to stop seeing their norms as universal and to rearrange, reconceptualize and recast their identity as the dominant group. This dialogic process wards off \textit{stasis} (fundamentalism) and moves the political system or community into the desired region of complexity.\textsuperscript{79}
Complexity theory validates the republican search for order in a chaotic universe. It finds the potential for that order in a system’s \textit{emergent properties},
\begin{footnotesize}
\textit{The Conflicts of Diversity, Justice and Peace in the Theories of Dispute Resolution}, 25 U. Tol. L. Rev. 253 (1994) (noting that the distinct, diverse peoples of the world all have essential or core portions of human knowledge, and discovery of a complete body of knowledge is possible only by engaging in interaction with diverse peoples).
\textsuperscript{76} COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, \textit{supra} note 8, at 332 (study of complexity shows importance of diversity and randomness in sustaining capability for adaptive innovation).
\textsuperscript{77} The participatory democracy that Sandel advocates may not be the best mechanism when substantive disagreement occurs as it may generate more pressure to conform than might be wished for or expected. FOWLER, \textit{supra} note 7, at 152-53; see also Lynn Baker, \textit{Direct Democracy and Discrimination: A Public Choice Perspective}, 67 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 707 (1991) (advocating plebescites as best protection for minorities); Eule, \textit{supra} note 41, at 777 (critiquing Baker’s support of plebescites, finding instead best protection for minorities in representative government); Martha Minow, \textit{Justice Engendered}, 101 Harv. L. Rev. 10, 92 (1987) (stating “even when we understand them, some voices will lose”).
\textsuperscript{78} The “mantra” of community quiets and calms, “it leads away from the conflicts inherent in politics.” FOWLER, \textit{supra} note 7, at 152. Rejecting this view of community, Addis writes that good society does not eliminate or transcend group differences. He sees society, instead, as “a constant and desirable mutual interrogation of various narratives.” Addis, \textit{supra} note 16, at 649.
\textsuperscript{79} Addis, \textit{supra} note 16, at 650-51. According to Robert Cover, dialogue will enable social groups to accommodate in their own normative world the objective reality of the other, resulting in dominant groups understanding how it feels to be oppressed or excluded. Robert Cover, \textit{The Supreme Court Term, 1982-Foreword: Nomos and Narrative}, 97 Harv. L. Rev. 4, 28-29, cited in Addis, \textit{supra} note 16, at 650-51. Sunstein calls for “empathetic deliberation,” in which political actors attempt to assume the positions of those who disagree with them, and he identifies “universality” (the possibility of mediating different approaches to politics and the conceptions of public good through discussion and dialogue) as one of four features of republicanism. The other three are deliberation (laws must be supported by argument and reason), equality of political actors (they must justify choices by appealing to a broader public good), and citizenship. Sunstein, \textit{supra} note 43, at 1544-99.
\end{footnotesize}
those properties that transcend a system’s individual component parts. Civic virtue could be called an *emergent property*. However, complexity theory also reveals why surprises are inevitable when dealing with nonlinear dynamical systems, why these surprises are not predictable under any reductionist mode of thinking,\(^{80}\) and why dynamical systems, like political communities, must have a random element in them to adapt successfully to a stressful, changing fitness landscape.\(^{81}\) Randomness is not a feature of a civic republican community; this missing factor raises questions about the viability of the republican polity on the political fitness landscape.
There are other concepts from complexity theory, especially from the branch called evolutionary biology, that may shed additional light on our inquiry into the viability of Sandel’s civic republican community. The first is that ecosystem nonequilibrium dynamics recognizes that the “[f]itness landscapes of various species in the ecosystem are coupled by their temporal interactions, requiring that all species reconstruct their schemata and structures continually.”\(^{82}\) In other words, as one species evolves it changes the fitness landscapes of the other species with which it interacts.
Evolutionary biologists use two models to show how species cope with other species’ evolution.\(^{83}\) The first of these is competition. Competition can lead to character displacement, the evolution of two species away from each other, or full competitive exclusion (extinction).\(^{84}\) The second model is cooperation.
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80. According to Wilson, even the chance occurrences of genetic transmission (“random drift”) “do not always support evolution of a phenotype into the normatively fittest species through exploitation of selective differences, nor do they necessarily have anything to do with environmental pressures. Some component of evolution is ‘pure chance.’” Ruhl, *supra* note 8, at 1431 (referencing *Wilson*, *supra* note 8, at 81 (discussing genetic drift)). Wilson goes on to explain the phenomenon of “founder effect” which is used by some evolutionary biologists to explain how new species are formed more quickly than one might otherwise suppose. Wilson explains how the accident of the genetic composition of the founder population, which may be different from the parent population by pure chance, coupled with the founder population’s small size and geographic isolation, as well as the environmental exigencies of a new and different environment, might propel populations into new ways of life (i.e., new adaptive zones) and lead those populations to construct reproductive barriers, gaining for themselves full species status. As can be seen by Wilson’s explanation, pure chance plays an important role in the process, but note also the introduction of the notion of barriers to enable a species to self-define itself to the point of survival. *Wilson*, *supra* note 8, at 81-84.
81. For an explanation of the term “fitness landscape,” see *supra* note 31.
82. Ruhl, *supra* note 8, at 1463. Ruhl goes on to explain that this change to the fitness landscape introduces a new element, time, into the fitness question which complexity refers to as “coupling.” According to complexity theory, the fitness landscapes of various species in a complex system like an ecosystem are coupled together by their temporal interactions, requiring all species in that system to reconstruct their schemata or structures continually, in what Ruhl calls “a sort of perpetual exercise in game theory.” *Id.* Ruhl illustrates this point by analogizing to repeated playings of the Prisoners’ Dilemma Game, in which the participants gradually come to understand the coordinated nature of their choices. *Id.* at 1463 n.216.
83. *Id.* at 1463-64, 1464 n.221, *citing* Murray Gell-Mann, *The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex* 242 (1994) (stating that “[a]lthough competition among schemata is a characteristic of complex adaptive systems, the systems themselves may indulge in a mixture of competition and cooperation in their interactions with one another”).
84. According to Coveney and Highfield, “complexity in nature has been refined by competition for finite resources.” *Coveney & Highfield*, *supra* note 8, at 11.
Cooperation is revealed through the mechanism of ecological displacement, in which one species yields a part of its environment to another. Cooperation allows more species to be accommodated in a given ecosystem than competition. This means that the overall biodiversity of that system will rise and bring the ecosystem closer to the desired region of dynamical complexity.\textsuperscript{85} Both competition and cooperation in some shifting relationship exist in evolving dynamical systems.
Addis's critical dialogic pluralism, in which minority groups can tell competing narratives to those told by the majority and through which group norms and identities get rearranged, recast and reconceptualized,\textsuperscript{86} seems closer to the competition model of evolutionary biology, while Sandel's vision of communities involving "fraternal sentiments and fellow-feeling," as well as a "communal mode of self-understanding," seems closer to the cooperative model.\textsuperscript{87} Evolutionary biology teaches that an evolving dynamic system like a political community requires both.
A second useful insight from evolutionary biology is the concept of dynamic coevolutionary change through which a system adds and deletes species as needed to enable it to continue to exist on the edge of chaos.\textsuperscript{88} Occasionally, even the fittest species in a particular ecosystem may need to jump out of its niche\textsuperscript{89} (i.e., take a risk) in order to survive its changing fitness landscape; in doing so, as noted previously, it changes the fitness landscape for both the species that remain behind and for the species in the new terrain.\textsuperscript{90} Some jumps fail and species go extinct; others succeed. For species to survive in such a complex game they must remain elastic.\textsuperscript{91}
The term used in complexity theory to describe the elasticity of system
\textsuperscript{85}. Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1463-64 (citing Wilson, \textit{supra} note 8, at 170-72) (discussing "assembly rules"). "Assembly rules" of an ecosystem are a combination of "adaptive radiation" (spread of a species of common ancestry into different niches in the same ecosystem) and "evolutionary convergence" (occupation of the same niche in different ecosystems by different species). Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1434-35.
\textsuperscript{86}. Minority story-telling serves a "strategic function as an oppositional counter-hegemonic activity." Addis, \textit{supra} note 16, at 645 n.79; see also Richard Delgado, \textit{Story-Telling for Oppositionists and Others: A Plea for Narrative}, 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2411 (1989).
\textsuperscript{87}. Sandel, \textit{supra} note 20, at 150.
\textsuperscript{88}. The landscape furnished by the "fitness measure" depends not only on the properties of one species, but also on the performance of rival organisms in a changing landscape. Coveney & Highfield, \textit{supra} note 8, at 121.
\textsuperscript{89}. A niche is "the place occupied by a species in its ecosystem—where it lives, what it eats, its foraging route, the season of its activity, and so on. In a more abstract sense, a niche is a potential place or role within a given ecosystem into which species may or may not have evolved." Wilson, \textit{supra} note 8, at 403.
\textsuperscript{90}. Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1465.
\textsuperscript{91}. Id.; see also Wilson, \textit{supra} note 8, at 172-76 (stating that "closely similar species can fit together when their requirements are elastic"). Wilson goes on to explain the extent to which anatomically similar finches have changed their eating habits, with some becoming specialists and others broadening their diet in response to food scarcity during the dry season. He also explains how this evolutionary change, called character displacement, can cause first phenotypic differences between two anatomically similar species and then physiological and anatomical changes in those species.
components and of whole systems is *self-organized criticality*. Self-organized criticality says that a mature complex adaptive system evolves toward a critical state (the edge of chaos) and once there devises ways to avoid experiencing so many avalanches (shocks) by integrating numerous smaller avalanches as release valves. Self-organized criticality exists at every level of living systems.
Elasticity (or self-organized criticality), the ability to jump from peak to peak, to be nonrisk averse, is essential for the survival of individual species. In Sandel’s theory perhaps, elasticity can be found in what he calls the modern republican civic virtue, the capacity to negotiate our way among the sometimes overlapping and sometimes conflicting obligations that claim us, and to live with the tension to which multiple loyalties give rise (i.e., to learn to act as multiply situated, encumbered selves).
But, there is another lesson to be learned from elasticity (or organized criticality). Per Bak teaches that *too much* codependence (encumbrance) in complex dynamical systems can lessen a species’ elasticity (i.e., its ability to survive shocks to the system in which the species lives). His work shows that complex species with many biological connections and dependencies (e.g., food chains, predator-prey, and parasite-host relationships) are more sensitive to fluctuations that disturb the dynamics of their system, and thus are more likely to be part of the next “avalanche to extinction.” Species in such a system influence each other to the point of functioning like a single “metaorganism,” increasing the likelihood that all the species in the system will share the same
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92. According to Coveney and Highfield, “[m]atter has an innate tendency to self-organize and generate complexity.” COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, *supra* note 8, at 10. A defining feature of complexity is the fact that self-organization is a natural consequence of evolution over time of vast aggregates of simple agents (e.g., molecules in a liquid). By making individual agents act in a more complex way, an even greater variety of behaviors can be created so long as the agents interact nonlinearly and operate under far from equilibrium conditions. *Id.* at 189. Coveney and Highfield also discuss Per Bak’s work at Brookhaven National Laboratory with sandpiles to demonstrate the existence of a self-organized critical state. *Id.* at 185-89. The existence of a self-organized critical state, which shows the connectedness of phenomena based on the activity of many individual agents, has been used to explain the evolution of earthquakes and the distribution of their epicenters. According to Coveney and Highfield, self-organized criticality may even explain periods of global conflicts and social unrest and how information propagates through the brain. *Id.* at 187-89.
93. Ruhl, *supra* note 8, at 1465. According to Per Bak, life is a dynamical system that, far from ever existing in a steady state (equilibrium), organizes spontaneously into a characteristic and much more critical state in which catastrophes (avalanches) of any size can be a self-organizing feature of evolution requiring no external cause. COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, *supra* note 8, at 232.
94. COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, *supra* note 8, at 194. Coveney and Highfield cite as an example of this principle, the double helix of DNA. *Id.* Per Bak’s notion of self-organized criticality and the idea of punctuated equilibria (a theory developed by evolutionary biologists and mathematicians to explain discontinuities in the fossil record) contradict the Darwinian model of gradual vertical evolution. Ruhl, *supra* note 8, at 1428-29.
95. Per Bak et al., *Can We Model Darwin?*, NEW SCIENTIST, Mar. 12, 1994, at 36, quoted in COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, *supra* note 8, at 233-34. According to Bak’s model, at the critical point of evolutionary activity all species influence each other, transforming themselves from individuals into a single metaorganism, leaving themselves (unencumbered) vulnerable to sharing the same ecological fate. COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, *supra* note 8, at 234. This is why, according to Bak, (unencumbered) cockroaches will outlive humans. *Id.*
96. COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, *supra* note 8, at 234.
fate, as in the case of mass extinctions.\textsuperscript{97}
Sandel’s proposal, like Jefferson’s before him, to proliferate the sites of civic activity and political power may indeed generate loyalties to a larger political whole and offer “a way of cementing the whole by giving each citizen a part in public affairs.”\textsuperscript{98} However, his multiply situated self may be too encumbered with communal identities and mores to take risks, to jump from a communal peak, or to leave a niche that no longer provides the conditions suitable for optimized adaptation. Such a metaorganism, which is totally dependent for character formation on dialogic exchanges in various communities, Bak shows, is vulnerable to mass extinction. Some measure of individualism, the capacity to choose our values and ends for ourselves—the disparaged “unencumbered self”—therefore, may be necessary to preserve the elasticity necessary to negotiate the peaks of the political fitness landscape.\textsuperscript{99}
Another insight into the effects of Sandel’s proposal to disperse sovereignty to multiple social and political institutions can be gleaned from complexity theorist Stuart Kauffman’s quilt of nonoverlapping patches. Kauffman shows that flatter,\textsuperscript{100} decentralized organizations—ones that are broken “into ‘patches’ where each party attempts to optimize for its own selfish benefit, even if that is harmful to the whole”\textsuperscript{101}—might actually be more flexible and carry an overall competitive advantage.\textsuperscript{102} Such a structure, according to Kauffman, “can lead, as if by an invisible hand, to the welfare of the whole organization.”\textsuperscript{103} This happens because of the coupling (interactions) between parts in two patches across patch boundaries. The effect of coupling is that finding a good solution to a problem in one patch (i.e., optimization) changes the problem to be solved by the parts in adjacent patches—an evolutionary, dynamic process that continues across the entire system or quilt of patches until the highest average fitness (optimized adaptation) is achieved across the system.
Coupled landscapes (i.e., those with many constraints) contain many moderate peaks, revealing no obvious solution. Coupled landscapes are difficult to traverse.\textsuperscript{104} As coupling increases, life becomes more chaotic; as coupling decreases, life becomes more rigid.\textsuperscript{105} Hard conflict-laden problems containing
\begin{itemize}
\item For a more detailed explication of Per Bak’s work, see \textit{id.} at 232-34.
\item \textsc{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 348.
\item For a more detailed discussion of the evolutionary result of “adaptive radiation” (spread of species of common ancestry into different niches) and “evolutionary convergence” (occupation of the same niche by products of different adaptive radiation), see \textsc{Wilson}, \textit{supra} note 8, 93-139.
\item Flatness, in complexity terms, means an organization designed around a fitness landscape without many high peaks and low valleys. \textsc{Kauffman}, \textit{supra} note 22, at 247, \textit{cited in Ruhl}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1469.
\item \textit{Id.}
\item \textit{Id.} at 246, \textit{cited in Ruhl}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1469.
\item \textit{Id.}
\item \textit{Id.} Another way of understanding coupling is to think of it as the inputs from other components in a system that each individual component needs in order to know what to do next in the system. \textit{Id.} at 173, \textit{cited in Ruhl}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1450 n.172.
\item \textit{Id.} at 247-52, \textit{cited in Ruhl}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1470. Kauffman’s work with coupled system
\end{itemize}
many constraints (i.e., couplings), like governing, in which many parts interact, Kauffman suggests, can be solved by breaking the problem into smaller, nonoverlapping patches—a process that can continue until the desired region of complexity (between order and chaos) has been achieved, where patch size is intermediate and coupling is just enough to avoid rigidity on the one hand, and spiraling into chaos on the other.\textsuperscript{106}
By suggesting that the hope for self-government in America today lies in the politics of neighborhood (de Tocqueville’s townships), Sandel is proposing to divide the hard problem of civic engagement (governing) into smaller patches.\textsuperscript{107} Sandel’s proposal to disperse sovereignty into ever smaller social or civic institutions and to form citizenship across multiple sites of civic engagement may, however, be reducing the patch size too much; his multiply situated citizens may be too encumbered, engaged in too many interactions between patches (too coupled or constrained) to gain the full benefit of Kauffman’s patch procedure.\textsuperscript{108} Sandel’s political fitness landscape, thus, contains too many moderate peaks, making it difficult to cross, presenting no obvious solution to the hard problem of governing. Sandel needs to think further about what patch size and amount of coupling between patches will achieve the highest average fitness across the political system. Kauffman’s work suggests that Sandel may have too quickly abandoned local government and municipal institutions in favor of smaller political spaces.\textsuperscript{109}
This article suggests that complexity theory has something to teach us about the behavior of political systems and can offer both a critique of the republican vision of community and a means to correct or refine that vision.\textsuperscript{110} Complexity theory demonstrates why complex systems like political communities are unstable by design, and that surprise, randomness, diversity, and even deterministic chaos are necessary for the system to thrive and adapt in a dynamically fit manner to a changing fitness landscape—in other words, to survive. Sandel’s republican community has been carefully constructed to avoid surprise and thus has a lower likelihood of survival in our evolving political landscape. Complex-
\textsuperscript{106} Id.
\textsuperscript{107} Sandel notes with approval de Tocqueville’s observation that “[p]racticing self-government in small spheres . . . impels citizens to larger spheres of political activity,” and Jefferson’s desire to divide counties into wards, local self-governing units that would permit direct political participation. \textit{Sandel}, \textit{supra} note 1, at 347.
\textsuperscript{108} Id.
\textsuperscript{109} Id. at 348.
\textsuperscript{110} Coveney and Highfield note that the social structures constructed by human societies are complex as well as open and linear and ones in which feedback and competition abound. They discuss ways in which complexity theory can be used to model the growth of urban sprawl and the effects of population movements, and how the crisis points associated with self-organization and chaos that occur in inanimate processes can be used to understand the phenomena of revolutions and breakdown in civil order. \textit{Coveney & Highfield}, \textit{supra} note 8, at 357-58.
ity theory also suggests that adding diversity to the republican community may provide the conditions for character formation that civic republicans seek and that dispersing power downwards from the nation-state may indeed provide a more optimal fitness landscape for the hard job of governing, so long as the sphere of civic engagement is large and unconstrained enough to harbor the necessary quotient of complexity for it to survive.
However, complexity theory also shows the pitfalls of reductionist thinking. Reductive thought seeks to explain complex phenomena in terms of something simpler, generally by splitting these phenomena up into their smallest possible pieces.\textsuperscript{111}
There is no simple algorithm to turn to. Instead, we must try to understand the world in more global terms, through the \textit{interactions} between its components. Instead of attempting to take a deterministic, mechanical view of the world, we need a higher-level perspective if we are to make sense of it.\textsuperscript{112}
In many ways, civic republicanism is a search for a simple algorithm, a simple solution for solving democracy’s discontent that seeks to quell the complexities brought about by the pluralism inherent in a democratic state.\textsuperscript{113} The preoccupation of civic republicanism with the character of individuals in political communities (the smallest individual unit in a dynamic nonlinear system), even though that character is contextualized in a communal setting, and Sandel’s proposal to disperse political power into ever smaller homogeneous groupings of individuals is quintessential reductionism. It is the antithesis of complexity theory, with its focus on emergent or global properties and its study of the whole rather than individual parts.
The search for the simple solution (or algorithm) can be very seductive.\textsuperscript{114} That solution, once found, can function like a meme, a unit of cultural transmission that propagates from brain to brain, much like a craze for pogo sticks or slinkies sweeps through a school.\textsuperscript{115} Perhaps civic republicanism is functioning like a meme in the last part of the twentieth century, which complexity theory can slow down by teaching us that simple solutions are not only difficult to come by, but not necessarily the best solutions, once found.
\textsuperscript{111} \textit{Id.} at 11-12. Coveney and Highfield go on to illustrate what they see to be the tension between reductionism and complexity by discussing the human brain, the functioning of which depends on both its microscopic cellular and subcellular detail, and its macroscopic emergent properties like consciousness and emotion. \textit{Id.} at 16. Professor Kaufman’s theory of patches, although it relies on dividing hard problems into smaller parts, is not reductive thought, because it does not seek to divide the problem into its \textit{smallest} part, only to the point where the region of complexity can be reached. Ruhl, \textit{supra} note 8, at 1470.
\textsuperscript{112} COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, \textit{supra} note 8, at 330.
\textsuperscript{113} According to Walzer, both individualism and communitarianism have the itch “for singularity and unity, as if these two might provide a relief from moral anxiety, an end to striving, and therefore a kind of completion.” WALZER, \textit{supra} note 19, at 226.
\textsuperscript{114} COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, \textit{supra} note 8, at 11-14.
\textsuperscript{115} “Fashions and crazes succeed each other, not because the later one is more correct or superior to earlier ones, but simply as any epidemic hits a school.” Richard Dawkins, \textit{Is Religion Just a Disease?}, THE DAILY TELEGRAPHY, December 15, 1993, \textit{quoted in} COVENEY & HIGHFIELD, \textit{supra} note 8, at 334.
|
A True Random Number Generator Based on Gait Data for the Internet of You
CARMEN CAMARA\textsuperscript{1}, HONORIO MARTÍN\textsuperscript{2}, (Member, IEEE), PEDRO PERIS-LOPEZ\textsuperscript{1}, AND LUIS ENTRENA\textsuperscript{1,2}, (Member, IEEE)
\textsuperscript{1}Department of Computer Science, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Getafe, Spain
\textsuperscript{2}Department of Electronic Technology, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28903 Getafe, Spain
Corresponding author: Carmen Camara (email@example.com)
This work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Contract ESP-2015-68245-C4-1-P, in part by the Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation under Grant P2019-CARDIOSEC, and in part by the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain, under Project CYNAMON (P2018/TCS-4566), co-financed by the European Structural Funds (ESF and FEDER).
ABSTRACT The Internet of Things (IoT) is more and more a reality, and every day the number of connected objects increases. The growth is practically exponential -there are currently about 8 billion and expected to reach 21 billion in 2025. The applications of these devices are very diverse and range from home automation, through traffic monitoring or pollution, to sensors to monitor our health or improve our performance. While the potential of their applications seems to be unlimited, the cyber-security of these devices and their communications is critical for a flourishing deployment. Random Number Generators (RNGs) are essential to many security tasks such as seeds for key-generation or nonces used in authentication protocols. Till now, True Random Number Generators (TRNGs) are mainly based on physical phenomena, but there is a new trend that uses signals from our body (e.g., electrocardiograms) as an entropy source. Inspired by the last wave, we propose a new TRNG based on gait data (six 3-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers sensors over the subjects). We test both the quality of the entropic source (NIST SP800-90B) and the quality of the random bits generated (ENT, DIEHARDER and NIST 800-22). From this in-depth analysis, we can conclude that: 1) the gait data is a good source of entropy for random bit generation; 2) our proposed TRNG outputs bits that behave like a random variable. All this confirms the feasibility and the excellent properties of the proposed generator.
INDEX TERMS True random number generator, Internet of Things, gait data, entropy, randomness.
I. INTRODUCTION
The ever-growing number of IoT devices paves the way to become IoT technology an integral part of our lives soon [1], [2]. Multiple applications are benefiting from this technology ranging from industrial applications (e.g., Industry 4.0 [3]) to consumer/commercial applications such as smart homes or healthcare. Special attention deserves wearable devices that can be an essential part of which is known as the Internet of You [4], [5]. The Internet of You (IoY) is a new paradigm where sensor-based devices allow us to collect environmental data (e.g. temperature, location, etc.) and also biometric data such as heart rate or oxygen saturation level. These data can be combined to create more personal experiences, so the technology works for us, not the other way around. Nonetheless, the concerns about cybersecurity are a significant barrier and are hindering the adoption of IoT technology in the domains where sensitive data is at stake [6].
Securing this sensitive information in the IoT context is facing today, several challenges stemming from the wireless nature of the communication (insecure radio channel) and the scarcity of resources (e.g., memory and computation) in IoT devices. Hence, these constraints severely limit solutions offered by conventional cryptographic primitives, which turn too expensive to achieve in these resource-limited devices. Because of this, a new generation of cyphers, hash functions or true random number generators (TRNGs) devoted to the IoT environment is flourishing [7], [8]. In this article, we focus on the design of a TRNG that is a critical cryptographic primitive typically used to generate session keys, nonces or padding plain-texts. A TRNG usually is composed of (i) an entropy source from which we extract randomness,
(ii) a digitizer that transforms the entropy derived into a digital value and (iii) a post-processing module that usually unbiased the data [9]. The entropy source is the cornerstone of a TRNG because it limits the amount of randomness of the system and also affects the selection of the other TRNG’s parts. Among the most used entropy sources for TRNGs stand out the solutions that include different kinds of electrical noise [10], [11], clock jitter and coherent sampling [12], metastability [13], [14] and chaos [15], [16]. A new trend, which exploits biosignals (vital information) as a source of entropy, is emerging in the IoT context [17], [18].
Using wearable body sensors approaches for key generation helps to overcome the stringent power and area constraints of the IoT environment. Deriving cryptographic keys from Electrocardiogram signals (ECG) is the greatest exponent of this trend [17], [19], [20]. Other alternatives exploit different sensor information such as the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) [21], [22], the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal [23], the blood volume pulse or respiration [24]. Nevertheless, some sensor sources of information remain unexplored for key generation such as human gait data. Human gait data has some interesting features to become the noise source of a biometric random number generator. According to [22], it offers the following features: (i) fast sampling rate, (ii) simple data acquisition, (iii) high accuracy of measurement and (iv) variability of biological data.
In this work, we propose a novel TRNG based on human gait data that can be used for generating cryptographic keys for an Internet of You application. To that end, we will make use of a public dataset containing human gait information [25]. The contributions of this paper are innovative in several ways. For the first time in the literature (as far as we know), we propose the use of human gait data to generate random numbers. Secondly, we work in a transform domain via the Walsh-Hadamard for the randomness extraction and also offer lightweight post-processing. Thirdly, we have experimentally analyzed the quality of the generated random numbers by using the most exigent randomness test batteries, and even we have executed some other additional tests (e.g., NPCR and UACI coefficients).
We organize the rest of this paper as follows. In Section II, we introduce the dataset used in our experiments and describe the algorithm used to generate the random numbers. Section III presents the experimental results, including the results related to the quality of the entropy source and the quality of the random numbers generated. In Section IV some interesting implementation features of our proposal are described. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are drawn in Section V.
II. METHODS AND MATERIALS
In this section we describe the Gait database used to conduct the experiments and the algorithm elaborated to extract the randomness from the gait information.
A. HUMAN GAIT DATABASE
Many gait databases are publicly accessible. These range from databases collected from healthy people [25], [26] to databases that contain gait data of patients affected with Parkinsons’s disease [27], [28] or gait data collected after surgeries [29]. For this work, we have selected the HuGaDB because it provides human gait data in great detail compared to other published datasets [25].
More specifically, this database was initially intended for analysis and activity recognition. The information on 18 healthy participants (aged $23.67 \pm 3.69$) was recorded while performing a combination of activities. The dataset includes continuous recordings (around 10 hours in total) of different activities such as sitting, walking, bicycling, etc. The data provided has been obtained from six MPU9250 inertial sensors and two electromyography (EMG) sensors whose location is shown in Fig.1. Each inertial sensor provides the information of three-axis accelerometers and three-axis gyroscopes. In total, 38 signals per subject are accessible.
All the information provided by the sensors mentioned above is necessary for the activity recognition pursued in the original work. Note that the dependency between some sensors can be high because of the kinematics of the human motion itself. A high reliance can be a useful feature in some security applications like the identification of sensors belonging to the same host. On the contrary, entropy extraction can be negatively affected by this dependency since it reduces the freshness and non-predictability of the data.
About the quality of data input, on the one hand, gyroscope sensors are precise, but often a drift appears in the measurements. We can rid of this drift using a high-pass filter. On the other hand, accelerometers do not present drift but are a bit unstable. We need to pass these signals through a low-pass filter to smooth the signal. We urge the reader to consult [25] for details about pre-processing and characteristics of the signals recorded. In our experiments, we do not deem necessary do any extra pre-processing on the signals from HuDB dataset since our proposal aims to extract randomness from the captured data. Note that we could tolerate even small
levels of noise, which would not be the case if the purpose of our application was to determine the absolute orientation (a complementary filter might be useful in this case).
Finally and concerning the type of subjects, the patients do not have any pathology. Patients with pathologies such as Parkinson’s (or any other movement disorder diseases) could be engaging because the uncontrolled movements caused by the disease can be useful (e.g., highly entropic) for randomness extraction. However, in our study, we prefer to use healthy patients since we can assume a similar behaviour (no-bias) among all subjects.
B. METHODS
The purpose of the proposed method is to extract randomness of the inertial sensors. In Algorithm 1, we summarise our proposed procedure. The algorithm is split into two main procedures 1) GetEntropy(·) and 2) GetRandomness(·), which are explained below.\footnote{The source code is available at: https://lightweightcryptography.com/?p=712}
In our proposal, we focus on the 3-axis accelerometer and 3-axis gyroscope sensors; each pair constitutes an inertial sensor. We have six pairs of those sensors, that is, a total of 36 data channels. Note that in our experiments (TRNG analysis), we employ all the available channels since we need to generate moderately large files for the analysis. Nevertheless, the proposal is also feasible with a reduced set of sensors. In the GenEntropy procedure, the first step is the elimination of the bad channels that are those who present a high correlation between them. We have performed an intercorrelation analysis and eliminated those channels whose average correlation between channels is less than a threshold $\gamma$ (i.e., $\gamma = 10^{-1}$ in our experiments). From this, we have eliminated the following list of channels: \{5, 6, 11, 12, 17, 18, 29, 30\}. After this, we have magnified the non-deterministic noise by computing differences (absolute value) between channels. At this point, we have concatenated all the good channels, and split the resulting data stream into windows $(x^{(j)}(t))$ of $N$-samples ($N = 100$ in our proposal). For the entropy extraction, we work in the Hadamard domain due to its compression capabilities and its low computational requirements. Using the fast Walsh-Hadamard transform, we only need to compute additions and subtractions, and its complexity is $\mathcal{O}(n \log n)$, being $n$ the length of the data input [30]. Besides, it is a well-known approach for dealing with physiological signals [31], [32]. In our case, we truncate the output of the Hadamard transform to the first hundred coefficients. Then, for pulling out highly entropic bytes, we have used a quantifier. In particular, we use the eight Least Significant Bits (LSBs) of each Hadamard coefficient. Previous works, with other physiological signals [33], have inspired us for the usage of the LSBs, and we have confirmed their viability by experimentation. Mathematically, the procedure followed with each data window is described as below:
$$Y_W^{(j)}(n) = abs(FWHT(x^{(j)}(t))) \quad (n = \{1, \cdots N\})$$
$$G_{(0,\ldots,7)}^{(j)}(n) = uint8((uint32(abs(Y_W^{(j)(n)} * \frac{10^5}{\pi}))) >> 24)$$
Besides, it is frequent to use a post-processing algorithm to eliminate or reduce the statistical deficiencies of random bitstreams. In the case of stationary TRNGs that produce statistically independent bits with a constant bias, one of the most extended post-processing mechanisms consists of using an XOR compressor [34]. However, in [34] Ditch presented the $H$ function, which is also a lightweight post-processing algorithm (16 XOR gates with two inputs) than in comparison to the XOR offers better performance (extracting higher entropy) for cases with high bias (see Fig.2). The $H$ function uses XOR operations and circular left rotations, as shown below:
$$H(x_1, x_2) = (x_1 \oplus (x_1 < 1) \oplus x_2$$
where “$\oplus$” symbolizes the bitwise XOR operation and “$<$” represents left circular shift rotation.
The GetRandomness procedure represents our proposed post-processing algorithm, and the output ($G$) of the
The *GetEntropy* procedure is its random input. For speeding the calculations, we split this long bit stream input into vectors \((1 \times 10^5)\), which are then reshaped into matrices \(W^{(j)}\) of \(P \times Q\) \((10^3 \times 10^2\) in our experiments) bytes. We divide each matrix into two halves \((W_1\) and \(W_2\) with \(P/2\) rows and \(Q\) columns respectively), and thereupon compute the \(H\) function over the elements of both matrices in the same position (row-\(i\) and column-\(j\)). The particularity in our proposal is that the positions rotate in the circular shift are set by the column \(j\) at play (i.e., \(j \mod 8\)). Mathematically,
\[
R(i,j) = (W_1(i,j) \oplus ((W_1(i,j) < (j \mod 8)) \oplus W_2(i,j))
\]
Then, and being somewhat conservative, and to guarantee an utterly random output without bias, we have repeated the previous process with the \(R\) matrix. Finally, this matrix is converted into a vector that represents the random bytes generated by our proposed TRNG. For testing the quality of our proposal, we have produced a file of 3.75 MB and analyzed the occurrence of each value. In detail, the probability of ones and zeros is 0.499924 and 0.500076, and the entropy is 1.0 (per bit) and 7.9999985 (per byte). Therefore, post-processing works appropriately. That is, the bits generated by our proposal are indistinguishable from those that would produce a perfect RNG. For completeness in Figure 2, we show the entropy of a file (16 MB in our experiments) for a set of probabilities of ones (and zeros) and under different post-processing algorithms (XOR, H function, our proposal). It is clear how our approach slightly outperforms the \(H\) function, which in turn surpasses the XOR.
### III. RESULTS
We have subjected the True Random Number Generator to a thorough analysis. On the one hand, we assess the quality of the Gait data as a good source of entropy using the NIST SP 800-90B recommendation [35], [36]. On the other hand, and after post-processing, we analyze the randomness quality of the proposed TRNG using well-established randomness battery of tests like DIEHARDER [37] or NIST 800-22 [38], [39]. Figure 3 sum ups the process and outlines the test suites used and each step. The tests mentioned above are very data demanding, so for testing purposes and verifying the feasibility of our design, we have created several large files from the HugaDB to perform an in-depth analysis of the proposed TRNG.
#### A. NIST SP 800-90B RECOMMENDATION: SOURCE ENTROPY ANALYSIS
Traditionally, the entropy source consisted of an analogue source of noise, for instance, the thermal noise of a diode Zenner. In our case, our analogue signal comes from six gyroscopes and six accelerometers (raw data “\(R\)” in Figure 3), and the “non-deterministic noise” has been magnified via computing differences between channels. Then, we compress the signal via Hadamard Transform. Finally, we extract bits using a quantization algorithm. The three above mentioned steps are part of the *GetEntropy* procedure, and we analysis its output “\(G\)” using the NIST SP 800-90B recommendation.
The probability that an adversary disclose a secret value at the first trial is linked with the min-entropy. Mathematically, assume \(X\) a discrete random variable that takes values defined in the set \(\{x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_k\}\) with probability \(P(X = x_i) = p_i\) \((i = 1, 2, \ldots, k)\), the min-entropy is defined as:
\[
H = \min_{1 \leq i \leq k}(-\log_2(p_i))
\]
The NIST SP 800-90B recommendation computes ten entropy estimators: 1) The Most Common Value Estimate; 2) The Collision Estimate; 3) The Markov Estimate; 4) The Compression Estimate; 5) The t-Tuple Estimate; 6) The Longest Repeated Substring (LRS) Estimate; 7) The Multi Most Common in Window Prediction Estimate; 8) The Lag Prediction Estimate; 9) The MultiMMC Prediction Estimate; and 10) The LZ78Y Prediction Estimate. Finally, the min-entropy represents the minimum value of these ten values.
In our experiments, we have generated a file of around 30 Mbit to conduct the analysis. In the Table 1 we summarize the obtained results. We can observe how the entropy for the majority of the tests is over 0.95 and in the worst case (LZ78Y prediction in which a dictionary with a maximum capacity of 65,536 words is built) is still a high entropy value (0.913). Therefore, the bits generated using the proposed *GetEntropy* procedure are suitable for cryptography.
**TABLE 1.** Min-entropy results (NIST SP 800-90B suite).
| Method | Min-Entropy |
|-------------------------------|-------------|
| Most Common Value Estimate | 0.9967 |
| Collision Estimate | 0.9339 |
| Markov Estimate | 0.9951 |
| Compression Estimate | 0.9508 |
| t-Tuple Estimate | 0.9233 |
| LRS Estimate | 0.9127 |
| MultiMCW Prediction Estimate | 0.9966 |
| Lag Prediction Estimate | 0.9965 |
| MultiMMC Prediction Estimate | 0.9973 |
| LZ78Y Prediction Estimate | 0.9970 |
| Overall estimation | 0.9127 |
The entropy ($H_I$) calculated over a single and long sequence of 1s and 0s can produce an overestimated value. If the adversary has the chance to observe data sequences after restarts conditions, it could be beneficial to predict sequences after a new restart condition. The NITS recommendation defines a restart test to assess this issue. It requires 1000 restart conditions and 1000 values are stored each time. Then, all these values are concatenated, and the test checks if the estimated entropy is less than half of the min-entropy $H_I$ obtained previously with a long sequence (0.9127 in our case). If so, the test is successful. If not, the validation fails. In our experiments, we simulate each reset condition by exposing the subject to an activity condition different from that of the current moment (e.g., sitting → walking). As shown, in Table 2, to have more certainty about the restart analysis, we have repeated the experiment five times. The results indicate that an adversary has no advantage by forcing a restart condition in the system.
**TABLE 2.** Restart tests (NIST SP 800-90B suite).
| File ID | Result |
|---------|--------|
| File-1 | Pass |
| File-2 | Pass |
| File-3 | Pass |
| File-4 | Pass |
| File-5 | Pass |
| Final min-entropy estimation | 0.913 |
**B. RANDOMNESS BATTERY OF TESTS: OUTPUT RANDOM ANALYSIS**
Once we have verified that the proposed *GetEntropy* procedure produces a highly entropic output, we need to evaluate the randomness quality of the bits (“O” output in Figure 3) generated by the *GetRandomness* procedure. In a nutshell, this procedure is based on 1) bitwise XOR operations between matrices; and 2) bitwise circular shift operations over each element (byte) of a matrix (as described in Equation 4). As explained in Section II-B, the design of the post-processing procedure is inspired by the use of the $H$ function due to its excellent properties to correct biased outputs.
As a very preliminary analysis, as display in Figure 4, we generate some bytes using our proposed TRNG and display these bytes using a scatter plot image ($128 \times 128$ bytes). From visual inspection, we do not detect any anomaly and the picture looks like the one from a random variable.
Then, we have scrutinized the proposed TRNG using well-known batteries of tests to assess randomness. For this, we have generated a large file of around 15 MBytes. We started using the ENT suite [40] since although it is not very exacting, it allows to discard bad/weak designs that commonly fails the Chi-square test. We summarise the results in Table 3 and all of them are almost perfect. For instance, the entropy is optimal, the correlation between values is minimal, there is no bias, and the chi-square test is successful (there is no suspicion of not being random).
**TABLE 3.** ENT results.
| Entropy | 7.999985 |
|-----------------|----------|
| Optimum compression | 0 % |
| Chi square | 244.55 (66.98 %) |
| Arithmetic mean value | 127.5467 |
| Monte Carlo $\pi$ value | 3.141160791 (error 0.01 %) |
| Serial correlation coefficient | 0.000331 |
As far as bias is concerned, we have performed an additional verification. In this test, we have evaluated the behaviour of the random numbers generated individually by each subject in the dataset. For this purpose, for each individual and each of her session recordings, we have generated a binary file. We have tested each file with the ENT suite. In Figure 5, we display the values obtained for the Chi-square test. Fortunately, there are no rare conditions, and the vast majority of the tests are between the mean value (255) and one (65% of the values) or two (resting 45%) standard deviations. It means that the quality of the random numbers generated is independent of the subject(s) used for the generation. That is, the subjects, and more particularly, the signals acquired from each subject behave similarly –in the sense that all of them looks like a random variable.
In 1995, Marsaglia proposed a battery of statistical tests called DIEHARD to assess the quality of a random number generator. Later, Brown revised and extended the suite (named DIEHARDER [37]). The battery is composed of seventeen tests, and a p-value summarises each one of the tests. In detail, the software uses a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to verify the uniformity in the interval \([0,1]\) when several p-values are obtained in one of the tests. Assuming an extremely conservative criterion and in line with [37], a test is marked as “pass” if the p-value is within the interval \([0.0050 - 0.9950]\), being 1% the significance level. Since many p-values are computed is not uncommon for some p-values to be out of this range: in our case, only two tests are marked as “weak” and the others are within the confidence interval (see Table 4a).
Finally, and to clear up any doubt about the randomness of the values generated, we have tested the binary file with the NIST 800-22 suite. Note that the NIST tests are very demanding and we can check the randomness quality of cryptography RNGs. The suite consists of fifteen tests, and several sequences are tested for each one. As shown in Table 4b, an overall p-value summarises each test. It also includes the number of sequences that successfully pass the test. In Figure 6, we display the minimum proportion of tests that should be got for various significance levels. For instance, 96 is the threshold for 100 sequences assuming a 1% of the significance level. We can verify that all the tests are over the required limit, and p-values are between 0.0050 and 0.9950 (\(\alpha = 0.01\)).
As a final check of all the tests, we have verified using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test that all p-values (DIEHARDER and NIST results) are uniformly distributed (the overall p-value is 0.10446). From all this, we can conclude that the analyzed file looks like binary data generated by a random variable.
### Table 4. DIEHARD and NIST tests. (a) Diehard results. (b) NIST results.
#### (a) Diehard results
| Test | p-value |
|-----------------------|------------------|
| Birthdays | 0.98470 (PASSED) |
| OPERM5 | 0.01235 (PASSED) |
| 32x32 Binary Rank | 0.20338 (PASSED) |
| 6x8 Binary Rank | 0.03818 (PASSED) |
| Bitstream | 0.95394 (PASSED) |
| OPSO | 0.02755 (PASSED) |
| OQSO | 0.01134 (PASSED) |
| DNA | 0.01398 (PASSED) |
| Count the 1s (stream) | 0.03893 (PASSED) |
| Count the 1s Test (byte) | 0.68049 (PASSED) |
| Parking Lot | 0.83992 (PASSED) |
| Minimum Distance (2d Circle) | 0.99766 (WEAK) |
| 3d Sphere (Minimum Distance) | 0.79454 (PASSED) |
| Squeeze Test | 0.21229 (PASSED) |
| Sum Test | 0.04621 (PASSED) |
| Runs | 0.89567 (PASSED) |
| | 0.38002 (PASSED) |
| Craps | 0.00016 (WEAK) |
| | 0.01184 (PASSED) |
#### (b) NIST results
| Test | p-value |
|-------------------------------|------------------|
| Frequency | 0.69931 (98/100) (PASSED) |
| Block Frequency | 0.89776 (99/100) (PASSED) |
| Cumulative Sums | 0.65753 (2/2) (98/100) (PASSED) |
| Runs | 0.55442 (98/100) (PASSED) |
| Longest Run | 0.43727 (99/100) (PASSED) |
| Rank | 0.15376 (99/100)(PASSED) |
| FFT | 0.88317 (98/100) (PASSED) |
| Non-Overlapping Template | 0.90514 (148/148) (> 98/100) (PASSED) |
| Overlapping Template Universal| 0.36692 (98/100) (PASSED) |
| Approximate Entropy | 0.79814 (99/100) (PASSED) |
| Random Excursions | 0.01943 (> 52/53) (PASSED) |
| Random Excursions Variant | 0.02686 (18/18) (> 52/53) (PASSED) |
| Serial | 0.9505 (2/2) (> 100/100) (PASSED) |
| Linear Complexity | 0.07572 (98/100) (PASSED) |
**Overall Kolmogorov-Smirnov value** | **0.10446**
### C. ADDITIONAL TESTS
Although there is no uncertainty about the excellent behaviour of our proposed RNG, we have conducted two extra tests inspired by previous works [20], [41]. Firstly, we have studied whether there exists some correlation between the random numbers generated by each subject. Note that the goal is that the inter-correlation between individuals is zero (or close to zero). If not, the attacker could exploit the knowledge of a user-X to predict the random numbers produced by another user-Y. We have grouped the binary...
data of each file (subject) into words, and then we compare the words between files via the hamming distance. Ideally, if the adversary has a zero advantage the hamming-distance between users has to follow a binomial distribution \((B(n, p))\), with mean \(n \times p\) and variance \(n \times p \times (1 - p)\), where \(n\) represents the size word and \(p = 1/2\) assuming the same probability for 1s and 0s. In Figure 7, we display the histogram for 8, 16, 32 and 64 bits word lengths. We can conclude that the advantage for an adversary is zero since the probability distributions are almost perfect with mean values of 3.99, 7.99, 15.99 and 31.99 respectively.
Finally, we have checked of the generated random bits as a keystream \((K)\). Image a one-time pad cypher in which the cypher text \(C\) is computed by XORing the message \(M\) and the key \(K\). Empirically, we display this procedure in Figure 8 in which the message \(M\) represents an image (256 x 256 greyscale image) randomly picked from the Internet. Particular, we display the histograms of the original image and the ciphered image (i.e., \(M \oplus K\)). As expected, the encryption makes the histogram uniform since \(K\) follows a uniform distribution (independent and random variable) and \(C\) is computed by XORing \(M\) and \(K\). That is, an adversary does not stand a chance to extract information from the encrypted image. Formally, we regularly use NPCR (number of pixels change rate), and UACI (uniform average change intensity) tests to evaluate the proper behaviour of image encryption cyphers regarding differential attacks [42]. For computing these two tests, we encrypt two images that in plain-text only differs by one-pixel. The resulting encrypted images, \(C^1\) and \(C^2\) are used to computed both coefficients. Shortly, NPCR represents an average value of the pixels that change, and UACI is an average value of intensity changes (in both cases between \(C^1\) and \(C^2\)). We have randomly taken five images from the Internet and calculated NPCR and UACI coefficients for each one as displayed in Table 5. We can conclude that in all the cases, the two tests pass successfully at the 0.01 significance level (taking into consideration the thresholds suggested in [43]).
IV. OUR PROPOSAL IN THE IoY CONTEXT
In the previous sections, we study the suitability of human gait data and that of the proposed algorithm for generating random numbers. In this section, we describe the features of our proposal that make it suitable for the IoY environment.
First of all, the scarcity of resources in the IoY context is one of the critical aspects of the technology. In that sense, our proposal offers a lightweight solution in terms of computational resources. As we stated before, we intend to use the sensors integrated on wearable devices so that these sensors are already present in the system, and no extra-hardware is necessary for them. Likewise, the GetEntropy procedure involving the use of the Hadamard transformation is also a
TABLE 5. NPCR and UACI randomness tests. (a) NPCR tests. (b) UACI randomness tests.
(a) NPCR Tests
| File-1 | 99.6139 % |
|--------|-----------|
| File-2 | 99.5758 % |
| File-3 | 99.6032 % |
| File-4 | 99.5895 % |
| File-5 | 99.6353 % |
Optimal value \((256 \times 256)\) [43]
| \( \text{NPCR}_{0.05} \geq 99.5693 \) |
| \( \text{NPCR}_{0.01} \geq 99.5527 \) |
| \( \text{NPCR}_{0.001} \geq 99.5341 \) |
(b) UACI Randomness Tests
| File-1 | 33.2277 % |
|--------|-----------|
| File-2 | 33.5180 % |
| File-3 | 33.5165 % |
| File-4 | 33.3346 % |
| File-5 | 33.6247 % |
Optimal value \((256 \times 256)\) [43]
| \( 33.2824\% < \text{UACI}_{0.005} \leq 33.6447\% \) |
| \( 33.2255\% \leq \text{UACI}_{0.01} \leq 33.7016\% \) |
| \( 33.1594\% \leq \text{UACI}_{0.001} \leq 33.7677\% \) |
TRNGs [19], [20]. Even it is more than six times the throughput provided by the novel TRNG proposed by Tuncer and Kaya, and that applies to a wide variety of biological signals including EEG, blood pressure or GSR [24].
V. CONCLUSION
There is a vast amalgam of applications in which IoT devices are useful or will use shortly. The incorporation (preferably by-design) of security services is mandatory to prune security incidents and to avoid continuous and frequent use of security patches. The random numbers used in security applications must comply with exigent batteries of tests. In the past, even well-know cryptographic protocols like OpenSSL or successful commercial products like the PlayStation 3 put at risk their security due to the usage of weak random-numbers. Motivated by this, we propose a new and robust TRNG based on Gait data. In the past, TRNGs were mainly built on a physical phenomenon (e.g. thermal noise or decay of a nuclear source). Still, recently solutions based on data acquired by sensors (especially when those are in or over our body) have gained fervour. In our case, we use gait data, and more particular data captured from six accelerometers and six gyroscopes (both capturing data in the standard three axes: \( x \), \( y \) and \( z \)).
Finally, it is worth mentioning the novelty of our proposal. Instead of using a classical approach based on a physical phenomenon of nature, we build our TRNG on sensors that are over our body. It means that we are a fruitful source of entropy while going through our daily activities. For this, we use gyroscope and accelerometer data which are included in a wide variety of IoT devices such as smartwatches or even smart socks for runners. We have tested the generated random number with several batteries of tests. For this extensive analysis, we can conclude that the output bits look like the ones produced by a random variable. We hope this contribution helps to make more secure IoT devices since random numbers are critical in security services and mechanisms.
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CARMEN CAMARA received the Ph.D. degree in computer science and the Ph.D. in biomedical engineering. She is currently an Assistant Professor with the Computer Security Laboratory, Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain. Her research interests are in the fields of cybersecurity in e-Health, bioengineering, and data science.
PEDRO PERIS-LOPEZ received the M.Sc. degree in telecommunications engineering and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from the Carlos III University of Madrid, Spain, in 2004 and 2008, respectively. He is currently an Associate Professor with the Department of Computer Science, Carlos III University of Madrid. His research interests are in the field of cybersecurity and e-health, digital forensics and hardware security. In these fields, he has published a large number of articles in specialized journals (57) and conference proceedings (44). His works have more than 4250 citations, and his H-index is 29. For additional information see: https://www.lightweightcryptography.com/.
HONORIO MARTÍN (Member, IEEE) received the Ph.D. degree in electronics engineering from the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain, in 2015. He is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher with the Department of Electronic Technology, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. His current research interests include the study of lightweight cryptography, hardware implementations, radio-frequency identification systems, and low-power design.
LUIS ENTRENA (Member, IEEE) received the Industrial Engineer degree from the Universidad de Valladolid, Spain, in 1998, and the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain, in 1995. From 1990 to 1993, he was with AT&T Microelectronics, Bell Labs, USA. From 1993 to 1996, he was a Technical Project Leader with TGI, Spain. Since 1996, he has been an Associate Professor with Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain, where he has served as the Head of the Electronic Technology Department and the Director of the Postgraduate Program in electrical engineering. He has coauthored over 150 articles and one patent. His current research interests include on-line testing, fault tolerance, soft error sensitivity evaluation and mitigation, hardware security, and hardware acceleration.
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COLUMBIA'S FULLS STOPS AT VANCOUVER MEET
Columbia Records Canada has pulled out all stops in an effort to make their forthcoming Vancouver product presentation/convocation one of the biggest and most successful ever to be held on the boardroom floor. The company's top executives and dates were picked to coincide with RPM's C9 meeting to be held in the same city on November 21 and 22.
Columbia's director of national sales, Bert Dunstan, has arranged for the company's full complement of retail, radio and press VIPs to Vancouver for the two-day event.
Top executives from Columbia Canada and its CBS and Epic in New York and Los Angeles will also be in attendance for the meeting as well.
The company's top executives are now underway at the Hyatt Regency's giant ballroom to accommodate Columbia's "live" presentation of new and established artists. The concert will showcase Mylène Farmer, Lenny Breau, the Barenaked and other acts, set to be filmed. Showtime has been set as 9:30PM on the 20th.
Those attending the C9 weekend and executive sessions, as well as many delegates attending the Columbia meeting will be present for the C9 weekend which, tied-in with the convention, will feature major and independent labels, should make for one of the biggest record industry functions ever held in Vancouver.
A&M DISTRIBUTION FOR JACKS' GOLDFISH LABEL
A long term distribution and promotion agreement has been signed between Goldfish Records and A&M Records Canada, the Canadian arm of the firm headed by Terry Jacks, president of the Richmond, B.C.-based company. Jacks, who is also president and Jerry Lauzonere, director of A&M's Canadian operation. The deal becomes effective immediately.
Besides Jacks, Goldfish executive is comprised of Ray Pettigrew, vice-president and general manager, Gordie Morrison, who joined Goldfish recently, with former Quebec-based record distributors in conjunction with A&M's promotion staff.
Initial single releases will be Susan Jacks' "Build The Tower" and "Crazy Talk" by Chilukian, both written by Susan Jacks, and Annette Lavigne's "I'm In Love". A tour is scheduled for the first part of November along with an album release by Terry Jacks.
Besides the above named artists and producers, Goldfish has signed a contract for Hood and newly signed Barry Greenberg. The latter, a former member of the Guess Who, is making for himself a couple of years ago with his single, "New York Is Closed Tonight", a Greenfield original.
KRAUTROCK NEW ON CANADIAN SCENE
Krautrock, the Germanic version of the Canadian record scene, will feature progressive rock groups from Germany as well as some of the country's own home-grown talent.
Initial album release will be Grobschnitt, a German group of thirteen members. The album, "Grobschnitt", is a 2LP set with heavy discounts. The group will join Jane, another Krautrock group for a university tour of Canada beginning in Toronto on October 15.
A giant push on the Krautrock label is now underway at the label's vice president and marketing director, Walter Speeg, who is also the man behind the success of making good but unknown bands, displays his Germanic manner when he says: "We have ways to make it happen."
Dieter Kuhmann of Germandisc, parent company of Krautrock, and Speeg will be making their way across Canada in the upcoming Canadian dates for Vicky Lindero (trio), who will be touring extensively through import records brought into Canada by Germandisc) who will be appearing at Toronto's Massey Hall (Sept. 24), Ottawa's Kilchenner (27) and at Hamilton Place (28).
Dylan Returns To Columbia Fold
Bob Dylan has returned to the Columbia fold after a stint and a couple of releases with Asylum Records. He is currently working on a new album and his latest single "Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Mine)" is coming out on The Band as well as on Asylum's "Blowin' In The Wind".
No details are available as to split, but it is understood that there is a new long-term agreement with Columbia.
While with Columbia Dylan became a constant Gold winner with several of his five gold and two platinum hits for RCA, Gold. These included "Blonde On Blonde", "John Wesley Harding", "Dylan" and others. Current hits include "Like A Rolling Stone", "The Times They Are A-Changin'", "Another Side Of Bob Dylan" and the youngsters from "Pat Garrett and Billy The Kid".
THE CBS FAMILY OF MUSIC '74
The Century Plaza Hotel in Century City, California became the meeting place for the CBS Records International Convention, as over 100 delegates from around the continents attended a week of meetings, shows and cultural events. It was CBS' most successful year in it's history, Pulling most of it's delegates from the U.S. with many from Europe. Delegates from around the world convention seemed to show the strength of the company's international efforts to produce people with the right brain power, intellect, and ego as necessary positive elements to make the international record business work to it's fullest potential. Not only was this the largest convention ever, but many visiting artists who either attended or performed at the daily events, were given the opportunity to meet with the chance to converse with the CBS staffs and in many cases, the artists themselves. This show almost everyone knew about the artist and the company statistics that keep him in the spotlight.
During the day label meetings, there were held concerning every aspect of the record business including the manufacturing interests to the sales, finance, marketing and promotion of the product.
In the promotional field discussions and lectures were held throughout with investigating and existing profiles of artists like the gathering of retail store reports in direct conjunction with the programming of albums and singles. The singles for airplay, the relationship discographical programming, and the use of the singles as vehicles for both the artist and product advertising.
A large portion of the week's activities concerned the announcement of new album products on the Columbia, Epic and Columbia Custom Labels. One such show was the announcement of the new current British sensation "The Wombles". Their album "Wombles" and single alone were released out by the CBS world-wide personnel, some of whom could not even believe the news, and some who were waiting to be releasing product weeks after its American debut on the market.
Also announced was a project which dealt in depth with the anti-piracy activities both current and past. Coupled with the discussion of the project was the announced edition of a booklet called "Progress Against Piracy". With the definitions of what constitutes Piracy, how does the U.S. Federal Law stand in relation to the current status of the law, and past cases in the past have lead to conviction, fines and imprisonment and what cases are being awarded currently.
The evening brought five fine dinner shows which put on numerous artists of CBS, Epic and Stax, established acts and up and coming new starters, all for the entertainment of the delegates at these events were: Mac Davis; Johnny Taylor; Janis Ian; Tammy Wynette; George Jones; Patti Santos; Loggins and Messina; Tom Rush; Freddie Hubbard; Blood, Sweat and Tears; David Myles; The Youngbloods; The Electric Prickly; Charlie McCoy; Charlie Rich; Earth, Wind and Fire; The Staple Singers; and The Beach Boys. Rumours were also flying on the Wednesday night of the week that a major super star was going to be announced. It was made sure enough by Friday the announcement was made that the super star of the week had been re-signed to the Columbia label. Oddly enough Paul Atkinson from CBS England had told me that same information two days before, and there's no telling when he heard it from.
The highlight of the evening shows was the Saturday night wind-up, jacket and tie event. Although almost two and a half hours late in arriving, the show, the evening and convention were dazzled to a finish by Barbra Streisand.
Barbara's peak at her Vegas performance she sang some of the old hits and some of the new album material to bring the entire audience of guests to tears for several minutes before she left the stage after a fast forty minutes.
MCA LAVISHES ATTENTION ON OLIVIA NEWTON-JOHN
To promote Australian singer, Olivia Newton-John's appearance in Vancouver last week, MCA Records pulled out all stops, hosting a major press reception, arranging for a special television tie-in, and taking advantage of the appearance to solidify Miss Newton-John's successes on the local market.
MCA's Barry Ryan set up the press party at the prestigious Hyatt Regency. More than 100 guests of press and radio came from throughout British Columbia. Additionally, the event was covered extensively by radio and television stations announcing the arrival of MCA's "Two F's", Miss Newton-John's second album, in the West coast city.
Although the August 17th appearance at the Queen Elizabeth Theatre with local group Alexex was not a sell out, much positive reaction was caused, considerably strengthening the chances of a sold-out return appearance.
MCA's sales people, Bill Tait and George Burns, worked with the Newton-John push, setting up attractive window displays in drug store accounts to coincide with the appearance.
NAZARETH FIRMS CANADIAN DATES
A&M Canada are on the planning stages of the first major Canadian tour by Nazareth, led by their front man, Dan McCafferty. The label's network of promotion people are now scheduling window and in-store displays, mail outs etc. to tie-in with the dates.
Kick-off date will be at the Arts Centre in Ottawa on October 21 followed by London (23), Forum/Hamilton (26), Kingston (27), Toronto (28), Montreal (1), Halifax (2), Halifax (3-5-6), Calgary (24) and Edmonton (25). Other dates are now being negotiated in Vancouver, Quebec City and Three Rivers.
The CBS 1974 Convention was co-ordinated by Chris Wright, Director of Market Planning and Promotion at CBS Canada, and Bob Monck and Abe Jacob of CMI Consultants, who took care of the stage production for the stage shows and the presentations. John Rowlands.
RPM'S DEADLINE FOR AD RESERVATIONS TUESDAY NOVEMBER 19
"BOOGIE" continued from page 1 goal, from RCA's standpoint, is to bring more attention to the Canadian music audience. Canada has a wealth of talent and a number of existing shows. It is that we feel when an opportunity presents itself to create a new show, we can bring our talent to the public that it is our responsibility to do so.
Music will play a major part in the format (current and future) and will spin out of interviews with well known on-air personalities, record company execs, writers etc.
Saturday, November 23 with same day television (prime time) will be scheduled. Plans are also underway to offer "Boogie" for syndication across Canada.
CAMERON TOURS ATLANTIC PROVINCES
Sunday night began for John Allen Cameron as featured performer at the Canada Day Festivals on Parliament Hill with a live audience of 35,000 and televised on French and English CBC TV. The next day's engagement in North Bay was followed by the Cariboo Festival in Prince George (30-31), Kenora and the Winnipeg Festival (9-11) for concerts as well as workshops moved him into his 12 city tour circuit in the Atlantic provinces.
The first of his concerts began in Iona (14) followed by Charlottetown (15), Nova Scotia (17), St. John's (19-20), Corner Brook (21), St. Ann's, Nova Scotia (22), Halifax (23), Dartmouth (24), Sydney (25), Fredericton (27), and wrapping up his tour in Victoria (29).
The John Allen Cameron show features Robbie MacNeill and Balmain's recently acquired artist Bruce Murray as special guests. Additional guest performers will be Skip Beckwith (bassist) and Bonnie Brick with (vocalist).
STAMPEDERS' PRODUCT RELEASED DOWN UNDER
Negotiations have been finalized for the Australian release of the new album, "Rubies, Dudes & Rowdies". The Music World Creations album will be distributed by the Melbourne-based Image Records. The deal was finalized with J.E. McDonald, distributor for Image Records and also intends to release the Stampeder's "From The Fire" album and a new single from their latest album, "New Day".
The above announcement was made by Graham Smith, vice-president and general manager of Quality Records Limited. The Stampeder's Music World Creations label is distributed in Canada by Quality.
GERMANDISC & SCHWEIZER OPEN TORONTO OPERATION
Music Plus is a new record and tape store that will be the first to be specializing in European product as well as top selling Northern Hemisphere product.
The store has been opened by Germandisc of Toronto and Schweizer Design of Dusseldorf and features the latest in sales incentives, German and Swiss product and the best records stores in Toronto to install listening booths. A 10% discount will be offered to anyone in the new store and is connected to the newest in colour-organ and designed styled record racks. There will be a record play area too — and the store is location — at the entrance to the Bay Street subway station.
C.I.T. OPENS NEW OFFICES
Canadian International Talent (C.I.T.) have announced the opening of their first phase in their overall expansion plans. The move is a result of the company's prosperity because of a continuous increase in business and staff over the past year.
Plans for the new offices call for the construction of ten, sound proof, air-conditioned rehearsal studios, within a building to be erected by Canadian International Studios. Labour Day of this year has been set as the target date.
The above announcement was made by Ross White, of the Burlington, Ontario-based C.I.T.
COLUMBIA PULLS STOPS ON VANCOUVER MEET
Columbia Records Canada has pulled all stops in an effort to make their forthcoming Vancouver product presentation/convention one of the biggest in history. The cordial meetings to ever be held on the West Coast of North America, 1000 delegates were picked to coincide with Columbia's 9th meet to be held in the city on May 23-25.
Columbia's director of promotion, Terry Dumas, has arranged for the largest group of retail buyers, radio and press TPs to Vancouver for the two day event.
On top executives from Columbia Canada as well as CBS New York and Los Angeles, expected to attend the meeting as well.
The convention sessions will now be underway at the Hyatt Regency's giant ballroom to accommodate Columbia's 1000 delegates, presentation of new unreleased artists. The concert will showcase Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators, KC and the Sunshine Band acts, as yet to be filmed. Showtime has been set as 9:30PM on the 20th.
Those attending the C9 weekend and a day before, and there's no telling when he heard it.
The highlight of the evening show was the Saturday night wind-up, jacket and tie event. Almost two hours and a half hours late in arriving, the audience at the convention were dazzled to a finish by Barbra Streisand.
In a quick peek at her Vegas performance she sang some of the old hits and some of the new album material to bring the entire room full of guests into the festivities. Minutes before she left the stage after a fast forty minutes.
KRAUTROCK NEW ON CANADIAN SCENE
Krautrock, a new label from the Canadian record scene, will feature progressive rock groups from Germany as well as some Canadian artists with international talent.
Initial album release will be Goldschmied, a German group of thirteen members. The group is made up of 7 former German industry discounts. The group will join Jane, another Krautrock group for a university tour in Canada, and a European tour in late September.
A giant plant on the Krautrock label is now being run by the label's vice-president and marketing director, John Spiegel. He says that the problems of breaking good but unknown bands, displays his German humour when he says: "We have says they are not good."
Dieter Kuhlmann of Germandisc, parent company of Krautrock, and Spiegel will be involved in the label's expansion to the upcoming Canadian dates for Vicky Leandri (June 24) and Jane (July 16). Through import records brought into Canada by Germandisc) who will appear at Toronto's Massey Hall (June 23), at the Kitchener (27) and at Hamilton Place (28).
THE CBS FAMILY OF MUSIC '74
The Century Plaza Hotel in Century City, California became the meeting place for the CBS Records International Convention, as delegates from all over the continents attended a week of meetings, shows and parties. The convention was the most successful year in its history, Pulling most of its delegates from the West Coast.
Delegates from all around the world the convention seemed to allow the strength of the CBS family to shine through. People with the right brain power, intellect, and ego as necessary human ingredients to make the music business the world business work to its fullest potential. Not only was this convention a great success for many visiting artists who either attended or performed at the daily events, it was through the convention that the chance to converse with the CBS standards and in many cases, to get a first hand look at how much almost everyone knew about the artist and the company statistics that keep the line of business running.
During the day label meetings were held concerning every aspect of the record business from the manufacturing interests to the sales, finance, marketing and promotion departments.
In the promotional field discussions and lectures were held on publicity, with investigations and existing profiles of the like the gathering of retail store reports in direct conjunction with the programming of albums. There was also a lot of talk for airplay, the relationships, discographies play, the use of the radio and television vehicles for both the artist and product advertising.
A large portion of the week's activities concerned the various releases of new album products on the Columbia, Epic and Columbia Custom Labels. One such show was the presentation of the current British sensation "The Wombles" Thirty albums on the Columbia alone were worked on by the CBS world-wide personnel, some of whom would not even know what the Wombles were, who would be releasing product weeks after its American debut in the market.
Another meeting was a meeting which dealt in depth with the anti-piracy activities both current and past. Coupled with the discussion of the new anti-piracy record edition of a booklet called "Progress". Again, with the current and past definitions of what constitutes Piracy, how does the U.S. Federal Law stand in relationship to the Canadian law? What cases in the past have lead to conviction, fines and punishment and what cases are being awarded currently.
The evening brochure five (the dinner show) was put out staged presentations of CBS, Epic and Stax, established acts and up and coming new stars. Some of the highlights in the spotlight at these events were: Mac Davis; Johnny Taylor; Jack Jones; Loggins and Messing; Tom Rush; Freddy Hubbard; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Van McCoy; Charlie Rich; Johnny Paycheck; Charlie McCoy; Charlie Rich; Earth, Wind & Fire; The Doobie Brothers; Wolfman, Runaways were also flying on the Wednesday night of the week that the major super star was announced that the label had just turned over to the Columbia label. Oddly enough Paul Atkinson from CBS England had told me that same information two days before, and there's no telling when he heard it.
The highlight of the evening show was the Saturday night wind-up, jacket and tie event. Almost two hours and a half hours late in arriving, the audience at the convention were dazzled to a finish by Barbra Streisand.
In a quick peek at her Vegas performance she sang some of the old hits and some of the new album material to bring the entire room full of guests into the festivities. Minutes before she left the stage after a fast forty minutes.
MCA LAVISHES ATTENTION ON OLIVIA NEWTON-JOHN
The week's Australian pop star, Olivia Newton-John, appeared in Vancouver last week, MCA Records pulled all stops, hosting a major press reception, arranging for radio and TV radio interviews, taking advantage of the appearance to solidify Miss Newton-John's successes on the local charts.
MCA's Barry Ryan set up the press party at the prestigious Hyatt Regency Hotel, introducing Olivia to the media (radio people from throughout British Columbia, Addis atop the list) and the media (radio and television stations announcing the arrival of MCA's "Top 15", Miss Newton-John's latest single) from the west coast city.
Although the August 1st appearance at the Queen Elizabeth Theatre with local group Alexis was not a sell out, much positive reaction was caused, considerably strengthening the chances of a sold-out return appearance.
MCA's sales rep, Bill Tall and George Harris were with the Newton-John push, setting up attractive window displays in each record accounts to coincide with the appearance.
NAZARETH FIRMS CANADIAN DATES
A&M Canada are in on the planning stages of the film Nazareth Canadian tour by Nazareth, the famous English rock group. The label's network of promotion people are now scheduling window and in-store displays, bill boards etc. to tie-in with the tour.
Kick-off date will be at the Arts Centre in Ottawa (Aug. 21) followed by Toronto (23) Forum/Hamilton (26), Kingston (27), Toronto (28), Montreal (29), Halifax (30), Winnipeg (4-5), Calgary (24) and Edmonton (25). Other dates are now being negotiated in Vancouver, Quebec City and Three Rivers.
The British group has been touring in Canada since then. "This Fighting Time" single along with their "Rampart" album, being maintained between on RPM's album and chart lists. The album features sixties as two part Canadian content (M-L).
RADA RECORDS ACTIVITY ON NEW RELEASES
Baby-banana Rada Records is once again active in the singles market. An independent company this week released product by country artist, Ed Corcoran in the form of his single "I'm Gonna Carouse and Rejoice". "So Sorry Darling", Corona was formerly with Prairie Records is "Summertime" scheduled for release this week. "Summertime" love by the recently signed group, Imagine. "Summertime" is the first single from the band's label. Both singles were recorded at Sound North in Vancouver.
Unbeknownst to Rada, a newer Land /f's "High Rollin' Woman Blues" by Donna Woodward. The Canadian artist is seen again on the label's product list following a serious traffic accident some months ago.
Saturday tans with same day televising (prime time) will be scheduled. Plans are also underway to offer "Boogie" for syndication across Canada.
SEE YOU AT C9 - VANCOUVER
CAMERON TOURS ATLANTIC PROVINCES
Sunday night began the tour of Ken Cameron as featured performer at the Canada Day Festivals on Parliament Hill with a live audience of 35,000 and televised on French and English CBC Television. The engagement in North Bay was followed by the Canada Day Festival (Ottawa 14-16), Kenora and the Winnipeg Festival (9-11) for concerts as well as workshops moved him into an 11 city concert tour in the Atlantic provinces.
The first of his concerts began in Iona (14) and continued on to Halifax (15), Nova Scotia (17), St. John's (19-20), Corner Brook (21), St. Anne's, Newfoundland (22), Moncton (23), Fredericton (24), Saint John (25), Fredericton (27), and wrapping up his tour in Montreal (28).
The Jim Allen Cameron show features Robbie MacNeill and Balmer's recently acquired artist Bruce Murray as special guest. The next stop on the tour will be Skip Beckwith (bassist) and Bonnie Beckwith (vocalist).
STAMPEDERS' PRODUCT RELEASED DOWN UNDER
Negotiations have been finalized for the Australian release of the Stampede album, "Rubes, Dudes & Rowdies". The Music World Creations album was produced by the Melbourne-based Image Records. The deal was finalized with J.E. McDonald, director of Image Records and intends to release the Stampede's "From The Fire" album and a new single from their latest album, "New Day".
The above announcement was made by George Smith, president and general manager of Quality Records Limited.
The Stampede's Music World Creations label is distributed in Canada by Quality.
GERMANDISC & SCHWEIZER OPEN TORONTO OPERATION
Music Plus is a new record and tape store on the cutting edge music scene specializing in European product as well as top selling North American product.
The store has been opened by Germandisc of Toronto and Schweizer of Design of Dusseldorf and features the best of the Beatles, German, Luxemburg and one of the first record stores in Toronto to install listening booths. The store is located in the heart of the new store and is connected to the newest in colour-organ and designer styled record shop in the city. The location is unique... and the store, is its location - at the entrance to the Bay Street subway station.
C.I.T. OPENS NEW OFFICES
Canadian International Talent (C.I.T.) have opened a new office in Toronto and first phase in their overall expansion plans. The move was made because of a continuous increase in business and staff over the past year.
Phase one of the expansion plans call for the construction of ten sound proof, air-conditioned rehearsal studios, all within the confines of the building at Canadian International Studios. Labour Day of this year has been set as the opening date.
The above announcement was made by Ross White, of the Burlington, Ontario-based C.I.T.
LETTERS to the editor
TO THE EDITOR:
INDUSTRY PEOPLE READ RPM?????
Aug. 6/74
I would like to extend my congratulations to the industry people in the west read RPM. In the ten days following the first entry in the RPM Play List received, I have had a number of letters and calls from Ramsey, of Taylor, Pearson and Carson in Vancouver, B.C., and from the east coast, asking us to send them reprints of your magazine and asking to be placed on the RPM mailing list. We have started a new recording company in Vancouver, B.C.
The prophets of doom, the mourners of doletry, will be overwhelmed by the new generation of competent, creative, confident artists who have come to prominence over whom their predecessors demonstrated their freshness of mind, their talent and their capacity for inspired leadership.
Pierre Lureau
TO THE EDITOR:
YOU AND THE MUSIC BUSINESS AVAILABLE TO INDUSTRY
July 24/74
Thank you for your article in your issue of June 1974 in which you announced the publication of "You And The Music Business". The article and the copies of the book were sent to all members of CAPAC only. While the book was written in my role as General Manager of the Composers, Authors and Publishers Association of Canada, I do want to make it clear that the book - intended as a guide for composers and for publishers - is available to anyone involved in music in Canada.
This is an important point, because the book was prepared to help answer the questions that professionals as well as newcomers frequently ask me. I did not intend to restrict distribution to members of CAPAC only.
Copies of "You And The Music Business" are available, on written request, from CAPAC offices in Toronto (1240 Bay Street, 3rd floor) or Montreal (1500 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3G T2G).
John V. Mills, Q.C.
General Manager
CAPAC
Toronto
AN ERROR IN PRICE!
Aug. 12/74
Thanks so much for the copies of RPM Weekly, August 10 edition, and we are delighted with the review of our book The Wash And Wear Canvas, by Maurice Farge and John Mills. The price advertised on the book is $3.95 and not $8.95, and we are wondering whether you were kind enough to advise your readers of the correct price.
Once again, many thanks,
Eve Orren
President
Lester and Orren Ltd.
Toronto
(Ed: Our apologies.)
ANNE MURRAY GUESTS WITH LOGGINS & MESSINA
A friendly, warm crowd came out to the amphitheatre at Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood last week. The capacity audiences each night were treated to the talents of Loggins and Messina with their special guest Anne Murray. A more appropriate combination of show would be hard to find and the folks there deserved the best. They certainly appreciated it for what it was worth. As an advertised 8:15 start Anne came dashing out on the stage, wearing the outfit of her band Richard, which was augmented for these concerts by the addition of a saxophone and the fine vocal support of Laurel Ward and Diane Brown. Welcoming the crowd with smiles and comments about the New York Central Park concert a few days before, she said that she preferred the southern California shows, and with a loud wave of applause and great enthusiasm, she took the stage. (She was for what proved to be a good evening of sights and sounds, and the only one of the night's sound distortion problem (the amphitheatre is cemented). Anne breezed through a fast forty-seven minute set, and between songs introduced her two Kenny Loggins hits, some of her latest singles, and even a few oldies, and ended with "You Won't See Me". The concerts on the two following nights fell into the same pattern, but the sound problems had been corrected. The opening act was a group of musicians, Terry Black, Andy Kim, Brian Russell, Brenda Scott and Barry Fitzgerald amongst other well-known names. After Anne's set, the last night of Anne's tour, things got interesting when she and the band left the stage and hopped into a helicopter with strobe lights afflicting swooped loudly over the heads of the assembled. Apparently just for the fun of it, they flew around for they were filming some night scenes for "Marcus Welby, M.D." and then headed off on their way to a landing scene. With a little poetic justice, Anne's song will bleed into the sound track.
John Rowlands
Capital's Anne Murray with Loggins and Messina at Hollywood concert.
It was particularly interesting to see some of the Hollywood movie stars, back-stage, signing up appointments to peddle their songs. Some Maritimers have a rough time trying to crack Toronto, but this bunch of Maritimers attract Hollywood and L.A. offers and opportunities like Amherst, Nova Scotia attracts tourists? Figure that one out.
When in Hollywood it's hard to get away from the movie and television thing and on the...
**RPM100 Top Singles (51-100)**
| Rank | Title | Artist/Label |
|------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| 51 | HAPPINESS IS JUST AROUND THE BEND | Bill Withers |
| | | RCA APRO 0395-N |
| 52 | ALL SHOOK UP | Elvis Presley |
| | | Sun 21345 |
| 53 | DON'T KNOCK MY LOVE | Duane Ross & Marilyn Cage |
| | | Warner Bros 1767 |
| 54 | SWEET HOME ALABAMA | Lynyrd Skynyrd |
| | | Epic 17801 |
| 55 | MOST LIKELY YOU'LL GO YOUR WAY (AND I'LL GO MINE) | Big Country & The Band |
| | | Asylum 6014 |
| 56 | SIANG ALANG | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 57 | YOU LITTLE TRUSTMAKER | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 58 | I HONESTLY LOVE YOU | Lyle Lovett |
| | | John 1001 |
| 59 | WATERLOO | Abba |
| | | Atlantic 3035-P |
| 60 | EYES OF GOLD | Elton John |
| | | Warner Bros. 7832-P |
| 61 | RIVER'S RUN | Edgar Winter |
| | | Warner Bros. 1414-L |
| 62 | THAT'S NOT HOW IT GOES | Bloodstone |
| | | United Artists 105-K |
| 63 | MOONLIGHT SPECIAL | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 64 | I CAN'T SAVE HIM AND HE DANCED WITH HIS WIFE | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 65 | STEPPIN' OUT (GONNA BOOGIE TONIGHT) | Tom Jones and Queen |
| | | Epic 17801 |
| 66 | I WANT YOU TO LOVE ME | Susan Jack |
| | | United Artists 104-K |
| 67 | GOOD DAY | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 68 | LOVE WILL SET YOU FREE | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 69 | DON'T CROSS HORSES (IN THE MIDDLE OF STREAM) | Town Of Plover |
| | | Warner Bros. 7832-P |
| 70 | LARACHE MY EYE | Chuck & Chong |
| | | United Artists 104-K |
| 71 | KALIMBA STORY | Lynyrd Skynyrd |
| | | Epic 17801 |
| 72 | A NEW ROCK & ROLL | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 73 | IF YOU'D HAVE BEEN ME | Neil Diamond |
| | | Reprise 14932 |
| 74 | LOVER'S CROSS | Neil Diamond |
| | | Reprise 14932 |
| 75 | ROSES ARE RED | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
**RPM Top 100 Singles**
**ALPHABETICALLY BY TITLE**
| Rank | Title | Artist/Label |
|------|--------------------------------------------|-----------------------|
| 76 | DO IT BABY | Motown 54248F-Y |
| 77 | JIMMY MACK | Phil Spector |
| | | Phil Spector 2193-1 |
| 78 | SUGAR LUMP | Little Nellie |
| | | United Artists 2163-1 |
| 79 | NEVER MY LOVE | Billy Joel |
| | | Capitol 3601-F |
| 80 | TELL HER LOVE HAS FELT THE NEED | Motown 54248F-Y |
| 81 | FREEDOM FOR THE STALLION | Warner Bros. 7832-P |
| 82 | MANY TERRITORIES TO CROSS | Nicky Hopkins |
| | | RCA 10203-N |
| 83 | SECOND AVENUE | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 84 | SURFIN' U.S.A. | Beach Boys |
| | | Capitol 3524-F |
| 85 | TITAN MAN | Jimi Hendrix |
| | | Warner Bros. WB 7839-P|
| 86 | LET'S GET IT ON | Alice Cooper |
| | | Epic 17801 |
| 87 | LOVE YOU BACK TO GEORGIA | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 88 | PEPPER BOX | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor EV 213-50 |
| 89 | PUT OUT THE LIGHT | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 90 | THROW A PENNY | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 91 | CLICHES | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 14247-7 |
| 92 | YOU'RE WELCOME, STOP ON BY | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 93 | CANT' GET ENOUGH | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 94 | CAREFREE HIGHWAY | Gordon Lightfoot |
| | | United Artists 103-P |
| 95 | LOVE IS THE ANSWER | Van McCoy |
| | | Atlantic 4393-U |
| 96 | TRAVELLIN' PRAYER | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 97 | ANOTHER LOVE | Karen Carpenter |
| | | United Artists 104-M |
| 98 | SKIN TIGHT | Little Nellie |
| | | United Artists 2163-1 |
| 99 | STOP AND SMELL THE ROSES | The Tengah |
| | | Polydor 2006-234-0 |
| 100 | WOMBING SUMMER PARTY | Wanda Jackson |
| | | Columbia 3-10213-H |
**DEADLINE FOR ADS - TUESDAY NOON**
**THIS IMPORTANT AD SPACE IS AVAILABLE.**
For further information phone RPM (416) 425-0299.
**RPM WEST**
**john watts**
For years a lot of people, including me, have spent time making predictions that western Canada was an ideal breeding ground for talent to emerge from among its ranks. Many westerners had to search and sometimes physically move east or south in order to get discovered. They had to pile their earthy wares into a beat up Cadillac and drive to the capital of board room might, Toronto. The illustrious Guess Who, although retaining their ties with the prairies, have now sold up an American following before they 'arrived'. In the meantime, in the land, Terry Jacks sitting on top of a seven million seller, still lives around the corner from me in West Vancouver. He is enjoying the clean air of British Columbia.
If you look at the western end of the country, you will see a lot of encouragement, including composer Gene MacLellan and producer Bob Ezrin, who have left the staked shores of home for the brighter lights and bigger bucks of Toronto to really make a go of it. The question is, how long can most people are going to have to pull up stakes and move to the big city to be heard from in order to get the exposure and use the technical facilities which lie in wait, but in many ways it's too late.
Although I recognize the commercial realities of the music business, it seems to me when you start drawing people from place like Toronto you lose the very thing you were trying to find. To take a man like Valdy, he is discovered by the Beatles Records, in order to get him near his studios, hear officials have to fly him out of Vancouver, put him up on the forty-ninth floor of Wood Tower in scenic Scarborough, Ontario.
**HEAVY QUALITY PROMO ON DAWN'S "GOLDEN RIBBONS"**
Quality Records has cut into its heavy national promotion of the release of Dawn's special Bell Records U.K. album release of "Golden Ribbons". The album is available only in the U.K. and Canada and features a collection of past greats including "Candide" and "Tie A Yellow Ribbon".
Quality has set up a special area to work the album first, with 30-second television spots, special display stock imprinted with "As Advertising" and "Dawn" and posters on the album, in-store play copies of the album along with free tickets to concerts and give-away programs for radio stations.
The two-week promo campaign will be backed up by Dawn's appearance in Canada commencing at the Pacific National Exhibition in Vancouver (Aug. 24), the Longines Fair (Sept. 11) in Montreal, the Arena Saint John (26) and the Louis Levesque Arena in Moncton (21).
**JACKS READYING NEW SINGLE**
Terry Jacks, still packing a large sized sales rush with his "If You Go Away" single (see Montreal section) is now working on his next single release. He is preparing a new single for the Bell complex for future U.S. releases.
Jack's "In The Sun" single is still being made in Europe and in Germany where it was voted the Record Of The Year and in the UK where it is still an active chart entry. The single has sold over fifteen and a half million in the world and more than 1.5 million in the U.S., making it the largest selling single in the history of the Canadian music business. Although Jacks is saying that "In The Sun" is not "Christina", a self-penned, Production is taking place at Vancouver's Can-Base studios, in Europe and in Germany.
**LA-GO MUSIC TO DIST. PICKWICK**
Pickwick Records of Canada have announced that Vancouver-based La-Go Music Ltd. as exclusive Pickwick distributors for the British Columbia territory. The recent deal covers both disc and tape product. Heading up the La-Go operation is Gordon Everingham, who formerly was manager of Pickwick.
In addition to distributing Pickwick product, it is expected that La-Go will be picking up other lines for distribution in British Columbia.
### RPM100 Top Singles (51-100)
| Rank | Artist | Title | Label | Catalog |
|------|--------|-------|-------|---------|
| 51 | HAPPINESS IS JUST AROUND THE BEND | Jimi Hendrix | RCA | APBB-0396-N |
| 52 | ALL SHOOK UP | Elvis Presley | RCA | 7-8401 |
| 53 | DON'T KNOCK MY LOVE | Diana Ross & Marvin Gaye | Motown | 5-6248F-Y |
| 54 | SUGAR LUMP | Little Heywood | Capitol | 1-2102-I |
| 55 | SWEET HOME ALABAMA | Loretta Lynn | RCA | 7-8402 |
| 56 | MOST LIKELY YOU'LL GO YOUR WAY (AND I'LL GO MINE) | The Byrds | Atco | 11-034-8 |
| 57 | CHANGA-LANG | The Staple Singers | Atlantic | 7-8403 |
| 58 | YOU'LL BE A TRUSTMAKER | The Byrds | Atco | 11-034-9 |
| 59 | I HONESTLY LOVE YOU | Chuck Mangione | John | 7-8404 |
| 60 | WATERLOO | Otis Redding | Atlantic | 30-529 |
| 61 | EYES OF SILVER | The Byrds | Warner Bros. | 78-739-P |
| 62 | RIVER OF DREAMS | Edgar Winter | Warner Bros. | 78-740-P |
| 63 | THAT'S NOT HOW IT GOES | Blossom Dearie | London | 105-65 |
| 64 | MOONLIGHT SPECIAL | Roy Orbison | B.M.W. | 691-4 |
| 65 | I SAW A MAN AND HE DANCED WITH HIS WIFE | The Byrds | MCA | 40273-3 |
| 66 | STAYIN' OUT (ODENA BOOGIE TONIGHT) | Long John & The Jam | Warner Bros. | 78-741-P |
| 67 | I WANT YOU TO LOVE ME | Susan Jacks | Arista | 439-4-K |
| 68 | GOOD DAY | The Byrds | Warner Bros. | 78-737-P |
| 69 | LOVE WILL GET YOU | Fleetwood Mac | Warner Bros. | 78-738-P |
| 70 | DON'T CHANGE HORSES (IN THE MIDDLE OF STREAM) | Tower Of Power | Warner Bros. | 78-742-P |
| 71 | KALUMBA STORY | The Byrds | Warner Bros. | 78-743-P |
| 72 | A NEW ROCK & ROLL REVOLUTION FOR KIT KAT | The Byrds | Warner Bros. | 78-744-P |
| 73 | DRUNK I'VE BEEN ME | Bob Seger | Warner Bros. | 78-745-P |
| 74 | LOVER'S CROSS | Merle Haggard | MGM | 1215-M |
| 75 | ROSES ARE RED | The Byrds | Warner Bros. | 78-746-P |
### RPM Top 100 Singles
#### ALPHABETICALLY BY TITLE
- All Shook Up (52)
- Annie's Song (23)
- Another Day (1)
- Another Saturday Night (20)
- Baby, I Love You (37)
- Brother & Me (41)
- Can't Get Enough (93)
- Can't Help Falling In Love Babe (16)
- Carefree Highway (94)
- Carry On My Wayward Son (19)
- Clothes (91)
- Come On (76)
- Don't Let Go (105)
- Don't Knock My Love (63)
- Don't Let Me Down on Me (14)
- Earache My Eye (70)
- Every Breath You Take (47)
- Forever & Ever (47)
- Good Vibrations (4)
- Freedom for the Stallion (81)
- Give In To Me (78)
- Hang In There Baby (73)
- Here Comes The Sun (Around the Bend) (51)
- I Feel Like Makin' Love (9)
- I'm Your Man (Around the Bend) (58)
- I Love My Friend (40)
- I Want You (42)
- Shot the Sheriff (2)
- Stand By Me (66)
- If You Go Away (45)
- I'll Always Be True to You (8)
- I'll Only Love You Once (31)
- I'm Only in Love (31)
- Kalimba Story (71)
- Keep Me in Your Heart (51)
- Kung Fu (34)
- Let's Stay Together (24)
- Letters (88)
- Let's Get It On (Answer) (95)
- Love Will Get You (68)
- Love You More Than Georgia (87)
- Love's Cost Me (71)
- Machine Gun (37)
- Midnight Express (92)
- Moonlight Special (63)
- Never Gonna Give You Up (55)
- Never My Love (79)
- Night Train (A-Train) (72)
- Night Chicago Died, The (6)
- Night Train to Memphis (88)
- People Gotta Move (39)
- Please Come to Boston (4)
- Put Out the Fire (35)
- Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head (29)
- Risiki Don't Lose That Number (29)
- Rock Steady (62)
- River's Rising (61)
- Runaway Train (42)
- Rock Me Gently (7)
- Runaway Train (42)
- Roses Are Red (75)
- Second Avenue (83)
- She's So Fine (158)
- Shinin' On (15)
- Shining Star (137)
- Skin Tight (98)
- Smell the Roses (65)
- Stop and Smell the Roses (99)
- Sweet Dreams (38)
- Sugar Lump (78)
- Sweet Dreams (38)
- Sure As I'm Sittin' Here (18)
- Sweet Dreams (38)
- Sweet Home Alabama (10)
- Sweet Home Alabama (10)
- Tell Her Love Has Felt the Need (80)
- That's Everything Good (28)
- That's Not How It Goes (52)
- Then Came You (38)
- This Is the Night (57)
- Throw A Penny (30)
- Time After Time (38)
- Tin Man (85)
- Too Much Forever (96)
- Walk on (46)
- What Do You Think You Are (22)
- Who Do You Think You Are (22)
- Wildwood Weed (3)
- Wildwood Weed Party (100)
- You & Me Against the World (121)
- You Can't Stop the Beat (100)
- You Haven't Done Nothin' (80)
- You're Gonna Miss Me (100)
- You're Welcome, Stop On By (92)
For years a lot of people, including me, have spent time making predictions that western Canada was ideal breeding ground for talent. It was a place where nothing was doing for many westerners had to search and sometimes physically move east or south in order to get ahead. Calgary, for example, has piled their earthly wares into a beat up old truck and driven 1000 miles in search of board room might, Toronto, the illustrious Guess Who, although returning to the city after a long absence, had to build up an American following before they ventured back. On the other hand, Terry Jacks sitting on top of a seven million seller, still lives around the corner from me in British Columbia.
If you look at the entire east of the country, did any of these artists emerge without composer Gene MacLellan and producer Brian Allen? They were the two cracked shores of home for the brighter lights and bigger bucks of Toronto to really make a go of it. The fact is that the eastern people are going to have to pull up stakes and move west. They have no choice. In order to get the exposure and use the technical facilities which lie in wait, but which many feel is a crutch.
Although I recognize the commercial realities of the music business, I seem to think when you start dragging people into a place like Toronto you often lose the very thing you were seeking to find: a tape like "Valley", a disc discovered by the Reel Records. In order to get him near the studios, head offices and record companies, Terry Jacks had to move west. He was forced to move him up on the forty-ninth floor of Woodrow Towers in scenic Scarborough, Ontario.
### Heavy Quality Promo On Dawn's "Golden Ribbons"
Quality Recordings has sent out a heavy national promotion for the release of Dawn's special U.K. album release of "Golden Ribbons". The album is available only in the U.K., and includes a collection of past greats including "Candida" and "I'm A Yellow Ribbon".
Quality Recordings also sent out a heavy national promotion for the release of Dawn's special U.K. album release of "Golden Ribbons". The album is available only in the U.K., and includes a collection of past greats including "Candida" and "I'm A Yellow Ribbon".
Jacks' "Seasons In The Sun" single is still doing well in the U.K., and in Germany where it was voted the Record Of The Year and in the UK where it is still an active chart item. The single has sold over a million and a half million in the world and more than 100,000 in Canada making it one of the largest selling singles in the history of the Canadian music business. Although Jacks' next single will be "Christina", a self-pennning. Production is taking place at Vancouver's Can-Base studios.
### La-Go Music To Dist. Pickwick
Pickwick Records of Canada have announced an agreement with independent label La-Go Music Ltd. as exclusive Pickwick distributors for the British Columbia territory. The recent signing deal includes both labels and the product. Heading up the La-Go operation is Gordon Everingham, who formerly was general manager of Pickwick.
In addition to distributing Pickwick product, it is expected that La-Go will be picking up other lines for distribution in British Columbia.
**CANADIAN ZEPHYR ENJOYING CHART AND BOOKING ACTION**
Canadian Zephyr, comprised of John Hayman, Garth Bourne and Gordon Logan, have found a niche for themselves in the music industry with their "country/contemporary" sound. Their United Artists release, "I'm Gonna Be Your Man," has been recorded or played at stations from coast to coast in Canada, Their single, as well as their most recent single, "I'm Gonna Be Your Man," was produced in Toronto by Craig Kuhnke a recording star in his own right and making national gains with his United Artists single, "Summa Girl."
Garth is somewhat of a legend in the country music world having worked with big band sounds. His lengthy association with CBC-TV as well as a period of time spent in the Los Angeles area, has brought him into contact with many of the top names in country music: Maynard Ferguson, Sammy Davis Jr., Buddy Ebsen, Stan Kenton and many others. It was during this period he organized the 1964 Canadian Academy Award winning "A Place In The Sun" and also won many Awards for his work within the Canadian Music Industry, including the American Composition and Performance Association's annual Festival and similar Awards in Canada.
Canadian Zephyr catching the national ear with was primarily due to their association with the TV hit television series as well as specials for Wayne Newton, Bobby Gentry, Shania Twain and Shania Kay Stewart. He was also a major recording artist for Bill Stonewall Jackson. They are no strangers to the recording studio and have been together prior to joining the United Artists fold.
Along with their record success comes a heavy touring schedule. Their latest album booked solid through until November 18. They play the Thunderbird Motor Hotel in Brampton, Ont. 23 through Oct. 5th.
**GAYNOR SINGLE BREAKS THROUGH ON DISCO**
Dee Taylor's "This Is What I'm In My House" has been slow catching on. But now, Motown's national promotion manager, Ken Baez, is looking for a "big break" in the promotional setting that is beginning to show promise. The single is already listed on the No. 3 best seller for Motown topped by the CCMC's "Machine Gun" and "My Mind's Eye" and "Dance Machine," and Marvin Gaye. The Jackson Five are also on the list.
The album front Motown lists the "Gina Marvin" set as the No. 1 seller followed by "The Gladys Knight & The Pips Anthology," "The Temptations Anthology," "The Supremes," "Live" and the Marvin Gaye "Anthology."
Author Lillie Kendricks appearing in Canada recently in Toronto, has seen increased sales in both cities with his album "The Best Of Lillie Kendricks."
The Motown presser was recently felt in the offices of Lillie Kendricks appearing in Canada (P.O. Box 1000) with his new single "Love Has Felt The Need," and his "biggest record yet."
**ANNE MURRAY RETURNS TO HEAVY SCHEDULE**
Anne Murray has had her holiday and now she's back to a heavy schedule of dates. Ren Gendler reports, looking after North America PR for the Canadian star, reports a return to the Toronto date with the comedy troupe to Edgewaterville, Illinois (Aug. 3) which was followed by a special appearance at the opening of New York's Central Park Scharfer Festival (4). She then flew to the coast to appear at the Vancouver (B.C.) City Centre (5-6) with Loggins and Messina. Returning east, Murray is set for follow-up dates in Boston (7), Hartford, Davenport, Iowa (11), Springfield, Ill. (12), Toronto (13), Montreal (14), Boston (15), N.J. (14), Duluth, Minn. (16), St. Paul (17), North Tonawanda (18) and then ten days of pre-touring in the Toronto area. The session work will take place in Toronto.
While Murray is busy on the concert trail she will be appearing on television specials through the month of August as well as ABC-TV's Network show "Chicago; Meanwhile Back In Nashville" (Aug. 10) and Charlie Rich is scheduled for Aug. 16 at 8:30 p.m. Eastern Time. She'll be taped on location at Chicago's home, Caribou Ranch in Nederland, Colorado.
Murray's new single, "Monsanto Night" featuring Engelbert Humperdinck in Bermuda, a television special will be aired across the U.S. nation (and Canada) through a syndicated production. Major centre dates have been set at Los Angeles (19), Chicago (21) and New York (24). Other dates will be announced when available.
**STONES/WINCHESTER/ABBA HELPING WEA'S PROMOTION**
Heavy promotions is now being geared to young people from the middle school beginnings for the WEA people. Most important to the group is the fact that they've acquired the French language rights for Abba's "Waterloo" hit. The arrangement is the same as the English one and the timing is just perfect for La Belle Province.
Also out of Quebec but in English, is Jesse Winchester with his new single "I Want To Love It." The Beausoleil album was produced by George Stroud Six. The album will be released in the U.S. as well.
One of Casablanca's most important acquisitions, T. Rex, will strut their stuff with their new single "Bang A Gong (Get It Up)" of Light Of Love."
Emerson, Lake & Palmer, will have their three-record set ready shortly. The album, probably the most popular one recorded, is a live recording and was made during the group's 1973-74 world tour. The album is entitled, "Wish You Were Here."
Friends To The End That Never Ends, Emerson, Lake & Palmer."
The Rolling Stones are now off to gaining good chart action with their new single, "It's Only Rock 'n' Roll" on their own Rolling Stone label distributed in Canada by WEA.
Alice Cooper is ready with his "Greatest Hits" album, which features Richard and Bob Ezrin of Nimbus 9.
**MASSOP PROMOTING GYPSY JERRY DECK**
Gypsy Jerry, born Jerry Paquette in Duncan, B.C. (twenty-three years ago), has entered the Canadian recording scene. With his initial release on the Sunshine label, his single "I'm Goin' To Find My Cousin" and "Why Lord Why," Ed Lafave originals and published through Cara-Song-BMI, are being promoted by the company's west coast music columnist. Massop is also looking for bookings for Gypsy Jerry.
The Gypsy single was produced at Van-Couver's Can-Base studios and given an interesting sound by the studio's house musicians, Bill Auburt, bass; and Dennis Boyd, drums along with members of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra.
Initial pressing of one thousand singles have already been distributed and it is thought that Paquette is ready for another pressing.
The Jerry single described as country folk tune, is a blend of D.J. style, rock and efficient composition which can be played almost any time and fills many a time slot".
**DEAN TAYLOR'S "GHOSTATCHING FIRE — MOTOWN PROMOTION**
Dean Taylor's "Ghostatching Fire" in Motown's national promotion manager, Ken Baez, is looking for a "big break" in the promotional setting that is beginning to show promise. The single is already listed on the No. 3 best seller for Motown topped by the CCMC's "Machine Gun" and "My Mind's Eye" and "Dance Machine," and Marvin Gaye. The Jackson Five are also on the list.
The album front Motown lists the "Gina Marvin" set as the No. 1 seller followed by "The Gladys Knight & The Pips Anthology," "The Temptations Anthology," "The Supremes," "Live" and the Marvin Gaye "Anthology."
Author Lillie Kendricks appearing in Canada recently in Toronto, has seen increased sales in both cities with his album "The Best Of Lillie Kendricks."
The Motown presser was recently felt in the offices of Lillie Kendricks appearing in Canada (P.O. Box 1000) with his new single "Love Has Felt The Need," and his "biggest record yet."
### RPM 100 Top Albums (51-100)
| Rank | Artist | Album | Label | Format |
|------|--------|-------|-------|--------|
| 51 | THE ANOTHER HILLMAN, FURRY GURRI | FURY GURRI | TEL 1006-T | LP |
| 52 | EARTH, WIND & FIRE | Open Our Eyes (Columbia) | CBS 3478-T | LP |
| 53 | CLIMAX BLUES BAND | The Last Of Direction (Sire) | SGI 1001-T | LP |
| 54 | DONI M'CHELLE | Doni M'Chelle (Universal) | CAS 1001-P | LP |
| 55 | ELTON JOHN | Elton John (Warner Bros. Brick Road) | WCA 21000-T | LP |
| 56 | THE FITHO | The Fitho (MCA) | MCAT 390-J | LP |
| 57 | DIANA ROSS | Diana Ross (Ariola) | MCAT 390-J | LP |
| 58 | THE SPINNERS | The Spinners (Atlantic) | SD 7266P | LP |
| 59 | FRANK ZAPPA | Frank Zappa (Reprise) | BRM 2175-P | LP |
| 60 | RUBY COBHAM | Ruby Cobham (Atlantic) | ABCT 7303-P | LP |
| 61 | NITTY GRITTY DIRT BAND | Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (United Artists) | UA 175-T | LP |
| 62 | DIANA ROSS & THE SUPREMES | Diana Ross & The Supremes (Motown) | M-7844A-3V | LP |
| 63 | THE QUEENS WHO | The Queens Who (Ariola) | APK 1-0405-N | LP |
| 64 | BEACH BOYS | Beach Boys (Warner Bros.) | WB 1934-T & 29320 (Reprise) | LP |
| 65 | LYNYRD SKYNYRD | Lyndryd Skynryd (MCA) | 243-T | LP |
| 66 | AMERICAN GRAFFITI SOUNDTRACK | American Graffiti Soundtrack (MCA) | 9230-1040-T | LP |
| 67 | THE MAGIC INGREDIENT | The Magic Ingredient (Ariola) | APK 1-0335-N | LP |
| 68 | BLACK OAK ARKANSAS | Black Oak Arkansas (Ariola) | 30-T | LP |
| 69 | MARIA MULDAUR | Maria Muldaur (MCA) | MS 214P-T | LP |
| 70 | DOOBIE BROTHERS | Doobie Brothers (Warner Bros.) | W 2750-P | LP |
| 71 | LEON RUSSELL | Leon Russell (RCA Victor) | R 2621-T | LP |
| 72 | RUFUS | Rufus (RCA Victor) | A 2621-T | LP |
| 73 | KOOL & THE GANG | Kool & The Gang (Decca) | DECCA 207-T | LP |
| 74 | WAR | War (United Artists) | UA LA 193-T | LP |
| 75 | SEALS & CASSIDY | Seals & Cassidy (Warner Bros.) | W 2761-P | LP |
---
### RPM 100 Top Albums (51-100)
| Rank | Artist | Album | Label | Format |
|------|--------|-------|-------|--------|
| 76 | OZARK MOUNTAIN DAREDEVILS | Ozark Mountain Daredevils (A&M) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 77 | THE DARK SIDE OF THE MOON (Harvest) | The Dark Side Of The Moon (Harvest) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 78 | BREAD | Bread (Elektra) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 79 | NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY RAGTIME BAND | New England Conservatory Ragtime Band (Black Rock Angel) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 80 | GLADYS KNIGHT & THE PIPS | Gladys Knight & The Pips (RCA Victor) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 81 | STEVIE WONDER | Stevie Wonder (MCA) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 82 | LED ZEPPELIN | Led Zeppelin (Epic) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 83 | SEALS & CROFTS | Seals & Crofts (A&M) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 84 | JIM CROCE | Jim Croce (A&M) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 85 | JIM STAFFORD | Jim Stafford (MCA) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 86 | HERBIE HANCOCK | Herbie Hancock (Columbia) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 87 | DAWN & TONY ORLANDO | Dawn & Tony Orlando (RCA Victor) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 88 | CHARLIE RICH | Charlie Rich (A&M) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 89 | JAMES BROWN | James Brown (A&M) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 90 | JOHN DENVER | John Denver (RCA Victor) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 91 | TOWER OF POWER | Tower Of Power (Warner Bros.) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 92 | CURTIS MAYFIELD | Curtis Mayfield (Columbia) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 93 | RUFUS | Rufus (RCA Victor) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 94 | MARIE OZMOND | Marie Ozmond (MGM) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 95 | DOOBIE BROTHERS | Doobie Brothers (Warner Bros.) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 96 | LEON RUSSELL | Leon Russell (RCA Victor) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 97 | KOTZ & THE HOOPLE | Kotz & The Hoople (Columbia) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 98 | MARIA MULDAUR | Maria Muldaur (MCA) | SP 4411-W | LP |
| 99 | WAR | War (United Artists) | UA LA 193-T | LP |
| 100 | SEALS & CASSIDY | Seals & Cassidy (Warner Bros.) | W 2761-P | LP |
---
### WEA's PFM Captures La Belle Province
WEA's Premiata Forneria Marconi, drew standing room only crowds for their recent concerts in Montreal and Quebec, heralding their arrival on the Canadian scene.
The Italian group, currently on release with "The World Became The World" on the Montreal label, were brought into Canada by Palmer and Palmer, were brought into Canada through Donald Tarlton of Donald K. Donald Productions in Montreal.
Next on stage was Columbia recording artists, the Canadian Revue, featuring the three Scruggs' three sons: Gary (lead vocal, electric bass guitar and harmonica), Randy (electric bass guitar and electric guitar with pick-up), and Steve (acoustic guitar and banjo). They just had a successful tour of Europe, and are only about to begin work on a new album for the group during the summer months. The tunes performed were mainly country blues, and country-flavoured boogie and blues, among them the ballad of Jed Clampett, theme for the TV series "The Beverly Hillbillies", recorded by Earl Scruggs, "Foggy Mountain Breakdown" by Bill Monroe, Scruggs, and theme for the movie "Bonnie & Clyde".
Two of the highlights of the evening were Randy's rendition of the Beatles' "Both Sides Now", on acoustic guitar and using finger-picking, and Steve's fine banjo playing when he joined his brothers with his Dad, proving himself to be indeed "the one". The audience, who received an overwhelming response from the audience, and again a standing ovation returned the group to the stage for two additional numbers, bringing the show to a reluctant close.
---
### Earl Scruggs/Good Bros. - Convocation Hall
Toronto's Good Brothers opened for the Earl Scruggs Revue at Convocation Hall, University of Toronto, August 1. Their act, consisting of the three Scruggs brothers, the Italian group, currently on release with "The World Became The World" on the Montreal label, were brought into Canada by Palmer and Palmer, were brought into Canada through Donald Tarlton of Donald K. Donald Productions in Montreal.
Next on stage was Columbia recording artists, the Canadian Revue, featuring the three Scruggs' three sons: Gary (lead vocal, electric bass guitar and harmonica), Randy (electric bass guitar and electric guitar with pick-up), and Steve (acoustic guitar and banjo). They just had a successful tour of Europe, and are only about to begin work on a new album for the group during the summer months. The tunes performed were mainly country blues, and country-flavoured boogie and blues, among them the ballad of Jed Clampett, theme for the TV series "The Beverly Hillbillies", recorded by Earl Scruggs, "Foggy Mountain Breakdown" by Bill Monroe, Scruggs, and theme for the movie "Bonnie & Clyde".
Two of the highlights of the evening were Randy's rendition of the Beatles' "Both Sides Now", on acoustic guitar and using finger-picking, and Steve's fine banjo playing when he joined his brothers with his Dad, proving himself to be indeed "the one". The audience, who received an overwhelming response from the audience, and again a standing ovation returned the group to the stage for two additional numbers, bringing the show to a reluctant close.
---
### Ben Kaye and Polydor Firm Production Deal
A production deal has been signed between Ben Kaye Associates and Polydor Canada. The deal covers the Montreal-based firm's first release, a rock instrumental noise with their cover version of "Shang-A-Lang".
The big break for the Tinker's Moon single came when CKLW aired it and it followed by major stations across Canada, including Toronto, CJKG/Vancouver and CHUM/Toronto. U.S. airplay is also released on the Polydor label; it is reported that the Polydor label is reported to be released on the Polydor label.
The group are now putting the finishing touches to their follow-up single, scheduled for a mid-September release along with an album for release this coming winter.
The above agreement was firmly Polydor A&R Director, Frank Gould, and Ben Kaye.
---
### Strong University Radio on Alexis
The recent Mushroom album release by Alexis has met with unusually strong response on university radio stations across the country. Among the campus stations on cuts from the album are: Western Ontario, the University of Windsor, Western University of Alberta, Ryerson, York and McMaster Universities. Mushroom reports that the two cuts receiving the strongest play are "The Girl From Canada" and "Canada You're a Lady". A single release of the two cuts is expected shortly.
Keeping up with her frequent TV appearances, Alexis has most recently appeared at Edmonton's Hotel and Vancouver's Pemberton Inn. Alexis will return engagement at the Pemberton is scheduled for this week.
### RPM 100 Top Albums (51-100)
| Rank | Artist | Album | Label | Format |
|------|--------|-------|-------|--------|
| 51 | THE SOUTHERN HILLMAN BROTHERS | PEEPIN' BABY (MCA) | MCA 2103-1 | LP |
| 52 | EARTH, WIND & FIRE | Open Our Eyes (Columbia) | CBS 4411-W | LP |
| 53 | CLIMAX BLUES BAND | Sense Of Direction (Sire) | SIRE 6007-1 | LP |
| 54 | JONI MITCHELL | Blue (Atco) | CAS 1001-P | LP |
| 55 | ELTON JOHN | Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (MCA) | MCA 2-1003-J | LP |
| 56 | THE KINKS | Soundtrack (MCA) | MCA 390-J | LP |
| 57 | DIANA ROSS | Diana Ross (Motown) | M6-8018-1 | LP |
| 58 | THE SPINNERS | Spinners (Atlantic) | SD 7296-P | LP |
| 59 | FRANK ZAPPA | One Size Doesn't Fit All (RCA) | ABTC 7296-P | LP |
| 60 | BILLY COBHAM | Cobham (Atlantic) | BRM 2175-P | LP |
| 61 | NITTY GRITTY DIRTY BAND | Second Helping (MCA) | MCA 2148-P | LP |
| 62 | DIANA ROSS & THE SUPREMES | Diana Ross (Motown) | MB 7844-2-1V | LP |
| 63 | THE QUEENS WHO | APK1-0405-N | APK1-0405-N | LP |
| 64 | BLACK SOUL | Black Soul (Reprise) | 2602-1 | LP |
| 65 | LYNYRD SKYNYRD | Second Helping (MCA) | MCA 2148-P | LP |
| 66 | AMERICAN GRAFFITI | American Graffiti (MCA) | MCA 2148-P | LP |
| 67 | THE INGREDIENT | The Ingredient (ABC) | ABC 1-0336-P | LP |
| 68 | BLACK OAK ARKANSAS | Sweet Days (Arista) | 2011-1 | LP |
| 69 | MARIA MULDAUR | Maria Muldaur (RCA) | MS 2148-P | LP |
| 70 | DOOBIE BROTHERS | What Were These Eyes Now (Warner Bros.) | WB 2750-P | LP |
| 71 | LEON RUSSELL | Leon Russell (RCA) | RCA 2750-P | LP |
| 72 | RUFUS | Rufus (ABC) | ABC 1-0336-P | LP |
| 73 | KOOL & THE GANG | What's That Feelin' (Debut) | DEP 2011-1 | LP |
| 74 | WAR | War (United Artists) | UA 1-L793-2-U | LP |
| 75 | SEALS & CROFTS | Seals & Crofts (Warner Bros.) | WB 2761-P | LP |
---
### RPM Top 100 Albums
#### ALPHABETICALLY BY ARTIST
| Rank | Artist | Album | Label | Format |
|------|--------|-------|-------|--------|
| 76 | OZARK MOUNTAIN DAREDEVILS | Stark Movement (Daredevils / F&MI) | CS 4411-W | LP |
| 77 | PFM | The Over Side Of The Moon (Harvest) | SWX 11163-F | LP |
| 78 | BREAD | The Spot Of Bread (Epic) | EP 4411-W | LP |
| 79 | NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY RAGTIME | The Red Back Block (Angel) | ANGEL 1001 | LP |
| 80 | GLADYS KNIGHT & THE PIPS | I'm Coming Home (Buddah) | BDS 6-5414-M | LP |
| 81 | EVERLY BROTHERS | Last Night (MGM) | MGM 6959-P | LP |
| 82 | STEVE WONDER | I Was Made To Love Her (MGM) | BMC 6669-P | LP |
| 83 | LED ZEPPELIN | Led Zeppelin II (Epic) | AC 7208-P | LP |
| 84 | SEALS & CROFTS | Seals & Crofts (Warner Bros.) | WB 2761-P | LP |
| 85 | JIM CROES | Jim Croes (ABC) | ABC 2376-P | LP |
| 86 | JIM STAFFORD | Jim Stafford (MGM) | SP 4914-P | LP |
| 87 | HERBIE HANCOCK | Herbie Hancock (Columbia) | KC 32731-H | LP |
| 88 | DAWN & TONY ORLANDO | Dawn & Tony Orlando (Bell) | BELLS 236-M | LP |
| 89 | JAMES BROWN | James Brown (ABC) | ABCX 797-N | LP |
| 90 | VARIOUS ARTISTS | Sun & Gold (Decca) | DECCA 1001 | LP |
| 91 | JOHN DENVER | John Denver (RCA) | LSP 4699-P | LP |
| 92 | TOWER OF POWER | Tower Of Power (Warner Bros.) | WB 2761-P | LP |
| 93 | CURTIS MAYFIELD | Curtis Mayfield (Columbia) | CBS 3641-W | LP |
| 94 | CHARLIE RICH | Charlie Rich (Epic) | K-32247-H | LP |
| 95 | JAMES BROWN | James Brown (Decca) | DECCA 1001 | LP |
| 96 | BABE RUTH | Babe Ruth (Columbia) | SP 4914-P | LP |
| 97 | MOTT THE HOOPLE | Mott The Hoople (Columbia) | CBS 3641-W | LP |
| 98 | NAZARETH | Nazareth (A&M) | SP 3641-W | LP |
| 99 | MARIE OSMOND | Marie Osmond (A&M) | SP 3641-W | LP |
| 100 | GLADYS KNIGHT & THE PIPS | I'm Coming Home (MGM) | SP 4414-O | LP |
---
### WEA's PFM Captures La Belle Province
WEA's Premiata, Furniera, Macconi, drew standing room only crowds for their recent concerts in Montreal and Quebec, heralding their arrival on the Canadian musical scene.
The Italian group, currently on release with "The World Became The World" on the Manitoba label, were accompanied by Mike & Palmer, who were brought into Canada through Donald Tarlton of Donald K. Donald Productions in Montreal.
A delegation of WEA executives and guests were part of the group's visit to Montreal, joined by PFM for all the show ceremonies. Shown in the photo above are (back row l to r) Donald Tarlton (DKD), Jon Middleton (VP Sales & Marketing Canada), Michel Chenier (WEA Manager eastern Canada), Luis Pascual (WEA Manager western France), Michel Berger French producer of Vanessa Paradis, Mario Carter (VP Presidium Music), (front l to r) Roger Desjardins (WEA Promotion supervisor eastern Canada), Franco Pagani (WEA promo rep eastern Canada), Mauro Pagani (PFM), Franco Manone (manager PFM), Flavio Veroni (PFM) and Franco DiSicilio (PFM).
PFM are playing the Victory Theater (Toronto) August 22nd for one show only.
---
### Earl Scruggs/Good Bros. - Convocation Hall
Toronto's Good Brothers opened for the Earl Scruggs Revue at Convocation Hall, University of Toronto, August 1st. Their act, consisting of brothers, mostly Canadian material, wound up with "Alberta Bound", dedicated to the late Earl Scruggs (left front), their manager and mentor, who sat in the first row of the audience. A standing ovation brought the group back for an encore.
Next on stage was Columbia recording artists, the Good Brothers, who also includes Scruggs' three sons, Gary (lead vocals, electric bass guitar & harmonica), Randy (electric bass guitar & electric slide guitar with pick-up), and Steve (acoustic guitar and banjo). Gary, who is still in high school, is only able to play with the group during the summer months. The tunes performed ranged from country to country-flavored boogie and blues, among them the popular "I'm Clumsy", theme for the TV show "Beaver Hills", "Recorded by Earl Scruggs, and "Foggy Mountain Breakdown", a traditional tune, and theme for the movie "Bonnie & Clyde".
Two of the highlights of the evening were Randy's rendition of "The Good Guys", "Both Sides Now", on acoustic guitar and using finger-picks, and Steve's fine banjo playing when he dueted with his Dad, proving himself to be indeed "a natural". The performance received an overwhelming response from the audience, and again a standing ovation returned the group to the stage for two additional numbers, bringing the show to a reluctant close.
---
### Ben Kaye and Polydor Firm Production Deal
A production deal has been signed by Ben Kaye Associates and Polydor Canada. The deal covers the Montreal-based firm's production of international noise with their cover version of "Shang-A-Lang".
The big break for the Tinker's Moon single came when CKLW went on it followed by many other stations. CKLG/Vancouver, CKLG/Ottawa and CHUM/Toronto, U.S. affiliates, where it is released on the Polydor label in Europe.
The group are now putting the finishing touches to their follow-up single, scheduled for a September release along with an album for release this coming winter.
The above agreement was firm by Polydor A&R Director, Frank Gould, and Ben Kaye.
---
### Strong University Radio on Alexis
The recent Mushroom album release by Alexis has met with extremely strong response from university radio stations across the country. Among the campus stations on call from the Mushroom distribution, University of Windsor, Western, University of Alberta, Queens, Ryerson, York and Northern Ontario, the latter's Mushroom reports that the two cuts receiving the strongest play are "The Girl From The North Country" and "Canada You're a Lady". A single release of the two cuts is expected shortly.
Following a series of television appearances, Alexis has most recently appeared at Edmonton's Hovel and Vancouver's Peace Arch Park. Alexis' next return engagement at the Pender is scheduled for this week.
Walt Grealis talks about promotion
Up until now, most of the views expressed in this series have been my own, and I'd like to thank my guest today, someone who deals with promotion men on a day to day basis. I think that Walt Grealis is probably best qualified to comment on promotion and promotional activities in the Canadian music business.
We got together and taped this conversation that might be of interest to promotion men, there companies that really have top grade promotion departments.
WG: Of course there are. There are a couple of companies that really know how to promote. It's a pity they're so rarity.
SK: What do you look for improvement with quite a few companies?
WG: I would say so. I would definitely say that. I think a lot of people are just how lost some companies are in promotion. After the nomination for the Juno Awards, you can be surprised at the response we got from companies that felt they should have been nominated. I think that some of them would be my last choice for promotion. Wishing doesn't make it so. There is work involved in the job and some companies haven't found out the way. Promotion is an expensive proposition and the reward is dictated by what the company is willing to spend.
SK: Do you think that some companies feel that promotion is a waste of time?
WG: I feel that they wish they didn't have to pay out the payroll for promotion. The argument is that the thing that sales are all that matter and if it could all be done through promotion then why bother with it. Sales are tangible, Promotion is a mystery. They must ask, "Does it really pay for itself?"
SK: Does it really pay for itself?
WG: It's a mystery. Every point can mean thousands of additional sales. You have to go out and fight for every point. If you aren't fighting, you are sure to suffer consequences. All the companies are operating in a vacuum. There are times when the record company will not break a record and many companies have sat back and lost the chance.
SK: How can I be specific ... I mean about how this happens?
WG: At RPM we sit and watch everything. We are aware of what is going on. Something that the record company isn't aware of. Sometimes I feel that promotion men stay away from RPM because they feel inadequate to cope with the trade. Many times I think that better communication with some companies could have very positive results. We want here to help the industry. It's only good promotion that some companies are so regionally oriented that they can't get a national feeling about what is happening in the record records.
SK: On the other hand, you don't want promo people to be too aggressive.
WG: No, I think the trade respects the fact that we work hard to reflect the action and events that we know about ... but we like to be subtle. We try to keep up with everything, and it's the promo man's job to keep the record company informed as to what is working on. Promotion is a little more than getting your picture in RPM once a month.
SK: I think that is the impression that RPM plays favorites when it comes to promotion men.
WG: I don't think we favor the promo men that we see once a week and who are helpful in ... helping themselves.
SK: Is there certain promo men get preferential treatment?
WG: Certain promo men stand out above the rest. It's a case the time they get there. We treat everyone the same, but many promo men don't know their product or they don't know how to sell it. He parcelled it... runs as if he's afraid someone will steal him something. Others are just hopelessly ... colourless.
SK: What can a promo man do if he's dragging his feet?
WG: I hate to use the expression, but "get his shit together"
SK: Do you feel that some promo men and in particular promo departments feel that RPM is small potatoes?
WG: It's the promo man's job to find out what is going on. He has to be aggressive and resist any feeling that any media can be ignored. It's his job (or their job) to know what we know. A promo man sometimes trip across Canada can open a promo man's eyes... if not the whole promotion department.
SK: Is the whole promotion scene in Canada a bit of a mess?
WG: No, No, we have been zeroing in on the promotion people who have problems. I said before that there are a number of promo men who are doing a good job. I can also say that many promo people are overextended and a good example of this is the number of companies that are hiring artist relations people and publicists. It's a new trend. The artist management wants things done and done right ... no matter what it costs. I'm also indicating that promotion and the allied positions are important and worth the money.
SK: What would you like to see happen in promotion?
WG: The answer to that is definitely a reflection of what I've said before. I would like to see more people in promotion that are advertising-oriented. It's something you can get a lot of mileage out of. I think advertising is a lost art in Canada because many companies don't hire advertising people. They believe in advertising, but then it's in a position to know, How else can you get to the whole trade?
SK: Okay, how else do you get to the whole trade?
WG: It's a very important question and if anyone has the answer, I'd like to hear it and I think that's a good point to conclude with.
SK: That's the end!
Walt Grealis talks about promotion
Up until now, most of the views expressed have been from the record side, and it would be interesting to talk to someone who deals with promotion more on a day to day basis. RPM's Walt Grealis is probably best qualified to comment on promotion and promotional activities in the Canadian industry.
We got together and taped this conversation that might be of interest to promotion men.
SK: Just how qualified are you to talk about promotion?
WG: I began as a promotion man for the Toronto Broadcasting Company and later moved on to Labatt's. In total, about six years with the two breweries. I finally went into a trade promotion position working on districts that needed help in expanding the brands.
SK: What kind of positions you held in the record business?
WG: With Apex Records (now MCA) I was a district manager. Then went on to become Ontario Promo Manager of Mackay Record Distributors (now London Records in Ontario).
SK: How long did it take you to get from promo man to promo manager?
WG: One year.
SK: Do you think promotion work differ in the different sixties?
WG: There seemed to be a little less tight playlist and format. It was possible to get records on the air. The early days of Capitol Records were usually very late getting out of Canada and their hit status was pretty much extended. On the other hand, there was very little Cancon to work on ... practically none. Promotion wasn't seen as much of a challenge as it could be today.
SK: Without naming the companies, are there companies that really have top grade promotion departments?
WG: Of course there are. There are a couple of companies that really know how to promote. It's a pity they're so rarity.
SK: What's the demand for improvement with quite a few companies?
WG: I would say so. I would definitely say we can improve. It's just how low some companies are in promotion. After the nomination for the Juno Awards, we got a lot of surprise calls. We got calls we got from companies that they should have made nominations. I think some of them would be my last choice for promotion. Wishful thinking about it so.
There seems to be a lot of trade that some companies haven't found out the way. Promotion is an expensive proposition and the companies don't realize what the company is willing to spend.
SK: Do you think that some companies feel promotion is worthless?
WG: I feel that they wish they didn't have to pay out that money. I mean, I get the feeling that sales are all that matter and if it could all be done by mail order, that would be fine with it. Sales are tangible, Promotion is a mystery. They must ask, "Does it really pay for itself?"
SK: Does it really pay for itself?
WG: It's a mystery. Every point can mean hundreds of additional sales. You have to go out and fight for every point. If you aren't fighting, you can be sure the other companies are. The companies are operating in a vacuum. There are times when a record is doing well but it can peak and many companies have sat back and lost the chance.
SK: How can we be surefife . . . I mean about how this happens?
WG: At RPM we sit and watch everyone's action. We can see that there is something happening that the record company isn't aware of. Sometimes that promo men run away from RPM because they feel inadequate to cope with the trade. Many times I think that better communication with some companies could have very positive results. We are here to serve the industry. It's partly our fault though (with some companies) are so regionally oriented that they can't get a national feeling about what's going on in their records.
SK: On the other hand, you don't want people people just sitting in their offices.
WG: I think the trade respects the fact that we work hard to reflect the action and events that we know about ... but we like to be involved. We can keep up with everything, and it's the promo man's job to make sure that the rest of the world is working on. Promotion is a little more than getting your picture in RPM once a month. There is a lot of promotion that RPM plays favorites when it comes to promotion men.
SK: I'll say that we favor the promo men we see once a week and who are helpful in . . . helping themselves.
SK: But certain promo men get preferential treatment.
WG: Certain promo men stand out above the others because the treatment they get. We treat everyone the same, but many promo men don't know their product or their market. They just get a record out of a parcel and . . . runs as if he's afraid someone will ask him why. Others are just hopelessly . . . colourless.
SK: What can a promo man do if he's dragging his feet?
WG: I have to use the expression, but "get his shit together."
SK: Do you feel that some promo men and in some promo departments feel that RPM is small potatoes?
WG: It's the promo man's job to find out what's going on in the trade and resist any feeling that any media can be ignored. It's his job (or their job) to know what's going on. I've seen promo men return from a trip across Canada can open a promo man's eyes . . . it's not the whole promotion department.
SK: Is the whole promotion scene in Canada a disaster?
WG: No. No, we have been zeroing in on the promotion people who have done a good job before. We have a lot of teams of promo people who do a good job. I can also say that some promo people are overextending. It's a good indication that the number of companies that are hiring artist relations people and publicists is increasing. I think that means that wants things done and done right . . . no matter what. I think that the music industry and its promotion and the allied positions are important and worth the money.
SK: What would you like to see happen in promotion?
WG: The answer to that is definitely a reflection of the trade. I would like to see more people in promotion that are advertising-oriented. It's something that I think is a feeling that I think advertising is a lost art in Canada because many companies don't have a person in charge. I believe I believe in advertising, but then I'm in a position to know. How else can you get to the whole trade?
SK: Okay, how else do you get to the whole trade?
WG: It's a very important question and if anyone has the answer, I'd like to hear it and I think that's a good point to conclude with.
SK: That's the end!
Talent Seen
Tony and the 4-5 Company start gigging throughout 1978, and are scheduled to play pop rock and show rooms across the country. Ken Schirmer of Music Shoppe International has signed Tony and the 4-5 for exclusive contact as director booker for them within the province.
Max Webster have completed four original musicals at New York Studios under the production of Corky Lee. Dick Richardson and Corky will be taking the tapes down to Los Angeles under the representation of Nimbus 9. Max Webster's opening for The Guess Who in Winnipeg Sunday, August 18.
Harlequin just concluded their premiere Toronto performance at Larry's Hideaway, August 6. Zany costumes, intriguing staging, and a cast of 200 made the crowds spellbound.
John Keats has been added to the staff of Music Shoppe International. Formerly owner of Artko Productions, a company of performing arts, and Artko Productions, an artist management firm, Artko has also been public relations person for both Cineplex Odeon and Les Productions Balzac (Montreal). Prior to this, he was regional editor for Quebec and the Maritimes for Stage Door Magazine. As a sub-agent at Music Shoppe, he will concentrate on the night club market.
Sharon, five men and Marion Creagan, came to Canada just under two years ago, and will be making their first Toronto appearance at the Friar's Tavern starting September 2.
Beartooth will be doing the Prairies portion of the April Winter Tour beginning August 28, as well as a session for Gary and Dave.
Four in Coldwater stage to be released mid-September, with already ready to go. Scrubbing Cats release single entitled "I'm a Dreamer Like You" first week of September.
The Beatles will be touring in the U.S. and Europe until December.
Dwayne Ford of Bearfoot has had an offer from a well-known band in Los Angeles, Steel River makes plans to move to Los Angeles.
Haley Page touring their way back to Vancouver.
Kelly Jay and Mike Quatro discussing possibility of combined, self-contained show for fall situation.
Five Man Electrical Band releasing new single in September.
Bob Harris will have to offer to sing with well-known Cleveland-based group.
MacLean & MacLean, famous for their Tickle Me series, have a new promo package presented by Marilyn McLeod. They're touring western Canada September 8 through October 13.
Gasworks, Toronto (2-7)
Taxidermy Co-op, Arkona (8)
Bitter End, Toronto (9-11)
Penthouse, West Hill (9-12)
Atrium, Toronto (9-12)
Alajx High School, Ajax, Ont. (14)
MAX's, Toronto (14)
Inglis Ferry (3)
Catherine Street College (5)
Boonvillam High School (6)
Tavern on the Green, Montreal (6)
Hollywood, Etobicoke (9-12)
Pop Factory (13)
Mills (11)
Chesterland, Ohio (2)
Michigan Palace, Mich. (7)
FATHER
Gentler, Toronto (2-7)
FLYING V (13)
Jerry's Hideaway, Toronto (2-7)
Compass, Toronto (2-7)
Humber College, Rexdale (12)
Collingwood, Collingwood (12)
BRUSSEL SPICE
Conestoga College, Kitchener (9-11)
Sir Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo (12)
University of Western Ontario, Kitchener (14)
SWEET BLINDNESS/SHARON
Wipple Tree, Toronto (2-7)
Lone Cloud, Toronto (9-11)
Humber College, Rexdale (12) - Aft.
FLUO
St. Clair College, Windsor (1)
Pr. Charles L. Smith, Toronto (1)
Mohawk College, Hamilton (9)
MORNING STAR
Abey Road, Toronto (2-7)
Waterloo University (12)
Simcoe College, Simcoe (14)
WORLD'S FARE
Studio 100, Sheraton Hotels, Toronto (2-21)
DAVID & ANDY HARDY RECORDS
Robin Hood, Toronto (2-7)
ERNE CAILLE FURST/ELAINE TERZI
Toronto (2-7)
JESSE WINCHESTER
Chimney, Toronto (2-7)
DAVID WIFFEN
Chimney, Toronto (9-14)
SEE YOU AT C9 — VANCOUVER
PLAYDATES
APRIL WINE
Fernie, B.C. (1)
Toronto (2-7)
Jawax Creek (5)
St. John, N.B. (6)
Toronto (7)
BRUTUS
Toronto (2-7)
Toronto (2-7)
EARLY CIRCUS
Electric Circus, Quebec (Aug.28-Sep.8)
MONTREAL
JAZZ BLUES BAND
1 Mccarthur/Toronto (2-7)
THE BALL BOOGIE BAND
Vancouver (1)
CRUBBALOE CAINE
Toronto (3-7)
Tarkham (6)
Toronto (7)
TAMPEREDS
touring U.S. and Europe till December
EARLY CIRCUS
Vancouver (1)
JAWAX CREEK
Toronto (2-7)
SHAW
Toronto (6)
ROSE
Toronto (7)
TAXIDERMY CO-OP
Penthouse, West Hill (9-12)
Atrium, Toronto (9-12)
Alajx High School, Ajax, Ont. (14)
MAX's, Toronto (14)
Inglis Ferry (3)
Catherine Street College (5)
Boonvillam High School (6)
Tavern on the Green, Montreal (6)
Hollywood, Etobicoke (9-12)
Pop Factory (13)
Mills (11)
Chesterland, Ohio (2)
Michigan Palace, Mich. (7)
FATHER
Gentler, Toronto (2-7)
FLYING V (13)
Jerry's Hideaway, Toronto (2-7)
Compass, Toronto (2-7)
Humber College, Rexdale (12)
Collingwood, Collingwood (12)
BRUSSEL SPICE
Conestoga College, Kitchener (9-11)
Sir Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo (12)
University of Western Ontario, Kitchener (14)
SWEET BLINDNESS/SHARON
Wipple Tree, Toronto (2-7)
Lone Cloud, Toronto (9-11)
Humber College, Rexdale (12) - Aft.
FLUO
St. Clair College, Windsor (1)
Pr. Charles L. Smith, Toronto (1)
Mohawk College, Hamilton (9)
MORNING STAR
Abey Road, Toronto (2-7)
Waterloo University (12)
Simcoe College, Simcoe (14)
WORLD'S FARE
Studio 100, Sheraton Hotels, Toronto (2-21)
DAVID & ANDY HARDY RECORDS
Robin Hood, Toronto (2-7)
ERNE CAILLE FURST/ELAINE TERZI
Toronto (2-7)
JESSE WINCHESTER
Chimney, Toronto (2-7)
DAVID WIFFEN
Chimney, Toronto (9-14)
SEE YOU AT C9 — VANCOUVER
SHIFTS AND ACTIVITIES AT CFCC/CHARLOTTETOWN
CFCC/Charlottetown, PEI, has recently experienced personnel changes resulting in the following appointments and shifts:
Charlie Frank Lewis, former Sales Manager, is the new Sales Manager. Dave Stuck replaces Lisa as Sales Manager. Stu Luck, former Copy Chief, has been promoted to Publisher. Mike Murtagh, former copy writer, has been appointed Traffic Director. Jim Hickey, formerly Copy Editor as Creative Director, combining the PR and Copy Departments. The firm of CKX/Atlantic, Ltd., will be assisted in his new position by Kendra Hatti.
CFCC continues to be involved in Broadcasting on the Prairies. Their summer activities included a double sell-out concert by Lightnin' Hopkins, July 30 and 31. They'll be hosting Wednesday, and are already receiving a great response from the junior high school set for this group.
John Lee Hooker playing Brock University September 14.
Bill Amosbury of "Vigilante" fame heads up the Hall of Fame Forum, October 17 and 18. His new single, recently released, is called "Sally."
Rumour, - Ronnie Hawkins and Paul Butterfield may team up.
Moe Iga is hosting for four dates with Ken Kowalchuk's First Edition.
THAT'S SHOW BIZ!!!
POLYDOR READIES NEW BTO ALBUM
Polydor's second album, third album, "Not Fragile" (SRM 1-1004), has been scheduled for a September release in the U.S. and Canada thanks to the communication between Polydor's A&R Coordinator Wendy Lockwood and Jim Dimmick of Polydor Canada. The album will ship in Canada on records and tapes Friday, August 18th.
The group recorded in Seattle during mid-June and finished the album last three weeks ago. Polydor arranged for advance information on album title, credits and publishing, and sturdy jacket negatives by the company's own press, tape quality and speed and quality of master tape. Polydor is at Mercer Street, New York studio and flown in to the pressing plant.
After hearing "Not Fragile," Polydor's President Dick Daley and Wendy commented: "This album is final proof of the talented virtuosity of Bachman-Turner Overdrive. We are delighted that they are a true international supergroup, and we are very proud to be associated with them and Mercury Records."
THE PROGRAMMERS
CPS SELLS PERCEPTION
Canadian Programming Services, a Division of Shoreacres Broadcasting Company Limited, has sold the Riverside Radio Network to Perception Audience Response Inc., owned and operated by Peter M. Barnes, former general manager of Shoreacres Radio Services. The Perception Audience Response system is used to measure the psychological and physiological measurements. The above announcement was made by Shirley C. Brandt, Vice President of Shoreacres.
Further announcements will be regained through John Leesman's Canadian Programming Service, (416) 361-0450.
"The Travellingest Station" - CJGX
The headline tells it all. For a secondary market station, CJGX, Yorkton, Saskatchewan, gets the prize. The station makes a point of covering each and every community fair, rodeo and roundups which occur in the area. It all started with the Yorkton Stampede, where the "GX boys distributed station t-shirts to the 1,000 people who came out over five hundred. The station broadcast live from the arena for three days.
They went on to Russell, Manitoba, followed by the Swan River, Northwest Territories, where CJGX was the host live for four days and hosted the annual annual CJGX Old Time Jamboree.
The "GX staff is now safely back in Yorkton, working up promotions for back to school time in the Prairies.
Restrictions Eased for CTL Product
Mal Thompson, A&R manager for the Canadian Talent Library recently announced the easing of restrictions for radio play of artists on the library.
The change in policy brought about the servicing of two new artists on the Library singles program on Quality's Celebration label. Quality has been experiencing good sales and airplay for Cathy Berberian's single, "Country Downed," culled from her album under the same name and released by the label. The success of Cathy will add to the sales volume of the single. Quality have also rated a good response to the recent release of Vic Franklin's celebration single, "After All Is Said." The latter is a top programming item through his recently released album from which the "After All" single was culled.
Tommy Common and "Top Of The Morning" host, Ron Waddell (Yorkton).
CHAM/Hamilton will be wrapping up their "CHAM Lady F. Mars" promotion which culminated in to a 10-day 1100 a day through Mars wrappers. The Hamilton rocker also became involved in a T-shirt based promotion, which began when the offer was made and lined up at the opening of the CHAM station. CHAM listeners had an opportunity for free tickets to the CNE for themselves and a friend. All that was required was to submit the name of a friend and winners were picked at random.
Dave Jones, doing the "Good Day" kickoff for CFPM-FM/Kamloops 6-10AM followed by Peter Lomax (KAMK), Nick Arnish (CHUM), Harry Mills has assumed duties as Promotion Co-ordinator of CFPM-FM.
Moving from CKWL/Williams Lake, B.C. to take over the 5AM slot is CJIB/Victoria. Don Begio who left Frank and Dave at 4-9AM, Ron Stanley 9AM-12 noon, Bob Linden noon-3PM, Duane Grandbois 3-6PM, Chris Neufeldt NM-6AM and Rick Garrison weekend.
Bob Copp of CHSF/Saint John, N.B. reports heavy phones on Jerry Warren's "This Lowin' Feeling" and "Big Four Poster Bed" by Brenda Lee.
The people at CHAM/Hamilton are participating in a Bowl-A-Thon (8) in an effort to raise funds for the local children in the purchase of a mini-bus for retarded children at the Children's Hospital. The two disc jockeys are challenging each other - and the world - to raise.
FM Kamloops, B.C. into several community spirited endeavours, one which raised more than $1,000 for the High School Teachers Association. The money will be used to finance a trip by local volunteers to the national convention in Tooma, Wisconsin. Items were solicited from Kamloops merchants, and the local Anderson's store donated a large quantity of personalized serving beer and pizza at Shakey's, raised $400 for the trip. The money will be used to finance the trip.
While playing the Holiday Inn during the Saskatchewan Stampede (Yorkton), Tom Connor was interviewed in the 10-12-15 for a visit with Ron Waddell, host of "Top Of The Morning" and presented him with a copy of his latest album.
The following singles are projected to reach the top 25 of their respective charts, based on early radio station action among the stations in the RPM sample.
**Contemporary**
IT'S ALRIGHT
Jim Croce (Atco)
BLUE SKIES, BLUE SKIES
Bill King (Capitol)
WHEN YOU'RE NUMBER ONE
Clint Holmes (Atco)
**Adult**
A WOMAN'S PLACE
Gilbert O'Sullivan (MAM)
BONNIE FINGER
Hoyt Axton (A&M)
JAZZMAN
Carole King (A&M)
**Country**
THE GREAT DIVIDE
Roy Clark (Dot)
LETTERS
Ron Nigini (Attic)
THE BALLADEER
Jim & Don Haggett (Arpeggio)
**The Programmers HELP!**
CKAR looking for MOR announcers. Tape and resume to Frances Botham, Operations Manager, CKAR, Box 820, Huntsville, Ontario.
CFCF/Simcoe needs Advertising copy writer, capable of doing Sunday afternoon MOR air show. Tape and resume to Rick Hart, CFCF, P.O. Box 98, Simcoe, Ontario.
CJCH/Halifax expanding air staff. Looking for communicative top 40 jock. Send air sheet and resume to Jim Morgan, CJCH, 2885 Robi Street, Halifax, N.S.
**The Programmers**
JERRY STEVENS/CJBK London
42 People Gotta Move/Gino Vannelli
71 Stormy Weather/Elvis
TRUDY CHAMBERLAIN/CFCG Ottawa
6 (1) Chocolate/Faye
73 I'm Gonna Miss You/Cheech & Chong
23 (HB-29) Can't Get Enough/Barry White
* 37 (HB-30) Rebel Rebel/David Bowie
KAREN LAKE/CJKL Vancouver
42 People Gotta Move/Gino Vannelli
**The Major Market Chart Additions**
JERRY STEVENS/CJBK London
38 Who Do You Think/Bo Donaldson
96 I'm Gonna Miss You/Edward Bear
80 Love Me Or Get Away/Osmond
ALEX HARRISPISTE/CFCF Toronto
31 All Together/Stylistics
94 I Honestly Love You/Olivia Newton-John
96 Stallion/Edward Bear
* 41 Sugar Baby Love/Rubettes
47 Never & Ever/Keith Hampshire
KAREN LAKE/CJKL Vancouver
75 I Want & I Need/Keith
67 Haven't Done Nothing/Stevie Wonder
68 Baby I Love You/Donny Osmond
BILLY GORRIE/CJCR Winnipeg
94 I Honestly Love You/Olivia Newton-John
34 Runaway
55 Then Came You/Warwick/Spinners
67 Haven't Done Nothing/Stevie Wonder
56 Shang-A-Lang/Tinker's Moon
31 All Together/Stylistics
46 My Girl/Donny Osmond
Carefree Highway/Gordon Lightfoot
67 Haven't Done Nothing/Stevie Wonder
100 Cliches/Les Emmserson
96 Stallion/Edward Bear
16 Wild Thing/Elvis
BOB GIBBONS/CKY Winnipeg
68 Sweet Home Alabama/Lynyrd Skynyrd
68 Sweet Home Alabama/Lynyrd Skynyrd
56 Shang-A-Lang/Tinker's Moon
41 Sugar Baby Love/Rubettes
CHLO St. Thomas
55 Then Came You/Warwick/Spinners
50 Nothing/Billy Preston
96 Stallion/Edward Bear
SEE YOU AT CD – VANCOUVER
TAMMY
His brand new single, "Too Young To Get Married", is solid TOP 40 programming. The flip side, "Sunday Days" is perfect MOR or soft-rock airplay. Both selections.
Exclusively on PolyGram Records
1200 Ron Mills Rd. N.
Don Mills, Ontario
LAN RUSSELL/CJNB North Battleford
hired:
Sideshow/Blue Magic
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
9 Sure As I'm Sittin' Three Dog Night
Twisted
Day/Lighthouse
Hang On/Johnny Bristol
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Love Is The Feeling/Black & Ward
There's No Business Like Show Business/Tommy James & The Shondells
How Far Is Mars/Jerry Toth Singers
Just One Look/Anne Murray (LP)
Wildwood Flower/Don Williams
Sugar Baby Love/Rubettes
Stallion/Eldward Bear
Stallion/Eldward Bear
STALLION/CCKW Bridgewater
hired:
Rock & Roll All-Nite/Charlie Rich
Touch Me/Way We Were/Lettermen
All Together/Stylistics
All Shook Up/Quo Vadis
Eyes Of Silver/Doozie Bros.
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Sugar Baby Love/Rubettes
Walk On/Young
WILLIE WORTH/CJNB North Battleford
Quickshot/Bobby Goldsboro
You Don't Have To Say/Second to None
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Singers Behind Closed Doors/Boots Randolph
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Together Brothers/Love Unlimited
Wumbing Summer Party/Wombles
You Can't Stop/Third Dimension
Mind Over Matter/King Biscuit Boy
Peaches And Heavens/Quo Vadis
TE SILVER/DESIGN DOC Sadatoson
I Love My Friend/Charlie Rich
Rock & Roll A-B-C/Freddy Cannon
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Passing Time/Bearfoot
Make My Living/James Galanin
Rockin' Around The Clock/Rolling Stones
Get Out of Denver/Bob Seger
Horses/Horses/Tower of Power
Earache My Eye/Cheech & Chong
CH North Bay
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Rider's Ride/Richard Winter
Salsa / Man Cher
Sisters Of Faith/Stylistics
Sugar Baby Love/Rubettes
BC, St. John, N.B.
Rock & Roll All-Nite/Charlie Rich
Rolling Stones
I Honestly Love You/Olivia Newton-John
IFF, BNIEN/CXFM Brandon
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
My Melody Of Love/Robby Vinton
Let It All Fall Down/James Taylor
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Our Last Show/Sunny Bono
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
ROCKIN'/Mac Davis
Number One/Elvis Presley
Four Strong Winds/Jim Dawson Jr.
Great Divide/Roy Clark
Never Been A Horse/Petula Clark
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
If I Leave You/Spirits Of Change
SEE YOU AT C9 - VANCOUVER
The Programmers
POP MUSIC ADDITIONS
CHERYL JOHNSON/CFCF Montreal
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Love Is The Feeling/Black & Ward
There's No Business Like Show Business/Tommy James & The Shondells
How Far Is Mars/Jerry Toth Singers
Just One Look/Anne Murray (LP)
Wildwood Flower/Don Williams
LYNN LATNER/CHMI Hamilton
My Melody Of Love/Robby Vinton
That's What Friends Are For/Sammy Davis Jr.
I Love My Friend/Charlie Rich
Rock & Roll All-Nite/Charlie Rich
Touch Me/Way We Were/Lettermen
All Together/Stylistics
All Shook Up/Quo Vadis
Eyes Of Silver/Doozie Bros.
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Sugar Baby Love/Rubettes
Walk On/Young
WILLIE WORTH/CJNB North Battleford
Quickshot/Bobby Goldsboro
You Don't Have To Say/Second to None
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Singers Behind Closed Doors/Boots Randolph
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Together Brothers/Love Unlimited
Wumbing Summer Party/Wombles
You Can't Stop/Third Dimension
Mind Over Matter/King Biscuit Boy
Peaches And Heavens/Quo Vadis
TE SILVER/DESIGN DOC Sadatoson
I Love My Friend/Charlie Rich
Rock & Roll All-Nite/Freddy Cannon
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Passing Time/Bearfoot
Make My Living/James Galanin
Rockin' Around The Clock/Rolling Stones
Get Out of Denver/Bob Seger
Horses/Horses/Tower of Power
Earache My Eye/Cheech & Chong
CH North Bay
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Rider's Ride/Richard Winter
Salsa / Man Cher
Sisters Of Faith/Stylistics
Sugar Baby Love/Rubettes
BC, St. John, N.B.
Rock & Roll All-Nite/Charlie Rich
Rolling Stones
I Honestly Love You/Olivia Newton-John
IFF, BNIEN/CXFM Brandon
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
My Melody Of Love/Robby Vinton
Let It All Fall Down/James Taylor
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Our Last Show/Sunny Bono
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
ROCKIN'/Mac Davis
Number One/Elvis Presley
Four Strong Winds/Jim Dawson Jr.
Great Divide/Roy Clark
Never Been A Horse/Petula Clark
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
If I Leave You/Spirits Of Change
SEE YOU AT C9 - VANCOUVER
Christian/Bo Cooper
So Nice to Hear/On Unlimited
Goodbye/Quo Vadis
Sideshow/Blue Magic
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Charlie Rich
Don't Stop/Sammy Davis
Ain't It Been Good/James Wynette
Brother/Sammy Davis Jr. (LP)
ART COLLINS/CFRB Toronto
New Words/Tony Cooper
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Donny Osmond
Sideshow/Blue Magic
Sandra/Daniela Santa Cruz Ensemble
Sweet Weekend/Morgan Harris Marks
KEN MARINO/CFCHF Toronto
A First Time/Thig/Ray Price
Steppin' Out/Tony Orlando-Duwan
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Little Bit of Understanding/B.W. Stevenson
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
You Can Have Her/Sammy Davis Jr.
You're That Pretty Girl/Anne Murray
Smell The Roses/Mac Davis
Who Do You Think/Bo Donaldson
All Together/Stylistics
Second Avenue/Tim Moore
The Best Thing/Quo Vadis/Spinners
Sideshow/Daniela Santa Cruz Ensemble
Baby Baby/Baby John
An Ode To Billie Joe/Rita Coolidge
Can't Get Enough/Barris White
I Love My Friend/Charlie Rich
Ballad/James Wynette
Ballerina/Jim & Don Hagarty
I Saw A Man Cher
Son Of A Preacher Man/Anne Murray
High And Dry/Gordon Lightfoot
Guitar/James Brown
DAN CERVE/TTE/CKGM Toronto
Smell the Roses/Mac Davis
Chimes Of Christmas/Quo Vadis
Love Me for a Reason/Diamonds
Four Strong Winds/Jim Dawson
OAT/Quo Vadis
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Manning Song/Rick Neufeld (LP)
The Entertainer/Percy Faith (LP)
DON CLOVIS/CKFM Alberni
Touch Me/Way We Were/Lettermen
Love is the Answer/Van McCoy
Stagger Lee/James Brown
Ring Lolo
People Make Music/Gino Vannelli
White Lightning/Bill Wyman
One Man Band/Lee Sayer
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Don't Change Horses/Tower of Power
Love Me for a Reason/Black & Ward
Letters/Ron Nigrim
Soul of a Woman/Marco Thunder
CKTB St. Catharines
Rockin' Around The Clock/Rolling Stones
Ring Lolo
Six Days/Johnny Rivers
Tan Tan Africa
Beach Baby/First Class
Don't Change Horses/Tower of Power
White Lightning/Bill Wyman
Smell the Roses/Henrietta Carpill
Sunshine/Quo Vadis
Kind Of Soul/James Leroy
CKTB St. Catharines
Don't Change Horses/Tower of Power
Touch Me/Way We Were/Lettermen
All I Need Is You/James Brown
I Saw A Man Cher
I'm A Man/Johnnie Bristol
Kiss Are Red/Weekend
I Love My Friend/Charlie Rich
Can't Be A Beacon/Donna Fargo
Sunshine/Quo Vadis
Don't Call It Love/Bo Cooper
How Far Is Mars/Jerry Toth Singers
Haven't Met You Yet/Quo Vadis
Memory Man/John Coleman
JONA TERRY/CKXN Ingham
Stallion/Eldward Bear
WHERE WOULD YOU FIND
We're making history with the biggest edition of Canada's music industry source book.
Record & Tape Manufacturers
Record Companies
Record Producers
Recording Studios
Promotion & Publicity
Bookshop Agencies
BMI Publishers
BMI Publishers
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Alberta
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Radio Stations
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Campbell Awards
Juno Award Winners
How To Use The Library
General Information
Canadian Music Ruling
MAPLE
RPM Weekly
Labels By Company
For further information regarding special position and colour ads, contact:
Sam Romanoff at RPM
(416) 425-0257.
NOVEMBER 23 & 24 ARE TWO BIG DAYS FOR COUNTRY MUSIC
KEEP THEM OPEN!
## RPM COUNTRY PLAYLIST
| Track | Artist | Title | Label |
|-------|--------|-------|-------|
| 2 | OLD MAN FROM THE MOUNTAIN | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4031 |
| 3 | THE GRAND TOUR | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 6 | THE WANT TO'S | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 20 | ALASKA | Jim Reeves | RCA 4032 |
| 21 | TALKING ON THE WALLS | Jim Reeves | RCA 4032 |
| 24 | I'LL THINK OF SOMETHING | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 25 | MY WIFE'S HOUSE | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 28 | ANNIE'S SONG | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 31 | I LOVE MY FRIEND | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 32 | YOU CAN'T BE A REASON | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 35 | THAT'S A ME & YOU | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 36 | DANCE WITH ME (GONE ONE TIME) | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 37 | SING A LONG WITH ME | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 40 | HELP ME | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 41 | ALL TALES | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 42 | I'LL TELL YOU NOW | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 43 | IT'S A MONSTER'S HOLIDAY | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 44 | AS SOON AS I FANG UP THE PHONE | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 45 | KEEP ON A THINKIN' | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 46 | THE MAN THAT TURNED MY MAMA ON | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 49 | IF I'M GONNA BE GONE AGAIN TONIGHT | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 50 | CALL ME HOME | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 51 | THE WAYS OF A COUNTRY GIRL | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 52 | A FIELD OF YELLOW DAISIES | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 53 | AN EMBODA CON ARBO | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
## RPM COUNTRY ADDITIONS
| Track | Artist | Title | Label |
|-------|--------|-------|-------|
| 26 | DONOVAN'S RETREAT | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 27 | I'LL LOVE YOU FOREVER | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 30 | I'M GONNA FALL BY FERRI | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 31 | COTTON PICKING DELTA DOWN | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 32 | STANDING ON THE PROMISES | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 33 | WALKING PIECE OF HEAVEN | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 34 | AND THE DEVIL | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 35 | KEEP ON LOVIN' ME | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 36 | ALL I'VE GOT TO YOU | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 37 | SOMETHING TO TELL YA | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 38 | COUNTRY DOWNS | Charlie Rich | RCA 4032 |
| 39 | THAT'S SOMETHING | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 40 | FOUR POUNDS | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 41 | SMOKING TOOMUCH | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 42 | I'LL FEELIN' | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 43 | WOMAN TO WOMAN | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 44 | I SEE THE DOOR TO HEAVEN | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 45 | I'LL BE THERE FOR YOU | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 46 | RAINBOW | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 47 | I OVERLOADED AN ORCHID | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 48 | I WISH I HAD YOU BETTER | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 49 | BETTER LUST & WATCHING TV | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
| 50 | I'M HANGING SOUTH | Hank Williams Jr. | RCA 4032 |
## RPM COUNTRY DIRECTORY
WATCH THE CMJ
CANADIAN INDUSTRY DIRECTORY COMING SOON!
## RPM SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE
Rates: Canada & U.S.
- 1 year $15
- 2 years $30
- 3 years $50
- First Class (1 year) $40
Enclosed $__________
NAME ___________________________
ADDRESS _______________________
CITY ___________________________
PROV ___________________________
POSTAL CODE _________________
Telex your Programmes to RPM by TUESDAY 5 PM
Telephone (416) 425-0257
Telex 06-22756
## PROMO AND SALES REP WANTED
For expanding record firm, we are writing to Box 760, Toronto 8, Bremicville Road, Toronto, Ontario, giving age, experience and preferably located in Ontario.
## EXPERIENCE & HARD WORK EQUALS SUCCESS — Interested in a Programming position could you do your station work? I have 12 years experience on both sides of the border on the air and behind the scenes. I am a hard worker. Prefer competitive situation. Contact RPM Weekly, Box 7402, 6 Bremicville Road, Toronto 8, Ontario M4G 3Y2.
## LARGE BANQUET HALL - seating approximately 125 - real fireplace, stage with sound system, food and liquor service. Excellent location, ideal for band rehearsals, record company cocktail parties and functions, plenty of parking, 5 minutes from take off and landing at Billy Bishop. Desjar Music Holdings, P.O. Box 682, Oak Ridges, Ontario L9S 1P0.
## HAVE YOU CHARTED
"THIS LOVIN' FEELIN'" f/s
"LOVE IS"
by JERRY WARREN
United Artists
UAWX 440W
## LADIES & GENTLEMEN
Love Productions and Island Records are casting for three together promo people, to work Queen, Ontario, and the West. Good sense and good looks required.
Contact: Liam Mullan (416) 654-1906.
## CJOB Winnipeg
Cherish
Dance With Me/Johnny Rodriguez
Yellow Rose/Buddy Alan
What Can I Do/Fred Wheeler
Butterfly/Jan Parton
Mississippi Cotton Town/Charley Pride
Cape Cod Canoe/Johnny Cash Leigh
J. GOLD/CJFX Halifax
Charmed
Keep on a Truckin'/Cafe/C.W. McCall
Keep on Lovin' Me/Jenny Shepard
To My Love/Larry Norman
I Love You Away/John Wynette
Stamp Them Grapes/Mel Tillis (LP)
SPENCE CHERRIER/CJCH Medley
Cherish
I Couldn't Believe/Marty Robbins
Ride Me Down/Canadian Zephyr
Playin' with Fire/Charlie Rich
Mary Laveau/Flip-Bobby Bare
Stamp Them Grapes/Mel Tillis
Cape Cod Canoe/Johnny Cash Leigh
Talking to the Wall/Leon Anderson
Just One Night/Charlie Rich
I've Always Been Married/Bill Anderson
You Can't Stop Me/Don Raye
That's Love/Don Adams
My Little Girl/Johnny Osmond
Don't Stop Loving Me/Wagoner-Parson
Cotton Picking Delta Dawn/Charlie Pride
ST. JOHN/CFXCKCL Truro
To My Love/Larry Norman
I'll Think of Something/Hank Williams Jr.
Lost In My Dreams/Charlie Rich
Can I Come Home/Bill Anderson
Easter Sunday Morning/Oval Prophet
CFXO Pointe Claire
Boney Finger/Troy Axon
How Long/Johnny Milap
Wind/Joshua Laughtin
Allison/John Wynette
Home Ain't Home/Olivia Newton-John
TED HOCKADA/YCFTK Terrace
Promises/Paul Anka
Dance With Me/Jenny Rodriguez
The Want-To/Fredie Hart
We Are the World/Canadian Zephyr
Bonaparte's Retreat/Gen Campbell
DAVE CHAULK/FCFB Corner Brook
We Are the World/Gen Campbell
This Time/Waylon Jennings
Song That Annie Sings/Lorence Hud
## Summer Song/Tommy Rose
Good Time Girl/Cher/Keylo
Going Back to Dallas/Donna Ramay
The Balladeer/Jim & Don Haggart
Letters to God/Charlie Rich
BILL McGEE/CFCW Camrose
(No. 1) Rub It In/Billy "Crash" Craddock
West End Blues/Johnny Osmond
I Love My Friend/Charlie Rich
We Are the World/Gen Campbell
The Balladeer/Jim & Don Haggart
Morning Song/Rick Neufeld
LARRY RAMAY/CFXCKCL Co-Op Calgary
Nothing to Lose/Donna Ramay
Cowboy Song/Doyle Holly
I See Red/Charlie Rich/Twitty
Hot Rod Harry/Jimmy Bond
RON FOSTER/CKL-WFM Windsor
Our Sweetest Dream/Donna Ramay
I'm Having Your Baby/Sunday Sharpe
You Get to Me/Eddie Rabbitt
You Can't Stop Me/Don Raye
That's Love/Don Adams
My Little Girl/Johnny Osmond
Don't Stop Loving Me/Wagoner-Parson
Cotton Picking Delta Dawn/Charlie Pride
ST. JOHN/CFXCKCL Truro
To My Love/Larry Norman
I'll Think of Something/Hank Williams Jr.
Lost In My Dreams/Charlie Rich
Can I Come Home/Bill Anderson
Easter Sunday Morning/Oval Prophet
CFXO Pointe Claire
Boney Finger/Troy Axon
How Long/Johnny Milap
Wind/Joshua Laughtin
Allison/John Wynette
Home Ain't Home/Olivia Newton-John
TED HOCKADA/YCFTK Terrace
Promises/Paul Anka
Dance With Me/Jenny Rodriguez
The Want-To/Fredie Hart
We Are the World/Canadian Zephyr
Bonaparte's Retreat/Gen Campbell
DAVE CHAULK/FCFB Corner Brook
We Are the World/Gen Campbell
This Time/Waylon Jennings
Song That Annie Sings/Lorence Hud
SEE TAMMY AT THE CNE
WITH THE OSMOND BROTHERS
AUGUST 30
TAMMY
a fresh new artist
with an exciting new album
just tammy
Fernwinkle Records
1352 DON MILLS RD. NORTH
DON MILLS, ONT.
|
HISTORIC GLOUCESTER
Quarterly Newsletter of
The GLOUCESTER HISTORICAL SOCIETY
and The GLOUCESTER MUSEUM and ARCHIVES
VOLUME 4 NO. 1 WINTER 2003
THE OLD DUTCH MILL
# TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Article | Author | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|------|
| President’s Message | Guy Legault | 1 |
| Do You Know Where These Places Were? | Joan Scott | 2 |
| Ottawa Jewish Historical Society | Joan Scott | 4 |
| Annual General Meeting | | 6 |
| Membership Form | | 8 |
## COVER PHOTO:
The cover photo is of the Old Dutch Mill which used to be on the old canal road, now Colonel By Drive. It was a very popular spot and was the first eatery in the area to serve customers in their cars.
---
**Historic Gloucester** is published by The Gloucester Historical Society and The Gloucester Museum and Archives. It is intended as a Newsletter to members of the Society to provide interesting articles on Gloucester’s past and to keep them informed of new acquisitions by the Museum, publications available, upcoming events and other items of general interest. Comments and suggestions regarding the Newsletter are always welcome.
Gloucester Historical Society gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the City of Ottawa.
The Gloucester Historical Society now has a new brochure. Copies were sent to all members, along with the advertisement of our recent heritage month event. More copies will be available at the Annual General Meeting to be held at the GHS at 2 P.M. April 27, 2003. Please feel free to distribute copies to friends and anyone interested in joining.
Our Heritage Month activity, held at the GHS on February 2, was well received by a wide section of local people. Ken Clavette of the Worker’s Heritage Committee spoke about the construction of the Rideau Canal in the period 1826-1832 during which over 500 lives were lost due to accidents and disease, with thousands more injured. Most of the deceased were Irish. Several published histories refer to this period, praising the principals, including Colonel John By. But, until recently there has been little recognition of the workers and of their heavy losses during the construction of the Canal. In 2002 a Celtic Cross was erected on the Canal near Kingston to commemorate these workers; another is being prepared for an Ottawa site, hopefully this fall. Ken Clavette’s committee are continuing successfully to speak and raise funds at other events in the area.
Your Board of Directors hopes to launch a new project soon to continue the collection of oral histories. These records will be added to those obtained earlier by Grace Johnston. To ensure this becomes a success we need more volunteers to help in visiting people who have interesting and informative local stories to tell. We also need help with the management of these archival records. Please call us at 822-2076 and leave us the names and telephone numbers of people who can be of help with this project.
Guy H. Legault
In her book *Gloucester Roots*, Lois Kemp tells some very interesting stories about people and places of Gloucester. Here are a few places or things from Gloucester of yesteryear that you may, or may not, have heard about. If you want to learn more about them, there is additional information in Lois Kemp’s book which is still available from the Gloucester Historical Society.
**Jacob’s Well.** Farmers taking their produce to market in Ottawa or wending their way home after a busy day of selling, frequently stopped for a long, cool drink of fresh well water for themselves and their weary horses. Jacob’s Well was situated on the old George Fenton farm which was sold to William Lynch in the mid-twenties and is now part of the golf course. It was situated south of Lester’s Sideroad, west of Lynch Street, conveniently accessible for travellers along the old “stone road” or Metcalfe Road which is now known as Highway 31. The old-fashioned wooden pump with a hollowed-out tree trunk for a trough, sported an agate dipper hung at its side and a basswood roof which bore the sign “Jacob’s Well.”
**Bogtown School.** Sometimes called “Kerwin’s School,” Roman Catholic elementary students from School Sections 4, 5 and 12 attended classes at this site from the early 1880s until 1924 when it was demolished. In this small one-room building, the teacher’s desk, with a top that could be raised, was on a platform at the front of the room. The desks for the pupils seated two and had pencil grooves and inkwells - much to the delight of the boys who would dip the braids of the girl in front into the inkwell if she was not careful! The school was on the Foran farm on the southeast corner of the junction of the Bogtown Road and Tommy Graham’s Sideroad. That is, at the southeast corner of the junction of the Armstrong and Bowesville Roads south of the airport.
**Farmer’s Corners.** When Highway 417 was built it cut through Farmer’s Way which ran south from Mer Bleue to Regional Road No. 8. Part of the road was closed off but a new curve made an adjustment to the remainder of the south part, which continues still today through Farmer’s Corners and Piperville to Regional Road 8. Farmer’s Corners was best known for its church on the northwest corner of the 8th line beside the Farmer home. From 1886 to 1925 the church was Presbyterian, then from 1925 to 1962 it was United. Many long time residents of the area had happy memories of functions held at the church before it was demolished when the congregations of Farmer’s Corners and East Gloucester joined to become Bethany United Church at Ramsayville. The porch from the Farmer’s Corners church was given to the Greely Anglican Church and its cross was given to the Hawthorne United Church. The Gloucester Historical Society has the wooden sign-board which was made by Harold Vodden.
**Tomlinson’s General Store.** While building the Rideau Canal Colonel John By had his men cut out a road for bringing in supplies and this became known as the Montreal Road. It was a well travelled route by 1890 when Tomlinson started his store on the north side, just east of the Blair (then Skead) Road. The store was surrounded by seven acres of orchard from which he sold
pears, yellow and blue grapes, apples and crabapples. The store was decorated on the outside with signs advertising Old Chum or Stag Plug Tobacco and the inside was stacked with all sorts of delights from penny candies, food, clothing, and hardware. The living quarters were at the back of the store and if Tomlinson was not out there playing the piano, flute or mouth-organ, he might be found resting on the wide front verandah.
The Old Dutch Mill. This was the first eatery in the area to serve customers in their cars. It was on the canal road (now Colonel By Drive) and was built about 1930 by Captain Edgar Mitchell and Barry Anderson. The Mill was a popular spot for many years, not only for the cottagers who dotted the winding road, but also for people who came out from the city for a Sunday drive.
The Tallest Tree in Gloucester. Visible from as far away as the lawn of the Parliament Buildings and the Village of Navan, the stately pine, with its lowest branches 25 feet from the ground, stood like a beacon on the Borthwick Ridge. It was on Lot 8, Concession 5, Ottawa Front, owned by the Geymonat family from 1911 to 1961. Three teenaged Geymonat lads decided to measure the tree’s girth one day and found that they could barely encircle it by joining hands around the huge trunk at the base. In 1919 the top of the tree was cracked off in an electrical storm and it was decided to cut it down. Sufficient lumber was obtained from this one tree to build an entire machine shed as well as a high-sided wagon.
Sawmill Creek. People today would have a hard time trying to find what is left of Sawmill Creek. Underground piping and developed land in the area have all but obliterated it, but it was once a force to contend with. The mill which gave the creek its name was built by Braddish Billings on the east side of Bank Street directly south of the CNR tracks at Billings’ Bridge. In spring the creek was a raging torrent as it made its way from its source at the swamp south of the Davidson Side Road on Albion Road, through what is now Kemp Park, Blossom Park, Sawmill Creek Pool and South Keys, then west of Bank Street, across the Walkley and Heron Roads, then first east and then west under Bank Street and on into the Rideau at the Billings Bridge. Flooding was an annual rite of spring with the water rising to the steps of Gloucester’s 1874-1962 Town Hall on Bank Street. Around the turn of the century the old mill was destroyed by fire.
Sawmill Creek in Flood, 1922
After the article in our last Newsletter on Gloucester Pioneer Cemeteries, the Ottawa Jewish Historical Society contacted us to advise that they did, in fact, have much more information available on the United Jewish Community Cemetery. In fact they have Ottawa Jewish cemeteries fonds - 1896-1995 consisting of .2m of records, plans and photographs. The fonds consist primarily of correspondence, reports, site development planning records and plans for the new Jewish cemetery, Osgoode Township, as well as some inventories, plans, correspondence, minutes and rules and regulations for the first cemetery. Other cemetery records are located in individual congregation fonds, cassette tape collection under: Israel Shinder, Ottawa Vaad Ha’lr Fonds, Standing Committee Series, Cemetery Committee.
The Jewish cemetery on the Metcalfe Highway, Gloucester, opened in 1893 when Abraham Sugarman, John Dover, Abraham Spector and Benjamin Silver acted as trustees for the Congregation of Adath Jeshurun for the purpose of establishing a burial ground. The grounds were enlarged in 1907 under the guidance of Braham Kert, an Ottawa merchant, acting in trust for the Hebrew United Brethren of Ottawa (Agudath Achim). By 1942 these two congregations were joined by B’nai Jacob and Machzikei Hadas in expanding the cemetery grounds. Responsibility for the allotment and sale of plots rests with each congregation. Maintenance, capital expenditures and supervision is undertaken jointly by the Cemetery Committee.
By the early 1970s, the need for a new cemetery arose with the congregations of Young Israel and Temple Israel having no sections of their own, and with the Agudath Israel having only a few plots remaining. The Congregations of Agudath Israel, Beth Shalom, Machzikei Hadas, Temple Israel and Young Israel formed the New Jewish Community Cemetery of Ottawa, Inc. in 1976 for the purpose of developing and administering the new cemetery location in Osgoode Township. Israel Shinder, chairman, and his cemetery committee provided the leadership. The land was consecrated on Sunday, October 31, 1976. A separate committee operates each cemetery.
The Ottawa Jewish Historical Society very kindly provided us with more information on their society and the Ottawa Jewish Archives; both were established in 1968 under the direction of Mrs. Shirley Berman. The Archives is currently located in 800 square feet with a fire-proof humidity-controlled vault at 21 Nadolny Sachs Private. It is staffed with professional archivists. The collection includes thousands of photographs along with family and organizational histories, personal interviews and tapes of our public lectures.
The Historical Society has offices at 153 Chapel Street. It presents four public lectures of community historical interest each year and also conducts bus tours periodically of Old Jewish Ottawa and the By Ward Market. In 1998 the Society had a fund-raising campaign and raised over $200,000. These proceeds helped finance the move of the Archives into their present location. In November 2001, the Archives were turned over to the Ottawa Jewish Community Council for administration, but
the Historical Society continues to provide financial assistance.
After the Archives moved to its new premises, the Historical Society digitized all copies of the Ottawa Jewish Bulletin since 1937 until the present time, and they are now accessible on the computers in the Archives. They are continually being updated. The Ottawa Post of the Ottawa Jewish War Veterans has published a book "There I Was... A Collection of Reminiscences by Members of the Ottawa Jewish Community who Served in World War II" which the Historical Society helped to finance. This book is distributed by the Historical Society throughout the year to every Bar and Bat Mitzvahy celebrant in the city. The Historical Society funds the University of Ottawa for research papers on historical Jewish topics relating to Eastern Ontario and Western Quebec. They are currently negotiating with Carleton University to undertake a similar program. The Society is also going to embark on writing a book of three to four hundred pages on the history of the Ottawa Jewish Community since its inception. This will be published within a couple of years in softcover. There are several other projects which the Board of Directors is considering. Membership in the Society is approximately one hundred and seventy-five and is actively growing. We encourage anyone who would like further information on the Ottawa Jewish Historical Society or the Ottawa Jewish Archives to visit them. For hours of operation please call their office at 244-8291.
Our thanks to the Ottawa Jewish Historical Society for providing us with this information.
Gloucester Historical Society/
Société Historique de Gloucester
Annual General Meeting
Place: Gloucester Museum - 4550 Bank Street, at Leitrim Road
Date: Sunday, April 27, 2003
1:30 pm - Meet and Greet with tours of the museum collection
2:00 pm - Annual General Meeting followed by Guest Speaker:
Ben Stafford
Topic: “Memories of Hurdman’s Bridge”
Ben Stafford will describe the village of his childhood in the period 1936-1947. His presentation will be followed by a discussion and shared memories. Maps of Ben’s village will be handed out before the presentation.
All Welcome
Admission Free: Light Refreshments
Background: Hurdman’s Bridge was a small community situated on the east bank of the Rideau River along Tremblay, River and Russell Roads. Since then the bridge has been demolished and the railway lines removed. The area is now occupied by the Queensway and RCMP headquarters.
BOOKS AVAILABLE FROM THE GLOUCESTER HISTORICAL SOCIETY:
A History of Gloucester Historical Society
by Grace Johnson...........................................$2.00
Belden Map of Gloucester, 1879..................$5.00
Billings Bridge: My Village, My Life
by Gerard and Bernard Pelot.......................$20.00
Blackburn-Glen Ogilvie: Centennial History
by Anna Elliott.............................................$2.00
Bowesville: A Place to Remember
by Grace Johnston........................................$15.00
Carlsbad Springs/Ramsaywille Branch East Carleton Women’s Institute 1934-1994..$4.00
Gloucester Roots
by Lois Kemp..............................................$20.00
Memories of the Lockstations......................$4.00
Milk/Cream Produce-Distributors in Gloucester 1892-1975
by Grace Johnson.........................................$10.00
Valley Views...............................................$10.00
If you have memories of life in Gloucester or stories of schools or families from early days, and would like to share them, please give us a call. Artifacts and photographs of yesteryear are always welcome additions to the Museum.
Call us at 822-2076 to talk about it!
About the wooden bicycle (see front cover) -
In 1898 James Blair, a 17-year old who lived in Gloucester on the present site of Ritchie Feed & Seed store off Innes Road, built himself a wooden bicycle which he rode all over the farm and to the Byward Market in Ottawa. This amazing bicycle can be seen in the Gloucester Museum.
Board of Directors
President Guy Legault
Vice-President Mary Patterson
Recording Secretary Mary Boyd
Correspondence Jean-Marc Jossinet
Treasurer Graham Ritchie
Directors: Denise Amyot
Val Collins
Florence Ladds
Aline Mageau
Jacqueline Rawes
Joan Scott
GLoucester Museum & Archives
Supervisor/Curator Deborah Scott
Collections Officer Olga Pluviati
Education Officer Anik Despres
Chair, Advisory Board Guy Legault
IF YOU HAVE NOT YET RENEWED YOUR MEMBERSHIP, OR IF YOU WISH TO BECOME A NEW MEMBER, PLEASE COMPLETE THE FORM BELOW AND SEND IT IN WITH YOUR CHEQUE. STILL ONLY $10.00 PER YEAR OR $40.00 FOR A LIFE MEMBERSHIP!
Membership Form - Gloucester Historical Society/Société historique de Gloucester
Membership/Adhésion 2003 - $10.00 for one year..... $40.00 for life membership......
NAME: ____________________________________________________________
ADDRESS: _________________________________________________________
CITY: ___________________ PROV ______________ POSTAL CODE ___________
Mailing Address: Gloucester Historical Society
4550B Bank Street,
Gloucester, Ontario
K1T 3W6 Tel: 822-2076
|
GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS 2005
SPECIAL 50TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION
O brinquedo de Mickey mais valioso
Uma rara motocicleta a corda pilotada por Mickey Mouse (c. 1939, à direita), ainda na caixa original, foi vendida na galeria Christie's, em Londres, RU, em 16 de junho de 1997, por 83.466 dólares.
★ O maior ioiô
Um ioiô de 3,17 m de diâmetro e 407 kg, criado pela J. N. Nichols (Wimto) Ltd. [RU] e fabricado por estudantes de engenharia do Stockport College, foi jogado de uma grua a 57,5 m de altura, em Wythenshawee, Grande Manchester, RU, em 1º de agosto de 1993. Ele subiu e desceu cerca de quatro vezes.
★ A maior piscina de bolinhas
Ela tinha 252,9 m², profundidade média de 40 cm e cerca de 130 mil bolinhas. Foi montada em 30 de dezembro de 1999, em Plantagebaan, em Wouwse Plantage, Holanda, pelo Stichting Carnaval Wouwse Plantage, como parte das festividades do Carnaval do Milênio.
★ As peças de xadrez mais antigas
As peças encontradas em Nashipur, atual Bangladesh, datadas de c. 900 d.C., são as mais antigas de que se tem notícia.
★ A maior peça de xadrez
Mats Allanson (Suécia) fez um rei de 4 m de altura e base de 1,4 m de diâmetro.
★ O maior tabuleiro de jogo do mercado
O Galaxion, fabricado pela Cerebe Design International (Hong Kong), é jogado num tabuleiro de 83,8 x 83,8 cm.
★ O menor quebra-cabeça do mercado
Um quebra-cabeça de mil peças fabricado pela Educa Sallent (Espanha) mede 46 x 30 cm. Todos os quebra-cabeças em miniatura fabricados pela empresa são feitos de materiais recicláveis e retratam uma série de imagens, de pontos turísticos europeus à Disney e aos personagens da Vila Sésamo.
★ O maior quebra-cabeça do mercado
Fabricado pela Ravensburger, de Ravensburg, Alemanha, o maior quebra-cabeça disponível mede 2,76 x 1,92 m, e tem 18 mil peças – outro recorde para um quebra-cabeça dessa categoria.
★ O maior quebra-cabeça
Um quebra-cabeça projetado pela Great East Asia Surveyors & Consultants Co. Ltd. registrou um recorde de 5.428,8 m² e 21.600 peças. Foi montado por 777 pessoas no antigo Aeroporto Kai Tak, em Hong Kong, China, em 3 de novembro de 2002.
★ O maior tabuleiro permanente de Monopólio
Um tabuleiro de Monopólio de granito localizado em San José, na Califórnia, EUA, com todas as peças em escala, foi aberto ao público em 26 de julho de 2002 e mede 9,44 x 9,44 m.
His score included a single turn of 374 for the word 'OXIDIZERS'. The highest competitive single turn score recorded, however, is 392 by Dr Saladin Karl Khoshnaw (of Kurdish origin) in Manchester in April 1982. He laid down 'CAZIQUES', which means 'native chiefs of West Indian aborigines'.
Most titles British National Championships were instituted in 1971. Philip Nelson (b. 21 Jul 1959) has won a record four times, 1978, 1981, 1990 and 1992. The youngest winner was Allan Saldanha (b. 31 Oct 1966), aged 15 years 239 days in 1993.
World Championship The first world championship was held in London in 1991 and was played in English. The winner was Peter Morris (USA) (b. 1962) who collected a first prize of $10,000. The youngest winner was Mark Nixon (GB) (b. 14 Oct 1966), aged 15 years 239 days in 1993.
The most points scored in one game is 11,154 by Paul Goldar (b. 11 Jun 1965) at Hove, England on 5 Mar 1995.
The shortest time to complete the game is 1 min 5 sec by Steve Wigge at Scissett, England on 2 Aug 1991.
Biggest board game The world's biggest commercially available board game is Galaxion, created by Cerebe Design International of Hong Kong. The board measures 33 x 33 in 83.8 x 83.8 cm.
Most expensive The most expensive commercially available board game is the deluxe version of Outrage! produced by Imperial Games of Southport, Merseyside. The game which is based on stealing the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London retails at £3995.
Oldest club The St Moritz Tobogganing Club, Switzerland, founded in 1887, is the oldest toboggan club in the world. It is notable for being the home of the Cresta Run, which dates from 1884.
Cresta Run The course is 1212 m 3977 ft long with a drop of 157 m 514 ft and the record is 50.41 sec (av. 86.56 km/h 52.79 mph) by Christian Bertschinger (Switzerland) (b. 8 Feb 1964) on 23 Feb 1992. On 15 Jan 1995 Johannes Badrutt (Switzerland) (b. 16 Dec 1964) set a record from Junction (890 m 2920 ft) of 41.27 sec.
The greatest number of wins in the Grand National (instituted 1885) is eight by the 1948 Olympic champion Nino Bibbia (Italy) (b. 15 Mar 1922) in 1960–54, 1966, 1968 and 1973; and by Franco Gassner (Switzerland) (b. 2 May 1945) in 1981, 1983–6, 1988–9 and 1991. The greatest number of wins in the Curzola Cup (instituted 1910) is eight by Bibbia in 1950, 1957–8, 1960, 1962–4, and 1969.
Most titles The most successful riders in the World Championships (instituted 1953) have been Thomas Köhler (GDR) (b. 25 Jun 1940), who won the single-seater title in 1962, 1964 (Olympic) and 1967 and shared the two-seater title in 1965, 1967 and 1968 (Olympic). Georg Hackl (GDR/Germany) (b. 9 Sep 1966) has won four single-seater titles, 1989, 1990, 1992 (Olympic) and 1994 (Olympic).
Margit Schumann (GDR) (b. 14 Sep 1952) has won five women's titles, 1973–5, 1976 (Olympic) and 1977. Steffi Walter (née Martin) (GDR) (b. 17 Sep 1962) became the first rider to win two Olympic single-seater luge titles, with victories at the women's event in 1984 and 1988.
Fastest speed The highest recorded, photo-timed speed is 137.4 km/h 85.38 mph by Asle Strand (Norway) at Tandadalen Linbaner, Salen, Sweden on 1 May 1982.
Although there are a number of claims for a perfect three-game score of 900, the highest sanctioned score is 899 by Tom Jordan at Union, New Jersey in 1989.
Highest scores The highest individual score for three sanctioned games (possible 900) is 899 by Thomas Jordan (USA) (b. 27 Oct 1966) at Union, New Jersey, USA on 7 Mar 1989. The record by a woman is 864 by Jeannie Maiden (b. 10 Nov 1957) of Tacoma, Washington at Solon, Ohio, USA on 23 Nov 1986. This series included a record 40 consecutive strikes.
The maximum 900 for a three-game series was achieved by Glenn Richard Allison (b. 22 May 1930) at the La Habra Bowl in Los Angeles, California, USA on 1 Jul 1982, but this was not recognized by the ABC due to the oiling patterns on the boards. It has been recorded five times in unsanctioned games—Leon Bentley at Lorain, Ohio, USA on 26 Mar 1931; Joe Sargent at Rochester, New York, USA in 1934; Jim Murgie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA on 4 Feb 1937; by Bob Brown at Roseville Bowl, California USA on 12 Apr 1980 and by John Strausbaugh at York, Pennsylvania, USA on 11 Jul 1987. Such series must have consisted of 36 consecutive strikes (i.e. all pins down with one ball).
The highest average for a season attained in sanctioned competition is 245.63 by Doug Vergouwen at Harrisonville, Missouri, USA in 1989/90. The women's record is 232 by Patty Ann of Appleton, Wisconsin, USA in 1983/4.
Great Britain The British record for a three-game series is 847 by Lawrence William Ellis (b. 7 Dec 1950) at Airport Bowl, Hounslow, Greater London on 30 Aug 1992.
**3 Cushion**
**Most titles** William F. Hoppa (USA) (1887–1959) won 51 billiards championships in all forms spanning the pre- and post-international era from 1908 to 1952.
**UMB** Raymond Geelenmans (Belgium) (b. 12 Jul 1935) has won 20 world three-cushion championships (1968–73, 1975–80, 1983, 1985, 1990).
**Bar billiards** Keith Sheard scored 28,530 in 19min 5sec in a league game at the Crown and Thistle, Hendington, Oxford on 9 Jul 1984. Sheard scored 1500 points in a minute on BBC TV’s *Record Breakers* on 23 Sep 1985.
The highest score in 24 hours by a team of five is 1,754,730 by Les Green, Ricard Powell, Kevin Clark, Mick Lingham and Curt Driver of The Shipwrights Arms, Chatham, Kent on 26–27 May 1990.
---
**Chess**
**World Championships** World champions have been officially recognized since 1886. The longest undisputed tenure was 26yr 337days by Dr Emanuel Lasker (1868–1941) of Germany, from 1894 to 1921.
The women’s world championship title was held by Vera Franzeyna Stevenson-Menchik (USSR, later GB) (1906–44) from 1927 until her death, and was successfully defended a record seven times.
**Team** The USSR has won the biennial men’s team title (Olympiad) a record 18 times between 1952 and 1990, and the women’s title 11 times from its introduction in 1957 to 1986.
**Youngest** Gary Kaniovich Kasparov (USSR) (b. 13 Apr 1963) won the title on 9 Nov 1985 at 22yr 210 days.
Maya Grigoryevna Chiburdanidze (USSR) (b. 17 Jan 1961) won the women’s title in 1978 when only 17.
**Oldest** Wilhelm Steinitz (Austria, later USA) (1856–1900) was 58yr 10days when he lost his title to Lasker on 26 May 1894.
**Most active** Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (USSR) (b. 25 May 1951) in his tenure as champion, 1975–85, averaged 45.2 competitive games per year, played in 32 tournaments and finished first in 26.
**Most British titles** The most British titles have been won by Dr Jonathan Penrose (b. 7 Oct 1933), with ten titles in 1958–63, 1966–9. Rowena Mary Bruce (née Dew) (b. 15 May 1919) won 11 women’s titles between 1957 and 1969.
**Highest rating** The highest rating ever attained on the officially adopted Elo System (devised by Arpad E. Elo (1903–92)) is 2805 by Gary Kasparov (USSR) at the end of 1992. The highest-rated woman player is Judit Polgar (Hungary), who achieved a peak rating of 2650 at the end of 1993.
The top British player on the Elo list has been Nigel David Short (b. 1 Jun 1965) who reached a peak rating of 2685 at the end of 1991. The top British woman is Susan Kathryna Arkell (née Walker) (b. 28 Oct 1965) who reached a peak of 2555 on 1 Jul 1988.
**Fewest games lost by a world champion** José Raúl Capablanca (Cuba) (1888–1942) lost only 24 games (out of 571) in his adult career, 1909–59. He was unbeaten from 10 Feb 1916 to 21 Mar 1924 (63 games) and was world champion 1921–7.
**Most opponents** The record for most consecutive games played is 663 by Vlastimil Hort (Czechoslovakia, later Germany) (b. 12 Jun 1944) over 52½ hours at Ditz, Germany on 5–6 Oct 1984. He played 69–120 opponents at a time, scoring over 80 per cent wins and averaging 50 moves per game. He also holds the record for most games simultaneously, 201 during 550 consecutive games of which he only lost ten, in Selfoss, Iceland on 24–24 Apr 1977.
**Slowest moves** The slowest reported moving (before time clocks were used) in an official event is reputed to have been by Louis Paulsen (Germany) (1835–91) against Paul Charles Morphy (USA) (1837–84) at the first American Chess Congress, New York on 29 Oct 1857. The game ended in a draw on move 56 after 15 hours of play of which Paulsen used c. 11 hours.
**Grand Master** Friedrich Sämisch (Germany) (1896–1975) ran out of the allotted time (2hr 30 min for 15 moves) after only 12 moves in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in 1938.
The slowest move played, since time clocks were introduced, was at Vigo, Spain in 1980 when Francisco R. Torres Trois (b. 3 Sep 1946) took 2hr 20min for his seventh move vs Luis M. C. P Santos (b. 30 Jun 1955).
The Master game with most moves on record was one of 269 moves, when Ivan Nikolic’ drew with Goran Asovic’ in a Belgrade, Yugoslavia tournament, on 17 Feb 1989. It took a total of 20hr 15min.
---
**Draughts**
**World champions** Walter Hellman (USA) (1916–75) won a record eight world titles during his tenure as world champion 1948–75.
**British titles** The British Championship (biennial) was inaugurated in 1886 and has been won six times by Samuel Cohen (London) (1905–72), 1924, 1927, 1929, 1933, 1937 and 1939. John McGill (Kilbride) (b. 1936) won six Scottish titles between 1959 and 1974.
**Youngest and oldest national champion** Asi A. Long (b. 20 Aug 1904) became the youngest US national champion, aged 18yr 64days, when he won in Boston, Massachusetts, USA on 25 Oct 1922. He became the oldest, aged 79yr 35¼days, when he won his sixth title in Tupelo, Mississippi, USA on 21 Jul 1984. He was also world champion 1934–8.
---
**Scrabble (Crossword Game)**
**Highest scores** The highest competitive game score is 1049 by Phil Appleby (b. 9 Dec 1957) in June 1989. His opponent scored 253 and the margin of victory, 796 points, is also a record.
His score included a single turn of 374 for the word “OXIDIZERS”. The highest competitive single turn score recorded, however, is 302 by Dr Saladin Karl Khoshnaw (of Kurdish origin) in Manchester in April 1982. He laid down “CAZIQUES”, which means ‘native chiefs of West Indian aborigines’.
**Most titles** British National Championships were instituted in 1971. Philip Nelkon (b. 21 Jul 1956) has won a record four times, 1978, 1981, 1990 and 1992.
---
**Bigest!**
The world’s biggest commercially available board game is Galaxion, created by Cerebro Design International of Hong Kong. The board measures 35in × 33in (88.8 cm × 83.8 cm).
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Introduction To Maternity And Pediatric Nursing Study Guide Answer Key
Written specifically for the LPN/LVN student, this Third Edition of Introductory Maternity and Pediatric Nursing provides clear, well-illustrated, and clinically relevant coverage of pregnancy, birth, and pediatrics to help student’s master key clinical and critical thinking skills and prepare for the NCLEX® exam and successful practice. This Third Edition is enhanced by new care plans in the clinical chapters, new case studies, a new art program, a new pronunciation guide, and more. Online video clips of live births, Cesarean delivery, breastfeeding, pediatric milestones, the well child, and the hospitalized child bring concepts to life in dynamic full color. To ensure student mastery of key topics, an integrated workbook at the end of each chapter includes NCLEX-style questions (many NEW to this edition), study activities, and critical thinking: “What Would You Do?” exercises.
The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.
Written by the foremost experts in maternity and pediatric nursing, Maternal Child Nursing Care, 5th Edition offers the accurate, practical information you need to succeed in the classroom, the clinical setting, and on the NCLEX® examination. This new edition offers numerous content updates throughout the text to keep you up-to-date on the latest topics and best practices. Plus hundreds of illustrations, alert boxes, and tables clarify key content and help you quickly find essential information. Atraumatic Care boxes in the pediatric unit teach you how to provide competent and effective care to pediatric patients with the least amount of physical or psychological stress. Community Focus boxes emphasize community issues, supply resources and guidance, and illustrate nursing care in a variety of settings. Critical thinking case studies offer opportunities to test and develop your analytical skills and apply knowledge in various settings. Emergency boxes in the maternity unit guide you through step-by-step emergency procedures. Expert authors of the market-leading maternity and pediatric nursing textbooks combine to ensure delivery of the most accurate, up-to-date content. Family-Centered Care boxes highlight the needs or concerns of families that you should consider to provide family-centered care. NEW! Content updates throughout the text give you the latest information on topics such as the late preterm infant, fetal heart rate pattern identification, obesity in the pregnant woman, shaken baby syndrome/traumatic brain injury, Healthy People 2020, car restraints, immunizations, and childhood obesity. NEW! Updated Evidence-Based Practice boxes including OSEN KSAs (knowledge, skills, attitudes) provide the most current practice guidelines to promote quality care. NEW! Medication Alerts stress medication safety concerns for better therapeutic management. NEW! Safety Alerts highlighted and integrated within the content draw attention to developing competencies related to safe nursing practice.
This full-color revision of LPN/LVN level pediatrics text condenses prenatal and newborn coverage and features expanded asthma coverage and care of the well child. The text is organized as follows: chapters on developmental stages (age groups) are followed by chapters covering related and common diseases within each stage/age group. The final unit of the text includes the child with chronic health problems and the dying child. New recurring features include Web activities, pediatric triage checklists, and case studies.
Connection Website: connection.LWW.com/go/lpnresources.
Maternal-Neonatal Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!
Introduction to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing - E-Book
Introductory Maternity and Pediatric Nursing
Maternal Child Nursing Care in Canada - E-Book
Get the accurate, practical information you need to succeed in the classroom, the clinical setting, and on the NCLEX-RN® examination. Written by the foremost experts in maternity and pediatric nursing, the user-friendly Maternal Child Nursing Care, 6th Edition provides both instructors and students with just the right amount of maternity and pediatric content. This new edition includes updated case studies within Nursing Care Plans, as well as a new chapter on pediatric cancer. Focus on the family throughout emphasizes the influence of the entire family in health and illness. Focus on the family throughout emphasizes the influence of the entire family in health and illness. Expert authors of the market-leading maternity and pediatric nursing textbooks combine to ensure delivery of the most accurate, up-to-date content. Critical thinking case studies offer you opportunities to test and develop your analytical skills and apply knowledge in various settings. Nursing Care Plans include rationales for interventions and provide you with an overview and specific guidelines for delivering effective nursing care. Nursing Alerts highlight critical information that you need to know when treating patients. Guidelines boxes outline nursing procedures in an easy-to-follow format. Emergency boxes in the maternity unit guide you through step-by-step emergency procedures. Home Care boxes detail important information that you need to deliver care to patients and families in the home setting. Atraumatic Care boxes in the pediatric unit teach you how to provide competent and effective care to pediatric patients with the least amount of physical or psychological stress. Community Focus boxes emphasize community issues, provide resources and guidance, and illustrate nursing care in a variety of settings. Patient Teaching boxes in the maternity unit highlight important information nurses need to communicate to patients and families. Cultural Competence boxes equip you with the knowledge you need to deliver culturally competent care. Family-Centered Care boxes draw attention to the needs or concerns of families that you should consider to provide family-centered care. Medication Guides serve as an important reference of drugs and their interactions. NEW! New chapter on pediatric cancer gives you the most up-to-date information on the latest topics. EXPANDED! Additional information on sexuality in the maternity section. EXPANDED! More content on spirituality in the family, culture, and spiritual chapters. EXPANDED and UPDATED! New content about LGBTQ+ included in the Transition to Parenthood chapter. NEW! Information on victims of sexual abuse as parents and human trafficking helps prepare you to handle these delicate issues. NEW and UPDATED! Case studies emphasize interprofessional care, demonstrating how nursing must collaborate with other health care disciplines to provide the most comprehensive care possible to women and children. UPDATED! Nursing Care Plans now incorporate case studies to personalize interventions and promote critical thinking.
The only book featuring nursing care plans for all core clinical areas, Swearingen's All-In-One Nursing Care Planning Resource, 4th Edition provides 100 care plans with the nursing diagnoses and interventions you need to know to care for patients in all settings. It includes care plans for medical-surgical, maternity/OB, pediatrics, and psychiatric-mental
health, so you can use just one book throughout your entire nursing curriculum. This edition includes a new care plan addressing normal labor and birth, a new full-color design, new QSEN safety icons, new quick-reference color tabs, and updates reflecting the latest NANDA-I nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems. Edited by nursing expert Pamela L. Swearingen, this book is known for its clear approach, easy-to-use format, and straightforward rationales. NANDA-I nursing diagnoses are incorporated throughout the text to keep you current with NANDA-I terminology and the latest diagnoses. Color-coded sections for medical-surgical, maternity, pediatric, and psychiatric-mental health nursing care plans make it easier to find information quickly. A consistent format for each care plan allows faster lookup of topics, with headings for Overview/Pathophysiology, Health Care Setting, Assessment, Diagnostic Tests, Nursing Diagnoses, Desired Outcomes, Interventions with Rationales, and Patient-Family Teaching and Discharge Planning. Prioritized nursing diagnoses are listed in order of importance and physiologic patient needs. A two-column format for nursing assessments/interventions and rationales makes it easier to scan information. Detailed rationales for each nursing intervention help you to apply concepts to specific patient situations in clinical practice. Outcome criteria with specific timelines help you to set realistic goals for nursing outcomes and provide quality, cost-effective care. NEW! Care plan for normal labor and birth addresses nursing care for the client experiencing normal labor and delivery. UPDATED content is written by practicing clinicians and covers the latest clinical developments, new pharmacologic treatments, patient safety considerations, and evidence-based practice guidelines. NEW full-color design makes the text more user friendly, and includes NEW color-coded tabs and improved cross-referencing and navigation aids for faster lookup of information. NEW! Leaf icon highlights coverage of complementary and alternative therapies including information on over-the-counter herbal and other therapies and how these can interact with conventional medications.
Thinking Critically case-based activities require students to apply the concepts found in the chapters to solve problems, make clinical judgement decisions concerning care management, and provide responses to patient questions and concerns. Reviewing Key Concepts questions in various formats give students ample opportunities to assess their knowledge and comprehension of information covered in the text. Matching, fill-in-the-blank, true/false, short-answer, and multiple-choice activities help students identify the core content of each chapter and test their understanding. Learning Key Terms matching and fill-in-the-blank questions let students test their ability to define all key terms highlighted in the corresponding textbook chapter. Perforated pages allow you to use activities for graded assignments. Answer key at the end of the book includes answers to all questions.
Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric NursingElsevier Health Sciences
Study Guide for Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing - E-Book
Care of the Childbearing and Childrearing Family
Study Guide for Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, 7e
All-in-One Care Planning Resource
Finally! A new OB/peds textbook that focuses on what LPNs must know. You'll find just the right depth and breadth of coverage with a focus on the knowledge and skills that LPNs need to know to practice safely.
Canadian Maternity and Pediatric Nursing prepares your students for safe and effective maternity and pediatric nursing practice. The content provides the student with essential information to care for women and their families, to assist them to make the right choices safely, intelligently, and with confidence.
Featuring the most accurate, current, and clinically relevant information available, Perry's Maternal Child Nursing Care in Canada combines essential maternity and pediatric nursing information in one text. Comprehensive coverage includes promotion of wellness and the care for persons experiencing common health concerns throughout the lifespan, care in childbearing, as well as the health care of children and child development in the context of the family. Health concerns, including physiological dysfunctions and special needs and illnesses, are also featured. This text provides a family-centred care approach that recognizes the importance of collaboration with families when providing care. Medication Alerts stress medication safety concerns for better therapeutic management. Safety Alerts highlighted and integrated within the content draw attention to developing competencies related to safe nursing practice. Research Focus boxes identify best practices by presenting evidence and how to apply the knowledge learned. Atraumatic Care boxes in the pediatric unit teach you how to provide competent and effective care to pediatric patients with the least amount of physical or psychological stress. Community Focus boxes emphasize community issues, supply resources and guidance, and illustrate nursing care in a variety of settings. Clinical reasoning case studies offer you opportunities to test and develop your analytical skills and apply knowledge in various settings. Cultural Awareness boxes explore beliefs and practices about pregnancy, childbirth, parenting, women's health concerns, and caring for sick children. Evidence-Informed Practice boxes highlight findings that confirm effective practices or that identify practices with unknown, ineffective, or harmful effects. Emergency boxes alert you to emergency situations and guide you step-by-step through emergency procedures. Family-Centred Care boxes highlight the needs or concerns of families that you should consider in providing family-centred care. Guidelines boxes outline nursing procedures in an easy-to-follow format. Home Care boxes detail important information that you need to deliver care to patients and families in the home setting. Medication Guide boxes include key information about medications used in maternity and newborn care, including their indications, adverse effects, and nursing considerations. Patient Teaching boxes assist you in helping patients and families become involved in their own care with optimal outcomes.
Get a solid foundation in maternity and pediatric nursing! Written in a clear, concise, friendly style, Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, 8th Edition is the complete guide to caring for maternity and pediatric patients. This best-selling text is organized by developmental stages, discussions of pediatric disorders by body system from simple-to-complex and health-to-illness, and includes a focus on family health. This edition also contains newly updated NCLEX® style review questions, new case studies, new content on zika virus, QSEN and safety, and expanded phases of pregnancy. Evidence-based maternal-child content prepares you for the LVN/LPN to achieve higher levels of learning, a goal expressed by the IOM Committee on the Future of Nursing. Over 42 detailed, updated nursing skills introduce you to skills unique to maternity and pediatric care. Over 25 nursing care plans feature seven different formats/themes/styles, including unfolding case studies. The beginning concepts of critical thinking introduces you to this idea as a basis for clinical nursing care. Updated content on the influence of microbiomes on non-invasive pregnancy and newborn nursing care addresses its impact on the adult health of the newborn. Step-by-step application of the nursing process covers the hospital, home, community and use in improving global health. Expanded cultural practices as they relate to pregnancy, delivery and pediatric care in the community. Coverage of the use of expanding new technologies and computerized medication administration reinforce the nursing process and strengthen problem-solving skills as applied to
maternity nursing. NEW! Discussion of new health threats include in-depth coverage of the Zika virus and Influenza NEW!
Updated guidelines for hypertension and immunizations for infants and children. NEW! Updated QSEN goals and nursing
responsibilities reflect the most recent changes. NEW! Expanded phases of pregnancy includes preconceptual, prenatal,
intrapartum, postpartum and interconceptual care and nursing responsibilities. NEW! Updated nursing responsibilities related to
global health reflect the "Baby Friendly Hospital" WHO initiative and interprofessional nursing communication related to nursing
"hand-off care" and shift change reports. NEW! Updated NCLEX® exam-style review questions have been revised with alternate
item formats at the end of each chapter. NEW! Expanded nursing and safety tips throughout include evidence-based online
resources which provide pertinent information applicable in the clinical setting that reinforces what you have just learned while
building on previously learned information. NEW! Expanded coverage of bioterrorism better reflects trauma related to pregnancy
and pediatric care.
Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing
Virtual Clinical Excursions Online and Print Workbook for Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing
Safe Maternity and Pediatric Nursing Care
Step into maternal-neonatal nursing with confidence and know-how, with the fully updated Maternal-Neonatal
NursingMade Incredibly Easy!®, 4th Edition. This friendly guide’s colorful images and helpful learning aids offer
the latest in nursing interventions for prenatal care basics, including high-risk pregnancy, family planning,
contraception and infertility, labor and birth, and postpartum care, presented in the enjoyable Incredibly Easy
style. Offering practice questions written in NCLEX® exam format, this is the ideal support for nursing students
and new nurses preparing for certification and the everyday challenges of the maternal-neonatal unit.
Part of the popular LPN Threads series, Introduction to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing provides a solid
foundation in obstetrics and pediatric nursing. An easy-to-follow organization by developmental stages,
discussion of disorders by body system from simple-to-complex and health-to-illness, and a focus on family
health make it a complete guide to caring for maternity and pediatric patients. Written in a clear, concise style by
Gloria Leifer, MA, RN, this edition reflects the current NCLEX® test plan with additional material on safety, health
promotion, nutrition, and related psychosocial care. Cultural Considerations boxes and a Cultural Assessment
Data Collection Tool help in developing individualized plans of care. Updated health promotion content includes
Health Promotion boxes focusing on preventive strategies for achieving prenatal wellness, health during
pregnancy, postnatal health, and pediatric illness prevention and wellness -- including the complete
immunization schedules for all ages. Nursing Tips provide information applying to the clinical setting.
Objectives are listed in each chapter opener. Key terms include phonetic pronunciations and text page
references at the beginning of each chapter. Nursing Care Plans with critical thinking questions help you
understand how a care plan is developed, how to evaluate care of a patient, and how to apply critical thinking
skills. A companion Evolve website includes animations, videos, answers to review questions and answer
guidelines for critical thinking questions, an English/Spanish audio glossary, critical thinking case studies, and
additional review questions for the NCLEX examination.
Leifer’s Study Guide for Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing is a rich resource that enhances your
comprehension and application of material from every chapter of the textbook. With a variety of learning
activities, critical thinking exercises, case studies, and review questions, this study guide reinforces your
mastery of the essential maternity and pediatric nursing concepts and skills you need to pass the NCLEX-PN®
Examination and succeed in your nursing career. NCLEX exam-style multiple-choice review questions at the end
of each chapter test basic chapter knowledge as well as ask for appropriate nursing actions, what the nurse
should expect in terms of medical care of the patient, and what complications the patient is at risk of developing.
Case Studies and Applying Knowledge activities provide additional opportunities to apply learned information to
clinical care. Thinking Critically activities require you to apply what you’ve learned in the textbook to new
situations and draw conclusions based on that knowledge. Learning activities include matching, labeling, and
completion exercises to help you learn basic concepts of maternity and pediatric nursing. Crossword puzzles in
selected chapters are a nice way to change up the format when testing comprehension of terms and concepts.
Answer key is located on the student’s Evolve website. Several Thinking Critically sections and case studies
with critical thinking questions have been added. Alternate-item format questions are included in the review
questions for the NCLEX® Examination.
Specially designed to parallel the material in Maternal-Child Nursing, 4th Edition, this user-friendly study guide
provides valuable review of essential concepts and skills. Hands-on learning exercises and practical activities
allow you to apply your knowledge to real-world scenarios. Learning exercises include multiple-choice,
matching, true/false, and review questions, as well as case studies, critical thinking activities, clinical learning
exercises, and key concepts. Active learning approach helps you understand complex processes, improve skills
performance, and develop critical-thinking and clinical decision-making skills. Completely updated content
matches the textbook and provides a comprehensive review of essential maternal-child concepts and skills.
Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health
Pediatric Nursing Made Incredibly Easy
Introduction to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing
Maternal Child Nursing Care - E-Book
Master maternity and pediatric nursing skills and prepare for the NCLEX-PN exam with this current, easy-to-understand, highly visual
text. This edition provides everything you need to make the transition from the classroom to safe, effective practice, including content
that reflects today's best practices, a unique built-in workbook, integrated case studies, and a robust array of interactive online resources.
Increase your awareness and understanding of a holistic view of mental health care with this book for nurses and other health care professionals. Each chapter covers a specific psychological or psychosocial problem as well as the most current interventions and treatments. This edition features full-color illustrations, updated drug information, and a chapter on complementary and alternative therapies, in addition to more case studies to help you apply the content to real life. This solid background in mental health is just what you need to work comfortably with clients who exhibit both effective and maladaptive behaviors. Multidisciplinary care plans for sample clients show how members of the health care team work together. Client-specific case studies highlight particular mental disorders and help you apply chapter content to real-life situations. "Think About boxes throughout the text strengthen your critical-thinking skills. UNIQUE "Drug Alert boxes highlight what you need to know about a wide range of specific psychotherapeutic medications. UNIQUE Standard LPN full-color design and "Content Threads point out key information and special features in each chapter, consistent with the format of other books in the LPN Threads series. Appendixes give you easy access to mental health care standards, DSM-IV TR diagnoses, and assessment tools that are essential for providing quality care. FREE workbook at the end of the book includes crossword puzzles, multiple-choice questions, and other exercises to boost your comprehension of the material. FULL-COLOR illustrations make the text even more visually appealing and user-friendly. Additional case studies help you apply chapter content to more real-life scenarios such as chronic illness and substance abuse with accompanying questions to test your critical-thinking skills. Chapter on complementary and alternative therapies increases your awareness of the benefits and risks of alternative therapies such as ayurveda, herbal supplements, massage, meditation, acupuncture, and telemedicine. Forensic nursing content familiarizes you with the prevention and treatment of violence-based disorders and shows you how to obtain and document evidence for legal purposes. NEW antianxiety and antimanic drug information keeps you up-to-date on the latest psychotropic medications.
Pediatric Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! Second Edition Whether you are prepping for the NCLEX or certification exam, looking for an aid to class materials, or just want to refresh your skills, Pediatric Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! is the answer. Part of the award-winning Made Incredibly Easy! Series, this fun, practical guide addresses pediatric care and childhood disorders in light of each level of child development, with a family-involved care approach. Full of expert insight and MIE's trademark wit, this lively reference addresses the full range of common pediatric conditions, and illuminates the many roles of the pediatric nurse. Features: · Current data on more than 100 pediatric disorders, including genetic and cognitive disorders · Coverage of topics including: cultural considerations, hospital care, children with disabilities and terminal illness, pain assessment and management, drug metabolism, healthcare team collaboration, ethics and professional boundaries · Full color inserts illuminate complex concepts · "Nurse Joy" and other illustrated characters offer tips and insights · Easy-reference format with concise, bulleted content · Numerous tables, illustrations and flow charts · Special features: · Just the Facts – quick summary at start of each chapter · Quick Quiz – at end of each chapter · Advice from Experts – experienced practitioners' insights · It's all relative – teaching tips and checklists for family education · Growing pains – developmental stage descriptions, expectations and risks · Cultured pearls – insights on unique aspects of care by cultural group · Glossary of essential pediatric terms, selected references, and online sources
Designed to be used by the student together with the sixth edition of Maternal and child health nursing by Adele Pillitteri.
Introductory Maternity Nursing
Study Guide [to] Leifer Introduction to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing, Fifth Edition
Foundations of Mental Health Care - E-Book
Maternal Child Nursing Care
The new edition of this practical text provides a solid and completely current foundation in obstetric and pediatric nursing. Retaining a systems format, it offers a strong emphasis on the key themes of family-centered care, health promotion and illness prevention, women's health issues, and the growth and development of both the child and the parent. Over 660 crisp figures and tables clarify key concepts. And, abundant multiple-choice questions and vocabulary terms enhance communication and critical thinking skills.
Leifer's Study Guide for Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing is a rich resource that enhances your comprehension and application of material from every chapter of the textbook. With a variety of learning activities, critical thinking exercises, case studies, and review questions, this study guide reinforces your mastery of the essential maternity and pediatric nursing concepts and skills you need to pass the NCLEX-PN® Examination and succeed in your nursing career. NCLEX exam-style multiple-choice review questions at the end of each chapter test basic chapter knowledge as well as ask for appropriate nursing actions, what the nurse should expect in terms of medical care of the patient, and what complications the patient is at risk of developing. Case Studies and Applying Knowledge activities provide additional opportunities to apply learned information to clinical care. Thinking Critically activities require you to apply what you've learned in the textbook to new situations and draw conclusions based on that knowledge. Learning activities include matching, labeling, and completion exercises to help you learn basic concepts of maternity and pediatric nursing. Crossword puzzles in selected chapters are a nice way to change up the format when testing comprehension of terms and concepts. Answer key is located on the student's Evolve website.
Fully revised and updated, Maternity Nursing: An Introductory Text, 7th Edition reflects recent health care and societal changes. It also incorporates important scientific findings that are leading to improvements in maternal and newborn infant care. And, it features a new emphasis on the importance of flexibility, creativity, and responding positively to change within the nursing profession.
This text covers topics from nursing care during pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period, to
understanding the growth and development of the child and family, to the nursing care of children. It shows how the whole family is affected by health-related events - like the birth of a child.
Leifer's Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing in Canada
Study Guide to Accompany Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing
Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing - E-Book
Study Guide for Maternal-Child Nursing - E-Book
Providing a foundation in obstetrics and paediatric nursing, this text outlines the skills and techniques essential for clinical practice.
Gain a solid foundation in Canadian maternity and pediatric nursing! Written in a clear, concise, friendly style, Leifer's Intro to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing in Canada, is the first Canadian edition of the best-selling Leifer textbook. Fully revised by author, Lisa Keenan-Lindsay, RN, MN, PNC(C), it includes Canadian statistics, terminology, references, guidelines, resources, Canadian nursing best practices, assessments, and more! It's organized by developmental stages and includes discussions of pediatric disorders by body system from simple-to-complex and health-to-illness. With a rich focus on family health, this text contains exam-style review questions, case studies, and numerous other pedagogical features to give you the tools you need to successfully care for patients within the Canadian social and institutional context. Logical organization of content by simple-to-complex and health-to-illness, makes it easy for you to locate and access information. Health Promotion Considerations boxes focus on preventive strategies for achieving prenatal wellness, health during pregnancy, postpartum health, newborn health, and pediatric illness prevention and wellness---including Canadian immunization schedules for all ages. Unfolding Case Studies with open-ended critical thinking questions assess application of content to practice as you follow one family through conception and the birth process. Nursing Care Plans provide expected outcomes, interventions, and rationales for nursing interventions.
Comprehensive coverage of over 35 skills, outlined in step-by-step format cover a wide range of maternal and pediatric nursing interventions. Focus on health promotion and illness prevention, covers women’s health issues, and growth and development of child and parent. Cultural considerations applied as they relate to maternal/infant, and pediatric care in detailed tables. Safety Alerts emphasize protecting patients, family, health care providers, and the public from accidents, medication errors, and the spread of disease. Nursing Tips throughout text provide you with pertinent information applicable in the clinical setting. NEW! Fully revised content for a Canadian audience includes statistics, terminology, references and resources, 2019 Canada’s Food Guide, guidelines from the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologist’s of Canada (SOGC), the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian nursing best practice guidelines, assessments, and more! NEW! Strong focus on Health Promotion includes application of the social determinants of health, greater emphasis on community nursing, primary health care, and family-centred care approach. NEW! High-Risk Newborn chapter combines preterm/post-term newborn with the child born with a congenital condition. NEW! Chapter covers caring for the child with a chronic illness or in palliative care. UNIQUE! Baby-Friendly Initiatives incorporated throughout the text. UNIQUE! Canadian cultural considerations include content related to Indigenous Peoples threaded throughout all applicable chapters. NEW! Updated labour information based on Canadian guidelines and the five P’s of labour. NEW! Complete inclusion of Canadian medications, dosages, and metric measurements. NEW! Enhanced and updated art programme reflect Canada’s cultural diversity in the health care setting. NEW! Coverage of Canadian ethical and legal standards, and provincial and territorial legislation. NEW! Critical Thinking questions applies concepts learned in the chapter to practical situations. NEW! UPDATED! Examination review questions prepare you for certification exams. NEW! Expanded coverage on safety includes maternity and pediatric care in the home and community.
"Many nursing curricula combine and teach maternity and pediatrics in tandem. This can be viewed as a natural fit of two content areas that belong together"--
Corresponding to every chapter of the Leifer textbook, Study Guide for Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, 8th Edition is a rich resource that enhances your comprehension and application of the material. With a variety of learning activities, critical thinking exercises, case studies, and review questions, this study guide reinforces your understanding of essential maternity and pediatric nursing concepts and skills that you need to pass the NCLEX-PN® and succeed in your nursing career. Case Studies and Applying Knowledge activities provide additional opportunities for you to apply learned information to clinical care. Thinking Critically activities require you to apply what you've learned in the textbook to new situations and draw conclusions based on that knowledge. Learning activities include matching, labeling, and completion exercises to help you learn basic concepts of maternity and pediatric nursing. NEW! Exercises and review questions correspond with updated content from the 8th edition of this best-selling textbook
Canadian Maternity and Pediatric Nursing
Thompson's Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing
An Introductory Text
Study Guide for Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing
The seventh edition of this textbook for nursing undergraduates "encompasses the core aspects of evidence-based maternal-child nursing in health and illness, incorporating updates in clinical care and technology."--Page xi.
Keyed chapter-by-chapter to the textbook, this best-selling Study Guide is designed to assist students in understanding and applying the content presented in Introduction to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing, 4th edition. Together with the textbook, this study guide promotes active learning and the application of essential maternity & pediatric content to better prepare students for practice in the clinical setting. Includes matching, labelling, and completion learning activities, crossword puzzles, critical thinking exercises, case studies, applying knowledge activities, and multiple-choice review questions. Text page references are provided. Answers for the activities and exercises are provided in the Instructor's Manual.
Master content from the textbook with this helpful study tool! Designed to accompany Leifer's Introduction to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing, 5th Edition, this workbook will assist students in understanding and applying material from each chapter in the text.
Gain a solid foundation in Canadian maternity and pediatric nursing! Written in a clear, concise, friendly style, Leifer's Intro to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing in Canada, is the first Canadian edition of the best-selling Leifer textbook. Fully revised by author, Lisa Keenan-Lindsay, RN, MN, PNC(C), it includes Canadian statistics, terminology, references, guidelines, resources, Canadian nursing best practices, assessments, and more! It's organized by developmental stages and includes discussions of pediatric disorders by body system from simple-to-complex and health-to-illness. With a rich focus on family health, this text contains exam-style review questions, case studies, and numerous other pedagogical features to give you the tools you need to successfully care for patients within the Canadian social and institutional context. Logical organization of content by simple-to-complex and health-to-illness, makes it easy for you to locate and access information. Health Promotion Considerations boxes focus on preventive strategies for achieving prenatal wellness, health during pregnancy, postpartum health, newborn health, and pediatric illness prevention and wellness—including Canadian immunization schedules for all ages. Unfolding Case Studies with open-ended critical thinking questions assess application of content to practice as you follow one family through conception and the birth process. Nursing Care Plans provide expected outcomes, interventions, and rationales for nursing interventions. Comprehensive coverage of over 35 skills, outlined in step-by-step format cover a wide range of maternal and pediatric nursing interventions. Focus on health promotion and illness prevention, covers women's health issues, and growth and development of child and parent. Cultural considerations applied as they relate to maternal/infant, and pediatric care in detailed tables. Safety Alerts emphasize protecting patients, family, health care providers, and the public from accidents, medication errors, and the spread of disease. Nursing Tips throughout text provide you with pertinent information applicable in the clinical setting.
Essentials of Maternity, Newborn, and Women's Health Nursing Lippincott Coursepoint Access Code
Maternity Nursing
Maternity and Pediatric Nursing
Introduction to Maternal and Child Health Nursing
One of the most complete nursing education learning systems available, Virtual Clinical Excursions 4.0 (VCE) is an interactive print and online workbook that guides you through a virtual hospital where the patients are real and their conditions are constantly changing. Each lesson features a core reading assignment from Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, 8th Edition along with activities based on "visiting" the patients in the hospital. By immersing you in a realistic, yet safe, nursing environment, VCE simulates the average clinical rotation by allowing you to conduct a complete assessment of a patient and set priorities for care, collect information, analyze and interpret data, prepare and administer medications, and reach conclusions about complex problems. This unique virtual setting is the best way to learn about the complexities of patient care by giving you the perfect environment to practice what you've learned. Duration for access to this product, which may be at the discretion of your institution, is up to 36 months. Elsevier reserves the right to restrict or remove access due to changes in product portfolio or other market conditions. Updated drug reference includes a comprehensive set of the latest drug monographs to help you make the best clinical judgments to complete each case. Online workbook lessons guide you throughout the patient scenarios to collect information, make decisions, and set priorities. Vital signs tool within each patient's room allows you to check the patient's status at critical moments, and promotes safe practice. Nurse-client interaction videos depict conversations and situations involving nurses, patients, family members, and hospital staff to help you discern between communications that are ideal and those that need improvement. Unique records that house data from the virtual patient's hospital stay allows you to record new findings to see how the data for different attributes has changed over time. Laboratory guide provides standard value ranges for all laboratory values offered within the virtual patient hospital, so you can confirm and compare standard lab values against your patients' test results. Physical examination experience with unique images and assessment findings advance your understanding of each patient's system assessments. Patient medication administration enhances your ability to think critically about safe medication practices and follow safe medication standards. Allows for easy and quick access to various patient charts, including Physician's Orders, Laboratory Reports, Patient Education, Nursing Admission, and many more. Kardex nursing information regarding patients' acute care provides quick access to vital information such as physician's orders, laboratory reports, patient education, nursing admission, and more, offering a richly detailed portrait of the patient. NEW! Updated content from Introduction to Maternity and Pediatric Nursing, 8th Edition addressed through patient care activities in the VCE workbook, providing you with active learning of the latest evidence-based care.
This introductory guide to maternity and paediatrics gives students a strong foundation for contemporary nursing care. A consistent nursing process framework helps students understand and apply information. Recurring displays including teaching guidelines, family considerations, nursing care plans, nursing alerts, nursing insights and What would you do (case studies and questions), enhance learning of clinical and theoretical information. Maternity coverage includes: care of the pregnant woman from conception through delivery; care of the newborn and family: issues and trends; reproduction; and family planning. Paediatric coverage includes: growth and development; health problems organized by body system; medications and pain management; chronic and life threatening illness; and mental health problems. Each chapter has the following helpful tools to enhance learning and promote retention: student objectives; key terms; chapter outline; introduction; key concepts; NCLEX-style review questions; and a bibliography.
This full-color LPN/LVN-level textbook presents maternity nursing using a nursing process framework. Throughout the text are features that help students develop critical thinking skills and apply content to practice—such as nursing procedures, nursing care plans, clinical pearls, patients' and caregivers' stories, critical thinking questions, cultural snapshots, family teaching tips, and over 200 illustrations. Each chapter is followed by an integrated study guide/workbook with NCLEX-style questions, Critical Thinking: What Would You Do? scenarios including dosage calculations, and Study Activities including Internet activities. Introductory Maternity Nursing is an ideal complement to Hatfield, Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing, Sixth Edition. Instructors who prefer a combined maternity/pediatric text can use Klossner/Hatfield, Introductory Maternity and Pediatric Nursing.
Leifer's Introduction to Maternity & Pediatric Nursing in Canada E-Book
Study Guide for Perry’s Maternal Child Nursing Care in Canada, E-Book
Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 2)
Study Guide to Accompany Maternal and Child Health Nursing
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OFFICE BEARERS
EXECUTIVE PATRONS
Prof. B.B. Tripathy (Cuttack)
Prof. H.B. Chandalia (Mumbai)
Prof. C. Munichoodappa (Bengaluru)
Prof. Ashok K. Das (Puducherry)
Prof. Binode K. Sahay (Hyderabad)
PRESIDENT
Prof. K.M. Prasanna Kumar
(Bengaluru)
VICE PRESIDENTS
Prof. Shashank R. Joshi (Mumbai)
Prof. G.C. Reddy (Hyderabad)
PAST PRESIDENT
Prof. R.V. Jayakumar (Kochi)
SECRETARY
Prof. S.V. Madhu (New Delhi)
JOINT SECRETARY
Prof. P.V. Rao (Hyderabad)
TREASURER
Dr. Rajeev Chawla (New Delhi)
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Prof. S.R. Aravind (Bengaluru)
Prof. V. Mohan (Chennai)
Prof. Sarita Bajaj (Allahabad)
Dr. Banshi Saboo (Ahmedabad)
Prof. Samar Banerjee (Kolkatta)
Dr. Rakesh Sahay (Hyderabad)
**RESEARCH COMMITTEE**
Prof. S.V. Madhu
Prof. Jitendra Singh
Prof. Sarita Bajaj
Dr. Alok Kanungo
Prof. Shank R. Joshi
Prof. Nikhil Tandon
Dr. Arvind Gupta
**CREDENTIAL COMMITTEE**
**Chairman:** Prof. Binode K. Sahay
Prof. Ashok.K.Das
Prof. H.B.Chandalia
**EDITORIAL COMMITTEE**
**Chairman:** Prof. H.B. Chandalia
Prof. A.K. Das
Prof. R.V. Jayakumar
Dr. K.M. Prasanna Kumar
Prof. S.V. Madhu
Dr. R.G. Naik
Dr. G.R. Sridhar
Prof. P.V. Rao
**TEXT BOOK COMMITTEE**
Message from the President
Dear friends
The RSSDI is growing in strength from year to year and it is my privilege to head such a prestigious organization for the second consecutive term. We have undertaken some new initiatives at RSSDI to improve the diabetes care and research in India such as the Certificate course in diabetes. The RSSDI certificate course in Diabetes will constitute a length of 2 years for MBBS graduates and 1 year for candidates who have completed MD in medicine. We have found that many institutions and diabetes hospitals have begun to show a keen interest in this, and in turn, find this very encouraging. The curriculum has been finalized and the inspection of institutions is nearing completion. Shortly the RSSDI certificate course in diabetes will start. Another new initiative we have been working on is the CME and workshops for RSSDI members of the state chapters. In this regard the Delhi RSSDI, recently conducted a workshop on “How to write a scientific communication” with the CME
having a good turn out and being well received by the participants. Similarly, Kolkata RSSDI is planning a workshop on Research methodologies in Diabetes. Optimistic of these workshops, I'm sure they will go a long way in urging the young scientists to take up research and publish papers in the field of diabetes. We have decided to print membership certificates for all RSSDI members and this will be posted to all of you, shortly. I am sure that all the state chapters of RSSDI will take active roles in conducting such workshops & CMEs to sensitize the younger scientists and diabetologists to take up research in diabetes.
Dr K M Prasanna Kumar
President
MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY
Dear Colleagues
Greetings from New Delhi
I hope that you are all receiving your copies of the RSSDI Newsletter in print as well as in e-newsletter form. I request all members yet again to please send their updated e-mails to me so that e-newsletters can reach you regularly in your inbox. I wish to thank our members for the enthusiastic response to our new venture of accreditation of certificate courses in diabetology by RSSDI as announced previously. Applications are invited from interested centres who wish to start this course. RSSDI will inspect and approve/accredited centres fulfilling the specified criteria. We have already conducted inspections at a few centres approved a few and look forward to more applications from you all.
I am pleased to announce that we have decided to issue a Certificate of Life Membership to all life members of the RSSDI. You will be receiving these very soon.
As earlier, I call upon all our members to submit new, well written research proposals for funding from RSSDI. These are open all through the year. We have also announced funding for minor projects by medical students of any of the medical colleges of India to encourage research in diabetes among the young students. I call upon our members to facilitate/encourage students in their institutes to submit suitable proposals under this scheme.
I also wish to tell all our members that we are in the process of finalizing a Clinical Update in Diabetes series and all members
would start receiving a copy of the same soon. I am sure you will all find this very interesting and useful.
RSSDI is growing with more and more chapters becoming active and conducting several state level activities including CMEs and workshops related to research /publications as well as patients education activities. I am sure our members are benefitting greatly from all these state level activities also.
As we prepare for our annual mega event, the 37th Annual Conference of RSSDI at Ahmedabad, we assure all our members that we are planning several more activities for you in the future that would help you all to be in constant touch with the latest developments in diabetes in the world.
Best wishes.
Dr. S.V. Madhu
Secretary
---
**37th Annual Scientific Meeting of RSSDI**
Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India
37th Annual Scientific Meeting
RSSDI 1209
Dates: November 5-8, 1209
Venue: The Convention Center,(Nr. University Ground) Ahmedabad.
**Dr. Mayur Patel**
**Organising Chairman**
**Banshi Saboo**
**Organising Secretary**
**Conference Secretariat:**
1 & 2, Gandhi Park, Nr. Nehrunagar Circle,
Ambawadi, Ahmedabad 380 012 INDIA
Tel.: +91 79 2630 4104
Fax : +91 79 2630 2104
E-mail : firstname.lastname@example.org
Website : www.rssdi1209.org
**Chairman ,Scientific Committee**
Dr. V.Mohan
Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre,
No:6B Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram,
Chennai, India Pin:600086
Ph: 91-44-43968888,
Fax: 91-44-18350935
Website: www.drmohansdiabetes.com ( email@example.com )
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
Themes for Theme Symposia at RSSDI 2009
MMS Ahuja symposium -Diabetes and endothelial health
Nutrition section – Choice of Carbohydrate and Glycaemic load in diabetes.
Please collect data on above themes and send your data to Chairman, Scientific Committee, 37th Annual Conference of RSSDI to be held at Ahmedabad from November 5 - 8 , 2009 .
37 th RSSDI ANNUAL CONFERENCE ORATIONS FOR THE YEAR 2009
• RSSDI Oration: Dr. K. M. Venkat Narayan (USA)
• Professor M. Vishvanathan Oration: Dr. Anil Bhansali, Chandigarh
• Professor Sam G.P. Mos es Oration: Dr. Sharad Pandsey, Nagpur
• Natgouda lecture: Dr. S. Dwivedi, New Delhi
CERTIFICATE COURSE IN DIABETOLOGY:
• RSSDI will be approving /accrediting centers/institutes who wish to start certificate course in Diabetology.
• All interested centers with necessary infrastructure and expertise as specified may write to the RSSDI Secretariat expressing their interest and seeking accreditation / inspection by an RSSDI team for the purpose.
INSTITUTES ACCREDITED FOR CONDUCTING THE RSSDI CERTIFICATE COURSE IN DIABETOLOGY (July 2009)
• DIACON HOSPITAL, BANGALORE
o Course Director: Dr. Arvind Sosal
• NORTH DELHI DIABETES CENTRE , DELHI
o Course Director: Dr. Rajiv Chawla
RESEARCH GRANT ANNOUNCEMENTS
Research proposals are invited from Indian scientists, interested in conducting research in the field of diabetes mellitus, for funding by RSSDI.
These proposals may fall into one of the following two categories:-
- Projects involving funding up to Rs 40,000 per project (preference will be given to young scientists < 40 yrs)
- Projects involving funding up to Rs 3-4 lakhs (preferably multicentric).
The detailed proposals should include the following:-
- Title, names of principal and co investigators, summary, introduction/ background, review of literature, aims, methodology, study design and detailed plan of work & bibliography.
- Brief biodata of principal investigator and other co-investigators.
- Importance of work in the context of National priorities.
- Detailed Budget sought along with full justification/ proposed utilization, of funding sought from RSSDI.
- Whether the project is being partly funded from any other source? If yes, please mention the source and the amount received.
Ethical Committee clearance of the Institution or other bonafide body.
Two hard copies and one soft copy of the proposal on CD, should be sent by courier to the following address:-
Prof. S.V. Madhu
Chairman, Research Committee, RSSDI
Department of Medicine,
Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism
University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS)
Dilshad Garden, Delhi – 110 095
Phone: +91-22692554
Email: email@example.com
In addition, one soft copy should be e-mailed to the following e-mail address:-
firstname.lastname@example.org
You may also submit your proposals online through the website www.rssdi.in
There is no deadline for submission of proposal, which can be sent throughout the year.
Evaluation will be done from time to time and allocation of the grant would be approved by RSSDI,
ELECTION OF THE RSSDI PRESIDENT FOR THE YEAR 2010
The tenure of the President shall be one RSSDI year (2.5.2 item i), and (2.5.3) to get elected as the President, a candidate should have held an elected position in the EC for three years. (3.1) Nominations are invited from among the eligible members for the post of the President duly proposed by a valid member and seconded by a valid member accompanied by candidate’s consent and bio-data to reach the Honorary Secretary on or before July 15, 2009 at the address of the conference secretariat.
CHAPTER NEWS
Several activities have been conducted by various state chapters of RSSDI this year. Some of these are:
- **Delhi Chapter**
- Regular bimonthly CMEs with one recent update review and one research data presentation from different institutions of Delhi
- Feb 2009: ADA 2009 Clinical Practice Guidelines were discussed along with their practical implications
- April 2009: Two guest Faculties namely Dr. Prasanna Kumar RSSDI President & Dr. Shashank Joshi Vice President RSSDI spoke on ‘Diabetes in Elderly’ and ‘Future directions in the management of diabetes’ respectively.
- June 2009: Relavence of Hs CRP in clinical practice was discussed
- Workshop on Scientific Communication conducted on 6th April 2009
- This was organized by RSSDI, Delhi chapter in association with University College of Medical Sciences and was a day long workshop on Research methodologies comprising sessions on how to plan research, improve publications & Paper Writing. It was attended by 125 delegates including P.Gs & Residents from all the teaching Hospitals in Delhi. It was very widely appreciated.
- Forthcoming CMEs
- RSSDI Delhi has planned 4 CMEs in NCR region this yr, 1st being on 5th July at Faridabad & 2nd on 26th July at Gurgaon. Next 2 CMEs are planned in Karnal & Rohtak in the month of Aug.
- 5th Annual Conference of RSSDI Delhi Chapter will be held on 20th Sep, 2009 at Hotel Hyatt regency.
• **Karnataka Chapter**
- CME on Type II DM (complete discussion) and Gestational Diabetes, at Kollegal in Feb 2009
- CME on *Current Therapies* at Devanahalli (Feb 2009)
- CME on *Current Therapies* at Bagalkot (Mar 2009)
- CME in *Diabetology* at Bangalore (April 2009)
• **Kerala Chapter**
- Elections held at Thrissur in March 2009
- Prof. Abdul Majeed (President),
- Dr. Jabbar Puthiyaveetil (Secretary) and
- Dr. Tom Babu (Treasurer)
- Next meeting/CME is planned on 12th July at Kottayam
• **Chandigarh Chapter**
- Planning a CME in September 2009
**WELCOME TO NEW MEMBERS**
We welcome all new members of the RSSDI who have been registered after January 2009. We would like to take this opportunity to extend our support and encouragement to one and all. We hope that you will find this organisation of ours as an extended family and wish that you achieve great success in life. We wish you all the very best and look forward to your active participation and valuable contribution in the organisation that would help us all to grow and achieve greater heights.
**Mailing Address:**
**RSSDI Secretariat**
Department of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism
University College of Medical Sciences
Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110 095 INDIA
**Tel**: 011 22692554
**Fax**: 011 22596438
**E-mail**: email@example.com
- For further details visit [www.rssdi.in](http://www.rssdi.in)
|
EX-WESTINGHOUSE v-p Newbury: to ease technical manpower pinch, streamline R&D (p 13)
NEWS AT A GLANCE
NEW DEFENSE CHIEFS FAVOR ELECTRONICS
(page 13) . . . Tv setmakers find private-label sales smooth business bumps (15) . . . Los Angeles firms guide high-school students to engineering (17) . . . Market research takes some chance out of new-product launching (19) . . . Electronic equipment for earth satellite stress miniaturization, transistors (20) . . . Analog-to-digital converters spark growing market; boost speed, accuracy (24) . . . Manufacturers discover renewed shortwave-listener market (26) . . . Industry answers FCC call in new tv-allocations go-round (39) . . . Air Force’s missile range fosters industry growth in Florida (41) . . .
Looking for germanium
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If you manufacture transistors or diodes of any type, you will find that Sylvania can supply the kind of germanium you need.
The following Sylvania germanium products are available: spectrographically pure dioxide; polycrystalline as-reduced ingots; polycrystalline purified ingots; and vertically grown, undoped single crystals. All Sylvania germanium is n-type, and, in the purified ingot or single crystal form, has a minimum resistivity of 40 ohm cm.
Manufacturers of diodes and transistors report important benefits gained through using Sylvania germanium. They report they can use the same doping schedule from shipment to shipment. They report higher yield in the growth of doped single crystals. And for those who grow doped crystals horizontally, Sylvania germanium ingots are purified in five standard boats to fit single crystal boats in popular use.
Whether you prefer germanium in the form of dioxide, as-reduced ingots, purified ingots, or undoped single crystals, Sylvania can fulfill your requirements. Send for a technical bulletin on all forms of Sylvania germanium.
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TUNGSTEN • MOLYBDENUM • CHEMICALS • PHOSPHORS • SEMICONDUCTORS
SYLVANIA
LIGHTING • RADIO • ELECTRONICS • TELEVISION • ATOMIC ENERGY
Industry Outlook
Manufacturers of broadcast equipment sold $87 million worth of gear during 1956. Total sales may reach $100 million in 1957. Although there is no coming trend to equal rapid post-freeze growth in TV, there are many bright spots:
- Closed-circuit TV grossed $3 million in 1956. Industrial uses, apartment-house networks, local wired systems, like Bartlesville, Okla., piping new movies into subscribers' homes, will boost business.
- Toll TV, slated by FCC for further "limited" test might, if accepted, encourage a few new UHF starts. Home decoding equipment could become a big item.
- Compatible single-sideband may help AM stations increase fidelity and service area. All 3,014 stations are possible buyers. Channel space saved could permit many more to get on air.
- Large market still remains in color studio equipment. Only about half of 513 stations are equipped for color. Less than ¼ for slide and film origination. A mere handful can now originate live programs.
The broadcast equipment business is a long way from being merely a replacement market. Combination of replacement and new equipment sales means continuing high level of activity for years to come.
In all types of applications...
45,000 CHANNELS OF BRUSH OSCILLOGRAPHS IN SERVICE!
When selecting recording instrumentation for either military or industrial research and development, you want equipment that is proved by experience. Remember—there are more channels of Brush direct-writing oscillographs in use than all other makes combined.
This equipment offers the widest range of recording speeds available, to provide excellent readability for a wide range of signals. You have a choice of ink writing or electric writing, available in console, rack mounted or portable units.
The direct-writing frequency range, from d.c. to 100 cycles per second, covers the great majority of requirements for measurement of physical phenomena. Thus you can instantaneously record stress, strain, vibration, torque, force, and many electrical variables. Select BRUSH for equipment backed by unmatched experience.
complete frequency spectrum analysis for noise tests
With a Brush-Bruel & Kjaer Spectrum Recorder, a complete frequency spectrum analysis can be performed in a matter of seconds. This instrumentation operates automatically—thus saves hours of engineering time. And it presents recorded data in one-third octave steps—a form in which information is most meaningful and useful to noise reduction programs.
Shown at left is an aircraft test setup measuring loss in acoustic transmission through fuselage wall panels. This is one of scores of complete systems for sound, noise, or vibration analysis using Brush-Bruel & Kjaer equipment.
telemetering
Over 100 Brush units at the Naval Air Missile Test Station at Pt. Mugu directly record data telemetered from missiles such as the Regulus I. Instruments record an almost limitless variety of functions and conditions, including pitch, yaw, acceleration, pressure, strains, etc.
For complete information contact your Brush representative or write Dept. K-1
BRUSH ELECTRONICS
3405 Perkins Avenue, Cleveland 14, Ohio
BRUSH COMPANY
DIVISION OF CLEVITE CORPORATION
New simplicity, counter accuracy!
Measure frequency to 12 KMC on pulsed, AM, FM, CW and noisy circuits
Fast, convenient, simple set up
Just two -hp- instruments—Model 540A Transfer Oscillator and Model 524B Electronic Counter (with plug-ins) permit you to measure unknown frequency to 12 KMC with speed and accuracy.
Complex instrument arrangements and tedious trial-and-error work are eliminated. When approximate signal frequency is known, the 540A oscillator is merely tuned until one of its harmonics zero beats with the unknown. The multiplying factor is noted, and the 540A frequency measured precisely on the 524B Counter. The 524B reading, times the multiplying factor, is the unknown.
When the signal frequency is totally unknown, a simple calculation employing two or more harmonics determines the proper multiplying factor; the measurement is then made as before.
On clean CW signals accuracy is about 1/1,000,000; overall accuracy is better than 10 times that of the best microwave wavemeters.
Many different uses
The unique 540A/524B combination is particularly useful for swift CW and AM frequency determination, measuring center frequency or deviation range on FM signals, measuring frequency on high noise circuits and making high-accuracy measurements on pulsed signals.
Features—Model 540A Transfer Oscillator
Oscillator Fundamental Frequency Range 100 to 220 MC. Harmonic Frequency Range to 12 KMC. Stability better than 0.002% change per minute after warmup. Output 2 v into 50 ohms. Attenuator range 20 to 80 db, into 50 ohms, low SWR. Amplifier 40 db variable gain, 1 v output. Self-contained oscilloscope 100 cps to 200 KC, vertical deflection sensitivity 5 mv rms/inch at mixer output. Prices: -hp- 540A Transfer Oscillator, $615.00; -hp- 524B Electronic Counter, $2,150.00; -hp- 525B Frequency Converter Unit, $250.00.
Data subject to change without notice. Prices f.o.b. factory.
HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY
4192A PAGE MILL ROAD, PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.
CABLE "HEWPACK" • DAVENPORT 5-4451
Field representatives in all principal areas
Complete instrumentation for frequency measurement
ASE fosters growth firms
Lists 35 electronics shares
12 listed for two years
Minimum earnings not required
American Stock Exchange listing is becoming increasingly popular with electronics industry members. General Transistor is one of the latest members of our industry to list its stock on the exchange. Equipment mounting manufacturer, Barry Controls went on the ASE board last month.
There are about three dozen manufacturers of electronic equipment listed on the ASE. Thirteen of these have been listed since 1955: Barry, General Transistor, American Electronics, Audio Devices, Oxford Electric, Litton Industries, Clary, EDO, Skiatron, Belock Instruments, El-Tronics, Nuclcar Corp. of America and Servo Corp. of America.
Supporting this trend is ASE's policy of encouraging listing of securities by young and small as well as old and established companies.
Unlike the New York Stock Exchange, which looks for earnings of at least $1 million, the ASE has no minimum earning requirements.
Explains Martin J. Keena, vice president in charge of listing for the American exchange, "Although we require neither a minimum amount nor a long history of earnings, we ordinarily expect a company to have become profitable, to have qualified management, reasonable prospects for increased earnings and adequate working capital."
The ASE usually requires a minimum public distribution of 100,000 shares of stock among not less
SHARES and PRICES
Increasing expenditures for missiles are having a marked effect on defense spending patterns. Congress is being asked to vote $2 billion for missiles in coming fiscal year.
Air Force plans to spend 35 percent of its procurement money on missiles in next fiscal year. Three years ago proportion was 10 percent. Army's proportion will rise to nearly 50 percent. Number of manufacturers of missiles, guidance systems and related equipment is steadily increasing. Not all of the publicly traded companies active in missile manufacture could be included in this analysis because of space requirements.
| Missile Manufacturers | Recent Price | 1956 Dividends | Percent Yield | Earned per Share | 1956 Price Range |
|-----------------------|--------------|----------------|---------------|------------------|-----------------|
| ACF Industries | 59 3/4 | 4.00 | 6.7 | 2.77 (6 mos) | 5.00 |
| Bell Aircraft | 21 1/2 | 1.25 | 5.8 | 2.21 (yr) | 2.25 |
| Bendix Aviation | 60 | 2.40 | 4.0 | 5.04 (yr) | 5.66 |
| Boeing Airplane | 46 | 1.00 | ... | 4.82 (yr) | 9.33 |
| Chance Vought Aircraft| 42 3/4 | 1.60 | 3.7 | 3.81 (yr) | 4.41 |
| Douglas Aircraft | 76 1/2 | 4.00 | 5.1 | 8.96 (yr) | 7.65 |
| Dynamics Corp. of America | 6 3/4 | 0.40 | 6.0 | 0.28 (6 mos) | 0.61 |
| Eastman Kodak | 84 | 2.65 | 3.2 | 5.13 (yr) | 4.66 |
| Fairchild Eng. & Airplane | 10 7/8 | 0.25 | 2.3 | 0.45 (9 mos) | 1.41 |
| Firestone Tire & Rubber | 87 | 2.60 | 3.0 | 7.43 (yr) | 6.81 |
| General Dynamics | 58 1/4 | 2.40 | 4.1 | 4.13 (9 mos) | 4.23 |
| General Electric | 56 1/4 | 2.00 | 4.0 | 2.46 (yr) | 2.42 |
| Lockheed Aircraft | 45 1/4 | 2.40 | 5.3 | 3.83 (9 mos) | 6.12 |
| Martin (Glenn L.) | 41 | 1.60 | 3.9 | 2.71 (9 mos) | 4.92 |
| Motorola | 38 1/2 | 1.50 | 3.9 | 4.12 (yr) | 4.39 |
| North American Aviation | 29 3/4 | 1.60 | ... | 3.59 (yr) | 9.42 |
| Northrop Aircraft | 25 3/4 | 1.60 | 6.3 | 3.28 (yr) | 7.89 |
| Philco | 15 | 0.80 | 5.3 | 0.01 (yr) | 2.13 |
| Radio Corp. of America | 33 1/2 | 1.50 | 4.5 | 2.60 (yr) | 3.16 |
| Raytheon | 17 1/8 | ... | ... | 0.45 (yr) | 1.72 |
| Republic Aviation | 28 1/4 | 2.00 | 7.1 | 5.00 (yr) | 10.10 |
| Ryan Aeronautical | 32 1/2 | 0.50 | 1.5 | 3.36 (yr) | 4.07 |
| Sperry Rand | 21 1/4 | 0.80 | 3.8 | 1.22 (9 mos) | 1.80 |
| Western Electric | 93 | 3.60 | 3.9 | 5.74 (yr) | 4.99 |
| Westinghouse Electric | 54 3/4 | 2.00 | 3.7 | 0.10 (yr) | 2.46 |
1 plus stock dividend 2annual rate 3 stock split in 1956 4 fiscal 5 estimated
than five hundred public stockholders.
Recently listed General Transistor illustrates American Stock Exchange listing requirements. GT is a little more than two years old. For the first nine months of 1956 it reported earnings of $129,000. Of 283,966 common shares outstanding only 179,166 are owned by officers and directors.
Of particular interest at this time is the ASE position on the question of delisting. The New York Stock Exchange recently announced proposals to delist several companies because their earnings have fallen below its minimum standard.
Says McKenna on ASE's delisting policy: "We do not consider the fact that the earnings of one of our listed companies has fallen below a certain minimum as sufficient grounds for delisting."
**Index sells electronics**
*Standard & Poor's* electronically computed index of 500 stocks may be significant to the electronics industry as well as Wall St. Hourly transmission of the index began March 4. It is carried to 1,150 brokerage offices.
Mehpar of Boston working with *Standard & Poor*
**DATA link reads tape**
Computer data on magnetic tape may be sent directly over experimental system reported by Bell Labs. Transistorized data subset small enough for a desk accepts reels of magnetic tape, transmits data over telephone lines to another subset.
System sends 1,000 words a minute; it could operate automatically during off-peak-traffic hours. Results suggest systems sending data speedily all over the U.S., even computers talking to other computers.
At the sending end a 1.2-ke oscillator is amplitude modulated by code signals; signals are amplified and parity checked. Switches are set for sending data after initial voice contact.
Automatic volume control at receiver evens out energy level of pulses. A detector converts these to d-c, magnetizing spots on a tape. Another circuit checks for errors introduced during transmission.
---
**MERGERS, ACQUISITIONS and FINANCE**
**I-T-E Circuit Breaker** sells $10 million of convertible subordinated debentures to reduce substantial increase in short-term bank loans. Narda, Mineola, N. Y., plans to acquire Kama Instrument, Mineola manufacturer of fine wire components. Kama will become a wholly owned subsidiary.
**Siegler Corp.** completes preliminary insurance financing of $1 million in additional long-term installment notes and $500,000 in subordinated convertible debentures. Proceeds will be added to working capital and used to finance increased production, particularly of Hallamore division's electronics products.
**American Electronics**, Los Angeles, offers 190,000 shares of $1 par common stock at $11 a share. Proceeds from sale of 130,000 shares will be used for corporate purposes. Balance of shares is presently outstanding and being sold for the account of three shareholders. About $350,000 of corporate proceeds will be used to reduce outstanding loans. Some $125,000 of receipts will be used to purchase test equipment for new testing laboratory.
**Vitro**, New York, registers 178,646 shares of 50-cent par common with SEC. Stock will be offered to Vitro common stockholders at rate of one new share for each five held. Proceeds are for expansion and capital investment.
**Universal Transistor Products**, Westbury, N. Y., issues 150,000 shares of 10-cent par common stock at $2 a share. Proceeds are for machinery, equipment, expansion, inventory and working capital. Michael G. Kletz, Stanley Heller and Actna Securities underwrite issue.
Stewart-Warner electronics division acquires facsimile business of Allen D. Cardwell Manufacturing Corp. of Plainville, Conn. All Cardwell's facsimile assets and license agreement with Hogan Laboratories were acquired through cash purchase.
*Value Line* investment survey says shipments of electronic components and systems under government contracts are increasing. Trend should persist even though total government expenditures on aircraft level off, survey says. Aircraft speeds and altitudes have reached point where man cannot master machine without automatic controls.
American Stock Exchange is studying feasibility of completely electronic quotations system. Exchange hopes to furnish instantly opening, high, low and last prices, current bid and offer and accumulated volume for every security traded on its floor. ASE president, Edward T. McCormick, is closely following project.
Special Switches
Series 20: Simple switch for tone controls, band switching, and talk-listen circuits.
For Printed Circuits: Special lug design for insertion into printed circuit boards.
Multiple Shafts combined to operate snap switches and potentiometers; many different section types.
Types J, K, N: 1-17/32" diameter; provides for flexibility of layout; interchangeable sections, phenolic or steatite.
Type MF: 24-position switch may be mounted in 2-5/16" circle, in phenolic insulation.
Type L or DL: Using dual eyelet fastening; 18-position; mounts in 2-9/32" circle, phenolic, Mycalex.
Type H: Standard 12-position; 1-7/8" diameter; 15-30-60° throw; phenolic, Mycalex or steatite.
Type F: Miniature 12-position, 30-60° throw; can be mounted in 1-5/16" circle; phenolic, Mycalex or steatite.
an INFINITE VARIETY from standard parts
SWITCHES
CHOPPERS
ROTARY SOLENOIDS*
SPECIAL ASSEMBLIES
VIBRATORS
OAK MFG. CO.
Dept. B 1260 Clybourn Ave., Chicago 10, Ill.
Telephone: MOhawk 4-2222
*Manufactured under License from G. H. Leland, Inc.
No matter what you need in low-current switches, you are most sure to find it in an OAK switch design. In the last 25 years, OAK has produced over a quarter billion switches—rotary, slider, pushbutton, plug, and door switches—in thousands of variations. Why not take advantage of OAK’s unmatched, switch engineering background . . . production facilities . . . and huge inventory of tooling?
WRITE FOR your copy of the OAK Switch Catalog which covers the most popular of OAK’s standard switches.
Type 160 Rotary Slider: 7/8" height allows shallow chassis; leads are readily accessible.
Type 185: New lever-operated version of the standard Oak rotary switches.
Type 130 Pushbutton: Available with from one to 24 buttons, 32 contacts each button.
Type 80 Pushbutton: Very adaptable. Used in communication equipment; economical for less complex applications.
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
WASHINGTON report
Army-Air Force fight for control of intermediate-range ballistic missile is about to make headlines again. Immediate issue: Army court-martial of Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr., missile expert, to start May 15 at Redstone Arsenal.
Nickerson will be tried on charges of violating security regulations and perjury. He allegedly leaked secret details about IRBM in a sizzling critique of Defense Sec. Wilson's order restricting Army to missiles with range under 200 miles, assigning Air Force operational control over 1,500-mile IRBM.
Wilson's order was supposed to halt interservice bickering. But it left open whether Army's Jupiter or Air Force's Thor IRBM would get into production. Prime guidance contractor on Jupiter is Ford Instrument, on Thor, GM's AC Spark Plug division. Insiders have assumed Air Force Thor project would get the green light.
There have been reports and denials from Pentagon that Army's Jupiter project, on which $175 million has been spent in last two years, has been canceled. Wilson says even if Thor gets the nod, work on Jupiter will continue. For how long he won't say. Some of Jupiter's subsystems may go into Thor.
However, funds are earmarked for Jupiter only until July 1, 1957. One of Wilson's aides tells Electronics "We're trying to soften the blow on the Jupiter project." We might try to use some of Jupiter's guidance in Thor." Overriding factor is that two services have shaped development of their IRBM's around their own requirements and resources.
- Air Force is used to highly complex equipment; stress is on automatic systems—less manpower to operate, more to maintain.
- Army prefers a weapons system that's easier to maintain though it may need more muscle power to operate.
Designs for Thor and Jupiter reflect these differences. Since Air Force has been given clear-cut operational control, the production issue has been resolved—despite feuding and fussing which still goes on.
See more PAY-TV delay
Controversy over allowing pay-tv signal to be broadcast may mean more delay and stalling, even if regional testing works out. One question: will new bandwidth-saving schemes permit bringing pay-tv programs into homes on wire or low-cost cable?
Budget cutting drive has sidetracked any hope for pay boosts for electronic engineers and scientists working for the government—as recommended by Cordner committee. Pay boost to keep needed technical men would be too expensive now.
FCC widens its look at cluttered radio spectrum. Determined to loosen space in 25-890 mc range, it announces study looking to relief in areas like Safety and Special Radio, Domestic Public Radio Services. In 25-890 mc spectrum some million transmitters now operate. Commission looks to more channel splitting, narrowing some services and shifting many others.
DOUGLAS RANDALL, Inc., solves these tough coil problems with SCOTCHCAST Resins
Douglas Randall, Inc., Westerly, R.I., is a specialist in designing coils to unusual and precise specifications... then building the coils in production volumes. In producing "tailor made" coils, which must often meet difficult physical, electrical, or environmental needs, they rely on "SCOTCHCAST" Epoxy Resin to impregnate and encapsulate coils with their own vacuum impregnating process called "PERMA-MOLD".
"SCOTCHCAST" is an easy-to-handle liquid epoxy type resin which cures into a solid, shock-resistant, moisture-resistant plastic. It sticks tight to terminals and leads, most metals, plastics, and conductors; is resistant to acids, alkalies, solvents, oils, and water. On the production line, it can be poured or injected with precise control and predictable results to cut rejects.
"SCOTCHCAST" Resins are available in a wide variety of properties and forms to meet any design specifications. For further information, write on your letterhead to: 3M Co., St. Paul 6, Minn., Dept. CA-47.
SCOTCHCAST Resin
The terms "SCOTCHCAST" and "3M" are registered trademarks of Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co., St. Paul 6, Minn. Export Sales Office: 99 Park Ave., New York 16, N.Y. In Canada: P.O. Box 737, London, Ontario.
need high vacuum components?
The Stokes 4-inch Ring-Jet Booster Pump
suits pumping at 1,000 microns Hg absolute—pumps as low as .03 μ with low cost pumping fluids. Peak speed over 600 cfm. Equally efficient units available in 6, 10 and 16-inch sizes.
Stokes makes a complete line of vacuum components... advance-designed and engineered to help make your vacuum systems more productive. Each unit reflects Stokes' unparalleled experience, pioneering leadership and wealth of basic vacuum technology.
The product list includes: Diffusion Pumps, Vapor Booster Pumps, Mechanical Pumps, Mechanical Booster Pumps, Vacuum Gages, and Valves.
Send for technical data on any or all... without obligation.
High Vacuum Division
F. J. STOKES CORP.
5543 Tabor Road, Phila. 20, Pa.
EXECS in the news
RADARMAN Busignies and staff: from a 300-ft tower, long views
Proud papa of air-traffic aid Tacan and its new data-link is Henri Gaston Busignies, 52-year-old president of IT&T subsidiary Federal Telecommunications Laboratories. In the board room atop Federal's 300-ft pylon in Nutley, N. J., engineer Busignies confers weekly with board, staff, engineering committees. Object: find long views, new horizons. "There's no limit," he says, "to what you can do with electronics."
He is somewhat shy at first meeting, seems to sit the white horse of his presidency uneasily. After some conversation on favored topics—medical electronics, radar, communications—shyness evaporates, the long Gallic countenance animates and the smile appears.
Born in Secaux, near the French capita, Busignies took his University of Paris degree to one of IT&T's overseas labs in 1928, has stayed with the company ever since. He was one of the pioneers of radar in the 30's, came to this country in 1940 after heading a radar development program in France, took over one of the then-new Federal labs. Naturalized in 1953, he became an officer of Federal the year after, last year was elected president.
Daughter Monique is married, leaving Busignies and his "patient wife, who understands much," the full run of their Montclair, N. J., home. A dedicated homebody "when I get the chance," Busignies just finished redoing the whole place.
Strictly PERSONAL
Cosmic Rays
There are facets of research sponsored by the International Geophysical Year which have received little mention. For instance, at the University of Maryland's physics department, work currently is underway in cosmic ray research... This area of study has been somewhat overshadowed by the earth satellite and other IGY projects.
Physicists at Maryland have been firing rockets to collect data indicating cosmic ray intensity in the upper atmosphere, and have built banks of large geiger tubes to collect data on variations present in large-scale counts. The larger tubes have been flown by the Air Force
at various altitudes in an attempt to study the effect of the atmosphere on cosmic ray scattering.
Of course, the earth satellite is also a part of Maryland research...
Phillip C. Geraci
Hyattsville, Md.
...and Sleeping Proofreaders
We read with great interest the recent article on the participation of management consultants in electronics companies' business problems (Back Door to Front Office, Mar. 10, p 19). In your article you quoted us, and I am writing to let you know that our firm's name is William E. Hill & Co., not Will E. Hill.
Otherwise, we thoroughly enjoyed the article and we want to take this opportunity to congratulate you on the Business Edition. It fills a long-standing editorial void in this field.
Warren B. Riley
William E. Hill & Co.
New York
The "iam" dropped out somewhere between the editor's copy and the printed magazine. A staff of proofreaders who would normally question the rising of the sun seem to have let this one slip by—early spring fever perhaps.
Which reminds us that our Executives in the News for the same edition mistranslated Intec as International Electronics Corp. The Int, be it known, stands for Intercontinental.
Servoflexitronic Autocybernation
R. D. Gloor (Mar. 10, p 11) makes a contribution by introducing the word cybernation. To describe and identify our technical progress we will need additional vocabulary. Automation may branch off . . . into such things as fleximation, dynamation or servonation, and we may likewise break down . . . electronics into cybertronics, flexitronics, etc. Eventually then it is necessary to decide before the list gets too long whether we are only creating confusion.
Robert E. Verkeler
Lockheed Aircraft
Ontario, Calif.
ELECTRONIC CONTROLS
For Aircraft and Missiles
Thompson experience, skills and facilities—from design through production—are ready to go to work for you. You can count on Thompson for development and production of electronic control sub-systems and components, countermeasures and microwave components. We invite your inquiries.
Aircraft Controls
Missile Controls
Electronics Division
Thompson Products, Inc.
2196 Clarkwood Road • Cleveland 3, Ohio
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
MILITARY DESIGNERS
SPRAGUE
AXIAL-LEAD POWER RESISTORS ARE NOW AVAILABLE TO MEET ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF MIL-R-26C
When you want a lot of power in the smallest possible package—you'll be greatly interested in the Sprague Blue Jacket Resistor Type 151E—one of the smallest 3-watt resistors ever made. In Mil-R-26C it is designated as RW59.
Military designers find Sprague vitreous enamel Blue Jackets Type RW57 (5-watt) and RW58 (10-watt) Characteristic G and V resistors, extremely useful for point-to-point wiring on terminal boards.
When vibration is a factor in equipment, Sprague's Koolohm Resistors are designed to solve your mounting problem. They mount directly to chassis with a wrap-around clamp and still withstand a ground test voltage of 10,000 volts.
Sprague Koolohm Resistors have compiled an outstanding service record in military equipment for more than 15 years. Axial-lead Koolohms, encased in a ceramic shell are designated RW55 (5-watt) and RW56 (10-watt) Characteristic G resistors.
The Sprague family of axial-lead resistors offers a complete range of sizes, ratings and characteristics to meet your requirements. They're designed to give you the stability and the physical and atmospheric protection you want. Write for Engineering Bulletins. ★★
SPRAGUE ELECTRIC COMPANY • 35 MARSHALL ST. • NORTH ADAMS, MASS.
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
NEW Pentagon batting order gives electronics "first licks"
PENTAGON shuffles chiefs
- Electronics-minded men rising to top of heap
- Spending will remain high in our field
- But look out for drive on "waste" in R&D
Military's high command—civilian and uniformed—is undergoing its biggest shakeup since Eisenhower took over from Truman five years ago.
In the past few months, half a dozen top civilian jobs have been turned over to new men. Now, the top uniformed command—the joint chiefs of staff—is being revamped.
Before summer is over, Charles E. Wilson may leave as Secretary in charge of the whole $36-billion shebang.
Spending for electronics in guided missiles, aircraft or other programs will remain high. May go even higher.
But in at least one top spot, a man has arrived with ideas which—if put into effect—could bring some grief to hundreds of electronics firms engaged principally in military R&D.
Pentagon is taking a close look at "extravagant" employment of scientists and engineers in research and development of military electronics. This is taking place under Frank D. Newbury, 75-year old
ex-Westinghouse v-p, who has become Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering.
Out of it could come changes in R&D contracting: new curbs on inviting technical proposals before award of R&D contracts; simpler military specifications; orders to give first production orders to the shops which design new equipment.
Newbury's job is to run military programs for research, development and production engineering. For the past four years, he had been Assistant Defense Secretary in charge only of production engineering.
Newbury believes military R&D projects "employ engineers much more extravagantly than they should." He has approval from Wilson to probe the problem. Newbury's Director of Electronics, James M. Bridges, former electronics director for Navy's Bureau of Ordnance will run the show. He is slated to head an interservice committee of engineers to find out how much scientific and engineering manpower is wasted in military R&D and tell how to stop it.
Study will focus on electronics because of Bridges' own background and because the technical manpower shortage is worst here. Newbury's staff thinks it already knows a lot of what's wrong and what to do about it. For example:
They think it is wasteful to get detailed technical proposals from a lot of firms before awarding an R&D contract. Bridges says that recently 30 firms were asked for proposals on how they would design a new radar. He estimates 60 man-years of engineering were tied up to prepare the 30 proposals—about 10 percent of all the engineering work that will go into the job.
Bridges feels that almost all this use of engineering manpower is wasted, that development contractors can be selected just as well through management surveys of contractors by the military—without asking for detailed technical proposals.
Newbury's staff thinks the first production of a new item should be done by the shop that develops it, so as to save engineering work.
**New DOD lineup**
In reshuffling of top Pentagon jobs, the men who believe in air power have gained authority. Two of the Pentagon's three top jobs, Deputy Secretary of Defense and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, have gone to men who prefer air power.
Here's rundown on new promotions:
- Donald A. Quarles, ex-Western Electric v-p, steps up from Air Force Secretary to Deputy Secretary of Defense. Insiders say he is slated to become Secretary of Defense this summer if Wilson resigns.
- Air Force Under Secretary James H. Douglas, former Chicago and Washington lawyer, replaces Quarles as Secretary of the Air Force.
- Thomas A. Gates, investment banker and former Navy Undersecretary, takes over from Charles Thomas as Secretary of the Navy.
- General Nathan F. Twining, Air Force Chief of Staff, will succeed Admiral Arthur W. Radford this Summer as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
- General Thomas White, Air Force Vice Chief of Staff, succeeds Twining.
**PILL goes on air**
An F-M transmitter encapsulated for swallowing was announced last week. Once inside the human intestine, a 2N184 junction transistor broadcasts activities of the digestive tract. Signal frequency is 1 mc.
Radio pill was developed and tested by Rockefeller Institute, New York Veterans Administration Hospital and RCA. Pill was designed by Vladimir K. Zworykin and associates as envisioned by Dr. John T. Farrar.
Device will help doctors study gastrointestinal pressure, possibly temperature and acidity. It is encased in Lucite 1½ in. long and 4/10 in. in diameter. One end is a pressure-sensitive rubber diaphragm.
Transistor oscillator is frequency modulated by pressure changes in the body. Signal is detected up to three feet away. Transmitter requires only 3/10 mw.
Transistor and ferrite-cup inductance core are in pill's center. At one end is replaceable storage battery. Battery lasts 15 hours, but researchers are working on recharging it from outside the body.
**F-M' casters bullish**
Industry and FCC both forecast growth for f-m. Comr. Robert T. Bartley says Commission plans study of all allocations between 25 and 900 mc, which includes f-m. He says there will be hearing within 40 days, comments received until July 1.
John F. Meagher, NARTE v-p for Radio quotes three major manufacturers on f-m equipment plans: RCA may make new line after a study now in progress. Gates will continue making f-m gear. GE has no present plans in field. Meager says f-m channel demand is spotty: 9 channels vacant in Minneapolis-St. Paul, 6 applicants vying for 3 channels in Los Angeles.
Harold Tanner, WLDM, Detroit, says auto makers are hopeful about f-m car radios. Thinks a major manufacturer will start making f-m car sets in near future.
Gardiner Greene of Browning Labs, Winchester, Mass., sees f-m set potential of 40 million with new gadget made by his firm. It tunes f-m band through tv set. Price: at first $20, latter $12-14.
Want PRIVATE-LABEL work?
It's cost plus six percent and you know you're getting it
But look out for overdependence, it may be dangerous
Be prepared for buyer to exercise his option for more sets
Interested in private-label manufacturing? Many tv setmakers are. Producing for department stores and retailing chains is important business.
Private-label manufacturing is one way to get over lulls in production schedules. It's also a way of easing inventories of brand sets without stopping production.
Although most private-label production is done for retail outlets, some setmakers do it for other setmakers.
Companies with new developments have turned out sets for competitors who cannot tool up in time to keep pace. Advantage is the same as when dealing with retailers, but the risk is less.
Orders from retailing organizations are customarily small, with option to buy more sets during the year. This often boils down to 5,000-10,000 set orders to fill about three times a year.
"It's not big potatoes," says the president of a small set-manufacturing company, "but it's cost plus six percent. At least you know you're making it."
Recent agreement between Westinghouse and Montgomery Ward points up big-company interest in private-label set making. However, big-company interest has been high for several years.
One big company admits that as much as one-quarter of its tv and radio set production has been for private label.
"It's a matter of keeping the factory going," says another.
Still another thinks it's present importance is to "get inventories leveled."
Options exercised by the retailer can create sticky situations for the setmaker if they come unexpectedly.
Another caution, expressed by one manufacturer, is that overdependence on private label making can be dangerous. "It can hurt if it suddenly ends."
Some firms now active in private label voice no fears. Making sets for Firestone, Western Auto,
TECHNICAL changes to watch
• Artificial moon carrying 48-channel, 7-lb magnetic-transistor tele-
meter will probe radiation in near space, measure ambient temperature,
count micrometeorites. Programmed gyro-stabilized rocket, top right,
will fire moon into orbit (page 20).
• Analog-to-digital converters continue to gain in speed, accuracy.
One conversion a second was par four years ago, 200,000 a second today. Accuracy increased from 0.1 to 0.05 percent. Digitizer, lower
right, has 18 voltage input channels, punched card output (2+).
• Australian radio-operated tractor has eight-button control panel.
Tv supervision of farming may be next step (++).
• Uhf beacon transmitters packaged in sardine cans help search
planes find test missiles that come down over water (21).
• Improved design and testing helps airborne digital computer
operate +50 hours with only four minor failures (32).
Montgomery Ward and some department stores, Hallicrafters finds private label work rewarding.
William Halligan Jr., the company's sales v-p, give it major credit for his favorable profit picture.
"We lost close to $1 million three years ago," he says. "We'll make a million in '57."
His other reasons for liking private label:
- "It's a contract business. The customer tells us what he wants. We build for the market."
- "We don't have to worry about distribution and promotion money."
- "We have a stability of accounts."
Retailers claim, almost to a man, that private-label tv set sales are steady.
**ATOM delivers power**
Future portable instrument power supplies may not have to rely on chemical reactions. Nucleonic and photodectric techniques can produce power cells with stable output from 100 C to -200 C and lower. These may become commercially feasible with the opening of a new AEC separation plant.
Tests on a Walter Kidde Nuclear Labs' prototype cell disclose that it puts out slightly more current at -200 C than at room temperature. This promises some immunity from the low-temperature problems of outer space.
The Kidde cell uses a cadmium sulfide phosphor mixed with promethium oxide, a fission byproduct. The phosphor responds to beta radiation from the radioisotope by emitting infrared light. A plastic window passes the infrared emission to a silicon solar cell, which delivers electric current. The two-stage process protects the semiconductor from direct radiation damage, lengthens cell life.
Promethium now costs $500 a curie. New AEC separation facilities to be readied this year should make the radioactive stuff much more readily available, and may drop the cost to 50¢ a curie.
Promethium oxide has a 2.6-year half-life and radiation characteristics which offer no serious shielding problem. Kidde's work was done for Elgin Watch Co., which estimates that the cell could power a watch with only a $\frac{1}{8}$-in. shield.
---
**PRODUCTION and SALES statistics**
**CAPACITOR SALES**
| YEAR | SALES (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) |
|------|-----------------------------|
| 1956 | 240 |
| 1955 | 220 |
| 1954 | 200 |
| 1953 | 220 |
| 1952 | 200 |
*SOURCE: RETMA*
Capacitor sales for 1956 were $255 million, 13% percent more than the $225 million sold in 1955.
The 1956 figure sets a record. Previous sales high of $225 million was set in 1953. Record was tied in 1955.
Breakdown of capacitor sales was recently supplied by Census of Manufacturers for 1954. Paper capacitors account for largest part of dollar volume, 43 percent. Electrolytic types with 25 percent are next, followed by ceramic and mica with 17 and 9 percent respectively.
Electronics Output Index averages 272.1 percent in 1956. In December 1956 it stood at 295.0. Average for 1955 was 225.8.
Manufacturers' sales in 1956 average 20 percent above 1955.
Communication equipment production workers numbered 407.8 thousand in December 1956, some 15 thousand above November. Average number employed throughout 1956 was 397.8 thousand.
Average weekly hours worked by communication equipment production workers amounted to 40.8 for December 1956 compared with 41.3 for December 1955.
LA fights ENGINEER shortage
Local firms join school officials to reach high school students
Strengthen science curriculums by helping hold teachers
Tours and lectures heighten student interest in engineering
Everybody in our industry talks about the engineer shortage but out in Los Angeles they are doing something about it. Last month LA's industry-education program shifted into high gear as representatives of 60 firms, many of them in electronics, met with city school officials.
Root of the engineer shortage is in high school. More than 200,000 high school graduates throughout the country have the ability and money to go to college but do not do so.
Twin-pronged attack on the problem entails buffering high school science curriculums and motivating high school students to prepare for and attend engineering schools.
According to Superintendent of Schools Ellis Jarvis, here's what industrialists and educators are doing:
Several demonstration-lecture programs by teams from local firms have been presented before science classes in LA high schools. More are being arranged.
- Specialized equipment, generally unavailable to regular teachers, is being featured.
- Companies provide lectures in the subjects that most closely correlate with their own activities.
Local industry arranges for summer employment of science teachers. Advantages are threefold:
- Teachers are brought up to date with recent developments.
- They are provided with a substantial supplement to their regular income.
- Industry's manpower shortage is partially alleviated.
Rubbernecking tours of local plants are set up for high school groups. Research and development facilities are stressed, rather than production and assembly operations. Idea behind this: students will want to follow the footsteps of engineers and scientists they observe.
According to De Forest Trautman of Hughes Aircraft, his company's temporary employment pro-
gram for high school teachers was highly successful last summer.
Ten LA teachers served, at standard teachers' salaries, as assistants in Hughes' research departments.
Industry is on its honor not to make the teacher shortage worse in this program. Proselyting high school teachers for engineering jobs is out.
In fact, next step is to extend the industry-education program into junior high. Eighth grade general-science classes will also participate.
Even in high school it may be too late to strike out for an engineering career. Students who decide to switch to scientific fields in 11th or 12th grade frequently find they lack earlier courses.
Here are a few results of LA's program to quicken teenage interest in engineering and science: In 1954, the number of students enrolling for algebra was 12,093. In 1956, the number jumped to 16,817. During this same period enrollees in 12th grade physics went from 1,962 to 2,367. Meanwhile total high school population in Los Angeles increased only 10 percent.
Measuring MILLIONTHS
TECHNICIAN in Sheffield Corp. laboratory uses electronic gage block comparator to check industrial gage blocks. Blocks are checked to millionths of an inch via circuits which amplify 10,000 times
Hampton Roads
Virginia
Nation’s first deep-water site
first choice for your plant
“Our shippes do lie so neare shoare that they are moored to the Trees in six fathom water.” So wrote Master George Percy, one of Virginia’s first colonists, who sailed into Hampton Roads in 1607. And today, this superb port still offers a choice of deepwater locations for your new plant.
Amoco, Nestle, Lipton and Dow are among the leaders who have recently chosen this key port-industrial area. The competitive advantages they find here can profit your new plant as well.
Top sea, land, air transportation link you with markets and sources of supply. You’re central to the whole East, with favorable freight rates to the Mid-West. You have your choice of 9 main line railroads, 45 truck lines, 3 major airlines, and 300 shiplines.
Ample electricity at low cost flows from VEPCO’s modern network. Capability is already 1,362,000 kilowatts—and will reach 2,000,000 kilowatts by 1959. Natural gas also serves our area.
Ask for full facts on mild living-and-working climate...young but conservative manpower...favorable taxes...fine educational, recreational facilities. And for confidential site-finding help, write or phone VEPCO, serving “The Top of the South.”
SEE SIGHTS AND SITES!
Visit Jamestown Festival, April 1-Nov. 30, 1957. And while here, see some of Virginia’s plant sites
VIRGINIA ELECTRIC and POWER COMPANY
Clark P. Spellman, Director—Area Development
Electric Building, Richmond 9, Virginia • Phone: 86-1-11
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
MARKET research ups sales
- Market surveys get greater emphasis in electronics
- High incidence of new-product failures provide impetus
- Field study determines what customers want
The average electronic product lasts 3 to 5 years before it is made obsolete by new developments. A government study of 200 large manufacturers indicates that only one new product out of five is a success.
These and other hard facts are leading electronics firms to think twice before spending large sums to put a product on the market. The trend is toward greater emphasis on market research.
Market research attempts to determine who will buy what and for how much, before a product is manufactured. Specifically, market research aids a manufacturer in designing, developing, producing, financing and advertising a product that will sell at a profit.
GE's vice president in charge of marketing, Fred J. Borch, says: "We must focus our businesses on the customer's needs and desires, including those the customer is not aware of as well as those he knows."
Cost of developing an electronic product may range from a few thousand dollars for a conventional component to several million dollars for a complex system. If the product fails, this is only part of the loss.
Daniel J. Webster, marketing manager of Raytheon's Commercial Equipment Division, points out some additional penalties for product failure.
A company must continue servicing units sold even though production has been discontinued. Servicing a discontinued line often requires making limited quantities of special parts and selling them at a loss.
If another new product is made to replace the failure, the manufacturer can sometimes get out of the servicing dilemma. But, he may be obliged to take back the discontinued model and make an allowance on the new model.
An electronic product may perform better than the fondest hopes of the design engineer. The customer, however, may find it too heavy, the color not right or operation too complex.
Success breeds success. If the product does what the customer expects, he is inclined to go back to the same manufacturer for other products. Trusting the product, he trusts its maker.
Webster describes how Raytheon's product planning committee handled a depth sounder for pleasure boats. Preliminary data was gathered, such as market potential, competitive situation, technical know-how, manufacturing facilities and estimates of return expected on investment.
Then the manufacturer made careful surveys of potential customers to determine exactly what they wanted and how much they would pay.
When depth range, color, shape, size and other characteristics were established, a limited quantity of production models was made. These were sold at regular price, and their performance used for field evaluation.
INFRARED puts heat on
ENGINEERS are building device for Eastman Kodak to inspect film emulsion in dark. Each scope contains infrared source and converter tube with phosphorescent screen. The firm has built 150 scopes, each designed for a special task.
Tiny MOON bears big hopes
- Satellite’s instruments may unlock solar secrets
- Big problem: little room for equipment
- NRL teaches reliable miniature design
Late this year, if plans go well, a modified Viking rocket pushing an Acrobee second stage will place a new moon over the earth. Inside it, the payload of the operation, will be a 178-cu in. cylinder containing some of the smallest telemetering and transmitting gear ever built.
The satellite, being built under the direction of Naval Research Lab's John P. Hagen, is one of six currently planned as part of U.S. participation in the International Geophysical Year (July 1, 1957 through the end of 1958). Scientists hope that one or more of the spheres will remain aloft and send back information about solar radiation and the environment of space.
The instruments in the satellite will have to be small and light. Each ounce of weight makes groaning demands on the vehicle that will put the sphere in the sky. And once aloft, the instruments must work without attention.
Equipment on the ground will track the 21-in. diameter sphere as it orbits around the earth. A ground-based computing center directed by Ohio astronomer Paul Herget will process the position data to find out more about the earth's shape, mass distribution, intercontinental distances and upper-air densities.
Instruments in the satellite will measure its temperature, count the number of micrometeorites and larger particles that strike it, and measure Lyman-alpha radiation.
Three kinds of equipment will be spaceborne: the measuring instruments, a telemetering encoder and a radio transmitter to beam the collected data earthward once each orbit. The complete telemetering and transmitting gear weighs less than ten pounds.
The instrument compartment is a cylinder 7½ in. high and 5¼ in. in diameter. It will be divided into ¾-in. basic segments. The bottom 3 in. will be taken up by the 15-oz power supply—silver-cell batteries capable of running the equipment for about three weeks.
Information about Lyman-alpha radiation has been eagerly sought, since the same solar storms that produce this radiation at 1,215.7 Angstrom units also affect both the weather and radio transmission. All rocket-borne instruments fired up so far have provided only about an hour's observation from altitudes higher than the level of the ionosphere where the Lyman-alpha line is absorbed.
The Lyman-alpha detecting instrument is a photon detector sensitive to the region between 1,100 and 1,340 Angstrom units. A silicon solar cell will determine the position of the satellite with respect to the sun.
Peak Lyman radiation for each orbit will be stored in a magnetic core. The flux level in the core, proportional to the peak radiation, will control the frequency of an oscillator which will modulate the Minitrack radio transmitter.
Thermistors will measure the temperature inside the insulated instrument cylinder and on the satellite surface. Extremes of temperature such as the enormous heat of the launching will not be accurately measured.
Thin-film resistors cemented to the surface will measure erosion. Special microphones will respond to collisions with micrometeorites—particles as small as one ten-thousandth gram. A puncture in the surface of the sphere will be detected by aneroid pressure gages in two sealed compartments built into the surface.
Once each orbit, as the satellite passes over the meridian which runs down the eastern coast of the U. S. and the western coast of South America, the 7-lb. Minitrack transmitter will broadcast the information collected during the orbit.
A 48-channel encoder which uses magnetic circuits and transistors will sample each of the instruments. The encoder controls the modulator for the Minitrack transmitter. Information beamed to earth will be a series of high-frequency bursts. Intelligence will be contained in the frequency of the bursts, the time-duration of each burst and the interval between bursts.
The ground stations, lined up on the two coasts of North and South America from Blossom Point, Maryland, to Santiago, Chile, will record the data on high-resolution magnetic tape. This magnetic tape, in turn, will be used for oscilloscope viewing and analysis.
multiply this
HE NEEDS AND READS ALL
You can reach him through the Technical Edition (published the 1st of each month), or the Business Editions (published on the 10th and 20th) — or in all three!
electronics
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION
April 20, 1957 — ELECTRONICS business edition
electronic purchaser by 46,000
Only certain people are eligible to subscribe to ELECTRONICS magazine.
They must be working engineers . . . production, design or research engineers . . . management personnel . . . or other qualified workers in the field of electronics.
Result of this screening? ELECTRONICS has become the recognized index of the market!
The number of copies going into any territory is proportional to the amount of electronic business in that territory. Also, the number of copies going into any company . . . from 1 to 671 . . . is proportional to the company's participation in the electronic industry.
ELECTRONICS paid 46,000 circulation and estimated readership of 128,000 . . . will give you coverage of the important men in the electronic industry.
Let ELECTRONICS head your list!
330 WEST 42ND STREET . . . NEW YORK 36, N.Y.
DIGITIZER sales double
- Firms report 100-percent sales rise each year
- Speed increases from 1 conversion a second to 200,000
- Accuracy, reliability also better in new systems
Sales of digitizing devices, often called analog-to-digital converters, are climbing about 100 percent per year. And road's end isn't in sight.
Digitizers are getting faster and more complex all the time. One voltage conversion per second was usual four years ago. Today at least one system is geared for 200,000 per second.
By way of a refresher: In telemetering and process-control equipment physical quantities such as temperature and pressure are measured in voltage, a graphical or so-called analog quantity. The digitizer samples voltages at a rapid rate and converts them into digits that can be printed out by a high-speed printer, recorded on punched cards or magnetic tape or fed directly to a digital computer.
Digitizers find applications in wind-tunnel and missile test-range instrumentation, radar-computer systems like SAGE and machine-tool controls.
For years information was acquired in graphical form. Much still is. However, digital data is often preferred for ease and speed of handling.
Accuracy in digitizers has improved from 0.1 percent to 0.05 percent.
Reliability is also much improved, reports Joseph H. Davis, executive vice president of Epsco, a Boston manufacturer of digitizers.
"Four years ago, the reliability wasn't so good. Today our reliability average for units is 5,000 hours. One machine ran steadily under test conditions for 8,700 hours without even an electron tube failing."
The first digitizers converted shaft positions into numbers. Now the variety of tasks they perform is almost endless. They can digitize radar returns, simulated missile operations, geophysical and oil explorations, aircraft flights and contours of metal parts to be machined.
The price of a digitizer is tremendously dependent on what it will be used for.
Epsco has five basic types of digitizers ranging in price from $8,500 to $20,000. Baird-Atomic of Cambridge, Mass., which makes moderately high-speed digitizers, sells 10-conversion-per-second units for $1,500 to $3,000. Its 5,000-per-second machines sell for $5,000 to $10,000. Such units can reach 20,000 conversions per second in special applications.
At Baird-Atomic, Hugh F. Stoddart, vice president, says:
"The major market now isn't for high-speed digitizers. Ten conversions per second is enough for many applications. Specialized uses are something else. Some require extremely fast speeds, and when the need is there, it is great. But I can't see a widespread need for high-speed units yet."
Digitizers have enjoyed marked success when used with computers. As for paying for themselves, some digitizers have, it's reported, done so in remarkably short time. One $250,000 system paid for itself in a few months.
Pilots Check Out
NAVIGATION RECEIVER ACCURACY
ARC Type H-14A Signal Generator Checks Omni/Localizer Equipment
ARC's H-14A Signal Generator provides a simple and dependable means of checking omnirange and localizer receivers in aircraft on the field, by sending out on the hangar antenna a continuous test identifying signal that blankets the field. Tuned to this signal, individual pilots or whole squadrons can quickly test their own equipment. Voice can be transmitted simultaneously with signal. The instrument will check 24 omni courses, omni course sensitivity, operation of TO-FROM meter and flag-alarms, left-center-right on 90/150 cps localizer, receiver frequency calibration, reciprocal course accuracy, and receiver output. The H-14A is also widely used for making quantitative measurements on the bench during receiver maintenance. Input power is 160 watts, 115 volts 60 cps.
The H-16A Standard Course Checker measures the accuracy of the indicated omni course in ARC's H-14A or other omni signal generator to better than ½ degree. It features a built-in method of checking its own precision.
ARC's Type H-12 Signal Generator (900-2100 mc) is equal to military TS-419 U, and provides a reliable source of CW or pulsed rf. Internal circuits provide control of width, rate and delay of internally-generated pulses. Complete specifications on request.
Dependable Airborne Electronic Equipment Since 1928
Aircraft Radio Corporation BOONTON, NEW JERSEY
Miniaturized Automatic Direction Finders • Omni/Loc Receivers • Course Directors • UHF and VHF Receivers and Transmitters • RF Receivers and Linear Direction Finders • 10-Channel Isolation Amplifiers • 8-Watt Audio Amplifiers • Interphone Amplifier's • Omnirange Signal Generators and Standard Course Checkers • 900-2100 Mc Signal Generators
Type H-12
UHF Signal Generator
Type H-16
Standard Course Checker
ELECTRONICS business edition — April 20, 1957
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
New SHORTWAVE sales
Teenage interest gets credit
May boost sales to $20 million in '65
100,000 have already bought
Shortwave receivers are again becoming popular with people who have no real need for them. They apparently just want a radio with "something extra." No one has reduced the size and shape of this section of the market to statistics. But most sw makers are aware of its presence. One guess was hazarded: 100,000 people with no need for sw have bought receivers.
Hallicrafters gives teenagers credit for revival of shortwave listening. William Halligan, Jr., Hallicrafter's v-p in charge of sales, thinks sw listeners are at least partially responsible for the increase in the total shortwave receiver sales from about $10 million in 1947 to $15 million in 1956.
One industry estimate on the future: sw listeners will raise total shortwave receiver sales to $20 million a year by 1965.
Collins has noted the presence of new buyers.
National's sales manager, Ben Ballard, thinks the new consumer sw market is large enough again to make inexpensive receivers feasible to produce.
TITANIUM for chassis?
Titanium, the jet-plane metal, is not yet off the ground in electronics. But its freedom from gaseous impurities, high heat resistance and anticorrosion qualities are awakening interest.
A major effort is adapting it to tube parts. Gene Erbin, metallurgical sales engineer of Titanium Metals Corp. of America, has high hopes for its application as a getter to remove residual gas from vacuum-tube envelopes. The metal, he says, has an affinity for oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.
Other developmental uses are tube supports, anodes and grid elements. Titanium shares with zirconium the distinction of not giving off gases while tubes are operating under low pressure at high heat.
Titanium is also being considered as a weight-saver in structural parts. It compares with high-grade steel alloys in corrosion resistance, but its weight is half steel's.
Only a miniscule portion of total titanium production is being bought by electronics firms. Most of it goes into jet-aircraft engine and skin parts. There is no shortage for civilian uses. Although civilian industry's quota is 10 percent of total production, only two or three percent has been consumed in nonmilitary uses.
An estimated $1 billion has been spent by government and industry in developing production and use of titanium. Processing is difficult, but most of the technological problems have been met. The major difficulty now is getting processing equipment built fast enough to keep up with demands. Major users have to wait for delivery. Experimental quantities can generally be bought off-the-shelf.
Production of basic titanium sponge, a few tons in 1948, was 14,500 tons in 1956 and is expected to reach 25,000 tons in 1957. Sponge price is now $2.75, half of 1948. Average price of titanium mill products is $13 a pound.
Navy to test SSB
Single-sideband radio equipment is in for a major test by the Navy's Bureau of Ships. The gear will be used for ship-to-ship and ship-to-air communications. If results are satisfactory, Navy double-sideband a-m equipment buying for the high-frequency range (2 to 50 mc) may halt entirely.
In addition, the Navy will test a-m sets modified for both double-sideband and single-sideband operation. The converted gear is important to any long-range plan for putting all Navy radiotelephone on ssb. There is too much almost-new double-sideband equipment around to junk. Latter is an urgent consideration in any step the Navy takes in this matter.
Single-sideband equipment to be tested will use standard techniques of filtering and linear amplification.
Britain's BANKS to go automatic
A nationwide system of automatic banking has been agreed upon in principle by 11 major banks in the United Kingdom. It would substitute electronic techniques for most routine mathematical and mechanical operations.
No timetable has been set but first elements of such a system may be operating in two years. About 30 of Britain's electronics firms have been sent a "description of equipment requirements for bank automation." Requirements include development of electronic printing and sorting equipment.
The system will use magnetic inks capable of imprinting characters less than one-eighth of an inch high on checks and other bank papers.
Each bank will probably centralize its accounting work for all branches, but no serious personnel layoffs are expected. In fact, the National Union of Bank Employees says the system would "further relieve the drudgery of some of the routine work and additionally open up avenues of more responsible work to some employees."
HALT--Who Goes There?
This lonely DEW Line outpost may someday mean the difference between life and death for millions of Americans. It is a sentinel of freedom, probing the sky with unblinking eyes, ready to give instant alert to our Air Defense Command.
One of history's most notable defense undertakings, the DEW Line stretches 3000 miles across the frozen north. Each radar site is linked with others in the chain through Lenkurt single-sideband carrier equipment which "channelizes" many types of information for radio transmission. Lenkurt carrier, with such features as carrier frequency transfer and advanced miniaturization techniques, provides a maximum of system flexibility at a minimum unit cost per channel.
Lenkurt is a specialist in communications systems for public and private use, for commercial and government installations. The company's unique experience and facilities give it a decisive advantage in solving many types of communications problems, including yours.
San Carlos, Calif. • Mexico, D.F. • Vancouver, B.C.
Lenkurt products are distributed to public utilities by AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
Richard Leitner, Production & Dist. Mgr. of Abbott Laboratories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, says:
"In a few brief hours —this atomic drug will be useless!"
"In a hospital 700 miles from Abbott Laboratories' Oak Ridge plant, radioisotope experts have scheduled use of a radioactive drug . . . a drug whose radioactivity lasts only a limited time. A drug prepared by electronic bombardment in the huge atomic pile at Oak Ridge near Knoxville, Tenn.
"If this radioisotope doesn't arrive on time, it will be useless for this patient. We've relied on Air Express for literally tens of thousands such shipments!
"Our radioisotope business exists because of Air Express. With its swift, regular flights on all scheduled airlines, its radio-controlled trucks, its national teletype network — no other service can match it.
"Yet we save money by specifying Air Express. For instance, a 23-pound shipment from Knoxville to Chicago costs $5.36. That's $1.39 less than any other complete air service."
Air Express
30 YEARS OF GETTING THERE FIRST via U.S. Scheduled Airlines
CALL AIR EXPRESS . . . division of RAILWAY EXPRESS AGENCY
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
Transistor rights unused
All Bell licensees don't make transistors
One reason: no relevance to product lines
Some may make units to fill future needs
Transistor manufacturing, a field that looked rosy to many electronics concerns six years ago, today sees some patent licenses not used.
Some 37 domestic companies have been licensed by Western Electric to make and use transistors. About one-third of these have not made transistors except for experimental use.
- Possession of technical know-how plus a license does not always mean an electronics firm is ready to do business as a transistor manufacturer.
- Financial condition of the company and the relevance of transistors to the company's current product line are the two biggest factors in determining if and when a firm goes into transistor manufacturing.
- Some companies want to make transistors only for their own use to suit specific needs when the time appears ripe.
Application of transistors to its product line is one of the factors stressed by Bulova Research and Development Laboratories. Explains Bulova: "We are presently producing a transistorized radio which appears to have strong market possibilities. As a consequence, considerable strength is added to the argument for making transistors for our own use, where this argument had not existed previously."
Here's what some other transistor-licensed firms say:
- Microwave Associates—"A small market in 1952 coupled with a large investment required have held up transistor manufacture."
- Baldwin Piano Electronics division—Transistors "can be purchased more economically" than they can be made.
- General Telephone Labs—"We plan to manufacture transistors at such time that the needs of our system require large quantities of them."
MIT to translate RED mags
Information about Russian electronics industry will be more available by the end of the year. Three of their electronics magazines are going to be translated into English.
At the end of April the National Science Foundation is expected to give a green light to the MIT suggestion that this be done. Translation by MIT will cost NSF from $17.50 to $22 a page. Number of pages per year for each of the three magazines is expected to be 1,000.
The three magazines will have as English titles: Radio and Electronic Engineering, Electrical Communication and Radio Engineering.
Reason for wanting this particular translation project is given by Paul Green of Lincoln Laboratories. He says, "The Soviets are doing good work in electronics and getting better. It behooves American electronics engineers to find out what the Russians are doing."
STAINLESS eases
Mills catch up to orders
Producers push low-nickel grades
Communications uses 4,000 tons
Fabricators of stainless-steel parts for electronic equipment report mill deliveries are now a matter of weeks instead of months. A Wilbur B. Driver Co. spokesman says most mills are ahead of schedule.
Release by the government of 55 million pounds of stockpiled nickel in 1956 and diversion of first-quarter 1957 stockpiling helped stainless-steel suppliers catch up, although most of the government nickel went into defense production.
To conserve their nickel supplies, stainless-steel producers are pushing hard for the new 200 series of stainless. It uses about one-half the nickel of the popular 300 series of austenitic stainless. U. S. Steel has a no-nickel stainless in production.
The 200 series is said to be equivalent in strength and corrosion resistance to the 300 series, and is two or three cents a pound cheaper. This is of little importance in small electronic parts, but can cut costs of big auxiliary equipment.
Allegheny Ludlum reports that 18,000 tons of 200 stainless was produced in 1956, compared with 1,886 tons in 1955. Overall production of stainless was about 680,000 tons, a few below the 1955 record.
Electrical and electronic equipment required about 19,000 tons of direct mill shipments, probably another 6,000 tons of warehouse shipments. Communications take 4,000 tons of direct mill shipments.
TIN declining to '55 price
Bulk tin prices can be expected this year to drop to 1955 levels. Tin-producing countries have agreed to stabilize prices around 90 cents to $1 a pound by sale or purchase of surpluses.
The impact of the Suez crisis and U.S. dock strikes are about over. Tin sold for $1 a pound at the end of 1955 and leaped to $1.13 with Suez. By the end of January, it was down to $1.02. Engineering and Mining Journal estimates that, barring further trouble, prices will stabilize between 95 and 90 cents in 1957, which was the mid-1955 range.
There is no tin shortage. Worldwide consumption hit a post-Korean record of 156,000 tons in 1956, but production met demands. U.S. consumption of 63,000 tons was the highest in six years although smelting hit a new low of 17,631 tons. U.S. may smelt only 2,000 tons in 1957, but imports will take up the slack.
Tin is used in virtually every electronic product, in a variety of solders and platings, in phosphor bronze metal parts, ceramic compounds and capacitors. Miniaturization has increased use of plating to facilitate soldering with minimum flux. Plug-in component bases are frequently plated for lubrication. Tin alloys have been developed to replace pure zinc or cadmium.
UK plans color test in Fall
In Great Britain, progress is slowly but surely being made toward introduction of color television.
Both Houses of Parliament have been invited by the Postmaster General's Television Advisory Committee to observe color demonstrations. The problems to be solved are not only "colorvision" problems.
The question is also open as to whether to take this opportunity to reevaluate the present line standard of 405. Some in Great Britain are for increasing it to the so-called common European standard of 625 lines.
Black-and-white set sales are good. They were up 11 percent, 1.5 million sold in 1956 as against 1.3 million in '55. Setmakers hope that the present publicity over the possibilities of color TV does not lead to a slackening monochrome market.
Although attention is now centered on the Television Advisory Committee recommendation, it is not expected until fall. And its opinions are not binding for Britain's TV boss, the Postmaster General.
EIMAC FIRST with ceramic tubes that can take it...
In recent years equipment manufacturers and users have been introduced by Eimac to a series of ceramic tube firsts unequalled in the industry: klystrons, negative grid tubes, rectifiers and receiving tubes.
Clean, and rugged... these tubes can stand up to shocks and temperatures no glass tube can. Design and production advantages are a boon to equipment manufacturers and users alike.
As first in the field, Eimac has developed ceramic tube manufacturing techniques that have evolved into well established processes.
For information on these as well as other Eimac ceramic "tubes that can take it," please consult our Application Engineering Department.
4K50,000LQ Four cavity klystron that delivers 10,000 watts of power at frequencies of 700 to 1000 MC
4CX300A General purpose tetrode with 300 watts plate dissipation up to 500 MC
4CX5000A High power radial-beam tetrode especially suitable for single sideband operation
3CX100AS A premium quality ceramic and metal 100 watt triode
2CL40A A new, small ceramic high vacuum rectifier or clipper diode that can be air or liquid cooled
New stacked ceramic receiving tubes that can withstand heavy shock and vibration
Eitel-McCullough, Inc.
San Bruno - California
The World's Largest Manufacturer of Transmitting Tubes
See RELIABILITY payoff
Testing improves performance
Specs may stiffen requirements
Pentagon decries cut-rate design
Industry-military reliability programs are beginning to pay off, say top Pentagon officials. But, according to J. M. Bridges, director of electronics in the office of Assistant Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, "Emphasis on competitive pricing in both development and production is still a major deterrent to obtaining optimum reliability in electronic equipment."
"It is improbable," Bridges continues, "that highly reliable equipment will ever be produced if the price is forced so low that shortcuts in engineering are required."
Bridges asserts reliability can be improved by keeping the same contractor on the job through development and initial production.
He favors developing minimum acceptability figures for reliability that may be expressed as time-between-failures, based on mission requirements, maintenance and complexity.
Looking into 1957, he hopes "direct action or further education" will bring more improvements. Looking backwards, he cites several important advances made during 1956:
- There has been a major reliability improvement in microwave power tubes. ARIINC (Aeronautical Radio Inc.) reveals one manufacturer was able to increase mean-time-to-failure of a magnetron from 45 hours to over 500 hours—through improved design and processing.
- Progress has been made in quality and reliability of electron tubes and components, especially by Signal Corps, where failure rate is now included as a specification on some new parts.
- One airborne digital computer, containing 3,000 electron tubes, 5,000 crystal diodes and 96 transistors operated 450 hours with but four failures. Only one affected flight availability. Reason for reliability: careful equipment design.
- When production of Navy airborne navigation gear was held up because of unsatisfactory service tests, which indicated nine design problems, controlled tests were conducted in the laboratory. After four months and 50,000 set operating hours, 22 design changes, not nine, were indicated.
- Feedback of failure data from production line to the engineering department on an Air Force airborne fire-control system now in quantity production resulted in increasing mean-time-to-failure from three hours to eighteen.
Landmark in the reliability program will be the forthcoming report by the Advisory Group on Reliability of Electronic Equipment (AgREE) whose main task groups include 37 industry representatives, 96 military.
Bridges says the report will lay down ground rules for: reliability specs, design procedures, reliability tests, pilot production, packaging and shipment, and operational maintenance.
MILITARY electronics
Bell Aircraft's automatic carrier landing system, researched and developed under Army and Navy contracts totaling $5 million, enables all-weather landing without assistance from the pilot. Flight path computer and radar antenna gimbalng system used for demonstration model are built by Reeves.
RCA announces precision radar designed specifically for guided-missile range instrumentation. Representing ten years of research and development, the system is also capable of plotting the performance of satellite, drone and other free-space moving targets.
Signal Corps General E. F. Cook urges design and development engineers to guard against producing spurious electromagnetic emission. Describing the interference problem as impairing the operation of America's defense systems, Cook has recently directed accelerated effort in analysis and control of interference.
CONTRACTS awarded
Sperry sells to Army Signal Supply remote compass transmitters, type S3B controls and amplifiers for use with J-2 slaved-gyro magnetic-compass systems for S224,142.
American Bosch Arma wins a $24-million contract with Air Materiel Command for MD-9 bomber fire-control systems for B-52, including spare components and parts.
Consolidated Avionics will provide Arma Division of American Bosch Arma with test sets to check out missile-borne computer units prior to installation in inertial navigation
systems of completed missiles. Contract: $4 million.
North American is awarded $1,170,511 by Air Materiel Command for installation and flight test of prototype MII-44B autopilots and MLA-3 systems, on the F-100C.
Collins will design, develop, construct, test and furnish models of radio-frequency amplifiers AM-1565 under a $351,090 contract with the Bureau of Ships.
Standard Coil's Kolsman Instrument gets $26 million Air Force contract for production of new astrocompass that automatically tracks celestial bodies and computes aircraft direction.
Lear gets $3,961,850 contract with AMC for automatic flight-control systems, spare parts, special tools and data for Boeing KC-135 jet tanker-transport.
GPL gets two contracts with AMC totaling over $4 million: manufacture of electronic control amplifiers for GPL's AN APN-S9 doppler navigation system; and research and development work on advanced airborne navigation systems.
University of Chicago will get $396,650 from Arbc for continuation of research on semiconductors and physical electronics.
Stanford will continue research for Arbc on construction and use of a microwave spectrophotograph, with an additional $183,000 appropriation.
Federal Television will sell R-561A/GR radio receivers to Rome AF Depot totaling $690,637.
Radio Receptor is contracted by Rome Air AF Depot for radar identification sets, AN UPX-6, amounting to $143,732.
Roanwell gets a $333,504 contract with Rome AF Depot for headsets, H-70A AIC.
Goodyear Aircraft sells to Air Materiel Command additional facilities valued at $1,279,496 for production of TM-61B missile-guidance systems.
Molded RF Choke Coils
Complete & Standardized Series
150 RF COILS IN 6 SERIES STANDARDIZED TO SIMPLIFY YOUR ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION PROBLEMS
- Inductance values range from .15 uh to 10,000 uh. Each coil is completely defined by physical size and related electrical parameters.
- A miniature series as small as a half-watt resistor.
- Hermetically encapsulated in molded alkyd plastic suitable for operation to 105°C.
- Conform to MIL-C-15305A.
- Quality controlled to 0.65 AQL on all shipments.
- Available for prompt delivery from stock and current production.
- Substantial savings possible by your use of standardized coils.
- Complete coil specifications in catalog form available upon request.
- Custom RF Coils developed and produced to solve your particular problems.
For full information write Dept. E-1
DELEVAN Electronics CORPORATION
EAST AURORA, NEW YORK
MAKING d-c out of a-c, a frequent need in electronic apparatus, is the job of rectifiers.
Rectifiers were in use before the discovery of the three-element electron tube. Converting alternating to direct current, however, is still a common need in electronics. RCA (P1) announces the 6894 and 6895 half-wave mercury-vapor rectifier tubes for broadcast transmitters and industrial applications.
A line of long-life germanium rectifiers to replace other types of rectifiers in black and white television receivers is available from GE's (P2) Semiconductor Products Department. Microwave Associates (P3) announces a silicon diode for use as a low-level detector in X-band video receiver circuits. Radio Receptor (P4) is marketing 5-milliamperere half-wave selenium rectifiers made in Germany and said to handle up to 125 volts a-c.
Low temperature coefficients and mechanical stability are claimed for Johanson Manufacturing's (P5) scaled trimmer capacitors. . . . U. S. Components (P6) announces double-row receptacles with terminations of varied configuration for dip-solder connection to printed-circuit boards. . . . An electronic instrument has been designed by Allegany Instrument (P7) to give a digital indication of the time integral of rapidly varying quantities.
Changes in the frequency of microwave oscillators in the S, L, C or X band can be measured with Laboratory for Electronics' (P8) microwave stability tester. . . . Three high-speed pnp switching transistors (2N315, 2N316 and 2N317) are announced by General Transistor (P9) for computer applications. . . . Tape-wound memory cores by Magnetics, Inc. (P10) are said to be suitable for use in shift registers, coincident-current matrixes, core-diode mem-
For more information contact manufacturers listed p 36 or circle numbers on READER SERVICE CARD (facing back cover)
rectifiers and detectors such as these.
Oscillograph recorders available from Midwestern Instruments (P11) have recording speeds from 0.5 to 50 inches per second. A line of high-frequency generators and air presses for electronic heat sealing of flexible and sheet plastics is announced by Electronic Processes (P12).
A series of subminiature hermetically sealed relays is available from Ace Relay Associates (P13) for radar systems, missiles and computers. Test potentials of 50,000 volts a-c are provided by Associated Research's (P14) high-potential tester. A line of plug-in printed-circuit miniature transformers available from Microtran (P15) in a wide range of electrical ratings is said to meet the requirements of MIL-27-A, Grades 2 and 5.
Alpha Metals' (P16) high-creep strength alloy is said to be suitable for soldering flanges to the barrels of waveguides. A portable automatic electroplating unit offered by Sel-Rex (P17) has been designed specifically for electrical and precision components. Sage (P18) announces silicone-coated miniature resistors with radial leads and having power ratings of 3, 5, 7 and 10 watts.
A photocell by Hupp Electronics (P19) is said to have sufficient power to operate a-c and d-c relays, and to operate electronic trigger circuits at 1,000 counts per second. Optron (P20) announces an optical displacement measuring device for measuring amplitude, frequency and waveform of shake tables, vibration pickups, accelerometers and relay contacts.
Designed to eliminate layout and drilling of templates for printed circuits, Wales-Strippit's (P21) Duo-I-O-Scope allows the operator to sight-in on a master circuit to punch a corresponding master template. Plug-in computer packages are available from Engineered Electronics (P22) in such forms as flip-flops, delay units, pulse mixer amplifiers and neon drivers.
Frequency meters produced by American Machine & Foundry
Over 400 electronic control circuits now available for quick, easy reference
Here are the circuits you need for sorting, timing, counting and controlling; for sweep control, triggering, temperature and motor control, and hundreds of other industrial uses—each with concise description, performance characteristics, component values and practical applications. Save hours, even days, of search and preliminary work in finding the ideal circuit for a particular application—consult this big, handy collection of tested circuits—selected from recent issues of Electronics and classified and indexed for quick use.
Just Out!
Handbook of INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC CONTROL CIRCUITS
By John MARKUS and Vin ZELUFF
Electronics Magazine
362 pages, 418 diagrams $8.75
Following each description is a reference to the original source where you can get more details on related mechanical problems or study graphs of performance and operating curves. In addition, each circuit is cross-indexed as many as a dozen times to permit locating specific circuits quickly when they are known by a variety of names.
a companion volume . . .
Handbook of INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
By Markus and Zeluff
Contains 433 different industrial electronic circuits for immediate practical use. For each circuit there is a clearly drawn diagram along with a brief yet comprehensive description. 275 pages. 433 diagrams $7.50.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc Dept. FL-1-20
327 W. 41st St., N. Y. 36.
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☐ Markus & Zeluff—Indust. Elect. Control Circ.—$8.75
☐ Markus & Zeluff—Indust. Elect. Circ.—$7.50
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(P23) operate at frequencies of 50, 60 and 400 cps at a stated accuracy of 0.1 percent. . . . High-gain broadband antennas with 6-ft diameter reflectors developed by Diamond Antenna and Microwave (P24) for the Ka band are said to have a beamwidth in both planes of 0.7 ±0.1 degrees.
To measure vibration and shock, Endevco (P25) offers an accelerometer which fits a ½-inch hole and measures up to 10,000 cps. . . . Two vibration analyzers announced by Instrument Research & Development (P26) make possible portable and in-place balancing of rotating parts and assemblies. . . . American Microwave (P27) announces microwave relay systems for common carrier, television and data transmission featuring interchangeable r-f components.
Available with center frequencies of 2,900 mc to 10,000 mc, Canoga's (P28) waveguide-to-coaxial adapters for radar provide a d-c return for crystal currents. . . . Maury's (P29) ¼-inch trimmer potentiometer has been designed for extreme conditions of heat, humidity, shock and vibration. . . . Pneumatic-electronic level controllers are now available from Robertshaw-Fulton Controls (P30) in explosion-proof models.
Ratio meters offered by Allegany Instrument (P31) may be used where voltage or resistance ratios are more important than absolute values. . . . Sola (P32) announces a 28-volt d-c power supply furnishing up to 50 amps which fits a standard 19-inch rack. . . . Rosincore solder developed by Federated Metals (P33) is said to have outstanding noncorrosive characteristics and minimum odor.
The 17BZP4, a 110-degree rectangular tv picture tube, is offered by RCA (P34). . . . Digital flow totalizers have been developed by Fischer & Porter (P35) for use with turbine flowmeters and similar signal sources. . . . Raytheon (P36) announces an encapsulated plate and filament transformer wound on a toroidal core and featuring a low external magnetic field.
Two miniaturized beam power pentodes, the 6DB5 and 12DB5, offered by CBS-Hytron (P37) can be used as vertical deflection amplifiers with 110-degree tv picture
Hot as the HINGES
THREE-TUBE combustion control panel by Electronics Corporation of America is shown at an industrial installation. It allows programmed firing of oil and gas burners. Scanner monitors flame and fuel supply is automatically shut off when flames goes out
tubes... Gear blanks of stainless steel, aluminum, nylon and linen phenolic are available from PIC Design (P38) for nonstandard gears, ratchets, sector gears, cams... Rate of pressure changes is measured directly with a transducer system made by Kistler Instrument (P39).
An oscilloscope for use as an output indicator with analog computers or characteristic-curve generators is available from American Electronic Labs (P40)... DeJUR-Amsco (P41) announces right-angle pin and socket printed-circuit connectors... An electronic instrument is being produced by Boonton Radio (P42) for measuring such plating and film thicknesses as anodic films, paints, chromium and porcelain.
Transistorized digital computers offered by Autonetics (P43) weigh about 200 lbs and are said to add, subtract, multiply and divide many times faster than desk calculators... An electronic instrument has been designed by Lindly & Co. (P44) for inspecting, counting and providing quantitative analysis of yarn defects in spinning, winding and twisting operations.
Guided missile beacons for operation in S and L bands are announced by Telcrad (P45)... Available with standard a-c and d-c scales, Burton-Rogers (P46) panel meters feature clear polystyrene cases... A maximum torque of 0.11 ounce-inch is required with Electro-Mee's (P47) type 11 potentiometers for computers.
Linearity of better than 0.5 percent of full bandwidth over full input range is claimed for Dorsett Lab's (P48) subcarrier telemetering oscillator... Beckman (P49) offers a size 18 servomotor-rate generator designed to operate from a 115-volt, 60-cycle source... Building-block type metal cabinets are offered by Elgin Metalformers (P50) for housing instrumentation, electronic and electromechanical equipment.
Power supplies furnishing variable d-c output at up to 15 amps are offered by Deltron (P51) for
For Direct Readings as Low as
\[0.000,000,000,000,000,1 = 10^{-16}\] ampere
Rely on the CURTISS-WRIGHT DYNAMIC CAPACITOR ELECTROMETER (Model NA 100)
ELECTRONICS:
Measurement of semiconductor parameters, low-level voltages, static charges, floating grid potentials, grid currents, and insulation resistance
INDUSTRY:
Beta and gamma gauge control systems
PHYSICS and CHEMISTRY:
Mass spectrometry, pH measurements
NUCLEONICS:
Reactor control and radiation monitoring systems
BIOPHYSICS and MEDICINE:
Measurement of stomach acidity, skin and cell potentials
A current of \(10^{-16}\) amp consists of a stream of only 625 electrons per second. No wonder it takes an extremely sensitive instrument to measure such traces of moving electrons.
The Curtiss-Wright Dynamic Capacitor Electrometer will detect even smaller currents, since one meter division represents \(2 \times 10^{-17}\) ampere, which is well above the noise level. Measurements up to \(10^{-5}\) amperes can be made at an accuracy of \(\pm 1\%\), not including accuracy of input resistors.
When used as a millivoltmeter the NA 100 model has 10, 100, and 1,000 mv ranges with extremely high input impedance — \(10^{15}\) ohms. For micro-micro-ampere measurements, \(10^5\) to \(10^{13}\) ohm input resistors in decade steps are used.
Stability in such an instrument is of major importance. The drift in the NA 100 is less than \(\pm 1\) mv per day. This stability can be attributed in part to the exclusive, high-input-type dynamic capacitor and also to inherently stable AC amplification. The dynamic capacitor operates at a 1,000 cps carrier frequency and therefore discriminates against 60 cycle pick-up. Price F.O.B. Carlstadt, N.J., $1,075.00.
Write for Bulletin NA 100
Electronic Instruments Department
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
Miniature 60-CPS Servo Chopper
Here is a highly reliable mechanical modulator for use in servo systems and operational amplifiers—whenever low-level DC signals are converted to AC or synchronously rectified. It withstands all normally encountered environments; remains within specifications for 2,000 hours.
*Nominal drive is 6.3 volts at 60 CPS, operates 30-90 volts. *Hard alloy contacts are rated for 0-2 ma at 0-100 volts. *Phase angle is 20 degrees; dwell time is 167 degrees. *Noise is only 50 microvolts average.
Airfax Products Company
Cambridge Division
Cambridge Road
Maryland
New Product Makers
P-1: RCA Corp., Div., Harrison, N. J.
P-2: Du Pont, Electronics Products Dept., Electronics Park, Syracuse, N. Y.
P-3: Microwave Associates, 22 Tunstallin St., Bedford, N. G., Mass.
P-4: Radio Research, 251 W. 18th St., N. Y. 11, N. Y.
P-5: RCA Corp., Mfg. Div., 240 Randolph St., N. Y. 13, N. Y.
P-6: U. S. Components, 454 E. 148 St., N. Y. 55, N. Y.
P-7: Albercony Instrument, 1091 Will Ht., Cumberland, Md.
P-8: Laboratory for Electronics, 75 Pitts St., Boston 11, Mass.
P-9: General Electric, 91-27-138 Place, Jamaica, N. Y.
P-10: Microtronic, Inc., P. O. Box 291, Butler, Pa.
P-11: Midwest Instruments, Tulsa, Okla.
P-12: Electro Products, 2100 Folsom St., San Francisco 10, Calif.
P-13: Ace Relay Co., 102 Dyer St., Somerville, Mass.
P-14: A. C. R. Research, 1000 N. Milwaukee Ave., Chicago 18, Ill.
P-15: Microtronics, 10 E. Minerva Ave., Valley Stream, L. I., N. Y.
P-16: Allied Metal, 536 Water St., Jersey City, N. J.
P-17: Set Rex, 155 Manchee Pl., Newark 1, N. J.
P-18: American General, 1000 Broadway, N. Y.
P-19: Haag Electronics, 7412 Uncle Ave., Forest Park, Ill.
P-20: 900-522 State St., Santa Barbara, Calif.
P-21: Waite Strippoli, 345 Payne Ave., N. Tonawanda, N. Y.
P-22: Electronic Electromec, 466 E. 1st St., Santa Ana, Calif.
P-23: American Machine & Foundry, 284 Madison Ave., New York 17, N. Y.
P-24: Diamond Antenna & Microwave, 7 N. Ave., Wakefield, Mass.
P-25: Federal Control, 161 E. Calle, St., Pasadena, Calif.
P-26: Instrument Research & Development, 797 Thomas St., Columbus, Ohio
P-27: National Microwave, 1175 N. Vine St., N. Hollywood, Calif.
P-28: C. C. Industries, 49-55 Sepulveda Blvd., Van Nuys, Calif.
P-29: Martin, 121 E. Hill, Chicago 12, Ill.
P-30: Robert Fulton Control, 2292 N. 4 St., Philadelphia 34, Pa.
P-31: Albercony Instrument, 1091 Will Ht., Cumberland, Md.
P-32: Sola Electric, Chicago, Ill.
P-33: Standard Electric, 1000 Broadway, N. Y. 3, N. Y.
P-34: RCA Tube Div., Harrison, N. J.
P-35: Fleming & Porter, 552 Jacksonville Rd., Hastings, Pa.
P-36: Riverton River, 1 Wallham 54, Mass.
P-37: Halfton Devices, Mass.
P-38: PHC Design, 477 Atlantic Ave., East Rockaway, N. Y.
P-39: Kistler Instrument, 15 Webster St., N. Tonawanda, N. Y.
P-40: Vantec Electronic Labs., 121 N. 7 St., Philadelphia, Pa.
P-41: Delco Research, 151 Northern Blvd., Long Island City 1, N. Y.
P-42: International, 1000 Imperial Highway, Downey, Calif.
P-43: Lindly & Co., Mineola, N. Y.
P-44: Teletype Mfg. Co. Div., N. Y. 18, N. Y.
P-45: Bellows, Cambridge 22, Mass.
P-46: Electric Mfg. Lab., 17 51-33 St., Long Island City, N. Y.
P-47: Delco Labs., 101 E. Boyd St., Norman, Okla.
P-48: Backman Helix Corp., Newport Beach, Calif.
P-49: Elkins Manufacturers, 901 N. Liberty St., Elkins, Pa.
P-50: DeJur Amso, Main Ave., Norwalk, Conn.
P-51: DeJur Amso, 15-40 Northern Blvd., Long Island City 1, N. Y.
P-52: General Ceramics, Kearney, N. J.
Want more information? Use post card on last page.
TASO gets to work
Industry answers FCC call
Five panels established
Seek new members
Taso is ready to begin work. Last month charter members of the Television Allocations Study Organization were named.
Last September the FCC asked five organizations in the television industry to conduct a study of the technical aspects of vhf and uhf tv broadcasting.
They were ReFMA, NARTB, Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Committee for Competitive Television and the Joint Committee on Educational Television.
Under the executive directorship of George R. Town five technical panels have been set up:
- Transmitting Equipment Panel will appraise performance of tv transmitters, antennas and other transmitting equipment.
- Receiving Equipment Panel will appraise performance of tv receivers.
- Field Tests Panel will measure the performance of present-day and advanced-design receivers.
- Propagation Panel will provide information on vhf and uhf propagation.
- Analysis and Theory Panel will prepare propagation curves, analyze engineering and technical factors having influence on tv picture quality to establish standards of acceptable service.
A report will be made by Taso incorporating the individual panel findings. This will go to the FCC as an advisory opinion.
Town asks that anyone interested in Taso's objectives, regardless of his company's affiliation with one of the five organizations, or lack of it, come forward. "The only qualifications for membership," says Town, "are technical competence, plus the desire and time to serve on the panels."
FCC actions
Sets up registration points for first-class radiotelephone operators. License holders are being prompted to sign up at their local State Employment Service office. This is to give broadcasters a ready pool of operators to draw on.
Underscores Congressional moves to raise broadcasting license periods from three to five years. Some Congressmen are asking for licenses to be permanent.
Stops issuing special temporary authority (sta) to tv stations to begin commercial operation without first completing construction according to the terms of their c-p. Commission feeling is that equipment shortages no longer exist.
Considers answers from 83 uhf stations explaining why they have not gone on the air. Five were given extensions to finish construction. Five construction permits were canceled. Other replies are being studied by the Commission.
Makes Elmira, N. Y., an all uhf city by substituting channel 30 for channel 9.
Adds another vhf channel to St. Louis, Mo., giving that city its fourth commercial channel.
Cancels channel 8 in Peoria, Ill. Getting channels 25 and 31 instead makes Peoria an all uhf city.
STATION moves and plans
WABL, Amite, La., plans power increase from 500 to 1,000 watts.
WMGM, New York, N. Y., changes corporate name from Loew's Inc. to WMGM Broadcasting. A Loew's subsidiary, it's still in the family.
KNEW, Spokane, Wash., is sold to Mount Rainier Radio & Tv Broadcasting by Scripps League Newspapers. Burl Hagadone and Harry Henke, Jr.; $422,648 was the price.
WCFC, New Brunswick, N. J., is being sold by Chanticleer Broadcasting. Price to buyers, a group headed by Joseph Roscmiller and Peter Bordes, $215,000.
WABC-TV, New York, N. Y., sets up sales development and research department.
KOWB, Laramie, Wyo., is being bought by Richard McKee from
is high production and shrinking capital squeezing your company?
If your company is caught between expanding production with its heavy start-up costs and shrinking working capital—and your bank is in no position to help—a confidential discussion now with our corporate advisory staff may offer a desirable solution. It may be new financing, an advantageous acquisition or merger; or the answer may lie in another area. In any event, only a thorough examination can suggest the plan that fits your special problems.
Without obligation, you are invited to write us in confidence.
IRA HAUPT & CO.
Members New York Stock Exchange and other principal exchanges
Main Office: 111 Broadway, New York 6, N. Y.
WOrth 4-6000
A copy of this quick-reading, 8-page booklet is yours for the asking. It contains many facts on the benefits derived from your business paper and tips on how to read more profitably. Write for the "WHY and HOW booklet."
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Room 2710,
330 West 42nd St., New York 36, N.Y.
John Alexander and George Dent for $75,000.
WHIL, Medford, Mass., increases power from 1 to 5 kw.
KBYF, Oklahoma City, Okla., is being sold for $90,000. Seller, State Broadcasting. Buyer, Great Empire Telecasting.
KLYR, Clarksville, Ark., is sold by Peach County Radio to Clarksville Radio for $15,436.
WPIX, Lexington Park, Md., changes hands. James Beattie and Arthur Snowberger pay $14,500 to Patuxent Radio.
WACR, Columbus, Miss., goes for $60,000. James Fatherton buys from J. W. Furr.
KTAT, Frederick, Okla., is sold to Ronald W. Wheeler, Jr. for $11,355 by Frederick Broadcasting.
WBRE-TV, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., begins 6 hours a week of local colorcasting, as well as picking up network color.
WTVI, Peoria, Ill., will expand facilities. It plans to spend around $100,000.
KDKA-TV, Pittsburgh, Pa., will affiliate with CBS network.
WDSP, Deluniak Springs, Fla.; WMAL, Madison, Fla.; WDON, DuQuoin, Ill.; KLOH, Pipestone, Minn.; KLAD, Klamath Falls, Ore.; KLLL, Lubbock, Tex.; WYSR, Franklin, Va.; WDDY, Gloucester, Va. are new affiliates of Keystone Broadcasting System.
WHIE, Griffin, Ga., was sold to Telerad, Inc. for $100,000.
WKNK, Muskegon, Mich., was sold for $150,000. Buyer was Muskegon Broadcasting. Seller, Nicholas and Gladys Kuris.
KLBS, Houston, Tex., is being sold for $525,000 to McLendon Investment by Howard Davis. McLendon already owns four Texas stations.
SUN pulls engineers
Climate sparks Florida growth
Plants find recruiting relatively easy
Tax situation favorable
Computers, radio and television sets, instruments and controls, radar and communication equipment, servomechanisms and inertial-guidance systems are now homegrown Florida products.
Florida is in the midst of an electronics boom which started in 1953. Sperry Rand's tube division and Radiation Inc. came then. Florida now has more than 80 electronic plants, employing 2,500 and making products with an annual value of $10 million.
This year many more electronics companies are expected to move to Florida. Many of those already there are planning expansion. By year's end the total value of product and the total number of electronics employees are expected to double.
By far the most important factor in winning electronics industry to Florida is the state's ability to attract engineers and skilled labor. This statement is made over and over again by companies that have moved to the area, state authorities and independent experts.
Companies advertising for engineers to work in Florida report considerable success. Radiation Inc., at Melbourne and Orlando, recently expanded its engineering force from 106 to 133 in sixty days. It got 20 applicants for each position offered.
But this is not the whole story. Florida and neighboring states provide a primary military market for electronic products. Sperry Rand and Electronic Communications (formerly Air Associates) which recently announced new Florida plant plans both stress the room available for growth in Florida. Sperry Rand also stresses the value of a climate suitable for outdoor testing.
Florida's favorable labor climate and low taxes are playing a part in all of its industrial growth, points out Arthur D. Little. This consulting firm made a major study of the Florida economy in 1956.
Tax receipts from business and industry represent only 10.9 percent of the entire state tax levy compared with 23 percent for the nation as a whole. There is no corporate or personal state income taxes and no ad valorem tax.
Videotape aimed at DST
Eleven Ampex Videotape Recorders will be operating this Spring.
They will aid in solving the complex situation caused by Daylight Saving Time.
DST, beginning the last Sunday in April, is not practiced everywhere in the nation. TV stations in areas keeping Standard Time find their programming hours askew.
ABC expects to use three Videotape Recorders in Chicago. They will record programs for rebroadcast to "many other time zones within an hour after their original presentation in the East."
NBC will use the recorders to repeat 7:30-8:30-m Eastern Daylight Time music and news shows for central zone Standard Time stations. The latter can then get them at the same time they ordinarily get them in the winter, 6:30-7 p.m.
CBS has yet to announce its plans. NBC and ABC have three recorders apiece. CBS has five.
Air GYROS: $3/4 billion
Business to double in 5 years
Devices guide long-range missiles
Specifications get tougher
Guided missiles have created a new breed of miniaturized gyroscopes and with it a giant business. U.S. Time's director of instrument research, Sheldon M. Waldow, estimates $3 billion was spent last year for research, development and production of missile and aircraft gyros. Bulk of this went for missiles.
"During the next five years," Waldow believes, "production will more than double due to increased missile production."
Size and shape of the gyro business has changed along with the product. Design and production techniques are revised. Established gyro producers are expanding. Manufacturers of unrelated products are entering the field.
New design problems are continual. Air Force used to buy the same gyro for eight or more aircraft types. One design spawned large continued production. Now each missile, though using some gyros in common with others, usually has unique gyro problems.
Miniaturization with improved performance and reliability is main specification for the missile gyro. Missiles create shocks up to 150 g. Life requirements are high. Even though missile may last less than five minutes after firing, testing prior to firing may push gyro's life specifications to—as in the case of Navaho—1,000 hours.
Another problem that complicates missile gyro design is practical producibility. Performance requirements can be realized in design but the design is not always producible. "Simplicity must be built into the gyro for reliability and producibility," Waldow says.
In gyro design and production many engineers are used. Intensive training for technical personnel is necessary. An assembler needs from 8 months to 2 years training. One labor saving factor: electronic test equipment is enabling relatively unskilled personnel to perform an increasing number of precision tasks.
Prices of gyros range from $750 to $10,000 each, depending on whether the order is for prototype or production quantities and on precision requirements.
One gyro firm is now engaged in 15 different missile programs, producing 20 percent more gyros today than seven years ago.
IGNITRONS gross $3 million
Ignitron tubes grossed $3 million in 1956. Auxiliary rectifying equipment sales amounted to several times more.
The ignitron is essentially a mercury-type rectifier supplying direct current of from 200 to 900 amperes. Scaled-off ignitrons range in price from $75 to $500 and continuously pumped tubes from $1,000 to $9,000. The largest market is the electrochemical industry, where aluminum, magnesium, sodium and chlorine are processed. Other major customers include steel mills and the transportation and mining industries.
Ignitrons also serve as high-power electronic switches where large currents are to be interrupted after a predetermined number of cycles. This application finds its largest market in welding. Automobile plants use thousands of ignitrons and thyatrons for current control in production-line resistance welding.
Westinghouse, GE, Allis-Chalmers, Amperex and National Electronics are typical producers of scaled-off ignitrons. Westinghouse and GE also manufacture continuously pumped ignitrons. Allis-Chalmers makes excitrons, which are continuously evacuated and continuously excited tubes similar in principle to European multi-anode rectifiers.
Calls for EDUCATION aids
Lack of educational facilities and teacher shortages are serious threats to the supply of qualified engineers as well as to the nation's educational level.
Percentage of college grads in engineering and science has been steadily sinking. In 1950 they made up 25 percent. In 1954 the percentage dipped to 18. Forecast for 1960 is 15.
GE's George L. Haller, Defense Electronics Division general manager, recommends tackling the whole educational problem first. In a speech delivered at the Mohawk Valley Engineers banquet, he seconds educators' interest in TV as a solution. But he asks for additional electronic devices.
- "These can range from clerical computers and self-help or problem-solving equipment to a student-teacher feedback communication system.
- "One . . instructional activity that consumes a great amount of a teacher's time is the preparation, administration, and grading of examinations. Here is a field where machines could take over . . . particularly in the grading.
- "Possible classroom applications of computers for both teachers and students should be thoroughly investigated."
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SWEDEN passes $60 million
Military bootstraps help
Automation is encouraged
Tv broadcasts to begin in '57
Sweden's electronics industry is a small $60 million. But it's growing fast. A 20-percent increase each year for the next 10 years is forecast, due mainly to rising military needs.
A military plan earmarks $120 million up to 1965 for procurement of "new types of weapons" and calls for guided-missile units to be part of the air force.
While missiles are being pushed, equal efforts are aimed at building up an electronic countermeasures network capable of jamming all frequencies. One objective: jamming equipment powerful enough to be effective across the Baltic Sea, where Soviet Russia reportedly has at least twenty-one guided-missile launching bases.
Accent on military electronics means the government takes about 75 percent of electronics production in the nonconsumer portion of the industry.
One of Sweden's most promising nonmilitary fields is electronic telephone switching. The giant L. M. Ericsson group has some systems in use.
Electronic computers are receiving wide attention too, with Alwac Aktiebolaget scheduled to get into production this year. Alwac will be tied on the research side to her sister company, Alwac Corp. of Redondo Beach, Calif.
The government is favorable to investment that will push automation. Alwac expects to turn to data-processing systems for programming machine tools.
Several large industrial machinery manufacturers have departments or divisions working in electronics, particularly control systems. These include Asea Electric Co. and Areco.
Consumer radio-tv production amounts to some $13-15 million a year. Radio sales are steady at 200,000 sets a year—in a country which has only 7 million people. Television is the big growth factor in the consumer sector in the years ahead with regular broadcasting expected to start this year.
Developments ABROAD
In Britain, new Royal Navy position-finding system enables ground controllers to give pilots a position fix within five seconds. Pilot's position is pinpointed by direction finders and telemetered to control point, where it appears on screen as lines of light superimposed on a map. Controller can give an instant reading.
In Geneva, Switzerland 12-nation European nucleonic research organization CERN will set up its electronics production shop. It will make apparatus for its 600 million electron volt synchrocyclotron to be completed this year, and a 25 billion electron volt proton-synchrotron to be completed in 1960.
In Australia a radio-operated tractor has been demonstrated. Eight-button panel on remote transmitter controls tractor. Operator only starts engine and puts it in gear. Even this operation could be made automatic. Tv supervision of remote-control is another possibility. British Farm Equipment Proprietary Ltd. devised the machine. Electric Control and Engineering provides electronic control equipment.
Scotland holds its first radio-tv exhibition since World War II in Glasgow May 22-June 1. There will be 55 exhibitors, including 27 leading radio-tv manufacturers, as well as tube and component makers.
British Institution of Radio Engineers will convene June 27-July 1 at Cambridge. "Electronics in Automation" is the theme. Thirty papers will be presented at six sessions. One session will be devoted entirely to automation in the electronics industry.
Exports and Imports
France's Atomic Energy Commission buys a Reeves Instrument 400 Reac computer for studies of new uses for atomic energy, part of nationwide reactor-building program.
Montreal's Canadian Marconi Co. reports loss of $176,991 in 1956, compared to 1955 profit of $1,007,065. Four reasons are given: substantial outlay for new tube plant, participation in construction of Radio Valve Co. plant, heavy investment in new product research and development and competitive conditions in such fields as tv receivers and tubes.
Indian Prime Minister Nehru uses new jeep-mounted University Loudspeakers sound system. Hundreds of watts of sound power permit addressing up to 100,000 people over half-mile area.
Poland orders a tv station from Marconi of Britain for $560,000.
Standards are those adopted by USSR: 625 lines, 50 fields with a 8-mc channel width. Station will be in Katowice to reach densely populated mining area of southern Poland.
British geiger counter and tube maker, 20th Century Electronic Ltd. renews licensing agreement with French Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie Sans Fils for five years. Under agreement, French firm will use 20th Century's designs and patents; French engineers will be trained and technical information exchanged.
Venezuela is accepting bids up to mid-May for a nationwide microwave communications system. Ministry of Communications called for bids, designating 18 firms by name and inviting others to submit offers on government-prepared specifications.
Greek airports at Athens, Salonika and Araxos, are getting visual omnidirectional ranges (Vor), with installation supervised by U.S. Operations Mission to Greece. Country has only one other Vor, at Heracleion, Crete.
Aden orders two radio transmitters from Marconi of Britain. A 74-kw transmitter will serve Aden Protectorate and a 5-kw will serve Britain's colony of Aden. Both will be operated by Aden Broadcasting Service starting this summer.
India's government-owned $50-million Bharat Electronics drops its French consultants. Bharat produces almost exclusively for the defense ministry.
Austria's tv industry takes steps to sell more sets in 1957. Setmakers brought out new 17-inch units, slashed prices and discontinued austerity models requiring complicated antennas. One firm dropped a $291 price to $259. Tv-radio-record player combinations are priced around $420. Manufacturers hope expanded broadcast schedules and better reception from new equipment in Vienna will help popularize tv.
Edited by DON FINK
TELEVISION ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
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All your design work is made easier and faster with the help of this comprehensive guidebook. It covers the entire field of television technology, including not only the basic fundamentals, but practical design data for transmitters, receivers, and networks. Monochrome and color television are treated in equal detail, and there is coverage of the related topics of vision, photometry, illumination, optics, and colorimetry.
Look to this handbook for quick help on the countless questions arising in your daily work—on television standards for scanning, modulation, synchronization—on noise and channel degradation—on picture and picture tubes—on circuit functions and design—on transmission lines and radiators—and many other topics, covered in the 20 big, authoritative sections of this new working tool.
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This book gives you a rounded view of semiconductor devices—all the help you need to prepare for practical circuit design and engineering of applications utilizing transistors, diodes, or photocells. Emphasis is on actual circuit design. The extensive section on this subject covers the use of semiconductor devices in bandpass and video amplifiers, computers, measuring instruments, industrial control equipment, oscillators, etc. In addition, theory of semiconductor devices, important aspects of how they are used, and background of analysis and measurement is given, to provide engineers with an intensive one-volume treatment of this growing new field.
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HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC CONTROL CIRCUITS
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Here are the circuits you need for sorting, timing, measuring, and counting; for sweep control, triggering, temperature and motor control, and hundreds of other industrial uses—each with concise description, performance characteristics, component values, and practical applications. Save hours of search and preliminary work to find basic circuit ideas for particular applications—consult this big, handy collection of tested circuits—selected from recent issues of Electronics and classified and indexed for quick use.
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PLANTS and PEOPLE
COOL POOL keeps tempers down, production up, even in soaring Oklahoma temperatures as...
TULSA firm goes country club
Progressive personnel relations as practiced by Tulsa manufacturer Midwestern Instruments are keeping workers happy. The Oklahoma firm, in business since 1950, put up a three-story production facility on the outskirts of Tulsa, complete with swimming pool, bowling alleys, pool tables, radio shack for company's hams, and penthouse with bar atop the building. All facilities are available to company employees during daytime leisure and offtime.
With 465 employees in Tulsa--and 250 added by recent acquisition of Magnecord division in Chicago—the firm has cut employee turnover to less than one percent, finds it has no trouble hiring for expansion.
Company hires pinboys for alleys, built tower for hams, subsidized construction of ham transmitting gear, keeps the pool at 80 degrees—matching, with palmfrond background, conditions at Waikiki.
Raytheon lab goes west
New England's Raytheon Corp. is building a 42,000-sq ft laboratory near the Santa Barbara, Calif., airport. Lab, which will be owned by and leased from Pacific Mutual Life, is going up on a 15-acre site, will house 200 employees after mid-July.
Building plans provide for expanding structure up to six times present floor space.
Du Mont firms up government dept.
In a thoroughgoing reshuffle aimed at firming up its government operations, DuMont Laboratories has moved several second-line managers up a notch. A government relations department now handles the administration and sales of defense contracts. Heading the new department is former assistant sales manager Nelson Lord. Working with him as general sales manager is Richard A. Horton, also formerly an assistant sales manager. Paul F. Brown, former technical assistant to the manufacturing manager, moves up to assist Lord as contract administration manager.
Donald M. Christie, who was Brown's boss as manufacturing manager, moves in as assistant manager of the government division. His slot is filled by Raymond J. Bell, formerly manager of the government methods section. New chief of government methods is Alan R. Howell, who comes over from the process engineering department.
In the company's receiver division, Robert G. Furlong now occupies the job of marketing manager, responsible for the strengthening of DuMont's distribution channels. Furlong leaves Philco to take the job.
Former tube research director Stanley J. Koch meanwhile takes
over responsibility for both industrial and TV tube operations at DuMont, becoming general manager of combined divisions.
Meanwhile, Ampex's video service gets a new director as Detroit engineer Paul O. Fincke moves out to West Coast.
Now going up in Sunnyvale, Calif., is a 40,000-sq ft plant to house home recorder and hi-fi manufacturing facilities of subsidiary Ampex Audio. Plans call for eventual expansion to 250,000 sq ft.
**Tucson Instrument organizes**
New manufacturer of test gear and equipment for missiles and aircraft is Tucson Instrument Corp., now occupying a 10,000-sq ft plant near the Tucson, Ariz., airport.
President is Frank R. Perier, who resigned as vice-president of Technology Instrument, Acton, Mass., to take the helm of the new firm. Louis A. Wilson Jr. moves in as vice president for sales.
**Executive MOVES**
Banker Hubert S. Aldrich moves onto board of IBM World Trade Corp. Computermaker subsidiary also borrows Edward F. Ormsby from its parent, moving him in as director of electronic data-processing.
Jack Krutek, secretary of Chicago component manufacturer Drake Mfg., takes on added duties as sales manager, with new assistant William Wende.
Tracerlab has new western division director, moving 36-year-old radiochemist Abel deHaan Jr. into the job.
William W. Stifler moves up to vice presidency of Aladdin Industries, Nashville, Tenn., will continue to direct activities of Aladdin Electronics.
**MECHANICAL ENGINEERS—**
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A challenging future with a small growth company is offered the engineer who is interested in a career opportunity utilizing his training and technical know-how.
Responsible engineering positions exist in the machine design and development of xerographic equipment. Xerography, a process for forming and using electrostatic images, is widely used in the copying and duplicating fields. It is being developed for fascinating applications in automatic data processing, photography, office equipment, engineering drawing systems and interesting military applications.
Opportunities are available at all levels. There are openings also in product improvement and engineering standards work. Assignments are largely of the electro-mechanical type with a variety of optical, lighting, and electrostatic problems.
Previous experience in the design of office equipment or photographic equipment (military or commercial) would be helpful.
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REPS to get ultrasonics
Ultrasonic gear, now pretty much merchandised by its makers, will soon be handled through representatives and jobbers, says Gulton Industries president Leslie K. Gulton.
"Ultrasonic equipment is now capitalizing on the techniques of mass-production," Gulton says, foreseeing a "network of national dealerships." His own company is known to be seeking instrumentation reps in the Midwest, South Southwest.
Subminiature relays of New York's Filters Inc. are now handled in the South by Atlanta's Frank C. Nickeron Co.
Three new reps for Research Instrument's precision potentiometers are V. T. Rupp, Los Angeles; Jules J. Bressler, Union City, N. J.; Hawthorne Electronics, Portland, Ore.
Arlington, Mass., rep firm Instrument Associates now handles Servo Corp.'s line of instruments and communications systems.
Admiral Corp. is merchandising its record changers and dot generators through a nationwide network of reps and jobbers.
New rep organization for middle Atlantic states: Harry Estersohn, Philadelphia. Estersohn, former products sales manager for Jerrold Electronics, figures on handling audio and related lines.
Four new distributors are handling Brush Electronics' industrial instruments for measuring metal surface roughness and for classifying metals. In upper New York state, Syracuse Supply Co. got the nod; for New England, Metallurgical Products, Brookline, Mass., and Reynolds Inc., Providence, R. I.; and in Los Angeles, Frey Industrial Supply Co.
Avnet Corp., Los Angeles, now distributes Sylvania's complete line of electron tubes.
Arnhold Ceramics' electronics division introduces complete line of Isophon speakers and hi-fi equipment in U.S. Previously, Arnhold handled only tweeters of this European brand.
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
Aircraft Radio Corporation ............... 25
Air Express Div. of Railway Express Agency ........................................... 28
Airpax Products Co. ......................... 38
Bomar Laboratories Inc. .................. 3rd Cover
Bomar Instrument Corp. .................... 8
Brush Electronics Co. ...................... 2, 3
Curtiss Wright Corporation ............... 37
Delevan Electronics Corp. .................. 33
Edel McFulhough, Inc. ..................... 31
Electronic Engineers Master ................ 35
Electronics .................................. 22, 23
Haupt & Co., Inc. .......................... 40
Hewlett-Packard Company .................. 4
Lenkurt Electric Co. ....................... 27
McGraw-Hill Book Co. ...................... 36, 45
Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co. ............. 9
Oak Manufacturing Co. ..................... 7
Radio Corporation of America ............. 4th Cover
Sprague Electric Co. ....................... 12
Stokes Machine Co. ........................ 10
Sylvania Electric Products Inc. .......... 2nd Cover
Thompson Products Inc. ................... 11
Virginia Electric & Power Co. ............ 18
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
F. J. Eberle, Business Mgr.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ....... 47
About our TECHNICAL edition . . .
(ALL ELECTRONICS subscribers receive two Business Editions and the Technical Edition each month.)
Machines now mechanize each major step in production of etched wiring boards for Philco television receivers. Resist printer, automatic etcher, selective dip-solderer, automatic tester and other machines used are described by J. Markus, Electronics, in April 1 issue.
Use of distributed amplifiers as antenna multicouplers is described by F. Pfund, Jr. of United Geophysical Corp. in our April 1 issue. Push-pull distributed amplifier improves multiple reception from single antenna. It overcomes nonlinear distortion. Multicouplers reduce size of antenna forms for long-distance radio reception.
Bathytethernometer that telemeters ocean data is described by Snodgrass and Cawley of University of California in our May 1 issue. A two-unit transistorized system lowered from ship gives plot of temperature against depth.
Nuclear-powered aircraft will require components and materials to withstand high radiation levels and operate reliably. Design of electronic equipment to resist effects of radiation is discussed by H. L. Morgan of Motorola in our May 1 issue. Equipment itself must not become radioactive either.
Ignition properties of auto engine fuels can be studied with technique explained by Weller, Schubring and Fitch of General Motors in our May 1 issue. Distribution counter samples peak cylinder pressure at three-degree intervals throughout 60-degree sector of crank angle.
Color test signal that can be added to any video program is proposed by R. C. Kennedy of NBC in our May 1 issue. It permits adjustment of color receivers during monochrome broadcasts.
THE EDITORS
April 20, 1957 — ELECTRONICS business edition
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The special equipment for calibrating and testing radar components used here is precisely accurate to within 1 cycle in 1,000,000.
Designed and built by Bomac test engineers, it typifies Bomac's painstaking emphasis on testing and quality control... an emphasis which is largely responsible for the extra measure of dependability in all Bomac microwave products.
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SPECIFY RCA "SPECIAL REDS"
specifically designed for critical industrial application
RCA "Special Reds" . . . warranted for 10,000 hours minimum operating life . . . are in a class by themselves for industrial application demanding the finest in tubes.
Only RCA "Special Reds" feature 10,000-hour plus life, exceptional resistance to shock and vibration, remarkable stability, and excellent uniformity of characteristics from tube to tube.
RCA "Special Reds" are recommended for initial designs in electronic equipment for industrial applications, air, marine, land-mobile communications, and unattended relay and transmission circuits—providing that important extra-margin of life and reliability vital for continuous service.
For details and data, write, RCA Commercial Engineering, Section D19Q3, Harrison, N. J. or contact your RCA Field Representative at the office nearest you.
RCA-5690—Full-Wave Vacuum Rectifier with separate heaters and cathodes.
RCA-5691—High-Mu Twin Triode. Similar to RCA-6SL7-GT, but has twice the heater current.
RCA-5692—Medium-Mu Twin Triode. Similar to RCA-6SN7-GT.
RCA-5693—Sharp-Cutoff Pentode. Similar to RCA-6SJ7.
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|
Efficient Synchronous Snapshots*
Alex Brodsky
University of Toronto
10 King's College Road
Toronto, Canada
email@example.com
Faith Ellen Fich
University of Toronto
10 King's College Road
Toronto, Canada
firstname.lastname@example.org
ABSTRACT
A snapshot is an important object in distributed computing whose implementation in asynchronous systems has been studied extensively. It consists of a collection of $m > 1$ components, each storing a value, and supports two atomic operations: an UPDATE of a specified component’s value and a SCAN of all components to determine their values at some point in time.
In this paper, we investigate implementations of a multiwriter snapshot object in a synchronous shared memory model. In this setting, we show that a snapshot object can be efficiently implemented and prove a tight tradeoff between the complexity of the SCAN and the UPDATE operations. First, we describe a wait-free implementation that performs UPDATE in $O(1)$ time and SCAN in $O(m)$ time, using only slightly more than twice the amount of space needed to simply store the $m$ values. We also describe a variant that performs UPDATE in $O(1)$ time and SCAN in $O(n)$ time.
Second, we describe a wait-free implementation that performs UPDATE in $O(\log m)$ time and SCAN in $O(1)$ time, and a variant that performs UPDATE in $O(\log n)$ time and SCAN in $O(1)$ time.
Third, we show how to combine these implementations to realize two implementations that perform UPDATE in $\Theta(\log (m/c))$ time and SCAN in $\Theta(c)$ time, for $1 \leq c \leq m$, or perform UPDATE in $\Theta(\log (n/c))$ time and SCAN in $\Theta(c)$ time, for $1 \leq c \leq n$. This implies that Time[UPDATE] $\in O\left(\log (\min\{m,n\}/\text{Time[SCAN]})\right)$. We also prove that Time[UPDATE] $\in \Omega\left(\log (\min\{m,n\}/\text{Time[SCAN]})\right)$, which matches our upper bound.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
B.3.2 [Memory Structures]: Design Styles—shared memory;
C.1.2 [Processor Architectures]: Multiprocessors—MIMD;
D.4.1 [Operating Systems]: Process Management—Concurrency
General Terms
Algorithms, Design, Theory
Keywords
multiprocessor algorithms, shared memory objects
1. INTRODUCTION
A snapshot is an important and well-studied object in distributed computing. The object stores a collection of $m > 1$ components, $A[1], A[2], \ldots, A[m]$, each of which stores a value from some domain $D$. It supports two operations, an atomic UPDATE of the value of a specified component and an atomic SCAN of all components to determine their values at some point in time.
A snapshot object allows processes to obtain consistent backups of the contents of a read-write shared memory. Similarly, it can be used in a sensor network, to collect simultaneous readings from the sensors whose values may change frequently. A snapshot object can also be used to obtain checkpoints of the global state of a distributed computation, which can facilitate debugging of distributed programs. Another application is a time-stamp system, where a process that wants to obtain a time-stamp performs a SCAN to find all time-stamps currently in use, and then UPDATES a component with its new time-stamp, which has value one more than the maximum value it saw.
There are wait-free, and hence, fault tolerant implementations of atomic snapshot objects from registers in asynchronous systems [1, 2, 4, 6, 13, 14]. These have enabled the development of wait-free algorithms for many important tasks using only read-write shared memory [3, 5, 12]. Unfortunately, these implementations are expensive, using time that depends on the number of processes, $n$, that can access the snapshot object and using registers that are substantially larger than the size of the components, or even unbounded. In some cases, this expense is known to be inherent. For example, any wait-free $m$-component snapshot object implemented from $m$ registers, for $m < n$, has worst case time complexity $\Omega(mn)$ for SCAN [9] and any wait-free single-writer snapshot object implemented from single-writer registers has worst case time complexity $\Omega(n)$ for UPDATE [15].
In contrast, in synchronous systems, there are simple, efficient implementations of wait-free snapshot objects. Neiger and Singh [16] give a wait-free snapshot implementation using only $m$ registers, each of which is the size of an individual component, so that both UPDATE and SCAN take $m + 1$ steps. Their implementation divides the computation time into $m$ read-slots and 1 write-slot. An UPDATE operation waits until a write-slot occurs and then writes the new value into the corresponding register. The SCAN reads the $i$'th register during the $i$'th read-slot, pausing during the write-slot. UPDATES occurring in the same time step are linearized in increasing order by component index. A SCAN is linearized in the write-slot that occurs during the SCAN, or if there is no such write-slot, in the write-slot immediately preceding its first step. This write-slot
may also contain \textsc{updates} to some components. These operations are linearized so that \textsc{updates} to components that the \textsc{scan} has not yet read occur before the linearization point of the \textsc{scan}, which, in turn occurs before \textsc{updates} to components that the \textsc{scan} has already read. Neiger and Singh [16] also present a variant of this implementation in which \textsc{scan} takes $\lceil \frac{3m}{2} \rceil + 1$ steps and \textsc{update} takes $\lceil \frac{n}{4} \rceil + 1$ steps. In these implementations, the shared registers store no information except the value of the most recent update. Under this assumption, Neiger and Singh [16] proved that the cost of an \textsc{update} operation plus a \textsc{scan} operation is bounded from below by $\lceil \frac{3m}{2} \rceil$, matching their upper bound to within a small constant factor.
They also mention a simple implementation of a single-writer snapshot object (where only the $i$'th process can update component $A[i]$) in which \textsc{update} takes constant time, \textsc{scan} takes $\Theta(n)$ time, and only $n$ single-writer registers are used, but each register has unbounded size. The idea is that whenever a process \textsc{updates} its component, it writes the value and time of its most recent \textsc{update} and the values and times of all \textsc{updates} it performed during the last $n$ steps.
We show that the time complexity of this simple algorithm can still be achieved, to within a small constant factor, using only a small constant factor more space than that required to store the result of a single \textsc{scan}. Thus, the assumption made by Neiger and Singh is too restrictive, unnecessarily limiting what an implementation can do. Specifically, we give a wait-free implementation that uses $3m$ registers ($2m$ of which are the size of individual components and $m$ of which have only 2 bits), performs \textsc{update} in $O(1)$ time, and performs \textsc{scan} in $O(m)$ time. A small variant uses only $m$ registers, but the same total number of bits and runs slightly faster. As well, we present a third variant that performs \textsc{update} in $O(1)$ time, and performs \textsc{scan} in $O(n)$ time. In the first two implementations (and in Neiger and Singh's bounded space implementations), a process does not write when performing a \textsc{scan} and a process only writes to register(s) associated with the component it is \textsc{updating}. Thus, they can also be used for implementing a single-writer snapshot object from single-writer registers.
We also present a different wait-free implementation in which \textsc{scan} takes 1 step and \textsc{update} takes $O(\log m)$ steps, although larger registers are required. (A register must be large enough to hold $m$ component values.) We also describe a straightforward variant in which \textsc{scan} takes 1 step and \textsc{update} takes $O(\log n)$ steps.
Finally, we show how to combine our implementations to obtain a tradeoff: $\text{Time}[\text{update}] \in O\left(\log(\min\{m,n\}/\text{Time}[\text{scan}])\right)$, and prove that $\text{Time}[\text{update}] \in \Omega\left(\log(\min\{m,n\}/\text{Time}[\text{scan}])\right)$, which matches the upper bound.
## 2. THE MODEL
We consider a synchronous distributed system in which a set of $n$ deterministic processes, $p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_n$, communicate by reading and writing shared multiwriter registers. The operation $l \leftarrow \text{read } r$ reads the shared register $r$ and stores the result in the local variable $l$. Similarly, the operation $\text{write } l \rightarrow r$ writes the value of the local variable $l$ into the shared register $r$. A process step consists of a single read or write operation and a bounded number of local operations that do not access any shared registers. At each time step, each process can perform at most one step. The processes share a global clock, which is incremented modulo $k$ at the end of each step. We assume that $k$ can be fixed at run-time.
We assume linearizability, so all shared memory operations appear to take place atomically in some order between the time they actually begin and end. For synchronous computation, this means that reads and writes by processes that occur during the same time step give results that are consistent with these operations being performed sequentially in some order chosen by a scheduler. If all writes are scheduled before all reads at each time step, the semantics are the same as the ARBITRARY PRAM [10, 11]. In the ARBITRARY PRAM model, an adversary chooses an arbitrary process to successfully perform its write from among all processes attempting to simultaneously write to the same shared register. More generally, in our model, two different reads that occur during the same time step can return different values if a write is linearized between them.
The values stored in the snapshot object are from a domain $D$, each of which can be stored in one register. The complexity of a snapshot implementation is measured by the worst case number of steps a process takes to perform an \textsc{update} and the worst case number of steps a process takes to perform a \textsc{scan}.
## 3. A SNAPSHOT IMPLEMENTATION WITH CONSTANT UPDATE TIME
Here, we present an implementation of a snapshot object that performs \textsc{updates} in at most 5 steps and performs \textsc{scans} using at most $6m - 1$ steps. We begin by giving an overview of the ideas behind the implementation. Then we give the complete implementation and prove its correctness. In Section 3.5, we describe a similar implementation that performs \textsc{updates} in a constant number of steps and performs \textsc{scans} in $O(n)$ steps. It uses bounded timestamps, which we define more formally and explain how to implement in Section 3.4.
### 3.1 Overview
The collection of components is represented by three arrays of $m$ multiwriter registers, $A_0$, $A_1$, and $T$. Each register in $A_0$ and $A_1$ stores a value from the domain $D$. Each register in $T$ stores only 2 bits and is used like a modulo 4 counter. Only \textsc{update} operations modify these shared registers.
The implementation divides the computation into two alternating phases, \textbf{0-write phases} and \textbf{1-write phases}, each consisting of $2m$ consecutive steps. In a 0-write phase, array $A_0$ may be modified, but array $A_1$ cannot be modified, while in a 1-write phase, the reverse is true. (See Figures 1a and b.) To ensure a consistent snapshot, arrays $A_0$ and $A_1$ will only be read during phases in which they will not be modified. The implementation uses $\Phi \in \{0, 1\}$ to denote the parity of the current write-phase, which is 0 for a 0-write phase and 1 for a 1-write phase.
The \textsc{scan} operation takes two complete consecutive phases to be performed and will be linearized between these two phases. For convenience, we call these two phases Phase I and Phase II. (See Figure 1c.) Note that Phase I can be either a 0-write phase or a 1-write phase. Phase II will have the opposite parity. During each of Phase I and Phase II, the process performing the \textsc{scan} collects the values in one of $A_0$ or $A_1$. It collects the values in $T$ during both phases. Then, for each component, it must determine whether the corresponding location of $A_0$ or $A_1$ contains the value of the most recent \textsc{update} to that component occurring prior to the linearization point. To do this, the tag stored in the corresponding location of $T$ is used.
An \textsc{update} operation writes the updated value to the location corresponding to the updated component in one of $A_0$ or $A_1$, depending on the parity of the current phase. In addition, it may modify the corresponding tag.
**Rule 3.1.** \textsc{update} increments the corresponding tag if and only if its parity does not match the parity of the current phase.
For example, in Figure 1d, the \textsc{update} operations in the third
phase, which is a 0-write phase, do not increment register $T[i]$ because the parity matches. However, the first UPDATE in the forth phase increments $T[i]$ because the previous UPDATE occurred in a phase with the opposite parity.
Rule 3.1 ensures that the parity of a component’s tag indicates whether its most recent UPDATE occurred in a 0-write phase or a 1-write phase, and hence, whether $A_0$ or $A_1$ stores the value of this most recent UPDATE.
A change in the value of a tag between Phase I and Phase II of a SCAN indicates that an UPDATE to the corresponding component has occurred since the last time the tag was read (i.e., in Phase I). If the parity of the new tag (the one read in Phase II) is the same as the parity of Phase I, then UPDATES of that component occurred during Phase I and the value read during Phase II should be returned. The other case is when the parity of the new tag is the same as the parity of Phase II. Then one or more UPDATES occurred during Phase II and the tag must have had the opposite parity at the linearization point. Again the value read during Phase II should be returned.
For example, consider the situation depicted in Figure 1e. There are UPDATE operations to component $i$ occurring in three consecutive phases. A SCAN operation starts at the beginning of the second of these phases. Because its linearization point occurs between the second and third of these phases, it should return the value of the second UPDATE. In Phase I of this SCAN, the value and tag corresponding to component $i$ are collected before the second UPDATE occurs, but, in Phase II, they are collected after the third UPDATE occurs. Note that these two tags will have the same parity. This would also happen if only the first of these three UPDATES occurred, in which case, the value of this first UPDATE should be returned. Thus, knowing the parity of the phase in which an UPDATE occurs does not suffice to determine whether its value should be returned. However, the fact that the tags read in Phase I and Phase II differ by 2 reveals that an UPDATE occurred during Phase I, and hence, its value should be returned.
In summary, Phase II of a SCAN determines, for each component $i$, whether register $A_0[i]$ or $A_1[i]$ holds the value of the most recent UPDATE that occurred prior to Phase II, and returns the value stored therein. During the collect in Phase II, the implementation first checks whether the parity of a tag matches the parity of the preceding phase, and then whether the tag differs from the corresponding tag collected in Phase I. If either of these two conditions are met, the register collected in Phase II contains the value of the most recent UPDATE. Otherwise, the value of the most recent UPDATE is in the corresponding register collected in Phase I.
### 3.2 The Implementation and Its Complexity
Detailed implementations of SCAN and UPDATE are given in Figures 2 and 3. Here, we discuss the worst case number of time steps used by a process to perform each of these two operations.
For correctness, the actions of an UPDATE operation must not span multiple phases. Thus, if an UPDATE begins at the last or second last step of a phase, it waits until the start of the next phase before proceeding. The first write modifies either array $A_0$ or array $A_1$, depending on the current write-phase. The write is followed by a check and increment of the tag. If the tag is not equal to $\Phi \mod 2$, then the tag is incremented by 1 mod 4, and the new value is written to $T[i]$.
proc SCAN
variable Result[1...m];
variable Φ, h, g[1...m];
// wait until next phase begins
wait until time ≡ 0 mod 2m;
// determine the parity of the phase
Φ ← if (time mod 4m) < 2m then 0 else 1;
// Phase I: Φ-write phase
// collect arrays A_Φ and T
for i = 1...m do
Result[i] ← read A_Φ[i];
g[i] ← read T[i];
end for
// Phase II: Φ-write phase
for i = 1...m do
h ← read T[i];
if (h ≡ Φ mod 2) or (h ≠ g[i]) then
Result[i] ← read A_Φ[i];
end if
end for
return(Result);
end proc
Figure 3: Linear-time SCAN implementation.
by a read of register $T[i]$. The second write only occurs when the value of register $T[i]$ must be incremented. The increment occurs if and only if the parity of the current phase does not match the parity of register $T[i]$. Thus, in the worst case, an UPDATE takes five steps.
The SCAN operation first waits until a new phase begins. This takes at most $2m - 1$ steps. At the start of the phase, the SCAN collects array $A_1$ or array $A_0$, depending on whether the current phase is a 0-write phase or a 1-write phase, and the tags in $T$. Thus, Phase I consists of exactly $2m$ read operations. Since the values in $A_Φ$ do not change during a phase of parity $\Phi$, it does not actually matter in what order they are read.
In Phase II, array $T$ is collected again. As each tag is read, the implementation checks the tag’s parity and whether the tag differs from the previously collected one. It uses this information to decide whether to replace the corresponding value read from $A_Φ$ in Phase I with the corresponding value in $A_Φ$. In Phase II, at most $2m$ read operations are performed, and so, the total number of steps required for a SCAN is at most $6m - 1$.
The time complexity of the operations can be reduced by almost a factor of 2 by using larger registers. Specifically, $A_0, A_1,$ and $T$ can be combined into a single array consisting of $m$ registers, each of which has 3 fields, $a_0, a_1 \in D$ and $t \in \{0, 1, 2, 3\}$. Each phase now consists of $m$ steps instead of $2m$. Thus, a SCAN operation would take at most $3m - 1$ steps, of which $2m$ steps would be reads. An UPDATE operation would perform one read step and one write step. It might also have to wait for one step, so that its actions do not span two different phases. Thus, it would take at most 3 steps. Note that during a 0-write phase, field $a_1$ of a register would not be changed and during a 1-write phase, field $a_0$ of a register would not be changed. In other words, these fields would be written back unmodified.
### 3.3 Proof of Correctness
The proof of correctness of the implementation given in Figures 2 and 3 depends on the following simple observation.
**Observation 3.2.** If an UPDATE to component $i$ occurs during a $\Phi$-write phase, for $\Phi \in \{0, 1\}$, then the value of the UPDATE is written to $A_\Phi[i]$ and the parity of $T[i]$ is or becomes $\Phi$.
Another observation is that the only writes to $A_\Phi$ are by UPDATES that occur during $\Phi$-write phases and the only reads from $A_\Phi$ are by SCANS that occur during $\Phi$-write phases. Thus, no register in $A_\Phi$ is both read and written in the same phase. In particular, this means that details of how reads and writes to $A_\Phi$ (or $A_{\overline{\Phi}}$) are linearized at each time step are not important.
In contrast, the tags in $T$ can be read and written in the same phase. However, in each phase, each tag can be changed at most once.
**Lemma 3.3.** The register $T[i]$ is incremented at most once per phase.
**Proof.** Note that every write to $T[i]$ is preceded by a read from $T[i]$ by the same process in the previous step of the phase.
Let $t$ denote the tag in register $T[i]$ at the beginning of the phase. If the parity of $t$ matches the parity of the phase, then every process that performs an UPDATE of component $i$ during this phase will read $t$ from $T[i]$, and hence, decide not to write to $T[i]$. Therefore, suppose that the parity of $t$ does not match the parity of the phase.
Consider the first time step in the phase during which a new value is written to $T[i]$. Then all processes writing to $T[i]$ during this step will have read the value $t$ in the preceding step, and hence, will write the same value, $t + 1$ mod 4. Thus, processes reading from $T[i]$ during this step will read either $t$ or $t + 1$ mod 4. At the next step, some processes may also write $t + 1$ mod 4 to $T[i]$. However, no process reading $t + 1$ mod 4 from $T[i]$ will write to $T[i]$ during this phase, since the parity of $t + 1$ mod 4 matches the parity of the phase. Thus, no additional writes to $T[i]$ occur at any later steps in the phase. □
The next lemma is key to the correctness of the implementation.
**Lemma 3.4.** Suppose that Phase I of a SCAN occurs in a $\Phi$-write phase, for $\Phi \in \{0, 1\}$. Then, register $A_\Phi[i]$ contains the value of the most recent UPDATE prior to the start of Phase II of the SCAN if and only if $h \equiv \Phi$ mod 2 or $h \neq g[i]$.
**Proof.** We consider four cases. First suppose that $h \equiv \Phi$ mod 2. At the point during Phase II of the SCAN at which $T[i]$ is read, it has value $h$. (See Figure 4a.) Then, prior to this point, the most recent UPDATE must have occurred during a $\Phi$-write phase and register $A_\Phi[i]$ must contain the value of this UPDATE. This follows from Observation 3.2. Since Phase II is a $\Phi$-write phase, this UPDATE must have occurred prior to the start of Phase II. Hence register $A_\Phi[i]$ contains the value of the most recent UPDATE prior to the start of Phase II.
Now suppose that $h \neq \Phi$ mod 2 and $h = g[i]$. At the point during Phase I of the SCAN at which $T[i]$ is read, it has value $g[i]$. Then, prior to this point, the most recent UPDATE must have occurred during a $\overline{\Phi}$-write phase and register $A_{\overline{\Phi}}[i]$ must contain the value of this UPDATE. Again, this follows from Observation 3.2. Since Phase I is a $\Phi$-write phase, this UPDATE must have occurred prior to the start of Phase I. (See Figure 4b.) Furthermore, no UPDATE to component $i$ could have occurred during Phase I of the SCAN after the point at which $T[i]$ is read. Otherwise, register $T[i]$ would be incremented from $g[i]$ to $g[i] + 1$ mod 4 in Phase I. By Lemma 3.3, $T[i]$ is incremented at most once in each of Phase I and Phase II. This implies
that when $T[i]$ is read by the $\text{SCAN}$ during Phase II, it is not equal to $g[i]$. This contradicts the assumption that $h = g[i]$. Thus, in this case, register $A_{\Phi}[i]$ contains the value of the most recent $\text{UPDATE}$ prior to the start of Phase II.
Now suppose that $h \not\equiv \Phi \mod 2$ and $g[i] \equiv \Phi \mod 2$. At the point during Phase I of the $\text{SCAN}$ at which $T[i]$ is read, it has value $g[i]$. Then, after this point until Phase I ends, no $\text{UPDATE}$ changes $T[i]$, because its parity, $\Phi$, matches the parity of the phase. This is illustrated in Figure 4c. Thus, $T[i] \equiv \Phi \mod 2$ immediately prior to Phase II. By Observation 3.2, the most recent $\text{UPDATE}$ prior to the start of Phase II must have occurred during a $\Phi$-write phase and its value is contained in register $A_{\Phi}[i]$.
Finally, suppose that $h \not\equiv \Phi \mod 2$, $g[i] \not\equiv \Phi \mod 2$, and $h \neq g[i]$. Then $h = g[i] + 2 \mod 4$. By Lemma 3.3, $T[i]$ may only be incremented once per phase. Thus, the value of $T[i]$ must have been incremented twice between the first and second time that it was read by the $\text{SCAN}$: once in Phase I (after the first read of register $T[i]$) and once in Phase II (before the second read of register $T[i]$). This is illustrated in Figure 4d. Therefore, the most recent $\text{UPDATE}$ prior to Phase II occurred in Phase I. Since Phase I is a $\Phi$-write phase register $A_{\Phi}[i]$ contains its value.
Next, we explain where to linearize each $\text{UPDATE}$ and $\text{SCAN}$ operation. An $\text{UPDATE}$ operation can be linearized at the point of its first write (to either $A_0$ or $A_1$, depending on the phase in which it occurs). Note that the first $\text{if}$ statement ensures that this write does not occur at the end of a phase. A $\text{SCAN}$ operation waits until the beginning of a phase and performs reads during two consecutive phases. It is linearized between these two phases. Since multiple $\text{SCANS}$ linearized at the same point should return the same result, the order in which they are linearized does not matter.
Finally, we claim that the result returned by each $\text{SCAN}$ operation is consistent with this linearization. To see this, consider a $\text{SCAN}$ and suppose its Phase I occurs during a $\Phi$-write phase. From the algorithm, $\text{Result}[i] = A_{\Phi}[i]$, if $h \equiv \Phi \mod 2$ or $h \neq g[i]$, and $\text{Result}[i] = A_{\neg \Phi}[i]$, otherwise. Then Lemma 3.4 implies that $\text{Result}[i]$ contains the value of the most recent $\text{UPDATE}$ to component $i$ that occurred prior to the start of Phase II. Hence, the result returned by the $\text{SCAN}$ is consistent with what would be obtained by performing this operation atomically between Phase I and Phase II.
One important feature of our implementation is that $\text{SCAN}$ does not perform any writes. Thus, if the multiwriter registers are replaced by single-writer registers, we immediately get an implementation of a single-writer snapshot object.
### 3.4 A Bounded Time-Stamp Object
In this section, we give specifications for a bounded time-stamp object and explain how to implement such an object shared by $n$ processes using only registers. In the next subsection, we describe our snapshot implementation using this object.
An $r$-time-stamp object is used to atomically acquire, release, and compare time-stamps. The object is parameterized by $r$, the maximum number of stamps that can be in use at any time. The object’s three operations are: $\text{GetHistory}$, $\text{AcquireStamp}$, and $\text{ReleaseStamp}$. A process uses $\text{AcquireStamp}$ to acquire a stamp and $\text{ReleaseStamp}$ to release a set of stamps. A stamp that has been acquired by a process but has not subsequently been released by that process is said to be $\text{in use}$ by that process. Operation $\text{AcquireStamp}$ returns a new stamp that was not in use by any process at the previous step. If multiple $\text{AcquireStamp}$ operations return at the same step, they must all return the same stamp. A $\text{GetHistory}$ operation returns a sequence of stamps, in the order that they were last returned by $\text{AcquireStamp}$ operations. This sequence must include all stamps that are in use by any process. It may also include stamps that have already been released by all processes that had acquired them.
To implement a wait-free, linearizable $r$-time-stamp object, we use $n$ shared single-writer registers $U_1, \ldots, U_n$, and two shared multiwriter registers $L$ and $B$. The set of stamps that are currently in use by process $j$ are recorded in $U_j$. This set is also stored locally by process $j$ in a persistent variable $inuse_j$. The multiwriter register $L$ has two fields: $\text{sequence}$, which is a sequence of at most $r + 2n - 1$ distinct stamps, and $\text{counter}$, which is a value from $\{1, \ldots, n\}$. The stamps in $L.\text{sequence}$ are stored in the order they were last returned by $\text{AcquireStamp}$. Initially $L.\text{sequence}$ is empty and $L.\text{counter} = 1$. Detailed implementations of $\text{GetHistory}$, $\text{ReleaseStamp}$, and $\text{AcquireStamp}$ are given in Figures 5, 6, and 7.
When a process performs $\text{GetHistory}$, it reads $L$ and returns the contents of its $\text{sequence}$ field. To perform $\text{ReleaseStamp}(T)$, a process removes the stamps in $T$ from its set of in use stamps recorded in $inuse_j$ and its single-writer register $U_j$. The set of stamps currently in use is $\bigcup_j U_j$ which, by definition, has size at most $r$.
Acquiring stamps is slightly more complicated. A process seproc GetHistory()
variable $l$;
$l \leftarrow \text{read } L$;
return ($l.sequence$);
end proc
Figure 5: Implementation of GetHistory().
proc ReleaseStamp$_j(T)$
variable inuse$_j$;
// remove stamps in $T$ from $U_j$
inuse$_j \leftarrow \text{inuse}_j \setminus T$;
write inuse$_j \rightarrow U_j$;
end proc
Figure 6: Implementation of ReleaseStamp().
lects a new stamp from among those not in $L.sequence$, appends it to $L.sequence$ and adds it to its set of in use stamps. Processes all select a new stamp in the same way, by choosing the smallest possible stamp that is not already in $L.sequence$. This ensures that all processes that return from AcquireStamp at the same step will return the same stamp.
Before selecting a new stamp, a process participates in a background cleanup procedure to remove stamps from $L.sequence$ that are no longer in use by any process. The idea is to cycle through the single-writer registers $U_1, \ldots, U_n$, in order, and record which stamps in $L.sequence$ are in use. At the end of the cycle, all the stamps that were not in use during the entire cycle are removed from $L.sequence$. Stamps released during the cycle will also be removed from $L.sequence$, provided they were not recorded before they were released. Each time a process performs AcquireStamp, it records information from one single-writer register. The field $L.counter$ specifies which single-writer register to examine.
The stamps in use during the cycle are recorded in the multi-writer register $B$. It contains a bit vector, with one bit corresponding to each stamp in $L.sequence$ at the beginning of the cycle. Stamps that are appended to $L.sequence$ during the cycle are not considered for removal. The bit vector $B$ is initialized with the in use information from $U_1$. Some of its bits are set to 1 as the in use information from subsequent single-writer registers is recorded. At the end of the cycle, $L.sequence$ is compressed by removing all stamps whose corresponding bit in $B$ is still 0.
Note that $B$ never contains more than $r$ bits with value 1. This is because there are at most $r$ stamps in use at the start of the cycle and any new stamps acquired during the cycle are not recorded in $B$. Exactly $n$ new stamps are acquired during the cycle, so, at the end of the cycle after it has been compressed, $L.sequence$ will contain at most $r + n$ stamps. This implies that $|B| \leq r + n$. Since $n - 1$ new stamps are appended to $L.sequence$ during the cycle before it is compressed, $|L.sequence| \leq r + 2n - 1$. Thus at most $r + 2n - 1$ different stamps are ever used. This implies that $(r + 2n - 1)\lceil \log (r + 2n - 1) \rceil$ bits suffice to store $L.sequence$ and $r\log (r + 2n - 1)!$ bits suffice in each single-writer register. In total, our implementation of an $r$-time-stamp uses $O(rn\log (r + n))$ bits of shared space.
To ensure that processes at different places in the cleanup procedure do not interfere with one another, processes synchronize by waiting for a most 5 steps so that they start at times that are multiples of 6. Thus the AcquireStamp takes at most 11 steps. Both GetHistory and ReleaseStamp take one step each.
Finally, note that the multiwriter registers $L$ and $B$ are only written to during AcquireStamp. Our algorithm ensures that processes writing to the same register at the same step write the same information. Thus it does not matter in what order these writes are linearized.
3.5 An Implementation for $n < m$
Now we describe an implementation of an $m$-component snapshot object that performs UPDATE in a constant number of steps and SCAN in $O(n)$ steps. Like the implementation in Section 3.2, this implementation uses a two-pass SCAN, but uses bounded time-stamps, instead of tags, to order the UPDATES.
Our implementation uses two arrays, $A_0$ and $A_1$. Each array consists of $n$ single-writer registers, where registers $A_0[j]$ and $A_1[j]$ can only be written by process $j$. Each register stores an $m$-element array that contains the \textsc{updates} performed by process $j$. Each element of these arrays holds a pair $(v, s)$, consisting of a value $v \in D$ and a time-stamp $s$ whose size is logarithmic in $m$. Thus, the registers used are $\Theta(m \log (m|D|))$ bits in size and $\Theta(m^2 \log (m|D|))$ bits are used in total.
As in Section 3, time is divided into two phases, a 0-write phase and a 1-write phase. An \textsc{update} of snapshot component $i$ by process $j$ during a $\Phi$-write phase writes the new value and a new time-stamp (it obtains by performing \textsc{AcquireStamp}) into the $i$'th array element of register $A_\Phi[j]$. Then process $j$ performs \textsc{ReleaseStamp} to release the previous time-stamp it had written there (which it had to remember). This takes at most 13 steps. As before, an \textsc{update} must not span multiple phases. Thus, if the \textsc{update} begins less than 13 steps before the end of a phase, it waits until the beginning of the next phase. Hence, an \textsc{update} takes at most 25 steps. If the length of a write-phase is divisible by 6, then this can be reduced to 13 steps.
A \textsc{scan} consists of two phases. In each phase, the \textsc{scan} begins by performing \textsc{GetHistory} and then collects the contents of an array of $n$ registers. This takes $n + 1$ steps, since \textsc{GetHistory} takes 1 step. In Phase I, the process reads $A_\Phi$ and, in Phase II, it reads $A_\Phi$, where $\Phi$ denotes the parity of Phase I. The linearization point of the \textsc{scan} is between the two phases.
As it performs a \textsc{scan}, a process locally stores the value and the time-stamp of the most recent \textsc{update} it has seen for each component. To do so, it compares each time-stamp it reads with the time-stamp it has stored for the same component. If this time-stamp is more recent according to the result of the \textsc{GetHistory} operation performed at the beginning of the current phase, the process records this time-stamp and its corresponding value in place of the ones it has stored. By the end of Phase II, the process has the value of the most recent \textsc{update} performed at each component prior to the beginning of Phase II. It returns this array of values. Its correctness depends on the fact that $A_\Phi$ is not modified during Phase II.
To ensure there is no interference between \textsc{scans} and \textsc{updates}, a \textsc{scan} must first wait until the beginning of a phase. Thus, a \textsc{scan} takes at most $3n + 2$ steps.
### 4. A Snapshot Implementation with Constant Scan Time
Intriguingly, a \textsc{scan} operation need not take $\Omega(m)$ steps. In this section, we describe an $m$-component multiwriter snapshot object whose \textsc{scan} complexity is exactly 1 step, and whose \textsc{update} complexity is $2\lceil \log m \rceil + 4$ steps. The implementation uses $2m - 1$ registers. We begin with an overview of the implementation and informally argue its correctness. The detailed implementation is given in Figures 9 and 10.
The implementation consists of $2m - 1$ multiwriter registers, denoted by $A[1] \ldots A[2m - 1]$, that are arranged in a balanced (heap-shaped) strictly binary tree, where register $A[j]$ is the parent of the two sibling registers $A[2j]$ and $A[2j + 1]$; see Figure 8. The $m$ leaf registers, $A[m], \ldots, A[2m - 1]$ each stores one component of the snapshot object. Every other node stores one component for each leaf in the subtree rooted at that node. Thus, the root register, $A[1]$, stores the entire vector of $m$ components.
The \textsc{scan} consists of a single read operation that reads the root register and returns its contents. Because it occurs at a single step, this step must be its linearization point.
An \textsc{update} to the $i$'th component consists of at most $\lceil \log m \rceil + 1$ writes and at most $\lceil \log m \rceil + 1$ reads. It begins by mapping component $i$ to register $j$ such that component 1 is stored at the leftmost leaf, component 2 is stored at the second leftmost leaf, and so on. The \textsc{update} then proceeds by writing the new value to the register at this leaf, reading it back, and waiting for one step. This procedure ensures that all concurrent updates to component $i$ proceed with the same value. The \textsc{update} then enters a loop; in each iteration it reads the value stored at its sibling, proceeds to its parent, and writes the vector of values it has collected to the register there. It continues in this manner up the tree, until it writes the entire vector of $m$ components to the register $A[1]$ at the root; see Figure 8. The linearization point of the \textsc{update} occurs at the step during which the write to $A[1]$ occurs.
Since all \textsc{updates} wait until $time \equiv 0 \mod 2$ before accessing shared memory and wait an additional step after the first read, the total number of steps used by an \textsc{update} is at most $2\lceil \log m \rceil + 4$. These brief delays ensure that all \textsc{updates} perform writes to shared registers during even time steps and perform reads from shared registers during odd time steps. Hence, these reads and writes do not interfere with one another.
It is also the case that all processes simultaneously writing to the same shared register write the same value. This is because after the initial write, the process reads the same register, which results in agreement between all concurrent \textsc{updates} of the same component. Furthermore, immediately after a process writes to the register at a node, it reads from the register at its sibling. Hence, all processes that simultaneously arrive at a node will have collected the same sequence of values, whether they came from its left child or its right child.
This implementation uses $2m - 1$ registers. The maximum size of any register is $m \log |D|$ bits, needed to store the entire result. However, if not all registers need to be the same size, the total space requirement decreases from $\Theta(m^2 \log |D|)$ bits to $O(m \log m \log |D|)$ bits.
#### 4.1 An Implementation for $n < m$
There is a similar implementation that performs a \textsc{scan} in one step and an \textsc{update} in $\Theta(\log n)$ steps. This is an improvement when the number of processes, $n$, is significantly smaller than the number of components, $m$.
The implementation uses a balanced, strictly binary tree of multi-writer registers with $n$ leaves, one associated with each process. The root of the tree contains an array of $m$ components, which is read and returned by processes performing \textsc{scans}.
The other registers each contain a set of components that are to be updated together with their new values. A process that wants to perform an \textsc{update} first writes to its associated leaf. It writes
both the component it wants to UPDATE and its new value. Then the process progresses up the tree, at each internal node combining the information from its two children. Specifically, in a phase of 3 steps, a process at a node reads the information in its sibling’s register, erases the information in the node’s register and goes to their parent. There it writes the union of the component sets from these two registers, together with one new value for each. (When there is a different new value for the same component at the two children, the value in the left child is chosen.)
When a process reaches the root, instead of writing a set of components and new values, it reads the array at the root, locally updates its components as specified by the information from its two children, and writes the updated array back to register at the root.
A process waits for at most 2 steps until the beginning of a phase, before writing to its associated leaf. This ensures that all processes proceed up the tree without interfering with one another. Thus, a process whose associated leaf is at depth $d$ takes at most $3d + 4$ steps. Since the tree is balanced, $d \in \Theta(\log n)$.
5. A TIGHT TRADE-OFF BETWEEN SCAN TIME AND UPDATE TIME
Let $S$ denote the worst case time complexity of SCAN and $U$ denote the worst case time complexity of UPDATE in a particular implementation. We show how to combine the constant-time UPDATE implementations described in Section 3 and the constant-time SCAN implementations described in Section 4 to obtain implementations such that $U \in O(\log(\min\{m,n\}/S))$. Then, we use an information theoretic argument to prove that this tradeoff is tight.
5.1 The Upper Bound
**Theorem 5.1.** For $1 \leq c \leq \min\{m,n\}$, there exists an $m$-component synchronous multiwriter snapshot object implementation such that the complexity of a SCAN operation is in $\Theta(c)$ and the complexity of an UPDATE operation is in $\Theta(\log(\min\{m,n\}/c))$.
**Proof.** For the purposes of presentation, assume that the components are numbered $0...m - 1$ and that the processes are numbered $0...n - 1$.
First, consider the case when $m \leq n$. Let $1 \leq c \leq m$, let $f = \lceil m/c \rceil$, and define a chunk to be a vector from $D^f$ (or $D^{f-1}$).
The object we construct is based on a central $c$-component snapshot object with constant UPDATE time, which is used to store $c$ chunks. Each chunk is represented using an $f$ or $f - 1$ component snapshot object with constant SCAN time. This is illustrated in Figure 11.
The $m$ components are assigned in a roughly equal manner to the chunks. Specifically, the $i$’th component is stored in vector element $[i/c]$ of chunk $(i \mod c)$. An UPDATE of component $i$ first updates element $[i/c]$ of chunk $(i \mod c)$. This is accomplished in the same manner as in Section 4 and takes $2\log f + O(1)$ steps. The only modification is that the last write (to the root register of the chunk) is replaced by an UPDATE to component $(i \mod c)$ of the central snapshot object. The linearization point of the UPDATE to the central snapshot object is used. The complexity of the UPDATE operation is in $2\log f + O(1) \subseteq \Theta(\log(m/c))$.
The SCAN, which is invoked on the central snapshot object, reads the $c$ chunks, takes $\Theta(c)$ steps. The chunks are then merged to yield the result. The SCAN is linearized between its two complete phases.
Second, consider the case when $n < m$. Let $1 \leq c \leq n$, let $g = \lceil n/c \rceil$, define a group to be a set of $g$ (or $g - 1$) processes, and a group snapshot as a partial $m$-component snapshot comprising the UPDATES of the $g$ processes.
The implementation is centered on a $c$-process, $m$-component snapshot object with a constant-time UPDATE, which uses multi-writer registers in place of single-writer registers and is used to store $c$ group snapshots; one for each group of $g$ (or $g - 1$) processes. Each group snapshot is maintained by a $g$-process, $m$-component snapshot object with a constant-time SCAN. This implementation has a similar structure to the one described above, but comprises implementations described in Subsections 3.5 and 4.1.
The $n$ processes are assigned in a roughly equal manner to the groups. Specifically, the $j$’th process belongs to group $(j \mod c)$. An UPDATE by process $j$ of component $i$ first updates the group snapshot of group $(j \mod c)$; this is accomplished in the same manner as in Subsection 4.1 and takes $\Theta(\log g)$ steps. The last write (to the root register of the group snapshot) is replaced by an UPDATE on the $c$-process snapshot object, which identifies processes by their group ID rather then their process ID. Consequently, the UPDATE is invoked with a set of component updates, but only needs to acquire one time-stamp. The linearization point of the UPDATE to the central snapshot object is used. The complexity of the UPDATE operation is in $\Theta(\log g) \subseteq \Theta(\log(n/c))$.
The SCAN, which is invoked on the $c$-process, $m$-component snapshot object takes $\Theta(c)$ steps to merge the $c$ group snapshots into one snapshot. The SCAN is linearized between its two complete phases. $\square$
5.2 The Lower Bound
In this section we prove the matching lowerbound, namely that $\text{Time}[\text{UPDATE}] \in \Omega(\log(\min\{m,n\}/\text{Time}[\text{SCAN}]))$. To prove this lower bound, we use a technique of Beame [7] for proving lower bounds in concurrent-write PRAM models. The idea is to consider a set of executions that each begin with a set of concurrent $\text{UPDATEs}$. For each process and memory cell, we derive an upper bound on how many different executions from this set it can distinguish between at a given time step. We use this to derive a lower bound on the complexity of a $\text{SCAN}$ operation that begins after the $\text{UPDATEs}$ are complete. In all of the executions we consider, only process $p_i$ $\text{UPDATEs}$ component $i$, so this lower bound also applies to the implementation of a single-writer snapshot object.
**Theorem 5.2.** In any implementation of an $m$-component synchronous snapshot object shared by $n$ processes that communicate through shared registers, the worst case time complexities $S$ and $U$ of $\text{SCAN}$ and $\text{UPDATE}$ must satisfy the inequality $2^\mu \leq (2\mu(2\mu+1))^{2^{t-2}(S+1)}$, where $\mu = \min\{m,n\}$.
**Proof.** Let $I \subseteq \{1,\ldots,\mu\}$. Consider an execution $\alpha_I$ where, starting at time 1, process $p_i$ $\text{UPDATEs}$ component $i$ to have value 1, for each $i \in I$. This execution starts from an initial configuration in which each component of the snapshot object has value 0. In this execution, all reads performed at a given step are linearized before all writes and all writes are linearized in order of process identity.
For each process $p$, we say that $\alpha_I$ and $\alpha_{I'}$ are indistinguishable to $p$ at time $t$ if $p$ is in the same state at the end of step $t$ of both executions. Let $P(p,t)$ denote the partition of all subsets of $\{1,\ldots,\mu\}$ induced by the equivalence relation $\sim$, where $I \sim I'$ if and only if $\alpha_I$ and $\alpha_{I'}$ are indistinguishable to $p$ at time $t$. Let $P_t$ be the least upper bound of the number of classes in the partition $P(p,t)$ taken over all processes $p$. Note that $P_0 = 2$.
Similarly, for each shared register $j$, we say that $\alpha_I$ and $\alpha_{I'}$ are indistinguishable to $j$ at time $t$ if $j$ has the same contents at the end of step $t$ of both executions. Let $C(j,t)$ denote the partition of all subsets of $\{1,\ldots,\mu\}$ induced by the equivalence relation $\sim$, where $I \sim I'$ if and only if $\alpha_I$ and $\alpha_{I'}$ are indistinguishable to $j$ at time $t$. Let $C_t$ be the least upper bound of the number of classes in the partition $C(j,t)$ taken over all registers $j$. Then $C_0 = 1$.
The register a process $p$ reads from during step $t+1$ depends only on its state at the end of step $t$. Thus, each class of $P(p,t)$ is partitioned into at most $C_t$ classes, depending on the contents of the register process $p$ reads. Hence, $P_{t+1} \leq P_t C_t$.
The contents of register $j$ at the end of step $t+1$ may depend on its contents at the end of step $t$ or on the state of the last process that wrote to it during step $t+1$. There are $\mu$ different processes and each can write at most $P_t$ different values (depending on the class of the partition it is in). Thus, $C_{t+1} \leq \mu P_t + C_t$.
It follows by induction that $P_t, C_t \leq (2\mu(2\mu+1))^{2^{t-2}}$ for $t \geq 2$.
Now fix a process $p$ and let $\sigma_I$ denote a solo $\text{SCAN}$ performed by a process starting at time $U+1$ at the configuration resulting from $\alpha_I$. Let $P'(p,t)$ denote the partition of all subsets of $\{1,\ldots,\mu\}$ induced by the equivalence relation $\sim$, where $I \sim I'$ if and only if $\alpha_I \sigma_I$ and $\alpha_{I'} \sigma_{I'}$ are indistinguishable to $p$ at time $U+t$. Let $P'_t$ be the number of classes in the partition $P'(p,t)$.
The register that process $p$ reads from during step $U+t+1$ depends only on its state at the end of step $U+t$. Moreover, if $p$ reads from a register that it has written to since step $U$, it gets no useful information. Thus, $P'_{t+1} \leq P'_t C_U$, so $P'_t \leq P_U(C_U)^t$.
The $\text{SCAN}$ completes by time $U+S$. Note that $P'_S = 2^\mu$. Otherwise, there are two executions $\alpha_I \sigma_I$ and $\alpha_{I'} \sigma_{I'}$ which are indistinguishable to $p$. This is impossible, since the result returned by $p$’s $\text{SCAN}$ must be different in these two executions.
Hence, $2^\mu \leq P_U(C_U)^S \leq (2\mu(2\mu+1))^{2^{U-2}(S+1)}$. □
**Corollary 5.3.**
$$\text{Time}[\text{UPDATE}] \in \Omega(\log(\min\{m,n\}/\text{Time}[\text{SCAN}]))$$
**Proof.** Since $2^\mu \leq (2\mu(2\mu+1))^{2^{U-2}(S+1)} < (2\mu(2\mu+1))^{2^U S}$, it follows that $\log \mu \leq U + \log S + \log \log(2\mu(2\mu+1))$. Thus, $U \in \Omega(\log(\mu/S))$. □
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper we studied the complexity of implementing an $m$-component snapshot object from registers in a synchronous system with $n$ processes.
We gave a wait-free implementation that performs $\text{UPDATE}$ in $O(1)$ time and $\text{SCAN}$ in $O(m)$ time. The implementation has small space overhead, requiring $2m$ registers that are the size of individual components and $m$ registers that have only 2 bits. A simple variant uses only $m$ registers, but the same total number of bits, and runs slightly faster. Just as in Neiger and Singh’s [16] implementations, a process performs no writes during a $\text{SCAN}$, and only modifies the registers associated with the component during an $\text{UPDATE}$. Thus, our implementation can also be used to obtain a single-writer snapshot object from single-writer registers. As well, we briefly described a similar wait-free implementation that performs $\text{UPDATE}$ in $O(1)$ time and $\text{SCAN}$ in $O(n)$ time.
We also presented a different wait-free implementation in which $\text{SCAN}$ takes 1 step and $\text{UPDATE}$ takes $O(\log m)$ steps, as well as a variant of this implementation that takes 1 step to perform a $\text{SCAN}$ and $O(\log n)$ steps to perform an $\text{UPDATE}$. For these implementations, we required large registers that can hold the values of all $m$ components. Although $\text{SCANS}$ perform no writes, $\text{UPDATEs}$ to different components will write to some of the same registers. Thus,
single-writer registers do not suffice for these implementations. In fact, using only single-writer registers, a simple adversary argument shows that \textsc{scans} take $\Omega(n)$ steps.
The implementations with constant \textsc{update} time and the implementations with constant \textsc{scan} time were combined to obtain two implementations: one that performs \textsc{scan} in $O(c)$ steps and \textsc{update} in $O(\log(m/c))$ steps, for $1 \leq c \leq m$, and another that performs \textsc{scan} in $O(c)$ steps and \textsc{update} in $O(\log(n/c))$ steps, for $1 \leq c \leq n$. We proved that $\text{Time}[\text{update}] \in \Omega\left(\log\left(\min\{m,n\}/\text{Time}[\text{scan}]\right)\right)$, which matches our upper bounds. Thus, snapshots in the synchronous setting are significantly more efficient than their counterparts in the asynchronous setting.
We have recently started to investigate snapshot object implementations for semisynchronous systems [8]. We consider systems where each primitive operation may be delayed by at most $\Delta$ timesteps. The implementations described in this paper can be adapted to this semisynchronous environment by using a barrier-like mechanism, which allows processes to synchronize with each other, but prevents any process from blocking indefinitely. When a process enters the barrier, it repeatedly reads a shared multiwriter register for up to $T\Delta$ iterations, where $T$ is the time complexity of the synchronous algorithm, or a part thereof. A process may exit the barrier if the register is modified by another process or if the maximum number of iterations have been performed. In the latter case, the process also modifies the register before exiting the barrier, releasing the remaining waiting process. This mechanism increases the upper bounds on the time complexity of the implementations by a factor of $\Delta^2$. This differs by a factor of $\Delta$ from the corresponding synchronous lower bounds. One challenge is to reduce the gap between the upper and lower bounds on the complexity of snapshots in the semisynchronous setting.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Y. Afek, H. Attiya, D. Dolev, E. Gafni, M. Merritt, and N. Shavit. Atomic snapshots of shared memory. \textit{Journal of the ACM}, 40(4):873–890, Sept. 1993.
[2] J. Anderson. Composite registers. \textit{Distributed Computing}, 6(3):141–154, 1993.
[3] J. Aspnes and M. Herlihy. Fast, randomized consensus using shared memory. \textit{J. Algorithms}, 11(2):441–461, Sept. 1990.
[4] J. Aspnes and M. Herlihy. Wait-free data structures in the asynchronous PRAM model. In \textit{Proc. 2nd ACM Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures}, pages 340–349, 1990.
[5] H. Attiya, N. Lynch, and N. Shavit. Are wait-free algorithms fast? \textit{J. ACM}, 41(4):725–763, July 1994.
[6] H. Attiya and O. Rachman. Atomic snapshots in $O(n\log n)$ operations. \textit{SIAM J. Comput.}, 27(2):319–340, Apr. 1998.
[7] P. Beame. Limits on the power of concurrent-write parallel machines. In \textit{Proceedings of the 18th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing}, pages 169–176, 1986.
[8] C. Dwork, N. Lynch, and L. Stockmeyer. Consensus in the presence of partial synchrony. \textit{Journal of the ACM}, 35(2):288–323, Apr. 1988.
[9] P. Fatourou, F. Fich, and E. Ruppert. A tight time lower bound for space-optimal implementations of multi-writer snapshots. In \textit{Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing}, pages 259–268, 2003.
[10] F. Fich. The complexity of computation on the parallel random access machine. In J. Reif, editor, \textit{Synthesis of Parallel Algorithms}, pages 843–899. Morgan-Kaufmann, 1993.
[11] F. Fich, P. Ragde, and A. Wigderson. Relations between concurrent-write models of parallel computation. \textit{sicomp}, 17(3):606–627, June 1988.
[12] R. Gawlick, N. Lynch, and N. Shavit. Concurrent timestamping made simple. In \textit{Proceedings of the Israel Symposium on the Theory of Computing and Systems}, volume 601 of \textit{LNCS}, pages 171–183, 1992.
[13] M. Inoue, W. Chen, T. Masuzawa, and N. Tokura. Linear time snapshots using multi-writer multi-reader registers. In \textit{Distributed Algorithms, 8th International Workshop}, volume 857 of \textit{LNCS}, pages 130–140, 1994.
[14] A. Israeli, A. Shaham, and A. Shirazi. Linear-time snapshot implementations in unbalanced systems. \textit{Mathematical Systems Theory}, 28(5):469–486, Sept./Oct. 1995.
[15] A. Israeli and A. Shirazi. The time complexity of updating snapshot memories. \textit{Information Processing Letters}, 65(1):33–40, Jan. 1998.
[16] G. Neijer and R. Singh. Space-efficient atomic snapshots in synchronous systems. Technical Report GIT-CC-93-46, Georgia Institute of Technology. College of Computing, 1993.
|
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Cover
Despite the growing pains of CB radio, progress is being made in equipment and thousands of service-dealers and technicians throughout the country are now engaged in selling, installing and servicing this important two-way communications equipment.
FEATURES
Selecting 2-Way Mobile and Base Station Antennas ................................................. 43
This article calls your attention to the most important factors to be considered when you select antennas for your two-way communications customers.
The Growing Pains of CB Radio — A Report .......................................................... 47
Brings you up to date on developments in this important area of two-way communications and calls attention to some problems which are retarding its normal growth.
Operating a Marine Electronics Dealership ............................................................... 50
Learn how a one-man operation in this area has made a successful go of the business for more than a decade.
Replacing Flyback Transformers In Color Sets ......................................................... 54
An expert color TV technician lets you in on some of the problems he has solved.
Semiconductors From A to Z ..................................................................................... 58
Part six of a continuing series which covers the subject from Alpha to Zener.
DEPARTMENTS
Letters to the Editor .................................................................................................... 22
Editor's Memo ........................................................................................................... 26
Technical Digest ........................................................................................................ 28
Colorfax ...................................................................................................................... 62
Catalogs & Bulletins .................................................................................................. 65
New Products ........................................................................................................... 66
News of the Industry ................................................................................................ 76
Advertiser's Index .................................................................................................... 86
TEKFAX — 16 PAGES OF THE LATEST SCHEMATICS
Group 173 January • 1967
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LETTERS
TO THE EDITOR
Japanese Radio
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• Standard has moved recently. Their new location is 23-08 Jackson Blvd., Long Island City, N.Y.
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Needs Old Schematic
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Metz Combo
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10 free KWIKETTE Soldering Aids are yours for the asking! Simply send your postcard request to KWIKETTE Center, Sprague Products Co., 65 Marshall Street, North Adams, Mass. 01247. Don't forget to include the name of your Sprague Distributor.
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WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURER OF CAPACITORS
SPRAGUE
THE MARK OF RELIABILITY
...for more details circle 135 on postcard
The most experienced all-channel amplifiers keep getting better and better
Blonder-Tongue pioneered and developed the industry's first all-channel, all-transistor TV signal amplifier. That was more than two years ago. During that period this top-rated original design has brought superior all-channel and color reception to homes located in all areas.
Now, we are employing the better performing silicon transistor in these amplifiers. The result: 40% more gain in the lowband, 100% more in the highband, greater ability to handle strong signals without overloading and better signal to noise ratio. Color or black-and-white TV reception on any and all channels from 2 to 83 is better than ever.
Only Blonder-Tongue gives you a choice of all-channel, color-approved amplifiers:
**U/Vamp-2**—mast-mounted, deluxe 2-transistor UHF/VHF amplifier. Weatherproof housing. Remote power supply. AC operated. Separate UHF and VHF 300-ohm inputs and outputs. Ideal for separate UHF and VHF antennas.
**Coloramp-U/V**—same as the U/Vamp-2 except it has a single UHF/VHF input. Matches the new all-channel antennas.
**V/U-All-2**—deluxe 2-transistor indoor UHF/VHF amplifier. Can drive up to 4 TV sets. Has built-in 2-way splitter with excellent impedance match and isolation for interference and ghost-free reception.
These UHF/VHF amplifiers are just one more reason to go all-channel from antenna to TV set with color-approved Blonder-Tongue TV products. Of course, we also have a full line of top quality VHF, VHF/FM and UHF-only amplifiers. Write for free catalog #74.
Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc., 9 Alling Street, Newark, N. J.
*Blonder-Tongue, the name to remember, for TV reception you'll never forget*
---
**LETTERS TO THE EDITOR**
**From Cover to Cover**
We have subscribed to and read your wonderful magazine for many years. I read every copy from cover to cover and really enjoy most of the articles. Your current series on TV service business is well received and helps us to improve our own business. Many times I have wanted to write you to thank you for the fine job that you are doing, but just didn't seem to have the time. Keep it up.
CHARLES VARBLE JR.
St. Ann, Md.
**Clough Bringle Generator**
I need a coupling transformer, part CB-1389, for a Clough Bringle model 79B beat frequency audio signal generator. Can any reader tell me where I can get a replacement or if not, furnish technical information regarding the design of this transformer?
JOHN SKINNER
Waverly, Ohio
**Semiconductors From A. to Z**
Are tear sheets of your series "Semiconductors From A to Z" available? Our instrument technicians would like to study basic transistor theory and your article looks simple enough to understand.
JOSEPH J. KELLY
Knolls Atomic Power Lab.
Schenectady, N.Y.
*We are sending tear sheets of the article up to date.*—Ed.
**Needs Old Tubes**
I appreciate your fine magazine. I need two 35A3s and two 35D5s and can't seem to locate them around here. Can any reader help me?
HAROLD KOUTSKY
Latrobe, Pa.
**Needs Old TEKFAX**
I need some TEKFAX (Circuit Digests) prior to 1963 if any reader would like to part with them.
DAVID LONGO
Stoneham, Mass.
**Shell Tube Tester**
Can anyone help me get information on a tube tester chart for a Shell Electronics tube tester, model 18?
LARRY BORACCI
Hyampon, Calif.
Be the man who’s always first to say: “I’ve got the answer right here.”
START USING THIS REMARKABLE ELECTRONICS SLIDE RULE
Some day everyone in electronics may have a slide rule like this. Till then, the man who uses one will seem like a wizard as he solves reactance and resonance problems in 12 to 20 seconds—without pencil and paper.
This is a professional slide rule in every detail, a full 10” long, made exclusively for Cleveland Institute of Electronics, to our rigid specifications, by Pickett, Inc. It can be used for conventional computation as well as special electronics calculations. All-metal construction assures smooth operation regardless of climate.
Handsome top-grain leather carrying case has heavy-duty plastic liner to protect slide rule; removable belt loop for convenient carrying. “Quick-flip” cover makes it easy to get rule in and out of case.
You also get four full-length AUTO-PROGRAMMED™ Lessons, which teach you how to use the special electronics scales on the slide rule. These lessons have been carefully designed to meet the same high educational standards as the electronics career courses for which our school is famous. Even if you’ve never used a slide rule before, you’ll soon whiz through the toughest problems with this CIE rule.
Deliberately underpriced. Many men in electronics have told us that this unique slide rule, leather case, and 4-lesson course easily add up to a $50 value. But we have deliberately underpriced it at less than $25. Why? Our reason is simple: we are looking for men in electronics who are ambitious to improve their skills…who know that this will require more training. If we can attract you with the low price of our slide rule and course—and impress you with its quality—you are more likely to consider CIE when you decide you could use more electronics training.
Send for free booklet. See for yourself why this amazing slide rule and course have made such a big hit with busy electronics men everywhere. No obligation, of course—just an opportunity to get in on the best offer ever made to people in electronics. Just mail coupon, or write Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Dept. ET-114, 1776 East 17th St., Cleveland, Ohio 44114.
Cleveland Institute of Electronics
1776 East 17th Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44114
MAIL THIS COUPON FOR FREE BOOKLET
Cleveland Institute of Electronics
1776 East 17th Street Cleveland, Ohio 44114
Please send me without charge or obligation your booklet describing CIE Electronics Slide Rule and Instruction Course. ALSO FREE if I act at once: a handy pocket-size Electronics Data Guide.
Name_______________________________________________________(please print)
Address_______________________________________________________
City________________________________________State_____________Zip__________
Accredited Member National Home Study Council
A Leader in Electronics Training…Since 1934
...for more details circle 111 on postcard
which capacitor?
AEROVOX
You can get your customer's TV cowboy programs back fast and sure with Aerovox-Brand exact replacement electrolytics. No guesses, no "maybes" and no chances with possible call-backs...Aerovox actually stocks 1212 twist prong AFH electrolytics—and this means off-the-shelf delivery—not "We'll have to get it for you" (someday).
Aerovox-Brand 'lytics are available in singles, doubles, triples, and quads. Both standard and COLOR CERTIFIED units feature ruggedized prongs and mounting terminals, high purity aluminum foil construction, improved moisture resistant seal, and continuous 85°C. operation.
Tame that cantankerous set with an Aerovox-Brand Electrolytic. Your Aerovox Distributor has a perfect fit—and he will deliver exactly what you want...fast! Ask him for the Aerovox Serviceman's catalog #SE-565—or ask us. We will be happy to send one your way.
AEROVOX CORPORATION
DISTRIBUTOR DIVISION NEW BEDFORD, MASS.
...for more details circle 101 on postcard
EDITOR'S MEMO
Time to 'Take Stock'
About this time of the year, every good businessman sits down and reviews his operations for the past year. He also takes a long hard look at his assets and liabilities and compares the figures with those existing a year ago. He then drafts an operations-plan for the coming year—perhaps for two or more years.
According to the boys who have played around with the "Monte Carlo system," we all get about as many breaks in our favor, over a given period of time, as we do breaks against us. Our chances are about even. But the guys who succeed most are those who have used both the flow and the ebb periods in the tides of life to their advantage.
Home entertainment, two-way audio and radio communications equipment service-dealers and technicians have the tide-flow in their favor today. But only the wide-awake, the alert and aggressive ones are taking full advantage of the flow.
While the cost of food and household furnishings and many other things have gone way up in the past five or six years, the cost of comparable equipment handled by service-dealers has gone way down. A B/W TV set, for example, that cost $100 six years ago, now sells for around $83. A color set that went for $600 seven years ago, sells for about $500 today. Not only that, but technological improvements give the customer more convenience and use-value for his money. And this is just one good selling point you can use advantageously to boost your sales and service to higher levels in the coming year.
We're riding on the crest of a color TV boom. There's a demand for more and better antennas. The demand for more radios, phonographs, tape players, tape recorders and other equipment is firm.
Sure, customers are more sophisticated and discriminating. They want more values and better service for their money. But the wise businessman is giving them more.
And there's a shortage of good technicians—especially in color TV. But, if you don't already have one or more apprentices in training, it is a must in your plans for 1967.
Yes, it's time to take stock. And if you find you're not better off today than you were a year ago, you'd better move fast and do something about it.
NEW!
COLOR SHIELD-82
COAXIAL CABLEMATCH
SOLVES THE 75 OHM INSTALLATION PROBLEM
If you've been vexed by the questionable need for a 300-75 ohm matching transformer at the antenna when installing coaxial cable, here's good news. The new JFD 75-ohm Color Shield-82 Coaxial Cablematch comes with the matching transformer already attached to the cable and ties directly to the 300 ohm output.
Solves two big antenna installation problems: (1) When you want to use coaxial cable simply connect JFD Color Shield-82 (with the "built-on" transformer) directly to the JFD LPV antenna terminals—for minimum possible loss, and; (2) save time and money by having the transformer as part of the 75 ohm cable (instead of the antenna). No waste. No work. No separate parts or fittings to connect or disconnect. No losses through fittings and connectors. Simply beautiful! Beautifully simple! Great for color, too!
Available in three lengths at your JFD distributors, complete WITH ATTACHED 300-75 OHM MATCHING TRANSFORMER
Whether you install antenna system in homes, motels, stores or multiple dwellings—rely on the new JFD 82-channel ColorShield-82 with pre-assembled matching transformer for the clearest pictures in sight—color, and black and white.
| Model | Length | List |
|---------|--------|------|
| CS82-50 | 50 ft. | $11.25 |
| CS82-75 | 75 ft. | $14.25 |
| CS82-100| 100 ft.| $17.00 |
TO INSTALL COLOR SHIELD-82 COAXIAL CABLEMATCH DIRECTLY TO TV RECEIVER, USE A JFD 82-CHANNEL COLORMATCH/SPLITTER MATCHING TRANSFORMER...
| Model | List |
|---------|------|
| MT54 | $3.50|
| MT56 | $7.50|
| MTS8 | $8.95|
2-Way Indoor 75 ohm-300 ohm Matching Transformer with separate VHF and UHF outputs, plus coaxial cable "F" fitting.
Accessories Included
1 "F" Connector
3-Way Indoor 75 ohm-300 ohm Matching Transformer with VHF-UHF-FM outputs. With coaxial cable "F" fitting.
Accessories Included
1 "F" Connector
ATTRACTIONALLY PACKED ON CONVENIENT CLEAR-PAK CARD
TO INSTALL COLOR SHIELD-82 COAXIAL CABLEMATCH DIRECTLY TO A 75 OHM AMPLIFIER OR SYSTEM, USE A JFD SIGNAL SPLITTER...
| Model | List |
|---------|------|
| SC42-75 | $7.95|
| SC72-75 | $10.95|
75 ohm VHF/UHF/FM single input—75 ohm VHF/UHF/FM two-set signal splitter. Includes coaxial cable "F" fittings.
See your distributor—or write for Form 6735.
JFD ELECTRONICS CO.
15th Avenue at 82nd Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11219
JFD International, 64-1st Woodside Ave., Woodside, N.Y. 11377
JFD de Venezuela, S.A., Avenida Los Haticos 125-97, Maracaibo, Venezuela
...for more details circle 142 on postcard
GENERAL ELECTRIC
Insta-View Circuitry — Circuit Description
The Insta-View circuitry featured in several G-E "C" Line TV models keeps the electron tube filaments in a pre-heated standby condition when the receiver is not being used. This provides instant viewing when the set is turned on instead of having to wait for the usual warm up period.
A special Insta-View switch is located on the front control panel. For normal receiver operation, this switch is left in the ON position and the receiver is turned on and OFF with the main ac switch on the volume control.
For Insta-View operation, the ac power switch on the volume control is left in the ON position, and the receiver is then turned ON and OFF with the Insta-View switch.
From the schematic diagram we see that a DPDT switch (S402) is used to provide the standby condition. When the ac power switch (S401) is in an ON position, switch S402 provides a means of switching both the filament string and the rectifier output.
When in the OFF position, S402B removes the normal ac line voltage from the tube filaments while at the same time, S402A removes the rectifier output from the B+ power supply filter circuit and connects it directly to the filament string, supplying a pulsating dc voltage to the tube filaments. The average voltage will then be much lower than the normal filament string voltage, but it is sufficient to maintain the tubes in a partially heated condition.
When the Insta-View switch on the front control panel (S402) is pushed to the ON position, the rectifier output is connected to the power supply filter circuit, supplying B+ voltage to the chassis, and the full ac line voltage is applied to the filament string.
The manufacturer recommends that the receiver be turned completely off if it is to be left unattended for an extended period of time. To turn the receiver off completely, rotate the OFF-VOL. knob fully counter-clockwise to the stop.
Record Changer Balance Arm Shaft — Replacement
The balance arm shaft is now being supplied in two separate parts to eliminate the necessity of tearing the changer down for its replacement. This two piece balance arm shaft may be installed by using the following procedure.
1. Remove the balance arm.
2. Remove the defective balance arm shaft.
a. The damaged lever on the balance arm shaft may be removed with a pair of long nose pliers.
b. The balance arm shaft may then be pulled out from the top of the changer.
3. Install the new balance arm shaft in the same location that old one was removed from.
4. Turn the changer upside down and place a metal block or other hard object under the balance arm shaft. (The metal block will serve as an anvil.) A small block may be used to balance the changer in this position.
5. Place the balance arm foot on the balance arm shaft. With the end of the balance arm lever in its slot, the shaft must be oriented with its flat end facing the corner occupied by the tone arm island.
6. Remove the rubber bumper. Item no. 135.
7. A small center punch may now be inserted into the hole vacated by the rubber bumper, and the end of the balance arm shaft may be staked with the center punch and a hammer. A most effective stake may be accomplished by staking the end of the balance arm shaft in at least two spots as shown in the diagram.
8. Replace the rubber bumper and balance arm to complete the repair.
Replacement parts have reportedly been changed, and the balance arm shaft, part no. EA80X133, now supplied in two parts will bear the same part number as the previously cataloged one piece balance arm shaft.
OLYMPIC
TV Chassis CTC-20 — Up Dating Chassis and Service Hints
The following circuit changes will bring the CTC20 Chassis up to date, through run 16:
To minimize background noise reduced by run 13:
Install a second 4.5MHz trap (L118, part no. CL35311) with a new 18pf capacitor (C152, part no. CCD18051)
Choosing electrolytic capacitors for color TV
When you need to replace an electrolytic capacitor in a color television, it pays to select the best. Your customer has a lot of dough invested in his color set, and he won’t settle for less than top performance. And his eye can see sub-standard performance in color that would go unnoticed in black-and-white.
Color TV is tough on electrolytics. Ambient temperatures run hotter, because of the greater number of tubes and resistors inside crowded cabinets. Ripple currents are higher, so the capacitor has to do a better job of getting rid of internally generated heat. Voltage ratings are higher, too; most electrolytics in color TV are 400 volts or higher.
It’s no surprise that leading color TV makers are pretty darn particular about the electrolytics that they use as original equipment. They demand a true high-voltage, high-temperature, high ripple capacitor... not one that’s simply made to sell at bottom price. And meeting these demands is the way Mallory got to be the top supplier of electrolytics for color TV. We’re the guys who pioneered the 85°C capacitor, who have consistently increased ripple current capacity, and who have the reputation of leadership in high voltage ratings.
Here’s our tip of the month. To save yourself time, get a copy of our new cross reference, “Exact Replacement Metal Can Electrolytic Capacitors for Color TV”. It lists the original part number and the catalog number of the corresponding Mallory replacement for 38 leading color TV manufacturers. To save yourself costly call backs, use only the best... and that’s one of the Mallory FP-WP series, made to original equipment specs. To get everything you need for color TV service, see your Mallory distributor. He stocks Mallory power resistors, circuit breakers, carbon and wire-wound controls and Discap® ceramic capacitors.
For a copy of the Color TV cross reference, ask your Mallory Distributor, or write to Mallory Distributor Products Company, a division of P. R. Mallory & Co. Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana 46206.
...for more details circle 122 on postcard
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(complete with crystals for six channels)
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(complete with crystals for 23 channels)
FREE! Send for profit-packed dealer kit
PEARCE-SIMPSON, INC.
P.O. Box 800 - Biscayne Annex, Miami, Florida 33152
Please send me FREE dealer kit and profit-making details on the complete Pearce-Simpson CB line.
Name__________________________________________
Company________________________________________
Address_________________________________________
City_________________ State_____________________
TECHNICAL DIGEST
in series with the trap, between the high side of the color control and ground. Adjust the trap for a minimum interference beat in color picture.
For improved ventilation obtained by run 14: Drill ventilating holes into the high-voltage cage cover.
Run 15 was changed to prevent shifting of yoke: Use Emery tape on each side of yoke ring, part no. PP35348.
To prevent shifting of convergence yoke: Add masking tape to the neck of the CRT under the convergence yoke.
To increase brightness on all CTC20 Chassis: Set the screen controls in proper relation to the bias switch: This is done by setting the bias switch at a minimum position and adjusting the screens to proper intensity. The bias switch then remains at the minimum position.
To improve picture quality: Add a 0.0022μF, 20% disc capacitor (C150, part no. CCD222M2) on the terminal strip adjacent to the contrast control ground lug.
To sharpen picture detail: Adjust the IF response, causing the picture carrier to fall at a 40 percent point on the IF alignment curve. This is done by realigning the second IF transformer (T206). Shops without alignment equipment can adjust the second IF transformer by turning the top slug counterclockwise ½ to ⅓ turns.
To improve picture quality by run 16: Put a jumper across C122 and R119 mounted on a terminal strip on the top center of the chassis, thereby shorting these two parts out of the circuit.
To improve picture stability: Brightness fluctuations that occur when the volume control is advanced beyond mid-position can be eliminated by connecting the screen grid of the 6AD10 tube to a +280v supply rather than the +140v supply. This is done by removing the yellow wire from points FF on the signal board and connecting a jumper wire from pin 10 of the 6AD10 tube (junction of C212 and FF points, which is the exposed lead going to the top side of the vertically mounted capacitor C122) located adjacent to the tube and the +280v terminal on the board. (This is a tall pin at the edge of the board that has a red lead attached to it.)
To increase the brightness control range: Bridge resistor R729 (a 100K ½w resistor) with another resistor of approximately the same value. R729 is in series with the brightness control.
A kit is now available for modifying the CTC20 chassis up through run 15. This kit (part no. PP35398) contains one 4.5MHz coil (L118), one 18 pf capacitor, two pieces of Emery tape and one holder for capacitor C216 (part no. 1N32586).
The manufacturer has suggested some service hints should certain symptoms occur in current or older models of the CTC20 chassis. These suggested corrections are not required in every chassis and are intended only as a guide in the event of a failure.
Should a black vertical line appear near the right side of the raster, particularly on low UHF channels, the problem is probably Barkhausen oscillation and can be corrected if the 6KD6 tube is replaced.
The relay circuit breaker may be open, possibly after the unit has been shipped. This will occur if the degaussing coil has become shorted to the CRT shield. To correct this problem, the chassis and shield should be removed. Once the short has been located and insulated with tape, care...
Complete TUNER REPAIR for only $9.50
Sarkes Tarzian, Inc., largest manufacturer of TV and FM tuners, offers unexcelled tuner overhaul and factory-supervised repair service. Completely-equipped and conveniently-located Service Centers offer fast, dependable and factory-supervised repair service on all makes and models. Centers are staffed by well-trained technicians, assisted by engineering personnel.
Most Tarzian-made tuners received one day will be repaired and shipped out the next. More time may be required on other makes. Every channel—not just the channels existing in any given area—is checked and re-aligned per original specifications. Exclusive cleaning method makes the tuner look—as well as operate—like new.
Cost, including ALL labor and parts (except tubes) is only $9.50 and $15 for UV combinations. No additional charge. No hidden costs. Too, you get a full, 12-month warranty against defective workmanship and parts failure due to normal usage.
Always send TV make, chassis and Model number with faulty tuner. Check with your local distributor for Sarkes Tarzian replacement tuners, parts or repair service. Or, use the address nearest you for fast, factory-supervised repair service.
TUNER SERVICE CORPORATION
(Factory-supervised tuner service authorized by Sarkes Tarzian)
MIDWEST — 817 N. Pennsylvania St.
Indianapolis, Ind., Box 1642
Tel: 317-632-3493
EAST — 547-49 Tonnele Ave., Jersey City, N. J.
Tel: 201-792-3730
SOUTH-EAST — 938 Gordon St., S. W.
Atlanta, Georgia
Tel: 404-758-2232
WEST —
SARKES TARZIAN, Inc.
Tuner Service Division
10654 Magnolia Blvd.,
N. Hollywood, Calif.
Tel: 213-769-2720
Here’s What Heath Means By Value...
A Professional Transistor Tester Offering Complete DC Analysis
Factory Assembled and Tested For $84.95 (kit form...$54.88)
Provides Full Laboratory Facilities In One Compact Unit.
Heathkit IM-30 Analysis Includes...base current, collector current, collector voltage, collector-to-emitter leakage (Icbo), collector-to-base leakage (Icbo), and diode forward and reverse current. Separate voltage and current range switches for both gain and leakage settings allow tests under a wide variety of conditions. DC Beta (0-150, 150-300) and DC Alpha are read directly on the calibrated Gain Scale. Requires 7 “D” cells for internal power — provisions included for external power. The IM-30 is truly an exceptional value in transistor testing facilities. 10 lbs. Kit IM-30, $54.88. Wired IMW-30, $84.95.
A 10 Hz to 100 kHz Sine-Wave Audio Generator, Switch Selected, With Metered Output
Factory Assembled and Tested For $64.95 (kit form...$41.95)
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Invaluable For Instrument Calibration And Precise Circuit Analysis...an excellent instrument for production testing, since all signal characteristics are accurately repeatable. The entire frequency range of 10 Hz to 100 kHz is switch selected...with switch positions for two significant figures plus multiplier. Signal amplitude is adjusted with a 10 db per step output attenuator and range vernier (0 to 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, & 1 volts RMS to 600 ohms and 0 to 3, & 10 volts RMS to high Z)...and output signal level is read on the panel meter in db and R.M.S. volts. Both amplitude and frequency calibration are accurate to 5%. Here is an instrument chosen by many electronics manufacturers and engineering facilities requiring a precision sine-wave audio generator. 9 lbs. Kit IG-72, $41.95. Wired IGW-72, $64.95.
FREE! World’s Largest Electronic Kit Catalog
Includes these and over 250 other items for the service technician, engineer, ham, teacher, and hobbyist.
HEATH COMPANY Dept. 24-1
Benton Harbor, Mich. 49022
In Canada, Daystrom Ltd.
☐ Please send my FREE Heathkit Catalog.
☐ Enclosed is $_______________________, plus postage.
Please send model(s)__________________________________________
Name_______________________________________________________
Address_____________________________________________________
City_________________________State________Zip______________
Prices & Specifications subject to change without notice. TE-156
...for more details circle 119 on postcard
TECHNICAL DIGEST
should be taken to make certain the shield does not cut into the coil again.
The memory tuning action may become inoperative if the HF channel indicator knob has been forced on the shaft. This will cause the gears to mesh incorrectly. The problem can be corrected by removing the VHF knob from the front. Then, using long-nose pliers, inside the cabinet, pull the indicator knob slightly forward. After reassembling, the fine tuning knob should have a light "spring action" indicating that the gears are now properly disengaging when switching channels.
Lack of detail, weak or smeared color and a 920kHz beat in the picture may appear if the IF and traps are out of alignment. Before commencing alignment, check the position of capacitor C215, which is part of the 47.25MHz trap (L201). If it is leaning toward the coil or at an angle in the other direction, the over-all alignment will be affected. After it has been straightened up, an alignment job may not be necessary.
WESTINGHOUSE
TV Chassis V2483-1-2-3 — Tuner Replacement
The manufacturer indicates that two different transistor VHF tuners were used for these chassis. If the original tuner is part no. 470V171D01/3, it can be replaced by another tuner having the same part number. If, the original tuner is part no. 470V168D01/3, however, a conversion kit is required for its replacement. A conversion kit, no. 110V003H23, must be ordered separately, and permits the installation of part no. 470V171D01/3 tuner.
In addition to installation instructions, the conversion kit includes one 756V105B01 switch, one 771V725A01 retainer and switch, plus five 760V056S04 screws, retainers and tuner mountings.
PHILCO-FORD
TV Chassis 16JT26 and 16JT26A, IF Sensitivity and AGC Overload — Servicing
The manufacturer has found that technicians are having difficulty servicing transistor circuits—particularly when low IF sensitivity and/or AGC overload is the apparent problem.
In servicing a TV receiver, it is helpful to know the normal range of voltages and wave shapes expected at different test points. In servicing any transistor equipment, it is well to review some precautions that should be taken:
- All transistors are voltage sensitive and in no case should voltages be applied to the transistor in excess of the voltage shown on the schematic.
- All voltages must be correctly polarized.
- The soldering iron should be electrically isolated from all circuits and care should be taken not to overheat semiconductors.
- Be sure that the ground side of all test instruments, including VTVM and scope, is firmly tied to the TV chassis before using the test probe.
- Any transistor's emitter-to-base junction is extremely sensitive to voltage. Use only the low ohm scale of the multimeter to measure the reverse reEd Leahy doesn’t work for us. We work for him.
Ed Leahy believes in being his own boss. Which is what Ed likes about running his own Philco Qualified Service Center. It means that, with no strings attached, he gets better training, better service and more benefits than any other manufacturer offers.
When he needs a part, he gets it fast. His Philco Parts Distributor has what Ed needs right on hand. But even if Ed gets a job like fixing a 1947 model, he knows the oddball part he needs will be shipped in 24 hours or less through Philco’s Lifeline Emergency Service.
Ed keeps up on new products with Philco Tech Data Service. He tried other services and found out that he gets the facts sooner, better and at lower cost from Philco.
Ed likes Philco’s “fringe benefits,” too. A complete accident insurance program for himself and his men. Advice on business management, found in Philco’s popular “Service Businessman” magazine. He gets extra business, too, when his name appears under a Philco listing in the Yellow Pages.
Ed Leahy has it good. You can, too. Talk to your Philco Parts Distributor or contact Parts & Service Department, Philco-Ford Corporation, “C” and Tioga Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. 19134.
PHILCO
FAMOUS FOR QUALITY THE WORLD OVER
May we send you this unique timesaver as part of an unusual offer of a Trial Membership in Electronic Technician's Book Club?
A Massive, Authoritative Compilation
Now you can have, at your fingertips, this carefully-planned, comprehensive handbook which contains the TV service data most needed for troubleshooting both monochrome and color receivers.
Selected by the Editorial Staff of "Electronic Technician," this brand-new volume contains just the kind of practical, down-to-earth information you can use in your everyday service work. The material—written by nearly a dozen of the leading experts in the field—is based on articles which originally appeared in "Electronic Technician." Edited and arranged to provide a quick and easy reference, emphasis has been placed on the practical information you can use in home or at the service bench.
Detailed, Practical Help
This detailed compilation of practical help is the answer to the need for an organized gathering of proven troubles and cures that will help you locate and correct the most elusive TV circuit faults. This practical information will help you solve your daily servicing problems — will save you hours of time and effort. These accurate and clear servicing descriptions are supplemented by scores of easy-to-follow schematic diagrams and illustrations.
A PARTIAL LIST OF THE CONTENTS OF "SERVICING TV RECEIVER CIRCUITS"
SERVICING TV RECEIVER CIRCUITS—with Special Color Section, contains 224 pages—34 BIG Chapters of the type of practical servicing data every TV service technician should have . . . expert troubleshooting techniques and solutions to the most complex circuit problems. Contains step-by-step approaches to locating and correcting defects in every section of the receiver—from tuner to picture tube, from power supply to audio output. Contains complete analyses of TV circuit troubles and solutions for sweep and sync problems, AGC malfunctions, RF and IF faults, sound and audio trouble, power supply defects, etc.
CHAPTER TITLES
Using Logic to Diagnose Troubles
Developing a Methodical Approach
Troubleshooting Sync Circuits
Vertical Sweep Servicing Tips
Troubleshooting Noise Circuits
Troubleshooting AFC Circuits
Troubleshooting Synchroguide Circuits
Troubleshooting Multivibrators
Troubleshooting Horizontal Sweep
Selecting Yoke Replacements
Solving HV Flyback Problems
Troubleshooting B+ Circuits
Servicing Sound and Audio Circuits
Eliminating Unwanted Oscillations
Understanding Transistor Circuits I
Understanding Transistor Circuits II
Servicing Transistor TV Circuits
COLOR SECTION:
Color Television Basics
Basic Color TV Circuity
Understanding Chroma Circuity
Details of Color Sync Circuity
Details of Color Demodulation
Blanking and Gating in Color Sets
Color TV High-Voltage Circuits
Color TV Servicing Equipment
Chroma Circuit Servicing I
Chroma Circuit Servicing II
Color Sync and Demodulator Servicing
Obtaining Proper Scope Waveforms
Automatic Degaussing Circuity
General Color Servicing Tips
Servicing the Horizontal Section
Servicing the Vertical Section
Adjusting Color Convergence
Offer... introducing the benefits of Electronic Technician's Book Club
"Servicing TV Receiver Circuits" for only 99¢... with trial Club Membership
How You Profit From Club Membership
This is just a sample of the help and generous savings the Club offers you. For here is a Club devoted exclusively to seeking out only those titles of interest to you as an electronic technician (no hobby or "fringe" books are offered). Membership in the Club offers you several advantages:
1. Charter Bonus: *Servicing TV Receiver Circuits* carries a retail price of $6.95. But it can be yours for only 99¢ with your Trial Membership.
2. Continuous Savings: The Club guarantees to save you 15% to 75% on the books you need.
3. Editorial Advisory Services: The Club's Editorial Advisory Board selects *only* the important books of direct interest to you.
4. Wide Selection: Members are annually offered over 50 of the authoritative books on all phases of electronic servicing. The Club makes it a point to offer new books, along with standard classics... lists books from *all* publishers — not just one or two.
5. Prevents You From Missing New Books: The Club's FREE monthly *News* gives you advance notice of important new books... books vital to your continued professional advancement.
This extraordinary offer is intended to prove to you, through your own experience, that these very real advantages can be yours... that it is possible to keep up with the professional literature published in your specific area of interest... and to save substantially while so doing.
How the Club Works
Forthcoming selections are described in the FREE monthly *Club News*. Thus, you are among the first to know about, and to own if you desire, significant books. You choose only the main or alternate selection you want (or advise if you wish no book at all) by means of a handy form and return envelope enclosed with the *News*. As part of your Trial Membership, you need purchase as few as four books during the coming 12 months. You would probably buy at least this many anyway...
Typical Savings Offered Club Members on Recent Selections
| Title | Pub. pr. | Club pr. |
|--------------------------------------------|----------|----------|
| Advanced Servicing Techniques, Vol. 1 | $8.25 | $5.95 |
| Repairing Home Audio Systems | $7.25 | $5.95 |
| Reference Data for Radio Engineers | $6.00 | $5.00 |
| Fundamentals of Transistors | $12.00 | $9.95 |
| Basic Mathematics for Electronics | $10.75 | $8.50 |
| Principles of Applied Electronics | $7.50 | $6.50 |
| Technical Television | $14.65 | $5.95 |
| Profitable Television Troubleshooting | $7.95 | $5.95 |
| Electronic Troubleshooting | $12.50 | $9.95 |
| Color Television Fundamentals | $10.95 | $7.95 |
| Advanced Servicing Techniques, Vol. 2 | $9.95 | $4.75 |
| TV Technatics '65' (2 Vols.) | $19.90 | $13.50 |
| TV Technatics '66' (2 Vols.) | $19.90 | $13.50 |
| Basic Radio Repair | $5.95 | $4.75 |
without the substantial savings offered through Club Membership.
Limited Time Offer!
Here, then, is an interesting opportunity to enroll on a trial basis... to prove to yourself, in a short time, the advantages of belonging to the only Book Club devoted *exclusively* to electronic servicing. We urge you, if this unique offer is appealing, to act promptly, for we've reserved only a limited number of Handbooks for new Members.
To start your Membership on these attractive terms, simply fill out and mail the postage-paid Airmail card today. You will receive *Servicing TV Receiver Circuits* for 10-day inspection. SEND NO MONEY! If you are not delighted with the Handbook, return it within 10 days and your Trial Membership will be cancelled without cost or obligation. Electronic Technician's Book Club, Drawer D, Thurmont, Md. 21788.
SEND NO MONEY! Simply fill in and mail postage-paid Airmail card today!
Experience for Sale.....45¢
Sure seems we started something! Yes; over ten years ago, when we started overhauling tuners (all makes and models), we set a price of $9.95 for this service.
Apparently there are those who would like to imitate our achievement—and for 45¢ less.
Maybe the special skills, special equipment and downright old fashioned experience we built up during these past years are worth that little extra.—You be the judge.
Remember; 45¢ buys you more than a quarter of a million man/hours of experience, plus true devotion to our business...our only business...overhauling your television tuners the best way we know how. And in over ten years we sure know how!
Castle—The Pioneer of TV tuner overhauling
Not the cheapest—just the best.
For complete tuner overhaul we still charge only $9.95. This includes all labor and parts except tubes and transistors, which are charged extra at low net prices.
Simply send us the defective tuner complete; include tubes, shield cover and any damaged parts with model number and complaint. Your tuner will be expertly overhauled and returned promptly, performance restored, aligned to original standards and warranted for 90 days.
UV combination tuner must be single chassis type; dismantle tandem UHF and VHF tuners and send in the defective unit only.
Exact Replacements are available for tuners unfit for overhaul. As low as $12.95 exchange. (Replacements are new or rebuilt.)
CASTLE
TV TUNER SERVICE, INC.
MAIN PLANT: 5713 N. Western Ave., Chicago 45, Illinois
EAST: 41-92 Vernon Blvd., Long Island City 1, N.Y.
CANADA: Castle TV Services, Ltd., Nation-wide service. For service in Canada write to Chicago or use reader service card in this magazine.
*Major parts are charged extra in Canada.
...for more details circle 109 on postcard
Table I can be used as a guide when it is suspected that one of the transistors, diodes or capacitors listed have failed.
Getting a hernia and not getting paid for it?
Switch to Elmenco dipped Mylar® paper capacitors and you won’t have to worry about call-backs, lost profits, broken reputations or broken anything else.
The only ordinary thing about them is their price. You get capacitors that meet the requirements of high-reliability computer and missile systems. You get capacitors that hold their rating at 125°C continuous operation. Yet you get them at TV set prices.
Elmenco dipped Mylar-paper capacitors come in just about any value you need from .001 mfd to 1.0 mfd. And just about any TV rated voltage you need, too, from 100V through 1600V.
Ask your Authorized Arco Distributor to put them on your next order. Without fail.
Tell him you’re counting on his support.
(While you’re at it, ask about other Elmenco types: padders and trimmers; high voltage dipped micas.)
Arco Electronics
A Division of Loral Corporation
Community Drive, Great Neck, N.Y.
Dallas, Texas, Pasadena, California,
Menlo Park, California.
... for more details circle 104 on postcard
4 ways to increase your income
RCA Institutes, Inc. offers these four comprehensive home study courses especially designed to help build your income immediately!
COLOR TV Add profitable color TV training to your skills with this home training course, newly revised to include information on the latest techniques, receiver circuitry and equipment. Train under the direction of RCA's nationally known experts in Color TV home study training.
TRANSISTORS You get the necessary background for semiconductor technology including characteristics of general diodes, rectifiers and other solid state devices. Transistor trainer also available.
AUTOMATION ELECTRONICS Trains you for the many applications of automation electronics in industry and government including Photoelectronics, Digital Computer Techniques, Synchros and Servomechanisms, Automatic Control Systems, and many more!
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Trains you to service and maintain 2-way radio communications on land, sea, and air! Gives you the technical foundation for space communications!
Take advantage of RCA's Liberal Tuition Plan. You only pay for lessons you order, and have no long-term obligations. Licensed by New York State Education Department. Approved for Veterans.
RCA INSTITUTES, INC.
A Service of Radio Corporation of America
350 West Fourth Street, New York, N.Y. 10014
The Most Trusted Name in Electronics
Send this coupon now for complete free information
RCA INSTITUTES, INC. Home Study School, Dept. ET-17
350 West Fourth Street, N.Y., N.Y. 10014
Without obligation, rush me free information on the following RCA Home Training Course: COLOR TV TRANSISTORS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS AUTOMATION ELECTRONICS
Name_________________________________________________________Age______________
Address_____________________________________________________________________
City________________________________Zone_____State___________________________
MOVING?
Be sure to let us know your new address. Please enclose a complete address label from one of your recent issues.
New Jerrold 82 Channel Coloraxial Home System makes perfect sales mate with Color TV Antennas
Look around you. Every home—every new housing development—is a potential profit-making sales spot for you and the TAC-4 Home Master TV System. Here’s why:
**TAC-4 makes good color TV go a long way.** Every color TV set needs a top-grade antenna for good reception. TAC-4 makes this good reception possible anywhere in the house by providing extension antenna outputs in various rooms for portable TV and FM sets as well as extra sets. **You can tie-in a TAC-4 with every antenna sale.** And don’t forget, it’s a handy sales feature that housing developers like to use to help sell a home.
**TAC-4 handles all 82 TV channels** (color and black and white) as well as FM. It’s the industry’s first amplified coupler that can handle all present and future channels. Just connect the antenna to the input and then connect four or more sets to the outputs.
**TAC-4 is easy to install.** Coaxial inputs and outputs make connections simple. Coaxial cable can be run right along with other electric wires—without interference with the signal. And call backs are practically unheard of because the amplifier is completely solid-state.
**TAC-4 pleases customers.** It’s the first truly professional installation for assuring better TV and FM reception anywhere in the house. It’s the superior amplifier-coupler to sell with any TV set or antenna such as the Jerrold Pathfinder series. Sell them together. Customers get top reception. You get top profits.
For more details, see your distributor.
---
82 Channel TAC-4
List Price $79.95
VHF Only Model TC-88
List Price $39.95
JANUARY 1967
Suddenly, everyone’s a Watch Watcher!
And for a good reason. Service dealers found out we were right when we said Amphenol's Color Commander color bar generator would save them enough time for two or three extra service calls a day.
What's it all about? We're so sure we can save you as much as 18 minutes a call, we're including a $10.95 Timex watch with every Color Commander purchased—just so you can prove it yourself.
And if the Color Commander doesn’t save as much time as we say, return it within 10 days and keep the Timex watch with our compliments.
What makes us so sure? Amphenol's exclusive technique of color alignment which features a:
1. Single crossbar to immediately center the raster.
2. Single dot for fast, consistently accurate static convergence.
3. Three-bar color array to isolate your working bars—the 3rd, 6th and 9th.
Join the Watch Watchers
If you take advantage of this limited-time offer today, your Color Commander can be paying for itself in extra income tomorrow. For the name of your nearest Amphenol distributor, contact your nearest Amphenol Sales Division office or write Dan O'Connell, Head Watch Watcher, Amphenol, Box 134, Broadview, Illinois 60153.
Watch Watcher Offer
With every lightweight, compact, completely solid-state Amphenol Model 860 Color Commander we'll include a $10.95 Timex for you to time your savings. If the Color Commander doesn't save you time, return it within 10 days and keep the watch with our compliments.
$169.95*
Model 860AC $20.00 higher*
*Suggested resale prices
AMPHENOL
...for more details circle 102 on postcard
ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN
Selecting 2-Way Mobile And Base Station Antennas
Learn how to do a better job in choosing a radiator for your CB and commercial-grade customers.
Some communications technicians, for various reasons, do not consider all factors involved when selecting the antenna to be installed for a two-way equipment user. But this is not entirely the fault of the technicians concerned.
Not a few manufacturers, for example, work up costly technical material covering their products which ultimately ends up by collecting dust on distributor counters, or finds its way into the "dead-end" hands of two-way equipment users or do-it-yourselfers. The men who buy and install the antennas for the user seldom see this valuable material. And much of the "buttered-up" material that goes directly to the user, written in gobbledygook terms, serves little or no purpose except to create false expectations and confusion in the two-way equipment user's mind. It is the communications service-dealer and his technicians who decide what type antenna to install under particular circumstances.
Imagine, if you can, a CB user, a busy country doctor, for example, approaching his service-dealer and asking for a "whizbang-type, tail loaded woofgoof" antenna to replace the busted one on his car. The "doc" produces a piece of literature which speaks directly to the CB user and it states in flowery terms that the antenna is the hottest thing on the market today. The flowery claims lead the "doc" to
Antennas...
believe that the antenna will guarantee contact with his office nurse from anywhere in five counties—so he thinks he needs one. "There's nothing to install, nothing to adjust. It won't rust, creep, bend or boffle wah and it will literally snake its way through protruding brush, overhanging tree branches, etc.," the literature explains. But even the bulk of these confusing claims are valid because manufacturers have no way of knowing the particular conditions under which their products will be used. Here, then, arises the need for qualified technicians to do the selecting and installing. The literature addressed to the user is simply a waste.
You know, then, what kind of antenna the "doc" will get. It will
be the kind your communications technician decides to install to give your customer the best possible service—based on the technician’s experience and understanding of the particular customer’s needs and requirements. And most two-way communications equipment users always leave this to the judgment of the men who have served them well in the past—usually through top-notch TV-radio service. But, as previously indicated, some technicians are not technically prepared to do this. They do not consider the primary technical factors involved.
**Technical Factors**
It requires considerable study of antenna basics, a knowledge of various designs and careful reading of technical data prepared by antenna manufacturers, before a two-way antenna—either mobile or base station—can be intelligently selected. Additionally, you’ll need to know all details regarding a particular customer’s needs and requirements.
As most technicians already know, the antenna is the determining factor as far as effective transmission and reception is concerned. We know—especially those of us who have “swished” a VFO across various ham bands for years—that a 10w output connected to a high-gain antenna will work rings around a “California kw” which is tied to an aluminum clothes-line or equivalent type antenna. It is the same with two-way radio—whether CB or regular commercial-type equipment, whether base station, land or marine mobile. The place to increase communications range and efficiency is in the antenna—not in the final amplifier—because this is limited by law.
Field information received from a wide variety of sources over a period of years indicates that poor antennas or improper installation of antennas account for most of the radiation inefficiency experienced by CB radio users. Most, but not all, of this radiation inefficiency arises because of confusion created in the public do-it-yourselfer mind regarding the nature of CB radio.
Effective radiated power (ERP) averaged around 2.5w in the field cases studied. A good 5w CB transAntennas...
mitter, properly loaded to a well-designed antenna, is good for a lot more ERP. And a well-designed base station antenna can boost 3.5w output power to upward of 35 effective watts. There're more-watts-per-dollar in antennas than in transmitters.
We cannot cover antenna basics in an article of this length. A number of easily obtainable books cover antenna fundamentals in detail, and articles dealing with two-way antenna fundamentals have already been published. (One, for example, is "Base Station and Mobile Antennas," ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN, January 1963.)
Therefore, we assume that you are already fully acquainted with various antenna designs used for two-way communications — land and marine—mobile and base-station types. This knowledge must include the essential design details of quarter-wave whips (top, center or base-loaded), coaxials, ground planes, multi-elemented beams, broadbanded yagi-types, corner reflectors, etc. It is also necessary to know the characteristics of each antenna type and their design variations. Basic designs are limited but variations seem to go on forever. If you need this information it can be obtained from the manufacturers listed in Table I.
Now, let's look at some specific factors involved in antenna selection.
We are concerned with both electrical and mechanical factors when selecting antennas for particular two-way applications. Some important electrical characteristics include forward or over-all gain, input impedance, front-to-back ratio specified in db, VSWR and bandwidth. Some mechanical characteristics include the type of material used in the antenna's construction, length or over-all dimensions, wind-loading data, weight, etc. Whether the antenna is unidirectional, bidirectional or omnidirectional is another factor to be considered in base-station antenna installations. In almost all cases, omnidirectional antennas are used in land and marine mobile installations.
The coverage desired by a base station will determine the type of antenna directivity required. One base station, for example, may require equal coverage in all directions. In this case, an omnidirectional type antenna would be used. Another base station located near the center of a narrow city which stretches along a lakeshore or river bank may require a bidirectional type radiator. A base station located near the edge of a city may require a unidirectional antenna or one having a cardioidal pattern like that shown in Fig. 1.
Most manufacturers of good two-way communications antennas furnish horizontal field-strength patterns with their antenna specifications. Unidirectional and bidirectional patterns are shown in Fig. 2. A typical horizontal radiation pattern of a base-loaded vertical mobile whip antenna mounted on a flat surface or a vehicular rooftop, is shown in Fig. 3. This pattern will be altered if the antenna is trunk or bumper mounted.
Some antennas are available which are designed for "switchable" directivity. And other special types are designed for side-mounting on existing or new steel masts.
The Growing Pains of CB Radio
A Report
Will the citizens radio service be saved or will it continue to degenerate into a huge group of 'hobbist party lines?'
- The Class D citizens' band area of two-way communications has shown steady growth since it was authorized by the Federal Communications Commission late in 1958. But this growth has been accompanied by some intense pains. And it is obvious that much of the pain still remains.
This fact is clearly indicated by a recent report from the Citizens' Band Section of the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) which said that "it is supporting the efforts of Chairman Rosel Hyde, of the Federal Communications Commission, to eliminate FCC rule violations by manufacturers and users of citizens' band transceivers." Some manufacturers and distributors have been guilty of circulating misleading and unethical advertising material directed to the general public. But a ray of hope for alleviating some of CB radio's growing pains does appear on the horizon. Let's explore the EIA move a little closer.
As reported by EIA, FCC Chairman Hyde cited the problem in a letter sent to approximately 90 CB equipment manufacturers. EIA asked the commission to defer action until its CB Section could study Hyde's letter.
The EIA also reported that James E. Barr, FCC Chief of Safety and Special Radio Services, attended its fall conference at San Francisco in October 1966 and said that "Commission Chairman Hyde's letter was aimed at soliciting industry cooperation in supporting rules governing CB operators."
According to the EIA, the letter pointed out that "some manufacturers encouraged user violations in advertisements claiming that (1) a particular transmitter has capability beyond the 23-channel legal limits; (2) that power may be increased beyond the 5-w limit; (3) that the unit may be used in more than one radio service; (4) that the unit may be switched to a low-power, unlicensed service."
EIA's CB Section admitted that such advertisements had appeared, but told Mr. Barr that known violators had indicated the practice would be discontinued.
EIA's CB Section pledged an "affirmative approach" to the potential user in advertising and
through distribution of "dos and don'ts" literature to purchasers of CB equipment and encouragement of salesmen to provide guidance in the proper use of the equipment. It was noted that 30 representatives of 16 CB equipment manufacturers attended the EIA CB meeting.
**Other Sources of Pain**
This all sounds encouraging, but what about the tens of thousands of CB-station licensees who still operate on the Class D CB bands as "hobbyists," using the bands as if they were amateur radio bands? What about do-it-yourselfer type newsstand magazines (where some CB manufacturers still advertise their wares) who still publish articles and other information which suggest in many subtle ways that CB radio is in the "hobby" area? And what about "CB Clubs" whose very existence promote the hobby-concept of CB radio? (We are not referring to those clubs organized to assist in Civil Defense, to aid motorists, etc.) The legitimate CB user is interested only in the communicating facilities of his equipment. It has less technical, social or other significance than his car radio, home TV or Hi Fi set.
There is at least one publication now in existence which, ostensibly, is devoted to the *user* of CB radio equipment. It claims to be a CB publication devoted to two-way radio users! ("Two-way radio" covers a lot of territory.) Among other things, the publication deals simultaneously with basic electronics and the technical aspects of both CB and amateur radio equipment. Again, questions arise. Who, besides the electronics student, the amateur and the professional communications technician is interested in basic electronics or the technical aspects of CB and amateur radio equipment? That's easy to answer: The *hobbyist*.
The "hobby concept" is so widespread and deep-rooted in CB radio that it can furnish the base for a hobbyist publication. And the continued existence of this concept can destroy the original reason for opening the Class D citizens band for legitimate "John Doe" communications.
Part of the blame for this messy state of affairs can certainly be placed before the FCC's portals. But the original rules have now been revised, clarified and made less ambiguous. Some of the rat-holes, however, have been stuffed with adobe. They should be filled with steel-reinforced cement. (See "The New Look in Citizens Band Radio," *Electronic Technician*, April and June, 1966.)
The primary purpose of Class D authorization was made clear by the FCC in 1964: CB radio is "a radio" as a hobby—avoiding the necessary Amateur operators license. Amendments to the FCC's rules now make this clear as outlined in Part 95 of the rules.
CB radio was not designed to be used in place of ham radio, a fine and legitimate hobby. An article, "This Roaring CB Business," (*Electronic Technician*, January 1965) listed 99 legitimate uses for CB—but it did not include "Rag-Chewers Clubs" that use various subterfuges to circumvent FCC rules.
*A 6-channel CB two-way radio especially designed for use in the Highway Emergency Locating Plan (HELP). Courtesy Pearce-Simpson.*
All this was made very clear in our November 1964, "Editor's Memo." It bears repeating:
"The Federal Communications Commission has finally taken the 'bull by the horns' in an effort to preserve the Citizens' Radio Service. The FCC is trying to make CB work as originally intended: to permit any citizen, previously ineligible for other radio services, to establish private two-way radio communications systems for business and personal convenience.
"CB channels were established by the FCC in 1958 to serve the private interests of citizens over 18 years of age—but it was not to be used as a diversionary toy.
"Pleasure boat owners were given an economical method of voice contact with the boat house or home;
campers and hunters could roam safely through deep woods. Doctors, salesmen, construction workers, TV-radio service technicians and civil defense organizations could use CB as an effective communications medium. And just plain ‘John Doe’ could use CB to call his home from a car, inching its way along a snow-blocked highway or a midtown traffic jam, to report being late for dinner.
“But many CB license holders have been using CB equipment as a substitute for amateur radio equipment—without having to assume “ham” licensing responsibilities. Citizens radio was being jammed by illegal talk, promiscuous transmission and even music broadcasts by irresponsible individuals.
CB radio was fast becoming a giant hobbyist party line.
“We believe the overwhelming majority of the 700,000 CB station license holders will eventually benefit by present and subsequent FCC regulations. We believe proper regulations will help CB radio grow and become one of the important sales and service sectors in the two-way communications market.
“As single-sideband CB equipment becomes more widely used, the CB bands can easily accommodate many more transceivers. And at an average cost of about $350 for a two-way installation, this is a multi-million dollar market that no one can ignore.”
But FCC regulations are still being flagrantly violated by the hobbyist group which is strongly entrenched in CB radio—and their cause is still being supported by some manufacturers, distributors and various do-it-yourself hobby-type publications.
**Technical Progress**
In the technical area, citizens band radio has moved forward in great strides. Equipment has gone solid-state. It has become more compact, more efficient and more reliable. Better antennas have been designed.
Selective calling is being used more widely. Single-sideband (SSB) equipment, to allow added spectrum space, is being designed and used. Power supplies have beBecause Mr. Butcher must spend most of his time in the field, his truck is "a shop away from the shop." Practically every call is a "house call" since it is not practical to haul most marine electronic gear from the boat to the shop for routine service.
A Marine Electronics Dealership
One-man service-dealer business thrives on extra service to pleasure boat owners
Just mention the words "successful dealership" of any type and the local "business wizards" will start spouting such phrases as: "A lot of money behind them... choice location... no competition... lots of advertising... he's got an in with the..." and so on down the line. It just happens that none of these apply in the case of George "Butch" Butcher of Electronics Marine. He is a prime single-brand dealer of Newport Beach, Calif., and has been for the past 12 years. What's more, he's succeeded in this spot despite some obvious drawbacks. Let's see why.
Mr. Butcher started with a sound financial position but it should be pointed out here that the exclusive dealership was taken away from a much larger organization with many times the available investment capital. Although his sales and service shop is properly housed, it's hardly in a choice "heavy traffic" location. In fact, many people have difficulty finding the street.
Mr. Butcher feels that this location is good, however, "for this type of business." Although off the beaten path, it's still easily accessible to the central part of Newport Beach. The quarters provide for a complete service shop, office, two display windows and enough storage space for about $12,000 worth of stock and spare parts.
What about competition? Anyone even slightly familiar with Newport Beach, knows there are more marine electronics dealers per square foot than seems possible. There are four full time, and about 20 part-time, sales and service organizations in a one-square-mile area.
Advertising? George Butcher does buy advertising in the Yellow Pages, and he does use direct mail (to registered boat owners in the area) but his total advertising bill represents less than 3 percent of his total operating expense.
Does he have an "in"? Yes, if you consider an "in" the 600 satisfied customers who never bother to look for equipment and service elsewhere. How does he do it?
Commercial Versus Pleasure Boats
Originally, Mr. Butcher's business was aimed at the commercial boat operator. Prior to World War II, he operated a marine electronics dealership servicing only commercial boats in nearby San Pedro. After WWII and the Korean War (Butcher is a Lt. Commander in the Naval Reserve) he decided that the pleasure boat field would expand and was here to stay. A greater variety and quantity of lower-priced gear was being made available to the average pleasure boat owner. This meant a change in sales approach. His customers were no longer interested in how their profits could be increased by electronic equipment, but in how their safety and convenience could be increased. Safety and convenience are the key words when selling a pleasure boat owner, since you are usually talking about the boat owner's entire family.
"Boating is a family affair these days, and you've got to sell the wife, the kids and possibly an aunt or uncle," Mr. Butcher says. "But I am not selling equipment for the manufacturer, nor am I selling for myself. I am buying equipment for my customers. In effect, I am their agent."
A one-man shop of any type has a blind spot in customer contacts and Butcher is no exception. Because his workday is spent in the field, there's little time to meet with customers and discuss problems, new equipment, etc. To overcome this, the work schedule is arranged to keep all of Saturday as "Customer's Day" at Electronics Marine. When possible, all in-shop work is done on that day. This ties in nicely with most of Mr. Butcher's regular customers who are working people and want to transact their business on Saturday.
Service Facilities
An up-to-date and properly equipped service shop is essential for any marine electronics dealer. It's no problem at all to invest $2000 or $3000 (or even double that) in test instruments alone. Add another $1000 for spares and tubes. And this does not include machine
The sales and service shop is properly housed, but is not in a heavy traffic location. The complete service shop, office and display areas provide sufficient space for about $12,000 in stock and spare parts.
With each installation a custom job, Mr. Butcher makes sure the unit is operating properly and that the customer knows how to operate it.
A must for any electronics dealership is a well-equipped shop with an adequate parts supply.
shop or carpentry tools and equipment.
Although Mr. Butcher does all of his own electronics service and installation work, he often calls in an independent contractor whenever the need arises for a ship's electrician, carpenter or mechanic—such as with an autopilot or radar installation. "It is physically impossible to install heavy units of this type by yourself," Mr. Butcher says. "Besides, a radar or autopilot almost always requires extensive carpentry or heavy electrical work. So, I call in a contractor, get an estimate for his part of the job and we install the heavy equipment together on the appointed day." By working with the same contractors regularly, this provides additional sales leads.
"All pleasure boat installations are custom installations," according to George Butcher. "And this point cannot be stressed too much. Quite often people will buy off-the-counter electronic gear from another source and then ask me to install or service it. They even drag in marine electronic gear from Los Angeles discount houses about 70 miles away. In all but a very few cases, I tell them of my 'priority system.'
"First priority is given to the equipment which I have installed. Second priority is to all other equipment which my supplier makes (many of my competitors will work only on equipment they have installed). Third priority is to equipment made by another company which is tied to the brand I handle. Fourth priority is all other equipment." Mr. Butcher says he is available to work on fourth priority equipment on a "next week" basis.
Service After Sales
"I don't expect to make much, if anything on service," George Butcher smiles, "but without service I would close my doors very soon. He spends 80 percent of his time in some form of service activity, but when it comes to dollar volume this figure is inverted with sales accounting for 80 percent of the gross income.
All of Mr. Butcher's customers know that they will receive his personal attention before, during and after every sale. The manufacturer of the equipment he handles gives a 90-day warranty. Mr. Butcher extends this to one year for both labor and parts at his own discretion. If he feels that a part should not have failed, say, at 10 months, he contacts the manufacturer and goes to bat for a free replacement. Naturally, the extension of the labor warranty is out of his own pocket, but it's worth it, Mr. Butcher believes.
After he does service work above and beyond the factory warranty period, he submits a regular bill itemizing what was done. But this bill is marked "No Charge." This makes a pleasant surprise for customers, and brings his reliability-after-the-sale to their attention in a way that they do not forget.
Customer Training
Lack of customer understanding is the big drawback to marine electronics, Mr. Butcher believes. Many boat owners simply do not know how to operate their equipment and,
as a result, do not get maximum benefit from it. Since they don't understand what's wrong, they blame the equipment, the dealer who sold it to them and the whole marine electronics field.
A classic example of this is the radio direction finder. Each DF must be calibrated for the particular boat. Metal objects aboard ship (metal rigging, superstructure, etc.) will distort and even blank out radio waves arriving along their line of bearing to the DF antenna. This results in inaccurate readings of certain bearings. The DF can be moved to another location aboard ship or a deviation table can be made up for the most convenient location. Although most DF instruction books spell out this condition, many boat owners are not aware of the problem or, if they recognize the problem, are not able to make a deviation table without help. Many DFs have been "tossed overboard" for just this reason.
Mr. Butcher insists on the opportunity to teach each customer correct operating procedures for all items of equipment he sells. After the equipment is installed and operating to his satisfaction, Mr. Butcher checks out the customer on the spot. This is not always necessary for commercial boat installations (most commercial operators are experienced skippers), but it is absolutely essential for the great majority of pleasure boat owners.
Once satisfied that the customer can put to sea with the particular unit, he allows about two or three weeks for them to "get used to the feel of it underway," then he checks them out again. By this time, the customer is either thoroughly satisfied with his equipment or Butcher is fully aware of the customer's problems. As any dealer knows, when the customer is unhappy he may or may not let you know about it. But you can rest assured that he will tell his friends about his problems! This spreads the word around fast in a specialized field like marine electronics, and can quickly ruin a reputation. A routine callback after each sale nips unhealthy talk in the bud.
Another problem in customer education is clarifying manufacturers' claims—or at least filling in the gaps where manufacturers fail to "tell all." A prime example of this is in radiotelephone (marine band or CB) antennas and grounds. The proper installation of a marine antenna can double or triple the operating range of a CB or marine band radiotelephone. Contrary to what some manufacturer's say (or fail to say), a good ground connection is of equal importance to the antenna in determining efficiency of a marine radiotelephone system. Many customers are not even aware that any form of ground is required.
As part of a continuing education program, all marine band radio channels are monitored continuously at the sales office on a late model receiver. This was done originally to solve the problem of explaining to potential customers exactly what radiotelephone or direction finding equipment would do for their boating activities and how they operate.
These and countless other running commentaries on "Butch" Butcher's operations give insight as to how he has made his big catches in marine electronics. Not everybody has the same philosophies about running their businesses — nor the same success.
Replacing flyback transformers in most early TV color chassis is not as difficult as it was in early B/W chassis. And, considering that most service technicians have now learned the basic replacement techniques involved through years of experience with B/W TVs, the over-all situation can be viewed optimistically.
Additionally, color flyback transformers are better made today than comparable B/W components were years ago — and they give less trouble. Many present day flyback manufacturers, for example, use an insulating rubber coating around the HV winding which prevents the wax from dripping from the windings if the transformer overheats.
It is important to remember, however, that more leads are attached to color flybacks than on B/W transformers. And we must also realize that many more components are connected to the color flyback windings. Finally, although color set horizontal output tubes look similar to the one used in B/W chassis, it draws a lot more current. This point, as we shall see later, is important to remember.
A lead from the outside of the color chassis flyback windings goes to the cap of the HV rectifier tube. In the older color sets a focus rheostat was tied to the flyback transformer. In most present color sets the rheostat has been replaced by a variable inductance coil. Other components wired to the color flyback are the horizontal centering control, HV focus rectifier and solid-state rectifier.
Some technicians find it easier to replace a defective flyback with an original-type part. Others find it equally easy with "exact" or "universal replacement" substitutes. But in certain geographical areas, or localities, lack of immediate availability of an original-type part may pose a problem. In some cases, this problem may postpone a repair longer than the customer will tolerate.
**Isolating a Defective Flyback**
When you find there's no raster on an improperly operating set, but the audio is normal, the trouble can usually be traced to the horizontal sweep section. One procedure requires that the tubes involved be substituted first. Then touch the HV probe from your VOM or VTVM to the 2nd anode connection at the CRT. You should have 25kv at this point. If you do not have a HV probe, get one. You can't service color flyback circuits efficiently without one. Trouble in the HV section is frequently difficult to isolate and besides, correct adjustment cannot be made without a HV probe.
In the event that no HV exists, check the fuse, circuit breaker, horizontal output, damper, rectifier and horizontal oscillator tube. After these components are checked, then check the flyback transformer.
A defective flyback can usually be isolated by using one or more of the normal human senses: sight, hearing or smell. Look for burned, scorched or arc-over marks on a flyback. Listen for arcing or arc-over around the windings. This is especially important where connecting wires enter the HV windings and under the metal HV cap. A warm or wax-melted-down flyback will indicate heavy current drain. You may also find a pile of melted wax on the chassis, under the flyback.
Check the flyback terminal connections for arc-over or a burned insulation board. Sometimes a wisp of smoke will lead you to a burned section of the terminal board or a tube socket. Look for burned resistors and capacitors connected to the flyback.
Many experienced TV technicians determine the flyback output by removing the HV rectifier cap and checking the arc between the HV lead and the blade of an insulated-handle screwdriver. If the arc jumps from one to two inches, there is generally enough high voltage. Anything under a half-inch arc will indicate a defective flyback or other HV circuit trouble.
After the HV probe has indicated insufficient HV output, check the grid voltage on the horizontal output tube. First remove the plate cap from the HOT. If the drive voltage is close to that specified on the schematic, the trouble is probably in the flyback circuit. Now replace the HOT plate cap and insert a current meter between the
Discharge the HV lead and 2nd anode connection before attempting to replace a flyback transformer. After the chassis has been removed and before removing the metal cage, discharge the HV lead once again.
Pencil points to arc-over burn on a Sylvania DOS chassis. All wires must be removed from metal cage before flyback can be replaced.
Look up the manufacturer's exact part number. If not in stock, phone your parts distributor. Sometimes, even a long distance telephone call will save time, a lot of correspondence and the correct replacement can often be located.
One advantage of an exact replacement is similar physical size, electrical characteristics and exact terminal numbers. If the component part will not arrive for a few days, tape the schematic diagram inside of the color cabinet. Also Scotch tape any marked terminal connection to the flyback metal cage.
Do not attempt to remember where the connections go. There are too many of them. If the wires are not correctly marked when removing a flyback, the flyback circuits must be checked out for correct hookup. A slip up here may not only damage a new flyback, but it is also possible to end up with insufficient voltage or inadequate width (see Fig. 1). Making mistakes here will create additional loss of precious time and discouraging results.
**Removing HV Cage**
In some cases the HV terminal wires must be unsoldered before the HV cage is removed. Some of these transformers are in sets like Admiral and Sylvania. Many older models, as in RCA chassis, must have the metal cage removed before you can get at the flyback terminal wires.
In either case, it is best to remove connecting brackets or other com-
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**TABLE I**
| Terminal | Wire Color |
|----------|---------------------|
| 1 | Black |
| 2 | Red |
| 3 | Yellow |
| 4 | Red and Yellow Stripe |
| 5 | Red and Green Stripe |
| 6 | Grey |
| 7 | Brown |
Fig. 1—Marking flyback color code on a schematic will aid in future replacements.
ponents that may interfere with replacing the flyback. First remove the damper, horizontal output and focus rectifier tubes since they are usually in the way. Also remove the shunt regulator wires, HV cable and the top cage assembly. In many models the HV rectifier socket and HV cable are attached to the top cover. These wires or cables will pull through holes or slotted areas and need not be unsoldered.
Removal of the horizontal centering control and focus control may be necessary before the flyback can be removed. Generally, the high voltage cage is fastened to the color chassis with 1/4in. metal screws. All loose components and screws should be placed in a plastic container for safe keeping.
**Replacing the Flyback**
When the correct flyback transformer has been obtained, check all terminal connections and the flyback winding, to see if any physical damage has occurred in shipment. It is rather disgusting to go to the trouble of replacing a new flyback that has been damaged in shipment. The flyback must be removed and another flyback must be obtained, mounted and wired in place.
Mount the new flyback transformer into the same position as the original position and start the wiring procedure. It is best to proceed carefully and replace each wire in numerical order. Then recheck the color-coded wires and terminal connections against the schematic. A slip-up here may result in injuring or destroying a new flyback transformer. Place each component or part previously removed back in its exact original position and solder all wires and cable leads.
Make firm, round soldering beads on each flyback terminal. A sharp edge or piece of exposed wire strand may cause hissing, firing and arcing at this point. Dress down the soldered leads and lay them into their original position, if possible.
Watch for the heater leads going to the high voltage socket, on top of the shielded cage. In some cages there are small plastic clips to hold these heater leads.
Before switching the color set on; check over the wires going to the flyback for correct terminal connections, once again. After the chassis is checked out and operating, apply a dab of corna dope to each soldered terminal.
Several other components must be checked before “buttoning up” the HV cage. Check the focus control, focus coil and efficiency coil or control for open or shorted turns. Many times these components can be defective and will cause a new flyback to fail. Of course, all HV and horizontal tubes should be checked and replaced with new ones if required. If the focus or boost rectifiers are in any way defective, replace them.
**A Flyback Case**
An Admiral chassis came into the shop which lost brightness after the set was on for about an hour. The picture also went blurry and out of focus.
All HV tubes were substituted but did not help. We found that the windings were arcing in the flyback transformer. A new transformer was substituted—but the original symptoms remained!
The HV probe was connected to the VTVM and we measured 26kv on the 2nd anode connection at the CRT. But the focus voltage was low—about 3kv. We have frequently found high resistance focus controls defective, so we automatically replaced the focus control in this set. The control did not solve the problem and within a few minutes the focus voltage dropped to 1.2kv.
All the capacitors and high megohm resistors were checked and appeared good. This led us to believe that the trouble was in the yoke or the new flyback. We decided to make more resistance checks in the flyback circuit.
The resistance of the various flyback windings were very close to specifications. Then we checked from the HV winding to the focus coil windings and found a resistance of 50K. We double checked against the schematic and pulled tubes—but came up with the same readings. This measured resistance was between terminals 8 and 9 of the flyback. The actual resistance between
Charred Remains
We found the flyback burned to a crisp in an Admiral 4D11 chassis. In fact, the HV socket and 3A3 tube were melted down into a heap. The customer said he was watching a favorite program when smoke started to pour out the back of the color receiver. He put the fire out with a fire extinguisher but a lot of damage had already occurred.
The only way to fix the mess was to replace everything in the high voltage cage. New wires were installed from other components to the flyback. When the chassis was switched on, the high voltage and current adjustments were properly made to insure that this same trouble would not occur again.
No Brightness
Constant "sizzling" and no brightness was the complaint in an RCA CTC16E chassis. This trouble was easy to find for you could see the arc beneath the metal cap on the flyback transformer. This high voltage 3A3 rectifier plate cap sits down into the metal ring on top of the flyback winding. Also, we found a black scorched rubber cover pointing to the trouble.
It is best not to try to repair a flyback winding but replace it with an original part number. In this case an RCA part number 113992 did the trick. Again the high voltage and current checks were made before the color receiver was returned to the customer.
About the same trouble was found in a new D05 Sylvania color chassis. After the chassis was warmed up for ten minutes the raster would go out of focus and loud "popping" sounds were heard around the flyback cage. The actual trouble could be seen around the solid-state focus rectifier. Arcing had taken place between the two terminals that held two 470K resistors. Only this time the arcing was not within the flyback winding but inside of the terminal board. A new flyback was the only answer.
Arcing Cables
Many times a flyback may be damaged by arcing high voltage cables, burned high voltage socket and a cracked shunt regulator wire —outside the shielded cage.
A Zenith 29C20 chassis had excessive firing between shunt regulator wire and the glass shell of the 3A3 high voltage rectifier tube.
Location of focus adjustment coil in Admiral chassis 2D11.
This trouble was intermittent but after the set was on a few hours the arcing began.
When the arcing got under way between the shunt regulator wire and rectifier tube, long sparks jumped between deflection yoke and purity magnet assembly. The purity ring assembly had a ground wire going directly to the chassis. At the same time firing developed in the 6DQ5 horizontal output tube. There was gobs of melted wax under the flyback transformer. Actually, the trouble developed from the break-down of the shunt regulator cap wire and then fired across to the high voltage rectifier tube.
Since the Zenith chassis was a few years old, all the HV cables and wires were replaced. A new flyback was installed having a new plastic high voltage socket. Current and high voltage adjustments were made and the color chassis is still operating without the snap, crackle, and pop sounds.
We have seen that many characteristics of the junction FET are superior to those of regular transistors. Many of the characteristics of still another type of semiconductor are even superior to these. This new component is called a depletion-type, insulated-gate, field-effect transistor, and is composed of metal-oxide, semiconductor material. For simplicity we will refer to it as a depletion-type MOS.
**Composition of a Depletion-type MOS**
The depletion-type MOS, like other semiconductors, contains P- and N-type material. The arrangement of this material is shown in Fig. 1. A slice of P-type silicon material, called substrate, contains two pockets of N-type material located about $5 \times 10^{-4}$in. (0.0005in.) apart. They are joined by a thin channel, which is also of N-type material. Leads are secured to each pocket, and current can flow from one pocket to the other, through the channel, in the same manner as it flows through the junction FET's rod of P-type material. The pocket in which the current enters is called the *source* while the pocket that the current leaves is called the *drain*.
Unless the N-type material is negatively charged with respect to the P-type substrate, the current traveling from source to drain is restricted to the N-type material by the P-N junctions along its path. Since the current is traveling through only the N-type material, the depletion-type MOS' source and drain leads can be interchanged in a circuit and current will flow through the N-type material in the opposite direction — the drain has become the source while the source has become the drain.
A $4 \times 10^{-6}$in. (0.000004in.) layer of silicon dioxide forms nearly a perfect insulation between the chanfrom A to Z
The electric field, resulting from a charge applied to the gate lead, has the effect of altering the channel's thickness. When a negative charge is applied to the gate lead, the channel becomes thicker and is able to conduct more current. When a positive charge is applied to the gate lead, the channel becomes thinner and is able to conduct less current.
If the depletion-type MOS contained an N-type substrate with pockets and channel of P-type material, positive charges applied to the gate lead would enable the semiconductor to conduct more current while negative charges would restrict current flow.
The arrow shown in Fig. 1 represents the substrate lead. The direction it is pointing indicates that the substrate is of P-type material. If the arrow pointed in the opposite direction, it would indicate that the substrate was of N-type material. For low frequency use the substrate lead and source lead are normally connected together.
Gate Resistances
Unlike regular transistors and junction FETs, the depletion-type MOS has a gate current independent of forward bias. The gate resistance may exceed $10^4 \Omega$ while its capacitance may be less than 1pf. With these characteristics, the gate is capable of holding a charge for several hours when out of a circuit. It has been claimed that some have even been able to hold their gate charge for days.
Although the gate resistance is very high, the oxide coating, insulating the gate from the channel, is so thin that it can be easily punctured by the application of excessive external voltages as low as 20 to 30v. For this reason it is very important that MOS components be handled with extreme care. A few feet of insulated wire, charged to twice the gate's breakdown voltage, could possibly destroy the gate insulation. Static charges generated by a technician may be sufficient to puncture the insulation and ruin the MOS. For this reason it is advisable to work with a grounded soldering iron, and guard against static charges from test instruments when working with MOS circuits.
Depletion-type MOS Characteristic Curves
The characteristic curves of a depletion-type MOS is shown in Fig. 2. We can see, for this particular semiconductor, a gate charged more negatively than the source results in a reduction of the drain current while a gate charged more positively than the source increases the drain current. The gate voltage curves in Fig. 2 are further apart in the area where the gate voltage is zero and closer together at larger positive or negative potentials. This indicates that when a signal is applied to a gate with zero bias, the gain will be greater than when a signal is applied to a gate with a positive or negative bias.
A Depletion-type MOS Common-source Circuit
A common-source circuit (Fig. 3) can be designed for a depletion-type MOS with the characteristics shown in Fig. 2. In this circuit, the gate resistor ($R_G$) merely serves to prevent static charges from breaking through the MOS' insulated gate and, if necessary, to load the input signal to the desired amplitude.
This resistor does not bias the gate of the semiconductor.
The voltage source ($V_{DD}$) and load resistor ($R_L$) for this circuit can be determined by drawing a load line (Fig. 4) similar to those shown in two earlier articles of this series. This line falls across the curves in such a manner that a gate voltage signal ($\Delta v_G$) produces a maximum drain-to-source voltage signal ($\Delta v_{DS}$) without clipping the signal or overloading the semiconductor. This load line represents a load resistance ($R_L$) of 2K $\left(\frac{30v}{15ma}\right)$ and a voltage source of ($V_{DD}$) of 30v.
A 2v input signal ($\Delta v_G$) is shown (Fig. 4) to result in a 5.5v output signal voltage ($\Delta v_{DS}$) and 2.75ma output signal current ($\Delta i_D$). From these figures we can calculate the circuit's voltage gain
$$A_v = \frac{\Delta v_{DS}}{\Delta v_G} = \frac{5.5v}{2v} = 2.75.$$
Since this semiconductor has an insulated gate, the gate current is insignificant. The very small input signal current $\left(\frac{\Delta v_G}{R_G}\right)$ results in a
significant output signal current ($\Delta i_D$). This current gain ($A_i$) is too large to be a practical unit of measure.
**Composition of an Enhancement-type MOS**
The enhancement-type MOS is still another kind of insulated gate semiconductor. Its arrangement of P- and N-type material (Fig. 5) is nearly the same as that of the depletion-type MOS (Fig. 1). The depletion-type MOS' substrate of P-type material contains two pockets of N-type material joined by a thin channel of N-type material. When a negative charge is applied to the gate lead, the channel becomes thicker and is able to conduct more current. The enhancement-type MOS, however, contains no channel of N-type materials. The two pockets are separated by the substrate of P-type material. When a positive charge is applied to the gate lead, a portion of the substrate changes from P-type to N-type material and a channel of N-type material is formed.
The entire region between the source and the drain of the enhancement-type MOS must be covered by the gate electrode and insulation. The channel would not otherwise reach from source to drain pockets. Since the depletion-type MOS contains a permanent channel, the gate electrode and insulation can be located slightly away from the drain region. Although the entire channel is not then affected by the gate electrode, the semiconductor benefits from a substantial reduction in feedback capacitance between the drain pocket and the gate electrode. The drain-to-gate capacitance of the enhancement-type MOS is, therefore, larger than that of the depletion-type MOS.
The drain and source leads of the enhancement-type MOS can also be interchanged, and its gate resistance is of similar value.
The arrow shown in Fig. 5 represents the substrate lead. The direction it is pointing indicates that the substrate is of P-type material. If the arrow pointed in the opposite direction, it would indicate that the substrate was of N-type material. For low frequency use the substrate lead and source lead are normally connected together.
**Enhancement-type MOS Characteristic Curves**
The gate of an enhancement-type MOS, like the base of a regular transistor, must be forward biased to encourage current flow. The basic difference in the biasing of these two semiconductors results from the difference in the input current that they require. The greater base current required by a regular transistor limits its biasing resistances to values given in terms of thousands of ohms (K), while the negligible gate current required by an enhancement-type MOS permits biasing resistances with values given in terms of millions of ohms (M).
The characteristic curves of an enhancement-type MOS are shown in Fig. 6. The curves for higher bias voltages tend to be slightly further apart than those for lower bias voltages. This is unlike the curves of a regular transistor which tend to be closer together at higher biasing currents than at lower biasing currents.
**Enhancement-type MOS Common-source Circuits**
The enhancement-type MOS common-source circuit shown in Fig. 7 is very similar to the com-
mon-emitter circuit of a regular transistor. A load line (Fig. 8) drawn on the semiconductor's characteristic curves can be used to determine the values for the components in the circuit. For this particular load line the voltage source ($V_{DD}$) is 24v, the load resistance is 1.3K and the Q-point for the gate voltage ($V_G$) is 6v.
Since the gate current of an
enhancement-type MOS is negligible compared to the base current of a regular transistor, this current need not be considered when determining values for $R_1$ and $R_G$, and we can assume that the same current ($I_1$) flows through both resistors. This current ($I_1$) is equal to the voltage source ($V_{DD}$) divided by the total resistance across it ($R_1 + R_G$), or $[V_{DD} = I_1 (R_1 + R_G)]$. The gate voltage ($V_G$) is equal to the value of the resistance across it ($R_1$) times the current ($I_1$) flowing through that resistor ($V_G = I_1 R_1$). The ratio of the gate voltage to the voltage source can be used to determine the values of the biasing resistors.
$$\frac{V_G}{V_{DD}} = \frac{I_1 R_1}{I_1 (R_1 + R_G)} = \frac{R_1}{R_1 + R_G}.$$
The value of $R_1$ must be low enough to prevent static charges from destroying the internal gate resistance of the semiconductor and, if necessary, to load the input signal to the desired amplitude. For this circuit we will arbitrarily assign this resistor the value of 20M (Let $R_1 = 20M$). The corresponding value of $R_G$ can then be calculated.
$$\frac{6v}{24v} = \frac{20M}{20M + R_G},$$
$$480M = 120M + 6R_G,$$
$$6R_G = 360M. R_G = 60M.$$
A 60M resistance is so large that moisture or other contamination of the circuit wiring can alter the effective value of $R_G$ by shunting it. This could increase the current flow in the bias circuit and increase the voltage drop across $R_1$, increasing the gate voltage ($V_G$).
The circuit can be modified (Fig. 9) to permit the use of lower values for resistances $R_1$ and $R_2$ without loading down the semiconductor's gate impedance. Since the gate current is very small, the gate voltage ($V_G$) is essentially the voltage drop across resistor $R_1$. If we let the total value of the shunting resistors equal 1M (Let $R_1 + R_2 = 1M$), we can calculate the value for each resistor.
$$\frac{V_G}{V_{DD}} = \frac{R_1}{R_1 + R_2}. \quad \frac{6v}{24v} = \frac{R_1}{1M},$$
$$24R_1 = 6M. R_1 = \frac{1}{4}M = 250K,$$
$$R_2 = 1M - 250K = 750K.$$
The load line in Fig. 8 shows us how the circuit in Fig. 9 functions. A 2v input signal ($\Delta V_G$) results in a 6v output signal voltage ($\Delta V_{DS}$) and a 4.5ma output signal current ($\Delta i_D$). From these figures we can calculate the circuit's voltage gain ($A_v = \frac{6v}{2v} = 3$).
Since this semiconductor has an insulated gate, the gate current is insignificant. A very small current resulting from the input signal flows across resistor $R_G$ and through the bias circuit. The value of this current can be calculated
$$(\Delta i_{in} \approx \frac{\Delta V_G}{R_G} = \frac{2v}{20M} = 0.1\mu a).$$
The circuit's resulting current gain ($A_i$) can be calculated from this information.
$$A_i = \frac{\Delta i_D}{\Delta i_{in}} = \frac{4.5ma}{0.1\mu a} = 45,000.$$
As was the case with the depletion-type MOS, the current gain for the enhancement-type MOS circuit is too large to be a practical unit of measure.
**General MOS Characteristics**
The unique characteristics of MOS devices seem to make them the semiconductor of the future. Except for VHF, almost any electron-tube circuit can be easily adapted for the MOS.
Enhancement-type MOS components are relatively independent of temperature when operated at low drain currents, with some rated for operation with junction temperatures as high as 200°C. MOS components, in general, seem to be less sensitive to temperature than other semiconductors and electron tubes.
Although noise levels are usually
*continued on page 85*
Setchell-Carlson Compares Line Voltages With Other Voltages in S
Two 23-in. and three 25-in. Setchell-Carlson Color-TV receivers were checked for various line voltages.
When setting up the experiment, 120vac was used as the normal line voltage. At that line voltage, the high voltage was adjusted to 25kv. The resulting voltages are shown in the graph.
Replacing Incandescent Bulb With Neon Bulb in Canadian G-E Chassis
The "Portacolor" chassis has been slightly modified to use a standard neon bulb, NE51H, in place of the currently used incandescent bulb, G-E #756. The circuit changes are only in the pilot light circuit of chassis code "V."
Vertical Retrace Blanking In DuMont Color Chassis
A circuit modification will improve the vertical retrace blanking of chassis 120814 coded with triangle "F" (or higher letter), 120822, 855 coded with triangle "E" (or higher letter), 120844, 858, 859, 868 coded with triangle "B" (or higher letter).
A resistor, R252 (68K, ½w), should be removed from the circuit, and another resistor (100K, ½w) should be added between a capacitor, C251 (10,000pF), and pin 2 of V208 (6LF8, 2nd video amplifier). This resistor should be installed on the etched circuit side of PC2, the video and sound board. Insulating sleeving should be used on the resistor leads to prevent the possibility of short circuits.
Replacing Terminal Strips in Philco-Ford Color Sets
Because of the high voltage on the terminal points of strips B1 and B2, it is essential that in the event of replacement, these strips be exact factory replacements.
Strips B1 and B2 are reportedly made of a special material to withstand humidity, heat and other environmental conditions. The manufacturer warns that never, under any circumstances, should they be replaced with a standard terminal strip.
For the locations of terminal strips B1 and B2, refer to your schematics of color chassis 16QT85A, 16NT82 and 17KT50. Terminal B1 contains 6 lugs and is part no. 76-10310-41, while terminal B2 contains 5 lugs and is part no. 76-10310-42.
IRC Announces Exact Replacement High-Voltage Resistors
Exact replacement, original-equipment, high-voltage resistors for color-TV receivers are reportedly being marketed by IRC. According to the manufacturer, the Type MV is an axial lead, film-type resistor rated at 6kv and available in two ranges, 4.7k and 6.6k, ±20 percent. The mechanical spacing of the helical resistance path is said to allow uniform voltage gradient throughout the resistor length.
Bench Repair Hints for 21-, 23-, and 25-in. Canadian G-E Receivers
When a chassis is brought in for repairs, it is not necessary to have the convergence assembly plugged in to obtain a vertically linear picture.
You can easily make up dummy loads for the vertical output transformer. Take an 8-pin plug (for 21-in. models) or a 9-pin plug (for 23- and 25-in. models) and connect a 120Ω resistor across pins 1 and 2. When inserted into the convergence socket, the vertical output transformer will be loaded and a linear display, with no foldover, will appear on the test CRT.
Magnavox 6JE6 Tube Failures In Horizontal Frequency Circuits
The failure of the horizontal output tube (6JE6) in the T911, T918, T919 and T920 color-TV chassis can be caused by a defect in the horizontal oscillator circuit, which causes the oscillator frequency to multiply. Such a problem can be caused by shorted turns in the horizontal frequency coil L501A. In this case the frequency may double or triple and as a result there will be little or no grid drive on the output tube. If the horizontal output tube is allowed to operate for any length of time under these conditions, it will eventually get too hot and break down.
When replacing a 6JE6, check the horizontal frequency coil by going through the horizontal hold adjustment as follows:
1. Short out the sine wave coil (L501B) with a jumper to ground, a convenient place to do this is across capacitor C528. Also short to ground the grid (pin 9) of the sync separator V703B.
2. Adjust the horiz. hold control to bring the oscillator into frequency. If you cannot bring the oscillator close to proper frequency it is possible that L501A has shorted turns and the coil assembly should be replaced with a new one, part no. 360960-3 replacement.
After making the replacement, repeat steps 1 and 2 to set the frequency. Since the sine wave coil L501B is part of this assembly, it will also have to be adjusted. To do this, remove the jumper across C528, but leave the jumper in place from the sync sep. grid to ground and then adjust the sine wave coil until the picture stops moving horizontally, which indicates that the oscillator is set to the proper free-running frequency.
With the time it saves in set-up, you can take a breather, make a few more calls and still have time to play with the kids.
*RCA's new Hi-Lite Color Tube with Perma-Chrome
If you've been waiting half an hour for the picture tube to warm up every time you repair or install a set, here's good news. RCA's new rectangular Hi-Lite Color Tubes with Perma-Chrome lock colors in place instantly, eliminate distorted color as the set warms up. Colors are true and unchanging from turn-on to turn-off. Saves hours of set-up time. New Hi-Lite Color Tubes with Perma-Chrome now in RCA Victor consoles. New service switch in all 1967 color chassis. Three-position for Normal, Service and Raster. When Raster is selected, all video and noise is removed from the color picture tube, leaving a noise-free Raster. Purity is adjustable without removing an IF tube or using other means to remove noise and/or interference from the screen.
The Most Trusted Name in Electronics
RCA Begins Color Set Production at Memphis Plant Four Months Ahead of Schedule
Substantial production of color TV receivers is taking place at RCA's new plant in Memphis, Tenn.
"Only ten months from ground breaking, we now have two color production lines in operation and a third is scheduled to start shortly," President Robert W. Sarnoff says.
Mr. Sarnoff addressed a luncheon meeting of business and civic leaders of Memphis, sponsored by the local Chamber of Commerce, following a tour of what he described as "the world's most modern TV plant."
"Only two years ago," Mr. Sarnoff said, "the most optimistic projections foresaw industry sales of 2.5 million color sets by 1966. Latest forecasts indicate total industry volume of nearly 5 million sets this year—or almost double the earlier estimate. This will generate retail sales of 3 billion, equalling for the first time the combined dollar volume of all other home entertainment products, including black-and-white TV.
"The color market has expanded so rapidly, in fact, that the present challenge to manufacturers is to catch up and keep pace with demand. RCA is well geared to meet a growing share of this demand. In anticipation of the color boom, we have been building plant capacity and production know-how on a major scale for the past 12 years. In the past two years, we have allocated $156 million to expand our facilities for the manufacture of color tubes and receivers and other home entertainment equipment."
Mr. Sarnoff praised the employees of the new Memphis plant for demonstrating "their capabilities most impressively. They have quickly mastered the techniques for producing color television sets—the most complicated consumer product ever created."
Sylvania Raises Prices Of Some 21 and 25-in. Color Sets
Entertainment Products Div. of Sylvania Electric Products raised retail prices of color TV receivers by an average of 2.1 percent, effective October 1.
John T. Morgan, president of the marketing arm of the company, said the price increases are being initiated to offset the recent higher costs of materials going into color sets, particularly copper, receiving tubes and cabinets.
The current price increases affect the majority of 21 and 25-in. models. Prices of 19-in. sets remain the same.
In retail dollar terms the price increases are in the $10 to $25 range with the exception of two home entertainment models which are up $55.
Design Change in Setchell-Carlson Tuning Light Circuity
All Setchell Carlson color-TV receivers shipped after Oct. 15, 1966 incorporate improved circuitry to enhance tuning light performance.
The improved circuitry is incorporated in the advanced CA8, CBC8 and CD8 units. To better suit local conditions, a threshold control has been provided on the rear of the CA8 unit. This control should be adjusted for proper tuning light indication at optimum tuning on all channels.
On those receivers shipped prior to October 15, 1966, which display herringbone at the indicated tuning point, the condition can usually be cleared up with a slight adjustment of the 41.25MHz sound trap. Turn the top slug in the 4th IF can (CBC7 unit) approximately 1/8 turn clockwise and reset the micro tuning control.
If You Demand Only The Best, We've Got To Hand It To You
If you're the kind of man who loves good tools... the honest gleam of full-polished, highest quality drop-forged steel — precision made, smooth working moving parts — hand honed cutting edges — in short, tools obviously made to do the job easier, year after year... if you're this kind of tool buyer, you're our boy.
Channellock tools are made for you to your specifications. Next time, specify Channellock — look for the name on the handle. It's your assurance of the finest pliers made(surprisingly, at no premium cost). Let us send you our catalog, no charge.
TOOLS BY CHANNELLOCK
MEADVILLE, PA.
...for more details circle 110 on postcard
TV Antenna Distribution 400
A four-page catalog describes VHF, UHF and FM, solid-state amplifiers and preamplifiers, mixing networks, tap-offs, splitters, filters, cable equalizers and low-loss cable. Jerrold Electronic.
Test Instruments 401
A line of test instruments is described in a 12-page catalog. Included are instruments for TV, transistor equipment, capacitor analyzers and VOMs, plus a CRT rejuvenator and checker, color generator, and VTVM. B & K Div., Dynascan.
Barretters & Thermistors 402
Barretters for detecting audio modulation over a frequency range of dc to 18GHz, and thermistors for measuring high power signals, are described in a four-page brochure. Weinschel Engineering.
Periodic Table 403
A fully colored, up-dated edition of The Periodic Table Of The Elements Calendar reportedly contains all of the latest verified elements and the latest approved and authenticated atomic weights based on Carbon-12. Also shown are the group number, atomic number, valence, symbol, boiling point, freezing point, ionization potential, atomic configuration, naturally occurring isotopes and other pertinent data for each element. Price $3.00. International Rectifier.
Electron Tubes 404
A 28-page catalog plus a seven-page insert describe the characteristics of over 560 electron tubes. These range from audio tubes and rectifier diodes to vidicon camera tubes and microwave tubes. Amperex.
Electronic Kit Catalog 405
Over 250 electronic kits are listed in a 108-page catalog that illustrates actual kit assembly manual pages. Also included is a stereo system planning guide to assist in the selection of matching Hi Fi components. Heath Co.
Electrical Tapes 406
A four-page brochure now available contains property tables and other information on 10 different types of polyester tapes. 3M Co.
FAMOUS ZENITH QUALITY TUBES for greater reliability, longer life
TV Picture Tubes
A complete line of more than 200 top-quality tubes. For color, black-and-white, or special purposes.
"Royal Crest" Circuit Tubes
A full line of more than 875 tubes...the same quality tubes as original Zenith equipment. Your assurance of the world's finest performance.
Zenith black & white replacement picture tubes are made only from new parts and materials except for the glass envelope in some tubes which, prior to reuse, is inspected and tested to the same high standards as a new envelope. In Color tubes the screen, aperture mask assembly and envelope are inspected and tested to meet Zenith's high quality standards prior to reuse. All electron guns are new.
BUILT TO THE QUALITY STANDARDS OF ZENITH ORIGINAL PARTS
The quality goes in before the name goes on®
...for more details circle 141 on postcard
Tune Cleaner 700
Announced is a tuner cleaner designed for cleaning nuvistor and transistor TV tuners. It is reportedly safe on all plastics used in TV tuners. Chemtronics, Inc.
Theatre Organ Kit 701
Announced is a fully transistorized theatre organ that is sold in an assemble-it-yourself kit form. The theatre organ features a traditional horseshoe shaped console, a 25-note pedalboard, and two full 61-note key-
Two-Way Radio 702
A crystal controlled 100mw superheterodyne transceiver features a built-in meter for checking battery strength. Price $29.95. E. F. Johnson.
Dynamic Cardioid Microphone 703
Announced is a dual impedance, dynamic microphone, which reportedly has a cardioid polar pattern with a 16 to 20db uniform front-to-back rejection of sound. The cartridge is mounted in a rubber sleeve to protect it against physical shock and to reduce noises produced from microphone handling. The manufacturer indicates that the microphone is designed with an acoustical windblast screen to control voice "popping" and make close "miking" sound crisp and clear. Specifications indicate an 80Hz to 10kHz frequency range, a sensitivity of -59db @ 1kHz with a 50K impedance, and a sensitivity of -83db @ 1kHz with a 200Ω impedance. Sonotone.
VHF Antenna Preamplifier 704
A solid-state preamplifier is designed to provide 30db gain to sharpen up TV signals. The pre-amplifier unit is reportedly weatherized for mast or indoor mounting, while the power supply is indoor mounted to provide low-voltage ac to the preamplifier, acting as a feed-through for the amplified signal to the receiver. Models are supplied tuned to any specific VHF channel or for the 88 to 108 MHz FM band. Jerrold.
Relay Tool Kit 705
A service tool kit designed for adjusting, calibrating and servicing relays, contacts and electro-mechanical equipment, is announced. The kit, contained in a leather zipper case, includes the following tools: a spring adjuster, armature bender, arm bender, relay spring duck bill plier, burnisher and a 0-50g relay spring tension gage. Jonard.
punchy galore
Was it possible to put extra punch, extra power and extra performance into a 5 watt CB mobile radio...and sell it for only $99.95? B&K, creators of the famous Cobra CAM 88, thought so—and built the new Cobra V. The 5 channel Cobra V is solid state, all-the-way. Those who have heard it and tested it say it is a most remarkable achievement in miniaturization—in CB technology—in selectivity, sensitivity and 100% modulation. It's true; this one's got punch galore. We've proven it...now you can prove it to your customers. Write for Cobra V catalog sheet.
A DIVISION OF DYNASCAN
1801 W. Belle Plaine, Chicago, Illinois 60613
WHERE ELECTRONIC INNOVATION IS A WAY OF LIFE
JANUARY 1967
Radio Telephone Control 706
A telephone control head is introduced, which is designed to replace standard 2-way radio mike/speaker/control head functions to convert a "radio" into a "telephone." A self-contained, solid-state, digital decoder reportedly responds discretely to one seven digit number out of a possible ten million with no digit restrictions. A filter built into the system is designed to permit speech plus signaling over duplex channels regardless of their busy condition. Simultaneous signaling over multiple channels achieves a trunking advantage to greatly increase system efficiency and make more efficient usage of the crowded RF spectrum. Mobiles signaled on all channels simultaneously stand a much better chance of "connect" offering a particular advantage to those roaming through foreign service areas. The manufacturer indicates that the control head complies with the signaling standard recently adopted by the National Association of Radiotelephone Systems for Radio Common Carrier nationwide service. Secode Corp.
CB Call-Tone Selector 707
A call-tone selector designed to eliminate having to continually listen to unwanted calls and "hash" on the air, is now available. This selector allows up to five transceivers to selectively signal each other on each transceiver channel, with a frequency controlled tone. Only the transceiver tuned to the tone of the calling transceiver will allow the signal to pass. No sound will pass if the tone is absent or of another frequency. The unit is designed to plug into built-in sockets on the base of the manufacturer's line of transceivers. Fanon.
Radiotelephone Antenna 708
A fiberglass antenna is now available for use with VHF/FM marine radiotelephones. The antenna is 51 in. long and has a half-wave end-fed radiating element fed through a high efficiency, broadband transformer which is grounded to reduce noise pickup. No ground plane or hull ground reportedly is required. Frequency range 156-162MHz, impedance 52Ω, power rating is 200w. International Communications.
Wrench Sets 709
Forged wrench sets are available in vinyl tool bags that are designed to be personalized with the name and address of the user. To personalize the bag, all the user reportedly does is write his name on a specially pretreated panel appearing on the clear plastic face of the bag. According to the report, the marking is permanently fixed, whether a ball point pen or pencil is used. The manufacturer indicates that all the wrenches are forged of fine-grain controlled steel, heat-treated, chrome-plated and highly polished. Kraeuter Tools.
Pocket Pager 710
A low-frequency, induction, FM receiver is now available for selective calling and voice instructions. Weighing approximately 53/4 oz., the pager operates on 2 size "N" cells and reportedly turns itself on and off automatically whenever a message is directed to it. Two models are available for operation from either one-tone or two-tone codes. Console encoders are designed for up to 61 different one-tone codes or up to 3540 two-tone codes. The manufacturer indicates that no FCC licensing is required since a closed loop system confines the signal to the vicinity of the building where the pagers are used. Additional features include: all silicon transistor circuitry, encapsulated modular construction and stable audio. Reach.
Plastic Handles 711
A line of polystyrene, molded handles is available. These handles reportedly can withstand strain and impact, have good shock and abrasion resistance, and can be molded in any color with a variety of surface textures. Bruce.
SERVICE MASTER...
EVERY TOOL YOU NEED 99% OF THE TIME
complete 23-piece kit for radio, TV, and electronic service calls
2 HANDLES:
shockproof plastic. Regular 4" length ... 2" Stubby. Interchangeable. Patented spring holds snap-in tools firmly in place.
9 NUTDRIVERS:
High Nickel chrome finish, \( \frac{3}{16} " \) to \( \frac{1}{2} " \)
3 STUBBY NUTDRIVERS:
\( \frac{1}{4} ", \frac{3}{8} ", \frac{3}{4} " \)
EXTENSION BLADE:
Adds 7". Fits both handles.
3 SCREWDRIVERS:
Two slotted ... \( \frac{3}{16} ", \frac{5}{16} " \)
#1 Phillips
2 REAMERS:
\( \frac{1}{4} -\frac{3}{16} ", \frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{2} " \)
ADJUSTABLE WRENCH:
6" thin pattern, 1" opening
LONG NOSE PLIER:
"Cushion Grip", 2\( \frac{1}{4} " \) nose
DIAGONAL PLIER:
"Cushion Grip" hand-honed cutting edges
ROLL UP KIT:
Durable, plastic-coated canvas. Compact, easy-to-carry.
Ask your distributor to show you kit 99 SM
NEW PRODUCTS
Color-Coded Nut Drivers 712
A new nut driver in 7 color-coded sizes for TV, radio and appliance technicians is introduced. The drivers feature chamfered sockets for a fast fit over hex nuts and hex-headed bolts, and hollow shafts for long bolts. Seven sizes range from 3/16 to 1/2 in. List price $8.86. Stanley Tools.
Test Instrument Cart 713
An all-welded, stainless-steel cart, designed to carry test instruments and other equipment, is introduced. The cart's deck shelves sit on 3/8-in. steel rods welded to 1-in. stainless steel tubing, which are mounted on stainless steel legs with 5-in. swivel castors at the bottom. Openings between decks are 13in., 14in., and 17\( \frac{1}{4} \)in., from the bottom up. Up to 600 lb of equipment can reportedly be handled by the mobile cart. A 6-outlet receptacle, featuring 6 female plug outlets, an ON-OFF light switch, fuse and a 10-ft cord, is included. Cambridge Electronics.
349 PHONO CARTRIDGES!
459 PHONO NEEDLES!
NEW! PHONO AND TAPE RECORDER WHEELS, DRIVES, BELTS!
That's how many models are listed in the current Electro-Voice phono needle and cartridge catalogs. With more being added as you need them.
No other single source offers such variety—all built to the highest industry standards. All are exact replacements that install quickly, to give your customers "like new" performance—or better!
Electro-Voice models are listed in your Photofact files, or ask your E-V distributor for free copies of the E-V catalogs. It's your guarantee of complete customer satisfaction!
ELECTRO-VOICE, INC., Dept. 177T; 663 Cecii Street, Buchanan, Michigan 49107
...for more details circle 115 on postcard
ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN
A million miles a day!
Your packages go wherever Greyhound goes when you ship by Greyhound Package Express
Greyhound goes over a million miles a day, over more than 100,000 miles of routes, serving more than twenty-five thousand cities, towns and villages throughout the U.S.A. Your shipments go wherever Greyhound goes, aboard regular Greyhound buses, when you specify Greyhound Package Express. Ship anytime at your convenience—24 hours a day, 7 days a week, weekends and holidays, too. Schedules are fast and frequent. Your shipments get there faster, (often in a matter of hours) because they get moving sooner. Save time! Save money! Save trouble! Ship C.O.D., Collect, Prepaid, or open a Greyhound Package Express Charge Account. For information on service, rates and routes, call Greyhound, or write: Greyhound Package Express, Dept. 53-A. 10 S. Riverside Plaza, Chicago, Ill. 60606
It’s there in hours and costs you less
| For Example | Buses Daily | Running Time | 20 lbs. | 30 lbs. | 40 lbs.* |
|----------------------|-------------|--------------|---------|---------|----------|
| BOSTON—NEW YORK | 28 | 4 hrs. 5 mins.| $2.00 | $2.35 | $2.60 |
| LOS ANGELES—SAN FRANCISCO | 25 | 9 hrs. 15 mins.| 2.10 | 2.45 | 2.80 |
| PITTSBURGH—CLEVELAND | 12 | 2 hrs. 45 mins.| 1.80 | 2.05 | 2.40 |
| INDIANAPOLIS—CHICAGO | 10 | 4 hrs. mins. | 1.90 | 2.20 | 2.55 |
*Other low rates up to 100 lbs. Lot shipments, too.
GREYHOUND PACKAGE EXPRESS
One of a series of messages depicting another growing service of The Greyhound Corporation.
... for more details circle 118 on postcard
**Silicon Rectifiers**
A line of high-current, silicon rectifiers reportedly feature a diffused junction, low thermal resistance, low forward voltage drop and low leakage current. Designed to meet military and industrial specifications, the rectifiers are available in voltage ratings from 50v to 1.5kv and current ratings from 1½a to 250a. The units are sealed in a welded case and feature a one-piece terminal. Semitronics.
**Delay Timer**
A series of automatic reset delay timers with dial adjustment, are available in seven time ranges, from a maximum setting of 5.6sec to a maximum of 4min 40sec. Dial adjustment on the face of the timer facilitates setting of the desired time. The timers provide a controlled delay through a 15a, snap-action, SPDT switch that is independent of the timer motor circuit. The switch can be in an ON or OFF condition, as desired, during the delay period. List $14.50. Industrial Timer Corp.
**Nylon Pliers**
Glass filled, nylon pliers developed for bending transistor and other component wires without nicking or causing other damage, are introduced. They are reportedly highly resistant to abrasion, non-magnetic, heat and acid resistant. The manufacturer indicates that the long-nose pliers are suitable for holding components during soldering and can be held very close to soldering iron tips since they are unaffected by the heat. Heat from the tips does not escape into the pliers but remains in the wires being soldered. Price $2. Engineering & Electronic Devices.
**Heat-Shrinkable Tape**
An irradiated, heat-shrinkable tape with a meltable wall for use as insulation and protection in electronic applications, is available. It is reportedly useful in applications where the product configuration prohibits the use of tubing or as a replacement for insulating boots. The tape is designed to flow into its own wrappings and adhere to cables and other components forming a snug mechanical fit and a watertight seal. Electronized Chemicals Corp.
---
**JUST OUT!**
**THE Transistor Book of the Year!**
**1967 EDITION**
only $2.95
over 6,000 American and foreign transistors, their specifications and over 15,000 substitutions.
**ALSO Includes these Universal Replacements:**
- DS-Series
- GE-10 Series
- IR-TR Series
- RCA-5K Series
- Semitronics
- Workman
at your Parts Suppliers now, or order below:
Enclosed please find $__________ (plus 10c postage for each book) for the following:
- [ ] Send FREE Catalog
- [ ] Transistor Specifications & Substitution Handbook $2.95
- [ ] Diode Select-A-Spec $2.95
- [ ] Transistor Select-A-Spec $3.95
- [ ] Selected Semiconductor Circuits $1.25
- [ ] Semiconductor Circuits Handbook Vol. I $1.95
- [ ] Semiconductor Circuits Handbook Vol. II $1.95
- [ ] Receiving Tube Specifications and Substitutions $1.95
- [ ] Principles of Electronic Oscillators $1.95
- [ ] Principles of RF Power Amplifiers $1.95
- [ ] Principles of Transmission Lines $1.95
- [ ] Antenna Principles and Wave Propagation $2.95
TECHPRESS, Name_____________________
INC., Brownsburg, Address_____________________
Indiana, City and State_____________________
for more details circle 137 on postcard
---
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This part speaks for the whole radio.
To the listener, the speaker is the most important part of the radio. Reason enough that it be of the highest quality and reliability. And when it says Delco on the box you can be certain you've got it: genuine OEM quality.
Delco Radio Parts are designed by engineers who specialize in automotive radios. Delco Radio speakers, for example, provide greater efficiency and sensitivity per ounce of magnet than any other speakers built. And since nearly half the cars on the road have Delco Radios as original equipment, you are assured of a vast pre-sold market.
Doesn't it make sense to stock the best for your customers?
They know Delco's reputation. So, the next time you reorder, remember your United Delco Supplier. He handles the most widely advertised, merchandised and recognized name in the parts business.
Why not let Delco Radio speakers say something nice about you?
Shortwave Listening Reportedly Gaining in Popularity
The market for shortwave radios is reportedly being stimulated by a widening popularity of shortwave listening among teenagers and overseas travelers. According to William B. Keepin, manager of the radio department of North American Philips Co., this accelerating interest by these two affluent segments of the consumer market offers important sales potentials to distributors and service-dealers.
Mr. Keepin estimates that during the past 5 to 10 years the over-all market in shortwave receiving equipment has more than doubled. He reports that more than $60 million are being spent yearly for equipment with shortwave bands, and he predicts that by 1970 some $75 million will be spent annually for all types of shortwave radios.
Mr. Keepin also cites the fact that many schools have recognized the educational advantages of shortwave listening and have encouraged the formation of shortwave listener clubs. Educators, he notes, have long realized that shortwave listening offers a "painless" means for students to learn about electronics, geography, modern languages and current events.
Too Few Frequencies Allocated for Communications
San Francisco's communications chief warns that police and fire department radio frequencies are dangerously crowded in the nation's large cities. According to Burton H. Dougherty, general manager of the Dept. of Electricity, a major disaster could find policemen and firemen without adequate radio communications unless steps are taken to provide some operating frequencies.
This situation, he said, indicated that "the growing national traffic jam between radio-TV broadcasting stations, land mobile communications systems, industrial and commercial two-way radio users is almost certain to create additional public safety communications problems for major metropolitan cities throughout the nation."
He said radio industry figures show that two-way radio usage has increased from 86,000 licensed units in the United States in 1949 to more than two million today. According to industry estimates this figure will increase to five million units by 1977, if adequate frequencies can be found.
Channels assigned to two-way radio service have remained at a constant five percent of the total broadcast air space during the past few years. Linked to this is an assortment of messenger services, taxi drivers and other businesses.
Turntable Guarantee Retroactively Extended to Three Years
The one-year guarantee on Acoustic Research Turntables has been retroactively extended to three years. Owners of turntables purchased under the one-year guarantee are also automatically covered.
In 1961, the same company retroactively extended their speaker guarantee from one to five years.
Both guarantees reportedly cover all repair costs including parts, labor, reimbursement for freight each way and even a new shipping carton if necessary.
Brand NEW FROM HICKOK
DMS-3200 Digital Measuring System
HIGHLIGHT FEATURES
- 3-digit Biquinary Tube Read-out
- Plug-in Flexibility
- All-electronic
- Fully-transistorized
- Modular Design
- Fully Field-tested
- Automatic Polarity Indication
- Automatic Decimal Point Indication
AS A DIGITAL DC VOLTMETER (DP100 Plug-in)
Range 0.1 millivolts to 1000 volts
Accuracy ±0.1% FS, ±0.1% of reading
True integrating voltmeter design
10 megohms input impedance at all times
AS A DIGITAL 1 MC COUNTER (DP150 Plug-in)
±0.005% accuracy; Resolution 1 part in $10^7$
(Overrange capability with sector read-out permits 3-digit display to be equivalent of a 7-digit instrument)
Frequency measurement range 0.1 cps to 1 mc
Period measurement range 0.1 ms to 999 seconds
AS A DIGITAL OHMMETER (DP170 Plug-in)
Range 0.01 ohm to 1,000 megohms
Accuracy ±0.1% FS, ±0.2% of reading
AS A DIGITAL CAPACITY METER (DP200 Plug-in)
Range 1.0 picofarad to 10,000 microfarads
Accuracy ±0.1% FS, ±0.2% of reading
AS AN EVENT COUNTER AND SLAVE (DP140 Plug-in)
Event counting speed: 1,000,000 pps
Alternate use as slave to DP-150 to provide 6-digit display
The DMS-3200 is designed for rugged industrial and laboratory applications. By utilizing a design which has the optimum combination of accuracy capability and number of digit display, the DMS-3200 meets the general purpose measurement needs of industry for reliable, precision digital measurement equipment in the $400-$500 price range.
DMS-3200 Main Frame $320
(shown with DP-100)
DP-100
DC Voltmeter Plug-in $175
DP-150
1 MC Counter Plug-in $195
DP-170
Ohmmeter Plug-in $240
DP-200
Capacity Meter Plug-in $240
DP-140
Event Counter and Slave Plug-in $75
THE HICKOK ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO. • 10523 Dupont Avenue • Cleveland, Ohio 44108
...for more details circle 120 on postcard
More TV Commercials Feature Antennas
Jerrold Electronics has had a massive spot radio-TV ad campaign this fall which was run in 125 key cities from coast to coast. According to Sandy Berlin, manager of the distributor sales division, local distributors increased antenna sales up to 6 times in test markets where spot TV and radio campaigns had been used last spring. "Floor salesmen who used our special customized sales book find that they can easily sell antennas to 30 and up to 50 percent of their customers who have bought color sets."
A series of TV commercials was announced by Gavin Instruments, Inc. The commercial captures Gavin the Wizard as he shows just how easy it is for the average homeowner to capture true TV color and lock in signals that may otherwise be lost. The commercial is for nation-wide release and contains a time allowance for names of dealers who carry the Gavin line of TV antennas.
Television retailers and antenna installation specialists in the greater Connecticut area attended a series of meetings sponsored by the American Institute for Better Television Reception to prepare for a better TV reception campaign launched by Channel 8 in New Haven and other cities in the area. In addition to TV announcements prepared by the station to educate viewers to the need for adequate outdoor antennas, the station also includes educational spots prepared by the institute for the same purpose. Institute manufacturer-members include Channel Master Corp., The Finney Co., JFD Electronics Co., S & A Electronics and Winegard Co.
All-Electric Home of Tomorrow Displayed
Among the displays at the 1966 Los Angeles Home Show was an All-Electronic Home of Tomorrow. This home combined a traditional Spanish architecture with a myriad of ultra-modern devices. An electronic distribution system was used to combine these devices into a unified whole. It supplied antenna signals to TV and FM outlets in every room of the house and tied together a closed circuit TV camera and tape recorder system. Prewired into the home, the system not only accommodated all the electronic devices presently shown in the home, but provides for future developments as well.
Among the units featured in the home were: closed circuit TV/telephone systems, electronically controlled windows and lawn sprinklers, video and audio tape recorders, an electronic cooking center and a wide variety of home entertainment devices.
The All-Electronic Home of Tomorrow was built by Felger Construction Co. and the electronic system was supplied by Jerrold Electronics Corp.
Motorola Begins Nationwide Technical Training Program
A nationwide program to support home electronics service companies and service-dealers with a large contingent of "technical training representatives" has been set in operation by Motorola Consumer Products.
A training force of 50 men is now strategically located across the nation to train Motorola service-dealers for better customer service. The territorial assignments are...
based on population density with an additional task force of four men operating out of Chicago.
The training representatives will offer personalized upgrading training sessions for consumer electronic service technicians in their place of business. These sessions will be scheduled for one full day or more. A formal, classroom style session of about two hours will be devoted to a specific product, while informal training during the remainder of the day will be spent working on products either on the bench or in the consumer's home.
During their visits the training force will cover such subjects as ways to speed-up parts orders and delivery, appearance of work areas, current warranty policy, customer handling techniques and, in general, the merchandising of service.
**Demand for Integrated Circuits Expected to Multiply**
The industrial demands for integrated circuits is expected to increase 15-fold to 400 million units annually by 1971. This prediction was made by Ben A. Jacoby, marketing manager of RCA integrated circuits, when speaking before members of the Instrument Society of America. The current expansion in the number of lines of integrated circuits produced is evidence of the growing market. Mr. Jacoby said that RCA's current commercial line of 15 general-purpose linear circuits will be enlarged to 40 circuits by the end of 1967.
He predicts that five years from now general-purpose integrated circuits will sell for $1 to $3. At that time, a specific integrated circuit for consumer applications, produced in quantities of two million per year, will probably be sold to equipment manufactures for 50 cents each.
**Maryland County Awards Contract for $500,000 Communication Systems**
The police, fire and utility departments of Anne Arundel County, Md., are each slated to receive new communication systems under a $500,000 contract awarded to Motorola, Inc.
Under the terms of a five-year lease, the three departments will receive 308 two-way radios for the various vehicles, 38 portable units and related base station equipment. Emergency standby base stations will also be provided for the police and fire systems.
The communications control consoles will be designed to provide 42-hour logging of police and fire calls, monitoring of neighboring public safety agencies, audio and alarm alert of all fire stations and county-wide status maps for police and fire vehicular location.
**Congress to Study Engineering Fee Restrictions**
The National Society of Professional Engineers, plus two other engineering groups, have jointly filed a brief with the U.S. Comptroller General requesting the repeal of five Federal statutes that limit the fees of engineers and architects to six percent when they are working for the government.
The brief asserts that the statutes penalize the government as well as architect-engineer firms, since many of the best qualified firms are unable to undertake these public service jobs within the limitations imposed.
The General Accounting Office has been instructed by a Senate-House committee to investigate the administration of the five fee-limitations statutes by the various Federal agencies involved and to report its recommendations to the Congress by January for possible incorporation into remedial legislation.
---
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ABC Will Have New Radio Network Center in New York
The American Broadcasting Co. has signed a contract with Visual Electronics Corp. for complete technical facilities in its new network center in New York City.
This contract, amounting to over $500,000 will provide the network center with seven radio studio control rooms, two tape rooms, two tape edit rooms and a complete transmission-recording room facility. An extensive house monitoring system with switching facilities, as well as a modern maintenance facility, are also included.
These new ABC radio facilities are to be installed at 1926 Broadway, New York City, and are scheduled to be completed by the fall of 1967.
Admiral Opens Plant in Mexico
The new manufacturing facility of Admiral de Mexico, a subsidiary of the Chicago-headquartered Admiral Corp., was officially inaugurated before 300 guests by Octaviano Campos Salos, Mexican minister of commerce and industry, and Ross D. Siragusa, Admiral board chairman.
The new plant employs more than 650, of whom only one is a North American. Their principal products will be B/W TV receivers, stereo phonos and radios.
ITT Acquires Howard W. Sams & Co.
The International Telephone and Telegraph Corp. has announced the acquisition of the business and assets of Howard W. Sams & Co. The Sams Co. will be operated under the same name by a new ITT subsidiary.
Malco Patent Held Valid and Infringed
A patent relating to self-locking terminal connectors, jointly owned by Malco Manufacturing Co., of Chicago, Ill., and Amphenol Corp. of Broadview, Ill., has been declared valid and infringed by the United States Eighth Circuit District Court, in a suit by the owners against National Connector Corp. of Minneapolis, Minn. Judge Nordbye said in his written opinion that this patent "amply fulfills the requirements of novelty, utility and nonobviousness."
A counterclaim by National Connector Corp. for alleged anti-trust violations by Malco and Amphenol was denied.
IRC Plans $1,230,000 Resistor Plant Expansion
IRC announces the start of a five-year, multi-million-dollar expansion of its resistor and other electronic component production facilities at Boone, N.C.
About half of the initial appropriation will go for new equipment and the balance for a 31,000 sq ft addition to be completed late next Spring.
By 1971 the company expects to more than double its present employment of about 650 at Boone. The Boone Div. manufactures resistors, selenium rectifiers and diodes, and resistance specialties.
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You earn your FCC First Class License
A Modern Bill-Collecting Approach
Speed collection of overdue accounts by telephone
Collecting overdue accounts is a sensitive problem in any business. Working capital is tied up, collection letters are sometimes misunderstood and personal visits are time-consuming and costly.
According to the Bell Telephone System, experience has shown that the use of the phone is most effective when collection calls are strategically integrated with present collection procedures. The actual timing of collection calls will vary with many factors, such as the past record of the account in question. In some cases, it may be best to use a telephone call after sending your first letter. Or, the call can follow the second or third letter. In other cases, a phone call may replace the sending of any letters.
Before embarking on any collection call, it is important to develop a definite plan of what you are going to say. Also, have all pertinent facts about each customer at hand. You should know exactly how much he owes, what his past credit history is, how long he has been your customer, how much he has spent with you and what payment plans are available to him.
When you make your call, be sure to talk with the right party. Your call will be wasted unless you reach the person who is authorized to send payment. Of course, it always makes good sense to be tactful for your customer may have some valid reason for not having paid. In addition, your tactful handling of his particular situation will help insure that you get your money and also keep a customer.
If possible, work out a definite payment plan before your initial conversation. Ask the customer what payment arrangements will be convenient for him. If his suggestion does not meet your minimum requirements you can always insist on your terms. In any case, be sure the payment arrangements are definite and clearly understood.
Advance planning is necessary to achieve maximum
results from your telephone collection program. It is especially important to plan your approach. To help you with this, here are seven recommended steps for making a successful collection call:
- Identify yourself and your company. You will also make a better impression if you call your customer by name. Since your customer probably has already received a collection reminder from you, he will know why you are calling.
- Pause to give the customer an opportunity to offer payment or to mention any problems that have prevented him from paying his bill.
- State the facts, including the date that payment was due.
- Listen and give your customer a chance to volunteer his reason for not paying. Let him talk it out. You may uncover his reason for not paying sooner.
- Sometimes slow payments are due to some dissatisfaction. If the customer raises this issue, listen courteously to his side of the story.
- Ask your customer what payment arrangements he planned to follow. His suggestions may meet your requirements. If not, outline your plan—this is the reason for the call.
- Thank your customer for the anticipated payment. Remember—you are interested in getting the money and keeping a customer.
For many firms, the integration of telephone calls with regular collection procedures is providing an effective and economical way to speed the collection of overdue accounts. To help you apply these principles to your special needs, Bell Telephone companies across the country are now making available, without charge, communications consultants who are experienced in setting up and implementing telephone collection programs.
TV Channels Changed 100,000 Times
There is probably no part of the family TV set that takes as much abuse as the channel selector fine tuning assembly, which must withstand the angry twists of adults and the forever curious fingers of five-year-olds interested in any moving image.
To make sure that television tuners can take this kind of daily abuse, Oak Manufacturing Co., Div. of Oak Electro/Netics Corp., reportedly puts tuners selected at random from stocks headed for major TV set makers through the mechanical equivalent of 10 years' life in an average U.S. living room. This figures out, Oak says, to 100,000 tuner twists, which are accomplished on the tuner-tester in just 30 days.
Driven by an electric motor and gear train, the tested tuner is snapped through all 13 channels, slammed against a stop, and reversed. The tuner is periodically stopped and inspected for signs of wear or deterioration, which might cause poor pictures or difficult tuning.
no problem when MOS devices are used with high-impedance transistors or other high impedance signal sources, they must be considered when the input impedance is 1K or less.
Laboratory models have been developed with a transconductance \((g_m = \frac{\Delta i_D}{\Delta V_G})\) in excess of 10,000 \(\mu\)mho and power gain bandwidths approaching 1GHz.
A forthcoming article will discuss tunnel diodes and their related circuits.
GROWING PAINS . . .
continued from page 49
come simplified and more reliable—with less drain on both marine and land mobile batteries.
The receiver section of solid-state transceivers have higher gain, better s/n ratios, improved noise limiters, squelch circuits and AGC systems.
Silicon mesa transistors and zener diodes are being used more widely to improve various sections of CB transceivers.
Noise-blanking circuits have been designed to reduce ignition noises.
But what does this technical progress mean to the legitimate user of CB equipment if he finds available channels "jammed" with ham-type hobby-talk? Considering the number of rule violations occurring today, will the field facilities of the FCC be adequate to enforce the regulations? If the service continues to degenerate it most certainly cannot continue to be an ever-growing market in the area of two-way communications.
MOVING?
Be sure to let us know your new address. Please enclose a complete address label from one of your recent issues.
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NO. 1 MANUFACTURER OF ELECTRONIC MAINTENANCE EQUIPMENT
426 SOUTH WESTGATE DRIVE, ADDISON, ILLINOIS 60101
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when the cable goes down the gutter...does the picture go down the drain?
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That's because Oxford electronic and sound engineers know that specialized applications require specialized developments. Oxford doesn't produce just horse-collar speakers. Oxford studies the application and the problem, then develops specific units for specific needs. You don't have to go through trying to pour a bushel basket into a pint measure. Paging and talk-back horns, outdoor loudspeaker systems, PA systems and other commercial sound installations all find the perfect speaker for the system at Oxford.
Match your skills with the Oxford line of speakers that bring out the best in every sound installation. Write for the Oxford catalog of "speakers for every purpose" today!
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ADVERTISERS' INDEX
Aerovox Corp. ............................................. 26
Amphenol Distributor Products ......................... 42
Arco Electronics ............................................ 39
Arrow Fastener Co. ........................................ 86
B & K Mfg. Div. ........................................... 2nd Cover, 67
Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. ..................... 24
Castle TV Tuner Service .................................. 38
Channellock .................................................. 64
Cleveland Institute of Electronics ....................... 25, 79
Columbia Wire Products Co. .............................. 85
Cornell-Dubilier ............................................. 3rd Cover
Delco Radio Div. .......................................... 75
EICO Electronic Instrument Co. .......................... 20
Electro-Voice, Inc. ......................................... 71, 72
Enterprise Development Corp. ............................ 86
ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN Book Club ................. 34-37
Finney Co. .................................................... 19
Greyhound Corp. ............................................ 73
Heath Co. ..................................................... 32
Hickok Electrical Instrument Co. ....................... 77
Jerrold Electronics ......................................... 41
JFD Electronics Corp. ..................................... 27
Mallory Distributor Products ............................. 29
Mosley Electronics, Inc. .................................. 80
Multicore Sales Corp. ..................................... 71
National Radio Institute ................................... 82
Oaktron Industries, Inc. .................................. 22
Oxford Transducer Co. ..................................... 86
Pace Communications Corp. .............................. 84
Pearce-Simpson .............................................. 30
Philco Corp. .................................................. 33
Radio Corp. of America
RCA Electronic Components & Devices ................ 4th Cover
RCA Institutes .............................................. 40
RCA Sales Corp. ............................................ 63
S & A Electronics, Inc. .................................... 68
Sarkes Tuner Service Corp. .............................. 31
Sencore, Inc. ............................................... 81, 83, 85
Sprague Products Co. ...................................... 23
Sturtevant Co., P. A. ...................................... 65
Techpress, Inc. .............................................. 74
Tram Electronics ............................................ 78
Turner Co. .................................................... 76
Xelite, Inc. ................................................... 72
Zenith Sales Corp. ......................................... 65
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Larger model available. See your distributor or write:
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... for more details circle 116 on postcard
... for more details circle 106 on postcard
Help stamp out green sky
CDE’s Skyline series rotor helps give the truest urban/suburban color TV reception!
Green sky, purple people and brown water...help your customers avoid these with CDE’s Skyline series rotor. It’s the most rugged lightweight on the market...the first rotor system designed specifically for metro-suburban area.
It’s dependable...because of a weatherproof die-cast housing. Better-performing...because of a high-torque motor with heavy wormgear drive. Longer-lasting...because of heavier-than-average construction throughout.
The built-in mast will handle single antennas. And, with the easily-mounted adapter, the Skyline rotor can handle large antennas and stacked arrays, too.
Available for automatic operation, the Skyline series rotor means the very best in color and black and white TV reception. Goes great with FM rigs, too!
Lists more than 1300 receiving tubes
The most popular receiving tube manual in the electronics industry has been revised and updated again! More than 600 data-packed pages offer you additional text information on general system functions, tuned amplifiers, wideband (video) amplifiers, and TV circuitry including scanning, sync, and both horizontal and vertical deflection. Text writeups of all circuits in the circuit section explain in detail the functions of the various stages, aiding in the construction of these circuits. Data on color and B/W picture tubes, voltage reference tubes, voltage regulator tubes. Updated Applications Guide.
Whether you're a service technician, engineer, radio amateur, hobbyist or student...the new RC-25 receiving tube manual is a reference work that just has to be in your technical library. Order yours today from your nearest Authorized RCA Tube Distributor.
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The Most Trusted Name in Electronics
|
KACEY MUSGRAVES
NOT JUST BLOWING SMOKE
ERIC CHURCH
INSIDE THE OUTSIDER
WHO NEW TO WATCH
ERIC CHURCH
KACEY MUSGRAVES
RONNIE MILSAP
DEBUT SPOTLIGHT
PULSE
CMA BOARD PRESIDENT FRANK BUMSTEAD
CMA CEO SARAH TRAHERN
CUSTOM GUITAR STRAPS
JOHN CARTER CASH
MASTHEAD AND CONTRIBUTORS
EVENTS CALENDAR, CU LATER,
NEXT ISSUE AND ONLINE PREVIEWS
TAYLOR SWIFT WINS CMA PINNACLE AWARD
IN MEMORIAM: PHIL EVERLY
IN MEMORIAM: RAY PRICE
ENCORE: PHIL EVERLY
3 DAYS
2 CITIES
1 WORLD-CLASS EVENT
CMA and the Nashville Convention & Visitors Bureau in association with The O2 and SJM Concerts present
C2C
Country to Country 2014
THE O2, DUBLIN: March 14 & 15 | THE O2, LONDON: MARCH 14 & 16
For tickets, lineup, event info and more, visit CMAworld.com/C2C.
[ The O2 LONDON ]
‘TWAS THE SEASON TO PARTY
The 2nd Annual CMA Member Holiday Party drew festive attendees to our lobby on Dec. 17.
HEY, BILLY!
On Dec. 3, CMA welcomed Billy Currington and friends to a celebration of his eighth No. 1 single, “Hey Girl.” He and his co-writers found a moment to pose for a group shot.
(l-r) Rhett Akins, Ashley Gorley, Currington and Chris DeStefano
JO WALKER-MEADOR RECEIVES CECIL SCAIFE VISIONARY AWARD
Jo-Walker Meador, CMA Executive Director from 1962 to 1991 and a member of CMA’s Country Music Hall of Fame, was presented The Cecil Scaife Visionary Award, whose recipients have made it possible for future generations to build careers in the music industry. The Award’s namesake was a distinguished executive whose contributions include helping to found Belmont University’s Mike Curb College of Entertainment and Music Business.
(l-r) Bob Meador, U.S. Representative Marsha Blackburn, Jo Walker-Meador, and Country Music Hall of Fame members Brenda Lee and Harold Bradley
CMA SONGWRITERS SERIES REVISITS JOE’S PUB
Nine years after debuting at Joe’s Pub, the CMA Songwriters Series continues to draw packed houses to the New York City venue. So it was on Dec. 4, as another panel of Nashville hitmakers traded songs and stories.
(l-r) James Otto, host Bob DiPiero, Deana Carter, James Slater and Rory Feek.
A TITAN SCORES FOR CHARITY AT “CMA COUNTRY CHRISTMAS”
All who attend the annual taping of the ABC special “CMA Country Christmas” are invited to donate toys to CMA’s “A Gift for All.” The campaign collects and distributes gifts to needy children up to age 18, in partnership with charities Generosity and The Bridge. In late November, Tennessee Titans tight end Delanie Walker stopped by The Bridge to autograph footballs for the program.
(l-r) Walker, Generosity co-founder Bethni Hemphill and Candy Christmas of The Bridge.
| Artist Name | Label/Company |
|---------------------|--------------------------------------|
| Brandon Alan | Creative Arts Group |
| American Young | Curb Records |
| Angel Mary & The Tennessee Werewolves | Verado Records |
| Robby Armstrong | Strong Arm Records |
| Tim Ash | A&M Productions |
| Kelleigh Bannen | EMI Nashville |
| Hannah Bethel | Hannah Bethel Music |
| Borrowed Blue | Red Buck Entertainment |
| Dakota Bradley | Streamsound Records |
| Brandon Chase | AE Music |
| Lindsay Ell | Stoney Creek |
| Mitch Goudy | Third Floor Records |
| Lucy Hale | DMG Nashville/Bigger Picture Group |
| Jolie Holliday | Shamrock Records |
| Seth Hopkins | Country Roads Records |
| IMAJ | Thomas Triomphe Records |
| Lexi Larsen | OWC Records |
| Lindsay Lawler | Highway Angel Entertainment |
| GB Leighton | Inkubate Records |
| Brad Long | Blackwater Records |
WHO NEW TO WATCH
ELIZABETH LYONS
Roar Records
McKENZIE’S MILL
Independent
MARIE MILLER
Curb Records
PARKER MILLSAP
Oklahoma Records
NATALIE STOVALL AND THE DRIVE
Hit Shop Records
MO PITNEY
Curb Records
JACOB POWELL
Sony ATV
CHASE RICE
Dack Janiels/Sony Red/Thirty Tigers
MAGGIE SAJAK
Back East/GMV Nashville
DYLAN SCOTT
Sidewalk Records
DAVID SHELBY
Highway South Records
COREY SMITH
Bigger Picture Group
CHELSEA SORRELL
YN Records
JAMIE STEVER
Tri-Mount Entertainment
TIM SWEENEY
Oil House Records
COLE SWINDELL
Warner Bros. Nashville
THE BROTHERS OSBORNE
EMI Nashville
THE SWON BROTHERS
Arista Nashville
AUSTIN WEBB
Streamsound Records
“I WANT TO LAY MY HEAD ON THE PILLOW 20 YEARS FROM NOW AND NOT REGRET ONE THING.” – Eric Church
Eric Church has spent nearly two hours in an old church-turned-recording studio in East Nashville, playing his new album, *The Outsiders*, for a group of Nashville media reps gathered to hear his latest offering. And when the listening session ends, the sense of satisfaction and, yes, pride that Church exudes as he answers questions about the project is undeniable. And justified.
The album, Church’s fifth (four studio and one live), is both ambitious in its musical and lyrical scope and fearless in continuing the mission of Church and his producer Jay Joyce to push the boundaries of Country Music. Whether by adding a kick-ass 90-second instrumental section to the end of the title cut and first single (written by Church and Casey Beathard), cleverly reflecting the lyrics in the melody of “Roller Coaster Ride” (Church, Jeff Hyde and Ryan Tyndell), pulling no punches in describing a passionate reunion with his wife after a long road trip in “Like A Wrecking Ball” (Church and Beathard) or including a powerful three-and-a-half-minute spoken word section during what he describes as “the trilogy” near the end of the record, the album is unpredictable. Which means that it’s vintage Eric Church.
Later, during a quiet moment on his bus, Church responded to a provocative question: Would the North Carolina kid who came to Nashville in 2001 be surprised by his new music or think it’s what he would have expected from himself at this point in his career?
“I think he’d say, ‘Holy shit! Did I do that?’” Church said. “For this record, we did ‘A Man Who Was Gonna Die Young’ (Church and Jeremy Spillman) first. Then we did ‘The Outsiders.’ And I’m looking at these two very different things, thinking, ‘What is this? Where are we going?’ I hate to use the word ‘artistic,’ but it was just so damn artistic, I couldn’t wait to see where it was going from there.”
That’s the way it is with Church. His projects tend to evolve into what they’re meant to be, no matter how much planning may have gone into preparing to record.
“(The project) is a whole entity,” producer Joyce explained. “But we’ll sit back and think, ‘What is this little family (of songs) missing?’ And we’re smart enough to stand back and let the record reveal itself. Sure, you’ve got to show up and do the work. But Eric came into the studio with three new tunes this time, so you’ve got to allow for a great song at the last minute. On the last record, I think it was ‘Springsteen’ (Church, Jeff Hyde and Ryan Tyndell) that came in at the last minute. This time it was ‘Wrecking Ball.’”
Joyce knows to expect these last-minute arrivals because he understands Church’s work ethic. The man and his co-writers wrote an astonishing 121 songs in preparation for *The Outsiders*. Other than family time spent with his wife Katherine and their 2-year-old son...
Boone, or cutting and splitting wood on the 800 acres they own west of Nashville, writing and otherwise making music is Church’s life — so much so that while he’s involved in suggesting and approving marketing strategies to promote the music, he abstains from another key marketing activity: social media.
“I’ve always kept it about the music,” he said. “I’ve always kept it about ‘this is what I’m good at.’ But it’s allowed our fans to empower themselves. Instead of me tweeting or me getting on Facebook, they do it. Then the next person does it and it spiderwebs. Some people have dogged me for not being on Twitter or Facebook, but we have the same impact. The people are doing that for us. They have a sense of ownership.”
Church’s manager, John Peets, couldn’t agree more. “We have always come from the perspective that music is for people,” he said. “Eric has always written and played for the people in the room. Once you release a record, the music is theirs. We respect them and count on them to spread the word.”
Church even made consideration of his Church Choir fan base a factor in releasing the title cut as the album’s debut single. “Could we have come first with another song off this record that might have been a big hit? Sure. But we didn’t, because I wanted to make a statement that that’s not what this is about. It’s about making sure that we’re pushing boundaries and honoring where we come from. I wanted to make sure that the people who built this foundation hear this record and go, ‘This is the one we’ve been waiting on. This is when they were fully in the screws,’” Church noted, using the golf term that means hitting in the sweet spot of the club.
“I believe with any artist, there’s that moment when you’re writing your best, singing your best and playing your best,” he continued. “The producer’s producing his best and playing his best. There’s that ‘in the screws’ moment. I think we started to hit it with Chief. And I think we hit it on this one.”
That’s really all that matters to Church in his career.
“When I make albums, I want to lay my head on the pillow 20 years from now and not regret one thing,” he noted. “I want to have stayed true to my musical and moral compass, because that’s what I trust, regardless of what’s popular or whether you get rich or famous. It’s about looking back and being proud of the work you’ve left behind.
“I may be the most rock’n’roll-influenced artist in the format,” Church concluded. “I’ll admit I love to listen to Pantera. But I revere Country Music. I don’t just do it. I revere it. And I want to make albums to put up on the Country Music shelf with all the Country records I revere and go, ‘This is what we did.’”
EricChurch.com; @EricChurch
ERIC CHURCH
DISHES ON PICKING
FINAL CUTS AT
CMACLOSEUP.COM
Every CMA Award represents a significant accomplishment by its recipient in a given year. But the Pinnacle Award celebrates achievements over the course of years, whose impact will elevate worldwide appreciation for Country Music for generations to come.
Up until 2013, only one artist, Garth Brooks, has been deemed worthy of this recognition, in 2005. But in November, that number doubled as Taylor Swift received the Pinnacle Award during the live broadcast of “The 47th Annual CMA Awards.”
The presentation began simply, as sisters Lennon and Maisy Stella from the ABC Television Network series “Nashville” serenaded her with their version of “You Belong With Me.” Then the curtains opened on the Bridgestone Arena stage to reveal a constellation of Country Music headliners: Faith Hill, Tim McGraw, Brad Paisley, Rascal Flatts, George Strait and Keith Urban.
“It seems like only yesterday that Faith and I asked a very talented 17-year-old young lady with a hit called ‘Tim McGraw’ to be our opening act,” McGraw told the audience. “In fact, back when she was a teenager, Taylor Swift opened for each and every one of us on this stage. We’ve all seen her grow up into a beautiful woman and a truly global superstar. That’s why tonight CMA has decided the time has come to present Taylor with the CMA Pinnacle Award, recognizing her groundbreaking place in music history and her positive impact in the appreciation of Country Music worldwide.”
A video then rolled, and a jaw-dropping sequence of celebrities expressed their congratulations. These included not only Country giants Vince Gill and Urban, but also actors Julia Roberts and Reese Witherspoon, pop sensation Justin Timberlake, rock legend Mick Jagger, Ethel Kennedy and Ellen DeGeneres, who kept her expression deadpan as she intoned, “Congratulations on this wonderful Pineapple Award. What? Oh, Pinnacle Award! Well, that makes so much more sense now.”
Swift’s emotions welled as she accepted the Award. “You’re not only awarding my hard work and exhaustion,” she said. “You’re also awarding the hard work and exhaustion of my family, my label, anyone who works with me — and most of all, the fans who fill stadiums. I love you! Thank you! I love you!”
Welcome to the Cash Cabin Studio, nestled among tall, strong trees on a 40-acre property in Hendersonville, Tenn. Up three steps, across a wooden porch and inside the nondescript door is where John Carter Cash does his work while also maintaining the legacy of his parents, Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash.
Johnny and June recorded prolifically inside these walls, particularly in their later years. As head of the House of Cash, John Carter Cash weaves the business of his father’s music publishing and recording catalog with recording, producing, songwriting and occasional book-writing via another company he leads, Cash Productions.
“I have to have a balance,” he explained. “The House of Cash is about furthering the legacy. I’m vibrantly excited about the legacy — my parents’ and the Carter Family’s. I embrace it, but I have aspects of my life that are outside of that.”
Within the House of Cash, John Carter Cash has the final word on administering and licensing his father’s deep catalog. While much is handled by BMG Publishing, Cash generally tackles the harder issues, along with his father’s longtime manager, Lou Robin. “I handle the things that are gray,” Cash noted. “We try to make decisions the same way as if my dad were in the room.”
The list of Cash Productions projects is long and varied. In June, for example, Cash released his first novel, *Lupus Rex*, a fable involving quail, deer, mice, crows and rabbits, all struggling with the timeless themes of life, death, power, war and peace. As a companion to the novel, he released a CD of the same name.
Cash began writing seven years ago, when he authored his
mother’s biography, *Anchored in Love: An Intimate Portrait of June Carter Cash*. (The book inspired the 2013 Lifetime original movie, “Ring of Fire,” starring Jewel as June Carter Cash.) The idea for the project came as Cash was sorting through his late parents’ estate.
“My mom saved everything,” he said. “There was a camel saddle given to them by a king. We found hundreds of recordings. There were handwritten letters from my dad to my mom and to me. As we catalogued these things, it became clear to do the book.”
Three children’s books followed: *Momma Loves Her Little Son* (2009) and *Daddy Loves His Little Girl* (2010, both illustrated by Marc Burckhardt), plus *The Cat in the Rhinestone Suit* (illustrated by Scott Nash, 2012). Additionally, Cash wrote and published *House of Cash: The Legacies of My Father, Johnny Cash* (2012).
The Johnny Cash estate also yielded an abundance of unreleased music. Much of it was provided to Sony Legacy, which transferred the content to digital and released it as *Bootleg Volumes* in four volumes (2011 and 2012).
John Carter Cash also found recordings that his father cut with legendary producer Billy Sherrill in 1983. These tracks, with Marty Stuart on guitar, included duets with June Carter Cash and Waylon Jennings. Cash invited Stuart back to recut his guitar parts. The result, *Out Among the Stars*, will be issued in March.
Other projects on the Cash Productions calendar include recording a brand new Roy Orbison song, titled “The Way Is Love.” The demo, recorded in 1985 or ‘86, survives only as a single cassette tape, which the late singer’s sons Alex, R.K. and Wesley found in their father’s archives. Plans were made to record more vocals to the track laid down by their father, but when Cash listened to the rough, he realized it wouldn’t be easy to bring the audio up to digital standards.
His solution was to bring in a team of German technicians who specialized in such salvage efforts. After several attempts, they completed the operation. A release date will soon be determined for the historic single. “It’s stuff like this that inspires me with life,” Cash insisted.
Another major artist, CMA’s Country Music Hall of Fame member Loretta Lynn, has recorded a large amount of music at Cash Cabin Studio. Cash has produced these sessions since 2007, but they have yet to be heard. “We have 97 songs,” he said. “Gospel, Christmas, Appalachian: She did all of the music with such strength.”
These endeavors, as well as the productions he’s undertaken recently for Angel Mary & The Tennessee Werewolves (who covered “Folsom Prison Blues” with John Carter Cash and Rob Caggiano of the Danish metal band Volbeat) and other sessions he has executive produced, add up to a full schedule. Yet Cash still finds time to write and record his own music. With his friend Bill Miller and Wesley Orbison, he has recorded and mastered 40 to 50 songs. They also perform together, recently headlining the Harvest Moon American Indian Festival in Kansas City, Mo.
“I love it all,” Cash said. “It’s about the heart. I work hard, but it’s about passion and spirit. And that helps me feel really peaceful.”
*JohnCarterCash.com*
The tradition of sibling singers is embedded within the body of Country Music. Maybe it has something to do with its Appalachian roots, in families that weathered hard times and found escape through singing songs and hymns whose authorship was even then lost to history. Whatever the reason, its hallmark was uncanny synchronicity, as if two or more voices rose from a single source.
The Everly Brothers exemplified this tradition, in the purity and perfect fusion of their singing. But they also went beyond the great duos that had preceded them by reaching out to the broader pop audience. In so doing, they exerted a definitive influence on American music and also set the stage for Country Music’s transition from serving a single demographic to becoming a dominant genre.
There were long periods of time when the brothers feuded, sometimes bitterly. In July 1973, Phil interrupted their show at Knott’s Berry Farm in Buena Park, Calif., by smashing his guitar and stalking off the stage. They wouldn’t play together again until 10 years later, when they reunited at London’s Royal Albert Hall. But even after that relations between them were difficult.
Yet, shortly after Phil’s death in Burbank, Calif., on Jan. 3 from complications attributed to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, his brother issued a statement to AP that said much about their bond. “I was listening to one of my favorite songs that Phil wrote and had an extreme emotional moment just before I got the news of his passing,” said Don. “I took that as a special spiritual message from Phil saying goodbye. Our love was and will always be deeper than any earthly differences we might have had.”
Phil and his older brother Don were on the road with their parents, Ike and Margaret Everly, as very young children. In 1955, Chet Atkins, a good friend of Ike’s, introduced them to Wesley Rose, who became their manager. Signed initially to Cadence Records in 1957, they rose quickly to stardom. They wrote some of their biggest hits, including the Phil Everly solo composition “When Will I Be Loved”; many others were written by Felice and/or Boudleaux Bryant, including “Bird Dog,” “Bye Bye Love,” “Devoted to You” and “Wake Up Little Susie.” While at Cadence, before signing in 1960 with Warner Bros., they averaged one Top 10 hit every four months. No other duo has matched their record of 35 career Top 100 singles.
When their popularity in the United States diminished as the British Invasion stormed the mid-’60s charts, the Everly Brothers continued to draw huge crowds in England. The music there had already absorbed and incorporated the Everly influence; as far back as 1958, “All I Have to Do Is Dream” inspired John Lennon and Paul McCartney as they took their first steps in writing and performing together. McCartney later returned the favor by writing “On the Wings of a Nightingale” for the duo and name-checking them in Wings’ “Let ‘Em In.”
Their many honors include induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. In 2001, they were welcomed into CMA’s Country Music Hall of Fame.
“The Everlys have had such a far-reaching influence on music,” said Sarah Trahern, CEO, CMA. “Their hits, the songs they wrote together and most of all their harmonies have inspired generations of artists. Their impact on Nashville and the Country community in particular is immense. I worked with Phil and Don on a TV show in the late ‘90s. I remember sitting in the house at the Ryman Auditorium during rehearsals and being mesmerized by their distinctive harmonies even then, after 40 years onstage. Phil’s voice being forever silenced is a tragic loss.”
One night back in 2007, as gossip about the paternity of Anna Nicole Smith’s newborn daughter buzzed throughout the media, listeners filled the Grand Ole Opry House, hoping to escape for a few hours of great Country Music from three musical giants: Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson and Ray Price, on their epic “Last of the Breed Tour.”
One by one, each introduced himself. Then the last of the three stepped forward and spoke in that graceful timbre that had been his hallmark for more than half a century. “My name is Ray Price,” he intoned, triggering warm applause. A pause … and then, “I’m 81 years old.” The audience responded even more enthusiastically. And finally, after another short silence, he confessed, to tumultuous laughter, “And I am not the father of Anna Nicole’s baby.”
Dignity tempered by humor: That was one attribute of Price’s demeanor onstage. But what earned him admission to CMA’s Country Music Hall of Fame in 1996 was even more important: a voice and a willingness to take chances that inspired and elevated everyone in Country Music.
Raised in Dallas, Price served as a United States Marine in the Pacific theater during World War II. He began gigging locally after his discharge in 1946, eventually leaving North Texas Agricultural College in Abilene to perform full-time. He cut his first tracks in 1951, signed with Columbia Records and lofted a single, “Talk to Your Heart,” to No. 3 in 1952.
Relocated to Nashville, Price befriended Hank Williams, who arranged the young Texan’s Opry debut, wrote him a hit song titled “Weary Blues” and took him in as a housemate. He also strongly influenced Price’s formative style, so much so that when Williams died in 1953, Price took his place as front man for the Drifting Cowboys.
Soon, Price began sculpting his own sound, and not just vocally. He added a drum kit to his band, the Cherokee Cowboys, which helped create the rhythm pattern now known as the Ray Price Beat. The world heard it on “Crazy Arms” in 1956, which topped the Country charts for 20 weeks and implanted the four-beat shuffle throughout Country Music.
In the 1960s, he passed another milestone by adding lush string arrangements to his performances. From “Make the World Go Away” and “Burning Memories” to “Danny Boy,” released in 1967 and buffeted by 47-piece orchestra, Price became the exemplar of orchestral Country. Only he could have maintained this polished approach while also championing Nashville’s brilliant new writing talent, Kris Kristofferson, on another No. 1 single, “For the Good Times.”
Until recently, Price was still doing about 100 shows each year on the road, in addition to dates at his own theater in Branson, Mo. In fragile health, he succumbed to pancreatic cancer in Mount Pleasant, Texas, on Dec. 16. He was 87 years old.
“We have lost one of the best vocalists in the business and a class act as well,” said Sarah Trahern, CEO, CMA. “He will be missed not only by generations of fans, but also by the many Country artists he has inspired and influenced.”
“More than one of the greatest singers in the history of our format, Ray Price spearheaded the evolution of Country Music through several eras,” said Ed Hardy, President of the CMA Board of Directors. “I spent many enjoyable hours listening to Ray Price’s music in my early days as a Country fan. In recent years, I felt honored and privileged to have spent time with him backstage at the Grand Ole Opry and will treasure those moments. Country Music will never forget our beloved Cherokee Cowboy, and our prayers extend to his wife Janie, his family, and his numerous fans around the world.”
The Well is a semi-bohemian hangout in Nashville’s Green Hills neighborhood. The parking lot is a grid of potholes and chipped concrete. There’s rust on the metal panels on the ceiling. The wooden tables are notable for their fading varnish and the gaps between their slats that allow all kinds of stuff — crumbs, coffee, jewelry — to fall through to the floor.
It’s comfortably unkempt but friendly. And it’s just a couple of blocks down the road from the Bluebird Cafe, the renowned symbol of Nashville’s preeminence as a songwriting capital.
Which makes it a perfect place for a sit-down with Kacey Musgraves, whose debut album, *Same Trailer Different Park*, mines the contradictions of modern America and the ever-more-confusing jumble of emotions in her evolving, introspective heart.
It’s a very different album by contemporary Country standards — no dramatic vocal peaks, no rapping, no truck and/or beer anthems — and those differences work in her favor. Her first single, “Merry Go ‘Round” (written by Musgraves, Josh Osborne and Shane McAnally), became a Top 10 single at radio — an improbable development given its dreary portrait of suburban life as a likely dead end.
That was just the beginning. In 2013, Musgraves opened for Little Big Town, toured with Kenny Chesney and appeared at Bonnaroo, in addition to headlining her own shows — the last one of which featured some unexpected drama when she began crying in the middle of “Merry Go ‘Round.” Her grandmother had died of smoke inhalation the night before, and with the fatalistic opening line — “If you ain’t got two kids by 21, you’re probably gonna die alone” — all the improbabilities of 2013 opened a wellspring of feeling.
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KACEY MUSGRAVES
CMA NEW ARTIST OF THE YEAR
“It’s been a crazy, improbable year, packed with so many things,” she reflected. “That song is kind of what started it. It’s also about my hometown and is inspired by where I grew up, so it was just screaming words to me. They were partly good tears, though, just a release of emotion.”
On a far more positive note, Musgraves walked off with CMA’s New Artist of the Year trophy in November. Weeks later, Musgraves was still trying to wrap her mind around that victory.
“I’m a huge fan of Country Music, so it means a lot that I would be thought of as representing it,” she said. “I really didn’t expect to win. I thought Florida Georgia Line really had it in the bag. But overall saying, ‘Hey, you’re somebody that deserves to be in this world,’ that means a lot.”
Though a fan of multiple genres — she’s written and will shortly tour with Katy Perry — Musgraves grounds her sound in classic Country. “Follow Your Arrow” (Musgraves, Brandy Clark and Shane McAnally) exemplifies her contradictory approach. Its acceptance of weed and same-sex relationships is decidedly 2014, while the folk guitar riffs and lighthearted whistling evoke the sound of Marty Robbins’s 1965 hit “Ribbon of Darkness.”
“You’ve gotta have that push and pull,” she said. “That’s my favorite thing, when there’s juxtaposition between something that sounds really sad but has uplifting lyrics, or vice versa. Or something that has a really modern lyric but sounds really traditional. I feel like if anything is too one-sided, then it’s either predictable or boring.”
Neither of which remotely describes her artistry or, for that matter, her career trajectory. “If you have one chance to say something to the music world, then it better be what you are ready to say,” Musgraves said. “A lot of people probably would have jumped at getting signed or whatever, but I guess that’s because they’re more driven by wanting to be famous or something. I just wanted to make great music that really mattered to me. I knew that whenever it was right, it was gonna feel right, and the right people would hopefully be onboard.”
She had that opportunity when UMG Nashville Chairman and CEO Mike Dungan welcomed her to the Mercury roster. She enlisted Luke Laird and Shane McAnally, neither of whom had produced a previous hit single, as her co-producers. They had essentially finished *Same Trailer* for months when she wrote “Arrow” and “Silver Lining” (with Osborne and McAnally). Instead of holding them for the next album, she insisted on a last-minute session. Both songs helped shape the end product, with “Arrow” attracting attention for its controversial subject matter and “Lining” kicking off the album with a sense of hopeful melancholy.
“She knows what she wants, but she acts like she doesn’t know at all,” Laird said. “There’s no sign of ego, but you can tell she has that instinct. It’s something you can’t just teach artists.”
Her performances are built similarly from contrasting elements. Where
many of her contemporaries fold arena-rock guitars and pop phrasing into the genre, Musgraves incorporates heavy doses of steel guitar. And her visual imagery cheekily features Western cacti and cowboy hats.
“I grew up singing Western swing and really traditional Country Music — Ernest Tubb songs, Jimmie Rodgers songs, Patsy Montana, Patsy Cline,” she noted. “At the time, I liked the performance aspect. But I was like, ‘Mom! Nobody my age likes these songs!’ I was feeling kind of nerdy. Now, looking back, that gave me a huge, huge schooling in eras that came way before me, so now I can take bits of pieces that stand out to me and make them fresh.”
Musgraves hasn’t yet mapped out her plans for 2014. Sessions are yet to begin on her sophomore album, and she doesn’t seem in much of a hurry to get to it. “There’s something just really special about a first record,” she explained. “I just want to hold onto that as long as I can.”
KaceyMusgraves.com; @KaceyMusgraves
CMA WELCOMES NEW BOARD PRESIDENT
FRANK BUMSTEAD
An eclectic musical background plus more than 20 years of working with Country Music headliners on their financial plans equips Frank Bumstead as he assumes the office of CMA Board President.
Raised in a Texas household whose tastes embraced classical, Country and all points between, Bumstead graduated from Southern Methodist University with a bachelor’s degree in business administration, served with the United States Navy in Vietnam and came to Nashville in 1970 to study at The Vanderbilt Owen Graduate School of Management. After earning his master’s degree in business management in 1972, he launched his career as an advisor in financial planning, investment, valuations, merger sales and acquisitions.
In 1985, he founded Bumstead Co. Four years later, he helped launch Flood, Bumstead, McCready & McCarthy, Inc., serving initially as CEO. His accomplishments there have included negotiating and arranging Opryland’s purchase of the CMT network and the merger of MusicRow Magazine with SouthComm.
A Lifetime CMA member, Bumstead identifies his four top priorities as CMA Board President.
Priority No. 1
“First is to get to know well and become as supportive as possible of our new CEO, Sarah Trahern. I could not be more excited about her.”
“BIGGER AND BETTER NUMBERS FOR THE AWARDS WOULD BE A GOAL FOR 2014.”
– Frank Bumstead, CMA Board President
Priority No. 2
“Job two is to do whatever I can do to continue to make the CMA Awards broadcast, ‘CMA Country Christmas’ and the Music Fest the incredible ventures they have become. Bigger and better numbers for the Awards would be a goal for 2014. This past show did very well, so that’s a difficult hurdle. But I think we can get over it.
“Because of CMA Music Festival’s importance to the City of Nashville, to the Country Music industry, to our fans and to the charitable efforts of CMA and the CMA Foundation — the Keep the Music Playing program, which I hope we can take nationwide in some way — we need to help the Board and management make it the best we’ve ever had in 2014.”
Priority No. 3
“(CMA Board Chairman) Ed Hardy and I have agreed to a strategic planning process. Sarah will participate in every step. So will I. So will the Board leadership. So will, ultimately, the Executive Committee and the full Board. We’ve had strategic plans in the past, but it’s time for a new one. It’s time for direction on where our genre and CMA, as a major participant in that genre, are going to go over the next five years or more. That process will be ongoing throughout 2014.”
Priority No. 4
“My last priority, and the one I’m probably looking forward to the most, is to have a lot of fun. I go back to ‘Cowboy’ Jack Clement, who said, when he was introduced as a 2014 inductee into our Country Music Hall of Fame, ‘Fellas, the whole purpose of this industry is to have fun. Are we having fun?’”
Sarah Trahern brings a diverse skill set with her as she assumes her responsibilities as CMA’s new CEO. She has devoted more than 27 years to network television, 18 of them to Country Music programming. As Senior VP and GM of GAC (Great American Country), she was responsible for the network’s strategic direction and oversaw all aspects of the network, including programming, marketing, creative and digital. In 2010, *Billboard* included her on their list of 30 Woman “Power Players” in the music business. In December 2011, she was the subject and honoree of the Louise Scruggs Memorial Forum at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum. Recently Source recognized has a top leader in the music business.
Trahern came to Nashville in 1995 to oversee specials and entertainment series for TNN. She began her cable career at C-SPAN in Washington, D.C., covering politics and public affairs and producing the popular series “Booknotes.” She joined GAC in 2005 as Scripps Networks Interactive acquired the network. There, she was promoted to SVP of Programming and, in 2010, GM. She assumed senior leadership duties in January 2013 with the retirement of GAC President Ed Hardy.
Just two weeks into her work at CMA, Trahern noted some of her goals for the upcoming year.
**Strategic Planning**
“We’re going to be working in the next few months with Board leadership on a five-year strategic plan. One of the questions we will be asking ourselves is how do we best serve the various constituency groups within our membership base and make sure we have platforms and programs that are responsive to all of their interests and challenges.”
**International**
“As part of this strategic planning process, the CMA Board will also consider international expansion opportunities. There’s a big world out there where we can push Country Music, but what role can and should CMA play in that? We’ll continue to look at how we can expand our television properties into those markets and in the global digital space.”
**TV Properties**
“Our television properties deliver strong ratings and reflect the high caliber of talent in our industry with consistent production values and a creative vision from our Executive Producer, Robert Deaton. We have a long-term agreement with our network partner ABC, which provides a terrific base from which to grow and maximize the potential of our TV outreach for the industry.”
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“There’s a big world out there where we can push country music.”
– Sarah Trahern, CMA CEO
**Research**
“We can’t look at where we are going as an industry without examining consumer touch points with music, which are constantly changing. CMA needs to continue to look at how we can best help our members connect with consumers. One way to do this is by sharing CMA’s consumer research, which tracks where our audience is, where it’s going and what options the industry has to reach that audience.”
**Professional Staff**
“I am really looking forward to working with the CMA staff! Everybody here walks in the door thinking, ‘How can we serve our members in the industry?’ That’s exciting to me because that’s how I feel when I show up for work every morning. I bop out of the elevator, ready to see what kind of difference we can make today!”
ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS
WHY CUSTOM GUITAR STRAPS MATTER
by JEFF WALTER
A guitar strap is much more than a means to support a piece of equipment. It’s also a canvas for personal expression and for helping the audience see exactly who you are.
Take Marty Roe. When the Diamond Rio guitarist wanted a strap with a prisoner-of-war theme for the video of “In God We Still Trust,” he called on Jeri Hart, founder of the St. Louis-based Jeri designs. She fashioned a one-of-a-kind strap: thick but supple belt leather, painted blue, airbrushed with the words “You are not forgotten” and adorned on the front with a hand-cut kidskin POW logo.
Hart, whose many clients include Trace Adkins, Little Big Town, Brad Paisley and Keith Richards, noted that her challenge “is to create a gorgeous strap that’s really detailed, that will last a lifetime, that you can roll up and stick in your guitar case a million times, that has really personal meaning for the artist, that fits their style, personality and the way they feel about things. I want it to be one of their most treasured items.”
That’s a tall order, but the top custom guitar strap designers fill it routinely for many of the top pickers in Country and other formats. The specs vary from one musician to the other, but there are general rules for those who seek the perfect fit.
Leather and Beyond
Straps can be made from a variety of materials, the cheapest and most widely used being nylon. But custom designers typically start with fine leather. Among the many options are kidskin, elk skin, snakeskin and cabretta. Terry Misner of the Indianapolis-based Action
Custom Straps makes his products from soft leather, largely for reasons of comfort.
"Some of the performers who use our straps play for hours at a time," said Misner, who has outfitted Adkins, Eric Church, Miranda Lambert and Keith Urban, among others. "If the strap is comfortable and the performer doesn't even notice it, then it has done its job." (Misner and other top designers generally avoid working with suede because of its tendency to hold moisture and adhere to the performer's shirt.)
There are numerous options for decorating leather, including embroidery, metal hardware such as conchos or spikes, gemstones, hand-sewn beads, crystals – even snake heads, a specialty of the Jodi Head Design Studio in New York City.
**Functionality Meets Art**
Issues in designing a custom strap address both the functionality and artistry. What kind of guitar will the strap be used for? How does it need to fit? The more information, the better for the designer.
One priority is to protect the guitar itself. Hart positions whatever buckles and other hardware she uses so that they never touch the instrument. And Misner wants no embroidery backing or metal showing on the underside of his straps.
But unexpected concerns can arise, as Misner discovered when Rickey Medlocke asked him to replicate his tattoo on a guitar strap. Medlocke, who has played guitar with Blackfoot and drums with Lynyrd Skynyrd, has a tattoo across his shoulders that spells DARKHORSE in ornate letters.
"I took a picture of the letters and then the fun began," Misner recalled. "Since a person's back is not totally flat and straight like a canvas, I had to transform the letters into art where all the letters were equal, so that they could be digitized. It came out pretty good. You see him wearing his DARKHORSE straps a lot."
**First Things First**
Customer input can vary a lot, Misner continued. "There might be a clear design that is presented to us. More often, there is an idea that needs to be developed. Rarely is there no idea. Whatever the situation, we work with the performer, or more often the guitar tech, in coming up with a final product."
Hart asks questions and does a lot of research on her customers, about their hobbies and passions and what's important to them. She'll use the information she gathers to incorporate birthstones, meaningful symbols, favorite colors and other expressions.
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Jodi Head loves to meet personally with her clients to get their input. However, because she can’t depend on high-end bead work to sustain her business, she has gradually moved from what she calls “custom/custom” work to manufacturing for lower-end consumers. Her 100-hour work weeks leave little time for “beautiful and magical” bead work.
But she does still personalize straps to order, using her existing designs as pieces that fit together in different ways. If someone wants more intricate work done, such as a logo, she’ll recommend another company to them.
Misner also wrestles with “the time factor” at his shop. “We wear all the hats,” he said, which include record-keeping, email, social media, design and keeping fine leathers in stock. “It’s a lot to try and be good at. Our first priority, however, is the building of the straps.”
**Passion, Pride and Profit**
While Hart, Head and Misner aren’t musicians, all three have spent considerable time around musicians and count themselves as fans. That passion enhances their work and drives their ambitions to get their straps onto the backs of popular performers. That’s where “artist relation skills,” as Head puts it, come in.
Starting out, Head often gave straps to her favorite artists, including Emmylou Harris and Lucinda Williams, to get her name out there. She also exercised her persuasive powers when she felt a strap she had created was right for a particular player. Warren Haynes of the Allman Brothers Band and Gov’t Mule had misgivings about one of Head’s straps with a rose emblem – but once she talked him into trying it, he was sold. She takes particular pride when she sees Williams wearing her skulls strap. “It’s beautiful, and every time I see it, I think, ‘I can’t believe I made that!’” the designer said.
Misner still gets a sense of fulfillment from the hula-girl strap he created in 2002 for Jimmy Buffett. Wife Dena hand-embroidered the girl and added beads to form her lei and grass skirt. “It’s nice to see it still at work each time Jimmy comes to town,” he said, with a smile.
ActionCustomStraps.com; Jeridesigns.com; JodiHead.com
The interview began with a statement that got Country legend Ronnie Milsap’s attention right away.
Ronnie, many of the classic elements of your sound are apparent in your new single, ‘Summer Number Seventeen.’ It’s got the string section, it’s got your unmistakable voice … but it also has something that’s rarely heard in today’s Country Music.”
Leaning forward in his seat, he asked, “What’s that?”
“A diminished chord!”
Milsap tossed his head back and laughed uproariously. We were off to a good start.
The fact is, Milsap has no fear of mining the genre’s past and building his sound on what he retrieves. All the elements of that single and title track, written by Joe Hunter and Sam Hunter, harks back musically to much of his catalog. His longtime, loyal fans will ease into it like weary listeners into a warm bath of reverie.
What’s not so apparent to newer listeners is that what sounds so welcoming now was at one time considered a little risky. When he made his initial impact in the early 1970s, he straddled the line between Country and R&B, with a little jazz thrown in too. His fans loved it, but radio and recording executives needed a little more time to accept his obliviousness to genre. Thus the famous story of
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how Jerry Bradley reacted when presented with a Milsap three-song demo. Then the head of RCA Records Nashville, he at first declined to listen because he knew that the young pianist/singer was an R&B artist. But as the demo played, Bradley’s eyes opened wide and he shouted, “That son of a bitch can sing Country!”
“I’ve always thought those R&B songs and Country songs were very similar, in that they’re both people music,” Milsap mused. “They tell stories that are usually pretty common to everybody. But I used to think I had to yell a lot when I when I was singing the blues — scream and make my voice do crazy things in order to accomplish that song. So when I first came to town and I knew I was going to get a deal on RCA, I said, ‘You know, if I sing Country, I won’t have to do any of that. If I want to sing quietly, I can.’”
Inspired as much by Jim Reeves as by soul giant Jackie Wilson, Milsap embraces multiple influences. That’s why his new album can’t be pigeonholed any more than his earlier releases. *Summer Number Seventeen* is a concept project, specifically a tribute to some of the artists and songs that affected him in his formative years. This being Milsap, that means the selections are remarkably diverse, including his versions of Lloyd Price’s “Personality,” Jimmy Ruffin’s “What Becomes of the Broken Hearted” and “Tears On My Pillow” by Little Anthony and the Imperials.
“We were talking with Ronnie’s manager, Burt Stein, about Ronnie doing a new record and putting it out through Sony and Legacy to follow up on the great career he had at RCA,” said John Jackson, VP, A&R and Content Development, Legacy Recordings. “We’ve had some success here with new records from Willie Nelson, Earth, Wind & Fire and other artists who have had a great history with the company but are still making great music. It makes sense to tie those two things together where possible.
“We started hearing some of the songs that Ronnie and Richard Landis and Rob Galbraith, his producers, were working on,” Jackson continued. “At first it seemed like, ‘Oh, here’s a bunch of songs that Ronnie likes.’ And there was nothing wrong with that. But when we heard the new song, ‘Summer Number Seventeen,’ I wrapped my head around what that means for him and for everybody, which is to remember back to the summer when maybe you graduated from high school or got your first car or
went to the beach with your friends. That’s what he was thinking about. These are songs that he was covering when he was 17 and just starting out. Once that gave the album shape, it made total sense.”
Some of Milsap’s covers stick closely to the arrangement and feel of the original versions, down to the sitar sweetening on the Stylistics’ “You Make Me Feel Brand New,” one of two duets with Mandy Barnett on the album. On others, though, he stretches out and takes the song to a different place. The most notable example is “Georgia On My Mind.” With his personal and professional veneration of the late Ray Charles, Milsap realized that the worst way to approach the song would be to emulate his late friend’s immortal rendition.
“I was going to be inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 1990,” he remembered. “They said, ‘Would you perform “Georgia On My Mind”?’ I said, ‘No, I can’t do that! Ray Charles recorded the definitive version.’ They said, ‘Well, just see what you bring to it.’ When we started work on *Summer Number Seventeen* we couldn’t find the original master, but we had the performance on a DAT that Rob had kept. It’s different than the Ray Charles version, but we really do like what we did.”
Sweetened by a remake of a Milsap classic, “Lost In The Fifties Tonight” (Fred Parris, Troy Seals and Mike Reid), *Summer Number Seventeen* is essential listening for all who have long loved his music. But there’s plenty for younger fans as well, if not in the elegant orchestrations and resonant vocals, then in the artist’s epic history.
“There’s a backstory of discrimination and misunderstanding of his talent and where he comes from,” Jackson said. “He didn’t understand racism, for instance, so he didn’t differentiate between genres or styles or performers. It was weird to hear Country Music with a piano back then, when everybody was playing guitars. But he had 40 No. 1 hits despite being a little left of center. It’s amazing. And it’s a story that needs to be told to a new generation.”
RonnieMilsap.com; @RonnieMilsap
It’s official: Rap has crossed over to Country. What was a novelty just a few years ago has now become a subgenre, whose ties to hip-hop are as fascinating as they are controversial.
Charlie Farley gets both forms of music. Stylistically, this native of De Queen, Ark., vocalizes with complete authenticity, from the rhythm of his rhymes to the hints of melody that emphasize key words and cadences. Influenced as much by Tupac as Hank Williams, he began writing poetry at 12. In May 2012, Farley cut his debut album in Atlanta, helmed by Phivestarr Productions. It took him all of two days to finish 13 tracks, which were released in January by Average Joes Entertainment/BackRoad Records as *Hog Heaven*.
Though his delivery doesn’t reference Country tradition, the feel isn’t that different. Check out the first single, “Backwoods Boys” (written by Farley, Daniel Lee, Jared Sciuollo and Justin Spillner): A lazy fiddle underscores its celebration of Southern idylls. This focus predominates throughout *Hog Heaven*. In place of gangsta references, Farley pays homage to bedrock virtues, from skinny-dipping (“Average Joes,” by Farley, Noah Gordon, Sciuollo and Spillner) to rugged individualism: His people “still believe in America,” he insists on the title cut (Farley, Sciuullo and Spillner). “Hard times will never break us.”
You might be on the fence about whether this hybrid sound will endure. But there’s no doubt that Farley’s commitment to Country values will.
**CharlieFarleyMusic.com;**
**@CFarleyMusic**
---
It’s been a while since Paige Logan and Heather Looney chased their dreams to Nashville. Logan came from Safford, Ariz., where she studied piano, taught herself guitar and mandolin and soaked up the sounds of her dad’s LP and 8-track collection. In 1993, she and her sister hit the road for Music City; a year later, Paige was there alone, beginning a long stretch of day jobs and determination.
Meanwhile, Looney and her dad had been performing around Shreveport, La. Going solo, she relocated frequently before settling in Nashville with her husband a year after Logan’s arrival. Eventually the two crossed paths, and their 20-year friendship culminated in their debut album, *Whole Lot Of Livin’*, produced by Paige’s husband Mills Logan and Leigh Reynolds. Rhymetown Entertainment released the debut album in January.
Vocal blends distinguish this duo. They embrace vibrato as an expressive device. When they drop it for a few beats, as in the higher passages of “Far Too Long” (written by Logan and Looney), the impact is dramatic. They also avoid the upper register, concentrating on the contralto range; the result is a honeyed, rich quality that draws listeners in as if to a whisper. And they sing almost exclusively in harmony; when one breaks into a solo line and the other improvises some churchy backup on “Don’t Make Me The Reason” (Logan and Looney), the moment seems to spark from the speakers.
Is there life over 40 in Country Music? You betcha.
**North40Country.com;**
**@North40Country**
---
**Who is your musical hero?**
**LOGAN:** “Chopin.”
**LOONEY:** “Rodgers and Hammerstein.”
**What is your favorite food on the road?**
**BOTH:** “We both love fresh veggies and fruits — but everything tastes better with hot sauce on it!”
PARMALEE
Southern rock patrimony, dues paid in church gigs, a player too drunk to pick, and a late-night gunfight: Parmalee’s Country pedigree is as real as it gets.
Brothers Matt and Scott Thomas tagged along on their father’s blues/rock band gigs around Greenville, N.C. Soon they started playing on their own, joined by their cousin Barry Knox, a church choir drummer. After their dad’s inebriated guitar player failed to appear for a show, Matt took his place, with Scott assuming the drum chair and Barry switching to bass. When guitarist and keyboard player Josh McSwain came onboard, Parmalee was born.
Their road led eventually to Nashville — specifically, to a parking lot on Demonbreun Street, where they lived in their RV for a month of intensive writing and demo recording. Even the 2010 flood didn’t stop them, but a bullet almost did: After a North Carolina show in September 2010, Scott suffered a near-fatal wound during a robbery attempt. (He did, however, kill one of his assailants with his own legal weapon.) Ten days in a coma and 35 days of hospitalization were his first steps toward recovery, which culminated in his rejoining the band to audition successfully for Stoney Creek Records.
Produced by the New Voice team, released in December, *Feels Like Carolina* loosely tells the band’s story through rock-solid vocals, tightly crafted tunes and a few discreet synthesizer effects — just enough to add a distinctive edge while keeping it Country.
Parmalee.com; @Parmalee
ERIC PASLAY
Eric Paslay’s story is familiar, from his upbringing in Waco and Temple through his gigs on the Lone Star circuit and inevitable move to Nashville.
Eventually hired by Cal IV Publishing, the tall Texas redhead penned several hits. He won CMA’s coveted Triple Play Award for writing or co-writing three songs that hit No. 1 in 2012: “Angel Eyes,” “Even If It Breaks Your Heart” and “Barefoot Blue Jean Night,” which also was honored as ASCAP’s Country Song of the Year. Impressive, but not unique … yet.
The epiphany comes with his self-titled inaugural album, released Feb. 4 on EMI Records Nashville. Produced by Marshall Altman and Daniel Hill/Billy Lynn, its 11 tracks reflect the strength of this young artist’s work. Compositionally, he cultivates simplicity. Many of his verses cycle just three or even two chords. “Country Side of Heaven” (Paslay, Dylan Altman and Shane McNally) hangs entirely on the I and V. But on that track, Paslay’s organic dynamics, his inspiring vocals and especially his ability to conjure compelling images enrich both his sound and his story.
Though all his songs are beautifully crafted, one may qualify as a masterpiece. Caressed by a sensitive arrangement, Paslay’s aching vocal and evocative lyrics on “She Don’t Love You” (Paslay and Jennifer Wayne) build on the title (“… she’s just lonely”) to cast a spell that doesn’t resolve until literally the last word. This is supreme writing and execution, by any measure.
EricPaslay.com; @EricPaslay.com
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CONTRIBUTORS
CRYSTAL CAVINESS
(John Carter Cash, page 12)
wrote a weekly Country Music column for UPI for 11 years. Her work has been published in *The Hollywood Reporter*, *The Washington Times* and *Grammy Magazine*.
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(Kacey Musgraves, page 16)
writes and edits the *Billboard Country Update*. He also authored *The Billboard Book of #1 Country Hits*.
DAVID SCARLETT
(Eric Church, page 8)
is a former managing editor for *Country Weekly* magazine and serves currently as Music News Editor for *Nashville.com*.
JEFF WALTER
(Custom Guitar Straps, page 22)
is a Nashville-based journalist, songwriter and music publisher. His books include *The Insiders’ Guide to Nashville*.
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Shortly before the Everly Brothers were announced as 2003 inductees into CMA’s Country Music Hall of Fame, Phil Everly shares a special moment in the Hall of Fame rotunda with sons Chris (l) and Jason.
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Efficient Steady-State Analysis based on Matrix-Free Krylov-Subspace Methods
Ricardo Telichevesky Kenneth S. Kundert Jacob K. White
Cadence Design Systems Cadence Design Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology
San Jose, California San Jose, California Cambridge, Massachusetts
Presented at DAC, June 1995
Abstract
Gaussian-elimination based shooting-Newton methods, a commonly used approach for computing steady-state solutions, grow in computational complexity like $N^3$, where $N$ is the number of circuit equations. Just using iterative methods to solve the shooting-Newton equations results in an algorithm which is still order $N^2$ because of the cost of calculating the dense sensitivity matrix. Below, a matrix-free Krylov-subspace approach is presented, and the method is shown to reduce shooting-Newton computational complexity to that of ordinary transient analysis. Results from several examples are given to demonstrate that the matrix-free approach is more than ten times faster than using iterative methods alone for circuits with as few as 400 equations.
1 Introduction
The growing importance of integrated circuits for communication systems has renewed interest in steady-state methods for distortion analysis of large analog circuits. Finding fast algorithms for accurately computing steady-state solutions is particularly important because many steady-state solutions are needed to determine a single circuit’s behavior. For example, to fully characterize a given analog circuit’s distortion, it is necessary to sweep both the frequency and amplitude of the applied signal. This implies that an accurate steady-state solution must be computed at each of at least several hundred points in the two sweeps.
Since analog circuits are relatively stable problems, finite-difference methods are not commonly used to compute steady-state solutions. Instead, the two most popular approaches are the harmonic balance algorithm for mildly nonlinear circuits, and the shooting-Newton methods for more drastically nonlinear circuits [Kundert90]. It is also possible to simulate the circuit for a time interval long enough to insure steady-state has been achieved, but for many circuits this time interval may be prohibitively long.
In this paper we focus on shooting-Newton methods. For such methods, if Gaussian-elimination is used to solve the dense shooting-Newton update equations, the method grows in computational complexity like $N^3$, where $N$ is the number of circuit equations. It is possible to use iterative methods to solve the shooting-Newton update equations, but this results in an algorithm which is still order $N^2$. In this paper, a matrix-free Krylov-subspace approach is presented, and is shown to reduce shooting-Newton computational complexity to that of ordinary transient analysis. In the following background section, we describe the shooting-Newton method, and then describe the matrix-free Krylov-subspace approach in section 3. In section 4, computational results on a several examples are examined, and the results used to show that the matrix-free approach substantially reduces simulation time, particularly for larger circuits. For example, the matrix-free method is more than ten times faster than using iterative methods alone for circuits with as few as 400 equations.
2 Shooting Methods
Finding the periodic steady-state solution of a circuit involves finding the initial condition for the circuit’s associated system of differential equations such that the solution at the end of the period matches the initial condition.
More precisely, finding the steady-state solution means finding a particular solution to the circuit equations, as in
\[ f(v(t), t) = i(v(t)) + q(v(t)) + u(t) = 0, \]
(1)
where \( u(t) \in \mathbb{R}^N \) is the vector of input sources, \( v(t) \in \mathbb{R}^N \) is the vector of node voltages, and \( i(v(t)), q(v(t)) \in \mathbb{R}^N \) are the vectors of resistive node currents and node charges or fluxes. The periodic steady-state solution is the solution of (1) that also satisfies the two-point constraint
\[ v(T) - v(0) = 0. \]
(2)
Generally, shooting methods reformulate (1) and (2) as
\[ \phi(v(0), 0, T) - v(0) = 0, \]
(3)
where \( \phi \) is the state-transition function for (1). As (3) is a nonlinear algebraic problem, standard Newton methods can be used to solve for \( v(0) \). We refer to the combination of the Newton and shooting methods as the shooting-Newton algorithm.
When applying Newton’s method directly to (3), it is necessary to compute both the response of the circuit over one period and the sensitivity of the final state with respect to changes in the initial state \( v(0) \). The sensitivity is used to determine how to correct the initial state to reduce the difference between the initial and final state [Aprille72].
Applying Newton’s method to (3) results in the iteration
\[ v_0^\ell = v_0^{\ell-1} - \left[ J_\phi(v_0^{\ell-1}, 0, T) - I \right]^{-1} \left[ \phi(v_0^{\ell-1}, 0, T) - v_0^{\ell-1} \right] \]
(4)
where \( j \) is the iteration number, \( v_0 = v(0) \), \( I \) is the identity matrix, and
\[ J_\phi(v(0), 0, T) = \frac{d}{dv(0)} (\phi(v(0), 0, T)) = \frac{dv(T)}{dv(0)}. \]
(5)
There are two important pieces to the computation of the Newton iteration given in (4): factoring the matrix \( J_\phi(v(0), 0, T) - I \), which is a dense matrix in general, and evaluating the state-transition function \( \phi(v(0), 0, T) \) and its derivative \( J_\phi(v(0), 0, T) \).
The state-transition function is computed by integrating (1) numerically over the shooting interval. The derivative of the state-transition function, referred to as the sensitivity matrix, is computed simultaneously because there are several quantities that are common to both computations. To see this, consider solving (1) using the backward-Euler integration method. The resulting discretized equation for \( v \) at the \( m^{th} \) time-step is then
\[ f(v_m) = \frac{1}{h_m} [q(v_m) - q(v_{m-1})] + i(v_m) + u_m = 0 \]
(6)
where \( v_m \) is an approximation to \( v(t_m) \), \( u_m = u(t_m) \), \( m = 1, 2, \ldots, M \), \( h_m = t_m - t_{m-1} \) is the time-step, \( t_0 = 0 \), and \( t_M = T \).
Using Newton’s method to solve the implicit relation in (6) leads to the iteration
\[ \left[ \frac{1}{h_m} \frac{dq(v_m^{\ell-1})}{dv_m} + \frac{di(v_m^{\ell-1})}{dv_m} \right] (v_m^\ell - v_m^{\ell-1}) = -\frac{1}{h_m} (q(v_m^{\ell-1}) - q(v_{m-1})) - i(v_m^{\ell-1}) - u_m, \]
(7)
where \( \ell \) is the Newton iteration index.
Using the notation \( di(v)/dv = G(v) \) and \( dq(v)/dv = C(v) \) results in
\[ \left[ \frac{C(v_m^{\ell-1})}{h_m} + G(v_m^{\ell-1}) \right] (v_m^\ell - v_m^{\ell-1}) = -\frac{1}{h_m} (q(v_m^{\ell-1}) - q(v_{m-1})) - i(v_m^{\ell-1}) - u_m \]
(8)
The sensitivity matrix, \( J_\phi = dv_M/dv_0 \), can be computed by differentiating both sides of (6) with respect to \( v_0 \),
\[ \frac{1}{h_m} \frac{d}{dv_0} (q(v_m) - q(v_{m-1})) + \frac{d}{dv_0} i(v_m) = 0, \]
(9)
which, after applying the chain rule, can be written as
\[ \left[ \frac{C(v_m)}{h_m} + G(v_m) \right] \frac{dv_m}{dv_0} = \frac{C(v_{m-1})}{h_m} \frac{dv_{m-1}}{dv_0} \]
(10)
or
\[ J_f(v_m) \frac{dv_m}{dv_0} = \frac{C(v_{m-1})}{h_m} \frac{dv_{m-1}}{dv_0} \]
(11)
where \( J_f(v_m) = C(v_m)/h_m + G(v_m) \).
The Jacobian \( J_\phi(v_0, 0, T) = dv_M/dv_0 \) is computed by repeated application of (11) starting from the initial condition \( dv_0/dv_0 = I \). Note that for each time-step the derivatives \( J_f(v_m) \) and \( C(v_{m-1}) \) in (11) are already available, as they are required in (8), and \( J_f(v_m) \) will already be factored. Then to compute the \( dv_m/dv_0 \) matrix from the \( dv_{m-1}/dv_0 \) matrix requires that each column of the \( dv_{m-1}/dv_0 \) matrix be multiplied by \( C(v_{m-1})/h_m \) and then solved using the sparse LU factored \( J_f(v_m) \). Since \( dv_{m-1}/dv_0 \) is dense, the computational work per time-step for computing the sensitivity matrix is at least order \( N^2 \); there are at least order \( N \) computations for each of the \( N \) solves. The size of \( J_\phi(v_0, 0, T) \) can be reduced somewhat by eliminating columns associated with rapidly decaying states [Kazikaki85].
Algorithm I
(GMRES algorithm for solving $Ax = b$)
Guess at a solution, $x^0$.
Initialize the search direction $p^0 = b - Ax^0$.
Set $k = 1$.
do {
Compute the new search direction, $p^k = Ap^{k-1}$.
Orthogonalize, $p^k = p^k - \sum_{j=0}^{k-1} \beta_{k,j} p^j$.
Choose $\alpha_k$ in
$$x^k = x^{k-1} + \alpha_k p^k$$
to minimize $\|p^k\| = \|b - Ax^k\|$.
If $\|p^k\| < tolerance_{gmres}$, return $v^k$ as the solution.
else Set $k = k + 1$.
}
Algorithm II
(Backward-Euler Matrix-Free Shooting-Newton)
Guess a solution, $v_0^0$.
For $j = 1$ to Newton Limit {
Integrate (1) from 0 to $T$ with $v_0 = v_0^{j-1}$:
For $m = 1$ to $M$ {
Solve (6) for $v_m$.
Store the factored $J_f(v_m)$ and $C(v_m))$.
}
Solve $(J_\phi(v^{j-1}) - I)\delta v^j = v^{j-1} - \phi(v^{j-1})$;
(with GMRES)
In GMRES Compute $p^{k+1} = J_\phi(v^{j-1})p^k$ using:
$p^{k+1} = p^k$.
For $m = 1$ to $M$ solve $J_f(v_m)p^{k+1} = C(v_{m-1})p^{k+1}$.
Update $\omega = v^{j-1} + \delta v^j$.
If $\|\delta v^j\| < tolerance_{newton}$, return.
}
3 The Matrix-Free Krylov-Subspace Approach
Each iteration of the shooting-Newton method requires solving the dense linear system given in (4). If Gaussian elimination is used to solve (4), the number of floating point operations required will grow proportionally with the cube of the number of unknowns. Clearly, the Gaussian elimination approach will become computationally intractable if the number of circuit equations exceeds several hundred. Instead, consider solving the linear system (4) using an iterative method like the Krylov-subspace based GMRES algorithm [Saad86]. A simplified version of GMRES is given in Algorithm I.
The dominant costs of Algorithm I are in calculating the $N^2$ entries of $A = J_\phi - I$ using (11) before the iterations begin, and performing $N^2$ operations to compute $Ap^{k-1}$ on each GMRES iteration. Below, we describe a matrix-free approach which represents $J_\phi - I$ in a sparse form. The approach avoids forming most of $A$ and, for typical circuit problems, reduces the cost of computing $J_\phi p^{k-1}$ to nearly order $N$ operations.
3.1 The Matrix Free Approach
To derive an approach which avoids forming $A = J_\phi - I$, recall that GMRES does not require an explicit representation of $A$, only the ability to compute $Ap^{k-1}$ is necessary. Note that
$$Ap^{k-1} = (J_\phi - I)p^{k-1}$$
$$\approx \frac{\phi(v_0 + \epsilon p^{k-1}, 0, T) - \phi(v(0))}{\epsilon} - p^{k-1}. \quad (12)$$
Therefore, $Ap^{k-1}$ can be computed just by perturbing $v(0)$ in the direction of $p^k$, then integrating for one period to evaluate $\phi(v_0 + \epsilon p^{k-1}, 0, T)$, and finally applying the relation in (12) [Skelboe80].
Even though (12) can be used directly as a matrix-free approach to forming the matrix-vector products required when GMRES is applied to solving (4), a computationally more efficient and numerically more robust approach is to save $C(v_m)$ and the $LU$ factorization of $J_f(v_m)$ at each time-step, and use (11) to compute $J_\phi p^{k-1}$. This leads to the Algorithm II for computing the steady-state.
Note that computing the GMRES matrix-vector product in Algorithm II requires nearly the same work as computing one column of $J_\phi$ using (11). Therefore, if the GMRES algorithm converges in many fewer than $N$ iterations, the net computational saving over computing all $N$ columns of $J_\phi$ needed in a standard shooting-Newton method will be considerable. In the results section below, we will demonstrate by example that on practical circuits the GMRES algorithm converges very rapidly.
It may seem to be a misnomer to refer to Algorithm II as a matrix-free shooting-Newton method, given that so many $J_f(v_m)$ and $C(v_m)$ matrices are being computed and stored. However, $A = J_\phi - I$ is not being computed
explicitly, and therefore the method is formally referred to as being matrix-free.
### 3.2 Saving $J_f(v_m)$ and $C(v_m)$ at Each Time-Step
As mentioned above, (12) can be used directly to approximately compute matrix-vector products, but such an approach would be somewhat inefficient. Each matrix-vector product would require an entire single-period time integration. Instead, substantial additional storage can be allocated so that $C(v_m)$ and the factored version of $J_f(v_m)$ can be stored at each time-step. Although this matrix storage can be significant, for very large circuits the required storage is less than the $N^2$ storage which would be needed for the dense representation of the sensitivity matrix. In addition, since the nonzero pattern of $C(v_m)$ and the factored version of $J_f(v_m)$ does not change with $m$, matrix structure information can be stored just once.
### 3.3 Higher Order Integration Methods
Certainly, to achieve efficiently the high accuracy needed in distortion computation, it is necessary to use a higher order integration method in the transient simulation than backward-Euler. If any of the backward-difference formulas are used, which have the general form
$$i(v_m) + u_m + \sum_{p=0}^{p=P} \alpha_p q(v_{m-p}) = 0,$$
where $P$ is the integration method order, they can be adapted for use in matrix-free steady-state method without further increasing the storage over what is required for backward-Euler. As is clear from the derivation in Section 2, the equation for $dv_m/dv_0$ is
$$G(v_m) \frac{dv_m}{dv_0} + \sum_{p=0}^{p=P} \alpha_p C(v_{m-p}) \frac{dv_{m-p}}{dv_0} = 0,$$
and therefore no new capacitance matrices must be stored when changing from backward-Euler to higher order methods, it is only necessary to access the already stored $C$ matrices from previous time-steps.
### 4 Results
In this section we experimentally examine the performance of three shooting-Newton schemes: Gaussian elimination, explicit GMRES, and matrix-free GMRES.
| circuit | eqns | it | GE | GMRES | MF | GE/MF |
|---------|------|-----|------|-------|-------|-------|
| xtal | 29 | 3 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.39 | 1.28 |
| mixer | 24 | 4 | 1.85 | 1.74 | 1.20 | 1.54 |
| dbmixer | 100 | 4 | 4.15 | 4.07 | 1.34 | 3.09 |
| lmixer | 126 | 3 | 3.72 | 3.63 | 1.03 | 3.61 |
| cheby | 237 | 4 | 23.39| 21.97 | 3.01 | 7.96 |
| scf | 377 | 6 | 2962 | 2954 | 281.4 | 10.52 |
Table 1: Comparison of different shooting method schemes
Figure 1: Cost ratio of shooting method overhead to transient analysis
Table 1 compares the performance of the various shooting-Newton methods as implemented in the Spectre™ circuit simulator available from Cadence Design Systems. The test suite includes *xtal*, a crystal filter; *mixer* is a small GaAs mixer; *dbmixer* is a double balanced mixer; *lmixer* is a large bipolar mixer; *cheby* is an active filter; and *scf* is a relatively large switched capacitor filter. The second column in Table 1 lists the number of equations in each circuit. The third column represents the number of one-period transient analyses that were necessary to achieve steady-state using the shooting-Newton method. The fourth, fifth, and sixth columns represent, respectively, the time in seconds to achieve steady-state using Gaussian elimination (GE), explicit GMRES, and the matrix-free (MF) algorithm. All the results were obtained on a HP712/80 workstation. The seventh column demonstrates the effectiveness of the matrix-free approach, listing the speedup obtained with respect to the Gaussian-elimination method. Note that the speed-up
Figure 2: Convergence rate behavior for scf.
over the explicit GMRES algorithm would be similar for the examples examined.
Figure 1 compares the shooting update time relative to the costs of performing a one-period transient analysis for the different methods. The matrix-free method exhibits a relatively constant ratio, i.e. the time for computing the update remains comparable to the transient analysis time regardless of the number of equations, while the other methods exhibit nearly a linear growth in this ratio. In circuits with as few as 100 nodes, the costs of computing the shooting update are an order of magnitude larger than the transient simulation costs.
Figure 2 shows the convergence rate of the shooting-Newton method for the relatively large switched-capacitor filter example. The figure clearly indicates that using matrix-free GMRES to compute the shooting-Newton update instead of using conventional Gaussian elimination has little effect on the Newton method’s convergence.
5 Conclusions
In this paper we described how to use a matrix-free Krylov-subspace based matrix solution method to reduce the shooting method computational complexity to nearly order $N$ in practice, and gave computational results on a variety of examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. In particular, we demonstrated the method reduces simulation time by more than a factor of ten for circuits with as few as four hundred equations.
Algorithms based on matrix-free Krylov-subspace methods are likely to have impact on other matrix solution problems in circuit simulation, such as harmonic balance and mixed frequency-time methods [Kundert90, Heikkila92].
References
[Aprille72] Thomas J. Aprille and Timothy N. Trick. “Steady-state analysis of nonlinear circuits with periodic inputs.” *Proceedings of the IEEE*, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 108–114, January 1972.
[Heikkila92] Pauli Heikkilä. *Object-Oriented Approach to Numerical Circuit Analysis*. Ph. D. dissertation, Helsinki University of Technology, January 1992.
[Kakizaki85] Makiko Kakizaki and Tsutomu Sugawara. “A modified Newton method for the steady-state analysis.” *IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems*, vol. CAD-4, no. 4, pp. 662–667, October 1985.
[Kundert90] Kenneth S. Kundert, Jacob K. White, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli. *Steady-State Methods for Simulating Analog And Microwave Circuits*. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 1990.
[Nagel75] L. W. Nagel. *SPICE2: A Computer Program to Simulate Semiconductor Circuits*. Electronics Research Lab Report, ERL M520, University of California, Berkeley, May 1975.
[Saad86] Y. Saad and M. H. Schultz. “GMRES: A generalized minimal residual algorithm for solving nonsymmetric linear systems.” *SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing*, vol. 7, pp. 856–869, July 1986.
[Skelboe80] Stig Skelboe. “Computation of the periodic steady-state response of nonlinear networks by extrapolation methods.” *IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems*, vol. CAS-27, no. 3, pp. 161–175, March 1980.
|
EDITOR: AL KATZ, K2UYH; ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, THE COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, PO BOX 7718 EWING, NJ 08628
TEL (W 609-584-8242) OR (H 609-443-3184), FAX (609-631-0177), E-MAIL firstname.lastname@example.org
PROD/MAIL: BRIAN MULANEY, KB2TIS (609-883-6390), E-MAIL email@example.com
NETNEWS EDITOR: G4RGK, DAVID DIBLEY, E-MAIL firstname.lastname@example.org
REFLECTOR/MOONNET EDITOR NUTZ, RICK BEATTY, E-MAIL email@example.com
EME NETS: 14.345, 10 AM ET SATURDAY AND SUNDAY (AFTER VARO NET ENDS ON SUNDAY)
NET CONTROL AND SKEDS CORDINATOR: JOE, K1RQG, TEL (207-469-3492), E-MAIL firstname.lastname@example.org
EME DIRECTORY: http://www.dl4ebv.de/, DL4EBY/DK0TU, KLAUS TIEMEDANN, TEL (49-30-7955467), E-MAIL: <email@example.com>
E-MAIL LIST CORD: WARREN, 2W2DB firstname.lastname@example.org /N1 DISTRIBUTION: SCOTT, KD4LT <email@example.com> [TXT OR PDF]
EME STANDINGS: DAN GAUTSCHE, HB9CR/HB9Q E-MAIL firstname.lastname@example.org OR SEE HIS WEBSITE AT www.hb9q.ch.
THE NL WEB VERSION IS PRODUCED BY W6/PA1QV AND AVAILABLE AT http://www.nitehawk.com/rasmitt/em70cm.html
CONDITIONS: 70 cm provided mixed results for the DUBUS/SREF EME Contest. Signal quality was generally good, but Faraday required a near 90 deg rotation between RX and TX to be heard much of the time. The turnout on 432 seemed good, although WX was a problem in some parts of Eur. There was also a reasonable showing on 13 cm, but more stations would have been nice. No 13 cm activity from NA was reported. Despite the contest, there was still plenty of activity on 1296. In April the focus moves to 1296 and 10 GHz. Based on the comments in this month’s reports, there should be plenty of contest activity on both these bands.
WSJT/TJ44: This past month the 1st reports of successful EME QSOs using WSJT on 144 MHz were received. WSJT is digital transmission mode developed for high-speed CW (HSCW) (Mc communication). It is based on multiple frequency (MF) FSK. At first thought such a scheme might not seem appropriate for EME. MS is normally a high signal strength transmission mode. MS’s principal challenge is not signal level, but that signals exist for only very short, intermittent periods of time. However, there are a number of WSJT modes, one of which (JT44) is designed for weak signal conditions. It operates at a relatively slow transmissions rate, and yield readable copy by synchronously comparing many transmissions of the same information. This method seems more appropriate for EME on 432 and above than MS. On 144 higher power signals are actually stronger, but more difficult to copy. (When I operate 144 EME, I am amazed how weak the signals are in comparison to 432 or 1296.) On 432 and even more so on 1296, it is not uncommon to know a very week signal is present, but not be able to copy it. JT44 may offer a solution to obtaining better copy of these marginal signals.
DK3WG: Jurgen was only active in the contest on 432 on 24 March. He made 20 QSOs and added one initial with DL4KG (new QTH) to bring him to #386.
DL0EFE: Manfred, PA3GLF/DL5FAB email@example.com reports his club will be QRV on 10 GHz EME for the April contest weekend and is Looking for friends. Due to logistical reasons, we will be able to accommodate skeds only around 1100 on 20 April to around 1400 on 21 April. For more info please look at http://www.astropeller2.de/as/index.html
DL1YMK: Michael firstname.lastname@example.org. Writes -- I participated in the contest for quite some time on 70 cm on Saturday and Sunday. I am now using an array of 6 x 8.5 dBi Yagis. They are mounted on a heavy impregnated tower the old way. I also brought the preamp closer to the power splitter, and replaced the TX feed coax with Cellflex. I now have 150 W at the antenna. I still have the option to extend to 6 x 11.5 wL which I may try when weather is better. On 24 March, I closed down before the NA window, ending up with 30 contacts. UA3PTW, VK3UM and OX0WD were nationals. I managed to QRP and JT110, but could not the call sign of the station at the other end! Conditions were not too good. I worked KL6M with a lovely signal on both days in the JA-window, and never heard VK4AFL so load before. I now am looking forward to the 23 cm kg. I still have some problems with the cathode bias supply of my YD1336 PA. I don’t think it will be running smoothly for the contest, but I’m trying another option - Ian’s TL-431-controlled cathode supply. It seems, as if it shunts the bias voltage to ground potential, when the PTT is operated, resulting in an anode current safety shut-out. Maybe someone has had experience with a similar problem? The TA-431 possibly is oscillating, when operated at a voltage of 35 volts? Any hints will be appreciated.
DL4KG: Gerald email@example.com had a great time during the DUBUS Contest – 1 week QRV every day to time. I was very successfully used. I worked on random VK3UM, HB9Q, DL0EFE, DL9KR, K1FO, OX0YM, UA3PTW, F2ZTU for initial #71. DL1YMK, KL6M, DK3WG and K0RZ for a total of 10,800 points. I heard and CWN VK4AFL, G3LTF, JA6AHB, PA0AVS, K4QJ, F6KHM and EA3DXU. These would have given another 5 initials if worked – hi hi! Especially F6KHM was called several times, but without success. Sometimes I thought there were only one-way conditions. A sked with K9SLQ was nil. He was on, but there was absolutely nothing. Equipment is now a Kenwood TS-2000, preamp ATP 36077 (NF = 0.4 dB), GS-23B PA (640 W at feed) and 4 x 8.5 WL DJ9BV yagis. Skeds are welcome, please mail to <firstname.lastname@example.org>. My ham radio web page can be found at www.qsl.net/dl4kg.
DL7APV: Bernd email@example.com wrote – I didn’t work on the 432 antennas this weekend. Last night the 6th storm of the year with speed >100km/h hit us. I do not remember this happening during the last 30 years.
F6KHM 34' DISH
F6KHM: Xavier (F5TTU) firstname.lastname@example.org sends the following info for the F6KHM group -- After 18 months of work, we (F6KHM club station) are now QRV with our new 10.3 m dish (34'). All the system are working fine, mechanical (elevation is hydraulic) and auto tracking with VE1ALQ interfaces and FIEHU software. A web site is available at http://www.f6khm.com. Construction to show what we did it. The dish includes a dual-dipole with 50% of the feed from a TF-F6007 coaxial cavity PA with DX1503 LNA in DPBV design. We measure 4.5 dB CS/G noise. During the 1st part of the Eur contest we worked VK3UM (559/559), JA6AHB (569/569), SM2CEW (549/549), DJ5N (559/559), UA3PTW (OO), G3LTF (OO), DL1YMK (539/O), F2ZTU (449/539), OX0YM (449/449), K1FO (469/469), OX0YM (449/539), OJ5EM (559/559), OJ5LQ (449/449), EA3DXU (OO), OJ5DG (549/549), PA0AVS (449/539), HB9Q (569/549), K5WXN (449/549), K3UYH (449/569), GdYTL (449/549), UA6LGH (449/559), VE6TA (449/559), WA6PY (OO), KL6M (549/549), WB0GGM (OO), S52CW (549/559), SM3AKW (559/559), KU4F (569/569), DJ3FI (449/549), K4QJ (559/559), EA8FF (559/559), VK4AFL (449/539), JH4JLV (OO), RA3LE (OO), DF3RU (559/569), OE3JPC (OO),
(O/O), 1339 VK4AFL (539/539), 1405 HB9Q (569/559), 1610 F2TU (559/559), 1722 F6KHM (439/449) and initial 8354, 1733 DL1YMK (439/459), 8100 ??GC? QRZ, 2247 OK2BRA (439/420), #3534 2324 KI9Y (559/559), 2326 DJFJ (484/494), #3531 DJFJ (484/494), 2303 March at 0022 KU4JE (569/569) #358 (from ED9), 0033 K0LSO (439/439), 0040 initial K5XWN (439/not) and 0102 OE0EYM (559/559). We heard JA6AIB, K4QL OH2DG and RA3LE. On 2304 MHz we worked on 23 March at 1500 LX1DB (559/449), 1511 OZ4MM (449/449), 1520 OE9XKJ (569/559), 1535 OE9ERC (569/559) and 1934 F2TU (449/449), and on 24 March at 1640 G3LTF (0/449) and 1906 G3LQR (O/M). We heard on 13 cm SM3AKW and Moon noise of 0.6 dB. The signal poor conditions were not active on 23 cm. In April we will be QRV on 23 and 3 cm. We have prepared a new 4.5 m microwave dish with 0.42 of meteorological radar for use on 10 GHz. We plan to enlarge this dish to 6.4 m with an I/D 0.3. To reduce tree problems it will be centered 10 m above the ground on a steel tower.
**ON5VR:** Marc, email@example.com, contributes the following -- On Saturday 23 March Michel and I were active on 13 cm for some hours in the contest. We worked F2TU, OE9XKJ, OE9ERC and OZ42AH for an in trial. We also CWNR ORICA, F1ANH, SM3AKW and OK1UWA. We were only running 70 W in the shack and a 3.7 m dish. By 1800 most stations had shutdown, otherwise we were sure that we could have had added some more stations during the evening. Due to a lack of power in the feed line, I could not finish of a bigger PA. It should be used for next time. We will be active in the 23 cm part of the contest, but still running the small dish and OZ9CR amp.
**OZ6OL:** Hans, firstname.lastname@example.org, sends his contest reports for Feb and March - In the SSB Contest on 23 cm, I QSO'd at 1407 HB9Q (54/49), JN47, 1420 F2TU (42/54) JN, 1739 DJBQ (54/44) JN, 1848 IC2MBM (54/54) JN, 2043 OH2DG (54/53), KP, 2124 K5LI (56/55) EM15, 2206 KU1YJ (56/55) EN20, 2210 OE9XKI (58/54) JN47, 2215 OZ4MM (54/54) JO5T, 2354 LX1DB (57/56) JN39, 2338 KW1Y (56/55) DM67, 0004 OE9ERC (55/54) JN47 and 0015 K4QL (5/53) FM0E. We had bad WX during the contest. Four hours into the contest, the dishes elevation control was broken by high wind. In March on 432.1 I contacted 1407 HB9Q (54/49), 1420 F2TU (42/54), 1739 DJBQ (54/44) above the horizon, on the 17th F4ETI (O/O), on the 21st G3LTF (56/59) - very strong signal, on the 23rd (during the Eur EME contest) W7BM (559/559), W4OP (559/449) and W7SZ (549/549), on the 26th HD0DVO (56/56) - visitor at HB9BBD on SSB, and the 29th W4OP (559/559) and N2IQ (569/559).
**OZ4MM:** Sig wrote – During the 1st part of the DUBUS contest I had very limited time. So I spent the available time 13 cm and worked 10 stations as follows: OZ42AH (559/449), G3LTF (O/O), SM3AKW (549/549), OE9ERC (569/559), F2TU (559/559), OE9XKI (579/559), OK1UWA (O/O), JA4BLC (529/549), LX1DB (579/559) and OK1RZ (449/449). Several of the regular 13 cm stations were not found and no 13 cm stations was heard here! On Saturday signals was weaker than normal as I didn't have to remove the 144 dipole feed, and the antenna blockage of the 13 cm feed. On Sunday after my 144 feed was put in the rest positions, signals was much better, and in addition I got the amplifier working more stable than on Saturday. I hope to put in some time on 1296 in the last leg of the contest.
**RA1LE:** Valeri has finished his new Antenna. He had bad WX- snow and wind during the contest weekend, but did make initials on 432 with JJ1NN, K4EEM and PA0AVS. G3HUL was heard. Valeri ended the contest with 23 QSOs.
**SM2CEW:** Peter reports working about 30 stations on 432 in the 1st part of the DUBUS/REF Contest. Among those QSO'd was OE1SOW (2a19 el yagis and 300 W) for an initial. He also reports that FR5DN is working on 1296 EME – see the NETNOTES.
**SM3AKW:** Carl, email@example.com, reports on the 1st weekend of the Debus contest on 432 – Made on 13 cm a score of 11x7 and on 70 cm 35x26. On 70 cm most stations heard during the contest weekend came in on vertical pol. On Saturday, I spent quite some time on 13 cm. F1ANH was the only new one! Where were the US and VE contingent? None were heard.
**W1PJJ:** Will, firstname.lastname@example.org, from (DN62uu) WO reports – My antennas were destroyed in the wind last Nov. I have new ones started, and hope to be back on the moon in about a month, maybe less. I also have started to gather 1296 equipment. I have a transmitter, 2 x 23cm amps, so I hope to be QRV there by early fall. There are no 20" or better dishes available around here, so I may build one. I will advise when I am ready on 70 cm.
**W2UHI:** Frank is back in operation after his squirrel attack. All systems are go again. He replaced all the chewed through cabling and tweaked up his drive system. During the SW, Frank found 23 cm activity reasonably good for a 70 cm contest weekend. He worked G4CCH, W4OP, FQ6ETI, IK3COJ, W6HD, K5JL, OH2DG, W5LUA, W7SZ, W7BBM, KOYW and WA1JOF. Several more were heard, but no connection. Frank is looking for info on GR-1236 IF Amplifier. He needs to calibrate it. Where are the adjustment points to calibrate linearity?
**W5LUA:** Al had a FB visit in March from K5GW, K5JL and KOYW. During the SW he had windy conditions, but did get 1296 and worked W4OP, W2UHI, F6GM6I, G4CCH, K9KFR [?] and JH0YLS.
**W7SZ:** Larry was QRV on 23 cm in March and worked K9KFR [?] with a big signal. He was also on 10 GHz and worked G4NNS. G4NNS was running only 9 W!
**WA1JOE:** Don QSO'd on 1296 during Saturday of the SW K5JL, W2UHI, KOYW, OH2DG, G4CCH and W4OP. He now has GR-1236 for noise measurements.
**WB9GGM:** John worked 4 new ones during the March contest weekend. He QSO'd G4HUL, W4ZRZ, JS3 JMJ, JJ1NN, PA0AVS and F6KHM for an initial #107. Altogether 10 were worked, 23 other stations were called.
**ZS4AAI:** Ivo, email@example.com writes – I was really looking forward to the DUBUS Contest and during the prior week checked my 13 cm equipment. My Sun noise was just 12 dB, but after few operations of the TR relay, it jumped to 18 dB. There was heavy thunderstorm before the contest. The 1st station heard was OE9XXI. I called him and he came back. We made it (hope) and then my power meter went haywire. Measuring VSWR showed that there was a fault in the TX cable. Suspecting morron I opened the fault, so started to check the connections. Sun noise was now just 7 dB. Again after a few operations of the TR relay, it increased to 14 dB. This was less than before, but good enough. Output power was 20 W. The 1st station heard was F2TU, just before his sked with JA7BMB. He was good copy. In their sked, I heard both. JA7BMB was a weak birdie than F2TU. I could not find my own echoes at that time. Later I found that the EME program shows 1.2 kHz lower value of Doppler. At that time I was using the 100 Hz filter. My Morron was not the same as before. After the F2TU sked, I called him and he came back with a (449 report. He was (559). JA7BMB did not respond to my calls. No wonder, I was off frequency. Then I installed the CCTV camera and found my own echoes (up to 529). I again worked F2TU (569/559) and F1ANH (O/O). After that I called LX1DB for close to 2 hours with just QRZ in reply, while stations were heard. I spent all my time calling QSO's for a new one. So there was no QSO. On Saturday, I worked 30 QSO's, mainly with JA7BMB (O/M) on 6 cm EME. This was the 1st ever QSO on this band between Africa - Asia and JA to ZS, and my initial #12. I am quite happy about it. There was good conditions, but unfortunately no reply for skeds with LX1DB. Thus I took my CCTV camera out and will take the 6 cm feed assembly down too. BTW - the screening cover of the 6 cm horn fell off unnoticed. I was operating on 23 and 13 cm in past months, but the horn damage was not noticed. I think that with the permanent installation of the 6, 13 and 23 cm horns with 6 and 13 cm horns offset seems to be working well. I can change between bands in a few minutes.
**K3UVM:** I spent most of the weekend on 70 cm participating in the contest, although my operating time was limited on Saturday night by a family activity. QSO'd on 23 March at 0018 K4QHE (449/449), 0027 KL1HQF (449/449), 0032 OE0EYM (569/559), 0046 PA0AVS (559/559), 0051 F2TU (559/559), 0108 K0RZ (559/559), 0119 ON5FF (549/519), 0149 W7CI (559/559), 0200 AE3ADXU (550/50), 0214 K1FO (569/559), 0226 VE6TA (559/569), 0322 KS4ZAU (569/559), 0457 K5XWN (559/559), 0500 RL6X (559/559), 0518 KS6LO (559/559), 0520 K4QHE (O/O), 2031 SM3AKW (559/559), 2052 HB9Q (559/559), 2200 SM3AKW (559/559), 2145 GA1LLE (OO), 2155 F6KHM (6/54/49), 2210 552CW (559/559), 2227 G4BRK (559/559), 2237 DF3FI (559/559), 2243 DL1YMK (559/559) and 2304 G3HUL – had to leave as the XYL was waiting. The next I switched to 1296 for my GM0NON sked. I heard listening during the earlier sked and heard consistently a signal I believed was GM0NON but nil from VE1ALQ. At the start of my GM0NON sked at 2230 I felt pretty confident, but nil was heard – frustrating. At 2250 I gave up and worked OZ6OL (559/569) followed by at 2300 N2IQ (568/558) on SSB and 2310 W7BBM (55/55).
**NETINES BY G4RGC:** FRSFN is no longer active on 70 cm EME due to QRM, but he is hoping to get on 23 cm with a 1.8 m dish, and needs info on feeds etc. Please contact Phil at firstname.lastname@example.org. G4RGC has a new e-mail address, email@example.com and the new website is http://www.fhtwrc.uk.co/g4rck. W4JJBA firstname.lastname@example.org is interested in 1296 EME. DK5MV is QRT till the end of April. VE1ALQ has all iccd up during the March contest weekend and could not TX. W4OP has repaired his 23 cm SSB xtvr – the 78L09 regulators were backwards. He is now looking for info on bias
adjustment for the ON921 output device. **W7CNK** is working on mounting a new bigger dish. He has installed a 1152 PLL in a DEM module and it is working fine. **K4OY** is still off the air. **W2DRZ** is working on a W6HD control. **K5CQ** just took down his 14' dish and will be putting up a larger dish. **W7AMA** is working on a feed mount and TW2 P/S for 27GHz. **D15MN/P** was QRV from a new grid for the March contest weekend using a 2 m dish. He worked HB9Q on random and CWNR D15N/many times. **V3KUM** reports low statewide activity on 70 cm during the contest. Doug worked 43 stations. **AASC** was active to 10 GHz during the contest in April. **W0AWPJ** hopes to be QRV on 10 GHz with his 9' dish soon. **K2MB** was not successful on the RA3LE, but did work KLM6 again in March. **N2HO** has his 23 cm PA going again and is now back on. **DL7APV** was active during the Eur contest and worked PA2CHR for a new initial. **LX1JD** was active on 13 cm and 6 cm in March. **W7MEM** worked on 432 in March HB9Q and K0RZ. He is interested in skeds and would like to try W5JT/JT44. **WDSAGO** is moving to a new QTH and is QRV until he moves. Tommie will be in the same grid area and will be a new initial. **G3JL** is coming to assist in March. **K5B** does to drive system failure. **ON5QF** reported not good conditions on 70 cm. His score was 12x10 after the 1st day. **K0RZ** worked 26 during Eur FME Contest including initials with W7MEM and G4YTL. **WA9FWD** is trying to come up with a design to easily fabricate a 23 cm cavity for a GS35E. A GS-31 is a similar tube and appears easier to cool. **N2UZ** is QRT on EM until further notice. **N2UO** is rebuilding his 10' stress dish for 1296. **N2UO** is on 23 cm with K5JL but is having illumination problems and needs to readjust his feed. **K1FO** is working on a 222 PA conversion. **WA4NP** worked 13 and 3 initials on 432 in the 1st part of the Eur contest. Ray will be on 23 cm and 70 cm for the next SW. **W17BOM** is working on a 23 cm station – see email@example.com. **W8JTR** has a built 23 cm with a new PA. **WASAG** is testing on 10 GHz and will be on for the next SW. **K5JL** should be back on 432 in May. The array is now back on his tower. **W1ZX** will be on 23 cm next SW. Look for Willie at Dayton and then Rochester. **HB9BBD** is getting 0.7 dB of moon noise with his new preamp. **WA6PY** will be on 23 cm in April. **F5SDD** had problems with their 70 cm PA. He hopes to have the amp fixed and be available for skeds again for the April SW.
**FOR SALE:** **WDSAGO** has for sale a 1296 35w solid-state driver for S1US160, and a FT726R with 2 and 70 cm modules for S1US500. Contact Tommy at firstname.lastname@example.org. **W1HPL** is looking for a 20' or larger dish. Contact Wilt at email@example.com. **SV1BTR** has for sale a 70 cm Siemens 4 pole BPF centered on 432 with a 500 kHz BW and > 100 dB rejection. The return loss is 20 dB and the insertion loss is 2 dB. It is very heavy, around 10 kg. Jimmy prefers to operate within EU and uses 140 cm with supplied feedline. **W7CNK** has 16' dish that he needs to be dispose. **W5CK** is looking for repair info on the reference oscillator in HP-435. 6, 7, 8 power meters. **V6NA** is looking for 7289 tubes with screw on caps. **W2DRZ** is looking for absolute position encoders.
**TECHNICAL:** N2UO <firstname.lastname@example.org> has completed assembly of a 10' stressed dish that may give others ideas on how to fabricate lightweight and inexpensive antennas for 1296. Marc's dish is picture above – It is made of 3/4" aluminum tubing, using the same ideas K2RIW and K2UYH used in their dishes several years ago. The tubes follow the parabolic curve within ± ¼", although the surface is a little wavy than desired because the aluminum bending is hard to "peel-out" to get a parabolic shape. The surface wire was on sale and there was nothing cheaper than it. Chicken wire was not used because it was not suitable for 23 cm, and hardware cloth was too heavy and expensive. The antenna is controlled by an OE5JFL type auto tracker, and is mounted on casters, so it can be hidden between the house and the pine trees when not in use, to please the neighbors. I do not plan to be QRV soon due to time conflicts with required travel, work and graduate study.
**N2UO Finishing assembly of his 10' stress Dish for 1296**
**FINAL:** **PRAGUE2002:** Zdenek, OK1DFC reports that there are now more than 86 participants registered for the conference. The numbers break down as follows: P=12, OZ-3, OK-12, OE-3, W-9, LZ-1, UA-2, SP-2,HG-2, SV-1, LX-1, SM-5, PAO-2, F-11, HB-2, ON-1, VK-3, G-11, S-1, ZS-1, EA-2, YO-2, OH-1, JA-1, GM-1 and VE-1. The conference needs papers for presentation and the digest. For more info see http://www.emceconference2002.cz/callfor.htm.
**Warren, W2WD, is now maintaining the E-mail list of 70 cm and up EMEers formally handled by KD4LT. Scott is still sending out the NLs by email. Updates should be sent to Warren at email@example.com.**
Please keep the reports and technical info coming. I shall be looking for all of you in the DUBUS/REF Contest, 73, Al – K2UYH
| Pos. | Callsign | Equipment | Band Initials |
|------|-----------|------------|---------------|
| 1 | OE9ERC | 8 m dish | 2304 |
| 2 | Z56AXF | | 2304 |
| 3 | JN1LC | 20ft dish, 0.6dB | 2304 |
| 4 | SM3AKW | | 2304 |
| 5 | WA6PY | 2.4 m dish | 2304 |
| 6 | CN5RR | 3.7m dish, TX 70 W | 2304 |
| Pos. | Callsign | Equipment | Band Initials |
|------|-----------|------------|---------------|
| 1 | OE9ERC | 8 m dish | 1296 |
| 2 | K2UYH | 28" Dish | 1296 |
| 3 | G3JL | | 1296 |
| 4 | ZS6AXT | | 1296 |
| 5 | HB9BBD | 10m Pb | 1296 |
| 6 | WD5AGO | | 1296 |
| 7 | SM3AKW | | 1296 |
| 8 | G4CCH | 5.4m dish, 500W | 1296 |
| 9 | SM3AKW | 8m dish | 1296 |
| 10 | EA6/FDJJ | 5.5m-Dish, 900W, QRT | 1296 |
| 11 | SM2CEW | 8 m dish and 600W | 1296 |
| Pos. | Callsign | Equipment | Band Initials |
|------|-----------|------------|---------------|
| 1 | OE9ERC | 8 m dish | 1296 |
| 2 | K2UYH | 28" Dish | 1296 |
| 3 | G3JL | | 1296 |
| 4 | ZS6AXT | | 1296 |
| 5 | HB9BBD | 10m Pb | 1296 |
| 6 | WD5AGO | | 1296 |
| 7 | SM3AKW | | 1296 |
| 8 | G4CCH | 5.4m dish, 500W | 1296 |
| 9 | SM3AKW | 8m dish | 1296 |
| 10 | EA6/FDJJ | 5.5m-Dish, 900W, QRT | 1296 |
| 11 | SM2CEW | 8 m dish and 600W | 1296 |
**EME SKEDS For APRIL**
| Time | 432.040 | 432.045 | 432.070 |
|------|---------|---------|---------|
| 030z | | | JS3SIM - WB0GGM |
| 0330z| | | JR9NWC - WB0GGM |
| 0400z| | | HJ4JLV - WB0GGM |
| 1300z| | | WA4NM - DL7APV |
| 1900z| | | LUTDZ - DK3WG |
| 1930z| | | WA4NJP - DL7LJ |
| 2000z| | | WA4NJP - PM4FP |
| 2030z| | | K5KNQ - EA3DXU |
| 2100z| | | W7MEM - DL7APV |
| 2130z| | | WA6PY - DL7APV |
| 2230z| | | WB0GGM - UT3LL |
| Time | 1296.070 |
|------|----------|
| 030z | JA8IAD - WA4NJP |
| 21 APRIL | |
| Time | 1296.050 |
|------|----------|
| 2100z| WA4NJP - DC6UW |
|
Incident Report
CIRPA seminar addresses independent sector
In a bid to reach the Canadian independent market, CIRPA recently organized a panel seminar in Toronto that took place last Wednesday October 3. State Of The Independents assembled experts from the United States to address several issues of import to the independent sector and to encourage and advise the small but attentive audience of approximately one hundred. The trio of New York based panellists consisted of Barry Weiss, President of Jive/Zomba Records, Eddie O’Laughlin, President of Next Plateau Records, and Cory Robbins, President of Robbins Entertainment. Attic Records President Al Mair moderated the event.
The seminar aimed primarily to inform and encourage those present on pertinent subjects from starting and funding an independent label, the global influence of the independents and their advantages, relations with multinationals, and what does and what does not sell internationally. A cross the board background in urban, r&b and rap music kept the discussions specifically and generally to those quarters, however. Ironically, there was a general sense among panellists and some attendants that Canada offers one of the smallest established markets of urban music, independent or otherwise, in the world.
“In terms of hip hop and rap [Canada] doesn’t seem to have that radio support or major label support,” commented one audience member. “The main problem [with local hip hop] is that radio support is nil.”
Robbins commented that while there may be good records out of Canada, a dwindling interest in the format could be due to the fact that rap remained inherently an American phenomenon.
“Most rap records don’t do well anywhere but America, even the really big records in America,” he said.
He remarked that he had worked platinum rap albums in America that sold only two thousand copies in Europe. “There is no interest at all,” he said, “the slang is different, and [foreign audiences] don’t understand what the rappers are talking about; certain areas are just not known as rapper markets.”
American independents, he said, can get away with retailing incredibly high without major label distribution, simply because of a strong local community whose purchasing behaviour is severely influenced by word-of-mouth. It is, he said, a privilege that countries outside of the United States do not enjoy.
He suggested that a possible option was for independents to simply relocate, noting that the key to success at the independent level was to maintain the target market at close quarters.
“If you are in Canada and make an arrangement with some independent distributor to put out your records in America and you think all you have to do is hire some independent promoters and they’ll break your record – that might happen once every ten years but it’s really not going to happen because records don’t break that easily,” he said. “You really need an American record company there, to look after it every day and be there and react to situations that occur every day.”
Shopping for a deal with a label in a foreign market had to be governed not necessarily by having the most success in Canada, he said, but by starting a bidding war between competitors.
“If you can get two companies that want your record your leverage is tremendously increased,” Robbins explained. “It doesn’t happen every day and obviously you can’t plan on it happening but if you manage to get two companies that want your product, then it’s going to drive the price way up.”
Robbins nevertheless encouraged listeners to work from the ground up on their product, instead of looking for local support from major record labels or from radio. Weiss echoed the sentiment, saying that street credibility is the precursor to a
COVER STORY - by Walt Grealis
Farmer’s Daughter signed to MCA
MCA Music Entertainment has entered into an agreement with Farmer’s Daughter. The first release will be the trio’s new album, Makin’Hay, which will arrive in stores on Oct. 23. The album was produced by Monroe Jones, a Nashville-based producer.
The agreement also includes distribution of their debut album, Girls Will Be Girls, which is close to gold.
Regarded as one of the hardest working acts in Canada, the trio played more than 200 dates last year and have just completed final arrangements for a 38-city Canadian tour.
The trio and their manager Gerry Leiske will be in Toronto Oct. 7 for a media CD launch at Club 424.
MIDEM to extend trade fair with Latin music
MIDEM, the music industry’s international trade fair has established a new Latin American and Caribbean division with plans for a festival in Miami next year. The MIDEM Latin American and Caribbean Music Market will be held next September 8-11 and is estimated to draw some 2,500 attendants.
Xavier Roy, MIDEM’s chief executive, remarked that the Latin American music industry has been long fragmented and that format has suffered unduly as a result. There has, however, been a recent increase in popularity and demand for the music, and Roy expects this will be emphasised with MIDEM.
“Music is more than a cultural phenomenon, it’s a way of life,” he said. “This way of life is reflected by a multitude of musical styles; salsa, samba, socca, merengue, tejano, bailantes, rock en español and reggae to mention just a few and all of these styles make the whole world dance.”
The decision to situate the festival in Florida was crucial to its success stated Roy.
“Miami has become the very heart of the Latin entertainment industry,” he said.
MIDEM holds annual conferences in France and in Hong Kong, where it draws music industry executives, publishers, artists and agents involved in European and Asian music markets.
demanding market that is the necessary alternative to pushing product from the top.
"I think what most record companies operate on is the idea that if they can get a hit, they can make money. But the fact is that the hit is getting harder and harder to find. The SoundScan singles numbers, it's almost a self-fulfilling prophecy in that it loses a little bit of its effect and its impact with the stern radio stations panel members regarding urban product in Canada.
"I thought it was interesting that they would bring three urban people to talk about building a business in Canada," he said. "I think that's a good thing because it's a new market for them. I think it's a good thing that they're looking at it."
Industry experts??? It's one thing to read or hear people, outside the industry, throw out negatives about the record and radio business, but when an insider does it, the cut is pretty deep. Having a national forum on television is not the place to cut up Bryan Adams. So, his new release hasn't done as well at retail as his previous releases have. We're going through a bit of a lull, don't you know. Adams does have another hit single going for him, and this album, despite the negatives, is going to be huge. I've heard this same guy cutting up other artists and continually painting a dismal picture of the industry. There are a lot of positives in the industry right now and three of them are Canadian, Alanis Morissette's album is close to the two million mark, Celine Dion's not far behind and Shania Twain is right behind her. (EC: That says something about the women's movement, wouldn't you say, or is that being negative???)
As promo people go!!! And you have to get up pretty early to beat BMG's guy on the move, Dale Peters. Before dawn's early light, one morning last week, which was about 6 am, Mr. Chuckles was busy festooning the front of RPM's building with posters, signs, door mats, et cetera, et cetera all in the promotion aid of the new release by the Crash Test Dummies. There wasn't a space on the front of the building that he didn't cover up. The landlord wasn't too pleased, but I noticed he had a copy of the Dummies' CD in his car. Peters always adds his own personal touch to his promotions. For instance, the Dummies' CD, A Worm's Life, arrived in a Tupperware sandwich box, at the bottom of a pile of dirt (crushed chocolate chip cookies) and worms (jube jubes). He followed this up the next day by delivering a copy of Aenima, by Tool, with my own personal sodium phosphate disposable enema. (EC: Sort of like a coming and going promotion!!!)
Jane Eyre is coming! Ed and David Mirvish will hold the world premiere of Jane Eyre at Toronto's Royal Alexandra on Nov. 22. The production will run through to Feb. 1 and then go to Broadway. John Caird, who directed Les Misérables for the Mirvi, will also do the honours for this production which is an adaptation of yet another 19th century novel. Maria Schaffel, who did Les Miz on Broadway, will take the lead in this $6 million production. She will have a support cast numbering 30. (EC: Another big one for Toronto theatre!!!)
A big thanks to Alice!!! Unfortunately, I missed the Chris deBurgh concert at the Molson Amphitheatre a couple of weeks ago. But Alice Barrett, the glue who holds the PolyGram Group's corporate offices together, was there, and it turned out to be a memorable evening for her. She happens to be a big fan as well. As the audience was being seated, the Hungarian String Quartet played appropriate music, and for the first half of the show, deBurgh got close and very intimate with his audience, as he played piano and later, the guitar. An acoustic set by deBurgh reveals a different kind of talent, something you don't get on record. For the second half, he was joined by a 30-piece orchestra made up of some of the top musicians in Toronto, and the award-winning Victoria Scholars, a male chorus. So, you can imagine how Lady In Red sounded. (EC: Hum me a few bars!!!)
Rumours that fall flat!!! Before we went to press last week, I heard a dirty rumour that PB was out. So, before going off half-cocked, I made a few enquiries and actually heard from the horses mouth. In his usual good-humoured way, he told me "To borrow a quote from another famous person, rumours of my demise are greatly exaggerated." (EC: Was that Mark Twain or Tom Dewey???)
A backlash to BMG!!! Apparently, Dale Peters was busy all over town, putting up his paraphernalia on Crash Test Dummies. He even got past the security at CFRB/The MIX where he pasted up JJ and Lou's offices pretty good. They reacted accordingly, dispatching their station mascot with a double pizza pizza to BMG's offices. When the gang gathered in the boardroom to open the box, they found the pizza was sprinkled with live worms. So, what's so nasty about that? Worms, the live ones, once you get past the wiggle, are full of protein. (EC: Bon appetit!!!)
Hey! Tom Hanks!!! It wasn't too many years ago when one of the leading ladies of the Festival of Festivals told me, "It's not about music, it's about film." She put me in my place. Now, she's gone . . . but the melody lingers on (EC: Or, in this case . . . doesn't linger on!!!) So now, we hear from another leading lady that "It's not about music, it's about film." Maybe someone should tell Tom Hanks next time one of his films shows up at the TIFF. (EC: That Thing You Do was about a group! That's music!!!) It's about film . . . not music. (EC: I'll see to it that a copy of this gets to Tom.)
The heat's on!!! Things must be getting tough up at the top of town. Egos are showing, resulting in deteriorating morale. Fear of the unknown can add to stress and another planned trip south. Better to get out of the heat and into the heat, where you don't have to concern yourself with your better half's antics, if you know what I mean. (EC: Kinda, but yes, on second reading, I got it!!!)
An eating experience!!! Had the opportunity to sample Al Carbone's KitKat eatery last week, thanks to Warner's Steve Waxman who likes to experience new eateries. Not that KitKat is new, but it was my first time. We broke bread with country's newest star-on-the-way Chris Cummings and his manager Peter Leggett. It must have been an enjoyable dinner, it took four hours to savor the no-frills, good plain man-eater type of food, topped by a fine, fat Havana cigar (EC: Take note you NAFTA sniffers!!!) and a smooth port. By the way, Herb Forgie, obviously showing signs of being past his bedtime, paid the bill. (EC: More can be accomplished at dinners, late dinners!!!)
The Crout's last breakfast!!! Wally Crouter is winding down. Sadly, his last breakfast and broadcast on CFRB where he has been doing the morning show for 50 years, will take place on Nov. 1. That day will be declared Wally Crouter Day by the City of Toronto. He's also got a few thing going for him prior to that date; a Famous People Player's charity theatre event on Oct. 11; the naming of his replacement at a special media conference at CFRB's studio on Oct. 17, and the Canadian Association of Broadcasters' award luncheon on Oct. 28. After he gets all this stiff, protocol stuff out of the way, he'll relax as his favourite charity, Variety, salutes him. We've got a few initial guesses as to who will try to replace him. On second thought, let's just say, it's a sure bet that TW, whose been boning up on his golf and personality, will take over. But, for how long, is anybody's guess. For sure, not 50 years. There'll be more than a few trying to fill Crout's shoes. (EC: Maybe another 50 years!!!)
Theatre history made by Livent and BMG Music Canada
On October 1, a great moment in the history of Canadian theatre was created at the Ford Centre for the Performing Arts. Livent’s chairman and CEO Garth Drabinsky and Paul Alofs, president of BMG Music Canada, jointly unveiled the world premiere recording of *Songs From Ragtime – The Musical*.
The recording was made possible through a partnership between Livent and BMG Music Canada. The recording features the original cast of the show, including the lead actors who will be performing in the production.
Canadian quintet returns with platinum sales and a new album
Rise of a bold new Creature
By JONATHAN KELLY
The Barenaked Ladies have been around for a while now, but they're still making waves. Their latest album, "Stunt," has sold more than 100,000 copies in Canada alone, and they've just released their third studio album, "Stunt," which features the hit single "One Week."
The band's success is due in part to their unique sound, which blends pop, rock, and folk elements. They've also been praised for their songwriting skills, with many of their songs telling stories that resonate with listeners.
The Barenaked Ladies' latest album, "Stunt," was produced by Daniel Lanois, who has worked with many other successful artists, including U2 and The Rolling Stones. Lanois helped the band refine their sound and create a cohesive album that showcases their best work.
The band's success has not gone unnoticed by industry insiders. They've been nominated for several awards, including Juno Awards and Grammy Awards. Their popularity has also led to increased touring opportunities, with the band playing sold-out shows across North America.
In addition to their musical success, the Barenaked Ladies have also been recognized for their philanthropic efforts. They've donated money to various charities and have been involved in community events, helping to raise awareness about important issues.
Overall, the Barenaked Ladies have proven themselves to be a force to be reckoned with in the music industry. With their latest album, "Stunt," they continue to push boundaries and create music that resonates with fans around the world.
TOOL
Aenima
Zoo 31087-N
By now Tool have established themselves as connoisseurs of heavy rock with a sweet tooth for the bizarre, lying somewhere in the same infernal plane as White Zombie, Ministry and The Residents. Cooks. And like their siblings, record sales aren't king about the structure and form of the music to be strong and rowdy. Last year's Undertow reached gold in just six months' time. Aenima marks a much anticipated follow-up to that album and, conceptual cover art notwithstanding, have delivered on the goods. What separates Tool from the more conventional identically, they are not at a type of dark exotic beauty, the type that might explore the aesthetic behind an automobile accident or some violent action. For all of it's dark anarchy, there is a seductive quality about the songs that has worked its aphrodisiacal effect on radio programmers who are sampling the heat out of the charmingly titled Stinkfist. Bio notes and previous press have tried to make a big deal out of Tool as an aesthetic phenomenon, but the music seems to speak its own language prone to tangents which are difficult to fathom. Tool undoubtedly remain a strong draw on the concert front, but at retail, audiences will experience this new album for a long while to come. An erratic release whose run will publicize Tool's name once and for all as one of the innovators of modern 20th century rage rock.
UNIVERSAL HONEY -Pop/Alternative
Earth Moon Transit
Alert 81029
This pop rock quartet has entered the domestic alternative scene with an almost inexhaustive quantity of melodies. The remarkable thing is that rather than go the route of chewing gum with Earth Moon Transit, it retains a surprising degree of retention value. What that means is that this debut possesses the quality of never becoming boring; a not unflattering complement taking into account much of the indie material that never quite achieves memorability. The word infectious (with regard to its overuse aside) certainly comes to mind as does the extremely component nature of technical aspects of pop, which too often overwhelm first timers: things like pacing, timing and a knack for balancing new ideas just right. Any Road Back is the single currently being worked to radio, a tune with all of the quirkiness of a Devo track minus the smoothness and of a meticulous finish. Simply a sho in. The rest of the album follows in the footsteps of that track, tunes like Going Nowhere, Nightmare and Pacific Atlantic, all of which show a strong ability to go a long way on alternative radio with their simple and educated grooves. Programmers should take note.
THE SPECIALS -Reggae/Dance
Today's Specials
Kuff/Virgin 41333-F
The Specials have been around a long while now and for good reason; they are a band with means and, instead of dying for attention, time, tend to complement each other. The riffy, professionally articulated instrumental that opens their newest album is testimony to that in a way we cannot quite convey in print. Suffice to say that in terms of bands, no one quite compares to these guys once they get together to make something real. It is from the legacy of punkers with power that this compilation of covers makes its claim to modern audiences. That's right, in a release that could have been their Thank You to the musical traditions from which they have drawn heavily. The Specials have undertaken to re-record some of the best of the best. Muddy's Hymn, Arctic, Peter Tosh's Magic Dog, the Clash's Scumbag Boy, Murdered and even A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You from Neil Diamond are some of the tracks that appear on this release. Whether intentional or unintentional, there are instances where some of the traditional elements in the music are outdone by the style of modern interpretation, though that is largely unavoidable with such releases. The compilation nevertheless presents the work from a band that is obviously still in top musical form. High points include the aforementioned instrumental opener Take Five, Goodbye Girl and Pressure Drop.
E-KEY AND THE HEAD -Pop/Jazz/R&B
Seven Sisters
Keiron Lafferty/KEY 990-SOCAN
If E-Key and the head were really born out of suburban boredom, as their bio claims, then let's hear it for the restlessness of suburban Seven Sisters, the debut CD from this Toronto indie band, is one of this year's unexpected, and pleasant, surprises. Smoothly mixing jazz, pop, R&B and reggae, Seven Sisters is a collage of up-beat, danceable fun and mellow, heartfelt balladeers. Frontman Keiron Lafferty's honey and whisky vocals (and mere harmony playing) not only weave effortlessly around original lyrics, but create a warm centrepiece to a group of finely-honed musicians. Ballads like Hold Me To My Word and This Ain't No Love out of romance, even the most hardened of hearts, while Still Free and We Could Be Grooving will coax even they shiest of wallflowers to the dance floor. Produced by Arnold Lanni (Frozen Ghost, Our Lady Peace, Wild 1 and The Spirit) and featuring guest performances by Phil X and Wild T Springer, Seven Sisters is an album that stands head and shoulders above the crowd.
JEFF LANG
Native Dog Creek
True North Records TNSD 0132-J
Having spent years travelling through the famous outback of his native Australia and picking up countless stories of its countryside, Jeff Lang has travelled across the miles to bring his troubadouring music to Canada. Native Dog Creek is the name of this Auskie's debut CD. The album's atmosphere is set by its whisky-drinkin', guitar-pickin' title track. And the furious pace is kept throughout the entirety of this CD with some exceptional original songs -- In a Town Like This, Heaven in a Cup and Killer, to mention a few. In addition to implementing a few instruments not often heard by North American audiences (water gong, plastic hoses, berimbau, djembe, tablas and seed pod shakers), Lang himself plays an acoustic guitar and amplified didgeridoo. He even has the ability of a Tasmanian devil. Produced by Kerryyn Tolhurst, Native Dog Creek is 11 original tracks of fiery, guitar-laced passion.
BOOMING AIRPLANES -Pop
Yarn
Latitude Records 0250572-F
Sometimes persistence is as much a virtue as patience. And they both usually pay off in the end. Such is the case with Latitude Records/EMI's year-long pursuit of Booming Airplanes. After finally signing and recording their debut CD Yarn, this musical troupe is bound to join the ranks of Sloan and other east-coast bands who have garnered success in a nation-wide market. Although Booming Airplanes is a bit of a misnomer (their music contains none of the heavy, droning sounds one might expect with such a moniker), their style is nonetheless an intriguing mix of pop and folk that will appeal to those fans of a more eclectic sound. Yarn is Latitude's first enhanced CD -- containing information on the group, the making of the album and alternative versions of some of the songs. The first single, Silver Lining, is a jangly, up-beat pop song with an accompanying video that was directed by Stephen Galloway (Subbox, Daniel Dayle, Treble Charger). Produced by Booming Airplanes and William O'Guru, this CD nicely combines the vocal harmonies of Mark Savoury and Ruth Minnikin with a heavily acoustic collection of music.
ALBUM PICK
CRASH TEST DUMMIES -Pop Rock
A Worm's Life
Arista 39776-N
Probably one of the most comprehensive marketing strategies in domestic rock history propels this highly anticipated album from one of Canada's top pressing international acts. The experiment at BMG, which is extending itself over a massive radio, internet, television, street posterling and wall mural awareness campaign, can hardly be underestimated with worldwide sales of 5 and a half million for the Dummys' God Shuffled His Feet. That ain't a hill of beans. Having established themselves well as a permanent pop band with serious creative intuition and wisdom, the Dummys have chosen to avoid the path of least resistance on their new album and released something a little different from their new sound, which is evident from the first single He Liked To Feel It (and the accompanying gruesome video) is substantially more guitar based, though it is not maintained consistently throughout the twelve tracks that comprise the release. Like the singles Overachievers, My Enemies and All Of The Light, it is a rocker sound that tries hard for CHR but Our Driver Gestures, There Are Many Dangers and the title track progress the album into lighter, more sophisticated territories. Beyond all that, however, there are still more than a few tracks here which merit the term "classic" status. We suppose that a stylistic change from a product with major market value is always a risk, and maybe there will be a fluctuation in the numbers, but there is something to be said about a group of musicians who don't shy away from maturity, no matter what the pressures. Whether expectations will be met or no, this Dummy release is miles from crashing.
The first step in the process is to identify the problem. This can be done by conducting research and gathering data on the issue at hand. Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to develop a solution. This may involve brainstorming ideas, testing different solutions, and evaluating their effectiveness. Finally, the solution must be implemented and monitored to ensure that it is working as intended.
In conclusion, problem-solving is an essential skill that can help individuals and organizations achieve their goals. By following these steps, anyone can become a better problem-solver and make informed decisions in their personal and professional lives.
VARIOUS ARTISTS - Rock
Jeffology: A Guitar Chronicle
Tripp Records DERCD 079-DeRock
Although this CD is a tribute, of sorts, to Jeff Beck, it didn't start out that way. Originally conceived as simply a collection of guitar-oriented rock, with contributing artists covering a song of their choice, all the submissions wound up being from either a Yardbirds or Jeff Beck album -- hence: Jeffology. This collection of some of today's most prolific guitar virtuosos, contains 12 Yardbirds/Beck classics done in a fashion all their own. A heavy-sounding Shapes of Things featuring Sass Jordan on vocals, is the first release with Stevie Salas of Dokken (who delivers a scorching solo on this interpretation) on guitar. Dokken's alternate axeman George "Lynx" Andersons an electrifying version of People Get Ready, with some incredibly Rod Stewart-ish vocals by Dante Marchi. Produced by Billy Sherwood, Jeffology features Def Leppard's Phil Collen and Vivian Campbell on two separate instrumental tracks, as well as performances by Toto's Steve Lukather, Paul Gilbert of Mr. Big (who does a rough and ready Full Of Soul with a distinct '90s edge), Mick Mars and John Corabi of Motley Crue as well as Rough Cutt's Amir Derakh and Paul Shortino. - LT
CELESTIAL WINDS - Mood Music
Bliss - Featuring David Young
Universal Music-5555
This side of the grave, no one can know the sound of celestial music, but it's pleasurable to think it might be like that which one hears such popular singles. Best example is Bluebird Of Happiness by Jan Peerce. If it was to be played today on a hit radio station, would it get light air or something? We'll never know, thank you to the three tenors for bringing about the two three tenor CDs that might be heard for the first time by anyone who appreciates the history of sound recording. Mario Lanza? Well, he was a movie star, who brought a lot of attention to opera and the classics.
3 LEGENDARY TENORS - Classical
Caruso, Gigli, McCormack
BMG Classics-09026-68534-N
Recorded between 1904 and 1950, this selection of classic tracks by the original three tenors consists of some of the greatest recordings ever made at the beginning of the era of sound recording. Whoever put this package together knew exactly the right buttons to push. And all the tracks have been enhanced to make them suitable for the technology of today. What a pity that a CD like this will end up in the bins under some stranger's bed, or in some second-hand shop by few. Radio wouldn't know what an effect all this would have on live radio and sound recording. And remember, that one of these tenors had the first million seller in history -- Enrico Caruso, and it wasn't even a rock number. - SK
3 TENORS OF THE GOLDEN AGE - Classical
BMG Classics-09026-68531-N
A different set of tenors, but, again, this is hit material. Many of these tracks as singles topped the sales charts, and most that are featured here are titles that are asked for in record stores historically, because they were designed to soothe the ear. Soothing aside her interpretation of the lyrics border on the intense so the listener gets a clear-cut message, not easy to do for most artists. Even God Must Get The Blues, a clever piece of writing by John Scott Sherrill and Dene Anton, was taken as a single and is now moving up the RPM Country 100. Trina also lays on an excellent interpretation of Sheree Jeanette's rendering of A Woman's Work, which is four-parts Canon. All the other tracks are two-part (AP). Also key is Room With A View, written by Bob DiPiero, John Scott and Rhonda Gunn, and Tears Dry, which was written by Victoria Shaw and Jon Vezner. But don't overlook the Susan Duffy version of With You I'm Twice And Turn. Could be a left-fielder! Produced by Michael Francis and recorded at Toronto's Inception Sound. For copies call 902-492-8000. -WG
THE ALDEBURGH CONNECTION - Classical
The Canticles: Benjamin Britten
Marquis Classic 185 (Denon)
The "religious" compositions of Benjamin Britten are divine in concept, but devilish to deliver. His five canticles especially, test the vocal and instrumental artistry of musicians. One is happy to report that the Aldeburgh Connection meets and bests their challenge. Now it would be prudent to warn that listening to this album is a sublime experience from the opening notes, but truth to tell, one is initially overwhelmed by the superb attack. Only after repeat listenings does one capture the sublime. But, oh what a pleasant journey! In addition to the Canticles there are three divine hymns after Purcell whose influence on Britten is clearly evident. Each listener will determine a particular favourite from the album. We suspect that My Beloved Is Mine with its tasteful suggestion of homo-eroticism will be the most popular. Our personal favourite though is Abrahim and Isaac from the Cherub Michael Play. It's hauntingly compelling. The Connection comprises tenor Benjamin Butterfield, counter tenor Daniel Taylor and baritone Brett Polegato accompanied by James Somerville on horn, harpist Judy Loman and pianists Stephen Rallis and Bruce Ubukata. -BW
TRINA - Country
A Woman's Work
Carina-1003
Voted female vocalist of 1996 at the Nova Scotia Country Music Association's first awards show, Trina shows here why she captured that prize. Her vocal delivery is warm and fuzzy, with an obvious control...
REM 100 ALBUMS
(CD's & Cassettes)
Chantal Kreviazuk
The stunning debut album...
Under These Rocks and Stones
In stores October 8th
www.music.sony.com/Canada
BMG's Paul Alofs to address Strategic Leadership luncheon
It seems Primitive Radio Gods, who's Standing Outside a Broken Phone Booth With Money In My Hand held the number two spot on RPM's 100 Hit Tracks chart, aren't adverse to a little creative borrowing when it comes to song titles. Fans of Bruce Cockburn may recognize the title from one of his early, and rather obscure (Columbia never released the album in the United States) albums. Although the title in question is the same, the two songs are completely different and original compositions. In fact, PRG frontman Chris O'Connor readily admits that the title was taken directly from the Cockburn tune. He says that he had completed all the tracks for Rocket, the indie band's debut CD, but still desperately needed a title for one last tune. O'Connor says he was thumbing through his record collection, found the Cockburn tune, liked the title and copped it for his own. Apparently, when contacted on the matter, Cockburn's comment was simply "I always wondered who bought that record."
More Jaymz Bee news for all you groovy lounge fans. It seems Jaymz and BMG president Paul Alofs are bound and determined to turn the country into one big cocktail party. In addition to a number of morning-show cocktail parties being thrown at radio stations cross the country to promote the sure-to-be CD classic Cocktail Shakin' And Stirred, BMG's Dale Peters has filled us in on what could be "the" party event this October 31st. Sponsored by MIX 99.9, Jaymz and his Royal Jelly Orchestra will be providing the harmonious background ambience for a Halloween bash at the Keg Mansion. The only catch is, you have to win a ticket to attend. Peters says that 250 tickets are to be given away on MIX 99.9 starting October 6 and 50 more will be given away through a retail outlet that has yet to be decided. Apparently the idea for such an event has been tossed around for quite some time and recently got the okay from MIX 99.9 Program Director J.J. Johnson. "It's going to be an incredible time," promises Peters.
Fans of classical music can tune into CBC radio and stereo for a series of concerts to be broadcast in October. Eight of the 12 main concerts in the Made In Canada Festival of Canadian Music will air (three of the performances will be live-to-air) starting October 4. The live-to-air broadcasts will include the Saraste Chamber Players' concert in honour of CBC's 60th anniversary (heard October 8 at 8 p.m.), the Toronto Symphony Orchestra's Images from Massey Hall (heard October 10 at 8 p.m.) and the Esprit Orchestra from Glenn Gould Studio (to be heard October 6 at 10 p.m.) Other broadcasts will include: Continuum, October 5; the Hannaford Street Silver Band, October 7; the Composers' Orchestra, October 9; the New Music Concerts, October 11. Tune into Concert Music at Noon, Encore!, Radio Concert Hall, Two New Hours and Music Around Us to hear these nationally broadcast concerts.
And not to be outdone by their radio counterparts, CBC Television brings us a 13-part, weekly music series titled Hot off The Docks. Named after the historical Winnipeg shipping and railyard docks, the show is a showcase of Manitoba's best up-and-comers. Look for a diverse group of entertainers -- Wyrd Sisters, Global Village Trucking Company, Jennifer Hanson, Wild Band of Indians, Spur of the Moment, Mark Reeves, Chains on 20, Cecile Brown, Wendy Isaac, Foster Martin Band, Chantel Kreviazuk, Special Fancy and The Blue Meanies. Also new this season, Prairie Roadhouse will premiere on the CBC Television network at midnight October 8. However, CBC Saskatchewan airs the program Mondays, beginning October 7 at 7 p.m. local time. Taped in front of a studio audience, the series is unique in that it has no host or interviewer, but allows the performers to share their experiences and inspirations on writing and performing original music. A wide range of popular artists, running the full gamut of music genres, from acoustic rock to blues, country and aboriginal pop will be showcased.
Since we're on the subject of CBC...octogenarian Clyde Gilmour, host of Gilmour's Albums, is celebrating 40 years of broadcast with the CBC. Eighty-four-year-old Gilmour, who hosts the longest running one-host network show in Canadian broadcast history, will celebrate his 40th anniversary on-air October 5 on CBC Stereo at 11:08 a.m. and October 6 at 12:08 p.m. Gilmour, who was named a member of the Order of Canada in 1975, is also an inductee to the Canadian News Hall of Fame.
This year's winner...Spider Chuck Jones! Jones, a former boxer, and now a tell-it-like-it-is broadcaster with The Fan 590, has been named 1996 Commentator of the Year by Top Rank Incorporated in association with Don King Promotions. Jones was also recently inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame as a broadcaster and journalist.
And since we're on the topic...The Canadian Association of Broadcasters (CAB) has announced they will be inducting nine private broadcasters into its Hall of Fame. Posthumous kudos go to Dr. Charles Alexander Allard, founder of the Edmonton Free Press and to Patrick Burns who became a household name after making his hot line debut with CJOR in 1962. Other inductees include: William J. Brady, a past president of the Central Canada Broadcasters' Association (now the Ontario Association of Broadcasters); Wally Croutier who, during his 50-year career at CFRB Toronto, once scooped the Boyd Gang jailbreak; Harold L. Davis, who retired from WIC (Western International Communications) and continues as a part-time consultant and broadcaster at CKNY New Westminster with whom he has been affiliated for many years; Gilles Grégoire who began his 40 year career at CFCM-TV Quebec and retired in 1995 from CFAP-TV Quebec; Elmer Hildebrand, President and CEO of Golden West Broadcasting, Altona; Robert A. MacLaren who began his career as a disc jockey at CKCW Bridgewater N.S. and retired 43 years later as the station's vice-president and general manager; and Jessie McLean (nee Geldart), Director of Finance and Administration with CAB.
Never enter a contest against an opponent armed with a seeing-eye dog. It seems when FAX 1070 morning man Barry Bowman recently dared 13 listeners to challenge his Gauntlet of Doom as a Friday the 13th test of superstitions, all was going swimmingly until a sightless contestant took a crack at the challenge and her guide dog ate the prizes. Apparently Bowman had entrants breaking mirrors, walking under ladders, spilling salt etc. and then allowed them to choose their prize, written on a slip of paper inside a fortune cookie... Luckily, someone had the foresight to bring along a master list of prizes. (See photo left)
Superstitious Sandy Matthews opens an umbrella inside while Barry Bowman looks on.
Ty Herndon holds at #1 with Living In A Moment, the title track from his Epic album.
Clay Walker has the most added single with Bury My Heart.
up to Blue, her debut for Curb, which hit #1 on the RPM Country 100 on July 29/96. US country radio stations have been adding Blue's single at a rate of 3.5 per week.
COUNTRY continued from page 15
separate piece) will hit the road Oct. 9 for an extensive tour of the U.S. and Canada.
The Myrol Brothers (pronounced My-Roll), are turning up the heat in their bid for chart action on This Country Boy Likes The Night Life. Written by Craig Wiseman, the song is currently No. 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.
### Adult Contemporary Tracks
| TW | LW | WO | Date: October 7, 1996 |
|----|----|----|----------------------|
| 1 | 10 | 10 | IT'S ALL COMING BACK TO ME NOW
Celine Dion - Falling Into You
550 Music/Kpco - pro single-H |
| 2 | 4 | 10 | I'M A BAD TOWN
Hootie & The Blowfish - Harvester Johnson
Atlantic-82885 (comp 262)-I |
| 3 | 3 | 8 | I'LL WEST INTERNEZZO
Janet Jackson - What's Love?
Mercury-314-532-896 (comp 488)-U |
| 4 | 5 | 12 | WHAT WOULD IT TAKE
Anne Murray - Self-titled
MCA-1 (pro single-H) |
| 5 | 2 | 13 | FOREVER
Mariah Carey - Emotions
Columbia-75731 (pro single-H) |
| 6 | 7 | 13 | WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE
Deborah Cox - Self-titled
Atlantic-82885 (comp 262)-I |
| 7 | 8 | 14 | CHANGE THE WORLD
Eric Clapton - Phenomenon US1
Rapar-46369 (comp 262)-P |
| 8 | 13 | 8 | BEAUTIFUL GOODBYE
Ann-Margret - Self-titled
Columbia-82892 (pro single-H) |
| 9 | 11 | 7 | NOWHERE TO GO
Alison Krauss - Little Secret
Island-314-524-154 (comp 81-U) |
| 10 | 10 | 12 | WHY DOES IT HURT SO BAD
Whitney Houston - I Will Always Love You
Mera-314-527-0708 (pro single-N) |
| 11 | 12 | 10 | BEAUTIFUL DISGUISE
Mara Jordan - Look Jam Black Barth
Atlantic-82885 (comp 262)-I |
| 12 | 14 | 8 | LET'S MAKE A NIGHT TO REMEMBER
Bryan Adams - 111
A&M-314-54-029 (comp 262)-U |
| 13 | 29 | 7 | CARIBBEAN MUSIC
Katey Sagal/Beach Boys - Stars And Stripes
River North-76974-2006 (CU track-I) |
| 14 | 6 | 15 | WRAPPED AROUND YOUR FINGER
Whitney Houston - I Will Always Love You
MCA-81012 (pro single-J) |
| 15 | 9 | 6 | I LOVE YOU ALWAYS FOREVER
Mariah Carey - Emotions
Atlantic-82885 (comp 262)-I |
| 16 | 18 | 8 | YOU'RE MAKING ME HIGH
Joe Braxton - Secrets
Atlantic-82885 (comp 262)-I |
| 17 | 20 | 8 | ORDINARY GIRL
Lionel Richie - Louder Than Words
Mercury-314-532-2033 (comp 488)-Q |
| 18 | 19 | 11 | THAT GIRL
Moby - Man With The Gun
Virgin-42014 (CU track-I) |
| 19 | 21 | 6 | AS LONG AS IT MATTERS
The Allman Brothers - Complications, I'm Sorry
A&M-314-540-470 (comp 81-U) |
| 20 | 42 | 3 | YOU CAN MAKE HISTORY
Elton John - Love Songs
MCA-810 Number (pro single-J) |
### Adult Contemporary Tracks
| TW | LW | WO | Date: October 7, 1996 |
|----|----|----|----------------------|
| 21 | 23 | 11 | WHO WILL SAVE YOUR SOUL
Jewel - Pieces Of You
Atlantic-82885 (comp 262)-I |
| 22 | 26 | 2 | NEW BEGINNING
Tracy Chapman - New Beginning
Elektra-81895 (comp 285)-P |
| 23 | 17 | 17 | I WILL TAKE CARE OF YOU
Tina Turner - Sky Is Crying
Iron Music-77876-51005 (pro single)-N |
| 24 | 15 | 15 | JEALOUSY
Robbie Williams - Igenially
Elektra-81743 (comp 285)-P |
| 25 | 27 | 5 | CRAWL
Tom Cochran - Hagged As Hood
MCA-1 (pro single-H) |
| 26 | 30 | 8 | I FEEL A CHANGE COMING
The Boomtown Rats - 25,000 Days
Artemis/Sony-67480 (pro single)-U |
| 27 | 18 | 17 | LIKE A WOMAN
Tony High Project - Words
La-La-89022 (pro single)-N |
| 28 | 24 | 15 | JERK
Bobby Caldwell - Stonewata
BM-32479 (pro single)-I |
| 29 | 22 | 25 | GIVE ME ONE REASON
The Cranberries - No Reason To Change
Elektra-81895 (comp 285)-P |
| 30 | 35 | 4 | YOU'LL BE MINE (Party Time)
Gloria Estefan - Despacito
Capitol-81012 (pro single)-H |
| 31 | 37 | 5 | SO THEY SAY
Soul Assassins - Little Track
Capitol-81012 (pro single)-H |
| 32 | 33 | 6 | FREE TO DECIDE
The Cranberries - To The Heartful Departed
Mercury-314-532-231 (pro single-N) |
| 33 | 25 | 15 | WHEN YOU SOFTLY
The Eagles - The Song
Ruffhouse/Columbia-87147 (comp 050)-H |
| 34 | 44 | 4 | I'M SO HAPPY I CAN'T STOP CRYING
Sheryl Crow - My Favorite Mistake
A&M-314-543-683 (pro single)-U |
| 35 | 43 | 4 | REMEMBER THE TIMES
Lighthouse - Song Of The Ages
Universal-82885 (comp 12-U) |
| 36 | 40 | 9 | WILD HONEY
Hemingway Come Under The Big Sky
Capitol-81012 (pro single-051)-H |
| 37 | 28 | 11 | INSTINCT
Crowded House - Recurring Dream; I've The Very Best Of
Capitol-82885 (comp 116)-I |
| 38 | 39 | 4 | SHADY BOXER
Hana Apple - Tribes
Clean/Snare/Sony-67480 (pro single)-H |
| 39 | 45 | 3 | UNBELIEVABLE LOVE
The B-52's - White State Special
Atlantic/BrMU-74231-00424 (pro single)-N |
| 40 | 34 | 14 | I CAN HEAR YOU
Carolyn Arends - Little track
Mercury/Sony-68398-85737 (pro single)-N |
### Dance
| TW | LW | WO | Date: October 7, 1996 |
|----|----|----|----------------------|
| 1 | 3 | 4 | HIT ME OFF
New Edition
BMG-N |
| 2 | 1 | 7 | SUNSHINE
Umbaba
Popular-P |
| 3 | 19 | 2 | KEEP PUSHIN'
Boris Yurzhesch
SPG-P |
| 4 | 2 | 8 | OOH, AAH... JUST A LITTLE BIT
WMC-P |
| 5 | 4 | 8 | YOU'RE MAKIN ME HIGH
Tony Robinson
Face-N |
| 6 | 6 | 8 | THAT GIRL
Maxi Priest
Vocal-P |
| 7 | 5 | 10 | ARE YOU READY FOR SOME MORE
Reel 2 Reel
Quality-M |
| 8 | 7 | 8 | WHERE DO YOU GO
Nancy
BMG-N |
| 9 | 8 | 11 | DON'T STOP MOVIN'
Dance Joy
MCA-J |
| 10 | 27 | 2 | THE LOUNGE/PLASTIC DREAMS 2000
Jaydee
TJSB-Koch |
| 11 | 10 | 5 | THIS IS OUR NIGHT
Tommy Boy/Roy Ronen
BMG-N |
| 12 | 28 | 2 | THE FUNK PHENOMENA
Armand VanHelden
Prato-M |
| 13 | 71 | 1 | OUT OF US
Dutta Control
SPG-P |
| 14 | 18 | 3 | IF MADONNA CALLS
Jeanne Aquaz
Quality-M |
| 15 | 16 | 13 | CHIBILI BEN BEN
Los Reyes
Baby Records
BMG-N |
| 16 | 17 | 3 | MOVIN' ON
Ce Ce Peniston
A&M-P |
| 17 | 14 | 9 | IF I RULED THE WORLD
Nas
Columbia-H |
| 18 | 12 | 14 | I'LL BE ALRIGHT
MTS
Popular-P |
| 19 | 13 | 17 | YOU DON'T HAVE TO WORRY
The Dancemaster
TJSB-Koch |
| 20 | 9 | 6 | TI AMO
Paul London
Popular-P |
| 21 | 22 | 3 | TWISTED
Keith Sweat
Sire-P |
| 22 | 20 | 6 | ESPUMA (Aha Aha)
Espuma
Sony-P |
| 23 | 15 | 15 | ONE MORE TRY
Kathie W.
RCA-N |
| 24 | 26 | 2 | DJ'S GIRL
Babatana
SPG-P |
| 25 | 24 | 5 | BEFORE
Pet Shop Boys
EMI-P |
| 26 | NEW | | TAKE IT EASY
Cherry Moon
MCA-P |
| 27 | NEW | | NO DIGGITY
Blackstreet
MCA-P |
| 28 | 25 | 5 | SHOCK DA HOUSE
Face The Bass
Popular-P |
| 29 | 23 | 10 | ASTROPLANE
Duke
Pirate-M |
| 30 | NEW | | INCE AGAIN
Tribe Called Quest
BMG-N |
George Oblin, originally from Northern Ontario and now living in Texas, is a poet, songwriter, and performer who has been writing songs and poems about the American west since 1978. He has performed extensively throughout North America and Europe, and his work has been featured on numerous radio shows and television programs.
Red Steagall, born in Oklahoma, is a legendary figure in country music, known for his distinctive voice and his ability to capture the spirit of the American west in his songs and poems. Steagall was named by the Texas State Legislature as the official "Cowboy Poet" in 1991. He hosts the Red Steagall Show on KLRN-FM in Austin, Texas, and has released several albums of his own compositions, including "The Cowboy Poet," "The Cowboy Poet II," and "The Cowboy Poet III."
Intersound, based in Nashville, Tennessee, is a recording studio that specializes in country music. The studio has worked with many well-known artists, including George Oblin, Red Steagall, and others. Some of the songs recorded at Intersound include "Your Love Flow," "Cowboy Beat," "Hard Way To Make An Easy Living," "Shine Them Buckles," "On A Summer Night," and more.
BACKSTREET BOYS INVADE CANADA!
Front-Line Story From Quebec
#1 CKOI
#1 CKMF
#1 MusiquePlus
Reigning champions on MusiquePlus Combat Des Clips, record-setting 26 weeks with “We’ve Got It Going On”, only to be knocked out by their second video “Get Down” (currently in it’s 10th week at the top) January mall appearance erupts into a mob scene, 35 girls collapse. By August 65,000 screaming fans attend an outdoor concert at Verdun!
BACKSTREET BOYS DEBUT ALBUM SHIPS PLATINUM IN QUEBEC, GOLD IN REST OF COUNTRY!
The hysteria in Quebec spreads across the country! “Get Down” debuts on National CHR chart at 69*. Now on Z-95 (29* - 19*, hot phones), Power 92, CIHI, The Planet and Hot 103 (28 - 26). Special Hit List episode aired nationally on YTV September 21st; huge viewer response via mail, phone and e-mail. MuchMusic adds “Get Down” video into regular rotation.
ALBUM DETONATION DATE: OCTOBER 9, 1996
|
A Multiview, Multimodal Fusion Framework for Classifying Small Marine Animals with an Opto-Acoustic Imaging System
Paul L. D. Roberts and Jules S. Jaffe
Marine Physical Laboratory
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093-0238
{paulr,firstname.lastname@example.org
Mohan M. Trivedi
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
University of California, San Diego
9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 29093-0434
email@example.com
Abstract
A multiview, multimodal fusion algorithm for classifying marine plankton is described and its performance is evaluated on laboratory data from live animals. The algorithm uses support vector machines with softmax outputs to classify either acoustical or optical features. Outputs from these single-view classifiers are then combined together using a feedback network with confidence weighting. For each view or modality, the initial classification and classifications from all other views and modalities are confidence-weighted and combined to render a final, improved classification. Simple features are computed from acoustic and video data with an aim at noise robustness. The algorithm is tested on acoustic and video data collected in the laboratory from live, un tethered copepods and mysids (two dominant crustacean zooplankton). It is shown that the algorithm is able to yield significant (> 50%) reductions in error by combining views together. In addition, it is shown that the algorithm is able boost performance by giving more weight to views or modalities that are more discriminant than others, without any a priori knowledge of which views are more discriminant.
1. Introduction
Remote classification of marine animals is an important goal in oceanography. During the last three decades, many systems have been developed that make use of optical sensors for plankton classification [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] and marine animal tracking [6], or acoustic sensors for fish classification [7, 8, 9]. Advantages of these indirect methods over direct sampling methods include: reduced sensitivity to animal avoidance, incorporation into automated processing algorithms, larger survey volumes, and faster survey rates. However, these benefits come at the cost of needing more sophisticated methods to infer animal taxa from data. Optical systems typically sample small volumes (although large-sample-volume optical systems also exist, for example [10]) with high resolution and record images of plankton appearance from which many features can be extracted and used to discriminate on the taxa level. In contrast, acoustic systems typically sample larger volumes at much lower resolution and only a small set of features related to echo intensity are used for classification. In many cases, optical and acoustic methods are combined together as these two modalities offer complementary information [11, 12].
Multimodal, multiperspective (multiview) fusion is a key component in modern vision-based human activity analysis systems. It has been used to enhance speech recognition by combing audio and visual cues [13], improve person tracking using color and thermal images [14], and perform driver activity analysis using multi-camera, thermal and color imagery [15]. In underwater imaging using acoustic sensors, multiview systems have been shown to improve estimates of animal size [16] as well as improve animal classification [17]. One of the key features of multiview, multimodal systems is that they collect complementary information that enhances the system’s understanding of the different aspects of the subject of interest. This can be used to improve performance for subjects who’s appearance is sensitive to orientation, and add robustness to changing environmental conditions.
Here, a bimodal, multiview opto-acoustic system that uses eight acoustic receivers and two video cameras is examined for classification of two dominant types of crustacean zooplankton: copepods and mysids. A fusion algorithm and feature extraction method is developed to yield a system that can combine views together and improve performance independently of the total number of views and modalities.
2. Multiview and Multimodal Classification and Fusion Algorithms
The classification algorithm is an extension of multiview methods developed recently in underwater target classification [18, 19] that employs support vector machines (SVMs) for feature-level classification and uses confidence weighting to combine multiple views together.
2.1. Single-View Classification
A single-view feature vector \( y \) is classified using an SVM. The trained SVM has the form [20]
\[
f(y) = \sum_{n=1}^{N} w_n \Phi(y_n, y) + b,
\]
where the weights \( w \) are learned during training and the kernel function \( \Phi(y_n, y) \) is Gaussian. For a \( C \)-class classification problem, \( C \) SVMs are trained to separate each class from the other \( C - 1 \) classes. Let the output for the \( c^{th} \) classifier be \( f_c(y) \). An estimate for the posterior class probability over all SVMs is computed as
\[
P(c|y) = \frac{\exp[f_c(y)]}{\sum_{c=1}^{C} \exp[f_c(y)]}.
\]
This function is equivalent to the softmax activation function commonly used in neural networks. Note that at this stage, all information is contained in \( P(c|y) \).
2.2. Multiview Fusion
Let the probabilities computed from (2) for the \( j^{th} \) view be
\[
p_j = (P(c=1|y_j), ..., P(c=C|y_j))^T.
\]
Probability vectors for each view are then combined together using an extension of the collaborative agent framework used in [19]. For the \( j^{th} \) agent, all other agents send their initial probability vectors which are then combined to yield a joint probability vector
\[
P_{i \neq j}(c = k|Y_{i \neq j}) = \prod_{i \neq j} p_i[k],
\]
where \( Y_{i \neq j} \) is the matrix of feature vectors for the \( M - 1 \) views excluding the feature vector from the \( j^{th} \) view.
To quantify the degree to which the probability is spread between classes, the side-lobe ratio [21] is used. The ratio is defined as
\[
C_{SL} = \frac{P(c_1|Y) - P(c_2|Y)}{P(c_1|Y)},
\]
where
\[
P(c_1|Y) \geq P(c_2|Y) \geq ... \geq P(c_C|Y).
\]
When most of the probability is given to \( c_1 \), \( C_{SL} \) is close to 1, when the probabilities are roughly equation between classes, \( C_{SL} \) is close to 0. To combine the individual predictions with the joint probabilities, the side-lobe ratio is computed for each and normalized to sum to unity. This gives the weights
\[
w_j = \frac{C^j_{SL}}{C^j_{SL} + C^{i \neq j}_{SL}},
\]
and
\[
w_{i \neq j} = \frac{C^{i \neq j}_{SL}}{C^j_{SL} + C^{i \neq j}_{SL}}.
\]
The final prediction output from the \( j^{th} \) agent is then given as a vector of posterior probabilities for each class label \( P_j^f \), where
\[
P_j^f[k] = P_j(c = k|y_j)w_j + P_{i \neq j}(c = k|Y_{i \neq j})w_{i \neq j}.
\]
Using these final predictions from each agent, the algorithm again computes the joint posterior over all \( M \) agents as
\[
P^*(c = k|Y) = \prod_{j=1}^{M} P_j^f[k].
\]
The class is then selected as the one with the highest, final posterior probability
\[
c^* = \arg\max_c P^*(c|Y).
\]
The key aspect of this algorithm is that all feature extraction and classification is performed on single-view data, and therefore does not depend on the manner in which views are collected, or even the modality used to collect data from each view. Therefore, the fusion component of the algorithm can be applied to new data sets without retraining provided that at least one view from each modality is available for training.
3. Experimental Analysis
3.1. Data Collection
Data were collected using a laboratory multiview scattering apparatus (Fig. 1) [22]. The system consisted of eight acoustic receivers and two video cameras that were all focused on a single location in the tank. The field of view was roughly 500 mL. Live copepods and mysids were pumped through the FOV while the system recorded synchronized acoustic and video data at a rate of 10 Hz. Details of the laboratory system are given in [22]. Transmit signals were linear frequency-modulated (LFM) chirps ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 MHz. These signals were windowed with a cosine-squared envelope yielding an effective bandwidth of 500 kHz.
Examples of zooplankton data are shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen that there are strong differences between the image of the copepod and mysid. Acoustic data show significant differences as well, however there is clearly less discrimination power in acoustic data than video data for these particular animals.
3.2. Acoustic Features
Acoustic features were computed from the echo envelope on each receiver. The echo envelope was estimated by matched filtering the raw pressure signal [23], and using a Hilbert transform [24] to extract the envelope. Examples of echo envelopes for copepods and mysids are shown in Fig. 2c.
Copepods are typically smaller and more spherical in body shape than mysids. The peak echo amplitude and echo duration are related to animal scattering cross-section and animal thickness, respectively. Let the peak of the echo on the $j^{th}$ receiver be $\mathcal{P}_j$ and the time that the peak occurs be $T_{\mathcal{P}_j}$. The echo duration was then defined as $W_j = T_{\mathcal{P}_j} - T_{\overline{\mathcal{P}}_j}$, where $T_{\mathcal{P}_j}$ is the time when the echo drops to 10% of the peak value, and $T_{\overline{\mathcal{P}}_j}$ is the time when the echo rises to 10% of the peak value. The acoustic feature vector is then
$$y_j = (W_j, \mathcal{P}_j)^T,$$
As can be seen in Figs. 3a and 3b, both the echo duration, and echo peak are significantly different between copepods vs. mysids.
3.3. Optical Features
There has been significant research in classifying zooplankton from high-resolution optical images [3, 5, 4]. Image features such as binary region properties [25], moment invariants and granularity [26], and biological-inspired shape semantics [27] have been used in the past. In these cases many image features are computed from a single animal (typically requiring high-resolution images) and used to differentiate between taxa. Here, an alternative approach is taken that is aimed at systems with very low resolution where small scale features of animals are not discernible.
An image of the animal was segmented from background using a unimodal Gaussian model [28]. Let the segmented image of the animal be $I(x_1, x_2)$. The shape of the animal was quantified by the major and minor axis lengths of $I(x_1, x_2)$. Let $\mathbf{x}_1$ and $\mathbf{x}_2$ be the vectors of coordinates for which $I(x_1, x_2)$ is non zero. Then, let $R$ define the sample covariance matrix between $\mathbf{x}_1$ and $\mathbf{x}_2$. The axis lengths were estimated using the eigenvalue decomposition [29] of $R$, $\text{Diag}(\lambda_1, \lambda_2) = Q^T R Q$, and optical features were selected to be the two eigenvalues
$$y = (\lambda_1, \lambda_2)^T.$$
Example feature distributions for acoustic and video data show that both modalities offer some separation between classes (3). However, it can be seen that optical features offer much better separation between classes than acoustic features, and there is significant variability between the discrimination power of different acoustic views.
4. Classification Results
Classifier performance was evaluated as the average probability of error computed using 5-fold cross-validation. For each fold, 160 training samples and 40 testing samples were used. Standard errors of the cross-validation estimate were computed using the adjusted variance estimate [30] of the form
$$\hat{\sigma}_{CV}^2 = \left( \frac{1}{F} + \frac{p}{1-p} \right) \text{Var}[x],$$
where $p = \frac{1}{F+1}$, $F$ is the number of folds in the cross-validation, and $\text{Var}[x]$ is the sample variance. For the purpose of comparing the performance with different sets of views, let $A_j$, and $V_j$ denote an acoustic and optical view as defined above. The set $A_{1-4}$ then means that acoustic views 1 through 4 were used, and likewise, $V_{1,2}$ means that video views 1 and 2 were used.
4.1. Performance for Single-View Classification
Performance was found to varying significantly as a function of both acoustical and optical views (Fig. 4a).
Figure 2: Example video and acoustic data from the laboratory system. Video frames for copepods (a) and mysids (b) are shown in the top two rows. Acoustic data for copepods (solid) and mysids (dashed) are shown in the bottom row (c).
Figure 3: Example feature distributions for the first (a) and third (b) acoustic views and the top- (c) and side-view (d) cameras. Triangles denote mysid features and circles denote copepod features. Note that the smaller size of copepods vs. mysid can be seen in both acoustic and optical features.
However, it can be seen clearly that the performance using optical views is dramatically better than with acoustic views. This results from the strong difference in the appearance of copepods vs. mysids in video data (Fig. 2). Optical features effectively capture these differences (Figs. 3d and 3c).
4.2. Fusion Performance vs. Number of Views
Two different cases were considered: (1) fusing both acoustic and optical features and (2) fusing a subset of acoustic features (Fig. 4b). It can be seen that adding views significantly reduces classification error in all cases. However, it is clear that the features computed from video data are much more discriminant that acoustic features. It is imFigure 4: (a) Algorithm performance for single-view classification. The type of view is listed on the horizontal axis where $A_j$ denotes the $j^{th}$ acoustic view, and $V_j$ denotes the $j^{th}$ optical view. (b) Algorithm performance vs. the number of views. The thick, solid curve shows the case where four acoustic views and two optical views were combined in the order: $A_{1-4}, V_{1,2}$. The thinner dashed curves show different combinations of acoustic views ($A_{1-6}$ and $A_{1,2,4,5,7,8}$). The optical views offer significantly better discrimination for this problem. (c) Algorithm performance using $A_{1-6}$ and $V_{1,2}$ as a function of peak Signal to Noise Ratio at the output of the matched filter.
Important to note that the fusion algorithm does not know \textit{a priori} that the optical features are more discriminant. It discovers this by computing the confidence of the classifications produced using video data alone and then puts more weight on these predictions and ignores predictions from the other acoustic views. This demonstrates a key advantage of the fusion algorithm.
### 4.3. Performance vs. Signal to Noise Ratio
One of the challenging aspects of remotely classifying plankton is receiving enough signal to detect the presence of the animal and estimate features at ranges greater than 1 meter. In this study, acoustic and optical features were selected based on their robustness to low SNR data. Classifier performance is plotted as a function of SNR ranging from the default SNR in the lab of 27 dB down to 10 dB (Fig. 4c). It can be seen that the performance is relatively unaffected by reductions in SNR of nearly 20 dB. However, note that as the SNR of video data is reduced, the performance decreases more than for an equivalent reduction in SNR for acoustic data.
### 5. Conclusions
The fusion algorithm is general, offers dramatic improvements in accuracy without \textit{a priori} knowledge of which modalities are most accurate, and has demonstrated good performance for zooplankton classification considered here, and also fish classification [31]. Once single-view features have been classified, the fusion process is applicable to any modality and any number of views. This is a key advantage in cases where the number of views (and the type of view) are unknown during testing. Only one data set per modality is required during training. In cases where \textit{a priori} information about the fidelity of each view as available, the final fusion step [equation (10)] could be modified to weight each view based on its expected accuracy. One possible limitation of the algorithm is its dependence on confidence weighting for fusion. The fusion algorithm will not work well in cases where the sidelobe ratio is not dependent on the accuracy of the classifier output. This case is likely to occur when single-view error rates are nearly as bad as random guessing.
Although the results presented here are promising, the limited amount of data restricts the evaluation of the algorithm to a scenario in which video data is sufficient to yield nearly perfect classification of these animals. An important future direction is the deployment of the multiview system in different environments in which it can be evaluated on more diverse plankton groups and more challenging conditions. A multiview field system is currently under development, and will be tested later this year.
The multimodal nature of the fusion algorithm makes it applicable to a wide range of problems in computer vision such as multimodal scene understanding and human activity analysis [13]. A future direction of research will be to apply the algorithm in detecting and classifying events in rooms outfitted with multiple audio and video sensors, and to multimodal vehicle data streams.
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[2] M. Blaschko, G. Holness, M. Mattar, D. Lisin, P. Udgoff, A. Hanson, H. Schultz, and E. Riseman, “Automatic in situ identification of plankton,” in *IEEE Workshops on Application of Computer Vision.*, vol. 1, Jan. 2005, pp. 79–86.
[3] Q. Hu and C. Davis, “Automatic plankton image recognition with co-occurrence matrices and support vector machine,” *Mar. Eco-Prog. Ser.*, vol. 295, pp. 21–31, June 2005.
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[5] J. L. Bell and R. R. Hopcroft, “Assessment of zooinage as a tool for the classification of zooplankton,” *J. Plankton Res.*, vol. 30, pp. 1351–1367, Dec. 2008.
[6] D. Edgington, D. Cline, D. Davis, I. Kerkez, and J. Mariette, “Detecting, tracking and classifying animals in underwater video,” in *OCEANS 2006*, Sep. 2006, pp. 1–5.
[7] A. G. Cabreira, M. Tripode, and A. Madriolas, “Artificial neural networks for fish-species identification,” *ICES J. Mar. Sci.*, vol. 66, pp. 1119–1129, July 2009.
[8] E. Rogers, G. Fleischer, P. Simpson, and G. Denny, “Broadband fish identification of laurentian great lakes fishes,” *IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium*, vol. 2, pp. 1430–1434, Sept. 2004.
[9] L. Martin, T. Stanton, P. Wiebe, and J. Lynch, “Acoustic classification of zooplankton,” *ICES J. Mar. Sci.*, vol. 53, pp. 217–224, 1996.
[10] R. K. Cowen and C. M. Guigand, “In situ ichthyoplankton imaging system (isius): system design and preliminary results,” *Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth.*, vol. 6, pp. 126–132, Feb. 2008.
[11] J. Jaffe, M. Ohman, and A. Derobertis, “Oasis in the sea: measurement of the acoustic reflectivity of zooplankton with concurrent optical imaging,” *Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II*, vol. 45, pp. 1239–1253, 1998.
[12] E. A. Broughton and R. G. Lough, “A direct comparison of moocs and video plankton recorder zooplankton abundance estimates: Possible applications for augmenting net sampling with video systems,” *Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II*, vol. 53, pp. 2789–2807, 2006.
[13] S. Shivappa, M. M. Trivedi, and B. D. Rao, “Hierarchical audio-visual cue integration framework for activity analysis in intelligent meeting rooms,” in *Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop*, June 2009, pp. 107–114.
[14] S. Krotsosky and M. Trivedi, “Person surveillance using visual and infrared imagery,” *IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid.*, vol. 18, pp. 1096–1105, Aug. 2008.
[15] S. Y. Cheng, S. Park, and M. M. Trivedi, “Multi-spectral and multi-perspective video arrays for driver body tracking and activity analysis,” *Comput. Vis. Image Und.*, vol. 106, pp. 245 – 257, May 2007.
[16] J. S. Jaffe, “Using multiple-angle scattered sound to size fish swim bladders,” *ICES J. Mar. Sci.*, vol. 63, pp. 1397–1404, 2006.
[17] P. L. D. Roberts and J. S. Jaffe, “Multiple angle acoustic classification of zooplankton,” *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.*, vol. 121, pp. 2060–2070, Apr. 2007.
[18] M. Azimi-Sadjadi, D. Yao, Q. Huang, and G. Dobcek, “Underwater target classification using wavelet packets and neural networks,” *IEEE T. Neural. Networ.*, vol. 11, pp. 784–794, May 2000.
[19] J. Cartmill, N. Wachowski, and M. R. Azimi-Sadjadi, “Buried underwater object classification using a collaborative multispect classifier,” *IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.*, vol. 34, pp. 32–44, Jan. 2009.
[20] C. J. C. Burges, “A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition,” *Data Min. Knowl. Disc.*, vol. 2, pp. 121–167, 1998.
[21] B. T. Morris and M. M. Trivedi, “Learning, modeling, and classification of vehicle track patterns from live video,” *IEEE T. Intell. Transp.*, vol. 9, pp. 425–437, Sept. 2008.
[22] P. L. D. Roberts and J. S. Jaffe, “Classification of live, untethered zooplankton from observations of multiple-angle acoustic scatter,” *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.*, vol. 124, pp. 796–802, Aug. 2008.
[23] D. Chu and T. Stanton, “Application of pulse compression techniques to broadband acoustic scattering by live individual zooplankton,” *J. Acoust. Soc. Am.*, vol. 104, pp. 39–55, July 1998.
[24] A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, *Discrete-Time Signal Processing*, 2nd ed. Prentice-Hall, 1998.
[25] S. Iwamoto, D. M. C. Jr., and M. M. Trivedi, “Reflics: Real-time flow imaging and classification system,” *Mach. Vison Appl.*, vol. 13, pp. 1–13, 2001.
[26] X. Tang, F. Lin, S. Samson, and A. Remsen, “Binary plankton image classification,” *IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.*, vol. 31, pp. 728–735, July 2006.
[27] H. Zhou, C. Wang, and R. Wang, “Biologically-inspired identification of plankton based on hierarchical shape semantics modeling,” in *Int. Conf. Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering*, May 2008, pp. 2000–2003.
[28] M. Piccardi, “Background subtraction techniques: a review,” in *Int. Conf. on Systems, Man and Cybernetics*, vol. 4, Oct. 2004, pp. 3099–3104.
[29] T. K. Moon and W. C. Stirling, *Mathematical methods and algorithms for signal processing*. Prentice Hall, 2000.
[30] M. Markatou, H. Tian, S. Biswas, and G. Hripcsak, “Analysis of variance of cross-validation estimators of the generalization error,” *J. Mach. Learn. Res.*, vol. 6, pp. 1127–1168, July 2005.
[31] P. L. D. Roberts, “Multi-view, broadband, acoustic classification of marine animals.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego, May 2009.
|
Mobile Church Audio Quality Cassette Duplication
The LA Record Plant at 25 Years
World’s most frequent flyer!
Sure you’ll see other brands hanging around from time to time, but when it comes to self-supporting miniature condensers, the Audio-Technica AT853 series, now in its fourth generation, has been the overwhelming choice of both contractors and end users for years. The reason is simple: It works so well. And for some very important reasons.
Full Choice of Pickup Patterns
When it comes to pickup pattern choice, the UniPoint® AT853 series is by far the most flexible. Choose from cardioid, hypercardioid, subcardioid or even an omnidirectional pattern, simply by inserting a different capsule. Test them all on-site in minutes. That’s flexibility simply not available from the others.
Quiet Please
Our advanced electronics and capsule design insure very low self-noise. Listen carefully to ours and to theirs. You’ll hear theirs. And so will your critical customers.
New AT853R High Output Remote Power Model
The standard AT853a output level is higher than most others. But the AT853R phantom-only model eliminates the battery compartment and offers up to 3dB more sensitivity. Two more compromises avoided!
Consistency, Consistency, Consistency
The AT853 series is part of a complete UniPoint system of matched miniature microphones and accessories. The result is consistent response, polar pattern, and output from every microphone in the area. You get the same great sound above the choir, mounted on a lectern, or used to reinforce musical instruments. Sound system operation and EQ are simplified for superior, trouble-free day-to-day results.
Very Refined Sound
Over the years we’ve been able to fine-tune every aspect of the AT853 series. You can readily hear the difference engineered into this tiny microphone. It’s a difference that spells customer satisfaction and builds your good reputation.
Install the very best. The Audio-Technica AT853 subminiature condenser microphones that started a revolution in sound. Available in the U.S. and Canada from Audio-Technica U.S., Inc., 1221 Commerce Drive, Stow, OH 44224. Phone (216) 686-2600 Fax (216) 686-0719. In Canada call (800) 258-8552.
The Recording Engineer
18 Cover Story: A Revitalized Record Plant Celebrates Its 25th Year by Adrian Zarin
It began 25 years ago, but it is still state of the art.
26 Packaging, Packaging, Packaging by Conrad Cooke
Cassette Duplication does not necessarily mean mass merchandise.
17 Tools of the Trade by Shelley Herman
Audio educational CDs.
AUDIO for the Church
6 Mobile Church Audio by Joe Ciccarello
Church Audio from a truck
36 Why is church Sound So Confusing by Joseph De Buglio
Part of a new book on church audio, this section offers nuts and bolts and more tips.
The Sound Contracting Engineer
10 International Sound Reinforcement West Africa, Part V by Ed Learned
Ed's back with his final installment on his 1992 soundman tour.
Departments
2 Calendar
30 New Products
33 Historical Perspectives
47 Buyer's Guide: Crossovers, Delays, Equalizers, Combination Units.
63 Classified
66 PPH
About the Cover
- One of the Record Plant's new Studio Suites is called *Neve 1* because it houses a 96-input Neve VRSP Legend console equipped with GML Moving Fader automation and recall automation. Designed to function as a self-contained environment, each Studio Suite includes a private lounge, kitchen and bathroom. See Adrian Zarin's story on the Hollywood Record Plant's 25th year, beginning on page 18.
**EQ60 Checklist**
| Feature | YES | NO |
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| Switchable Notch Filters | ☐ | ☑ |
| Parametric Controls | ☐ | ☑ |
| Digital | ☐ | ☑ |
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When ultra low noise (-98dB), sonic accuracy and ease of use are your main prerequisites in a Graphic Equalizer, you owe it to yourself to check out the EQ60, from:
**ARX Systems**
PO Box 842, Silverado CA 92676-0842
Phone 714-649 2346, Fax 714-649 3064
---
**Calendar**
**Sound in Entertainment: Specifying and Designing Audio Systems to Create Sound Environments** is the long title of a series of seminars, sessions and exhibits that will take place November 13-15 at the **Orange Country Convention Center** in Orlando, Florida.
The conference is supplemented by the LD193 show. Exhibits will be open 10:00 am to 6:00 pm November 13th, 14th, and 15th 1993. LD193 is sponsored by *Lighting Dimensions* magazine. For information call Jacqueline Tien at 212 677-5997 or
---
**Contributing Editors**
Bruce Bartlett
Drew Daniels
Robyn Gately
Len Feldman
Shelley Herman
Brent Harshbarger
Dan Mockensturm
---
**National Advertising Sales Manager**
David W. Frankel
4 Wilton Crest
Wilton CT 06897
203 834-9936
---
**db**, The Sound Engineering Magazine (ISSN 0011-7145) is published bi-monthly by db Magazine Publishing Company. Entire contents copyright 1993 by db Publishing Company, 203 Commack Road, Suite 1010, Commack, NY 11725. Telephone: 516/586-6600. db Magazine is published for individuals and firms in professional audio recording, broadcast audio-visual, sound reinforcement-contracting, consultants, video recording, film sound, etc. Application for subscription should be made on the subscription form in this issue or on each issue. Subscription rates: $18.00 per year ($28.00 per year outside U.S. Possessions, $21.00 per year in Canada) and payable in U.S. funds. Single copies are $3.50 each. Editorial, Publishing, and Sales Offices: 203 Commack Road, Suite 1010, Commack, NY 11725. Second Class postage paid at Commack, NY 11725 and an additional mailing office. Postmaster: Form 3579 should be sent to db Magazine, 203 Commack Road, Suite 1010, Commack, NY 11725.
Trademarked names are editorially used throughout this issue. Rather than place a trademark symbol next to each occurrence, we state that these names are used only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, and that there is no intention of trademark infringement.
In 1975, Eventide begins the digital effects revolution.
Deglitching brings pitch change into the mainstream.
Expanded capabilities, evolution of the species.
Today’s effects workhorse, the classic H3000 continues to amaze.
In 1993, Eventide unleashes a new creative revolution.
A great Effects Processor doesn’t come along every day.
Introducing Eventide’s DSP 4000 Ultra-Harmonizer® Effects Processor – It’s everything you’ve been waiting for.
Eventide
the next step
One Alsen Way • Little Ferry, NJ 07643
Tel: 201-641-1200 • Fax: 201-641-1640
Circle 17 on Reader Service Card
fax 212 677-3857. You can write them at 135 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
It's almost too late to start thinking about the 95th AES Convention, which will be held this year on October 7-10th in New York City. This time however, it will be held at the Jacob Javits Convention Center.
"The AES Convention Committee members agreed that the AES exhibit requirements have outgrown the New York City Hilton Hotel where AES Conventions have been held for several years," according to Convention Chairman Leonard Feldman. "Our experience at the 93rd AES Convention in San Francisco confirmed the advantage of having all exhibits on a single floor—a benefit that could not be achieved at the Hilton."
The dates include a Saturday stay, offering advantages to attendees for lowest discounted air fares, while exhibitors will benefit from weekdays being used for setup and breakdown, thus avoiding overtime charges. According to Len Feldman, "the dates of October 7-10 were not available at the Hilton."
For information, contact the AES at 60 East 42 Street, New York, NY 10166, or call at 212 661-8528.
SMPTE's Technical Conference and Equipment Exhibit takes place from October 30th thru November 2 at the Los Angeles Convention Center. Contact SMPTE at 595 W. Hartsdale Avenue, White Plains, NY 10607 or call SMPTE at (914) 761-1100.
AES 95th Convention
AUDIO IN THE AGE OF MULTIMEDIA
October 7–10, 1993
Jacob K. Javits Convention Center • New York
Science emphasizes detached observation, objectivity, and logical deduction, but most who come away from the AES 95th and New York City this fall will find themselves feeling anything but detached—the combined dynamics of this city and this event simply won’t allow it.
Mobile Audio has become increasingly popular in the church market. With new technology creating better and smaller packages, quality, state of the art studios can pull right up to the church door via mobile audio.
A company in the forefront of mobile audio is A.S.L. (Aura Sonic LTD.) of Flushing, N.Y. Steve Remote (yes, that's his real name!) is the owner, operator and creator of this amazing 30 foot truck, that has more equipment in it than most trucks twice its size.
**HUMBLE BEGINNINGS**
Steve began his business 16 years ago when a friend asked him to engineer and produce a local band. Steve however, thought it would be wiser to buy some recording equipment and build a studio so they could produce as many bands as they wanted. Not content with operating a conventional recording studio, Steve decided to create a studio on wheels so they could go to the client instead of the client going to them. Steve's friend bought the idea and not too long after they purchased a used Con Edison truck for $770.00 and began to build. The first year was one of growth both in business and experience. Much of what Steve learned about audio did not come through formal training but through hands on experience and reading a particular audio magazine - any clue as to which one that might have been? Steve said that db Magazine helped him learn from the big guys. Reading articles about what they were doing, what equipment they used and what resources were available, helped Steve to directly apply their knowledge to his work. Well, it must have paid off because by the end of the first year of business, Steve had the money to redesign and update his truck. A prominent producer also made some suggestions as how to better utilize the truck's space and Steve implemented them. His motto was (and still is) "continue to update and improve so as to best serve the client's needs".
**STAYING CURRENT**
Through the years, with Steve's foresight, A.S.L. has been at the forefront of audio's latest technology. A.S.L.'s most recent purchases are six Tascam DA-88 8 track digital hi-8 machines, providing 48 tracks of digital recording (Figure 1). Steve points out that the DA-88s have many advantages, the first being expandability. No longer do you have to sell one machine and buy another to update to a machine with more tracks. If the project grows, just add another machine. Up to 16 machines can be linked together without syncing problems, providing 128 tracks of recording. Another advantage is size. When you're dealing with limited space like a truck, you want to make every cubic inch count. The DA-88s are about one forth the size of an analog 8 track machine enabling you to hop on a plane with two DA-88s, a mixer and a pair of his Genelec (powered) speakers.
*Figure 1. One of the six Tascam DA-88s that are located in the truck. Linked together these provide 48 tracks of digital audio.*
and do a session just about anywhere.
THERE'S NO PLACE LIKE CHURCH
Churches, independent gospel producers and record companies supply A.S.L. with a healthy amount of business throughout the year. Unlike secular clients, churches have unique requirements when undertaking a recording project. It has been said, "You can take the studio to the church but you can't take the church to the studio". Steve's experience has shown him that there is a special vibe or feel in churches that would get lost in the recording studio environment. Many church musicians and singers are often uncomfortable and intimidated in the unfamiliar setting of a studio. Also certain instruments, especially organs, which are so important to gospel music are difficult and in some cases impossible to transport into a studio. Then there's the natural acoustics of some churches and cathedrals that cannot be duplicated in any studio. All of these disadvantages add up to the popularity of mobile audio in church recordings. Steve described a recent scenario that illustrates how the best of both worlds can be achieved through mobile recording in the church. A church was preparing to record a CD. Members of the congregation who were involved with audio asked Steve what they could do to make their church acoustically sound in order to attain studio results. Steve suggested (among other things) the use of baffles to produce isolation between the different sections of the band and choir. Upon his next visit he not only found sturdy customized baffles but ones that were aesthetically pleasing made from clear Lexan plastic in order to facilitate visual contact between the music director and the entire choir and band. The end result was a recording that was studio quality, yet recorded totally within the confines and comforts of the church.
OUTSIDE IN
To really appreciate what's inside of the A.S.L. 'Super truck' we'll take a look at it from the outside in. In the rear of the truck as the customized bi folding doors are opened, we find to our left, (Figure 2) two 250 foot reels of cable. Each cable equipped to carry 52 channels with a multi pin connector at each end. These cables are connected by two snakes within the venue making available 104 separate inputs into the truck. In the center of the rear of the truck are eight individual video lines, five phone lines, two of which are cellular, numerous studio stereo feeds...
and four different communication systems; ClearCom, which is used by most sound companies, RTS, which is used by most video companies, KS Audio which is A.S.L.’s own system and an auxiliary system. Finally to the right are the power hook ups; Shore power which is Navy terminology for land power or power that’s taken from the venue and Generator power.
Steve has plans to enclose this entire area with a canopy so work can be done out there in all kinds of weather. Even air ducts are within reach for future hook up for the truck’s rear extension (Figure 3). A common problem for trucks of this type occurs when repairs have to be made on equipment and accessibility is difficult. Steve however, had enough foresight to design his vehicle with rear entry doors that make all the equipment accessible so that repairs can be made quickly and without pulling apart the inside of the truck.
INSIDE
Upon entering the air conditioned control room of the A.S.L. truck, I was surprised how uncluttered the 17 x 7 ½’ room appeared. The dominant feature at the front of the room is the 36 channel Harrison MR-4 console (Figure 4). Above and slightly angled back are the reverb units which are fed into a Roland M-160 line mixer. Sitting atop the console are a pair of Genelec 1031A powered monitors and directly behind them are a pair of UREI 813s. In the center of the wall are seven video monitors. During an event these monitors can be connected to various video feeds and cameras including a camera that can turn 360 degrees, operated by a joy stick. Above the monitors are a host of compressors and noise gates which are positioned above the console for easy access (Figure 5) while other outboard gear such as EQs, space echos and other gadgets which don’t require constant attention are positioned on the rear wall (Figure 6). Below are two Otari MTR 90 24 tracks. These machines are connected to the inputs of the board with Elco multi pins so all 24 track can be plugged and unplugged with one connection (see Figure 6 above Steve’s left arm). Steve takes great care in making backups for much of what he works on. When making a digital audio tape master, he doesn’t just make one master but two and therefore owns two Sony DTC 1000ES digital audio tape decks as well as two additional ones by Panasonic. In his own words, “backups to me are paramount even for the client who doesn’t know better”.
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
If there is one thing that impressed me about Steve is that he is a man with vision. He loves his
work and appears to be challenged by his limitation of space. His future plans include the possible purchase of a digitally controlled analog console which would be able to take snapshots of numerous different mixes.
The big payoff however would be the increase in the amount of tracks. Where 36 tracks now exist in a 7 1/2 foot space, the new console would provide 96! Sixty more tracks in the same amount of space.
Where will Steve be ten years from now?
Who knows, he may pull up to your church to record your latest CD in a fully equipped, state-of-the-art Geo Metro.
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Author's Forward: Some of you may have wondered where I disappeared to during the past six months. I recently completed an extensive tour of East Africa (my first visit to this region); then I got busy with festivals and other sound jobs here in Michigan upon my return. My apologies for the delay in completing my tales of West Africa. Also, my thanks to those db Magazine readers who have contacted me; in deference to your wishes, I'll gladly talk more about the countries I visit. Enjoy this new format; and look for my series on East Africa in upcoming issues.
- The Pharoah Sanders Quartet tour of 1992 included visits to the countries of Congo, Gabon, and Sao Tome. It was this region, culturally beholden to both West and Central African traditions, that proved the most exciting. The old Chinese curse of "may you live in interesting times" certainly came to mind many times—by far, this was the most "interesting" section of our tour. My story begins in Lagos: after our Nigerian concerts were completed, we were scheduled to fly to Libreville, capital of Gabon. We would stay there that night, continuing on to Sao Tome the following day. When I talk about this, I usually get a reaction like "where the *%#! is Sao Tome?" The Republic of Sao Tome and Principe is comprised of two large islands (and a few smaller ones), located about 180 kilometers due west of Gabon out in the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the few African countries using Portuguese as an official language; it is also one of the hardest countries to reach. There are direct international air connections with Portugal, Gabon, Cameroon, Angola, and Russia only; none of these operate daily. This dearth of regular flights puts a premium on making your connections; transportation machinations are the most important part of any touring project to the RSTP. We should have guessed things were going to be "interesting" when Air Gabon inexplicably changed our departure time from Lagos to Libreville the night before we left, without bothering to notify passengers. Fortunately, the US Embassy expeditor in Lagos, at the airport to meet another incoming group, found out about the change and warned us to change our departure plans accordingly. Little did we know there were many more surprises ahead.
Lagos-Libreville entailed a 1 hour 40 minute flight; when we arrived on Sunday, February 2, we were met at the plane by USIS PAO (Public Affairs Officer) Jan Hartman, CAS (Cultural Affairs Specialist) Dieudonne Nzue, and a host of other staffers. Instead of moving into the terminal, we were ushered across the airport directly to another aircraft—plans had changed, and we were now scheduled to leave for Sao Tome that same day! Equatorial Airlines operates only 5 flights a week from Libreville to Sao Tome—our flight was a special charter arranged by Equatorial, USIS, and the RSTP government. Dieudonne rushed our passports into the terminal, where Sao Tome Charge d'Affaires
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was waiting to issue our Sao Tomean visas; the band was briefed on our revised schedule in the air-conditioned comfort of a USIS van. While all this was going on, I was chasing down our band and PA equipment: the Air Gabon flight we'd recently departed continued onward to Brazzaville, we could not afford to have any equipment doing that. I was escorted by the Air Gabon ground crew directly to the plane, where I helped them identify and off-load our equipment and baggage. I then located the Equatorial pilot; together, we dealt with our next problem: lack of cargo capability. Our aircraft was a twin-engine 22 seat propeller-driven Nord (see Figure 1), with a tiny forward cargo hold and a 500 kilo cargo limit; substantially less than the 800 kilos we'd been promised. To make matters worse, it was obvious that our road cases were too big for the cargo area. Since this flight was a charter, our group and USIS-Libreville staff were the only passengers; there were going to be lots of open seats. We agreed that I could use these for extra cargo if I kept the weight down. I did a quick repack of the system right there on the tarmac: the front-of-house rack, amp rack, and console were loaded as is, the cable/stand was shorted down to the bare minimum. These items, plus the piano and bass amp, filled the cargo area to overflowing. I removed the floor monitors and Bose house cabinets from their road cases, placing these in seats on the right-hand side of the cabin; this conglomeration of loose audio gear, drums, instruments, and baggage piled into the seats was then covered with a cargo net and lashed down (see Figure 2). The leftover cases and shorted gear stayed behind with Dieudonne; we would link up with them when we returned to Gabon in 2 days. With a watchful eye on the gear, we taxied, took off, and enjoyed perfect flying weather for the short flight to the island. I spent an enjoyable 20 minutes in the cockpit, ogling the African coastline and the ocean—and it was interesting to see the flight engineer sitting on my cable case, which jutted into the cockpit slightly. Yes—that's how packed we were! I can't thank Equatorial enough for the fine job they did.
Landing in Sao Tome, we quickly cleared customs and had the gear loaded onto a waiting flatbed; all this courtesy of Guilherme Neto, our representative from Sao Tomean National TV. Sao Tome doesn't get many foreign visitors, and customs facilities at the airport are meager as a result—our rapid processing was a tribute to Guilherme's advance work. Our hotel was the Miramar, the only major hotel in the city. Monday's concert was held at the Palacio dos Congressos (see Figure 3), just a short drive from the hotel.
This hotel was built by the Chinese, and its acoustic signature was very similar to other Chinese-constructed auditoriums I'd encountered in Africa: tile and plaster surfaces contributed to a very bright overall room sound; room decay was in excess of 2 seconds. It seated 1,000 in a very steeply raked single audience area. Power was 223 volts; I tapped off an un-grounded European style round pin receptacle off stage left.
Ground came from a wire run to the backstage bathroom's water pipe. After we completed set up, Guilherme and I climbed into his jeep and took off in search of the band; they were reportedly at the beach. We
twisted through tropical forest and skirted sugar-cane fields on dirt roads that were badly rutted and muddy; several times we had to leave the road to by-pass flooded sections. Without 4WD, you don’t get around on Sao Tome. When we arrived at the beach, there was no sign of the band—but everybody else on the island was there! Or, at least it seemed that way. People from every nearby village walked—others came crowded in the back of trucks. February 3 was a holiday in Sao Tome, commemorating the Batepa Massacre—the last slave uprising that led to Sao Tome’s independence from Portugal. This particular beach was where the official ceremonies and subsequent celebration took place—and what a celebration it was! Everybody was partying, barbecuing, drinking, dancing, etc. I was immediately kidnapped by Equatorial Airlines and forced to join their party; poor me! It turned into a real fun day—I didn’t rendezvous with Pharoah and the guys until our 4 PM sound check. Sao Tome doesn’t get much outside entertainment; a visit by a musician of Pharoah’s stature is special, but having it concurrent with the most important holiday in Sao Tome made in an event for the ages. The place was beyond full: people were sitting in aisles, standing in the back. I’d experienced acoustic hell, but this many people did wonders for the room sound, warming it up considerably and lowering room decay to the point where I could actually mix all the instruments into the PA. This audience was fantastic: very quiet and attentive during ballads, they got rocking as Pharoah picked up the tempo towards the end of the set. All songs were concluded to deafening applause. At a reception in our honor après concert at the Miramar, the band continued to bask in the glow of these most hospitable and beautiful people.
At breakfast Tuesday morning, I was approached by tour escort Ron Mininger and PAO Hartman with some serious news regarding our Gabonaise program. Apparently, there had been rioting in Libreville over the weekend: students at Omar Bongo University, angered by new government policies regarding financial aide and curriculum, had gone on a rampage which included torching the university auditorium. An interesting state of affairs, because the Omar Bongo auditorium was where our Wednesday concert was supposed to be held! We were now without a venue, and the concert less than 48 hours off. Jan mentioned that she would try and find us another site, but wasn’t optimistic that this could be accomplished on such short notice; we agreed. Of course, our first hurdle was to get back to Libreville: we again used a special Equatorial charter flight.
Leaving at 10 in the morning this time, we arrived at the Libreville airport just after noon: our lost hour was the result of the hour time change between countries. Ron and Jan took the band and their luggage over to the hotel, while Dieudonne and I put the gear back in its cases and re-united the sound system. When inventory was complete, we loaded everything onto an embassy truck for the drive over to the U.S. Ambassador’s residence, where we were scheduled to play that evening. Our concert site, located just behind the residence, was situated on a hill overlooking a good portion of Libreville.
Our “stage” was the back patio: this was covered with a small tent as protection against the cruel sun and
possible rain. Set-up was rapid and without problems—I actually had a chance to return to the hotel for some relaxation before our 5:30 sound check. The concert was a smash: a large cross-section of the diplomatic, business, and artistic community of Libreville was in attendance, united in their love for jazz—some even had Pharoah Sanders records for Pharoah to autograph. Of course, what most people wanted to know about was the fate of our scheduled public concert tomorrow. Several people offered suggestions on possible sites, and we listened to all of them. Jan agreed to follow up on some of these ideas; we decided that she, Ron, Pharoah, and I would make a group decision on what to do Wednesday morning.
The group began their Wednesday with a press conference at the Intercontinental Hotel, where we were staying. While this was going on, Ron, Jan, and I were discussing our aborted evening program. The only appropriate venue available, a secondary school auditorium, was vetoed as too risky; any educational facility was a likely target for violence under the current tensions, so that was that—we now had an unexpected day off. Never in my 20 years of sound reinforcement had I ever had a gig canceled because the venue was torched—there were the usual “disco inferno” jokes and choruses of Bob Marley’s “Burning & Looting”, but we were really relieved. We’d almost elected to store some of our left-behind gear at Omar Bongo Auditorium during our Sao Tome trip; our schedule change made this unwieldy, thank goodness. We spent the rest of the day relaxing poolside and/or hitting the market—the night found us enjoying African cuisine as guests of Le Perroquet restaurant. Afterwards, some of us hit the clubs for a taste of Libreville night life—which, in typical African tradition, didn’t really get rolling until after midnight! Fortunately, we could stay out late, secure in the knowledge that our Thursday flight for Congo didn’t leave until 7 PM.
Thursday’s work schedule involved Ron and me heading for the airport around 3 PM to begin the involved check-in procedures governing all our equipment. The customs checks were much more rigorous now, as was the airport’s security. Shows you what a good riot will do. One might think we were exchanging tension for tranquillity traveling to Congo, but it had potential problems too. Brazzaville had experienced riots between supporters of ousted Premier Andre’ Milongo and army units loyal to someone else only three weeks before our scheduled arrival. This “show of force” turned bloody, and the resultant turmoil threatened our entire program. Fortunately, the army finally returned to the barracks and, although things were still tense, the overall feeling was that the worst had passed, cooler heads had prevailed, and we were free to come and perform without fear. Libreville-Brazzaville took 1 hour 25 minutes on Cameroon Airlines; PAO Mary Johnson and her staff were there to greet us. Ron took the group over to the hotel, the PLM Mbamou Palace, while I stayed behind to deal with our equipment. I’d expected a hassle, but customs clearance here was perfunctory. Mary had Ministry of Culture clearances for us, which helped, but considering the tense situation of a few weeks ago, I was surprised. I definitely expected a shakedown; just goes to show how quickly political situations can change in Africa. The drive to the hotel was quick: I separated luggage and personal instruments from PA equipment, sending the latter off for safekeeping at the US Embassy. We had a quick briefing with Mary, who informed us that things had indeed “lightened up”, and that Brazzaville was eager for our performance, scheduled for Saturday, February 8.
Friday’s only commitment was a workshop with local musicians, held that morning at the American Cultural Center and hosted by USIA CAA Jean-Jacques Nganga. I usually don’t get to attend these, as typically they are scheduled on a concert day; I go to set up while the group gives the workshop. I’m certainly glad that I attended this one—Congolese jazz musicians were amazed by the facility and imagination of Pharoah, William, Russel, and Greg. We were all impressed at the jazz talent here—and were especially pleased that several traditional instruments were demonstrated for us. I even had several people interested in sound; our exchange was very lively as I answered their technical questions while they, and the local musicians, showed me how they mic’d the Ngonfi, Ngouomi, and La Sanza (see Figures 4, 5, and 6). A jam with both modern and traditional instruments was inevitable; it proved so magical that Pharoah arranged then and there to include a similar jam as part of our public concert.
We spent the last portion of our workshop planning how we'd handle that. Once the post-workshop press conference was completed, we had the rest of the day off.
Mary was a paragon of efficiency: a car was waiting for me Saturday at 10 AM, and I was soon at the *Palais des Conges*, a large hall located between the Mungali and Poto-Poto districts of Brazzaville. I wandered into the auditorium, and was quite pleased to find all our equipment waiting in the off stage right wing; there were even two embassy guys there to help me. What I found puzzling was the lectern on stage—there were also several tables flanking this lectern, and people were very busy on stage setting up mics and hanging scrims. What was this all about? "Oh", said the hall manager, "we have a political rally scheduled for today". When I asked how long it would last, I was told 3 PM, followed by the words I dreaded: "no problem". Ron, Jean-Jacques, and I discussed options: under the best of circumstances, set up would take 2 hours, tops. If we could have access to the stage by 5 PM, it would still be possible to do the show. With a firm deadline in mind, we went off to Mary's house, where the band was enjoying an informal lunch with several local musicians, to break the good news. Mary was not a happy camper—she immediately called the Ministry of Culture. I heard "contract", "commitment", and "guaranteed" mentioned several times, with no apparent effect. Whatever arrangements had been made were now overrun by the engine of politics. We were at the mercy of the rally schedule.
I returned to the hall with Ron and Jean-Jacques around 4:30, to find the party was in full swing. The hall was packed, loud speeches and cheers filled the air, and the huge parking area in front of the Palais was a mass of humanity. We were informed that "our leader's flight has not yet arrived from Paris"; at that point, we knew it was hopeless. Mary arrived at 5 to get the bad news—I waited an extra half hour, but with no change in the rally at that point we officially had to scrub the show. We made arrangements with the hall manager to reschedule the show for Monday, which had been scheduled as our rest day. It was probably just as well—nothing could possible compare with the energy and craziness of a Congolese political rally. Ron and I took a half-hour walk through the crowd outside the Palais and take it all in. Entire villages gathered in giant circles, dancing wildly to drum beats and waiving signs while they did it. Long lines of people paraded through the crowd, banging tambourines and drums; they had the candidates photo stuck to their foreheads. People on tall 10-foot stilts danced to wild music, spinning crazily high in the air while others danced below. It was a *serious* party; cross a US national political convention with Mardi Gras and you have a general picture of what went on in Brazzaville that day. It was yet another first for me: I'd never had a gig canceled because a political rally usurped the venue! The positive side to all this was another night off; no better way to spend it then hangin' on the terrace of the *Kebe-Kebe* nightclub, high atop the *Mbamaou Palace Hotel*, enjoying the creature comforts and the view: a clear tropical night, gazing across Stanley Pool at the twinkling lights of Kinshasa, Zaire, just across the river from Brazzaville.
normally prefer to maintain point-source between PA and band; faced with a rear drop off this severe, a distributed system seemed to be the only answer. Necessity was definitely the mother here. During our setup, the sky turned threatening; since my Bose house speakers were either outside or near the edge of the tarps, I covered them with plastic garbage bags while still on their tripods. The rain held off though; with Ron’s help, we were done early. At this point, we left with Jean-Jacques to go down river for lunch. The views of the rapids were spectacular—we found a place close where we could eat to the roar of the water. We were about half way through when the skies opened up and it just poured. Eventually, the rain slackened, and we prepared to return to our hotel when Jean-Jacques radio began to crackle with the news of “a catastrophe at the residence”. We detoured there, to find that the audience tarp had caved in, soaking everything inside and knocking down my delay stacks. The bags protected the speakers from the rain, and except for a bent ¼-in. speaker jack, everything worked just fine. We returned with the group at 5:30 PM for sound check—we hit at 7 PM to a fully-packed tent. My attention to detail on coverage was appreciated—several musicians later told me it was the first time anyone could remember hearing clearly in the rear of the tent.
Monday’s rescheduled concert proved to be of the tour’s highlight performances. The hall manager at the Palais des Congres was appropriately contrite after Saturday’s fiasco—there was plenty of help for me, so setup was the fastest of the tour. The hall seated 1200 in a single seating area with a mild rake (see Figure 7).
Reverb time was less than 2 seconds; our problem here was echoes off the back wall. It was also the only place I’d been in Africa that used Australian-type AC receptacles—the hot and neutral blades are at 45 degrees to a vertical ground blade. Voltage here was 222; I observed spastic fluctuations as high as 8 volts with no load. Most of the stage receptacles were un-grounded; I found one with a good ground on the upstage left wall. We were scheduled to start at 6 PM, but in deference to typical African style, we delayed until almost 7.
The wait fazed no one; the crowd was totally into it, applauding immediately after Pharoah’s first solo, and it only got better! Pharoah’s cadenza on “Soul Eyes” evoked gasps from the crowd, but the biggest applause went to the mass jam, which featured local trumpet and guitar players along with the ngoni and la sanza. The good feeling continued the next morning as we left Congo for Cameroon—it turned out that the customs crew had attended our concert—and they seemed more interested in autographs than in searching our gear.
After one of the fastest check-ins I’ve seen in Africa, we were on our way—with very good memories of Brazzaville and lots of stories to tell.
**AUTHOR’S POSTSCRIPTS**
As this issue gets out, I’ll be preparing to get out too! Fall ’93 will find me touring North and West Africa with the Rebirth Brass Band. At press time our itinerary looked like this:
- 10/14-21/93 Cairo & Alexandria, Egypt
- 10/22-26/93 Tunis, Souse, and Fax, Tunisia
- 10/27-31/93 BD, probably Morocco or Niger
- 11/01-03/93 Bamako, Mali
- 11/04-07/93 Coton, Benin
- 11/08-15/93 Accra, Chums, and BD, Ghana
- 11/16-21/93 Dakar, Ziguinchor, and BD, Senegal
James Boyk is both pianist in residence, and Lecturer in music in the Electrical Engineering Department at California Institute of Technology (known locally as Caltech), perhaps one of the two most prestigious technical universities in the USA.
As his title states, Jim is both a fine musician and a technical wizard. His technical forte is making good sound better. (He won’t even tolerate bad sound, you can do that if you’re on staff at Caltech.) Over the years his projects have added to our knowledge of how and why we hear as we do and he has constructed some awesome machinery to demonstrate his theories.
Several years ago, it occurred to him that microphone placement was pretty important as to how we perceive stereo. He maintains, correctly, that 99 percent of the recordings we hear today are not stereo and to quote him speaking about modern multi-channel recordings:
“It’s something like the difference between taking a group picture in the normal way and taking close-ups of each member and then pasting these into a simulated group shot.”
In the few real stereo recordings that are made, there are about as many different microphone placement techniques as there are recordists. Jim Boyk’s label, Performance Recordings has released a CD that is a “must own” for any serious recordist who does stereo recordings.
The CD is titled A Demonstration of Stereo Microphone Technique, a recording Jim, and three of his Projects in Music and Science course students, conceived, designed and executed. On the recording, there are a total of forty-seven tracks, the first eleven are introductions and explanations. The balance is arranged into eighteen pairs of tracks, on the first track of the pair there is a description of the microphone type and layout with announcer Peter Sutheim speaking into the microphones under demonstration. The second track of the pair has a series of sounds that will allow the listener to evaluate that particular microphone arrangement. The various arrangements cover condenser, dynamic and ribbon microphones in cardioid, bi-directional, and omni-directional patterns arranged in every imaginable geometry including spaced, NOS, ORTF, and Blumlein.
If carried to extremes, there could be Carl Sagan type numbers of recordings and Jim and his students would grow old and still be recording. These eighteen tracks give the recordist the information needed to help decide how the microphones should be arranged at their next stereo session. The CD comes with a very comprehensive 20 page booklet that is aimed at the novice, but has information useful to professional. It carefully explains what is on the disc and how to use it.
It would not be constructive to actually review this disc, as it is a teaching device and not a performance, but for recordists, both new and experienced, and it is certainly a valuable Tool Of The Trade.
Another Jim Boyk project was a device he called Magnesaurus (tm) long before Jurassic Park raised its toothy head. The model Ampex 351-2 tape recorder, manufactured by Ampex from about 1952 until about 1965, was the mainstay of most recording studios until the middle 1970s. As solid-state devices became quiet and reliable enough for professional audio, these venerable tube devices were first delegated to making copies, then editing, and finally, ignominiously, some of them became tape winders. Jim was able to obtain a very clean 351-2 and proceeded to do what the hot rodders call blueprinting.
The deck was completely disassembled, every moving part was re-bearinged, the motors were rebuilt to higher tolerances than ever specified by Ampex, then balanced. The head assembly was replaced by a half-inch two-track assembly on a special mount conceived by John French of JRF Magnetics, and finally the tape path was carefully tuned with the use of some very sophisticated Hewlett-Packard test equipment.
Meanwhile, back at the electronics, Steve Haselton of The Mastering Lab was busy designing an external power supply to reduce hum and noise from that source. Steve also tweaked the electronics for maximum performance.
The first Magnesaurus (tm) project was a recording of Jim playing Mussorgsky’s Pictures At An Exhibition in Caltech’s famous Dabney Hall. Using Jim’s favorite Coles ribbon microphones and some custom modified BBC preamplifiers, the signal was then sent about a quarter of a mile to Jim’s lab where the tape recorder was located. The author was at the controls and fortuitously had brought a Panasonic 255 portable dat recorder, and so he made a simultaneous digital recording.
Although the Magnesaurus performed perfectly having the digital backup gave Jim an idea, and in the released recording the CD has both the analog recording from the Magnesaurus and the digital recording from the Panasonic 255, allowing the listener to compare the two recording methods. The vinyl disc has only the analog recording.
Although not conceived as a Tool Of The Trade, these recordings are a valuable lesson in the differences between analog and digital. Additionally, the music and performance are excellent, and you are liable to enjoy yourself while listening to the recording.
Both recordings are available from:
Performance Recordings,
135 Holmby Ave.
Los Angeles, CA 90025-5915,
(510)-475-8261.
A Revitalized Record Plant Celebrates Its 25th Year
In September of this year, a rock and roll legend celebrated twenty-five years in the entertainment business. Unlike some of the graying, gracefully aging performers who also got their start in 1968, the Los Angeles Record Plant truly looks younger and fitter than ever.
It stands on a different site than it originally did and is under the direction of a new owner. But the spirit and overall concept of this recording industry institution remains the same: It is a state-of-the-art living room where the top musical talents of our time come to play. (Some call it work.) Over the years, the Record Plant has become a home not only to recording artists but also to the audio cadre of the film and television industries. In an economic climate where many legendary studios have closed their doors, the Los Angeles Record Plant is a diversified, flourishing business.
Walking through the stylish, bustling facility that is today's Record Plant, it's hard to believe that the studio was in grave peril just three years ago, with industry insiders predicting an imminent closure. As it turned out, however, that sad fate was not to be.
The person responsible for the Record Plant's rescue and triumphant reversal of fortune is an energetic, affable man named Rick Stevens. Formerly president of the Summa Music Group publishing firm and a veteran of the artist management and A&R fields, Stevens and his long-time Wall Street partners, Tom Kirch and Michael Beder, purchased the facility from its former owners in June of 1991. The new owners immediately embarked on an exhaustive, four-million dollar studio upgrade and expansion. "Record Plant Phase Two" added two new state-of-the-art studios to the premises: a mix suite equipped with a 96-input SSL SL-8000 G Series console and a large recording/scoring room boasting a 96-input Neve VPSR Legend console.
These new studios joined Record Plant's two previously existing rooms to form a deluxe working environment complemented by a light, bright new atrium area complete with Jacuzzi, billiards table and all the other requisites of a comfortable, lively social area.
Completed under the supervision of architect Peter Grueneisen of the Los Angeles design firm studio bau.ton, the upgrade quickly re-established the Record Plant's preeminence as one of Los Angeles's hippest recording spots. Not content to rest on his laurels, Stevens recently added a fifth room: an overdub/pre-production/MIDI suite that mates a vintage API Di Medio console with both analog multi-tracking and a Pro Tools digital audio workstation.
"The Record Plant has historically catered to top-echelon music stars," says Stevens. "I very much wanted to continue in that tradition because that's the only segment of the studio business where you're competing on the basis of client service rather than rates. So many studios in the Los Angeles market are competing to offer slashed rates right now, and that's why many of them are struggling. I just realized that most stars come down a notch in their life when they walk into the average recording studio. If they're in from New York or London, they're staying at the Beverly Hills Hotel or the Mondrian or Bel Age, where they're used to a high caliber of service. I wanted to bring that same level of service into the studio. That's what makes us different."
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE RECORD PLANT
Stevens' operating philosophy carries on in the tradition established by Chris Stone, the Record Plant's founder and former owner. Together with the late Gary Kellgren, Stone opened the first Record Plant in New York, in 1968. The Los Angeles Record Plant was built the following year. Right from the start, the concept was to provide an environment at once more hip and more homey than what was to be found at the label-owned studios and old-style independents of the Sixties. Jimi Hendrix' groundbreaking Electric Ladyland album was the Record Plant's inaugural project. With its technological adventurousness and pioneering FM rock vibe, this landmark recording site set the pace for the Record Plants’ future. From Frank Zappa and the Velvet Underground in the 60s, to the Eagles and Stevie Wonder in the 70s, to Tears for Fears, Whitesnake and Bruce Springsteen in the 80s, the Record Plant grew by leaps and bounds. Chris Stone had assumed sole leadership of the business after Gary Kellgren’s death in 1977.
In the 80s, the Los Angeles studio became the focal point of Stone’s Record Plant enterprises. In 1986, he closed the original studio site on Third Street and opened the present-day Record Plant on Sycamore Avenue, in a district that houses many of Hollywood’s leading film facilities. The building chosen for the new Record Plant was originally an annex to the historic Radio Recorders. Stone converted the structure into a top-flight, two-studio facility equipped to do a diversified mixture of record and film work. In 1989 Chrysalis Records purchased the Record Plant from Stone and operated the studio up until its 1991 purchase by Rick Stevens.
“It quickly became evident that a major renovation was in order,” says Stevens. “You couldn’t just buy this place, upgrade the service and expect the Record Plant name to mean what it meant ten years prior. So right from the start, our business plan was not just to acquire the Record Plant, but also to implement the now completed improvements.”
The first priority was to restore the existing rooms, which had undergone slight modification during the Chrysalis years. The Record Plant was closed for a three-week period for what Stevens calls “cosmetic and substantive improvements: One of the first things we did was bring in [noted acousticians] George Augspurger and Steve Brandon to take a look at the acoustic signature of the rooms and do some fine-tuning. Another thing we did was upgrade the look of the complex and create new, more luxurious private lounges for each of the studios. For a facility that invented the concept of the private lounge, this place was sadly devoid of creature comforts when we took it over.”
With these immediate concerns satisfied, attention turned to Stevens’ master plan: converting 11,000 square feet of office space at the rear of the building into two new studios and a large common lounge area. An important design objective was to make each of the new studios a completely self-contained work-space, each incorporating a private lounge equipped with a kitchenette and bathroom. This way, projects could proceed in complete isolation from other activities around the studio complex. The design contract for the upgrade was awarded to Peter Grueneisen of studio bau:ton. Stevens credits studio bau:ton’s contractors, Pridemark Inc., for the fact that the Record Plant’s two original studios were able to remain open during most of the construction, hosting sessions with artists such as Mick Jagger, Michael Bolton, the Black Crowes, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers. When the time came to build the new Mini Plant...
pre-production/overdub/MIDI facility, the talents of Grueneisen and studio bau.ton were again enlisted.
"We wanted the Mini Plant to maintain the acoustic and visual style of the other new rooms at the Record Plant," Stevens comments. "In its look and sound, it's very much a smaller version of our new SSL room."
A WALK THROUGH THE RECORD PLANT
The social and aesthetic heart of the Record Plant is its spacious atrium lounge, located at the rear of the building. Here, clients can get away from their projects and mingle with other clients beneath a large skylight which admits the plentiful California sunshine. Meals, rides and other outside amenities can be ordered at the client service desk. There's also a fully equipped kitchen, billiards table and of course the Record Plant Jacuzzi. This enduring monument to recording studio hedonism is enclosed by dramatically sloping glass walls fitted with mini blinds which can be drawn for privacy. "The Jacuzzi at the old Record Plant was somewhat a symbol of the place," says Peter Grueneisen; "Rick wanted to bring that back." Grueneisen adds that the new Record Plant operates on a "two-tiered lounge concept." Clients can stay in their private studio lounges—"their own little kingdom," as the architect puts it—or come into the common lounge to mingle with people working on other projects.
The Record Plant's four studios are located along the long corridor that runs from the front entrance back to the atrium lounge. As you enter the building, facing the atrium, you'll find one of the original studios on your left. Now called Neve II and equipped with a 60-input Neve V Series console with Massenburg automation and a custom film monitor module. Neve II contains the facility's largest recording area, a 40-ft. by 35-ft. space with a 25-foot high ceiling which was originally designed to handle scoring dates with as many as forty players.
There's also a 21 by 21-foot "Super Live Room" with a 14-foot ceiling and a 6 by 8-foot ISO booth with a 10-foot ceiling.
Across the corridor lies the other room that acoustician Tom Hidley built for the Record Plant in 1986. Now called SSL II, its 14 by 22-foot tracking room is smaller than Neve II, although its control room is identical in size: both are 30 by 20 feet.
The studio is equipped with a 72-input SSL G Series console with a G Series automation computer and a combination of E and G Series EQ modules. Both SSL II and Neve II have 25-inch video monitors in their control rooms and projection TV systems in their tracking rooms.
The two new studios—Neve I and SSL I—are also on the right-hand side of the corridor, more toward the rear of the building. Let's go in for a closer look, shall we?
SSL I: DESIGN AND TECHNICAL FACILITIES
SSL I, an mix/overdub suite, was the first of the two new studios to be completed. Prince was the room's inaugural client. The studio's centerpiece is a 96-input SSL SL-8000 G-Series console with Ultimation, one of the two largest SSL consoles ever to be installed in an audio facility. SSL I's control room measures 23 by 20 feet and is supplemented by a 14 by 12-foot vocal booth.
The design of the room is based in part on the in-house mix room at Summa Music, Rick Stevens' former company.
"We knew we wanted the console to be very close to the front wall by conventional standards," explains Stevens. "That is a formula we just lucked onto in the Summa mix room because space was limited. But the room became a very successful facility when we opened it to outside clients, so we decided to stay with that basic Summa formula in SSL I. With the board that close to the front of the room, we knew the large room monitors would be functioning almost as giant near fields. We wanted the front of the control room — say up to the outboard gear rack—to be very neutral acoustically."
Implementing this idea took a certain amount of design finesse, since SSL I is significantly larger than the Summa mix room. Also, a 96-input mixing console is a rather lengthy piece of gear, so it was necessary to maintain a fairly wide "sweet spot" in the main mix position. Peter Grueneisen worked with George Augspurger and Steve Brandon in designing and fine-tuning the room acoustics. What worked out best, says Grueneisen, "was to have a soft front wall with fabric on it and RPG diffusers in the rear wall. Monitor placement was critical too."
The room's Augspurger monitors are mounted in wooden soffits. "We made soffits that were bigger than
the actual speaker enclosures," Grueneisen explains. "This way, we had room to adjust the position of the monitors. Once we found precisely the right position, we filled in the gap around each monitor with sand and closed up the soffit. The sand really helps anchor the monitor and helps provide isolation. There's also lead around the loudspeakers, a heavy layering of plywood, a material called MDF (medium density fiberboard) and lots of drywall. By making the speaker soffit larger than the speaker we not only provide leeway for positioning the monitor with maximum accuracy, we also give the clients more options for the future."
The video facilities in SSL I are no less impressive than the audio gear. The front wall of the control room houses three video monitors. The central monitor, a 50-inch rear-projection Mitsubishi 5017-S is mainly intended for mix-to-picture applications. It is flanked by two smaller Mitsubishi AM-2752 video monitors which are set up to provide a variety of displays—everything from local cable TV programming to Ultimation and Macintosh display screens. Many of these functions can also be displayed as a picture-in-picture window in the lower right-hand corner of the big 50-inch monitor. A video switcher located at the console allows any one of four different inputs to be routed to the monitor, including a cable box, VHS VCR, laserdisc player, a 3/4-inch U-Matic VCR and other video devices. Alternately, the monitor can be switched to RGB mode, and used as a computer screen for the SSL Ultimation or other displays.
NEVE I: DESIGN AND TECHNICAL FACILITIES
Neve I, the second new room at Record Plant is designed to accommodate a wide variety of tracking, scoring and mixing projects, including mixes to video. "Knowing we were going to wind up with the largest Neve on the planet, we estimated that probably 70 percent of our business in that room would be mixing," says Stevens. "But because it is a Neve board, we knew people would want to track in there as well; we wanted to accommodate that kind of clientele too."
Responding to the need for a versatile, good-sounding tracking space in Neve I, Peter Grueneisen designed a 24 by 35-foot room with a sloping ceiling that reaches a height of 22 feet. Room acoustics are fairly live. "That's the way we like to do all our rooms," says Grueneisen. "We feel that's the trend. Also you can always deaden a live room very easily by using drapes. But when a room has been built dead, it's very hard to make it live."
A large portion of the walls are surfaced with wood panels: "A substance called strand board," Grueneisen elaborates. "It's a very economical material that we treat in a special way by sanding and then staining it. And then we used concrete acoustical blocks in the back corners of the room. Those are raw concrete blocks with slots in them that make them act as acoustical resonators."
Concrete acoustical blocks were also used in the studio's 14 by 11-foot vocal booth (located off the control room) and to construct two small ISO chambers in the two rear corners of the room for micing guitar and bass amps. Details like this, along with the overall room acoustics, make the Neve I tracking room an ideal space for cutting rock bands as well as small to mid-sized orchestral ensembles. To achieve the tracking room's lofty 22-foot height, it was necessary to take out the existing roof trusses and raise the roof by about five feet. According to Peter Grueneisen: "since we were raising the roof, we decided to construct a second-story lounge for Neve I and install a window so that the lounge overlooks the Jacuzzi and the whole atrium area."
The focal point of Neve I's control room is its 96-input Neve VRSP Legend console with GML Moving Fader automation and recall. The Legend features a custom-designed combination of Neve's Scoring and Post-production User panels—hence the "S" and "P" designations. Minor modifications were also made to the board to provide an optimal interface with other equipment in the room, including five full rows of patching to accommodate various configurations of tape machines and outboard gear. Neve's VSP section, which handles output bus-to-speaker assignments for film mixing, also added a few more patch-bays to the board.
"The great thing about the Neve VRSP Legend and the new SSL SL-8000," confides Rick Stevens, "is that either can easily handle discrete film-style or Dolby surround-sound mixing. The engineer
Figure 4. A close-up detail of part of SSL I's well stocked outboard rack as seen in Figure 3.
just pushes a button, and every bus is connected to the appropriate speaker channel. They don't have to fuss with re-patching an LCRS (left-center-right-surround) system. The console automatically covers all of that re-assignment for them."
Video monitoring in the control room is provided by two Sony PVM-2530s. Unlike SSL I, however, it wasn't necessary to install an extensive video monitoring system. Because Neve I was designed to function as a conventional recording studio, most of the front wall is taken up by a conventional control-room window. Two monitors mounted in the wall are dedicated for video playback. Since the GML automation and recall systems feature their own monitors and high-resolution graphics, these video monitors are not required to display computer information, as in the case in SSL I.
Rick Stevens explains that "the acoustic signature of the Neve I control room is much more like the existing Hidley rooms in the Record Plant. But it's a smaller control room at the front," he adds. "Consequently, it's somewhere between the style of SSL I and the style of the existing Hidley rooms."
"One difference is that the front wall is plaster," adds Grueneisen. "So it's a hard, reflective surface rather than a soft one like in the SSL I control room. Also it has more of a soft ceiling in the back, as a result of the harder front wall. So some of the details are flipped, but the goal is the same: to maintain a large reflection-free zone."
**THE FACILITY-WIDE PERSPECTIVE: HARDWARE**
Both SSL I and NEVE I feature identical custom George Augspurger monitor systems consisting of left, center and right enclosures. The enclosures are loaded with TAD components: two 15-inch drivers and a 2-inch horn. The high-end components are driven by Boulder 500 power amps. Australian 1K2 1.5 kilowatt power amps are used on the low end. A modified White Instruments 4000 Series 1/3 octave EQ/crossover completes the system. JBL 8330s are used as surround sound monitors for the rooms' Dolby stereo matrix encoding units.
The two older studios (Neve II and SSL II) have the exact same power amp/crossover/room EQ configuration, installed during the initial three-week upgrade of the Record Plant's facilities when Stevens acquired the studio. In the older rooms, however, the amps drive custom Hidley/Kinoshita monitors and JBL 4312 surrounds. In all four studios, Yamaha NS-10Ms and Auratones are the standard near field monitors; KRK, Tannoy and AR near fields are available on request. The smaller monitors in each studio are driven by Krell stereo power amps.
The Record Plant boasts an exceptional selection of microphones and outboard equipment, including a fine cache of vintage gear.
The standard tape machine complement for each studio consists of two Studer A800 MkIII analog 24-track machines, vintage Ampex ATR 102s and 102s (half-inch and quarter-inch), two Panasonic SV-3700 Pro-DAT machines, two Panasonic VHS Hi-Fi VCRs, two Nakamichi MR-1 cassette decks and one Rotel 955AX CD player. The Record Plant has Sony PCM-3348 digital 48-track machines, a Mitsubishi X880 digital 32-track and several Studer A820 analog two-tracks that are allocated to the rooms on a floating basis. Additional digital multi-tracks and other ancillary machines are hired in as needed. The machine bays in each studio are designed to accommodate up to two additional 48-track machines without having to disconnect any of the standard tape machine complement.
Synchronization is provided by upgraded Timeline Lynx II modules (one per machine). The console's on-board machine controls are used to drive the tape machines, which then simply chase-lock via the Lynx II units. But each room has also been pre-designed to run with other master control systems, including the Lynx Keyboard Control Unit., as well as any system that operates via an RS422 interface bus, which is provided throughout the complex.
The Record Plant boasts an exceptional selection of microphones and outboard equipment, including a fine cache of vintage gear.
and outboard equipment, including a fine cache of vintage gear. Much of it comes from the stock of Livingstone Audio, the old Record Plant's satellite rental company. On acquiring the Record Plant assets, Stevens decided to distribute the Livingstone wealth among his four rooms. Thus the equipment rack in each studio comes with a generous selection of Pultec EQs, Fairchild limiters, UREI Los Angeles-2As and 1176s, as well a good supply of modern gear including Drawmer gates, GML 8200 EQs, Lexicon 480 SLs and PCM 70s, Eventide H3000s, AMS RMX16s, dbx 902s and Yamaha SPX 90s, 900s and 1000s. Other pieces, such as the Record Plant's EMT 250 and 251 and its two Fairchild 770s float from room to room.
**THE FACILITY-WIDE PERSPECTIVE: STRUCTURAL AND INTERFACE DESIGN**
Optimal physical isolation between studios with maximum electronic inter-connectivity: these were two major design goals when the Record Plant was refurbished. The task of isolating the studios acoustically was part of Peter Grueneisen's brief.
"One of the big logistical problems was that the studios are all so close to one other," the architect notes. "Three of the rooms are only separated by walls. There are no corridors in between. So we had to build very heavy walls with many layers between the studios. One of them is made out of five independent wall structures, each constructed of wood framing, metal studs, plywood, lots of leaded drywall and plenty of air spaces. Each layer floats on rubber mounts. There are no hard connections anywhere: no screws or bolts."
Grueneisen also deemed it necessary to take out the concrete floor slab in the rear portion of the building to avoid the need for cumbersome access ramps. This offered an acoustical advantage, since it enabled the architect to design floating floor slabs for both the new studios, decoupling them from the other rooms for further acoustic isolation. In addition, adds Grueneisen, "the air conditioning was redesigned from scratch for the back part of the building, so that there are individual units for each of the rooms. It's all designed to minimize transmission of sound from room to room. There were some cases where we had to put two rooms on one air conditioning unit; but in those instances, we put in muffler boxes and an elaborate system of ducting to make sure no sound travels from one room to the next."
A primary design goal was to achieve maximum "plug-and-play" compatibility throughout the five rooms, allowing audio, video and synchronization hardware to be patched into any of the studios, and be ready for action with a minimum of hookup time. Each studio is equipped with two machine bays, each with ample ALCO connectors for patching in multiple audio and video tape machines over and above the room's stock machine complement.
Interfaces for the new rooms were designed to conform with the existing two studios. Although each room is completely self-contained, audio and video tie lines are provided between them, as well as machine-control tie lines. In this way, each room can be interfaced without additional noise and ground-loop problems. To satisfy the latter requirement, a star grounding system ensures that all equipment is isolated. A separate clean ground can then be connected, if necessary, to the console in each room. So far that hasn't been necessary, however, since the AC grounding scheme is well-distributed.
And although the Record Plant is—as its name implies—primarily a record house, it is also equipped with mix-to-video facilities for those record clients who might have to do special mixes of their music for film soundtracks, videos, etc. For this reason, distributed house video sync is provided in each room to ensure a clean, consistent sync source for the various time-code synchronizers, digital tape machines or video decks used during a session.
**THE MINI PLANT:**
**A TIMELY AFTERTHOUGHT**
With the massive Phase II upgrade brought to a successful conclusion, it would seem that the Record Plant was complete. But Rick Stevens had another idea. When some second-story space became available in '93—it had formerly been let to a tenant whose lease had expired—Stevens knew just what to do with it. He wanted to provide a place where clients could do pre-production, overdubs, MIDI sequencing and other "off-line" work at a slimmer rate than that commanded by any of the Record Plant's other rooms. Construction of the Mini Plant began in late July and was completed within a month.
The studio features a control room and overdub area. Mixing is provided by a 36-input custom API Di Medio console that formerly belonged to Steven's Summa Music Group: "The console was originally built for Paramount Studios in the early 1970s by Frank Di Medio," explains Stevens. "When Summa bought the board in 1989, we brought Frank out of semi-retirement to restore it: both in terms of electronics and cosmetics. It's quite a handsome piece of vintage gear."
The control room offers nearfield monitoring only, via a selection of Yamaha NS-10Ms, KRK 9000s, Westlake and Tannoy monitors powered by either Studer, Krell or Yamaha amplification (the client's choice). Tracks can be laid onto a Studer A800 analog 24-track, or to the room's Digidesign Pro Tools eight-track digital audio workstation with Sound Designer II editing software. The system is based around a Macintosh Quadra 800 with 32 meg of RAM and a 230-meg internal drive. Its twin 1.7 gigabyte external hard drives and 8 mm tape backup system are by Pacific Coast Technologies (PCT). Visual display is provided by a 20-inch monitor, and a Roland CS-10 virtual controller can be used by clients who prefer the hands-on feel of faders and buttons to the feel of a Mac track ball. Apogee A/D and D/A converters are used at the input and output stages of the system.
"We made a very conscious decision to combine the warmth of an old API console with digital audio technologies," says Stevens. "We think it makes for a powerful combination."
A second Macintosh—a Centris 650—handles MIDI sequencing and editor/librarian functions. It too has 32 Mbytes of RAM and a 230 Mbyte hard drive. Resident on the drive are Mark of the Unicorn's Digital Performer sequencer/digital recording program and Unison editor/librarian, Opcode's Studio Vision sequencer/digital recorder and Galaxy librarian. (All these programs are installed on the Quadra 800 as well.) The Mini Plant's stockpile of MIDI gear includes a Roland A-80 keyboard controller, JD-990 and D-550 tone modules, a Korg Wavestation AV, E-mu's Proteus 1, Proteus 2 and Vintage keys, Alesis IV drum module, and Akai S1000 sampler with 18 Mbytes of RAM and a Dynafex CD ROM player with library.
The Mini Plant is tied into the audio and video network that links the studio's other four rooms, as Stevens explains: "We've created a system where you can basically do a D-to-D transfer into Pro Tools from a digital machine in one of our downstairs control rooms. In Pro Tools, the tracks can be edited and otherwise manipulated and then sent back down to the multi-track, without ever leaving the digital domain."
Rick Stevens speaks with discernible pride as he explains the ins and out of his newly invigorated facility. The venerable Record Plant is clearly ready and eager for the next 25 years.
The ELAR Audio Library
The Books You Need To Be A Better Professional
- John Eargle's *Handbook of Sound System Design* has the answers to those needs you have for accurate technical information about sound reinforcement. It contains everything from a small church to Madison Square Garden, from live sound for 60,000 to canned sound for 600. Chapters: High-Frequency Speaker Systems, Mid-Frequency Speaker Systems, Low-Frequency Speaker Systems, Dividing Networks, Central Loudspeaker Arrays, Distributed Systems, Paging Systems, Microphones, —All this and more.
- *The New Recording Studio Handbook* by John Woram and Alan P. Kefauver is for everyone involved in recording. It is already established as the "bible" for learning all the basics of the recording studio operation. This includes the latest in the many kinds of noise reduction, analog recording, digital recording from multi-track to R-DAT, what they are and how you use SMPTE and MIDI time codes, signal-processing equipment, microphones and loudspeakers (monitors), and all about the new automated consoles.
- If you are a professional in audio and use microphones in any aspect of your work, you need John Eargle's definitive *The Microphone Handbook*. Among the topics covered are: Using microphones effectively, directional characteristics, remote powering of condenser microphones, sensitivity ratings and what they mean, proximity and distance effects, multi-microphone interference problems, stereo microphone techniques, speech and music reinforcement, studio microphone techniques, and so much more.
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Packaging, Packaging, Packaging
"That's what seems to be the deciding factor as to whether a product is successful in the market place, or whether it bombs—simply because it, (whatever "it" happens to be) doesn't have the right look. This is a common problem for both individuals and small companies who don't have the capital to sink into fancy or "slick" promotional packaging."
We are living in the MTV generation, where hi-energy, fast-paced advertising and imagery are bombarding us with unrelenting hammering. Our brains have been conditioned to absorb unbelievably complex visual and audio messages, and so we find ourselves slipping into the head-space that "more" of something is better than "less" (as opposed to the old adage that "less" is "more"), and that "bigger" is "better."
When packaging a product (any product), one has to find the tricky balance between "done" and "over-done." Mis-representation or poor visual representation of a product can completely kill that product's chances for success. Remember the oriental train of thought for preparing a successful meal: Fifty percent is feast for the mouth, and fifty percent is feast for the eye. When it comes to putting together an audio cassette package, this same thinking holds true. I was visiting the Long Island NY home of Ariel Music Design and talking with Jim Becher, its owner.
"Even before an audio cassette tape is listened to, it is looked at. It is this first glance which plays an important part of how the tape is perceived; that is, whether or not the cassette tape was professionally recorded and packaged. If the tape does not look good, it can count as a strike against an individual or individuals who are attempting to shop the tape to record companies and music publishers, or selling and distributing their product to the masses. It is very important that the audio cassette tape package looks finished, and not like a work tape or rough draft.
"The quality of the audio recorded on the tape may indeed be outstanding, but if the same level of "quality control", or level of integrity from sound to sight, so to speak, is not maintained throughout the entire presentation, the overall impact of the presentation may suffer," said Jim.
THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS
He went on, "When all is said and done, the only thing that matters when listening to a tape, record, or compact disc is whether or not the end result, that is, the sound coming from the speakers is pleasing to the ear.
More times than not, a lot of time and expense is given to creating a master product in the recording studio, which includes mixing onto dat (digital audio tape), only to have the final mixes get "lost in the translation.", when making multiple audio cassette runs.
What is the point of going to all the trouble to make such a wonderful sounding master tape, and then making horrible, muddy cassette dupes? It doesn't make sense.
The final mass-produced version of the master tape has to sound as good as the original dat master. The most difficult format for mass-duplication to make sound as good as the original dat master, is the cassette."
ENTER ARIEL MUSIC DESIGN
Jim, in order to explain Ariel Music Design, tell us first where you come from and how it started. This paragraph following is his biography.
James Becher is a multi keyboardist/producer/engineer who has worked with such notables as Jon Anderson (Yes), Verdine White (Earth, Wind, and Fire), Ed Gagliardi (Foreigner), Kenny Aronson and Tommy Price (Billy Idol), Meatloaf, and the Weather Girls. He also served as product specialist and keyboard clinician for Music Technology Inc., and was involved with product development and sound design for Korg's M1 - MIDI Workstation electronic keyboard. He is currently the owner of Ariel Music Design, a full service music production company.
Jim then began, "Making the ultimate hot tape copy was a quest of mine for some time. I've succeeded, and I'm happy to be able to make the finest sounding audio cassettes—anywhere, and to be able to offer my services to the public. Ariel Music Design is a complete music production and recording service, with two facilities—a recording and music production studio, and a fully equipped, state-of-the-art cassette duplication facility. I would like to talk with you, and just give a "Cook's tour" of the cassette duplication facility." (Editor's note: A similar tour of his recording facility is in the January/February issue of db Magazine).
KEEP IT CLEAN
I asked him how do you keep things clean?
His response, “One of the most important rules in doing mass tape duplication is keeping the noise floor low. I say this because many tape duplicators use a method of wiring the tape decks together known as *daisy-chaining*. This simply means that the audio signal from the master dat machine is routed to the input of the first tape deck, and the output of the first tape deck is fed into the input of the second tape deck. The output of the second tape deck is then fed into the input of the third tape deck, and the output of the third tape deck is sent to the input of the fourth deck, and so on. The audio signal may or may not be split at some point in the chain using “Y” cords, but the output cords of the “Y” splits are still fed to the tape decks using the daisy-chaining method. The major problem with this method of signal routing is that cumulative noise build-up is experienced, as each tape deck in the chain receives the audio signal *plus* the summed inherent amplifier noise in each of the previous tape decks. This also means that not all cassette tapes will sound the same; some will be noisier than others. At Ariel Music Design, we use high-quality distribution amplifiers to evenly split the audio signal so that every tape deck is fed the exact same signal.
The reason for the use of distribution amplifiers is because we are running fifty hot-wired modified Tascam cassette decks (which run in real-time, and it is not possible to split any audio signal that many times without the use of some type of line-level dats. The distribution amplifiers we use are Rane model SM26’s. They are unbelievably quiet. Another key factor in keeping the noise floor low, is our use of the Mackie 1202 and 1604 mixers. The hi- and low-shelving equalization controls have center frequencies that are much more usable than most mixers. The hi-center frequency on the Mackie mixers is shelved at 12.5 kHz. (as opposed to 10 kHz. on most other mixers). This is a perfect frequency to add a little sparkle or crispness to the cassettes when the master dat for whatever reason was mixed a little “dark” (There is perhaps an even more important other reason for adding a touch of 12.5 kHz to the cassette tapes, which I will talk about shortly). Ten kHz tends to be a little “ratty” sounding when used brighten-up program material. The low shelving frequency on the Mackie is set at 80 Hz. (instead of the usual 100 Hz on most other mixers). Again, this seems to be a much warmer frequency for adding low frequencies than 100 Hz., because 100 Hz can tend to make the bass sound *boomy* instead of *sweet and low* (sounds like the name of something...doesn’t it?...er,...umm...). Oh, did I mention that the Mackie series mixers are absolutely the quietest mixers around, and have been compared to Neve?”
**JUST A TRIM PLEASE**
How do you handle the master when it comes in, particularly if it is not quite perfect. Said Jim, “There is nothing in tape duplication that is more important than having multi-band equalization. Having the ability to take off a little gain on only one band of frequencies, or to add a little gain to another is one very important facet of making smooth sounding tapes. Precise control over every aspect of the sound allows us to fine-tune the music or voice as it goes onto the audio cassettes. We use a pair of Alesis MEQ 230 dual thirty band graphic equalizers to address the individual frequency bands. The reason two are used is because one stereo equalizer is used to control the overall shape of the output signal, and the other equalizer is used as a control signal which is fed into the side-chain input of a model 3630 dual channel compressor/limiter/gate also made by Alesis. Again, the Alesis equipment was chosen because of the quiet, *transparent* way in which it processes the audio signal. The Alesis model 3630 compressor/limiter/gate has a very gentle way of limiting the loud, transient peaks that some recorded material contains.
The RMS mode of compression/limiting using *soft-knee* compressing/limiting handles overall program material much better than peak *hard-knee* compression/limiting, so therefore the action of the limiting is not noticed by those listening to the cassette tapes. Simply put, this means that because there are no out-of-control bursts of music (or whatever), to distort and saturate the tape, a much hotter recording level can be achieved, thus greatly improving the signal-to-noise ratio. The noise floor is therefore much lower than it would be if no limiting was used.”
**THE PEAK OF PERFECTION**
Do you get perfect masters? Jim replied, “It’s hard to say just what the perfect recording environment is or which recording studio has the best sound. One thing is certainly true; music and voice recording is a greatly varied medium, and barring an obvious screw-up or terribly recorded master tape, it is a completely subjective issue. Because there are those individuals who prefer very tame mixes, and those who prefer a slamming recording loaded with tons of upper mid-range and high frequency content, at some point, selective frequency-dependent limiting rather than overall frequency broad-band frequency limiting may become necessary.
For example, if the program material on the master dat is hard-rock or heavy-metal rock music, there may be an excessive or at least emphasized amount of 5 to 6 kHz frequencies present which, when copied for mass cassette tape duplication, may distort or saturate the cassette tapes. Audio cassettes tend to be not terribly forgiving when it comes to recording music or voice with lots of highs, especially if there are sudden sonic peaks in the program material. With the use of frequency dependent limiting, 5 kHz and/or 6 kHz for example, may be the only frequency bands that are limited or even squashed. The limiting of the dynamic range of these frequencies allows a much hotter recording level without tape saturation or distortion. This method of specific frequency band limiting is achieved by splitting the signal as it comes out of the mixer into two feeds. The first is allowed to pass through unaffected into the first MEQ 230 equalizer, the 3630 compressor/limiter/gate and then to the distribution amplifiers, which, of course, feed the signal to the tape decks. The second feed is patched into the input of the second MEQ 230 equalizer. The audio output of the second MEQ 230 is then patched into the side-chain input of the 3630 compressor/limiter/gate. By kicking in the second equalizer, any boosting or cutting of any of the frequency bands of that equalizer directly affects the action of the compressor of the 3630 because it is those specific frequency bands only which the compressor sees. The second MEQ 230 essentially acts as a control signal to the 3630 compressor/limiter/gate.
“The gate portion of the 3630 compressor/limiter/gate is as smooth working as they come. With a smooth preset attack setting and a variable release time, the gate may be used in a number of recording situations to clean-up noisy dat masters during silent portions of the tape, or the blank space between song selections.”
**GETTING EXCITED**
I asked, what works when you get a less-than-perfect master? Jim’s answer, “Sometimes it becomes necessary to “fix-it-after-the-mix”, when, for whatever reason, the music or voice doesn’t jump out of the speakers and confront the listener. This is when the use of an aural exciter may be just the answer. The perceived effect of aural exciting is different than that of just boosting high frequencies with equalization. Aural exciting gives not only high-frequency presence, but adds more definition to the original program material. At Ariel Music Design we have the option of using two different aural exciters. Each has its strengths in different areas of dealing with the audio spectrum. Both aural exciters we use are made by Aphex. The first which is the model Type C, is the simpler of the two. The Type C is useful when the program material feeding it is a little dark or muddy and just needs a tad more presence. However, the Type C is sensitive to high frequency transients and may distort if any high frequency transients are detected. If that is the case, the second and more elaborate exciter which is the Type III is the exciter of choice. The Type III will not go into distortion when strong upper mid or high frequencies are detected because it uses a different method of exciting altogether. The Type III actually synthesizes harmonics, even when the original program content is muddy and has very little high-frequency content to begin with. This method of putting back clarity into a questionable master tape is often a “fix-it-after-the-mix” life-saver.
“I mentioned earlier that there is a very important reason why remastering by adding a little extra sparkle using either equalization, limiting, the exciter, or any combination of the above, is usually necessary when doing mass duplication of audio cassettes. When a final master tape is put together and recorded onto dat, the listening environment for the dat is usually a controlled high-end situation, such as a recording studio. The average consumer does not typically own or have access to a dat machine. Cassettes are a much different story, however. The listening environment for the audio cassette can and does vary greatly. The same audio cassette may for one listener be played on a car stereo player, and for another be played on a home hi-fi stereo system. The third listening may be on a portable boom box at the beach or in the woods, there is no telling before hand what the listening situation will be. It therefore becomes necessary from my perspective, to attempt to allow for each of these listening environments when doing a large cassette run. By adding a touch of clean, smooth top end it becomes possible to build in a safeguard into the cassette mass duplication. The audio cassette that the end-user plays will sound great when played in almost any tape deck. You see, it is much better (from a sonic point of view) to make a bright tape copy rather than one that appears to be masked by an audio veil."
**ARTFUL FABRICATION**
When the copies are made, what can you do about the packaging? Said Jim, "Remember 'packaging, packaging, packaging?'" Now that we know that the sound recorded on the tapes (or CDs or records) is happening, the same level of integrity must be maintained for the packaging. This is the stage where all "fabrication" is done. It is so important that the final package has visual appeal and continuity so that when the tape gets thrown into a pile with other tapes, yours will catch someone's eye.
At Ariel Music Design we offer complete packaging which includes BASF pure chrome high bias tape which has excellent low- and high-frequency output combined with minimal distortion, J-card inserts, Norelco boxes, custom printed cassette labels or on-cassette printing, and the "cigarette-pack" style of shrink-wrapping. We provide 4-color separation for full-color cassette J-cards. A full range of coatings is available from standard press varnish and aqueous base gloss or matte finishes, to high gloss ultra violet coating. For those working on a somewhat limited budget, we can print Laser-Jet labels, which are black on any color or textured stock, using the Hewlett-Packard Laserjet 4 printer at a slick-looking 600 dots per inch. Though more inexpensive than 4-color separation, the Laserjet labels look classy, and certainly provide a cost-effective way of presenting yourself as a professional in the marketplace."
**ALL BASES COVERED**
Do you handle much in he way of less critical work? How do you handle that? Jim responded, "In addition to providing the most complete real-time cassette duplicating service available, Ariel Music Design now offers high-speed tape duplicating for less sonically critical situations such as voice-only narration, or any music that does not need to be digitally 'pristine'. Again for high-speed tape duplicating we use BASF tape. It gives faithful reproduction with a high amplitude at high frequencies.
"We have three digital dat machines in-house (Panasonic SV-3500, Panasonic SV-3200, and the Sony DTC-700) that we use for playback and for making digital back-up dats.
"For the record industry we offer compact disc booklets and tray cards, compact disc boxes, record jackets, record labels and backgrounds.
"For the video industry we can provide laser disc jackets, video slip cases, bottom load, side load, or closed end, spine and face labels on pressure sensitive rolls, and labels for vinyl video boxes.
"In addition, we have folding boxes, envelope boxes, blister cards, posters and brochures, floppy disc labels, and pressure sensitive labels and stickers on standard rolls or pin-fed for computer imprinting."
**FOOD FOR THOUGHT**
Do you have any final thoughts Jim? "Yes, with this fast-paced, Madison Avenue, quick-fix society we are in, we as artists and people struggle to survive, it becomes more and more evident that in order to stand out from the rest and become noticed, we must indeed be individuals. This country was built on rugged individualism; by those who were not swayed by the masses, but remained steadfast in their personal convictions. The first key to success must be an absolute belief in yourself and your goals; how can you earnestly push for something that you don't wholeheartedly believe in? My point is simply this. Whether you are selling large quantities of something—audio cassettes for example, or selling a service, such as mine, there is one thing that is common to both: selling. You are selling yourself *first*, and your product or service *second*. Believe in what you are doing, and most importantly, persevere. Never give up. It is very easy to become discouraged and despair when it seems like all the odds are against you. You'll never taste success if you don't ever try. This is why I encourage people to make a concerted effort to sell whatever it is that they believe in.
"Audio cassettes have always been a perfect calling card for gaining visibility and grabbing a healthy share of a particular market (they also don't get lost or misplaced as easily as business cards do). Any form of business or service can be represented on tape. Everything from music to sales promotions, to an instructional series, to preaching can be recorded on cassette and used as an effective means of getting your product or service to the masses. Think about it."
FEEDBACK EXTERMINATOR
- The ADF-1200 combines automatically-controlled feedback with a parametric equalizer, shelving filters, programmable digital delay and a real-time analyzer. Features include 12 independent and concurrent digital filters that can be placed anywhere in the audio spectrum. The user can assign any combination of automatic feedback control filters. The parametric filters can be set at 3 Hz wide and 89 dB deep to eliminate 60 Hz hum, the 31-band real-time analyzer graphically displays the power spectrum on a backlit LCD display with the RTA operating concurrently with all 14 filters. The LCD display and 8-button keyboard provides the user with control over all filter parameters.
Mfr: Sabine Musical Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Price: $1,695.00
Circle 60 on Reader Service Card
PORTABLE STEREO MIXER
- The new FP32A portable has three mic/line inputs and stereo capability. Self noise has been reduced from the company's popular FP32 by 30 dB to make the unit compatible with digital recording formats and transmission schemes. 48V phantom and 12V phantom as well as 12V T(A-B) power are standard. Active input gain controls have been added that simultaneously lower an input's volume level and increases its clipping point. A front panel switch activates peak limiters for the left and right outputs, another switch links inputs 2 and 3 together in a stereo pair—controllable by the channel 3 knob. Bi-color LEDs are provided for each input, indicating signal presence and peak levels. A 1-kHz tone oscillator helps set reference levels, and both a one second slate tone and built-in condenser slate mic with automatic gain control assist the user.
Mfr: Shure Brothers Inc.
Price: $1,795.00
Circle 61 on Reader Service Card
SIGNAL PROCESSORS
- The FXR and FXR ELITE are two new signal processors. The FXR offers 250 preset combinations, up to four effects simultaneously, and fully discrete two-channel stereo. Because it now features on-board random-access memory, it can now do complex reverbs and pitch-bend effects. The FXR ELITE version is a programmable version of the FXR. The front panel includes an LED matrix which tells the user which parameter is being controlled, and an auto store button used for saving the setting. Both units offer reverb, gated reverb, multiple types of delay, chorusing, and flanging. Inputs and outputs are electronically-coupled 1/4-in. jacks.
Mfr: ART
Price: FXR—$219.00
FXR ELITE—$299.00
Circle 62 on Reader Service card
BOOM STAND
- This new boom stand, Model SB-11WE, is part of the Performer Series and features 60-inch long, two-piece horizontal boom assembly constructed of seamless steel tubing. The boom includes a swivel clamp and an adjustable 2 lb. counterweight for effortless boom operation. The tubing also incorporates a 900 degree angled end for optimum microphone positioning and terminates in the standard 5/8-in-17 thread. Vertical tube assembly is 1 1/8-in. and 7/8-in. diameter and adjustable from 43-68 inches.
Mfr: Atlas/Soundolier
Price: $267.46
Circle 63 on Reader Service Card
DIGITAL PROCESSOR
- Model 730 is a digital dynamics processor. It provides stereo compression, keyable expansion and gating, limiting and sibilance control. The unit is entirely digital and will support all digital and/or analog inputs/outputs at any level or protocol: -10/+4 balanced/unbalanced, AES/EBU, S-DIF,S-DIF-2, OPTICAL, MIDI, RS-232, RS-422. It is single rack space.
Mfr: Valley Audio Products, Inc.
Price: $2,000.00
Circle 64 on Reader Service Card
COMPACT FULL-RANGE SYSTEMS
- The JF Series of high-definition ultra-compact systems are compatible with the company's sub-woofer system. The latest additions to the line are the JF260 and JF650. Both use a 2-inch exit compression driver coupled to a 60-degree constant coverage horn. The JF260's 12-inch cone and the JF560's 15-inch woofer have been developed for these systems. There are other models in the JF Series, all ultra-compacts.
Mfr: Eastern Acoustic Works
Price: JF260—$1,695.00
JF560—$1,895.00
NEW LITERATURE
The P.I.P. Cookbook is a sixteen page guide to the company's Programmable Input Processor modules. These modules attach directly to the back of any P.I.P.-compatible power amplifier and provide a wide range of functions, including computer control of amplification. The booklet includes in depth details of specific applications and capabilities of each module.
Mfr: Crown International, Inc.
Price: free
New Products are edited from information supplied by the manufacturer. The Reader Service Number under each product is computer processed when received and sent to the respective manufacturers who, in turn, send out the information.
If you are a manufacturer and want your new product listed in this section, send the release, include the suggested list price and there must be a photo or diagram included.
Send to New Products Department, db Magazine, 203 Commack Road, Suite 1010, Commack NY 11725.
On this page and page 62, we present two photos from our historical files. You can safely assume that after twenty-five years of continuous publishing, our files have many pictures, some much older than these.
Jack Mullin returned from Germany right after the surrender in 1945 with two Magnetophon audio recorders, and a quantity of mylar-type audio recording tape. He went to a fledgling Ampex to see if they could make a new American machine, and with his partner Bill Palmer to 3M company and others to make a new tape.
Jack is shown here in this photo taken in the early sixties. Ampex had gotten into the tape business by buying the Alabama-based maker of Irish tape. At about the same time, 3M Company decided to get into the audio tape recorder business. Jack became the chief engineer of the new Mincom Division and is shown here with an Ampex 300-2 (two tracks on ¼-inch tape). Mincom had apparently 5 tracks on this laboratory deck, here shown covered by reels of tape. An Ampex 600 is also mounted in those impressive wooden cabinets.
Why Are People Falling Asleep in the Church?
or
Why Is Church Sound So Confusing?
The Issues and Answers Book for Church Sound Systems and Church Acoustics
by Joseph De Buglio, Second Edition
I want to know more about Church Audio. Send me a copy of this new loose-leaf bound 8.5 x 11 inch sized book. I understand that there will be free upgrades as available.
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WHEN TO START TRAINING?
Before we can suggest a sound system design, we must look at the larger picture. It is one thing to give a church a sound system that finally does what it is supposed to do, it is another thing to know how to use the system to enhance the worship, rather than degrade it.
The operation of a church sound system is a team effort. That team includes the Minister, the Organist, Pianist, Choir Director, Song leader, Soloist, Musician, Lay readers, Guest Speakers, Guest Soloists, Guest Musicians, Children, Teen-agers, Lay members, Ushers, Deacons, Elders and of course, the sound person. (Some women have proven to be the best sound system operators in North America.) Every person in a church needs to be taught how to use a sound system, what to expect of it and how to get the same high quality results every time.
We are now approaching the third generation of churches with audio and it seems that 98 percent of the people haven’t a clue about what they are doing. The purpose of the sound system is to have the people in the pews intimately involved with every part of the worship.
Example: In some churches there are lay people who pray out loud during a planned part of the service. Often, they will simply pray out loud from where ever they happen to be standing. In small churches this works just fine but in larger churches, a person’s voice needs to be amplified. It is interesting to see what happens when a microphone is put in front of most people. Give a person a microphone and their automatic volume control turns down. Furthermore, they often hold the mic so far away they give the impression that the mic has teeth. Sometimes they hold the mic as if it has the pickup capsule in its side. Now, if you combined these two responses, you may conclude, as I often do, “what that person has to say must be so personal they don’t want to share it with others.” The only reason for these responses is lack of education. People have to be given permission to speak out with the equipment they have. Would you build a church to protect you from the elements and then have all of your services out of doors because you’re afraid to wear out the building!
The worst offenders of not using a microphone properly are ministers. Most ministers act as if the microphone is a hindrance or an obstacle that well meaning people put in front of them. Considering what Bible Colleges teach and what those institutions own, it is no wonder ministers are afraid of using audio equipment. A poor system in a church literally drives people away. All the mic techniques in the world will not help.
However, in a proper sound system, the microphone becomes an extension of your voice so everyone can participate. If you treated a microphone like an ear of a very close friend, you would be well on your way to taking advantage of your ministry.
HOW TO USE A MICROPHONE
The way this works is very simple. If you were speaking softly, as you would with a close friend with whom you have an important message to share, you move closer. This means getting within 4 to 12 inches from a mic. With a good system this is whispering. When you are talking as to a friend across a living room with general comments, you should be 9 to 20 inches from the microphone. When you have important statements or a special point on which you want to raise your voice, you should be 15 to 36 inches from the microphone.
The reason for using this method is straight forward. When your voice is low, there is a lot of detail that people often miss. This detail is needed because it’s not what was said but how you said it that will carry the largest impact. Your words of comfort are meaningless if people only hear 30 percent of them. Therefore, getting closer to the mic allows people to fully understand the importance of those supporting words. Likewise, when you are excited, you need to move away from the microphone.
When you speak louder, you will blow more air. As you blow more air, you will pop the mic with strong bass sound. This is annoying, distracting and easily avoidable. If you are able to move away from the mic (if you are hand holding it, it works the best), you will also keep the volume down while getting your message across more effectively.
Getting louder often does not mean getting clearer. In fact, as you increase the volume of a sound system, the room starts to fight back. If the acoustics are good, the sound can be louder but, as in most churches, there is a narrow window at which the volume can be
set and it is up to the person speaking or performing to know the limits. It is insulting to everyone when a sound system is so loud you can not understand what the minister is saying.
There are many churches today that are abusing our hearing. Did you know the average sound pressure level of congregational singing in a conservative Protestant church is about 95 decibels (dB) and in a Pentecostal type church the singing is about 5 to 10 dB louder? According to most of the Health and Safety Acts around the world, long-term exposure to sounds at these levels will cause some hearing loss. In one church, the congregational singing could last up to an hour and a half. In this 2,000 seat church, the sound levels were often over 108 dB. According to OSHA, your exposure time is 30 minutes without hearing protection. Perhaps if people started to ask for hearing protection in some churches, the sound levels would come down.
(Many of these churches have serious acoustical problems and most sound men and audio companies have the attitude that if you turn up the sound loud enough, eventually, the room will not have any affect on the sound and it will eventually get clearer. Folks, the opposite is true. Turning the system down will not only make it clearer but people would get more out of it than just abuse.)
| Distance | SPL dB | Increase |
|----------|--------|---------------------------|
| 32 in | 60 | 0 dB-Performance of a HIS System |
| 16 in | 66 | 6 dB-Normal Speaking Distance |
| 8 in | 72 | 12 dB |
| 4 in | 78 | 18 dB-Typical singer holding mic |
| 2 in | 84 | 24 dB |
| 1 in | 90 | 30 dB |
| ½ in | 96 | 36 dB |
| ¼ in | 102 | 42 dB |
| ⅛ in | 108 | 48 dB-Lips touching the windscreen |
**Sound Pressure Change When Moving Into A Microphone.**
This chart shows the amount of change that occurs as a person moves around a microphone. Just as doubling your distance changes sound levels 6 dB at the speaker end, the same happens with input. When a person moves into a microphone room 16 inches to 1 inch, the sound pressure change is 24 dB. In this close distance, there is little or no room effect on the input signal.
**A CONSTRUCTION DETAIL TO CONSIDER—AND MUCH NEEDED**
Cable chase ways: Since there has been no standard in church sound systems, the idea of a cable chase way seem pointless. However, if a cable chase way for lighting and sound were planned, then the church could have flexible options in the future.
Cable chase ways are not new. In fact, offices have had them for years. Cable chase ways cost more during construction but later when changes are done, there would be no need for expensive conduit work after the fact.
**IS THE “Q” IMPORTANT?**
It is now generally accepted that a church is best served with a central cluster speaker system. The speaker system is often placed somewhere over the front of the pulpit or platform area using directional speakers that have a predictable and constant dispersion of sound. Omni directional speakers such as spheres, column speakers, low “Q” speakers and Hi-Fi speakers fail to perform in so many critical ways they are not worth the paper to criticize.
Not all speakers are the same and these other speakers work better in application where non-critical listening is required. Finding so many Soundspheres in church closets, for a “State of the Art Technology” that is considered current, is a clear case of buying the wrong tools for the wrong job. Between spheres, column speaker, flat speaker other speaker designs and audio products, if all of the churches who owned them donated this equipment to other churches who are determined to waste their money on this inappropriate equipment, the equipment could be recycled many times and churches would spend less of my money foolishly. However, as one church board chairman said, “I wouldn’t want that equipment wished upon anyone else....” Those strong opinions are often made after a church has had the opportunity to compare a proper church sound system with one designed with good intentions.
In the early days of church sound, speakers generally were all horn types with horn loaded woofers. Amplifiers were expensive and rarely over 100 watts in power. (Today, many amplifiers can produce over 400 watts X 2 channels at a 4-ohm rating.) A term often used and often misunderstood is “Q”. “Q” is the directivity rating of a speaker.
High “Q” speakers are designed to project sound over large distances. A low “Q” speaker is a speaker that allows the listener to get comfortably close without serious degrading of the sound. A hi-fi speaker is a low “Q” speaker. A police Bull horn is a high “Q” speaker.
Just as the installation of the Organ was resisted in the church because it was once played while Lions were feeding on Christians in Roman arenas, churches have also been slow to embrace the sound system for similar reasons. At first, churches used their sound systems strictly for speech only. Today, some of the best sounding systems in public places are in churches.
In the beginning of church sound, people soon learned that a sound system was very limited and often the room had to be fixed. Many churches did fix their sanctuaries with very good results. In the mid 50s, bigger and less expensive amplifiers arrived in the market place. At the same time, speaker engineers began to understand what “Q” was and how to measure it. A high “Q” rating could be from 10 to 25. A low “Q” is from 2 to 9.
There is a direct relationship between reverberation, “Q” and how much direct sound arrives to the people in the pews. Poor reverberation limits the performance of a speaker system. By increasing the “Q” of the speaker, you can compensate for the increase in
room reverberation. However, there is a limit as to how high you can increase the reverberation of the room and have a speaker with enough "Q" that will still give the best sound coverage possible.
As more churches began to accept and use sound systems, audio contractors suddenly had to deal with churches that had reverberation times of over 1.5 seconds. (Most audio contractors rarely have to deal with as hostile an acoustical environment as that which occurs in churches.)
There are some speakers that have a "Q" of 50. A police bull horn has a "Q" of over 50. Police bull horns don't sound very good. Many church sound systems sound like bull horns but regular two way speakers are being used which should sound very natural. Once a speaker "Q" rating passes 25, it no longer sounds natural due to too much compression of the sound within the bell of the horn. (Horns compress sound in terms of ratios. A highly projecting horn can have a compression ratio of 12-15 to 1. A natural or musical sounding horn has a compression ratio of 4-8 to 1. Low compression, high "Q" speakers give the best overall performance in a church.) Speakers with a "Q" of over 22 generally are not very musical. They have to be supplemented with woofers. The end result is the woofer drags the "Q" rating, over the full range of the speaker system, down.
Later, someone discovered that if you stacked several horns on top of each other, you could increase the "Q" of the speaker system and maintain a reasonable quality of sound.
This works fine but where do you draw the line? When is it time to stop looking to sound equipment as a magic wand to solve poor building designs or poor use of construction materials?
In one photograph (page 348 in the book *Sound System Engineering* by Don Davis), it shows a speaker cluster of 4 horns and 4 woofers stacked one on top of the other. It was demonstrated that the test worked very well but the speaker system looked awful. This was an example of creating a high "Q" array using a column speaker approach. In this case, it would have been better to fix the room rather than having a speaker system that looked like a monster.
There have been several studies and charts suggesting the limits of reverberation and the "Q" of the speaker system for churches. (These charts can be found in the books mentioned earlier. Klark Teknik has a manual that has excellent charts on this subject.)
From experience, a church with a reverb time of 2.4 seconds or longer at 200 hertz will not be able to count on their speaker system to work properly for every part of the worship service. "Q" is important but there is a limit. The higher the "Q", the more speaker compression.
For churches that have ambitious music programs, a medium to low "Q" speaker that sounds very musical and low reverberation are a must because in a loudness war, the room always wins. (A list of the 5 top speakers for the HIS System discussing their good points and bad points and when to use them will be in the next update.)
Note: Dome tweeters and bullet horns have a very limited use in a church. They have two major problems. If the speaker system was only controlling pre-recorded music all day, they would work very well. However, speech requires a lot of speaker output in the mid range. Many domes and bullets fail and fall short of the power demands of speech. Secondly, most domes and bullet horns have such wide dispersions that gain before feedback is seriously limited. Although domes and bullets allow you to make a lower cost speaker, the performance limitations and high rate of failure make them impractical for use in a church.
**ARE ALL SPEAKER CLUSTERS THE SAME?**
It would be fair to say there are huge differences in speaker components and the jobs they are designed to do. It is also important to know that the position of a speaker in a room is super critical. Every room has a sweet spot. A speaker out by 1 foot can make $2,000 speakers sound like $50 A.M. radio speakers.
Some speaker systems are less critical than others and in some rooms there is no room for error or flying by the seat of your pants in design. You should have a detailed knowledge of your sound system supplier. The following is a list of things you should know about your supplier:
1. Learn everything about the speakers you are being recommended. An audio contractor doesn't have time to know about every speaker that is available or how they sound.
2. Avoid custom built speakers. A custom built speaker is often designed on a given set of assumptions.
3. If you have a custom built speaker for an original design, ask for the printed test results. Usually, there is no laboratory testing on custom speakers so you have no way of knowing 100 percent how the speaker will behave under church conditions.
4. A good sound contractor will have a limited number of speakers they use and will know them inside and out.
5. Learn how to read a spec. sheet and understand what it all means.
After selling over 100 complete sound systems, it never ceases to amaze me how a church can spend huge amounts of money based on a proposal without going to hear the finished product in other churches. Many speaker clusters look the same. Many audio companies use the same equipment. The end results are like day and night. When you buy a church speaker system, it must be assembled and strategically located in your church. What good is it to have a speaker shoot-out at your church when the audio company doesn't know how to install it for the best performance. Speaker testing is often a waste of time for the client. It is very important for the contractor.
In many speaker demonstrations, people are often caught up in how a speaker sounds rather than knowing how a speaker performs. In reality, the differences between speakers from the major speaker manufacturers is very small. It is the ability of choosing the right speakers for a given job, that takes skill.
In a recent speaker demonstration in a church, three different horn speakers from three manufactures were represented. Before equalizing and before
setting the volumes at equal levels, all three speakers had very distinct sound differences. However, after equalizing the speakers and setting the volume levels to equal loudness, the differences were very small. In each case, the speaker system was limited by the performance of the room. Once the room was factored in, the sound quality of the speakers became very similar. What was more noticeable was speaker coverage and control. One speaker was more musical, the other could play louder and the final speaker had better control.
**WHAT DOES THE CHURCH NEED? DOES THE CLIENT KNOW?**
Speaker clusters have a very small window in which to work. When you buy a sound system for your church, it must include the skill of your contractor and his sensitivity to the needs of the church and the acoustics of the room. It is nice to buy the speaker system that sounds the best, but if the best speaker system can’t sound better than the others because the room gets in the way, isn’t it better to find the best combination supplier, speaker and room repair?
When a church asks for a demo in their sanctuary, the smartest sales person is going to win. When a church takes the time to visit other churches to hear the system in action during a worship service, the best performing system will win. Not all speaker clusters are the same and not all audio contractors know how to find the room’s sweet spot.
**ONE RULE—ONE FACT**
One of the most important rules for all sound operators is simple: Once the minister begins to preach, you are allowed only one volume level adjustment throughout the whole sermon (unless your minister instructs you otherwise). With a good sound system, the minister should be able to control their own volume by using the microphone properly (more effectively). However, there is one adjustment most ministers won’t mind.
Most sermons begin 3 to 7 minutes after singing. Since most singing is very loud, your hearing of low sounds is stressed for a while. Speech is intermittent. Speech gives our ears a chance to rest between words. When the volume is set right after a Hymn, chances are it is too loud. Some people get the impression the sound system has been turned up. Rather, it is our hearing that became more sensitive to lower level sound.
Often the sound person can lower the volume of the system by 3 to 5 dB at about 5 to 10 minutes into the sermon. The interesting thing is, if you don’t do this and you need more volume from the sound system, it won’t be there.
Another rule is to turn off all other microphones not in use during the sermon. The more mics that are on, the less gain you have before feedback. This is important for the times when your minister has a throat problem but is determined to continue in a lower voice. Furthermore, the sound tends to sound clearer because there are no open mics to reinforce the first sound. There are other reasons for turning things off or down, but for now, these reasons will do.
**A POWERFUL PERSON**
One of the most important facts is, the soundman, in churches with a good sound system, is the most powerful person during a worship service. The soundman can either enhance everything and assist people sitting in the pews to be more involved with the service or, the soundman can undermine everything the minister does without the minister knowing it. It is time we wake up to the fact the 95 percent of all churches have a sound system of some kind. Unfortunately, only 5 to 10 percent of these churches have a sound system really usable as a tool. All other churches have sound systems that get in the way. When something gets in your way, it undermines everything. Even a good sound system can have the same problems of getting in the way.
For example: In a good system where people expect to hear properly, the minister or a lay person may move to a mic that has been turned off to give the other mic better control. The sound person should be alert and see the minister moving to the other mic.
If the mic is set right, the mood of the service continues. If the minister speaks for 3 seconds or longer with the mic off, and the minister notices it, what happens? It breaks the mood and often, his concentration. This single event upsets more ministers than anything else. Moving from one mic to another at the closing of a sermon may be just what the minister needed to do to make his final plea or point. A soundman asleep at the controls is unacceptable.
Of course some will suggest using a wireless lapel mic. In my opinion, a wireless lapel microphone has some noticeable limitations. Most churches do not have the acoustics needed to use a lapel mic effectively. (Usually this means a dead room and most churches don’t want dead rooms.) With a lapel mic you cannot raise or lower your voice too much without losing something or distorting the wireless. (Automatic volume controls will cause other problems.) With a wireless, all you get is plain vanilla in the presentation. Just as some ministers wear the well-earned title of word smith, a person can also be an amplified voice smith—a person who knows how to present a message using all of the inflections of voice. Casey Kasim has the most recognized voice on TV today. He has made millions of dollars selling his voice to television.
On PBS, the public broadcasting service, there is a weekly show called *Nature*. The success of *Nature* and its continuance is based on the voice of George Page. This is a voice that brings life to the screen. Jason Robards, Lorne Greene, Robin Williams and Dick Van Dyke are all examples of the use of voice. As they say in the business world, it’s not what you say but how you say it. A good sound system accurately reproduces everything you say and how you say it — the key to a successful presentation.
A lapel mic can not give you anything more than a vanilla presentation. Then again, there are many gifted ministers who know how to make plain vanilla taste like chocolate. Of course, this is only an opinion based on many experiences. What have your experiences been?
This is not to say wireless are not effective. For drama presentations, plays and other specialty
events, a lapel wireless setup is just the ticket. Today, some ministers make the usage of a wireless microphone a condition of their employment. Getting a wireless mic just to have “freedom” must be combined with planning to be more dynamic with body language. What a church should avoid is getting a wireless lapel mic for a minister who does not use body language in their presentation when they could have done better buying 6 regular microphones for most of the other events they wish they could do better. A good wireless lapel is a lot of money. If all you have is $1,000 to spend, 6 mics with stands and cables could be the wiser choice.
**ASSESSING THE SANCTUARY**
**Room Shapes**
There are six basic room floor plans with hundreds of variations of each. There are rectangles, squares, diamonds, ovals, triangles, circles and pentagons. In roof designs there are several basic shapes with many variations of each. There are Domes, “A” frames, Flat, Sloped, Vaults and waves. Almost all the known shapes will work but you need to know at which end of the church you will preach and at which end you will listen.
The type of room shape must match the nature of the service or denomination. There is no such thing as an ideal or perfect space but, it is important to recognize the shape, how it works and where the speaker system must go. Don Davis wrote in his book *Sound System Engineering* that a speaker system often goes where a wall or ceiling should be. This is very true. But as you get into larger spaces that seat 200 people or more, you need more than a reflector. The wall must amplify as well.
**SOUND SYSTEM DESIGN TYPES**
In churches, you will see a variety of system designs used. Some designs are chosen because of appearances, others are chosen because of the perceived cost savings but most are installed to compete with room acoustics. Unless you have a ceiling lower than 12 feet, the best system in any church is a Central Cluster design.
The Central Cluster design forces you to look at the person speaking or singing. It offers the highest levels of intelligibility. It has the lowest levels of Listener’s Fatigue.
It is usually the best layout for operating and hearing the speaker system. It usually has a higher level of gain before feedback. It is a system that you notice the least.
Therefore, you can say a central cluster system is the least obtrusive available. The other sound system designs are either creators of dead spots or very expensive if done correctly.
The following is a description of the various system types and why they are not appropriate in a church.
**PEW BACK SYSTEMS**
The pew back system is most often attempted in churches with long reverb times. It is based on the idea that if you get the sound sources closer to the people, the listener will get more direct sound and less interference from the reverberation of the room. If it is to work, it can only be a speech system. It will not work well for music because music has to be played loud enough for the musicians to hear themselves. This means, in the pew back system, a listener could hear both the direct sound and the amplified sound coming from many directions, depending on how the listener moved their head during the live music. Music, at a medium level in a pew back system, will increase the reverberation time of the sanctuary. Remember the reason for the pew back system?
From the experiences known, there is no church that has a pew back system that works as good as a properly designed cluster system. Generally, a pew back system is abandoned after several years of trying to make it work. Robert Schuller’s Crystal Cathedral in California is a prime example. They went from a cluster system to a pew back system and now they are back to a cluster system. The next step is to find a method of reducing the reverberation without interfering with the appearance of the “Glass Slipper”.
**DESIGN PRINCIPAL**
The pew back system will have speakers mounted either on the back of the pew, under the pew or on the floor under the pew. A speaker is placed every few feet to give even coverage in each row. Each row, or in some cases, every other row gets speakers. Some people have tried one speaker for every other person or a 2 to 1 ratio, while others have tried up to 10 to 1 ratios.
For every 2 or 3 rows of speakers, you have to install a delay system. The delay is used to delay the electronic sounds from one row of speakers to the next and to delay the electronic sound from the source of the sound. Without the delay, you will hear echoes. Costs can vary. For a speech only system that works reasonably well, the cost per seating position can be well over $80. This makes it the most expensive way of doing sound. Would it not be better to spend $35 per seat on sound and $45 per seat on acoustics?
Contractors who have tried pew back systems have used all types of speakers at all angles. It doesn’t seem to matter whether it is a $10 speaker or a $200 speaker, overall performance is low. Some systems are on a 70 volt or 100 volt distribution layout, while others have tried a mini amplifier for every 2 speakers. Others have also tried to series speakers together to try and keep the amplifier cost down. Running an audio signal from speaker to speaker does create other sound quality problems as well.
The only place for a pew back system is in town halls, city hall counsel chambers and in churches that have no music in their services.
**THE LEFT/RIGHT MONO SYSTEM**
The left/right mono system has always been called the poor man’s system. It is installed out of convenience, lack of planning and a copy of what entertainers do when they only have a few hours to put on a show. Of all the books available on sound reinforcement, not one book shows how to install such a system. Rather, they go to great lengths to explain what is wrong with it. Instead, they all support the cluster system as the
best way to install a permanent system. The left/right mono system is strictly a portable or temporary system setup. It was (and still is) a fast and convenient system by which entertainers could put on a show for their public.
There are four main reasons for not using such a system in a church:
1. **Dead Spot**
When you have two mono sounds separated by 10 feet or more, the left and right speakers will start canceling each other out in the overlap areas and whenever you are at a different distance from each speaker. When you are at an equal distance to each speaker, the sounds are summed together, often increasing the sound level 6 to 9 dB.
When you include wall reflections, the problem is compounded and it creates additional dead spots. When the speakers are 25 feet apart or wider, the areas of overlap increase dramatically. A dead spot can be easily measured with an inexpensive sound level meter such as the one Radio Shack stores sell.
In many testing experiences with computerized measurement systems, some very interesting pictures of sound began to appear. In many churches with a left/right system, it could be seen how the sound from the left speaker was louder than the right speaker but, the test microphone had been placed in front of the right speaker. This position would be about 30 to 55 feet out and about mid point of the right side of the church. By standing at this position and running the test signal, you could indeed hear which speaker was louder. Please, remember that dead spots are often frequency dependent. That is, since every frequency has a different wave length, not all sounds or notes will cancel or boost at a given position. A sound level meter can tell you whether the sound is lower or louder. A computer system is needed to determine if certain sounds are missing in a given position. In translation it means that in this pew the vowel “a” and a “Mc” are not audible and all “b” and “ch” sound are too loud. Some people can fill in the blanks better than others. People with hearing aids have problems in this setting.
2. **Gain Before Feed Back**
In a left/right speaker installation, the speakers are often placed behind the pulpit at equal height or slightly higher than the pulpit. Most speakers have great vertical dispersion control but poor horizontal control. This is like placing a microphone in front of the speaker, and we all know that will cause the system to feedback. The causes of feedback are a combination of acoustics, angles of incident, proximity effects and oscillation. As you turn up the level of a microphone, it is able to pick up and amplify everything. This includes any low level noise generated by your electronics (mixer, amplifier, equalizer, pre-amps, effects devices and other pieces of electronics connected to the sound system that is unstable. Poor wiring and electrical induction are other causes of noise.) As a result, any speaker close to a microphone will cause feedback. Any speaker that has a signal path with an angle of incident that reflects sound back to the microphone will cause feedback. When the gain of the mic is turned up so loud that the noise from the system is being recycled (that is when the noise in the system is being produced by the speakers and picked up by the microphone, the level increases in a cycle many times until you hear it. This can appear to happen instantaneously), it causes feedback.
The acoustics part of the picture is more complex. All large rooms are constantly flexing and moving. This is a constant effect altered by room temperature and humidity. Speakers move air. Microphones will amplify everything whether you can hear anything or not. At a level you can not hear, the room’s flexing is being picked up by the sound system. As long as the level of sound system is kept low, the sound system is stable. When the levels of the sound system are turned up, decay time of the rooms flexing becomes longer. Now, at the same time, the speaker system is moving air and exciting the room, multiplying the energy output hundreds of times. This creates a chain reaction in which the sound system amplifies the resonant frequency of the room (room flexing) and causing feedback. Acoustics play an equal part in the causes of feedback. When there are multiple speaker locations in a room, the number of wave forms that will excite the room increases. Also, the number of hot spot reflection points increase which causes feedback. This is only a partial explanation.
3. **Intelligibility**
Intelligibility is the understanding of individual words. As discussed earlier, in a 45 minute sermon a minister can speak about 10,000 words. A sound system with a score of 80 percent intelligibility will mean that 2,000 words in a 10,000 word sermon were missed or misunderstood. Depending on your seating position, one speaker will either boost or cancel certain frequencies. That means every “ch” sound is canceled and every “a” sound is amplified. As a result, many words and word fragments are missed. Fortunately, our brains are usually fast enough to fill in the blanks because of familiarity with the subject matter and the person speaking. A visitor to the church does not have this advantage. For this reason, no church should accept a sound system that scores below 87 percent intelligibility. Below 87 percent people can misunderstand complete phrases. The TEF or MLSSA acoustical measurement systems can test a room’s intelligibility in minutes.
4. **Localization**
Churches always say they don’t want to see or hear the sound system, but it must be loud enough and crystal clear. When you have a sound source at ear level, you are automatically programmed to first look at where the sound comes from, then to look for the source of the sound. This is a basic protective instinct all creatures possess — to be able to tell where danger is coming from is natural. Since humans have no natural enemies that attack from overhead, man has his eyes and ears where they are, on the front and sides of our heads. A mouse is most often attacked from overhead. They need their eyes and hears closer together, near the tops of their head. A mouse can also rotate the ears to find the noises.
When the sound is coming from one direction (Speakers) and the visible source is in another direction (the person speaking), the human brain goes into overtime matching up the two events. When you compound low levels due to feedback problems, low intelligibility and multiply sound sources, you have classic listener's fatigue syndrome.
It has been shown that a poorly designed sound system can help people lose their attention span or cause them to nap sooner than when a proper sound system is used.
The difference can be as much as 20 minutes.
When the eyes and ears can focus on the same event, you spend most of your time understanding what was said. When a left/right, or distributed or pew back system is used, you really spend most of your time just trying to hear.
It would be fair to say most church sanctuaries, by themselves, do not have dead spots. Rather, most churches are so large they need amplification. If all you need is extra level, then why would anyone install a sound system that creates dead spots?
WHAT ABOUT A STEREO SYSTEM IN A CHURCH?
Some churches have successfully installed Stereo Reinforcement Systems. With the arrival of electronic instruments, stereo keyboards and tape accompaniment, some churches have felt it necessary for this kind of investment because they had the facility and talents.
Remember, a Stereo system at home is the opposite from a stereo system in a church. At home you position yourself between two speakers and the recordings play tricks with phase to give the impression that sounds are coming from different places within the sound field. In a live situation, you can see where the sound is coming from. Therefore, the sound system must give the impression the sound comes from the same place otherwise the performer will hear an echo and it will disrupt their playing ability. A live stereo speaker system is really many speaker clusters over the performer's head. The nearest cluster amplifies and the other speakers are silent. This gives the effect that sounds are coming from the different parts of the stage where the performer is, giving a better picture of localization. As a result, a true stereo church sound system can cost 4 to 5 times more than a good quality mono single cluster. (Church stereo systems will be discussed in detail in future editions of the book.)
SPEAKER LOCATION
The location of the speaker system in a room is the most important step in clinching the desired results. If the speakers are in the wrong location, the rest of the system will sound mediocre despite the quality of the equipment. In almost all churches, there is only one proper location for a speaker system. Any other location is a noticeable compromise in comparison.
The speaker system in your church is the most important part of the audio link. If this part of the system is not correct, you will not be able to successfully make any improvement through electronics. It is vital therefore, to make your speaker system the first step in correcting your sound problems. Not treating the speakers first will result in needless experimentation and expense. (It is amazing to see all of the gadgets churches try to invent. If only they knew the laws of audio and acoustical physics, they would spend millions of dollars less on audio products that don't work.) In rectangle shaped rooms, a single point is ideal for all church application.
(According to Dr. Dave Eagan and Dr. Don Davis, there is no other shape better than the shoe box or rectangle church. Boston Symphony Hall is a prime example.) Often the speaker location is always several feet in front of the pulpit, overhead. Other times it is directly overhead while in some rooms it is 2 or 3 feet behind the pulpit. The exact positioning must consider ceiling height, pulpit height, width of room and pulpit to back wall distances.
In wide or fan shaped rooms, localization of sound does present a minor problem. Those sitting on the ends will perceive two sound sources. This will not reduce intelligibility. However, it will introduce minor amounts of listening fatigue.
For this reason, it has been our practice to divide the sanctuary into several rooms. This gives all people a point source for listening comfort. Sub clusters are very effective. Phasing problems are controlled by separation, crossovers between horns and sometimes digital delay circuits.
Typical comparison of a Single Cluster Speaker System verses a Multiple Speaker System.
| Situation | Cluster Systems | Other Systems |
|---------------------------------|--------------------------|-----------------------|
| Dead Spots of 3 dB or more | Almost none | Many |
| Phase Cancellation | None | 10 to 30% |
| SPL from front to back | 6 dB or less | Often 12 dB or more |
| Realism | 98% | 15% or less |
| Articulation | +85% | 75% or less |
| Intelligibility | Great | Poor |
| Max. working distance before feedback | 20" to 40" | 4" to 16" |
| System design life | Permanent-possibly unlimited | Replace when no longer tolerated |
| Listening fatigue | 0.5& | 20 to 50 % |
| Music Quality | Hi-Fi | Limited |
| Flexibility | Very good | Limited |
| System headroom | 20-30 dB | 10-20 dB |
| System focus | Pulpit area | To each speaker |
| Echo Amplification | 5% or less | 10& and up |
CLUSTER HEIGHT
The maximum height for a cluster should be no higher than 40' and no lower than 13'. However, height is also determined by the speakers throw distance and other room restrictions. Remember, the closer to the ceiling, the more bass the speaker system will produce. If the room is bass heavy, hang the speaker lower if there is room to do it.
If you require a throw distance greater than 145', a sub cluster system may be required. Ceilings below 13' may require other system designs. This book will not discuss these requirements in detail in this edition. Send for a Supplement for your church.
| Height | 13' | Max. Length | 48' |
|--------|-----|-------------|-----|
| " | 20' | " | 72' |
| " | 25' | " | 85' |
| " | 30' | " | 110'|
| " | 35' | " | 130'|
| " | 40' | " | 145'|
Height Ratios. The target point is usually the third row of pews from the back wall.
THE BEST ILLUSION OF THEM ALL!!!
There are three very strong effects only a central cluster can do. The first, which has already been mentioned, is localization. From 80 to 90 percent of all the seating in the church, when someone on the platform of the church speaks, sings or plays, everyone's attention is on that person. Since the cluster is positioned in the vertical axis of our ears, the sound arrives to both ears at the same time. The reflected sounds will give the direction.
Since the reflected sounds are much lower, your first reaction is to look at the pulpit area or center to the altar area. At the same time, your eyes will focus on the first moving object or to the tallest person standing at or around the pulpit. The only people who will notice the cluster are people seated at the extreme right and left of the front three rows of pews.
The second effect clusters give is the illusion that the minister is only four or five feet away. Since you are listening to only one speaker in your seating position, there is no presence cancellation. Generally, this effect is for 70 percent of the seating and when the RT60 is below 2 seconds. When the RT60 is longer, not only does the sound system lose intelligibility but the music program is degraded.
Multi sound source speaker systems can never give this effect. This system gives the illusion the minister is further away than what he is in reality.
The third and most exciting illusion a cluster has to offer is movement of sound. Since 80 to 90 percent of the people seated have sound arriving to both ears at the same time, it is very difficult to say where the sound is being amplified from except from the source, the minister, lay person or singer. When the person moves, the sound appears to move with them. There is a limit to this. If the minister moves from a central pulpit position to the extreme left, talking the whole time with a wireless lapel mic, it leaves the audience thinking the sound followed the minister until he had moved half the distance, then the speaker is high. Example: If the cluster is 20 feet high, the minister can move 10 feet to either side of the pulpit and have the illusion that the sound is following him.
Since it is natural to look at what we hear, the central cluster approach to church sound is the only truly natural method of sound reinforcement.
SOUND OPERATOR TIP
One of the rewards of installing a high quality and affordable sound system is in the listening to the system. When a system is properly adjusted, for the many different parts of a worship service, you will have the impression that the sound system is not on at all. Although many listeners like the effect, a new problem keeps showing up.
For every new system, you try your best teaching the volunteer operators of the system. In recent years, video taping the training session has become a valuable tool in reminding the sound operators of all the tricks to using the new system. However, as good as some sound operators are, training can take many sessions.
As stated earlier, many people with audio experience have generally picked up many bad habits. The
one habit that is hard to break is the most obvious. In many retraining sessions, I have found the operator has changed the channel equalizers or the main equalizer in such a way that the sound system sounds like a bull horn.
It seems that hearing the minister as though he were only 2 feet away is not enough. Many sound operators want to hear the sound system sound like a PA system so they will be convinced the system is working. The bottom line is, they don’t trust their hearing. Although this is not a serious problem, it has caused some embarrassment to the suppliers of such systems.
If you operate a good sound system, trust your hearing. As long as you can understand the minister, everyone else will too.
**MIXER LOCATIONS**
The best location for a sound operator in a church is on the main floor, 1 to 3 rows from the back of the church and in the pews. Preferably, just inside of the outside isles.
If there is a balcony with seating under it, the mixer desk is best located 2 or 3 rows out from under the balcony’s front edge. Although it is a new concept to most churches of today, historically, churches started the idea of having a sound operator controlling the sound system from within the congregational seating area in the 1940’s.
As it turns out, it is impossible for a person to adjust sound levels from one area for people in another area. It doesn’t work. The idea of having a mic mixer in a place like a pulpit or a room behind the altar is very awkward. How many times have you been to a church with such a setup and have heard the sound system ringing or sounding like someone is speaking through a tin can through the whole service. People come to church to pray and hear what the Minister/Priest has to say. It is annoying, insulting, and rude to have to put up with something that could have been adjusted in seconds.
And of course, when someone complains, the Minister/Priest says he didn’t hear it! Well of course not. You have to be in front of the speakers to know what is happening. Well, enough with people frustrations.
Having a sound operator and a lockable secured wooden or steel mixer desk is the best choice. For some denominations, that have a very structured hour of worship, in most services the levels can be preset with 3 or 4 mics and no one needs to operate anything. The only problem with this or any automated system is that everyone speaks differently from week to week, day to day, minute to minute. Even with the most professional presenters, no one is able to speak at a constant level for everyone to hear all the sounds at the same volume. True, you can get expensive gates, limiters and compressors but their use is very limited. For example, if you set your limiters for a person with a powerful voice who is speaking very close to a microphone and seconds later pass the same microphone over to pick up the choir at 10 feet away, you will hear nothing. Move the mic 5 ft. away and you still hear nothing. But if you bypass the limiter, compressor, and gate you will find that you have more than enough audio level.
If there are several things going on at the same time in which many mics need to be turned on or off, having a sound operator is the most natural and best way to run the sound system. With a good operator, most people will not be aware that any adjustments are being made. Besides, when the operator is in the pews, he cannot day dream or fall asleep. He is forced to stay alert.
It is no secret that the fewer mics that are turned on, the higher the system can be turned up. Most churches that have tried to use an automated mixer system wind up having the bypass switch on all of the time. This translates into a $10,000 expense that is not being used. The only place where an automated mixer will work well is in rooms with RT60s that are below 1.3 seconds and the NC is 15. There is nothing better than a person operating the mixer for live sound reinforcement.
Balconies are an option under certain conditions and if the sound operator is young and in good health. Stairs are not fun. Setting up a service that has special music or concerts takes three times longer when a balcony is the location of the mixer. Operating from the balcony is a two man job unless you are willing to hold up the service from time to time to let the sound man finish the set up.
From a listening stand point, the balcony must not have an arch or beam above the railing. If there is a beam or arch, it automatically reduces the sound level considerably unless the sound operator is in from the beam by 10 feet.
A good quality custom mixer desk that matches to pew design and color can cost from $900 to $1,500 to make. The mixer desk would only contain the mixer, tape machines, wireless receivers and remote controls for lighting and AV (Screens).
**SPEAKER, MICROPHONE WIRES AND WIRING**
Microphone Wire
Recommended Pin connections should be:
- Pin 1 ground, drain wire
[do not solder pin 1 to the shield]
- Pin 2 (+) Hot Red wire
- Pin 3 (-) Cold Black wire
This is a standard followed by many contractors and audio companies. However, some manufacturers use pin 3 as hot. Check the manufacturer’s specification sheets before you interconnect your electronics as it can often cause some hums and noises when pin 2 and 3 are incorrect.
All microphone | LINES | shall be of a LOW IMPEDANCE TYPE.
All microphone | CORDS | shall be of a LOW IMPEDANCE TYPE.
The line will consist of 2 stranded lines with 1 drain wire or ground and foil shield.
Shield must be aluminum foil wrap for permanent wiring. This is currently the best available shielding that will give 100 percent protection from RF. This wire is not suitable for mic cords as the foil shield is prone to breakage or unraveling.
For movable mic cords use a stranded shielded wire. Depending on the manufacturer, the best braided shields are between 85 to 93 percent. However, short
mic cords will maintain a shield under stress from bending. Braided wire is not suitable for permanent installation work as it will not give a 100 percent shielding from RF interference.
**INSTALLATION DO NOTS**
1. Do not run parallel to AC (Alternating Current) electrical lines.
2. Do not run parallel to ballast routes or fluorescent lights.
3. Do not run parallel to unshielded speaker lines which operate over 100 watts.
4. Do not twist wire or have any 90 degree turns.
5. Do not splice mic cables. All mic line should run from stage to mixer without breaks. (There is one exception. If you need to split the signal for TV or Radio broadcasting, you need to go through a splitter box first.)
**Conduit Tips**
Using Beldon 8451 or equivalent and 14/2 stranded speaker cable:
| Conduit Size | Mic Line | Speaker Line |
|--------------|----------|--------------|
| ½ in | 4 | 1 |
| ¾ in | 8 | 2 |
| 1 in | 12 | 3 |
| 1¼ in | 20 | 4 |
| 1½ in | 30 | 6 |
Never have more than two 90 degree turns in each conduit run. In any system with more than 8 channels as a starter system, you should consider conduits for the following projects that require conduits:
1. Mic cables
2. Speaker cables
3. Video cables
4. Remote lighting
5. Remote platform lighting
6. Electrical
7. Audience mic inputs
8. Distributed system
**HOW MANY MIC LINES?**
The number of mic lines you need is also the size of mixer you should have. The only thing to determine a larger mic input requirement is the size of your music program.
Generally, you should have 1 mic input for every 70 square feet of altar or platform space. This does not mean you can’t group all of your mics to one location. What this does ensure is that for 99 percent of your churches functions through the year, you will have enough mixer channels and mic input so that you should not have to rent equipment for special services.
To calculate this you have to measure the size of your altar area and divide by 70. The following chart will assist you in your decisions.
- 1 to 9—8 channel mixer
- 10 to 13—12 channel mixer
- 14 to 18—16 channel mixer
- 19 to 26—24 channel mixer
- 27 to 34—32 channel mixer
- 34 to 42—40 channel mixer
There is an exception to the rule. For smaller churches, you should always install at least an 8 channel mixer with 8 mic lines.
---
As it turns out, audio amplifiers are not very efficient but the amount of current generated does raise some safety and fidelity issues.
If you can, avoid patch bays. It is often cheaper to buy a larger mixer than to go through the expense of building a patch bay. Besides, most churches I know of who have a patch bay never use them more than once a year. Rather, these churches wished they had larger mixers.
**MIXER TIP**
Always number your stage and the mixer the same with mic stage number starting from left to right from the soundman’s position. Therefore, if you pulpit is in the middle of the church and you have a 12 channel system, the pulpit control on the mixer will be either 6 or 7. This is very helpful for people who only operate the mixer a few times a year.
**SPEAKER WIRE**
For those people who are looking into the audio industry and wondering what all of the hocus-pocus is about in speaker wire, have we got some bad news for you. Are the claims of the seller of expensive speaker wire telling you the truth about speaker wire?
**DOES WIRE MATTER IN A CHURCH INSTALLATION?**
For hi-fi people, this book will not settle any disputes. There are dozens of claims that speaker wire manufacturers are making every day. Sometimes one would think that somebody, with nothing better to do, is figuring out what the next scam for wire will be. I wonder how far they will push before they are unable to get away with it any longer?
For the church, there are several solid reasons for doing some of the things needed for a church installation.
Let’s start with a high current amplifier. A 200 watt into 8 ohms 2 channel amplifier can generate a considerable amount of current. There is enough current in two of these amplifiers to trip a 15 amp. fuse.
In some of the large current 200 or 300 watt amplifiers that boast they can work at 2 ohms, the outputs either have a 10 or 15 amp. fuse for each channel. That is enough current to run two drills drilling into steel (intermittently). Fortunately, all of that power is momentary. Different frequencies and rapidly changing volume levels often avoids thermal shutdown in a
However, we must recognize that even for a millisecond, a 200 watt amplifier at 2 ohms can generate a potential of 10 amps per channel of the amplifier. If this amplifier were 90 percent efficient, it would require a 20 amp service to plug into. As it turns out, audio amplifiers are not very efficient but the amount of current generated does raise some safety and fidelity issues.
Will expensive wire help the church sound system to sound better? In most cases no. The reason is simple. Sonic differences in wire is usually subtle.
Many churches have an NC above 25 dB and/or they have a reverb time longer than 1.8 seconds. This is a very hostile environment for playing games with fidelity. If your church has either of these two problems, there will be too much interference to hear the difference. Furthermore, if the speaker is further than 30 feet away, as it is in most cases, room effect will also interfere with the sound quality.
If your church has neither of these problems, then the wire issue becomes a cost consideration. Some high tech wire can cost over $15 per foot. In a 150 foot run, the cost of 1 wire run would be $2,250. The wire costs more than most professional speakers. Therefore, unless you have the speakers to justify expensive wire, common sense should prevail. And one more point, expensive wire on cheap or poorly designed speakers is a waste of money. If you have to chose between speakers or wire, spend the money on the speakers.
It would be fair to say in most cases, the average person in the pew and the musicians will not hear the wire difference in low cost, budget speakers. The magic wire has to offer can easily be defeated by choosing a better sounding speaker.
**DOES WIRE SIZE MATTER?**
Yes it does. Wire size determines the amount of current you can send over a given distance. In the appendix there is a wire chart that shows the wire gauge to use over distance with 100 watts - 8 ohm, 4 ohm and 2 ohm loads. The length of the cable run, size of amplifier and the speaker's handling capacity have to be taken into account.
The following list and rules should help in choosing the wire you need for the job:
1. Always run 1 speaker wire to each speaker cabinet or speaker component. If your cluster is a 2 way system with 2 woofers and 4 horns, run 6 speaker lines. If you have 2 full range speakers in the cluster, run two speaker lines. This is a real asset in trouble shooting your system.
2. Whenever possible, keep your speaker cable runs under 100 feet. Otherwise, use 14 gauge wire on runs 100 feet or less. Use 12 gauge wire up to 200 feet. For longer runs, double up on the 12 gauge wire.
3. Don't use inch tip sleeve jacks for your speakers. Some amplifiers will not tolerate a momentary short on the output of the amplifier. Either the speaker will be damaged or the amp will fail.
4. Do not use 16 gauge wire or smaller for amplifiers with an output of 75 watts or higher.
**HEARING IMPAIRED SYSTEMS**
There are four basic types of hearing impaired systems. Each one has an advantage over the other. In most cases, the FM systems do better mainly because of price but an FM system is not for every church.
The four system types are:
1. Hard Wired Systems
2. Loop Systems
3. FM Systems
4. Infrared Systems
Hard Wired Systems are by default the best quality of the 4 systems. However, it is the most restrictive.
The design of the system is simple. From the mixer you run a distributed cable under the pews you want covered. At each seating position you mount a box with a volume control, tone control and headset input. This can be a line level system or 70 volt system. With a good quality full ear cup headset, you have the best signal to noise ratio.
Drawbacks on the system are obvious, you can't move. Therefore, you have to provide many seats with input boxes which drives the cost up. Churches with concrete floors or closed basement ceilings can not use this option. Installation is labor intensive. Cost of the system varies. For 10 people on two rows of pews, you can spend as little as $400 plus installation. A good quality system will cost about $1,000. At 12 seats, a wireless system becomes more attractive.
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**FM Systems have recently become the most popular system while many public facilities have standardized with infrared systems.**
Loop Systems are making a strong comeback. A popular system in the 60s and early 70s, the loop system almost disappeared in churches. In recent years, loop systems have been very effect in simultaneous translation systems, school classrooms and business meetings.
The design of the system begins with an amplifier, a coil of wire around the area people are seated and various types of receivers. A person with a "T" switch on their hearing aid will not need any additional equipment to hear.
Problems with the loop system are frequency range and uneven coverage. Where the loop system wins out is in situations where you need more than one program taking place at the same time. For example, you can have as many simultaneous translation languages you want for as much space you have available. There is no limit. This may mean people have to sit in designated areas but no wires are required. The other advantage of the loop system is privacy. Once you step out of the field there is no further signal pickup. For some churches, this is an important issue.
FM Systems have recently become the most popular system while many public facilities have standardized with infrared systems. FM systems are an alternative to the infrared systems, which are costly in
comparison. The FM systems are every bit as good as the infrared system but they have one drawback. When a person leaves the sanctuary, the signal continues. Some FM systems can transmit over 1,000 feet under good conditions. That means someone could leave to go to the bathroom during the service and not miss a word. It also means that you are subject to public airwaves being listened into with radio scanners. This also applies to FM microphones. If privacy is important, FM will not give you that kind of security. For simultaneous translations, you can have up to 32 channels at the same time.
The *infrared system* has been around long enough to become a standard in public places. Some churches choose this kind of system because the theatre or concert hall down the street uses infrared. Most infrared systems seem to be compatible. The infrared system is secure for privacy and it is very good quality sound. Some of the drawbacks are light and line of sight. In some churches with large windows, the sunlight can add noise to the audio signal. Relocating the emitter can help but a second emitter is often the solution. Another problem concerns the elderly.
Some elderly do not stand when everyone else does. Depending on the receiver, a person standing in front of them can block the infrared signal completely.
As a personal preference, the FM system is the best buy where privacy is not a problem. However, newer infrared systems have been coming down in price. The hardwired system is the lowest price as long as volunteers install it. The loop system is very useful if most of your church members already have “T” switches and then they don’t need anything attached to them.
Pop = - a father - a soft drink—a lot of air vibrating the surface of the microphone diaphragm generating an undesirable, low frequency rumble or bang. Words with the letter “P” or “B” are often the cause of blowing too much air = pop
OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health
Poor reverberation is usually when reflected energy is focused back onto the microphones in the platform area. This inhibits the choir, organ and sound system.
Note: Some of the best looking and most impressive spec. sheets in the industry have sometimes been found to be the worst sounding speakers.
Shoot out—OK coral—Frisbee contest
—various speakers set on a stage for side by side comparisons. All speakers must be equalized and set at the same volume using pink noise and a SPL Meter.
Sound travels through wire faster than through the air. Sound travels at 1125 feet per second or 660 miles per hour. A frequency is speed of sound divided by the length of the sound wave.
\[ 1125 \times 10 \text{ ft.} = 112.5 \text{ hertz} \]
\[ 1125 \times 3 \text{ ft.} = 375 \text{ hertz} \]
\[ 1125 \times 6 \text{ ins} = 3,125 \text{ hertz} \]
Series wiring is when you take the negative terminal of a speaker and contact it to the positive terminal of the second speaker. This can be with full-range two way speaker boxes or from driver to driver. This is a low cost method of matching an impedance load. 8 ohms series to 8 ohms = 16 ohms. 8 ohms parallel to 8 ohms = 4 ohms. This most often degrades the overall signal because the signal path includes the voice coil and the crossover in two or three way speakers.
---
**Always leave yourself a way out. By not soldering pin 1 to shield, you can easily isolate your audio components to trouble shoot your system for noises, hums and levels.**
It was once said that if you bring too much attention to a problem, people will either try to prove you are wrong or they think that you are hiding something. Isn’t this like watching someone else burn their hands in the fire and then putting your hands in the fire to see if you will burn too! Is experiencing it for yourself more important than learning from others?
SPL = Sound Pressure Level
Remember, you must always think of the cosmetics. Everything you do must appear as if it was meant to be there and not just something added on.
To be finished.
During the late 50s and early 60s, many churches did live radio broadcasts of the service. This resulted in many churches building an enclosed sound booth combined with the broadcast and live sound. This was not just a compromise, it was a handcuff to both the live and radio sound.
Always leave yourself a way out. By not soldering pin 1 to shield, you can easily isolate your audio components to trouble shoot your system for noises, hums and levels. If you need additional grounding to reduce a specific problem, pin 1 to ground in the right location can make a world of difference. However, if pin 1 is already grounded throughout the system, trouble shooting can be a nightmare.
Tip—If you don’t have any 12 gauge wire available for runs up to 200 feet, you can double up on the 14 gauge wire.
Crossovers, Delays, Reverbs, Equalizers, Multi-Effects Processors
On the pages that follow, we present this issue’s Buyer’s Guide on Crossovers, Delays, Reverbs, Equalizers, and Multi-Effects Processors. The information contained is supplied by the respective manufacturers. Further, if a manufacturer that you seek is not listed, the chances are strong that, as many times as we tried, we could not get information from them.
CROSSES
ALTEC LANSING CORPORATION
Model 1631A is a two-way electronic crossover using plug-in modules to select crossover frequency and configure specific equalization to provide flat power response for various horn/driver combinations. The high-pass output has a level control and the low-pass output has a delay adjustment of 0 to 25 ms.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 4.875 in.
Weight: 4.74 lbs.
Price: $708.00
The 1632A Electronic Dividing Network is a dual channel two-way or single channel three-way active crossover, 24 dB/octave, selectable from 50 Hz to 10 kHz; elect. balanced in/out with xfmr in/out optional; 30/60 Hz HP inputs, hard limiters on all 4 outputs; sub-modules to customize response.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 9.75 in.
Weight: 8 lbs.
Price: $1,244.00
The 15594A Low Pass Crossover/Equalizer Module is a plug-in module for the 9400 series power amplifier; has 18 dB/octave roll-off pre-programmed at 125 Hz, 500 Hz, 800 Hz, 1250 Hz; customer programmable for other frequencies; programmable 12 dB HP roll-off with pre-sets at 16 Hz or 32 Hz.
Dimensions: 1.6 n. X 2 in.
Weight: 1.6 oz.
Price: $102.00
The 15595A High Pass Crossover/Equalizer Module is a plug-in module for the 9400 series power amplifier; 18 dB/octave roll-off pre-programmed at 125, 315, 500, 800, 1250 Hz; customer programmable for other frequencies; sub-modules available to customize frequency response to horn/driver.
Dimensions: 1.6 n. X 2 in.
Weight: 1.6 oz.
Price: $102.00
ARX SYSTEMS See our ad on page 2
The EC-1 is a low noise Linkwitz-Riley 24 dB Phase correct electronic crossover. It is ideally suited for all studio installation and live sound applications.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 6 in.
Weight: 5 lbs
Price: $325.00
EC-2 is dual-channel 2-way/mono user configurable 24 dB Linkwiwitz/-Riley electronic crossover, balanced XLR in and out, also features mono low-frequency sum output, ultra low noise and distortion.
Dimensions: 1.75 in X 19 in. X 6 in.
Price:$425.00
BRYSTON/Brystonvermont Ltd.
The 10PBX is a 2-way stereo 3-way mono crossover with 12 switchable turnover points, 3 switchable slopes of 6, 12 +18 dB per octave; balaced input/output; high frequency gain or cut control and mute switches; S/N ratio of -90 dB; distortion of 0.005 percent; 20 k ohm input impedance and output impedance of 100 ohms.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 10 in.
Weight: 12 lbs.
Price: $1,295.00
The 10PBX LR is a 2-way stereo, 3-way mono Linkwitz-Riley slopes with fixed cross-over points; high frequency gain or cut
control; S/N ratio of -90 dB; distortion of 0.05 percent; 20 k ohm input impedance and output impedance of 100 ohms.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 10 in.
Weight: 12 lbs.
Price: $1,350.00
**DOD ELECTRONICS CORPORATION**
The Audio Logic X 34 Stereo 3-way, Mono 4-way Crossover features 24 dB per octave Linkwitz-Riley filter topology;
continuously variable, extended range, crossover points; independent level; mute and polarity controls on each output; and
15 Hz, 4th order Butterworth high-pass filters on each input.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 6.5 in.
Weight: 3 lbs.
Price: $425.00
**ELECTRO-VOICE, INC.**
Model XEQ-3/Electronic Crossover features 3-way configurations; allows low-frequency signal delay for source alignment;
low-frequency boost for extended bass; step-down operation of TL bass system. Has simple, easy to install modules for
compression-driver high-frequency equalization.
Dimensions: 1.73 in. X 19 in. X 7.28 in.
Price: $889.00
**FURMAN SOUND, INC.**
The Model TX-324 stereo 2-way/mono 3-way crossover features 24 dB/octave rolloff slopes. Field Select allows optimizing
filters for long-throw (Butterworth) or near field (Cauer); hard limiters on each output with adjustable threshold provide
speaker protection; includes on/off transient muting; ground lift switch; in/out level controls; limit threshold indicators. Optional
balanced configuration.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 7 lbs.
Price: $419.00
Model TX-424 stereo 3-way/mono 4 or 5-way crossover has features similar to the Model TX-324.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 9 lbs.
Price: $549.00
Model TX-524 stereo 4-way crossover has features similar to the TX-324.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 9 lbs.
Price: $679.00
The Model TX-3A is a 12 dB/octave tunable crossover that may be used for either stereo 2-way or mono 3-way applications.
Includes calibrated input/output level controls, power indicator and ground lift switch. Optional balanced configuration.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 7 lbs.
Price: $319.00
**LT SOUND**
The ECU-2 is a stereo electronic crossover unit capable of stereo bi-amping as well as stereo tri-amping. Crossover points
are continuously variable from 70 Hz to 11 kHz. It has 12 dB/octave Butterworth filters; summed mono output for subwoofer
operation; individual phase switches on mid and high bands.
Price: $295.00
**PANASONIC PRO AUDIO SYSTEMS**
The WS-SP2A Subwoofer Processor (crossover) is networked for use with Ramsa loudspeakers. Includes 6th order
alignment network for Ramsa subwoofers; has frequencies of 50 Hz, 80 Hz and 120 Hz; A and B (left and right) inputs; XLR;
+4 dB balanced; A and B outputs; phone jack; +4 dB unbalanced; VLF is sum of left and right passed through crossover filter
network; mono has phone jack, +4 dB unbalanced.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 7.875 in.
Weight: 6 lbs.
Price: $275.00
PEAVEY ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
The V4X is a variable 4-way electronic crossover; low, mid, high and very high level controls; switchable high EQ; balanced outputs; high and low pass filters; at 40 Hz and 20 kHz, calibrated System Gain Control; balanced XLR and ¼ in. input jacks; transformer-balanced XLR and ¼ in. output jacks for all four bandpass outputs.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 9 in.
Weight: 8 lbs.
Price: $399.99
The PC4-XL is a totally programmable, all digital four-way (mono) crossover; three-way mono with 4th output as additional LF out; MF out or HF out; two-way mono or stereo; 48 kHz sample rate; 24-bit internal processing; 64 times oversampled A-D; 70 to 650 ms of pre-delay time; up to 10 ms of delay on each output for driver alignment; two balanced inputs, four balanced outputs; selectable filter type.
Price: $799.99
RANE CORPORATION
The AC 22 and AC 23 State Variable Time Correcting crossovers feature 24 dB/octave Linkwitz-Riley filter performance via 41-detent frequency selector controls; built-in variable time delay for phase correction; automatic internal configuration switching; mute switches and input/output level controls with 6 dB gain each.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 5.25 in.
Prices: $389.00 and $499.00
The FAC 24 Flex Series Crossover features 24 dB/octave Linkwitz-Riley performance; 24-position digital frequency selector switch for plug-in card accuracy; electronic phase alignment; built-in adjustable CD-horn EQ; mono sub-bass input; and fully balanced ins/outs in half rack package.
Dimensions: 8.5 in. X 1.75 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 4 lbs.
Price: $339.00
The FAC 28 Flex Series Crossover is identical to the FAC 24 except that it features 48 dB/octave slopes to minimize the crossover region and associated problems.
Price: $449.00
SYMETRIX
The 524E multi-mode crossover has four configurable bands; precision cards that set frequencies and slopes; limiter attack/release times; HF horn EQ in/out; flat response from 20 Hz to 50 kHz; 0.01 percent distortion; threshold, gain, mute, phase reverse and phase adjust controls.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 9 in.
Weight: 10 lbs.
Price: $1,095.00
WHITE INSTRUMENTS
The DSP 5000 has a digital crossover, delay and parametric equalization all in one rack space; 19 bit, user configurable single channel in, 4 out; remote control capability via PA-422; MIDI or contact closures.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 12 in.
Weight: 9 lbs.
Price: $3,400.00
DELAYS
EVENTIDE, INC. See our ad on page 3
The BD980 broadcast delay has stereo; 20 kHz frequency response; 10 seconds maximum delay; dump; wait & exit; ramp to zero functions.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 12.5 in.
Weight: 15 lbs.
Price: $5,495.00
The BD941 broadcast delay features mono; 20 kHz frequency response; fixed delay; delete and bypass functions.
Dimensions: 1.66 in. X 19 in. X 9.4 in.
Weight: 13 lbs.
Prices: $1,795.00 (6 seconds) or $2,195.00 (12 seconds)
The BD942 broadcast delay features stereo; 20 kHz frequency response; fixed delay; delete and bypass functions.
Dimensions: 1.66 in. X 19 in. X 9.4 in.
Weight: 13 lbs.
Prices: $1,995.00 (3 seconds) or $2,395.00 (6 seconds)
KLARK-TEKNIK ELECTRONICS, INC.
The DN716 is a one in, 3 out 16 bit digital delay line with less than 90 dB dynamic range, 20 Hz-20 kHz, unweighted. Delay times from 0-1.3 seconds in minimum increments of 20us; input level indicator and level control; non-volatile memory; electronically balanced input; unbalanced outputs; transformer balancing optional.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 11.75 in.
Weight: 5.5 lbs.
Price: $1,657.00
The DN726 has two in, two out stereo 16 bit digital delay; 100 percent stereo tracking; control functions lock out and non-volatile memory; dynamic range of less than 90 dB; 20 Hz-20 kHz unweighted; electronically balanced inputs; unbalanced outputs; transformer balancing optional.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 11.75 in.
Weight: 5.5 lbs.
Price: $2,995.00
The DN726V is very similar to the DN726, but will display in either milliseconds or fields, and is switchable between PAL and NTSC standards (internally). Also has a (4) GPI control function to automatically follow delay introduced by other devices. For use in video applications.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 11.75 in.
Weight: 5.5 lbs.
Price: $2,995.00
The DN775 is a stereo disc-cutting delay, switchable to select 33 or 45 RPM; 100 percent stereo tracking; less than 90 dB dynamic range; 20 Hz-25 kHz; unweighted, electronically balanced inputs; transformer balanced outputs (standard); frequency response of 20 Hz-25 kHz + 1 dB, any level, any delay.
Dimensions: 12.75 in. X 19 in. X 11.75 in.
Weight: 5.5 lbs.
Price: $3,995.00
LEXICON, INC.
The LXP-15 combines range of reverb, pitch shifting and delay effect with fast editing of presets, MIDI control in a single rack-space package and user interface. Offers 128 preset effects with up to five pages of parameters per effect, and the ability to store 128 of your own effects and five external analog inputs for foot switches or pedals.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 13.9 in.
Weight: 12 lbs.
Price: $1,050.00
PANASONIC PRO AUDIO SYSTEMS
The WZ-9375 has 2 inputs with 2 outputs, alternately, 1 input with 4 outputs; up to 654 msec @ 100 kHz sampling rate; 10 microseconds to 1 millisecond of delay time steps; 50 kHz or 100 kHz sampling rate; frequency response of 20 Hz to 20 kHz, +0.5, -2 dB at 100 kHz sampling rate; dynamic range of more than 90 dB; less than 20 micro-seconds of group delay; less than 0.03 percent at 100 kHz sampling rate T.H.D.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 13.75 in.
Weight: 19.5 lbs.
Price: $4,500.00
ROLAND PRO AUDIO/VIDEO GROUP
Features digital companding PCM system equivalent to a 16-bit A/D/A converting system; dynamic range more than 100 dB; frequency response ranges from 10 Hz to 17 kHz with delay time from 0 to 1,500 ms; can store up to 8 different programmable memories.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 11.75 in.
Weight: 11 lbs.
Price: $1,095.00
SOUND CONCEPTS, INC.
The SSD550 surround and ambience delay unit features two channels of delay; 5 to 50 ms; may be switched to sequential for 10 to 100 ms.. variable mix of original and delayed signals available; passive surround decoder for film; S/N 90 dB; response 10 to 8000 Hz.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 9 in.
Price: $975.00
SYMETRIX, INC
Model 402 is a 1 input, 2 output digital delay with a 104 dB dynamic range, 12 Hz to 20 kHz frequency response, 19-bit A/D conversion, 884 ms. maximum delay; display is in msec, feet and meters.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 7.5 in.
WHITE INSTRUMENTS
The DSP 5000 has a delay, parametric equalization and digital crossover all in one rack space; 19 bit, user configurable single channel in, 4 out; remote control capability via PA-422, MIDI or contact closures.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 12 in.
Weight: 9 lbs.
Price: $3,450.00
EQUALIZERS
ALESIS STUDIO ELECTRONICS
The MEQ-230 Precision Equalizer has dual 30 band, $\frac{1}{3}$ octave EQ in single 19 in. rack space; interface provided by means of $\frac{1}{4}$ -in. and RCA jacks; center frequencies range from 25 Hz to 20 kHz and are set to ANSI/ISO standards; each band provides 12 dB cut/boost; in/out switch.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 4 in.
Weight: 2.5 lbs.
Price: $249.00
ALTEC LANSING CORPORATION
The 1412A stereo 15 band $\frac{2}{3}$ Octave Equalizer is two-channel with 15 variable-Q filters, 6 or 12 dB boost/cut, low-cut sector switch, balanced in/out, barrier-strip only.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 9.3 in.
Weight: 6 lbs
Price: $480.00
The 8558B Programmable Microaudio Equalizer offers eight memories; only one rack space; no front panel controls; 28 $\frac{1}{3}$ octave filters with 12 dB of cut/boost; fixed HP/LP filters; elect. balanced in/out; xfrm in/out optional barrier strip only.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 7 in.
Weight: 5.9 lbs.
Price: $2,070.00
The 1750A Cut-Only $\frac{1}{3}$ Octave Mono Equalizer has 28 constant-Q filters from 31.5 Hz to 16 kHz; 15 dB of attenuation per filter; 20 dB of broadband gain; variable HP/LP filters; elect. balanced in/out with optional xfrm, XLR and barrier strip.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 9.75 in.
Weight: 10.7 lbs.
Price: $1,250.00
The 1753A Boost-Cut $\frac{1}{3}$ Octave Mono Equalizer has 28 constant-Q filters from 31.5 Hz to 16 kHz; 12 dB cut/boost per filter; 20 dB broadband gain; variable HP/LP filters; elect. balanced in/out with optional xfrm, XLR and barrier strip.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 9.75 in.
Weight: 10.7 lbs.
Price: $1,250.00
APPLIED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
The HD 31, Model 350 is an active balanced $\frac{1}{3}$ octave 31 band equalizer featuring constant Q filters; 60mm sliders; switchable 15 and 7.5 dB level scale; switchable subsonic and ultrasonic filters; hard bypass at no power and S/N of 115 dB.
Dimensions: 3 in. X 19 in. X 6.25 in.
Weight: 8 lbs.
Price: $425.00
The HD 15, Model 340 is an active balanced $\frac{2}{3}$ octave 15 band equalizer with constant Q filters; 60mm sliders; optional XLR connections; switchable subsonic and ultrasonic filters; hard bypass at no power and S/N of 115 dB.
Dimensions: 3 in. X 19 in. X 6.25 in.
Weight: 8 lbs.
Price: $425.00
ARX SYSTEMS See our ad on page 2
The EQ 30 and 60 are ultra low noise constant Q $\frac{1}{3}$ octave graphic equalizers featuring balanced XLR and jack inputs/outputs and switchable 6 dB or 15 dB of cut/boost.
Dimensions: The EQ 30 is 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 10 in.
The EQ 60 is 5.25 in. X 19 in. X 10 in.
Weight: Each model is 8 lbs
Prices: EQ 30—$899.00; EQ 60—$1,349.00
The Multi Q is a six channel/band fully variable parametric EQ. Featuring ARX Auto Patch, the Multi Q allows the user to select any number of channels without the need for patch cables.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 6 in.
Weight: 4 lbs
Price: $710.00
**dbx PROFESSIONAL PRODUCTS, A DIVISION OF AKG ACOUSTICS, INC.**
The 905 three-band parametric equalizer features instant before/after comparisons available by switch bypass; switchable notch mode on each band, and a choice of shelving or symmetrical peak/dip on outerbands.
Dimensions: 5.25 in. X 1.5 in. X 9.5 in.
Weight: 0.75 lbs.
Price: $499.00
The 1531X graphic equalizer has selectable 15 band stereo (2/3 octave) or 31 band mono (1/3 octave) equalizer on ISO centers; constant-Q and symmetrical peak/dip curves with selectable 7.5 or 15 boost or cut; and switchable HP filtering at 20 Hz, 60 Hz or 120 Hz, XLR and 1/4 in. inputs and outputs.
Price: $419.00
**DOD ELECTRONICS CORPORATION**
The DigiTech MEQ 28 Mono 28-band MIDI Programmable Graphic EQ is a two space, rack-mount mono graphic EQ that is fully MIDI controllable and programmable with 99 user-definable programs. It features 28 bands of 12 dB cut/boost equalization.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8.5 in.
Weight: 7 lbs.
Price: $599.95
The DOD 830 Stereo 15 band per channel, 2/3 Octave Graphic EQ is a two rack space EQ featuring 20 Hz to 20 kHz equalization; 12 dB cut/boost; low cut filter; 90 dB S/N; THD 0.006 percent and 5 percent frequency tolerance.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8.5 in.
Weight: 7 lbs.
Price: $249.95
**ELECTRO-VOICE, INC.**
Model 2710 1/3 octave graphic EQ features 27-band, 1/3-octave equalizer; constant range variable-Q filters; minimal interference between adjacent filters; user-selectable high- and low-pass filters; built-in pink-noise generator for noise masking; system equalization and other applications.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 10.25 in.
Weight: 11.5 lbs.
Price: $1,130.00
**FURMAN SOUND, INC.**
Q-Series Graphic Equalizers Long Throw Slider Models feature maximum length 60 mm sliders, constant-Q response, "Straight Wire" bypass, input and output level controls, 4-segment LED meters for both input and output, low and high cut knobs, ±12 dB of equalization. Both models available with XLR-balanced in/out option.
Dimensions: 3.5 in X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight 10 lbs.
Price: Q-152—$489.00; Q-302—$469.00
Q-series Graphic Equalizers Short Throw Models feature Constant-Q response, "Straight Wire" bypass, output level controls, 4-segment LED output meters, low cut buttons, ±6 dB/±12 dB rear-panel range switches with front panel indicators (except Q-541 which is fixed at ±10 dB). All but the Q541 are available with an XLR-balanced input/output option.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8 in. (single rack space units); 3-5 in. X 19 in. X 8 in. (double rack space units)
Weight: 8 lbs. (single rack space); 10 lbs. (double rack space)
Prices: Q-151—$399.00; Q-301—$389.00; Q-602—$699.00; Q-541—$399.00.
The Model PQ-4 parametric equalizer has constant-Q equalization curves; peak/shelf switches on top and bottom bands; extra wide range of bandwidth and EQ adjustment. Includes input level control; EQ in button, as well as overload; EQ status and power indicators; high and low level inputs/outputs; and footswitch jack, allowing use as a preamp. Balanced configuration is optional.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 6 lbs.
Price: $379.00
KLARK-TEKNIK ELECTRONICS, INC.
The DN410 is a dual (5) band/Single (10) band parametric equalizer with 100 percent frequency overlap on all bands; +15/-25 dB boost/cut; \( \frac{1}{12} \) to 2 octave bandwidth; separate variable high/low pass filters (each channel); separate EQ in/out switch on all bands plus overall noise less than -94 dBm; 20 Hz-20 kHz, unweighted.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 9.25 in.
Weight: 10 lbs.
Price: $1,275.00
The DN405 is the same as above, but with single (5) band only.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 9.25 in.
Weight: 7.7 lbs.
Price: $850.00
The DN360 is a dual channel 30 band \( \frac{1}{3} \) octave graphic equalizer with switchable 12 dB/6 dB scale on faders; switchable high pass filters; electronically balanced inputs, unbalanced outputs; transformer balancing optional; noise less than 90 dBm; 20 Hz-20 kHz unweighted.
Dimensions: 5.25 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 10 lbs.
Price: $1,795.00
The DN300 is a single channel 30 band \( \frac{1}{3} \) octave equalizer with continuously variable high and low pass filters; switchable 12 dB/6 dB fader scale; noise less than 90 dBm; 20 Hz-20 kHz unweighted; electronically balanced input; unbalanced output; transformer balancing optional.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 7.7 lbs.
Price: $1,150.00
The DN301 is a single channel 30 band \( \frac{1}{3} \) octave Cut only graphic equalizer with continuously variable high and low pass filters; switchable 12 dB/6 dB fader scale; electronically balanced input; unbalanced output; transformer balancing optional; noise less than 94 dBm; 20 Hz-20 kHz unweighted.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 7.7 lbs.
Price: $1,150.00
The DN332 is a dual 16 band \( \frac{2}{3} \) octave graphic equalizer with +12 dB boost/cut; switchable high pass filters; electronically balanced inputs; unbalanced outputs; transformer balancing optional; noise less than -90 dB; 20 Hz-20 kHz unweighted.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 7.7 lbs.
Price: $1,095.00
LT SOUND
The PEQ is a dual-channel, 4-band parametric equalizer with selectable peak/dip or shelving response on upper or lower bands, overall hard-wire bypass and individual bypass on middle 2 bands. Bandwidth variable from 0.15 to 2 octaves.
Price: $595.00
The PEQ-1 is a single-channel version of the PEQ-2. Utilizes a single-rack space.
Price: $349.00
ORBAN, A DIVISION OF AKG ACOUSTICS, INC.
The Model 642B dual channel/stereo is a fully parametric equalizer with 4 bands per channel, switchable to 8 channels mono; each band with separate bypass, Q, frequency and fine tuning control; high pass and low pass filters per channel; minimum 40 dB notch per channel.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 11.25 in.
Price: $1,200.00
The models 672A/674A mono/stereo 8-band graphic parametric equalizers have long throw faders controlling boost and cut for each band; high pass and low pass filters with separate outputs for use as 2-way crossover.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 5.25 in.
Prices: $725.00 for the 672A
$1,525.00 for the 674A
Model 764A features programmable, digitally-controlled parametric equalizer version of the 642B; controls up to 99 channels of masters and slaves; stores up to 99 presets; has four bands, dual channel, with high and low pass filters; and programmable input attenuator.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 9.625 in.
Price: starting at $1,900.00, depending on configuration
OXMOOR CORPORATION
The DEQ-1 High Resolution programmable ⅓ octave equalizer has 29 ⅓ octave filters adjustable in ½ octave spacing; 8 presets with security; balanced inputs/outputs; PA-422.
Dimensions: 1.72 in. X 19 in. X 13.5 in.
Weight: 13 lbs.
Price: $1,060.00
The DEQ-II High Resolution Programmable ⅓ octave Equalizer has 29 ⅓ octave filters adjustable in ½ dB steps; high/low pass filters selectable on ¼ octave spacing; large LCD display and front panel controls make programming simple; 8 presets with security; balanced inputs/outputs; PA-422.
Dimensions: 3 in. X 19 in. X 13.5 in.
Weight: 15 lbs.
Price: $1,400.00
PEAVEY ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
The Autograph II is a programmable, MIDI controllable 28-band graphic eq with RTA, pink noise generator, multiple discrete room sampling, continuous room sampling, factory and user defined target curves, curve compare and averaging, feedback finder, low-cut filter.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 9 in.
Weight: 6.25 lbs.
Price: $499.00
The EQ 215 has two ⅔ octave graphic equalizers; 6 or 12 dB ranges; level control; EQ bypass; low and high cut filters, balanced/unbalanced inputs and outputs, ISO centers.
Price: $399.99
The EQ 31 has 31 bands of graphic EQ; ISO centers; 6 or 12 dB ranges; level control; low and high cut filters; balanced/unbalanced inputs and outputs.
Price: $399.99
RANE CORPORATION
The ME 30 and ME 15 MicroGraphic Equalizers feature constant-Q ⅓ and stereo ⅔ octave performance in single rack space packaging; with switchable 6/12 dB boost/cut; input level; hard-wire bypass and 20 mm center-detent sliders.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 5.25 in.
Weight: 5 lbs.
Prices: $499.00 for either
The GE 27 and GE 14 Graphic Equalizers feature constant-Q ⅓ and ⅔ octave performance in two rack space packaging; with 45 mm center-detent sliders; level control; hard wire bypass; low noise and low distortion circuitry.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8.5 in.
Weight: 9 lbs.
Prices: $499.00 for GE 27 and $529.00 for GE 14
The MPE SERIES Programmable Equalizers feature the MPE 28 ⅓ octave and MPE 14 Dual ⅔ octave equalizers with 128 memory locations plus a software package that enables curve weighting (adding 2 curves together); real time program changes; remote control; copying; data-dumping, full MIDI mapping and other functions.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8.5 in.
Weight: 6 lbs.
Prices: $749.00 for the MPE 28 and $799.00 for the MPE 14.
NEQ 128 NEQ 228 and NEQ 256 Network equalizers. The NEQ 128 is a mono ⅓ octave, the NEQ 228 is stereo, and the NEQ 156 is a mono 1/6 octave equalizer. Features include almost dead-iron panels, controllable by RS-232 (standard, software included). Cards available to communicate via other network protocols, 16 internal non-volatile memories recallable by contact closure. Balanced terminal strip connectors.
Dimensions: 1.75 in X 19 in X 8.5 in.
Weight: 6 lbs
Prices: $699.00, $9990.00, and $999.00
PE 15 and PE 17 parametric equalizers; the PE 15 is a 5-band with overlapping bands, 1 and 5 can be switched to shelf mode, the PE 17 is a 5-band with additional high and low cut filters with all bands sweepable from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, bandwidth range is from 1/30th to 1.5 octaves, balanced terminal strip connector.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. 5.25 in.
Prices: 399.00 and $599.00
SABINE MUSICAL MANUFACTURING COMPANY, INC. See our ad on page 4
FXB-900 Feedback Exterminator utilises digital processing technology and automatically detects and eliminates feedback quickly by assigning very narrow notch filters to the ringing frequencies, without changes in sound quality.
Dimensions: Single space rack mount
Price: $599.00
ADF-1200 and ADF-2400 Workstations are the first complete set of adaptive digital filters. They include an extensive array of fully programmable functions and contain the FXB Feedback Exterminator.
Dimensions: 2 U rack mount
Prices: ADF-1200—$1,695.95; ADF-2400—$2,627.95
**SOUNDCRAFTSMEN**
The PRO-EQ 440 PRD is a C-MOS 0.1 dB Differential/Comparator Third Octave featuring C-MOS digital switching; two independent channels of EQ; \( \frac{1}{3} \) octave 40 Hz/1 kHz; alternate \( \frac{1}{3} \) octave 1 kHz/16 kHz; exclusive differential/comparator unity-gain circuits; balancing LEDs for instant adjustment to unity gain; pre-post EQ loops and EQ defeat switch.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 11 in.
Weight: 15 lbs.
Price: $549.00
**SUMMIT AUDIO, INC.**
The EQP-200A is a dual program equalizer utilizing tube gain make-up stages with 990, balanced output. All units are hand-crafted and burned in for ten days or more.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 10.5 in.
Weight: 19 lbs.
Price: $2,100.00
The EQF-100 Full Range Vacuum Tube Equalizer is a full-range, single channel, four band equalizer with Hi/Lo pass filter section; musically selected center frequencies; with bands one and four peaking of shelving selectable; 990, balanced output.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 10.5 in.
Weight: 21 lbs.
Price: $2,200.00
**SYMETRIX**
The SX201 parametric EQ has three overlapping bands; +15 dB boost; -30 dB cut; 0.05 octave to 3.3 octaves bandwidth; 119 dB S/N ratio; 20 Hz to 20 kHz response (+0, -1 dB).
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 8 in. X 5.5 in.
Weight: 5 lbs.
Price: $259.00
**WHITE INSTRUMENTS**
The Model 4700/4700-2 is a digitally-controlled \( \frac{1}{3} \) octave equalizer; has one or two channel; controllable from the front panel with password protection or software control via RS-232 or PA-422 interface with Pilot 447 software provided. Model 4700IQ, 47002IQ are the same as the model 4700,4700-2 above except they come with Crown IQ 2000 control.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 12 in.
Weight: 9 lbs.
Prices: $950.00 mono/$1,425.00 dual; IQ Versions to be announced.
Model 4710 is a digitally-controlled \( \frac{1}{6} \) octave 55 band equalizer in one rack space. Controllable from the front panel with password protection; has 10 memory locations and 10 separate preset locations in non-volatile storage.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 12 in.
Weight: 9 lbs.
Price: $1,550.00
The Model 4650/4660 is a 60 mm slider controlled \( \frac{1}{3} \) octave filters 31.5 Hz-16 kHz; 12 dB, 10 dB gain; variable high/low pass on 4660; XLR and \( \frac{1}{4} \) jack connectors; input/output transformer available (4622).
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 5 in.
Weight: 7 lbs.
Prices: 4650 is $699.00/4660 is $750.00
Model 4675 is a 60 mm slider controlled stereo \( \frac{2}{3} \) octave; filters 40 Hz-16 kHz 12 dB range, 10 dB gain; variable high pass, fixed low pass; XLR connections; servo-balanced differential input/output circuit.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 5 in.
Weight: 7 lbs.
Price: $795.00
Model 4400 has L-C active \( \frac{1}{3} \) octave filters 31.5 Hz-16 kHz; 10 dB range; variable high/low pass; 3 outputs and crossover socket for optional bi-amp/tri-amp operation; input/output transformers available; noise -90 dBu worst case.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 15 lbs.
Price: $1,050.00
The DSP 5000 has 12 bands of parametric equalization, digital crossover and delay all in one rack space; 19 bit, user configurable single channel in, 4 out; remote control capability via PA-422, MIDI or contact closures.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 12 in.
Weight: 9 lbs.
Price: $3,400.00
MULTI-EFFECTS PROCESSORS
APPLIED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
The SGX-2000, Model 500, is for guitar. Tri-channel programmable tube and solid state preamp with stereo digital effects; full 20 kHz bandwidth; 24 bit processing; seven band equalizer.
Dimensions: 3 in. X 19 in. X 9 in.
Weight: 15 lbs.
Price: $829.00
The SGX NightBass, Model 490, is for bass guitar. Tri-channel programmable tube and solid state preamp with stereo digital effects; full 20 kHz bandwidth; 24 bit processing; seven band equalizer and selectable crossover.
Dimensions: 3 in. X 19 in. X 9 in.
Weight: 15 lbs.
Price: $839.00
The Power Plant, Model 410, is a dual channel guitar preamp. Channels are switchable between clean and dirty with their own separate EQ effects loop; separate guitar, line and power amp and headphone outputs.
Dimensions: 1.5 in. X 19 in. X 10 in.
Weight: 11 lbs.
Price: $329.00
DOD ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
The Digitech TRS-24 digital reverb and multi-effect processor, true stereo with multiple input/output configurations, 128 factory presets, 128 programmable settings, 24-bit signal path and 48bit internal datadigital sampling, 4-octave pitch shifter, choruses, flangers, programmable eq, noise reduction, auto panning...
Dimensions: 19 in X 1.75 in. X 9 in.
Price: $799.00
The DigiTech DSP 256XL Digital Effects Processor features 21 different studio-quality effects, up to 4 simultaneously, and is built tough enough for road use.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8.5 in.
Weight: 5.5 lbs.
Price: $439.95
The DigiTech DSP 16 Effects Processor contains 128 MIDI changeable programs utilizing 16 different reverb and delay effects; a 3-band EQ provides tailoring of the sound.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8.5 in.
Weight: 4.5 lbs.
Price: $299.95
LT SOUND
The ECC is a digital delay system with microplate reverb. Delay and reverb may be used simultaneously or independently; delay range is from 1 ms to 1 s; effects include doubling, chorus, flange, plate reverb with delay, acoustic chamber and tremolo.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 7.5 in.
Price: $995.00
PEAVEY ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
The Ultraverb II is a digital multi-effects processor with extended bandwidth; 256 internal programs; 128 user editable effects; real time MIDI control; each preset transfer step reversible up to last keystroke; full MIDI access.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 6.5 in.
Weight: 6 lbs.
Price: $349.99
All effects of the AddVerb II, except reverbs and specials, may be modified and stored at any of 199 program presets; full MIDI control capability; 50 reverb presets; 40 programmable delay/echo and modulated presets; 10 combinations; presets may be mapped to any of 128 MIDI program numbers.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8 in.
Weight: 6 lbs.
Price: $319.00
ProFex II is a programmable MIDI controlled multi-effects preamp featuring digital stereo effects; RAM slot; independent
effects blocks can be combined in series or parallel in any order to form multi-effect chains; each effect block has independent mix and level control; programmable noise gate in all programs; 128 presets mapped to 128 user patches, MIDI or footswitch access.
Price: $549.99
**SYMETRIX INC.**
Model 601 Digital Voice Processor includes fully parametric equalization, dynamic filter/noise reduction, de-essing, compression, automatic gain control, expander gate, and stereo echo.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 10 in.
Price: $1,995.00
The 528 Voice Processor has a mic preamp with 48V phantom, compressor, limiter, downward expander, 3-band parametric equalizer/notch filter and de-esser all in one rack space.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8.5 in.
Price: $679.00
---
**REVERBS**
**ALESIS STUDIO ELECTRONICS**
The Quadraverb Plus features 1.5 seconds of delay memory for sampling; independently adjustable multi-tap delays; programmable panning; new ring modulator and resonator configuration along with the 20 K bandwidth reverb; delay; chorus; flanging; parametric EQ; leslie simulator; and comprehensive onboard digital effects mixing system of the original Quadraverb.
Price: $499.00
The Microverb III, a 16-bit stereo digital reverb and effects processor, has 256 preset programs: 112 reverbs; 32 gated/reverse reverbs; 80 delays; and 32 multi-tap and effects programs. The 19 in. rack mountable unit features 15 kHz bandwidth and two bands of EQ (100 Hz and 4 kHz) for fine tuning of programs.
Price: $249.00
The Midiverb III is a digital stereo multi-effects unit capable of generating four effects at a time: delay; reverb; and chorus or flange. Features 200 memory locations, with 100 reserved for factory presets. Real-time MIDI control.
Price: $399.00
**APPLIED RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY**
The Multiverb ALPHA, Model 470, is a 24 bit full 20 kHz digital signal processor capable of combining seven effects at once. Has programmable seven band EQ; reverb; two octave of Pitch Transposing; 20 delay types including sampling.
Dimensions: 1.5 in. X 19 in. X 9.25 in.
Weight: 11 lbs.
Price: $499.00
The Multiverb LT, Model 420, is a studio digital effects signal processor with instant access to 192 pre-programmed presets of up to three effects at once. Effects include reverb; delay; chorus; flanging; gated and reverse reverb and panning.
Dimensions: 1.5 in. X 19 in. X 9.25 in.
Weight: 10 lbs.
Price: $299.00
**EVENTIDE, INC. See our Ad on page 3**
The DSP4000 Ultra-Harmonizer has AES/EBU digital in/out for all-digital signal manipulation and a modular software architecture.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 12.5 in.
Weight: 12 lbs.
Price: $4,495.00
The H3500 Ultra-Harmonizer features new dynamic effects; 16-bit, 44.1 kHz sampling, pitch shifting, dense reverbs, stereo delays and choruses, 24 algorithms, and 400 presets; sampling is available in 22 or 95 seconds.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 13.5
Weight: 13 lbs.
Price: $3,495 (H3500-sfx w/22 second sampling); $4,495.00 (H3500-dfx/e w/95 second sampling)
The H3000SE Studio Enhanced Ultra-Harmonizer has 19 algorithms, including vocoder; dense reverb; multishift; band delay; string modeller; phaser, stutter and patch factory; 200 presets; function generator (programmable parameter modulation); soft functions (user-definable Soft Keys).
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 13.5 in.
Weight: 13 lbs.
Price: $2,995.00
The H3000B Broadcast/Post Ultra-Harmonizer has 14 algorithms, including TimeSqueeze (stereo time compression/expansion with machine control); stutter and patch factory (white noise generator, filters, pitch shifters, delay lines and more); 80 presets; function generator, soft functions.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 13.5 in.
Weight: 13 lbs.
Price: $2,995.00
The H3000S Studio Ultra-Harmonizer has 11 algorithms including diatonic shift; dual shift; layered shift; stereo shift; reverse shift; swept combs; reverb factory; ultra-tap; dual digiplex; long digiplex; 48 Steve Vai presets; 58 factory presets.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 13.5 in.
Weight: 13 lbs.
Price: $2,495.00
KLARK-TEKNIK ELECTRONICS, INC.
The DN780 offers full control over several parameters including predelay time; level and pattern of reflections; low and high frequency decay times; and room size. Supplied with remote controller; has 50 non-volatile user memories. 32 bit circuitry.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 12.25 in.
Weight: 16.5 lbs.
Price: $2,995.00
LEXICON, INC.
The 300 Digital Effects System is designed for the small professional studio. Features include two stereo inputs/outputs (balanced XLR) and digital inputs/outputs in the AES/EBU and SPDIF formats. The 300 features 50 event effects recall via SMPTE time code; full MIDI implementation; and 96 dB signal-to-noise ratio; and reverb; ambiance; stereo pitch shifting and mastering type algorithms.
Dimensions: 3.5 in. X 19 in. X 13.6 in.
Weight: 18.9 lbs.
Price: $4,795.00
LT SOUND
The RCC reverb control center is a complete microplate reverb system for use with or without a mixing board. It has 2 mic inputs; inputs for 2 additional stereo sources; and output for a tape recorder, plus 3-band equalization.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 7.5 in.
Weight: 7 lbs.
Price: $695.00
PEAVEY ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
The Univerb II has 128 stereo 16-bit effects; bandwidth of 20 Hz to 12 kHz; VLSI technology; remote bypass capability; stereo and mono to stereo capability; single rack space chassis.
Dimensions: 1.75 in. X 19 in. X 8.125 in.
Weight: 5 lbs.
Price: $249.99
ROLAND PRO AUDIO/VIDEO GROUP
The R-880 digital reverb has four independent DSPs; reverb; non-linear reverb; early reflections; chorus; delay; EQ; compression; flat frequency response; 90 dB dynamic range; analog, AES/EBU digital I/O connections; accommodates 48 kHz, 44.1 kHz signals.
Dimensions: 3.56 in. X 19.18 in. X 16.56 in.
Weight: 22 lbs.
Price: $3,995.00
The GC-8 is a graphic controller remote control unit for the R-880 featuring large, 256 X 64 dot LCD; five rotary knobs and numeric keypad for easy programming; memory card slot for storing and loading programs.
Dimensions: 2 in. X 13.125 in. X 6.94 in.
Weight: 2 lbs., 10 oz.
Price: $850.00
| Company Name | Address |
|------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| Alesis Studio Electronics | 3630 Holdrege Avenue |
| | Los Angeles, CA 90016 |
| Ashly Audio, Inc. | 100 Fernwood Avenue |
| | Rochester, NY 14621 |
| Altec Lansing Corporation | 10500 West Reno Avenue |
| | P.O. Box 26105 |
| | Oklahoma City, OK 73126 |
| Applied Research and Technology | 215 Tremont Street |
| | Rochester, NY 14608 |
| ARX Systems | 28271 Bond Way |
| | Silverado, CA 92676 |
| Bryston/Brystonvermont Ltd. | 979 Franklin Lane |
| | Maple Glen, PA 19002 |
| dbx Professional Products, a division of AKG Acoustics, Inc. | 1525 Alvarado Street |
| | San Leandro, CA 94577 |
| DOD Electronics Corporation | 5639 South Riley Lane |
| | Salt Lake City, UT 84107 |
| Electro-Voice, Inc. | 600 Cecil Street |
| | Buchanan, MI 49107 |
| Eventide, Inc. | One Alsan Way |
| | Little Ferry, NJ 07643 |
| Furman Sound, Inc. | 30 Rich Street |
| | Greenbrae, CA 94904 |
| Klark-Teknik Electronics, Inc. | 200 Sea Lane |
| | Farmingdale, NY 11735 |
| Lexicon, Inc. | 100 Beaver Street |
| | Waltham, MA 02154 |
| LT Sound | 7980 LT Parkway |
| | Lithonia, GA 30058 |
| Orban, a division of AKG Acoustics, Inc. | 1525 Alvarado Street |
| | San Leandro, CA 94577 |
| Oxmoor Corporation | 2111 Parkway Office Circle |
| | Birmingham, AL 35244 |
| Panasonic Pro Audio Systems | 6550 Katella Avenue |
| | Cypress, CA 90630 |
| Peavey Electronics Corporation | 711 A Street |
| | Meridian, MS 39301 |
| Rane Corporation | 10802 47th Avenue West |
| | Everett, WA 98204 |
| Roland Pro Audio/Video Group | 7200 Dominion Circle |
| | Los Angeles, CA 90040 |
| Sabine Musical Manufacturing Company, Inc. | 4637 Northwest 6th Street |
| | Gainesville, FL 32609 |
| Sound Concepts Inc. | Post Office Box 135 |
| | Brookline, MA 02146 |
| Soundcraftsmen | 2200 South Ritchey |
| | Santa Ana, CA 92705 |
| Summit Audio, Inc. | P.O. Box 1678 |
| | Los Gatos, CA 95031 |
| Symetrix, Inc. | 4211 24th Avenue West |
| | Seattle, WA 98199 |
| White Instruments | 1514 Ed Bluestein Boulevard |
| | Austin, TX 78721 |
Crooner Bing Crosby was the first popular entertainer to foresee the advantages of audio tape over then widely used 16-inch transcription discs. A check from him started Ampex going in pro audio with the first American machine, the Ampex 200. By the mid-fifties when this promo picture was taken, Ampex had produced many 300s and their first portable, the Ampex 600 which this pose was promoting.
FOR SALE
Recording Studios and Broadcast stations work around the clock, so more than most need a safe personal protection device to ward off those who present a threat to safety.
Instantly-Effective BODYGUARD-The Magnum Powered Pepper Spray (5% oleoresin capsicum) has proven superior to Mace, CS and CN tear gas in personal protection. The convenient purse/pocket unit comes in a key ring holster providing you with 25 one-second blasts at a range of 3-5 feet that will render your adversary/attacker helpless from 30-60 minutes with no after effects.
Price: $15.00 + $1.50 postage/handling.
Checks and money orders only—no C.O.D./credit cards
The Right Response Company
P.O. Box 679
Medford, NY 11763
Allow 3-4 weeks for delivery
Note: This offer is void where prohibited by law. This offer is not intended for sale to minors.
SERVICES
HEAD RELAPPING AND REPLACEMENT
All tape and film formats over 30 years design experience
IEM - 350 N. Eric Dr., Palatine, IL 60067
800/227-4323
DAVIDSON ELECTRONICS
516 753-0197
Authorized Service For
Yamaha, Crown, Tascam, Fostex, OSC, Carver, A&HB, Soundcraft, JBL and more!
BY APPOINTMENT ONLY
D CODE TC-1
TIME CODE READER
• Reads Time Code from 1/50 - 50x speed
• Reshapes Time Code for copying
• 60 hz sync. from 24 or 30 frame code
$395
DENECKE, INC.
5417-B Cahuenga Bl., No Hollywood, CA 91601
(818) 766-3525 • FAX (818) 766-0269
CLASSIFIED RATES
Rates are $35.00 minimum (up to 25 words), $1.50 per word over 25 words. Box numbers are $10.00 additional one-time for wording "Department XX" plus $2.50 per issue additional for postage and handling.
DISPLAY CLASSIFIED
Display classified is $48.00 per column inch or fraction.
Quantity discounts are: 3X—10%, 6X—20%
ALL CLASSIFIEDS MUST BE PREPAID
Closing date is the first of the second month preceding the date of issue. No agency discounts are allowed for classified advertising.
Send copy and payment to:
db, The Sound Engineering Magazine,
203 Commack Road,
Suite 1010,
USED TAPE. Ampex 456-1/4 2,500 ft. on metal reels. Less than two years old. No leaders—$7.00/reel; one leader—$6.00/reel. ASC Tapes, P.O. Box 3752 Hollywood, CA 90078, FAX-818 563-1860.
AMPEX 440-2 in console, iron motor, works great $1,500. Four track also available. ASC P.O. Box 3752, Hollywood, CA 90078. FAX-818 563-1860 for details.
PAYING TOO MUCH FOR YOUR CDs?
If you are or think you might be, then check this out:
• FAST SERVICE: It's our specialty.
• LOW PRICES: As low as $2.10 per unit.
• PERFECT: 100% guaranteed.
• COMPLETE: Includes packaging, standard liner notes, and insertion. Also available are digital mastering, glass mastering, graphics, and printing services.
BONUS! We'll give you FREE NATIONAL ADVERTISING of your new CD and free mail order and retail advertising with every release. Your music can be marketed in major music magazines and trade publications through our IMPS CD sampler promotions. We'll give you the exposure you need and the advantage for success.
For details call 800-677-8838
IMPS CD Manufacturing
70 Route 202 North
Peterborough, NH 03458-1107
Fax: 603-924-8613
WHAT COULD YOU HAVE IN COMMON WITH:
HIT FACTORY-NY, HIT FACTORY-LONDON, POWER STATION-L.A., LARRABEE SOUND, ELECTRIC LADY, RIVER SOUND (Donald Fagen/Gary Katz), BATTERY STUDIOS, TOKYUFUN, THE TOY SPECIALISTS, RACK ATTACK, LAfx, DREAMHIRE, STUDIO FX (SYDNEY), GLENN FREY, JON BON JOVI, THE BEACH BOYS, AND MANY OTHER OF THE WORLD'S FINEST STUDIOS, RENTAL COMPANIES, AND ARTISTS?
SUPPLEMENTING THE BEST IN VINTAGE WITH THE BEST IN NEW EQUIPMENT...
NOW REPRESENTING: FOCUSRITE Processing, SUMMIT AUDIO, GML, NEUMANN Microphones, DEMETER AMPLIFICATION, B&K Microphones, Studer/Revox and many others.
WE ALWAYS HAVE TUBE NEUMANNs and AKGs, TUBE COMPRESSORS & EQUALIZERS....PULTECS, LANGs, FAIRCHILD, API, NEVE, LA-2As ETC.
WE BUY, SELL AND TRADE—LIST YOUR FOR SALE EQUIPMENT FREE!!
WE HAVE LISTINGS ON CONSOLES AND 24 TRACKS, NEVE, SSL, AMEK, TRIDENT, API, OTARI, STUDER AND MC!...“this is not a problem.”
THE CONNECTION, THE SOURCE, THE PROFESSIONALS
NEW PHONE NUMBERS
TEL: 508-543-0069 FAX: 508-543-9670
WANTED
INDUSTRY POSITION SOUGHT by highly experienced audio journalist/composer/producer/engineer. Credentials as audio educator, program developer and supervisor. Highly creative, innovative and resourceful. Seeks employment by major manufacturer in product development, marketing or PR. Resume, work samples, references available on request. Send inquiries to Box 9, db Magazine, 203 Commack Road, Suite 1010, Commack, NY 11725.
• **Community Professional Sound Systems** announced the appointment of **Todd Rockwell** as the new engineering and marketing liaison for the company. He serves as a link between the minds and design resources available at the company's Chester, PA operation and contractors and consultants across the country. Rockwell formerly was with **Electro-Voice** and **Mark IV Cinema**, where he held several positions. He has a BS in Electrical engineering from Michigan Technical University in 1987.
• **Ampex Recording Systems Corporation** of Redwood City, California has formed a new division to be known as **Ampex Digital Media**. The division will concentrate on developing and supplying specialized high-performance magnetic media for use with the company's current digital video and mass data storage recorders. **Dave Davies**, formerly Vice President of Engineering at Ampex Recording Media Corp has been named Vice President of the Digital Media Division. Michael Wilke, formerly Marketing Manager at the Corporation has been appointed General Manager of the division.
• **Rose Mann** is back at the **Record Plant**. A mainstay at the legendary Hollywood Record Plant during the Seventies and Eighties, Rose is now Vice President. Studio Manager, according to the announcement by **Rick Stevens**. Record Plant will also be celebrating its silver anniversary (25 years) in September. The studio has just completed an ambitious $4 million upgrade that more than doubled the client areas of the building, adding two new state-of-the-art Studio Suites, and a new digital editing/MIDI overdub suite to the existing two studios.
• At **University Sound**, Ken Koceski, engineering manager, has been promoted to market development managers of the company's new USI Audio branded products; announced **Doug MacCallum**, president of University. Koceski, who has been at the company for five years, will be fully involved with USI Audio products.
• **Audio Pus Video International, Inc. and Tahoe Productions** have formed an alliance to provide post-production services for the New York video market. **Scott Irwin**, Director of Post Production for Tahoe has established a base of operation an APVI New York, situated in mid-town Manhattan. APVI specializes in standards conversion, duplication, film-to-tape, audio and international post-production with two other facilities in Northvale, New Jersey.
• **Allan Nichols** has been named director of sales and marketing for the Mark IV Pro Audio Group. The announcement was made by Ivan Schwartz, general manager. The Group, headquartered in Buchanan Michigan distributes in the U.S. Klark-Teknik, DDA and Midas products, as well as Electro-Voice Concert Sound products.
• As part of its commitment to meeting the audio/video musical-instrument rental needs of facilities around the country, the **Toy Specialists** of New York City has opened a new office specifically to serve Florida and Southeast Markets. The announcement was made by **Bill Tesar**, Vice President of the company. The new office will be headed by **Mark Prater**, and it is located at 1211 N. 56th Street, Tampa, Florida. Their new phone number is **800 445-3330**.
• There will be four sub-committees and twenty-three working groups of the **AES Standard Committee** at the AES Convention in New York. The groups will be preparing documents on subjects ranging form computer control sound systems to low-noise grounding and wiring practices. High on the committee's agenda will be the SC-10 Sub-Committee's widely anticipated protocol standards controlling sound systems. Other documents scheduled to be completed at this meeting include listening tests for loudspeakers, methods for archival transfer of audio recordings, interfacing MIDI to sound system, conservation of polarity, and guidelines for authenticating audio recordings.
Details about these projects and the activities of the AESSC, including the schedule of meeting and list of projects, may be found in the **Journal of the Audio Engineering Society**. The meeting will begin on October 4th at the New York Hilton Hotel. This is three days before the opening of the Convention. Contact the AES at 60 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10165. 212 661-8528 or fax them at 212 682-0477.
WHATEVER YOU DO — DON’T BUY THE WRONG MIXER.
Especially if you’re doing multitrack recording — whether digital or analog. Fact is, a mixer that’s not specifically configured with the features essential for multitrack recording just isn’t a recording mixer. Bottom line is, general purpose mixers make multitrack recording a nightmare.
You see, mixers that aren’t designed and engineered for multitrack recording will torture you with the endless hassle of patching and repatching — every time you track, overdub or mixdown. It’s frustrating, wastes valuable time and leaves you tangled in cable.
So before you choose a mixer for your studio — be sure it has the features of a dedicated recording mixer.
It’s not a recording mixer if it doesn’t have these features.
MULTITRACK DECK CONFIGURATION
If you don’t have dedicated inputs and outputs for your 8-track deck, where do you plug it in? Without this basic recording configuration you’ll be repatching day and night and you won’t be able to record 8 tracks at once. With these inputs, tape monitoring is as simple as pressing a switch. Also, because the TASCAM M1500 is a true 4-buss mixer, you can mix any combination of your input signals to any of the 4 output busses directly to tape.
DIRECT OUT AND GROUP OUT ASSIGNMENT SWITCHES
You gotta have these. Because without them you can’t directly send a single input to tape, or record several inputs to one track. But with them, assign your inputs anywhere by pressing a few switches. Best part is, you’ll never have to refer to any complex patch diagrams.
IN-LINE MONITORING
A sure sign of a recording mixer. This lets you monitor your tape tracks at any time without sacrificing an input channel. Just press a switch. With the M1500’s dual section not only can you monitor your tracks, it can be used for additional effects sends, or to double your inputs for virtual tracking at mixdown. And do any of this by flipping a switch.
TRUE TRANSPARENCY AND LOW NOISE
In recording, your signal goes through the mixer several times. And each time it goes through, it is important not to lose or gain anything. Especially an identifiable “mixer sound.” Test any mixer for its transparency. Take any signal and bounce it 3 or 4 times on your favorite digital recorder. With the truly transparent M1500, you’d be hard pressed to differentiate between the bounced tracks and the original signal.
SWEEPABLE MIDRANGE EQ
Ask for it. Because when it comes time to tailor your sound, you need the flexibility where the action is — in the midrange. The M1500’s sweepable midrange lets you isolate specific mid frequencies allowing you to make the subtle tonal corrections you want.
ELABORATE MONITORING
In a recording environment you need to hear what’s going through your board at all times. With the M1500’s comprehensive monitoring matrix you are able to hear any sound source at any time — inputs, tape, AUX sends, anything — it’s your choice, just press a switch.
At TASCAM, we’ve been making multitrack recording equipment for more than 20 years. We pack that experience into every mixer we make — and we make more recording mixers than any other company in the world.
For our M1500 Series of recording mixers, the result is an affordable mixing console configured for 8-track recording. A truly transparent mixer that makes tracking, overdubbing, and mixdowns easy. An extraordinarily flexible console loaded with the features and specs you’d expect on consoles costing thousands more.
But the M1500 Series of recording mixers are priced less than many general purpose mixers on the market. They’re available in a 16-channel/32-input tabletop version (M1516) and a compact rack mountable 8-channel/16-input version (M1508). So if you’re involved in digital or analog 8-track recording, you’ve just found the best recording console value in the industry.
Get your hands on a true recording mixer today: the TASCAM M1500 Series. There’s one waiting for you at your authorized TASCAM dealer. Go ahead — test it and play with it. It’s your next recording mixer.
© 1993 TEAC America Inc. 7733 Telegraph Road, Montebello, CA 90640 (213) 726-0303
You can look high and low and never find a better performing line.
For years, sound contractors have looked to Shure for standard-setting solutions to every microphone need. And our Microflex line is no exception. It features a fixed-installation mic for every application, from conference rooms to church sanctuaries. Low-profile, high-performance microphones that suspend from the ceiling, attach to the podium or mount on the floor.
And each one delivers the legendary performance, reliability and outstanding value that have made Shure the world leader in microphone sales, selection and design.
For a closer look at the line that sound contractors are looking up to, call 1-800-25-SHURE for information on Shure Microflex miniature condenser microphones.
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Examining the Instruments Prior to an Aerial Overseas Flight
A Full Description of the Marconi Wireless Telephone for Seaplanes
BUY WAR SAVINGS STAMPS
Medal and Diploma received at World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
ELECTROSE
INSULATION
"MADE IN AMERICA"
LOUIS STEINBERGER'S PATENTS
LIGHTNING-PROOF INSULATORS
1,000 TO 1,000,000 VOLTS
Insulators Are Standard with United States Navy and Army
AND WIRELESS TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE COMPANIES
No. 6811 No. 7370 No. 4500 No. 4502 No. 4507 No. 4514 No. 4518 No. 7490 No. 6852 No. 6850 No. 6286 No. 6815 No. 6818 No. 7512 No. 7520 No. 7375 No. 7518 No. 7394 No. 7487 No. 7379 No. 157 No. 165 No. 166 No. 172 No. 7003 No. 7006 No. 6277 No. 6285 No. 6284 No. 7163
SOLE MANUFACTURERS
66-82 Washington Street
66-76 Front Street
27-37 York Street
1-23 Flint Street
Brooklyn, N.Y., America
Radio Frequency Ammeters for determining Antenna Currents
Weston Model 400 Thermo Ammeter (Not a Hot-Wire Instrument) is a Switchboard Type Instrument 7¾ inches in diameter.
Guaranteed accuracy of 1%. Equally accurate on currents of any audio or radio frequency.
Unaffected by changes in temperature. Extremely low power consumption. Can be used where bad wave form or frequency precludes the use of other forms of instruments.
Write for information
Weston Electrical Instrument Company, 27 Weston Ave., Newark, N.J.
And in Principal Cities Throughout the World.
When the Empress of Ireland went down, 140 Salvationists were drowned.
When the sea gave up its dead not one Salvationist was found with a life belt on.
WHY?
The Salvation Army is based upon self-sacrifice.
Go into the slums and see for yourself.
Back from the War, The Army is enlarging its work among the poor, the friendless, the lowly.
WILL YOU HELP?
The Salvation Army Home Service Fund
THE MAN WHO BUILDS HIS OWN WIRELESS APPARATUS
Are you one of the men who take more interest in constructing their own wireless apparatus than in purchasing the complete set from the manufacturer?
You have thousands of fellow enthusiasts all over this country. There surely is great satisfaction in "making your own" apparatus and knowing exactly the kind and quantity of material that goes into each working unit.
Your insulation may be good or bad according to the material used. Ask any of the former amateurs and experimenters what satisfaction they secured from genuine
BAKELITE-DILECTO
then ask the modern wireless man what he thinks of this insulation. You will find BAKELITE-DILECTO used wherever insulation is needed in the better types of modern apparatus.
It's so convenient to use because it is furnished in Sheets, Rods and Tubes. Waterproof, permanent and strong.
We also manufacture Vulcanized Fibre and Conite for special insulating purposes.
Let us show you how our Standard Products can be made to solve your insulating problems.
THE CONTINENTAL FIBRE CO.
NEWARK, DELAWARE
233 Broadway, New York City
525 Market St., San Francisco, Cal.
301 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.
332 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill.
411 S. Main St., Los Angeles, Cal.
Contents for June, 1919
WORLD WIDE WIRELESS ........................................... 7
RADIO SCIENCE ......................................................... 11
Overseas in the Marconi Service .................................. 14
Wireless Telephone Transmitter .................................... 18
The Stearnes ............................................................. 19
Uni-Directional Transmitting System ............................... 20
Fuller's Arc Generator .................................................. 20
Undamped Wave Detectors .............................................. 20
White's Automatic Radio Telegraph System ......................... 21
Bellin's Electrostatically Coupled Goniometer ..................... 22
EXPERIMENTERS' WORLD ............................................. 28
A Universal Radio Receiver .......................................... 28
Constructions and Details of a Wireless Receiving System Involving Weagant's "X" Circuit ........................................ 30
A Combination Spark and Buzzer Transformer ....................... 31
An Easily Constructed Oudin Coil .................................... 32
Code Practice Alternator for the Amateur .......................... 32
Timely Advice on the Matter of Interference Between Amateur Stations .................................................. 33
Ground Telegraphy ....................................................... 33
A Short-Wave Receiver for the Amateur Station ................. 34
An Aerial Mast on the Roof ........................................... 34
A CB Antenna Director Stand ......................................... 36
Amateur War Work ....................................................... 36
Safeguarding Our President by Radio ............................... 36
A Simple Method of Tuning the Amateur Transmitter .......... 37
Prize Articles ............................................................. 37
N.W. Monthly Bulletin .................................................. 40
Queries Answered ....................................................... 43
Index of Equipment .................................................... 48
AUTOMATIC TRANSMITTERS ........................................... 48
Omnigraph Mfg. Co. ..................................................... 48
BLACK PRINT PAPER .................................................... 41
New York Blue Print Paper Co. ....................................... 41
BOOKS ............................................................................. 39
Lemayana, Green & Co. .................................................. 39
Wireless Press, Inc. ....................................................... 35, 41, 42, 48
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT ............................................... 46
American Electro Technical Appliance Co. .......................... 46
Brandes, C. ................................................................. 48
Braun, H. ................................................................. 48
Chambers & Co., F. B. .................................................... 46
Clapp & Eastham Co. ...................................................... 45
Columbia Fibre Co., The .................................................. 44
Corwin & Co., A. H. ....................................................... 47
Davis Slate & Mfg. Co. .................................................... 42
RENEWALS—When subscription expires, find a renewal blank enclosed. Return with remittance promptly.
Published Monthly by
Edward J. Nally, Pres. Charles J. Ross, Vice-Pres.
David Sarnoff, Secy. George S. De Sousa, Treas.
J. D. Connes, Business Manager
GREAT BRITAIN, Marconi House, Strand, London
233 Broadway, New York
Yearly Subscriptions in U. S., $2.00
Outside U. S., $2.50. Single Copy, 25 cents
Entered as second class matter October 9, 1913, Post Office at New York, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879
AUSTRALIA, 97 Clarence St., Sydney, N. S. W.
CHANGE OF ADDRESS—Notify us of any change in your address, giving both the old and new location.
Variable Air Condenser Type 182
THE illustration shows our new variable air condenser, the plates being especially designed to give an approximately even variation of capacity through the scale. It has bearings top and bottom of brass on steel, and is furnished with extension handle; the whole construction making it well adapted for uses where a small accurate condenser is required.
PRICE, COMPLETE, $10.00
Complete catalogue will be sent on request
GENERAL RADIO CO.
General Radio Building - - - CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
When writing to advertisers please mention THE WIRELESS AGE
The Universal Instrument For Radio Service
Radio Equipments require the highest grade of instruments consistent with reliable service and the available space.
Full Size, Two-inch Body
The Type B X
was especially developed for Radio application. Operating on the D'Arsonval principle, it will measure vacuum-tube filament currents and other direct currents used in wireless work, while for radio frequency currents it is provided with a self-contained heater and thermocouple.
For further information address our nearest office.
Audion Control Box Showing Type BX Instrument for Measuring Filament Current.
Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co.
East Pittsburgh, Pa.
When writing to advertisers please mention THE WIRELESS AGE
A group of observers at Le Valdahon, Doubs, France, getting in some wireless practice during spare time; novices are thus taught to send and receive, and experienced operators increase their skill.
U. S. Official Photo
Photo: Press Ill. Svce.
In uniform, standing, in the circle above is H. I. H., Prince Kita-Shirakawa inspecting the wireless apparatus at Tokyo Central Telegraph office, as a complimentary message is being received from Guam.
To the left is the hydrophone submarine detector used successfully during the war as a means of detecting the approach of enemy undersea craft.
As the homecoming fleet sailed into New York an invitation from the reception committee was transmitted and the plans were approved and accepted by wireless.
Photo: Press Ill. Svce.
WORLD WIDE WIRELESS
Growing Importance of Wireless Recognized
THAT the future for wireless is great and a belief that it will play a large part in reconstruction are thoughts expressed in a recent copyrighted dispatch from London to the N. Y. Sun. According to the writer, in a discussion of wireless and reconstruction Guglielmo Marconi noted that the war had done wonders for wireless. Never have so many kindred inventions been made in so brief a period as have sprung up in connection with wireless since the war started. As indicated by the fact that a message recently was sent half around the globe, wireless will have a tremendous role to play in the days of reconstruction.
Only those who know the cost of maintaining a line of telegraph across the wastes of the desert, through the jungle, across the wilds of the tropics, can have any appreciable idea of the saving that wireless will effect.
Tornadoes, even the ants, work havoc among telegraph wires. That this evil will be largely surmounted by wireless goes without saying.
Wireless will have a far greater part to play in connection with the great aerial routes with which the continents are to be linked up.
Wireless will have opportunity to display its powers in linking up those parts of the country intersected by waterways. The money spent in laying cables, in defraying the expense of upkeep and so forth, is amazing.
One thing upon which Marconi lays stress is the part his invention will play in fostering international relationships. He is profoundly grateful for what wireless achieved in the cause of freedom during the war, just as he rejoices over the thousands of lives saved by his invention before the war, to say nothing of the many rescued during the hostilities.
But the part it is to play during the day to be will best accentuate the utility of the invention of Marconi. Shipwreck will be a peril not half so terrible as it was till recent years. Opinions soon will be bandied about the earth in a way that seems incredible. Consultations between the world's statesmen, scientists, business heads, will constantly be in progress; the mountain ranges, the far-flung frontier line, the oceans, will be reduced into the compass of a few leagues.
The development of aircraft will be assisted by wireless in a way that baffles the imagination. Until recently an airplane or an airship enveloped in fog was more or less out of touch with the surface. Especially was this the case at sea, where many an able pilot came to a tragic end. But now lost in a cloud bank the aviator of today by wireless can be as certain of his bearings as if he were the skipper of a paddle steamer.
In the event of a great earthquake the wireless will be of even greater assistance than ever it was. In combination with aircraft, wireless would be the means of summoning assistance on such an occasion with startling promptitude.
And the same holds good in regard to railway collisions.
The telegraph has played the leading part in bringing many a criminal to justice. But an infinitely greater trap for the culprit will be the telegraphy which, independent of the innumerable restrictions of wires, can play a greater part in arresting his flight than telegraphers ever dreamed of.
Press Ill. Service
Recent portrait of Marconi, who sees great expansion in peace-time uses of wireless
German Peace Delegates Use Eiffel Tower Wireless
FOLLOWING the news of the presentation of the peace treaty it was stated that the high-power radio equipment in the Eiffel Tower had been reserved for the exclusive use of Count Brockdorff-Rantzau, head of the German peace delegation, at certain hours during the day. The announcement of this arrangement from Versailles added that a direct wire had been established from the Hotel Des Reservoirs to the famous French long-distance station.
International Commission to Distribute Radio Information for Aerial Navigation
The proposed convention regarding international aerial navigation has been completed by the judicial and military sub-committees of the Aeronautic Commission of the Peace Conference, on which Brig.-Gen. Benjamin D. Foulois, Major Pollock and Capt. Bacon represent the United States.
The convention is composed of forty-one articles, which establish an international agreement on sovereignty of the air, provide for the concession of inoffensive voyages between the contracting states and deal with forbidden zones and also international aerial routes.
An international commission on aerial navigation is to be formed. Its duty will be the gathering and disseminating of radio-telegraphic, meteorological and medical information affecting aerial travel.
Wireless Warning Saved Leviathan from Floating Mine
That the transport Leviathan, biggest ship afloat, carrying 14,000 persons including troops, crew and civilians, came within ten yards of striking a mine on her way from Brest became known when the ship docked at Hoboken.
A wireless from the transport Mount Vernon on April 21st reported a floating mine 400 miles southeast of the Grand Banks. The Leviathan swerved southward, but at 10:30 o'clock the next morning her lookout reported a mine so close that when Lieut. Commander Harold Cunningham, the navigator, put the ship hard to port she missed the mine by only thirty feet.
Naval Academy's Electrical Head Takes Charge of French Station
Captain A. St. Clair Smith, U. S. N., has been ordered from the Naval Academy at Annapolis to take command of the Lafayette Radio station conducted by the U. S. Navy at Croix d'Hins, near Bordeaux, France.
The station, which is nearly completed, has eight towers, each 850 feet in height. The control of the Croix d'Hins station, it is understood, ultimately will pass to France.
Captain Smith has headed the Department of Electrical Engineering and Physics at the academy for two and a half years.
Croix de Guerre for Brooklyn Wireless Man
For maintaining his wireless station in the midst of the famous "million dollar barrage," Private Edgar T. Smith, of Brooklyn, has been awarded the Croix de Guerre. Smith was a wireless operator on a New York-Havana liner prior to enlisting May 4, 1917. He was assigned to the Signal Corps as an instructor in wireless signaling at Camp Upton. When the big drive started September 27, Private Smith was in charge of a wireless detail in the second line trenches of the Argonne. Six men were holding a station that invited shelling through the German's use of instruments locating wireless stations. As soon as the drive started and the wireless orders began snapping from the station the detail was located.
German guns were trained on the dugout where the detail was stationed and after a few close shots a direct hit knocked it to bits. Instead of going back the detail moved a half kilometer forward. Private Smith with three men established another station closer to the enemy guns. The other two men went out for food and Smith operated the station for 24 hours alone.
On February 27, at Ballou, the 37th Division, the Ohio National Guard, of which Smith was then a member, was reviewed and presentations of decorations made. With a kiss on each cheek he was given the Croix de Guerre for "distinguished bravery."
Smith was twice gassed and once wounded with shrapnel. He fought in the Vosges, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne and other sectors.
British Admiralty Removes Ship Radio Restrictions
According to an announcement from the British Admiralty all restrictions on the use of wireless telegraphy on ships were removed on May 1st except in the North Sea, the English Channel east of the line joining Dungeness and Boulogne, in Baltic Northern Russia, in the waters of the Mediterranean, Black Sea, and Sea of Marmora.
Directional Effect of Radio Useful in Trans-Atlantic Aircraft Flight
Professor W. I. Slichter, of Columbia University, is the author of an interesting article which appeared recently in the New York World, dealing with one of the many cases where the development work in preparation for war may be put to permanent use in the arts of peace.
In transoceanic flight a difficulty will be encountered in that it is impossible to take an observation of the sun from an airplane, as is the universal custom among mariners in order to determine their position at sea. The reason for this difficulty is the mariner measures the angle between the sun and the horizon to determine his position, and the horizon is a definite thing to one located within a few feet of the level of the sea. But to an observer in an airplane the horizon changes with every change in altitude, and in order to make a careful calculation the observer would have to know his height above the sea very accurately and then make very complicated calculations.
That is why radio engineers are so interested in the problem of transoceanic flight; because they have a scheme by which the aviator may determine his position at any time of the day or night, in fog and cloudy weather as well as sunshine. In this it has an advantage over the present practice of the mariner.
To assist the transoceanic flyer it is necessary to have two or three powerful land radio stations, such as at Washington, D. C., Newfoundland, Ireland and France, send out signals of a definite strength at definite intervals, say once an hour. The operator in the airplane could by means of the well known directional effect of the radio direction finder determine the direction of any two of these stations and thus locate himself on the map by finding the intersection of two lines drawn in the proper direction from the two land stations. Two stations are all that are necessary theoretically, but as the plane might be travelling on the straight line connecting them, he would not always be able to tell his distance from his objective without a third.
It is to be hoped that in the two transatlantic flights about to be attempted in the very near future by an English aviator in one direction and an American navy aviator in the eastwardly direction this scheme will be tried. It is still in doubt, as radio engineers have not as yet attempted to reach great distances to airplanes.
Selection of Site Made for Dutch Wireless Station
The site for the wireless station intended for communication between the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies has finally been decided. The selection made is the Koelberg hill, which is 86 meters high and located in Hoog-Buurlo, near Apeldoorn.
A new railway line will be constructed from Kaatwyk. The station is to have four towers, each 210 meters high, a large power house and building for housing the operatives. The communicating station in India is to be built near Bandoeng in the Preanger, so that the distance between the two stations will be some 11,000 kilometers.
Patent Claim Is Basis for Injunction Against Alien Property Custodian
The General Transmission Company, a New Jersey concern has brought suit in the equity courts to enjoin the Alien Property Custodian and the Secretary of the Navy from paying any money to the Atlantic Communication Company and the New York Patents Exploitation Corporation on account of the use of certain wireless apparatus by the government, the patent on which is said to belong to the General Transmission Company. An accounting is asked for.
Hammond Wireless-Controlled Torpedo to Have Final Test
It is announced from Washington that Colonel Robert S. Abernathy, a field artillery officer has been ordered to Boston as official representative of Secretary Baker, in connection with preparations for final tests of the wireless-controlled torpedo invented by John Hays Hammond, Jr., which Congress has authorized the War Department to take over if it fulfills expectations.
Engineers Believe Commercial Radio Telephony Offers No Complications
The belief that radio telephony will be established commercially as a complement to the wire systems by means of which remote and inaccessible points may be reached, was expressed in a paper prepared by E. B. Craft and E. H. Colpitts of the Western Electric Company, and read at the convention of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
The paper described the work accomplished in the development of wireless telephony in the war, and called attention to its advantages and disadvantages as compared with the wire system. One of the principal advantages is that the wireless system would require neither fixed nor accessible channels, and no cost at all for line construction and maintenance.
"It is easy to see," the paper said, "that radio telephony could never compete with wire telephony in densely populated districts, while wire telephony is a physical impossibility at sea and in the air. Connection of a wire system to a radio system is no more complicated than connecting wire lines and therefore these two fields, although distinct, are adjacent."
Harvard Naval Radio School Comes to an End
The naval radio school established at Harvard University during the war has been closed and the personnel and equipment transferred to the school at the Great Lakes naval training station.
Orders have been published detaching Commander David A. Weaver from duty at the Harvard school and assigning him to the Great Lakes station.
Wireless Service to West Indies Opened
The Naval Communication Service has opened commercial traffic between St. Thomas, St. Croix, San Juan, Santo Domingo and Port-au-Prince and the United States via the Naval Radio Station at Guantanamo and cable from Guantanamo to the United States. Traffic will be accepted in the United States for West Indian points.
Direction Finder Locates Ship with Great Accuracy
One of the best records yet made by radio direction finding stations on the Atlantic coast was hung up by the Hog Island and Cape Henry stations on April 7th when they located the battleship Virginia, inbound with returning troops, several hundred miles off the coast, their estimate being within a mile of the ship's actual position.
According to the navigating officer of the Virginia the big battleship was plowing along through a dense fog, and no bearings had been taken for some time. Then the radio began to click and Cape Henry's position was located. A few minutes later Hog Island broke in and its direction was noted. Then a line drawn on a chart from Hog Island until it met a similar line drawn from Cape Henry pointed to the ship's location. Bearings taken a few minutes later proved the radio had come within a mile of the Virginia's actual position.
The officers of the Virginia, who have had considerable experience with the radio finding plants on the European side were amazed at the accuracy with which Cape Henry and Hog Island located the big transport.
Scene of Early Morse Experiments Now Has Wireless
With the installation of powerful U. S. wireless equipment at San Juan for transoceanic service, Porto Ricans are recalling that the electric telegraph had its first tryout in Porto Rico. Morse, the inventor, conducted many of his experiments at Cuatro Calles, in Arroyo. The terminals of his experimental line were the house he occupied and a warehouse in the same village.
Signal Corps Calls for Radio Men
The Signal Corps, U. S. Army, is urgently in need of radio operators, according to the statement issued simultaneously from various recruiting headquarters. Cable and telegraph operators, telephone and telegraph line men, pigeon fanciers, and a number of other specialists are also required. The men are needed for Alaska, Philippine Islands, Panama, Hawaii, and for service in the United States.
All Canadian Amateur Restrictions Removed
From Ottawa, Canada, on May 5th came the long awaited news that the war-time regulations canceling all licenses issued for the operation of amateur wireless stations throughout the Dominion, have been rescinded. This decree frees experimental stations which have been inoperative for more than four and a half years.
Full Scope of German War Plotters' Radio Work Exposed
Francis P. Garvan, recently appointed Custodian of Enemy Alien Property to succeed A. Mitchell Palmer, designated by President Wilson for United States Attorney General, has made public the latter's report on the work of the office since America entered the war.
Of the wireless seizures, the report says:
It must have been apparent to the Germans that communication with America would be cut upon England's entry into the war, unless some means independent of cable or ship was established.
The war plotters found in a transatlantic wireless station the sole means of overcoming the British control of the seas and of maintaining their touch with America, and from 1910 to 1914 there were begun and completed two high-powered wireless plants, one at Sayville, L. I., and the other at Tuckerton, N. J.
Investigation of the wireless field disclosed that the Telefunken system had been installed on German shipping and on our own coastwise fleets, and had been operating with great success in conjunction with the Sayville plant. German stations had been installed in Cuba, Mexico, Central and South America. A high-powered plant had been erected at Togu, Africa, and China and Dutch East Indies and also the Pacific Islands had been sprinkled with Telefunken ship-to-shore stations.
An American appearance had been given to Telefunken in America by the organization of the Atlantic Communication Company and the naming of a directorate of American citizens. The technical work, however, and the disbursement of moneys were in the hands of German agents. Telefunken engineers came over to install the plant and operate it.
Despite the immediate cutting of the German cables and despite Great Britain's vast preponderance on the sea, Germany was able, while a ship floated, to keep in touch with it, and was able to begin at once the effort to influence American opinion.
Navy Offers Training Course to Experienced Men
An unusual opportunity is offered by the Navy Department at the radio school in Cambridge, Mass., to men between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five years, who have some knowledge of radio work and who are able to send or receive ten words a minute. Applicants for this course must pass a creditable examination in spelling and penmanship and must understand elementary arithmetic. The course covers a period of six months and the subjects taken up during the course are magnetism, static electricity, current electricity, electromagnetism, alternating current, generators and storage batteries, motors and motor control, radio power circuits, oscillatory circuits, spark transmitters, detectors, service receivers, audions, high frequency measurements, review and examination for specialization. The Navy is offering this course, including all the text books and appliances for practical training, free to young men who meet the requirements for enlistment in this school.
By an order of Rear Admiral Victor Blue of the bureau of navigation, commanding that 160 men be sent from the Atlantic fleet each week to the naval radio school at Cambridge, it is believed that the school will remain at its present location until late this summer. The school was originally scheduled for transfer to the Great Lakes station at Chicago, next April.
Those enrolled at Cambridge in the future will be regularly enlisted members of the navy and will replace operators in the reserves, now serving on United States merchant ships.
Overseas in the Marconi Service
By George H. Fischer, Jr.
Sailor take care. Sailor beware.
Many brave hearts are asleep in the deep.
So take care. Take care...
The little phonograph down below in the gunners' quarters squeaked away. A group on the poop were playing "acey ducey." A crap game was in full sway amidships. Nowhere could be found a less worried bunch of sailors. Most of them just couldn't take this "daw-goned" war at all seriously. Time and again they had crossed the war zone without even seeing a "sub"... they reckoned that submarine stuff was all exaggerated anyhow.
But they didn't know they had a jinx with them this trip. A jinx that always worked two ways: brought the trouble, and escaped it, too. The jinx was me.
From the time when Uncle Sam first rolled up his sleeves and entered the war until the day Germany collapsed, I never made a trip to sea without having something happen. Even on my very first trip through the war zone as an enemy of Germany a submarine threw a scare into us. On that occasion there were no torpedoes. The arrival of another ship upon the scene was responsible for that escape.
Now I was on another ship bound for France. It was on board the old Westwego that I had stowed my bag this time. She was a great ship to carry oil; but to carry men—well the men were the last consideration. The reserve coal bunker, aft and just alongside the engine room, had been converted into gunners' quarters. The heat of the month of August was added to that of the engine; the gunner's gloryhole could scarcely be termed a comfy spot. But there never was an American crew of gobs that could stay grouchy no matter what kind of a ship they were on. The usual merchant ship crew of square heads are always grousing. If they aren't they're sick. But all was harmony on our old crab as we nosed eastward through the summer sea.
On all sides were scattered the ships of our convoy; every allied nation was represented. Our consort was H.M.S. Roxborough. Each of the twenty-four vessels in the fleet was bearing a precious cargo to France to feed the machine that was slowly but surely overpowering the Hun. On the other side of the sea were a few hundred submarines. We had no illusions about their manifests; their cargo was a death-dealing one, to be used in an effort to cut off the ever increasing stream of supplies flowing to France. We knew the record. Sinking non-fighting ships without a moment's notice. Murdering crews in cold blood.
As we neared the war zone, radio warnings came in ever increasing numbers. I found an old chart of the North Atlantic and on it recorded the various submarine "position reports" as they were received. On the fourth day of September we were steering due east. Wireless reports received during the night had all been put down on the chart, each sub indicated by a dot. These dots now formed a semi-circle, into the very centre of which we were headed. Land's End called the cruiser with a code message that afternoon, and an hour later we were headed west. This maneuver had us all puzzled, and only those on the cruiser knew the truth of the situation.
At noon the next day we once more headed east, and this time we were accompanied by eight large British destroyers which had come up at daybreak from the south'ard.
It was wonderful weather for a sea trip. The sea was dead calm and the air not too warm. The afternoon dragged away. The phonograph squeaked worse than ever, for the same needle was still doing duty. Eight bells of the afternoon watch clanked, and died away.
Suddenly, a dull boom sounded from across the water. The cruiser fired an answering shot. Then came a great explosion which shook the whole vessel. We were torpedoed! No; we were safe; it was the ship right off our quarter; the torpedo had passed under our stern.
"General Quarters!" The gunners crowded on the gun platforms eager for a shot at the attacking submarines. A periscope came up for a moment right astern, but our guns were silent; they could not be fired because of the risk of the shell ricochetting and striking a T.N.T. ship which was right behind us. Those of the crew not on watch crowded to the boats and made ready to let go. I was in the radio room and could see only aft, but what I saw was enough to occupy my entire attention. A tanker, the Messina I believe, had been hit in the forward section and was sinking very fast. The torpedo had torn away half her bow; she rose to a vertical position with her propeller churning the air; poised for an instant and then plunged beneath the waves... Two little boats were left bobbing on the surface; many little black
specks scattered about reminded us that all had not had time to get to the boats. The very smallness of the struggling forms made the great expanse of water seem greater.
Off to the left was another sinking tanker. She was going down by the stern, not so quickly as the Messina. A destroyer dashed past us, headed for a spot of oil on the surface. Three "ashcans" went over her side. The first and second of these depth bombs brought up great columns of water, but the third must have struck home for the water came up black with oil and wreckage.
The official report said there had been six submarines in the attacking force, the first to make a massed attack. There was no confusion. I still do not know positively how many ships were sunk, but there wasn't a very great number in the fleet that proceeded up the channel. We sat up all through the night and drank coffee; it was lukewarm in the cups, but coffee in any form was acceptable to men from whose faces had faded the "I should worry" expression. In its place had appeared the tense fixedness of grim determination to square accounts with Fritz at the first opportunity.
We arrived at Dunkerque, France, two days later, after a short stop-over at Folkstone. Events on our trip across had impressed us with a hatred for the Boche; but that which followed seared that hatred into our souls.
Dunkerque, the one time third port of France, we found a busy military centre. Its devastation lacked the completeness of towns further up the line, but ruined buildings everywhere reminded one that a war was being waged close by. There were two aviation bases at Dunkerque, one French and one English. Our cargo, fuel for the airplanes, was greatly needed. Aerial activity had been unusually great during the past week and frequent raids were taking place. I will endeavor to describe for you one of these raids as it appeared to a merchant mariner.
All day long airplanes had been going and coming from the north; at times the sky held so many that it was impossible to count them. As evening approached, we observed planes going off toward the front lines in small fleets. These, we were told, were bombers. Great giants they were, painted dark grey. As we were approximately twenty miles, possibly less, behind the battle line as it was at that time, it was possible for us to see considerable of the aerial activity in that direction. Along about five o'clock in the afternoon we noticed that a fleet of planes which had left Dunkerque shortly before was being shot at from the German side. Little white puffs of smoke were bursting all about them. Soon the aircraft became mere specks in the sky and we had to use glasses to follow them. Another group of specks—Germans—were seen to be mounting into the sky. In a few moments both groups met and an aerial battle was in progress. It was too far distant to be observed distinctly, but we felt the thrill of each daring maneuver and silently applauded each burst of machine gun fire.
Orders came for us to move. An air raid was expected and there was too much danger of the Westwego being blown up by a bomb from overhead. We were taken out for the night to an anchorage about a mile below the lighthouse. Near by were anchored two British monster monitors, just returned from bombarding the German positions on the Belgian coast. As luck would have it, part of our crew were on liberty and had been left ashore.
The night was mild and the sea dead calm. I was aft, taking an after supper prom on the poop, when we were startled by a dull "kerump"—the queer and very distinctive sound an aerial torpedo makes when it explodes. We rushed to the other side of the ship and found the show in progress. Searchlight rays were sweeping back and forth across the skies like blades of grass waving in the breeze. Every few seconds there would be a red flash from the ground and the "kerump" which followed told that another bomb had reached its mark. The Germans were by now over the main section of the city and they began dropping flares. These flares were attached to parachutes and gave a very powerful illumination of 400,000 candlepower held suspended in the air, lighting the ground beneath to a circular area more than a mile in diameter. While the flares made it possible for the Hun fliers to observe the activities on the ground and ascertain the location of the important buildings, they also made it more difficult for the anti-aircraft gunners to locate them, as they flew above the lighted area. A barrage was put up all about the city by having the anti-aircraft guns fire shells into the air which were timed to burst at various heights. Each line of guns having a shell bursting at a greater height than the other before it, the air became filled with bursting shrapnel, thus forcing the Boche machines to a greater height than was favorable for their operations.
Anyone who has ever heard a German airplane motor will be sure to remember its queer tone. It has a regular beat or throbbing to it instead of the purr that the allied engines have. A Canadian lieutenant at Dunkerque had told me how these Hun machines sounded and I recognized the tone immediately. Louder and louder came the "hum-ahum-ahum" till it was directly over our heads. All the lights aboard were out; we stood there in the darkness and gazed up and cursed. It is almost impossible to express the baffled feeling of rage when you are placed in a position where the enemy can fire on you and
you can't fire back. It would have relieved the tension if we could have fired our machine gun, but unfortunately this had been stowed away on our arrival at Dunkerque.
Suddenly, the monitors to our port side began firing their anti-aircraft batteries. The shrapnel exploded with piercing crashes overhead and we ducked for cover to be out of the way of falling pieces, for the scattering fire is almost as dangerous coming down as it is going up. As we stood by, helpless and watching, I became conscious of a succession of sounds that had hitherto been meaningless. Then I realized that all during the noise, the German wireless station KBU could be plainly heard working by those amidships. The signals were audible fully eight or ten feet away from the radio cabin.
A move was made to launch a boat; then we were told to have it in readiness to lower. Our greatest danger lay from shrapnel or in a spark from a flare setting off the gasoline in our tanks. The captain appreciated this a moment later and ordered the boat back into the chocks, accompanying the order with the assurance that should the ship explode we'd need no boat to carry us into a different vicinity.
We were held in suspense through many minutes, each of which seemed hours long. The Germans swept across the city three or four times; then they passed on down the coast to Calais where they also gave a short performance, and returned to us. Machine guns and anti-aircrafts reopened fire, evidently without success. But a red glow had broken out over the northern section of the city, indicating that some of the bombs had taken effect.
After another hour or so the firing gradually ceased and the allied air scouts signaled with Morse lights that all was clear. Lights sprung up in the landing fields and the planes which had gone to give battle to the raiders came down.
I sat out on deck till near morning. All along the front the artillery was active. We could see the flashes and hear the booming of the big guns "up the line" as they pounded away all night...
The next day the communiqué read: "All quiet on the western front."
**Aircraft Maker to Have Wireless Equipped Automobile**
WHEN it comes to the matter of equipment it is probable that Glenn Martin's new car is going to be the most completely equipped automobile that ever turned a wheel. The airplane manufacturer recently visited the Los Angeles Stearns-Knight headquarters and gave an order for a 1919 four-cylinder Stearns to be delivered to him at his Cleveland plant.
"It's going to have practically everything that an airplane has on it, including a combination wireless telephone and telegraph outfit," Martin said. "My work is divided between the flying fields and the factory, so that it is of extreme importance to me to be in touch with both places at all times, and it will be a marked convenience as well to be in communication with the aviators in their testing work in the air.
"At present, these wireless outfits cost $2,200, but I can foresee the time when they will not cost more than $500, and will be installed as optional equipment on many high-grade cars. They have a telephonic range of thirty miles, and the simple turning of a switch converts them into a wireless telegraph outfit with a range of 300 miles.
"A red light will flash on the dash of my car when someone wants to get in communication with me, and it will only be necessary to put the receiver to my ear to get the message, if I am within thirty miles of the man who wants to talk to me."
MARKED progress in the perfection of airplane wireless telegraph and telephone apparatus is a direct result of exhaustive researches in radio communication which have been conducted during the past two years. Light-weight transmitters having a sending range of 150 miles or more have been developed. Spark apparatus has been employed to a considerable extent in airplane communication, but transmitters utilizing the vacuum tube oscillator have the advantage of permitting either speech transmission or telegraphic signals by damped or undamped oscillations, at the will of the operator.
Practical wireless telephone apparatus of the vacuum tube type is disclosed in the following description of the Marconi type S.E. 1100 set—a comparatively high power bulb transmitter—developed by the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America.
The set was designed primarily for the large flying boats, the H-16 class, of the U. S. Navy, and has fully satisfied every test to which it has been put. In one of the earlier tests in flight over Chesapeake Bay, telegraph signals radiated from a trailing antenna on an H-16 boat were heard distinctly in Washington, D. C., over a distance of 120 nautical miles. Subsequent tests with the set used as a wireless telephone permitted the accurate transmission of speech over a distance of 150 miles. The transmitter radiates at two wave lengths, 1600 and 600 meters. For the former wave length a trailing wire antenna of .0004 mfd. is employed; for the latter, an emergency aerial of .00026 mfd.
The transmitter is supplied with two 3-electrode tubes of the plototron type. One tube is employed as an oscillator for the production of radio frequency currents and the other as a modulator and amplifier of the voice currents communicated to it by the microphone.
The fundamental circuits of the set are shown in figure 1, the actual circuit in figure 2, a front view of the transmitter in figure 3, a rear view in figure 4, a side view in figure 5 and a wiring diagram showing the function of the change-over switches in figure 6. An installation sketch is shown in figure 7.
**DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUITS**
For best understanding of the operation of the apparatus, it should first be appreciated that if the grid and plate circuits of a vacuum tube include radio frequency circuits coupled inductively, conductively or electrostatically, alternating currents of any desired frequency may be generated. This is the first requisite;
other problems, such as rapid change of wave length, satisfactory modulation, and the elimination of disturbing capacities between circuits, arise in the practical set, and are of equal importance. They were satisfactorily solved only after diligent research.
In order to set valve circuits into a state of radio frequency oscillation, it is necessary that the connections be so made that the grid end of the grid inductance will be alternately negative and positive as the plate end of the plate inductance is positive and negative. When the grid and plate radio frequency circuits are coupled with the proper phase relation, any variation of voltage in either the grid or plate circuits will cause minute disturbances in the oscillation circuits, setting them into oscillation at whatever frequency they happen to be adjusted to. For example, a slight variation of voltage in the plate circuit by any means whatsoever, will cause its resonant circuit to oscillate at radio frequency, and the resultant currents will act upon the grid circuit, setting it into oscillation at the same frequency. The resulting radio frequency fluctuations of the grid potential will act upon the plate at the right time to keep the plate resonance circuit in a state of oscillation, and this state of affairs will continue so long as the proper supply of voltage and filament current is maintained, but not otherwise.
The tube is able to generate alternating currents because of its amplifying properties. The energy delivered to the grid circuit in accordance with the actions just outlined will gradually increase in value until a maximum is reached, which is the maximum output the valve is capable of delivering, as may be discerned from the well-known characteristic curve.
Referring to figure 1, it will be observed that the plate and grid circuits of the tube contain the coils L-1 and L-2, in inductive relation, each connected through the condensers C-3 and C-4 to the negative side of the filament. The grid oscillating circuit comprises the coil L-2, the condenser C-2 and a protective condenser C-4. The plate oscillating circuit includes the condenser C-3, a part of the coil L-1 and the series condenser C-5. The antenna and earth connections tapped off from the coil L-1 take the place of the condenser C-2 in the grid oscillating circuit. C-2 is called the balancing condenser. In series with the grid is another condenser C-8 shunted by a leak resistance R-1, which maintains the grid at a negative potential.
The system further includes a three electrode tube F', G', P' which amplifies the output of the microphone circuit and simultaneously modulates the output currents of the oscillating bulb.
It will be noted that the plate circuit is fed by a 1500 volt DC generator G-2, the positive terminal of which connects to the plate P of the oscillating tube through the audio frequency inductance or transformer L-3 and the radio frequency inductance L-4. The negative side of the generator connects through the milli-ammeter A-1 to the negative side of the filament F. The condenser C-5 is the protective condenser which is generally employed in tube oscillating circuits when the source to the plate circuit is connected in shunt to the plate and to the filament, as is the case in this circuit. The modulating circuit shown to the right of the drawing permits either voice transmission or telegraphy by damped oscillations.
**Circuits for Wireless Telephony**
For telephony, the microphone M is placed in series with the telephone induction coil P-1, S-1, and the battery B-1, by means of the switch S-1. The coil S-1 is connected to the grid and filament of the modulating tube, and includes in its circuit the battery B-2 through which the grid is held at a suitable negative potential for maximum magnification. The filament and plate of the modulating tube are shunted across the plate circuit of the oscillating tube. The audio frequency choke L-1 may be said to act as a one to one transformer. The radio frequency choke L-4 prevents the radio frequency currents developed by the oscillator from flowing back to the plate circuit generator G. C-7 is a protective condenser for the plate circuit generator.
When the transmitter M is spoken into, speech currents of variable frequencies generated by the microphone are impressed upon the grid circuit of the modulating tube and, through the medium of the auto transformer L-3, alternating currents are superposed upon the plate circuit of the oscillator. This in turn varies the amplitude of the oscillator currents at speech frequencies, and accordingly the amplitude of the radio frequency oscillations flowing in the antenna circuit. It is essential that the key K-1 of figure 1 be closed for the production of undamped oscillations, for when it is open the tube stops oscillating. Manipulation of this key permits telegraphic signaling by the undamped oscillations produced by the tube.
**Telegraphy by Damped Oscillations**
When it is desired to telegraph by damped oscillations, the change over switch S-1 is thrown from the microphone to the buzzer B which is energized by the battery B-1. The interrupted currents fed by the buzzer through the primary P-1 of the induction coil produce alternating currents of higher voltages in the coil S-1, which in turn are magnified by the modulating tube, the latter varying the radio frequency currents in the oscillator tube at the frequency of the buzzer. In this way, the antenna radiates *damped oscillations* in groups, the frequency of the groups varying as the number of interruptions of the buzzer.
A more detailed circuit of the Marconi aircraft set appears in figure 2. This diagram not only embraces the fundamental connections of figure 1, but includes all necessary switches for the three different signaling funcmore effective transmitter is obtained. The grid potential may be held at a negative value by the insertion of a grid battery but it can be done just as effective a way by inserting a condenser in the grid circuit which rectifies the grid currents and holds the grid at a negative potential.
If the leak were not provided, the potential of the grid would rise to such a high negative value that all action would be stopped. A leak of proper value definitely limits the maximum negative potential of the grid and therefore does away with the necessity for a special grid battery.
**Change-Over Switches**
The numbers on the separate single pole switches in figure 6 correspond with those shown in figure 2. The *outside row* of studs on the wave length changing switch perform the following functions: In the 600 meter position (X at 32 in figure 2) the first tap on the upper section of the loading coil L-1 is connected to the plate series condenser C-5, and at 43 short circuits the end portion of the same coil. In the 1600 meter position Y, it connects at 32 the second tap of the coil to the condenser and opens the short circuit.
The *inside row* of studs on the wave length changing switch performs the same functions for the coil L-2, which is the lower portion of the long single coil mounted in the middle of the rear of the panel in the accompanying photograph. In the schematic diagram, figure 6, the blade marked 35 is shown connecting to the first tap of the lower portion of the coil in the 600 meter position, and to the second tap in the 1600 meter position to the grid condenser C-8 with its leak resistance R-1. The actual wiring of the set differs slightly from this, for it was found that the same tap of the coil was correct for both wave lengths. For this reason, there are but two taps on the lower portion of the coil. The first of these is coupled
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**Figure 4—Rear view of the transmitting set with pliotrons in place**
**Figure 5—Rear view of Marconi flying boat wireless set with pliotrons removed**
directly to the grid condenser C-8 and does not go through the wave length switch. The blade marked 42 short circuits one end of the coil L-2 in the 600 meter position and removes the short circuit in the 1,600 meter position.
The outside portion of the switch marked "send-receive" (in the right hand position of figure 3 and also in the upper central position of figure 6) serves to connect the antenna A-6 to the transmitter in the "send" position (X) and to the receiver in the "receive" position (Y). In the "send" position the circuit of the antenna at 50 is through the series condenser C-9 to the top of the loading coil L-1 and to the ground. The latter is connected at 49 through the antenna ammeter A-2 to the main ground bus of the set which is the frame.
The inside portion of the "send-receive" switch, in the lower part of figure 6, is idle in the receive position Y, but in the "send" position X at 21, it completes the 1500 volt DC supply current to the plates P and P-1 of the pliotrons. At 52 it connects the primary of the microphone transformer P-1 to the microphone terminals 28 and to the buzzer B. These connections are opened in the "receive" position.
There are three positions for the signal switch. The first, X, is for continuous wave telegraphy. In this position the connections made in the second and third positions are opened. The second position Y is for telephony; the inside portion of the switch (the upper part in figure 6) connects the microphone to the microphone battery, and at 51 the outside portion (in the lower part of figure 6) completes the filament circuit for the modulating valve and short circuits the key at 47. In the third position, the switch connects at 30 A the buzzer to the microphone battery and at 51 keeps the filament of the modulating valve lighted, removing the short circuit from the key.
The position of the switches in figure 6 does not correspond with their location on the set. All three switches are built to stand a maximum of 10,000 volts high frequency potential, although the potentials developed in the apparatus are considerably lower.
METERS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Space and weight considerations demand the fewest possible measuring instruments. A direct current ammeter A-4 is connected in series with two filaments and reads the total current taken by both of them. The instrument's scale registers from zero to 10 amperes; to read the current in either filament it is merely necessary to cut out the other one. This may be done by means of two small switches marked on the set "oscillator filament" and "modulator filament."
The principal indicator for checking up the proper operating conditions of the set is the plate current drawn by each of the valves from the dynamotor, the voltage of which, as already mentioned, is 1500 volts. This reading is obtained from the plate current ammeter A-1 of figure 2, connected in the ground leg of the supply circuit. This instrument "reads from zero to 300 milliamperes and measures the total plate current taken by the oscillator and modulator. The maximum voltage developed by the dynamotor is 1600 volts and the vacuum tube generally will cease to operate when it falls below 1100 volts. The generating tube will oscillate over a wide range of plate voltages if the filament current is kept below a certain critical value. The filaments of the pliotrons are designed to operate on 18 volts.
WIRING
The entire set is wired with No. 12 B & S bare soft copper wire with empire cloth tubing slipped over it as insulation. No terminal lugs are used; the ends of the wires are bent in the shape of an eye which fits the stud terminal and is passed around it in a direction that tends to make the wire grip the stud when the nut is tightened.
The wiring has been so located that small or disturbing capacities between the wires are avoided.
STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
Owing to the vibration of the airplane every possible precaution has been taken to prevent the fastenings working loose. Special steel lock washers are used throughout the set. The general scheme of construction is such that the main supports and fastenings will bend before they break, wood or any material which splits or fractures, having been eliminated. The steel wire cross braces shown in the photograph make the structure an extremely light and a surprisingly rigid unit.
**Power Supply**
The primary source of energy is two 12 volt, 50 ampere hour batteries of the Willard lead type similar to those used in automobile starters. The filaments of the two pliotrons are operated through a rheostat directly from the 24-volt storage battery. Since the tubes require a plate E.M.F. of 1,500 volts DC, a small dynamotor, driven by the 24-volt storage battery, is supplied. The armature has two windings in the same slots, one connected to the 24-volt commutator at one end, and the other to the 1,500-volt commutator at the opposite end. It is a two-pole machine excited from the 24-volt source. The armature, which runs on ball bearings at 5,000 r.p.m. and draws about 30 amperes on its full load at 450 watts, weighs approximately 30 pounds.
In addition to the 24-volt storage battery, three other batteries are required; two for the transmitter and one for the receiver. These three sets are known as the *microphone battery*, *grid battery* and *receiver battery*. The voltage of the first is 5; of the second 60, and of the third 40. The 60- and 40-volt sets consist of 20-volt units connected in series. They are arranged in a wooden box screwed to the operating shelf. A dilecto terminal block is supplied.
**The Support of the Pliotrons**
To insure against breakage, the best position for the pliotrons is vertical with the large neck at the bottom. This brings the *plate terminal cap* at the top and the *filament and grid terminal cap* at the bottom. In each of the two dilecto rings shown at the top of the photograph, three spiral springs placed 120 degrees apart support a spring cap which fits over the plate terminal cap of the pliotrons. The springs are held by small machine screws which pass through the insulating ring. One of these serve as a terminal, being connected by a pig-tail to the spring tap. In each of the two bottom dilecto rings, three spiral springs, placed 120 degrees apart support a special jack block made to take the filament and grid terminals. This block is made in two halves, upper and lower, held together by screws; clamping these spring jacks between them, three posts, which project from the bottom of the jack block, take the ends of the three supporting springs, and are electrically connected by a copper pig-tail to the screw-eyes that hold the other end of the spring to the dilecto ring. The two filament terminals of the tube and the grid terminal are brought out to the three screws in the dilecto ring. Thus, each pliotron is supported to the rigid frame of the set by 6 springs which are set so that when the tube is in place the top springs pull down and the bottom springs pull up.
The mechanical period of vibration of the vacuum tubes in this spring mounting is considerably below that of any vibration that will occur in the seaplane itself. Sudden shocks in any but a horizontal direction are not transmitted through these springs with sufficient violence to injure the tubes.
The positions of all controlling appliances on the main panel board are clearly indicated in the photograph, figure 3. The small sub-panel is mounted immediately to the rear of the frame.
**Reel Antenna and Accessories**
The antenna reel group for this set consists of the reel mechanism, a removable drum with antenna wire and spare drums with complete antennae on them. The wire from the reel runs through a take-off pulley and passes through the lead-in insulator in the side of the hull of the boat. It then passes through either a strut pulley or wing pulley, depending upon the type of the boat.
**Reel Mechanism**
A cast aluminum plate, clamped to one of the main struts in the hull of the boat, carries a shaft on which the drum turns. On this same shaft, next to the attachment plate, there is a brake drum of castaluminum, and around this drum a cast iron brake band. The band is sprung over the drum and prevents it from turning except when a cam which is attached to the brake lever springs it open. A pin on the brake drum engages holes in the main drum, when the latter is put on the shaft. The crank by which the main drum is turned has a square hub on which the drum sets. It is slipped onto the shaft, and latches in place. The latch is released by a latch handle just behind the arm of the crank. To remove the drum, to put a new one in place, the operator grasps the arm of the crank, and in so doing also grasps the latch handle and releases the latch. He then pulls the crank and drum off together. One drum may then be slipped off the hub of the crank and a new one put on, and the two slipped back onto the shaft.
**Reel Drum and Antenna**
The drum is a pressed steel spool, black japanned, and will hold about 600 feet of the standard antenna wire. It has a square hole at its center which fits the hub of the crank. The antenna wire has a ball at the reel end, and this ball is dropped through a hole in the drum face. The other end of the wire is attached to a swivel, and this in turn is attached to the "fish" or weight.
**Lead-in Insulator**
The lead-in insulator is a moulded "electrose" fitting, with a metal tube running through it, and a wide flare at either end, so that the wire cannot catch on the ends of the tube even if it enters at right angles. The insulator is held by lock-nuts in a hole in the side of the hull. The antenna connection from the set is brought to this insulator. When the antenna is out, the ball on the reel end
of the wire rests against the inside flare of the insulator. The wire is thus entirely disconnected from the reel, and the reel is dead. When it becomes necessary to reel up, the ball is grasped, and of course brings the wire with it. The ball is passed through the take-off pulley and dropped through the hole in the drum face and the crank is turned. The brake mechanism is arranged so that the cam may be left holding the brake off during the reeling-up process.
Figure 7 shows the position of the receiving storage battery, the main storage battery transmitter, transmitting key, receiver, and battery box.
The maximum antenna current is 2.5 amperes, with the antenna supplied with the set. This has been found to satisfy all ordinary distance requirements.
Comprehensive instructions are supplied with each set, enabling the operator to obtain the best adjustment for the three signaling positions with the greatest ease.
**Uni-Directional Transmitting System**
UTILIZING loop antennae, C. S. Franklin of the English Marconi Company has devised the one-way transmitting system shown diagrammatically in the accompanying figures 1 and 2.
It is common knowledge that a frame such as a rectangular circuit of wire placed in a vertical plane and in which high frequency alternating currents are induced, radiates electric waves best in the two directions in the plane of the rectangle, and not at all in the two directions at right angles to this plane. The polar curve of radiation is in fact in the form of the figure 8, consisting of two equal figures which are nearly circles. The waves at any two points equidistant from and one on each side of the rectangle and in its plane are at any instant of time equal and of opposite phase.
As an illustrative example of the working of this system, two equal rectangular or frame circuits may be assumed to be erected in the same vertical plane, either so that they have one vertical edge common to both (in which case they may be considered as being in parallel), or so that they have one vertical edge of one rectangle adjacent to one vertical edge of the other, the two circuits being connected in series so that one is reversed as regards the other. Then if high frequency alternating currents are induced in the two circuits so that the currents traverse them in opposite directions, the combination will as before radiate best in the two directions in the plane of the rectangles, and not at all in the two directions at right angles. The polar curve will again be a figure of 8 made up of two similar figures which are nearly circles. In this case, however, the waves at any two points equidistant from, and one on each side of the rectangles and in their plane, are at any instant of time equal and in phase with each other.
To obtain uni-directional transmission, Mr. Franklin provides a double frame circuit in the same, or substantially the same plane with a simple frame circuit placed symmetrically with respect to the double circuit. The two circuits will have no mutual inductance or coupling effect on one another if they are properly proportioned; that is to say, alternating currents existing in one will not affect alternating currents existing in the other. Under these conditions each circuit tends to produce its own radiation independently of the other circuit.
Before proceeding further with the operating theory, a description of the diagrams will be given.
Figure 1 shows the arrangement of two equal frames in parallel, and figure 2 the arrangement of two frames in series. In figure 1, A,B,C,D, a,b,c,d are two equal rectangular aerials having the vertical side A,D common. In A,D is inserted a tuning condenser K and an oscillation generator X.
E,F,G,H is a simple rectangular aerial having a tuning condenser L and an oscillation generator Y; this aerial is erected in substantially the same plane as the double rectangular aerial and symmetrically with respect to it, so that there is no coupling between the two systems. The two oscillation generators Y and X produce oscillations of the same frequency. It is obvious that the phase of the currents in the two alternators may be varied as desired by changing their relative positions on the common driving shaft z. However, any suitable or known means may be used for producing a desired phase difference. In figure 2, A,B,C,D, a,b,c,d are two equal frames connected in series as shown.
In one direction in the plane of the system of either arrangement (provided that the relative phase of the currents in the two circuits is correct) the magnetic fields from the independent circuits are in phase and produce a wave with an energy proportional to the square of their sum; while in the other direction the magnetic fields are of opposite phase and produce a wave having an energy proportional to the square of their difference.
Therefore, if the currents in the two independent circuits are so adjusted that they produce waves of equal strength, the magnetic fields in one direction in their plane will produce a wave with four times the energy of the waves from either circuit separately; in the opposite direction the magnetic fields neutralize each other and no waves are produced. In order that the fields may correctly cancel on the one side, it is necessary that the two sets of oscillations have a phase difference of 90°.
In the two directions at right angles to the plane of the circuits no waves are produced. The result is that practically all the energy is radiated only on one side of the plane, through the system at right angles to its
plane. On that side the polar curves of the two frames add; on the other side of the line the two curves practically neutralize each other.
In practice it is necessary to introduce condensers into the circuits which need not necessarily be rectangles, so as to tune them to the frequency employed. To obtain the best directional effects the circuits should be entirely insulated from the earth, but good directional effects may be obtained if the earth be used as part of one or both circuits.
Fuller's Arc Generator
IN the accompanying diagrams, figures 1, 2 and 3, Leonard Fuller discloses the construction of an arc gap applicable to radio telegraphy. Figure 1 is a horizontal section of the generator; figure 2 is a horizontal longitudinal section of the anode; and figure 3 a vertical longitudinal section of the anode. The carbon cathode 2 and the anode 3 are enclosed in a casing 4 so that the arc between the electrodes may be subjected to a hydrogen atmosphere. When the generator is connected in a wireless transmission system the cathode is connected to earth and the anode to the antenna. Powerful magnets are mounted at right angles to the arc to increase the efficiency of conversion. A very small potential difference exists between the magnet poles and cathode, but between the anode and the poles the potential difference is relatively high and, accordingly, in the ordinary construction there must be greater spacing at this point than between the cathode and the poles.
It is desirable for maximum flux density that the air gap between the poles be small. This gap cannot be small on account of the potential difference mentioned, unless the construction is in accordance with the drawings. Arranged on opposite sides of the casing, and having their poles 5 extending into the chamber thereby formed, are the electromagnets 6. The anode 3 is provided with a tip 7 of much less width than the cathode, so as to give the requisite spacing between the anode and poles. The anode is a hollow metallic body and the tip is made of copper, which is hollow and is of rectangular cross section. The tip is secured to the anode body by a screw cap 8, the joint between the tip and the body being sealed by a metallic gasket 9.
During the operation of the generator, the temperature of the anode becomes excessive and would rapidly fuse if it were not for a stream of water which is introduced into the anode through the conduit 12.
Undamped Wave Detectors
W. SCHLOEMILCH of Berlin has recently been acknowledged the inventor of several forms of the sliding wire ticker, a device which has been used experimentally and commercially for a number of years.
Three different embodiments of the device are shown in figures 1, 2 and 3. Figures 4 and 5 indicate the connections of these detectors in receiving circuits and figures 6, 7 and 8 are a front elevation, side elevation and top plan view, respectively, of a constructional form of the ticker. In figure 1, the silver or gold wire electrodes A and B are in contact, the resistance being changed by the vibrations of the buzzer 15 operated by the battery 16. In the particular construction shown in figure 2, the sliding contact is formed by two springs A-1 and A-2 pressing on an endless wire B-1, which is rotated by the wheels or rollers C and E. In figure 3, the stationary contact piece is an adjustable spring A-3, and the movable contact a revolving disc B-2 which can be driven by a motor.
In figure 4, the wave detector A is connected in series with an oscillatory circuit such as the secondary of the receiving transformer, choke coils G and H being provided to prevent the passage of high frequency oscillations through the telephone. In figure 5, the sliding contact detector A, B is located in an aperiodic circuit K which is coupled to the oscillation circuit I.
In the drawings, figures 6 to 8, the detector comprises the disc 1 provided with vanes which are rotated rapidly by clock-work contained in the casing 12. The point of the fine upwardly bent platinum wire 3, bears against the under side of the disc 1. To obtain maximum signals,
the inventor provides a vertical adjustment and the regular adjustment of the sliding point. For the vertical adjustment, the platinum wire is attached to the bushing 4, which can be rotated about a horizontal axis by a handle pressure adjustment is rotatable about a vertical axle 9 so that platinum wire can be adjusted radially relatively to the axis of the disc 1. The relative speed between the wire and the disc may therefore be varied at will.
5. This bushing is attached to two iron levers 6 which can be rocked about a horizontal axis 8 by means of an adjusting screw 7. The first device permits rough adjustments, and the second, fine adjustments. The entire
White’s Automatic Radio Telephone System
It is customary in some radio telephone systems to provide an electromagnetically operated change-over switch to alternately connect the transmitter and receiver to the wireless aerial. This is not always a convenient procedure unless the apparatus is operated by one skilled in its use; for a condition is apt to arise where both parties place their apparatus in a transmitting position, and endeavor to talk to each other simultaneously.
To overcome this objection, William C. White has devised the method of automatically changing from a transmitting to a receiving position shown in the accompanying diagram figure 1, which embraces the complete circuits of a wireless telephone system. In the diagram, the three-electrode tube V-1 amplifies the speech frequency currents generated by the microphone 27. The output circuit of V-1 is coupled to the input circuit of V-2, which is the modulator bulb. The modulator in turn varies the output of the oscillating bulb V-3, which is coupled to generate radio frequency currents at any desired frequency. V-4 is the detecting tube with the usual controlling appliances, including the receiving transformer, 5, 8 and the telephone 12.
A condenser 42 in the plate circuit of the bulb V-2 is shunted by a magnet 33 which opens and closes the relay contacts shown directly underneath. The closing of these contacts energizes the magnet 40, which in turn closes the circuit to the magnets 23 and 24. When relay 4 operates, it breaks contact at 3 and makes a second contact at 25, thus connecting the coil 19 between the antenna and ground and disconnecting the receiving apparatus from the antenna. The relay 23 operates the contact 22 which, when open, prevents the bulb V-3 from generating radio frequency oscillations. When the microphone 27 is spoken into, the transmitter is automatically connected to the antenna as will now be explained.
When the transmitting apparatus is not in operation, the current which flows through the relay winding is not sufficient to operate it, but when the microphone is spoken into the currents thus produced flow through the transformer 37 and reproduce, in the plate circuit of the controlling bulb V-2, variations at speech frequencies, the average value of which will be much greater than the normal current in the plate circuit and will be sufficient to operate relay 33 which in turn operates the other relays previously mentioned. Relays 33 and 40 should be quick acting, and relays 4 and 23 should be quick to close, but should have an appreciable time lag in opening to prevent the transmitting apparatus from being disconnected during a momentary cessation of the sound waves acting upon transmitter 27. The time lag is preferably greater for relay 4 than for relay 23, in order that relay 23 may open and thus stop production of the oscillations before the antenna circuit is broken at 25.
Bellini’s Electrostatically Coupled Goniometer
THE Marconi-Bellini-Tosi radio goniometer has been employed in wireless telegraphy for many years. As many of our readers know, the two loop antennae in this device are magnetically coupled through two primaries to enclosed surface situated above the axis of the abscissae, s, t. The two plates c (of figure 1 or figure 3) must not touch each other, but must be very close together. The action of the stationary plates is apparently to set up a rotating coil which may be revolved on its axis in the resulting magnetic field.
Ettore Bellini, who is a pioneer in directive radio telegraphy, has recently described the capacitively coupled goniometer shown in figure 1. Here two loop antennae 1 and 2 are connected to pairs of stationary plates aa and bb arranged around an axis. On the shaft e is mounted a drum d, upon which are placed the conducting elements c. It is preferable that the conductors have the form shown in figure 2, which when extended in a plane, has the outline formed by two sinusoidal curves, or by the portion of the resultant electrostatic field, the direction of which in the goniometer varies as the direction of the advancing wave. By rotating the inner drum, it may be placed in a position to receive the maximum induction from the stationary plates.
The diagram figure 1 shows the connections of a receiving detector g with head telephones h in shunt. Figure 3 shows the circuits for directive transmission, the rotating plates cc being connected to a circuit comprising the condenser d, inductance i and the spark gap. In this diagram 1, 1 and 2, 2 are the terminals of the two loop
antennae. The rotating element therefore serves to impress high frequency currents from a local generator upon the antenna circuit, and to receive radio frequency currents sent out by the distant transmitter.
Figure 4 shows another type of movable plates which can be used in place of those shown in figure 2. Bellini states that, as with the well-known magnetically coupled goniometer, this system can be employed for directive transmission or reception.
Aviators' Intercommunicating Telephone System
G. M. JENKINS, realizing the difficulty of a pilot and observer in an airplane talking to each other on account of the whir of the propeller, the rush of air and the exhaust of the motor, has devised a telephone system including a transmitter and receiver which are strapped to the aviator's head. Moreover, he has provided a switching arrangement so that when the talker puts his head forward to speak a switch is closed, connecting the transmitter into the circuit. This automatic feature is of considerable value, for it leaves the pilot's hands free for manipulating his control levers and prevents a drain on the transmitter battery during the period when no conversations are taking place.
Figure 1 shows the transmitter and receiver in position for operation; figure 2 is a diagram of the circuits employed; figure 3 is a front elevation of the transmitter box, a portion of which is cut away to show the mounting in the transmitter. Figure 4 is a side elevation and figure 5 a plan view of the transmitter box in figure 3. Figures 6 and 7 show a head band for holding the receivers, one receiver being shown in position and a portion cut away to show the operation of the transmitter switch.
Each pilot or observer is provided with a transmitter box 10 of leather, adapted for the mounting of the transArmy Airplane Apparatus
Complete airplane radio telephone set developed for the U.S. Army during the war. This set, known as SCR-68 occupies only one cubic foot of space and weighs 45 pounds. The transmitting circuit includes the antenna capacity and the tuned circuit in which a vacuum tube maintains high frequency oscillations, the magnitude of these being controlled by a second tube, which in turn is controlled by the voice currents from the transmitter. The receiving set employs a tuned circuit and a vacuum tube detector, the speech output of which is amplified by two vacuum tubes.
The inset shows the specially designed helmet by which the noise and wind encountered while in flight are overcome and conversation is made possible. In the practical use of the set the observer uses the same telephone equipment for radio and for communication with the pilot.
Ground and Short Wave Sets
For use on the ground, in talking to observers in airplanes, the U. S. Army used the set illustrated on the left. It is known as type SCR-91 and is similar in principle to the aircraft equipment, but as space and weight are not so restricted, this set is designed with a doubly tuned receiving circuit so greater selectivity may be obtained.
On the right is an interior view of the ground radio phone set illustrated above. A single tuned circuit permits a "stand-by" adjustment for detecting speech, which is transmitted by modulating any one of a wide range of different frequencies. The operator may then quickly adjust for the selective reception of the desired conversation. This equipment also functions under direct control, so that the operator may make observations of the planes with which he is communicating by standing in the open while the set with which he is connected is protected under cover.
The complete SCR-91 short wave set designed to eliminate the long trailing wire antenna. Its range is from 86 to 116 meters. In the center is a control panel which is mounted before the pilot in the cockpit operating a special set of amplifiers.
To the right is an interior view of the transmitter, and to the left an interior view of the receiver of the complete set illustrated above. In the receiving equipment space is saved by utilizing a system of limiting amplification whereby the output of the detector tube is successively applied to a grid anode until a limiting critical amplification is reached.
Varied Military Equipment
The two illustrations above are interior and exterior views of the radio telegraph set, type SCR-99, for army field use. Two vacuum tubes are used in the oscillating circuit for continuous wave transmission. This equipment is designed for clear reception of continuous wave signals and is also capable of receiving spark set signals.
On the left is wireless telegraph set type SCR-78, designed especially for tanks, to enable them to advance as protected signal stations. Since the smallest antenna could be used, and the problem of obtaining the necessary power output was met by using an oscillating circuit involving four vacuum tube amplifiers.
Wind-driven generator for airplane sets, showing regulator switch which gives both a 24-volt current for the filaments and a 350-volt current for the plate-filament circuit. The speed of this generator, varying from 1000 to 1500 r.p.m., required special means for voltage regulation, found by utilizing characteristic properties of the tungsten filament, the bulb itself being mounted in the stream line extension of the generator.
To the left is wireless telegraph receiver SCR-54, using a crystal detector and patterned on sets in use by the French Army in the earlier years of the war.
To the right, the familiar SCR-70 special wireless training set used in instructing aviators and other radio operators.
Recently Developed Apparatus
Oscillator for very low frequencies
Double tuned ground receiving set SCR-59
Interior view of SCR-68 wireless telephone set
Audio frequency oscillator
Navy wireless telephone set designed for use by submarine chasers
Portable 3-stage amplifier
A Universal Radio Receiver for Amateur Use
By Morton W. Sterns
It has been the writer's good fortune to meet many hundreds of radio amateurs since the war began, and it has been his observation that their main concern has been to obtain the details of the design of a receiver that will permit reception over great distances for relay work. Although a variety of opinions and designs have been set forth as to what constitutes the best all around receiver, the most of them are, in the author's opinion, either too difficult to construct or too expensive for the average amateur's pocket-book.
The writer has given the matter his serious consideration for some time and has finally evolved a set which it is believed possesses many desirable characteristics. Keeping in view the desirability of an efficient receiving set that would occupy a minimum of space, a set was eventually produced that would give a range of tuning from 130 to 1850 meters with a small antenna of .0005 mfd. capacity. As will be noted further on, this same set gives a three mile range either as a radio telegraph or radio telephone transmitter. A single bulb is used for all work and the circuit has proved especially efficient on short amateur wave lengths. The entire set occupies a space less than a two foot cube. It is not only feasible for the reception of damped and undamped waves, but it gives regenerative amplification and constitutes a very neat and efficient wireless telephone set.
Fundamental Circuits
A series of exhaustive experiments with various types of circuits have been carried out. Very good results were obtained with the circuit shown in figure 1, where a three electrode vacuum tube is connected across a tuning coil.
in series with the antenna circuit. The principal objection to this particular circuit was that it was not capable of receiving continuous wave signals.
The circuit of figure 2 was found to give very good results, but the local oscillations were not easily controlled and, furthermore, it necessitated the purchase of two variable condensers as shown.
Very satisfactory results were obtained with the circuit of figure 3 which, it is stated, has been patented by C. V. Logwood. In that diagram coil B is a tickler coil of a comparatively few turns of wire mounted inside of coil A, constituting a regenerative coupling by which energy can be transferred from the plate to the grid circuit. It is a feature of this circuit that the oscillations can be started or stopped simply by moving the coil B in and out of the coil A.
Having determined the good and bad features of the circuits described, I carried out further experiments with the view of obtaining greater simplicity. In fact, I was determined to have one coil and one condenser, and my researches eventually culminated in the circuit shown in figure 4, in which direct regenerative coupling between Ward Leonard porcelain resistance or a graphite potentiometer such as used in the B battery circuit. The latter type is particularly handy, because it is variable. It must be understood that the grid leak is essential for proper working of the system, but once adjusted it need not be touched during the life of any particular bulb. The plate
circuit voltage in this system varies between 60 and 80 volts or even higher if possible.
**Use of the Circuit for Wireless Telephony**
To engage in wireless telephone conversation, open the switch E and speak into the microphone distinctly, making sure that the bulb is in a state of oscillation. An indicating device of some sort, such as a small ammeter, should be placed in the antenna circuit to determine the maximum antenna current. The plate voltage should be as high as possible without causing the bulb to ionize; that is, to give the characteristic blue glow. And if any amateur possesses a "hard" bulb that proved inoperative in an ordinary receiving circuit, he should now put it into use, because for transmitting purposes, the "harder" the bulb the better will be the results obtained.
In order to telegraph by means of continuous waves, place the key in series with the grid leak. This will cause the bulb to stop oscillating whenever the key is up.
In the construction of this apparatus it is preferable that the receiving cabinet proper contain only the tuning inductance and the 21-plate variable condenser. The vacuum tube control panel is separate, and a sufficient number of binding posts are brought out to allow any desired connection to the tube. The connections from the inductance switch are brought to the binding posts on the receiving panel. Other posts are provided for connection to the antenna and ground. Additional leads are brought out from the variable condenser to binding posts.
The tuning coil is wound with "litzendraht" or No. 18 B & S D.C.C. wire on a tube three inches outside diameter. A four bank winding is employed as shown in figure 6, the numbered circles showing the order in which the turns are placed upon the tube. A section of fifty turns is
wound on the spool and a space of \( \frac{3}{8} \) of an inch is left, after which another section of 240 turns is wound on with a tap placed at each 55 turns. The writer employs, preferably, litzendraht cable composed of 42 separate strands of No. 36 B & S enameled wire with a double silk covering.
Figure 7 shows a general outline of the panel for the vacuum tube. It contains a variable condenser, the vacA feature of construction that the average amateur would do well to incorporate in his set is the method of fastening the panels to the box. Several right angles of 1/16 inch brass are made and screwed to the side of the box. The panel is then lowered and rests on the angles as a support, leaving the panels flush with the top of the box. Holes are then drilled through the panel and spotted in the brass angles. The holes are then reamed out to give clearance for a small machine screw; the brass is then drilled and tapped to fit the machine screw. Constructed in this way, the panel can be removed from the box as often as desired without stripping the thread in the wood, as might happen if wood screws are employed.
In closing, it is well to remark that the final circuits shown in this article can be used directly with the Western Electric "E" type tube fed from a 220 volt direct current force of supply. The bulb will give antenna current of 0.8 ampere and telephone conversations with this amount of current have been heard seven miles away. Other types of bulbs I have employed permit transmission over distances of three miles.
**Constructional Details of a Wireless Receiving System Involving Weagant's "X" Circuit**
By E. T. Jones
I HAVE experimented with many circuits for the reception of damped and undamped waves but the one described here gives better all-around results than any other I have used. The complete circuit acts as a detector, oscillator and amplifier for both long and short damped or undamped waves. An outstanding feature is that but one bulb is required for reception over great distances.
With a circuit of this kind I have copied signals from Nauen and Eilvese, Germany; Canarvon, Wales; Koko Head, Hawaii; Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; not to mention the arc stations located in the United States, the signals from which come in at audibilities of approximately 5,000. Signals have been read from the new high power station in Japan testing with Koko Head. These signals were plainly readable at New Orleans at 8 o'clock in the morning. One point that stands out particularly in connection with the operation of this set is, that by careful variation of the condenser capacity in the grid and plate circuits, adjustments can be obtained whereby the circuits are just on the verge of radio frequency oscillation, causing great amplification of spark signals; and by further adjustment of the condenser capacities, the circuits may be set into oscillation at any desired frequency permitting the reception of undamped waves.
Still another feature of this apparatus which I believe will appeal to the amateur experimenter is that wavelengths ranging from 600 up to 20,000 can be received without having the usual duplex receiving transformer, a multiplicity of change-over switches, etc. In fact, my entire series of experiments leads me to believe that too much praise can not be given this circuit for general experimental work. It is described in pages 102 to 105 of Bucher's "Vacuum Tubes in Wireless Communication," which explains vacuum tube detector circuits in detail.
Constructional details and dimensions of the tuner which I have found very satisfactory under the most exacting conditions follow; the antenna loading coil is wound on a tube 4" in diameter and 12" long covered with one layer of No. 24 S.C.C. magnet wire. Taps are taken off every inch, making a total of 10 taps. The winding is eleven inches in length. A general view is shown in figure 1.
A direct coupled receiving transformer is employed as shown in figure 2. It is wound on a tube 4" in diameter and 6" long covered with one layer of No. 24 S.C.C. wire. Taps are taken off every 10 turns, making a total of 20 taps. Two switches with
ten contact points are provided. Each contact point is connected to successive tenth turns. A unit switch is also supplied which connects to the first ten turns, one at a time, as shown.
The short secondary coils shown in figure 3 are made on tubes 4" in diameter, 6" long, wound with one layer of No. 24 S.C.C. magnet wire. Taps are taken off every half inch, making ten taps per coil, or a total of 20 taps. The two loading coils of medium length are made of tubes 4" in diameter, 12" long wound with one layer of No. 24 S.C.C. magnet wire. Taps are taken off every inch, making a total of 20 taps for the two coils.
The large loading coils for long wave lengths are made on tubes 4" in diameter, 36" long, wound with one layer of No. 24 S.C.C. magnet wire. Taps are taken off every 3". The details are shown in figure 5.
The variable condensers in the secondary circuit and plate circuits should have a capacity of at least .001 mfd. grid condenser should not exceed a capacity of .0005 mfd. or thereabouts. A grid leak of the type shown in figure 6 is necessary for stable operation. It may be made of high resistance strips of graphite or lead pencil lines drawn in a groove, or of carbon typewriter paper. A three point switch is connected as shown in figure 7.
The receiving system shown in figure 6 is not only exceedingly stable in operation but simple of adjustment and by proper selection of inductance at the antenna loading coil 1, at the tuning transformer 2 and at the loading coils in the grid and plate circuits, a point can be found where simple variation of the capacity of the condensers C-2 and C-3 will be sufficient to cover a wide range of wave lengths. In case near-by local power lines cause interference, the filament may be grounded to earth.
A Combination Spark and Buzzer Transmitter
By William Holladay
It is well known that the buzzer can be used for transmitting over distances up to about two or three miles. As it radiates a wave of the natural frequency of the aerial and of low decrement, and may be adjusted so as to give a 500 cycle tone, it makes a good substitute for the spark transmitter for inter-city communication. But very few amateurs are content to use a buzzer for transmitting and sooner or later they will choose a transformer for long distance communication. A transformer is not, however, well suited for short distances and the buzzer is the logical solution of such a problem. It is quite a job to change all the connections to the key, aerial and ground in order to change from the buzzer to the transformer, so I believe the accompanying circuit is the solution. The panel shows the arrangement of switches.
Taking the circuit figure 1 with the switches CS, CS₁, CS₂ and CS₃, in the position shown, the current passes through the fused switch and through the reactance regulator PS, into the primary, through switch CS₁, to the key K and back to the line. The current induced in the transformer secondary charges the usual form of closed circuit, embracing the high potential condenser C, the rotary gap G and the primary of the oscillation transformer. The secondary is connected to the two remaining switches snapped to the right, and the buzzer circuit is used for transmitting. It will be seen that the current passes from the battery through the key by way of the first two switches, and the two contacts of the vibrator are connected to aerial and ground through the two switches on the right.
The switch panel shown in figure 2 should be of marble, bakelite, or other good insulating material, but for low powers well-varnished hardwood will answer the purpose. The two switches on the right, marked "G" and "A" should be about four inches long, made of copper bus-bar, with the contacts at least three inches apart. The two binding posts marked "110" are connected to the line and the "B" posts to the low voltage battery for running the buzzer. The two binding posts K on the lower part of the panel are connected to the key. It will be found better to solder the aerial and ground leads, and also the oscillation transformer leads, directly to the back of the switches. The panel should be about 15 inches long and 11 inches wide.
An Easily Constructed Oudin Coil
By R. C. Hitchcock
While the amateur is obliged to abandon his radio transmitting set, he can easily construct a high frequency oscillator which may be energized by his transmitting outfit.
Many interesting and startling experiments may be performed.
The coil shown in figure 1 has been successfully operated on a ½ kw. wireless transformer, using a glass condenser and straight gap. The straight gap gave high frequency sparks of greater length than a rotary gap.
The core for the secondary can be made of several pieces of cardboard, cut like the pattern and glued together, making a tube 18 inches long, 9 inches diameter at the small end and 18 inches at the other. Two wooden pieces are turned to fit the ends, and the assembly then mounted between lathe centers for winding. No. 26 wire is preferred and the turns should be spaced with a string which may be left on permanently. When the coil has been wound it should be painted with hot paraffine or some good insulating material.
The primary is wound on a six-sided figure about 24 inches outside diameter, depending on the width of the supports. Slots for No. 8 wire are provided, six turns being sufficient for the set under consideration.
An insulator, which may be turned of wood, is mounted on the secondary to support a brass ball from which the sparks are drawn.
The secondary and primary are grounded at one end and the other connections made as shown in figure 2.
Sparks drawn into metal objects held in the hand cause no shock whatever.
Code Practice Alternator for the Amateur
By C. J. Fitch
It is certain that the amateur cannot expect to obtain genuine pleasure out of his radio apparatus unless he is skilled in sending and receiving. To acquire facility he needs a good code practice set. One particular way of generating artificial radio signals, doing away with the troublesome buzzer, is shown in the accompanying diagram. A small battery motor is rewound and connected in such a way as to produce a buzzing note in the head telephone. The details of construction follow:
The field is wound with No. 28 S.C.C. wire and connected in shunt to the armature. The armature coils are each wound with an equal number of turns of No. 26 S.C.C. wire. It is important that the coils be wound in the direction shown, otherwise the motor will not run. The three terminals connected at O are grounded on the rotor shaft. Connection from the battery to the shaft is made by a bronze spring wire rubbing in the groove of the small pulley mounted on the end of the shaft.
The theory of operation is as follows: When the armature is in the position shown, current flows from the battery to the + brush, through the coil C to the point O, through the coils A and B, which are connected in parallel at this instant, to the — brush and battery. The neutral wire OP will carry no current when both sides of the line are balanced. At the instant shown, however, the line is unbalanced, having two armature coils, A and B on one side and one coil C on the other. Therefore the neutral will carry the difference of current in the two sides and the current, in this case, will flow upward.
The polarity of the armature and field poles when the above takes place is as indicated; the armature will rotate counter clock-wise. After the armature has rotated 60°, if the windings are traced out as before, it will be seen that two armature coils are in parallel on the side of the line which previously had one coil. In this position, the difference of current will flow down through the neutral, instead of up, as in the previous case. These reversals take place every time the armature rotates 60°, giving 6 reversals, or 3 cycles per revolution of the armature in the wire OP.
The object of the shunt field is to keep the system balanced. The series field may be used, but the current in the neutral wire will be a pulsating direct current.
No other equipment besides the motor is made use of.
Timely Advice on the Matter of Interference Between Amateur Stations
By J. E. Law, Jr.
The amateur wireless enthusiast should exercise every means at his disposal to prevent interference. "Jamming," as wireless operators term it, may be due to any of the following causes: badly tuned transmitters; non-selective receiving apparatus; and non-observance by operators of the government regulations concerning the transmission of radiograms. Interference is not alone caused by transmitters radiating broad waves; the operator himself may lack the necessary operating skill to handle his apparatus intelligently.
One way of reducing the damping of the antenna oscillations is to select a transformer voltage suited to the set under construction, means being provided for careful regulation of its input. Abnormal spark gap voltages prevent quenching with consequent double wave emission.
The high voltage condenser should be immersed in oil to prevent brush discharge, for brush leakage is extremely detrimental to high efficiency and should be corrected before it punctures the dielectric.
The quenched spark gap is being used extensively by commercial and naval stations, and is today probably the most efficient type, since it can quickly quench out the primary oscillations before those in the antenna circuit react appreciably upon the closed circuit. The sparking surfaces of the series gap must be supported in a strictly parallel position and be kept clean. A motor blower or fan, such as is used on the Marconi panel transmitters, is required to keep the temperature at a safe value.
All leads connecting the closed circuit should be as short and as heavy as possible and should have no kinks or bends in them.
An oscillation transformer of the "pancake" type is the handiest for rapid change of wave length, but with all oscillation transformers two waves will usually be radiated if the spark gap does not quench properly and the coupling is too close. Single wave emission may be secured with any gap by reducing the coupling at the oscillation transformer. The antenna current will be reduced by this procedure. But the range of the station may be increased, because all radiation is taking place on one wave length. Careful attention to these details aid one in securing the desired sharp wave, i.e., a decrement of less than 0.2 as prescribed by law.
Nearly as important as the correct tuning of a transmitter is the provision of a selective receiving set. A vacuum tube detector permits sharper tuning than a crystal rectifier, and the use of litzendraht wire in the primary and secondary coils gives a minimum high frequency resistance. The tuning coils should be tapped so that the inductance may be varied one turn at a time. End turn switches should be used in order that turns not in use may be disconnected from those actually in the circuit.
In regard to the interference caused by the operator himself, I know it to be a fact that some operators do not always comply with the government regulations regarding the transmission of messages; when they have a message to transmit they persist in calling for a long period, even though transmission is in progress at the time. This interference is strictly unnecessary, with the possible exception of when urgent messages are to be transmitted. If all operators would observe the regulations governing the transmission of messages, such as the permissible wave lengths and the amount of power for a given distance, and moreover make more extensive use of abbreviations, general traffic would be dispatched with greater facility.
There are a few willful "air hogs" who want to get their messages through in a hurry and who have little respect for the other operators waiting for their turn to transmit. Let each operator, "Do unto others as he would have them do unto him," and there will be a change for the better.
An additional source of interference is the "spark coil menace," caused by "hams" disregarding every law concerning tuning, decrement, etc., and acquiring the habit of "sitting on the key."
If the government would amend the Radio Act so as to require all persons owning wireless sending stations of any power whatsoever to obtain licenses for their operation, these beginners would have some pride in their sets and strive to make them efficient. They would then realize that 200 meters means 200 meters; no more; no less!
Sometimes, relief may be had by paying them a friendly visit and urging them to join a wireless club where they can be taught the fundamental principles of wireless telegraphy.
Another way to decrease interference among these experimenters is to organize them all and plan out some sort of working schedule for testing periods and small talk, reserving other hours for long distance work and relaying, at which time no other transmission is to be allowed. As amateur organizations increase, doubtless some such schedule will become effective everywhere.
Ground Telegraphy
By Gerald Ehinger
The theory of the ground telegraph is generally understood but it is not often used by amateurs. The underlying idea is to connect land line wires to earth at two points and utilize a buzzer at the transmitter station to impress variable electromotive forces upon the conducting earth. A fundamental diagram is shown in figure 1, where the transmitter includes a battery, key, and a high toned buzzer. At the receiving station, a telephone receiver is connected between two grounds as shown.
A "break in" system is secured by connecting a condenser in the circuit as in figure 2. The working of the apparatus should be clear from the drawing.
The receiving telephone should have a low resistance; in fact, the lower the better. High resistance telephones can be used if connected to the secondary of a 1" coil (spark), the primary being connected into the circuit. A small spark coil may be used instead of a buzzer for transmitting purposes, but it is not as efficient.
Connections at the transmitter and receiver could be made to water and gas pipes, but the signals at the receiver will not be so strong as in the arrangement I have described.
**Figure 2—The "Break-in" system with condenser connected in the circuit**
---
**A Short Wave Receiver for the Amateur Station**
*By Carleton Howiler*
I BELIEVE that the most efficient type of short wave receiver is that which employs variometers as the primary and secondary inductances.
Hence the amount of inductance required to reach a wave-length of 200 meters is relatively small, and the losses in the variometers themselves are negligible.
The diagram, figure 1, shows the circuit preferred for amateur use. L-1 is the antenna variometer and L-2 the variometer which acts as one of the tuning elements of the secondary circuit. It is shunted by the variable condenser C-2. In series with L-1 and L-2 is the variable condenser C-1 which has the effect of changing the coupling between the antenna and detector circuits. A small grid condenser C-3 of about .0005 mfd. is connected in series as shown. The plate circuit of the vacuum tube is energized by the battery B shunted by the potentiometer P-1, which may be of 3,000 ohms resistance. For additional amplification some part of the plate circuit may be placed in inductive relation to the grid circuit of the tube, but very good results will be obtained with the simple circuit shown.
The variometers are identical in construction. Each consist of two cardboard cylinders 1½ inches wide. The larger cylinder is 4½ inches in diameter and the smaller one 4 inches in diameter. Both are wound with the same number of turns of No. 26 S.C.C. wire.
I prefer to mount the variometers and variable condensers in opposite corners of a cabinet. The panel on which the vacuum tube detectors are mounted can be secured to the top, giving a very neat appearance.
I am sure that with these few constructional details and a careful study of the diagrams, any amateur can readily build a set that will do far better work on short waves than the average amateur equipment.
---
**An Aerial Mast on the Roof**
THE amateur located in the country or a small town may be interested in the design of an aerial mast constructed as shown in the accompanying drawings. It will be noted that a hole is cut in the roof of the building through which the mast enters and that the mast is clamped to the side of the building by means of two iron rods of the shape shown in the figure at A, which are threaded at both ends to take a bolt.
The mast may be put together in sections, one at a time, and slid up through the holding clamps. By using pieces of two by four lumber 16 feet long, a very serviceable mast is obtained. Two or three 16 foot pieces will be sufficient for the average amateur aerial mast.
HENRY KLAUS, Illinois.
Practical Wireless Telegraphy
BY ELMER E. BUCHER
More than 85,000 copies of this book have been sold to date. It is used in practically every school college and library and training camp in this country.
PRACTICAL WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY is the recognized standard wireless text book. It contains information of utmost value in regard to the very latest styles of wireless sets now in use.
It is the first wireless text book to treat each topic separately and completely—treating each subject in its entirety from first principles to expert practice. Starting with elementary data, it presents chapters dealing with the entire field of wireless—fundamentals, construction and practical operation.
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Radio Telephony
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It is the only book containing a subject of Radio Telephony in all its aspects.
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It is written in clear style, and presupposes very little knowledge of radio. Fully illustrated with wiring diagrams and photographs unpublished photographs of "wireless telephone" apparatus.
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Short Course in Elementary Mathematics and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy
BY S. J. WILLIS
A concentrated treatise covering the points in mathematics that have direct application to wireless telegraphy.
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Elementary Principles of Wireless Telegraphy
BY R. D. BANGAY
Part I
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This second volume deals particularly with the component parts of a Transmitter. Each part is explained clearly and fully.
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Signal Corps Manual
BY MAJOR J. ANDREW WHITE
This manual is the only complete work on the broad subject of Army Signaling. Prepared for Signal Corps men, it is a necessity for the proper understanding of apparatus and the tactical employment of troops and of communications.
Officers of infantry and artillery find it of great utility, a proper conception of the Signal Corps and related Service of Information being indispensable to all commissioned men.
Prepared with the full co-operation and approval of the Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army.
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Including Construction and Operation
BY J. ANDREW WHITE
A text book for intensive study by men preparing for the profession of mechanics and aviators containing all the knowledge of fundamentals required prior to elementary flight instruction.
Each subject is presented by illustrations and explanations so clear for the reader without turning the page.
A broad treatment of subjects never before contained in modern aeronautic text books is included, comprising operations of the Airplane, Air Navigation, reconnaissance, map reading, signaling and cooperation with military bodies, radio and wireless, machine gunnery and bombing from airplanes.
Suitable particularly for individual and class study.
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Vacuum Tubes in Wireless Communication
BY ELMER E. BUCHER
The only book on the market devoted solely to the various applications of the Oscillation Valve.
An elementary text book for students, operators, experimenters and engineers. Nearly wireless men find this book especially helpful.
Tells in understandable language the fundamental operating principles of the vacuum tube.
Shows over 100 different circuits for the practical use of Vacuum Tube as a Detector, Radio or Audio Frequency Amplifier, Rectifier, Receiver, Radio Receiver, and Generator of Radio Frequency Currents.
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BY E. E. BUCHER
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Calculation and Measurement of Inductance and Capacity
BY W. H. NOTTAGE, B.Sc.
In this book the radio man will find in convenient form the more general and useful formulas and methods of measurement for inductance and capacity.
Covering as does the development during recent years in the design of apparatus for these measurements, the work is exceedingly valuable to every man who builds apparatus. Wireless engineers, laboratory assistants and amateur radio experimenters welcome this book.
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A book of practical working formulas and calculations for the student of radio telegraphy. An invaluable part of the working equipment of every wireless student.
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When writing to advertisers please mention THE WIRELESS AGE
A Cat Whiaker Detector Stand
A DETECTOR holder with universal adjustments devised by S. S. Jones is shown in figure 1. By the use of the ball joints 4 and 5, the crystal can be set at any desired angle without removing from its holder, so that any sensitive spot on the crystal can readily be located.
The friction in the claw and ball joints is increased or decreased by means of a screw 9 acting upon the ball through the bottom of the cup. The crystal is held between the jaws of a spring clamp 2 mounted on the ball 4. Experimenters possessing the facilities for the construction, will undoubtedly find this a very convenient and practical detector stand.
Figure 1—Showing construction and assembly of the cat-whiaker detector stand
Amateur War Work
I AM a non-commissioned officer in the radio branch of the U. S. Signal Corps and have had many an opportunity to see the value the radio operator has been to the Army in France. The best of the signal personnel are former, or pre-war, amateurs who operated amateur stations and enlisted like myself when the war broke out.
A little incident in which I took part during the great drive we made against the Hun will show why the radio amateur should be encouraged.
One dark night we could not raise 4---, who was located about a half mile forward of us. After calling several times we decided to go and see what was wrong. Station 4--- was manned by radio men who got what radio experience they ever had in the Signal Corps. To reach them we had to drive a motorcycle, another lad and I, over a road which was undergoing the worst shelling by the Huns it ever had. But we arrived O. K. We were using a sustained wave transmitter of the bulb type and the high tension battery was made up of a large number of 40 volt storage batteries. Upon examination of the Station 4--- set we found this battery circuit open.
We of course put the station working in short order. The point of the incident—only one of many incidents—is that the amateur radio men have shown themselves far superior to those who were taught wireless in the Service. And while we were still in uniform and not able to make an organized protest against Congressional action, they tried to wipe us off the map. Fine recognition of valuable service well rendered. I am sending these few lines to the N. W. A. by request of the amateurs in our outfit, which number up pretty high.
Corporal E. J. Atkinson (formerly 1QV), 302nd Field Sig. Bn., A. E. F., France.
Safeguarding Our President By Radio
EXTRAORDINARY efforts were made by the U. S. Navy Department to maintain continuous radio communication with the U. S. S. George Washington, carrying the President of the United States and his official party to France. As is well known, the vessel was convoyed by the U. S. S. Pennsylvania, which was equipped with powerful wireless transmitting and receiving apparatus. Four high power undamped wave transmitting land stations were employed to transmit to and receive from the George Washington, the Annapolis arc set transmitting on 16,900 meters, the arc set at Tuckerton, N. J., on 9,200 meters and the Marconi radio frequency alternator set at New Brunswick, N. J., on 13,000 meters. The Government high power station at Lyons, France, transmitted on 15,500 meters.
The battleship Pennsylvania's radio equipment consisted of a 30 kw. arc transmitter, which was used for transmitting messages to the United States and France on the wave length of 3,600 meters; also one 10 kw. quenched spark transmitter working on 600 and 952 meters, which was employed for communication with low power land stations; a short range radio telephone transmitter working on 297 meters, and one vacuum tube radio telegraph set transmitting on 450 meters. The latter was used for communicating between the U. S. S. George Washington and her convoy, the Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania worked United States stations up to 2,500 miles and communication was established with Lyons, France, before the Pennsylvania was out of range with the United States.
The Pennsylvania's radio cabin was fitted with six receiving booths which were able to receive at eight different tunes simultaneously as follows: One booth was on constant watch for the 297 meter telephone signal and another booth guarded the 450 meter vacuum tube transmitting set for communication with the Pennsylvania. Another operator on a separate receiving set stood by on 4,000 meters, which is the standard arc calling tune; the fourth receiver guarded Lyons' wave length of 15,500 meters and the fifth guarded Tuckerton's tune, 9,200 meters. The sixth set was kept on constant watch to pick up signals from Annapolis or the Marconi New Brunswick station at 16,900 and 13,000 meters respectively. Another operator with a distinct receiving set and antenna guarded 600 and 952 meters. The principal receiving station in the United States was that located at Otter Cliffs, Me., but other stations were also kept on watch for the reception of signals. On the other side, the reception of signals was effected at Lyons, France.
The radio equipment on the U. S. S. George Washington consisted of a low power spark transmitting set, a 16,900 meter long wave receiving set, one 600 meter spark receiving set, one short wave radio telephone transmitting and receiving set and one vacuum tube 450 meter telegraph transmitting and receiving set.
The George Washington was able to take down messages transmitted from the Annapolis or New Brunswick station and at the same time keep an efficient watch on the wave length of 600 meters, intercept commercial signals, emergency signals or messages transmitted by radio telephone or vacuum tube transmitters, simultaneously. The messages intended for the George Washington were received principally on the Pennsylvania and relayed to the George Washington by means of the wireless telephone and vacuum tube telegraph set, simultaneously.
A Simple Method of Tuning the Amateur Transmitter
Since the declaration of peace seems a short time off and the whole tribe of amateurs are looking forward to the day when they will be able to revert to the peaceful pursuit of radio telegraphy, the following method of tuning the transmitting apparatus to the required wave of 200 meters will, because of its simplicity, and because of the fact that no wave meter is required, appeal to many suburbanites and less wealthy experimenters, who are unable to procure the use of a calibrated instrument:
An exploring coil of optional dimensions (six or eight turns of No. 20 wire around a short cardboard tube having a diameter of 3 or 4 inches, is satisfactory) is inserted in series with the secondary of the loose coupler of the ordinary short wave receiving circuit. Using a minimum degree of coupling, the receiving apparatus is tuned to the signals of a station having a known 200 meter wave. When these adjustments have been made as accurately as possible, the loose coupler secondary is moved from inductive relationship with the primary, in order to avoid mutual inductance between the two, which would affect the accuracy of the readings.
The complete secondary circuit of the receiving apparatus now forms a wave meter, permanently adjusted to a wave length of 200 meters, the telephones being employed to find resonance as in a standard wave meter. The transmitting apparatus may now be tuned by any one of the commonly used methods. Perhaps the most satisfactory method for our purpose is to excite the aerial by means of a small buzzer, connecting the buzzer contacts to aerial and ground respectively. The buzzer is set into operation, and the exploring coil of the wave meter is brought into juxtaposition with the secondary of the oscillation transformer, so that the buzzer signals are barely audible. The inductance of the oscillation transformer is changed until maximum response is noted in the telephones. The transmitting set next is put into operation and, using a small value of coupling, the oscillation transformer primary inductance is changed until the aerial ammeter or pilot lamp shows a maximum reading. The critical value of coupling to be employed may be ascertained from the other fellow, who can inform you when your wave becomes too broad.
Sgt. Maj. Charles Manley—Amer. Exped. Forces, France.
Contest Winners for June
The April subject for discussion was: "Which of the two following types of wireless transmitter do you consider to be the most practical for amateur use, namely: the panel type or the isolated instrument type?" Prizes have been awarded to the writers of the following articles.
First Prize—The Panel Transmitter Versus the Isolated Instrument Type
To my mind, the question as to whether the panel or isolated instrument type of transmitter is the more practical is not difficult to answer. While it cannot be denied that the isolated instrument type has given good results and that some amateurs will continue to use it after the ban is lifted, yet there can be no argument against the superiority of the panel transmitter.
A particular advantage of panel mounting is the reduction of the length of the leads in the oscillation circuits. This is a vital factor when we take into consideration that the maximum capacity of the condenser of the amateur transmitting circuit can not exceed .008 mfd.; for otherwise, the wave length of the closed oscillation circuit will exceed the government restriction. In addition to the lead reduction advantage, the panel transmitter permits centralization of control. This is of especial importance when rapid changes in the circuits are to be made, such as changing the radiated wave length. Then, too, the panel set takes up less space and it presents a much better appearance. Any amateur will agree with the latter conclusion after once having seen some stations in which the various instruments, such as the transformer, condenser and spark gap are scattered around the floor. Such haphazard installation is not only uncalled for, but it displays ignorance on the part of the owner in regard to the fundamental requirements of an efficient station.
It is often argued that the instruments of the isolated type of transmitter are more accessible for repair; but to my way of thinking, if the panel type is properly designed it is just as accessible as any other type.
I like particularly the transmitter...
described by Mr. Zahorsky in the April issue of *The Wireless Age*, but I am inclined to believe that a neater set would result if the experimenters would mount their apparatus behind the panel as is done in standard Marconi sets. While on this point, I would urge that amateurs study the good points of the Marconi panel transmitters described in "Practical Wireless Telegraphy."
The experimenter should realize that commercial companies have sifted this matter down to the last detail and their panel designs are undoubtedly the result of extended experience. Why not make good use of that experience?
The writer once designed a transmitting set which consumed one-sixteenth kilowatt; the instruments, comprising the complete set, were arranged on a table in as efficient a manner as was possible. Later, these instruments were mounted on a panel and increased range of transmission was secured. This was undoubtedly due to the use of short connecting leads, particularly in the spark gap circuit.
I do not think it advisable to suggest a particular design for an efficient panel set, for I believe it to be impossible to put forth suggestions that would be acceptable to all; besides which, the arrangement of the apparatus on the board would depend upon the type of transmitter used. As far as I am personally concerned, the panel set is the only type to which I would give serious consideration.
N. W. Lockwood, Pennsylvania.
**Second Prize—Panel Versus Isolated Instrument Type of Amateur Radio Transmitter**
UNLIKE radio receiving outfits, the hook-ups for transmitting outfits are limited, and are practically on a par, so far as the efficiency of the set is concerned. The amateur's sending set generally consists of the following instruments: key, step-up transformer, condensers, spark-gap, oscillation transformer, and usually a hot-wire ammeter. There are but two schemes in general use (see figures 1 and 2) for connecting these instruments, and they are practically identical in regard to efficiency.
The first factor for the amateur to consider in the design of his transmitter is to arrange and design the instruments so that the radiated wavelength will comply with the laws governing amateur or experimental transmitting stations. To keep the wavelength within the restrictions imposed by law, the shortest possible connections should be used. Next in importance is the insulation problem. Leakage is the source of large losses, but it can easily be prevented.
Now for the particular advantages the panel type possesses over the isolated instrument type: It is not necessary or desirable to isolate the several instruments in order that different hook-ups may be tried, because they have all been tried, and the best ones appear in figures 1 and 2. It is a well known fact that it is a much easier matter to make short connections when the instruments are mounted on a panel. Good insulation can be had in either method. I have
seen panel transmitting sets in which nearly all connecting wires, binding posts, etc., were imbedded in an insulating compound, making them weather and "fool" proof. With regard to the comparative ease of operation of the two types, they are on a par, and depend entirely upon the forethought used in installation.
L. W. VAN SLYCK, Michigan.
Third Prize—The Panel Transmitter
AMATEUR transmitting sets may be divided into two general classes: The panel type, in which the instruments are arranged in a compact, systematic manner and the isolated instrument type, in which they are scattered about without regard to over-all efficiency. For the amateur who wishes to get the best results from his sending set, the panel type is by far the most desirable of the two. The efficiency of a transmitting set will be remarkably increased by panel mounting, principally because of the reduced length of the leads in the oscillating circuits. In addition, this construction provides better insulation.
Arrangement of the instruments, one above the other, in logical order, permits short leads which need not cross each other and in the matter of insulation each separate instrument has its own rack, thus doing away with leakage or cross induction. Thus the panel transmitter affords a remedy for the two greatest defects of the isolated instrument type.
A most important factor in operating sending apparatus is the assurance of safety to both the operator and instruments. The panel, because of the small floor space it requires, can be placed in a convenient position where it will not injure the receiving instruments. The only wires required to operate the panel at any distance are those leading to the key and to the rotary gap switch. In this set, moreover, the apparatus, situated behind a protecting panel, is in no danger of being jarred, upset, broken, or put out of adjustment as may be the case when the apparatus is spread all over the room. And not only are the instruments and their connecting wires removed from the operator's very elbow, but further, all wires are mounted behind the panel, eliminating the danger of shock to any one while sending.
Compactness, a valuable quality in any set, is a feature of the panel transmitter. The manner of arranging the instruments one over the other naturally makes a compact set. Indeed, a panel equipped with ordinary amateur apparatus can easily be mounted in a space, 4 feet by 3 feet by 2 feet. This compactness facilitates quick adjustment and renders the set portable. In this feature, the panel has a great advantage over the old type, in which the willy-nilly arrangement of the component parts makes adjustment difficult and quick moving impossible.
While not important in respect to efficiency, an always outstanding feature of a transmitting set is its appearance. In a panel transmitter the orderly arrangement of the apparatus gives a pleasing effect. In some types of panels all of the instruments are back of the panel itself, while in others, they are on the front. There are numerous models of each type, which have been described in previous issues of THE WIRELESS AGE, all of which would give a station a distinctive appearance.
Now, as to the objections to the panel transmitter: Many amateurs have the idea that such a set is large, expensive and distinctly professional. Others think that it is difficult to operate. In the first place, a panel set is not big and cumbersome. I have never seen a diagram for a panel which was larger than 5 feet from floor to top, 3 feet across the front and 3 feet from extreme back to front. In fact, one of such dimensions is unusually large. So, if the amateur can stand upright in his wireless room, he has more space than is needed to erect a panel. It would occupy, if of usual dimensions, about 6 square feet, that is, approximately 3 by 2 feet, whereas the old type transmitter requires usually double or triple that amount of space.
The apparatus used in a panel set is exactly the same as that of the ordinary amateur set. To change to a panel set, it is only necessary to transfer the instruments from their present isolated locations to the well-arranged shelves made for them in the panel. The only added expense is in making the panel, an easy task for any amateur handy with tools. This light cost is more than made up for by the efficiency and pleasing appearance of the finished panel.
Backed by the experience and opinions of some of the foremost authorities on wireless in this country, I strongly advise and in fact urge amateurs to discard the old method of isolated arrangement, and to place their apparatus in a vastly more practical form, i.e., build a panel transmitter.
HARRY HEMPHILL, New Jersey.
Finally, I am sure the readers of THE WIRELESS AGE will agree that, as a rule, the panel type amateur transmitter, although slightly more expensive, has a decided advantage in neatness and appearance as compared with the old fashioned, isolated instrument type.
The Practice Set comprises a regular telegraph key without circuit breaker, a special blank plate, battery on one side and three Dry Cells on the other, and four feet of green silk covered flexible cord.
The instruments are mounted on highly finished wood base, and three nickel-plated binding posts are provided so that the set may be used for five different purposes.
List No. 521. Wireless Practice Set, with Battery and Cord. $3.00. Price $3.24
Price includes postage.
WEIGHTS 4 lbs. packed.
Communication Practice Set for Learning Morse and Continental Visual and Audible Codes
This outfit is the only reliable instrument which will enable students to become proficient operators in the U. S. Navy Code. It is equipped with a bright red miniature lamp enabling the user to master both the visual and audible signals quickly.
List No. 522. Communication Practice Set, with Red Seal Battery and Cord. $4.00. Price $4.05
Price does not include postage.
WEIGHTS 4 lbs. packed.
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Pittsburgh Club Resumes
A CAMPAIGN for membership has been instituted by the Pittsburgh Radio Club, an organization which was formed some time before the war. Regular meetings will be held at stated intervals, where the members can get together and discuss the various problems in which they are interested, arrange relay systems, tests of equipment and other activities. Interesting talks will be scheduled on such subjects as the construction of some particularly efficient piece of apparatus, wave-lengths and tuning, description and explanation of any new and interesting radio apparatus, wireless legislation and amateur experiences in the service during the war.
Another and very important function of this club will be that of teaching the International Morse (Continental) Code to all those who are not now as proficient as they would like to be. Burton Williams, president of the club, was in the Signal Corps, U. S. A., and later was Government instructor at the school for training radio operators installed in the Carnegie Institute of Technology.
It is proposed to install complete sending and receiving equipment in the club rooms for the benefit of all the members, the present plan being to use two aerials; one long one for receiving, and a 200 meter aerial for sending. The equipment will also include an omnigraph and buzzer practice sets for code practice. It is further proposed to subscribe for the leading wireless magazines and endeavor to have a library section.
Invitations to seek membership are issued to all amateurs. C. E. Urban, 26 Watson Boulevard, N. S., Pittsburgh, Pa., is secretary of the club.
Regarding Restrictions on Amateur Stations
THE radio stations of the United States may be classified into three types, namely: commercial (including ship and shore stations), government and amateur stations. The first two types are essential to the nation for commercial and military reasons. The amateur stations are extremely useful to the country largely on account of their educational influence on the future wireless operator.
In the early days, because of the comparatively small number of radio stations in operation, the matter of interference was a negligible factor, but with the rapid increase of stations during the last ten years, interference has become such an important problem as to require regulation. As all radio men are aware, the authority to regulate the wave lengths and power employed has been delegated to the Department of Commerce.
In my opinion, the only way to eliminate interference is to classify stations according to their importance and have them operate in a region of defined wave lengths. The amateur has been allotted any wave length up to 200 meters and in exceptional cases wave lengths in excess of this figure. The principal objection to some amateur stations is, that they are not carefully constructed and properly tuned and as a consequence they radiate what is termed a "broad wave." This, of course, is in violation of the wireless statutes and creates a great deal of unnecessary interference. In some cases the emission of a broad wave is due to the use of the direct aerial connection, that is, the spark gap is placed in series with the antenna. If the authorities would compel the use of coupled circuits, this difficulty would be largely eliminated. In fact, in the writer's opinion, if regulations were enacted restricting the use of broad waves, the actual wave length used by the amateur, particularly in certain localities, would make little difference.
I would suggest that amateur transmitting stations be divided into two
classes. In the first class we would place such stations as would do purely local transmission; and in the second class, those who intend to transmit over great distances. I would urge that the amateurs in the first class be permitted to operate in 150 meters and those in the second class on wavelengths up to 250 meters. If this policy was adopted, the local amateurs would not interfere with those doing long distance work. Furthermore, those in the first class might be allowed to operate their apparatus without obtaining a license provided they will conform to the regulations concerning wave length, power, etc.; but those entered in the second class should be required to pass an examination covering their proficiency in the telegraph code, technical knowledge, etc.
Vibration as a Basis of Invention
The person who would give to the world some great invention must not deceive himself into thinking that he can do it by creative processes. It is not our function to create. It is our province only to adapt the laws and forces already in existence to our needs. The process is really a relative rather than a creative one. The laws and forces are here. It is our work to relate ourselves to them. One cannot build a machine that will do anything. He can only construct a mechanism through which the already existing laws of nature can operate.
Another mistake apt to be made by the amateur, and one which will lead him farther away from instead of nearer to success, is the entertainment of the notion that a wonderful mechanism must necessarily be complex. The wonderful thing about nature, after all, is its simplicity. The mechanism which is to establish a point of contact between us and a force of nature must be as simple in its principle as the force itself.
The notable thing about almost any of our great inventions is the simplicity of their design and operative principle. After observing the action of any of them one is quite apt to turn away and inwardly remark that he could have done the same thing himself if he had only thought of it. Of course, the chief approach to any notable achievement is the matter of thinking of it. Most of us do not think of these things, and the reason is often the fact that we are looking for something complex when the real principle is very simple.
The problem of the would-be inventor or discoverer, then, is not one of adding something to the universe as it stands. His work is to ponder the forces that have long operated and the laws by which they have operated, and then relate his work to some one of them. One of the chief of these, and one upon which some of our notable inventions have been based, is the universal fact of vibration.
The first great inventions which are based upon the vibration theory were made long before any of us were born and each of us has been given a free sample of both. One is named the eye, while the other is known as the ear. So far as that is concerned the work of the actual nerves at the surface of the skin is based upon the same principle.
The other day in a medical laboratory I was examining a dissection of the human head made with a view to showing the nerves in their relation to the spinal trunk and to the brain. The brain had been removed down to where its base rests upon the spinal stem. I was not so much interested in the countless fibers running off from the entire length of the spinal cord nearly so much as the two sets of nerves which have to do with seeing and hearing. Off from the spinal stem, just below the base of the brain, two large nerves ran forward to the eyes, and two other large ones ran aside to the ears. These were the optic and the auditory nerves, respectively.
These are the means which the Ruling Genius of the universe has established by which the person may maintain his contact with the outward world. One of these sets takes up vibrations and reports them in terms of light. The other takes vibrations and reports them in terms of sound. The two sets look almost precisely alike. The means by which they are made to distinguish vibrations into these two different forms of interpretation remains a mystery, unless it be that they are made sensitive only to given lengths and types of waves.
The eye was the first camera, and the inventor of the photographic process necessarily had to base his work on precisely the same principle. A
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sensitive surface had to be provided; a means had to be established whereby it might receive and be affected by ether vibrations of given lengths; then the result, which in the case of the eye is so temporary, had to be chemically fixed and thereby rendered permanent.
The phonographic process is related to the vibration theory of sound just as the photographic process is based upon the wave theory of light. A phonographic record is simply the photograph of a sound. A surface had to be provided which was capable of receiving the record of the vibrations which make a given sound. The means had to be provided by which they could be permanently recorded there. Then a mechanism capable of reproducing them made the phonograph complete. The same effect was produced upon the ear as would have been produced by the original vibrations themselves. Thereby the thing which is fleeting and temporary to the ear was rendered more or less permanent. These two inventions proved once and for all the truth of the theories on which they were based.
Telegraphy and telephony, both ordinary and wireless, are likewise based upon phases of the vibration principle. Each in its day has been revolutionary. We, are, however, only upon the threshold of achievement in these vibratory means of communication. Each is simple, when once achieved, because each is based on ordinary and everyday laws of nature. Those who are improving upon the processes already established are not those who are trying to find different paths. They are those who are seeking a closer acquaintance with natural laws as they are, and who are seeking better ways of relating ourselves to those laws. can only improve upon their use.
There is a great field for scientific and inventive progress of an intensive nature. As we move forward in the effort to gain a little firmer hold upon natural processes we find ourselves able to throw away today equipment which was very necessary yesterday. First, we could carry communication farther and better with metal media between the communicating points. Now we do it equally well without the artificial media.
A few years ago a scientist announced that he could accumulate, concentrate, and unloose a vibratory force sufficient to wreck the planet on which we live. Should anyone want to do such a thing, and should the rest of the world be willing, there is little doubt that such a thing would be possible. There is probably no limit to the harm that could be done by harnessing up the ever-present vibrations to an evil end. Neither is there
any limit to the good they can be made to do when intelligently turned to worthy purposes.
Probably the statement of the scientist mentioned above was, after all, only a part of the truth. Someone has said that one cannot move his finger without displacing the elements of the universe all the way to the farthest star. Vibration is not only here but everywhere. It carries light to us from so far that years are required for the journey. It is not inconceivable that it might be made to do the same with sound.
Certainly it could be made to do the same with ideas if two conditions could be fulfilled. First, there would have to be living and intelligent beings elsewhere in the universe. Second, there would have to be a common code or basis of interpretation between ourselves and them. About the first we do not know. As to the second, no one yet sees how to accomplish such a thing. Archimedes could have moved the world with a lever if he had only had a place to stand, but of course he did not have it, so the possibility was spoiled. The principle of the lever, however, held just as good as though the impossible condition could have been fulfilled. Likewise, the law of vibrations would permit of a system of wireless out into the reaches of space. The difficulty is not with the law.
Nature probably holds some provision for our every want. We need only to establish the means by which she can deliver her gifts to us. The universe thrills with life and action. Out of its heart-throbs we shall be able to gather many a blessing.
Clarence E. Flynn—Indiana.
Queries Answered
Answers will be given in this department to questions of subjects covering the full range of wireless subjects, but only those relating to the technical phases of the art and which are of general interest to readers will be published here. The descriptive matter and address must be given in all letters and only one side of the paper written on; where diagrams are necessary they must be drawn complete and clear with black ink. Not more than five questions of one reader can be answered in the same issue. To receive attention these rules must be rigidly observed.
Positively no Questions Answered by Mail.
E. B. N., Dallas, Texas:
The use of closed coil or frame aerials is perfectly feasible in amateur radio reception, if an efficient amplifier is provided to bring the signals up to audibility. Frames 4 to 5 feet square can be employed for transatlantic reception with multi-stage amplifiers. The natural wave length of the closed circuit loop should be somewhat near to the wave length to be received. For amateur reception a coil 10 to 20 feet square with thirty turns of wire spaced \( \frac{1}{8} \) inch will give very good results, but the plane of the coil must point in the direction of the transmitting station. Twenty or thirty turns of wire, spaced \( \frac{1}{8} \) inch, wound around the same frame will give good results on the longer wave lengths. For amateur reception the coils are preferably mounted on the roof of the building and constructed so that it may be rotated through an arc of 180 degrees by some me$15,000.00
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In reply to the third query: When a wireless transmitter radiates waves of high decrement it radiates a wave of such characteristics that it will set into excitation receiving sets which are not sharply tuned to the radiated wave.
The Weagant static eliminator is feasible for amateur working but requires rather large aerials. Each loop should be about 350 feet long and the plane of the antennae should preferably point in the direction of the transmitting station.
* * *
J. W., New York City:
You are quite right in assuming that an undamped wave receiving set which employs the heterodyne principle radiates electronically transmitted. If one of your friends possesses a similar set there is no reason why you cannot establish wireless telephone communication over one-quarter mile, as you suggest. In fact, the writer, with an 8,000 meter set adjusted for undamped reception has communicated telephonically with another amateur station adjusted to the same wave length at a distance of $1\frac{1}{2}$ miles. You would obtain far better results with the circuit you have shown by connecting the microphone in some part of the grid circuit. Of course you cannot expect to obtain maximum efficiency in undamped wave transmission with a receiving set because of the resistance of the tuning coils.
In the matter of wireless telephony, your attention is directed to the last chapter of the newly revised edition of "Vacuum Tubes in Wireless Communication." Complete details of oscillating tube wireless telephone transmitters that will prove highly satisfactory for amateur communication are given. Also note the article by M. W. Stevens in this issue of The Wireless Age.
It is practical to connect several oscillating bulbs in parallel. Good results will be obtained with bulbs of identical operating characteristics.
The presence of a ground antenna within 40 feet of your receiving antenna will affect the latter's resonating qualities and change its wave length. Whether or not it will weaken the signal in the receiving antenna is a matter governed by many variable factors and the facts can best be determined by experiment.
The matter of amplification in vacuum tube circuits is an elusive measurement from the amateur's standpoint. Just how much a set will amplify depends upon a number of conditions which have to be taken into consideration. One thing you will observe in a cascade amplifier is, that its amplifying qualities are most discernible in the reception of weak signals. Strong signals will not be much louder than with a single bulb.
* * *
H. H., Atlantic City, N. J.:
In view of the local conditions surrounding your station, it is believed that an antenna built in accordance with the sketch you have sent in is the best possible design. It is often very difficult to remove the induction from arc light circuits and trolley wires. One method of getting rid of this interference is to erect a single wire aerial 30 or 40 feet high in close inductive relation to the power wires and couple this circuit inductively to the secondary circuit of the receiving transformer. By this means, the interfering currents in the receiving antenna may sometimes be brought into nearly opposite phase with those induced in the special antenna, resulting in almost complete annulment. The diagram you show for a receiving set is correct. Special advice on this matter is not necessary. The Wireless Age has published many diagrams applicable to amateur work.
A New Bulletin of EXPERIMENTAL RADIO APPARATUS
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Free advice to amateurs regarding construction of apparatus on receipt of 3 cents postage addressed to our Construction and Equipment Department.
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We supply materials and apparatus for experimenters and amateurs. See us for Batteries, Switches, Binding Posts, Condensers, Magnet Wire, Head Telephones, Buzzers, Keys, etc. Prices right. Quick service.
American Electro Technical Appliance Co.
235 Fulton Street New York
New Undamped Wave Coupler No. 749
Special Introductory Price, $18.00
Our new Coupler No. 749 is 32" long, 9" wide, and 16" high, overall, and on an average-sized Antenna tunes to 15,000 meters. The use of the "Circuit" with the new CHAMBERS' SYSTEM or CIRCUIT will bring in signals from domestic and foreign Radio Stations surprisingly loud and clear. Not the difference in size of our No. 748 and No. 749 is important. We claim to be the original inventors of the SYSTEM or CIRCUIT for the reception of the undamped wave without the use of Loading Coils or Oscillation Coils. They are sometimes called, as with our SYSTEM or CIRCUIT only two Inductively Coupled Coils are necessary. Circuit supplied with each coupler. Price $24.00. Send for descriptive matter.
F. B. CHAMBERS & CO. 2046 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
"NACL" BUZZER SET
Practice now, so you can get your license and start sending as soon as the restrictions are removed. The knob is the right height to give the correct wrist movement when practicing.
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A Big $1.50 Wireless Book for 50 Cents
Eight hundred pages fully illustrated with charts, diagrams, illustrations. Chapters on Useful Formulas, Equations, Technical Terms, Useful Data and Code Signals are valuable for reference purposes. The large wireless map is excellent for student and operator.
The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony 1915, originally published to sell for $1.50 a volume, will be sent postpaid as long as they last for 50 cents a copy.
WIRELESS PRESS, Inc., 233 B'dway, New York
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FOR THE PRACTICAL MAN by GEORGE HOWE, M. E.
A Common Sense Treatment Explaining quickly and simply all the elements of Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry, Coordinate Geometry and Calculus.
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This book assumes no mathematical knowledge beyond arithmetic on your part. With this knowledge of plain arithmetic as a basis, the author "begins at the beginning," and takes you step by step in a simple and easily understood way, to a full knowledge of the principles and operations of plane geometry, trigonometry, algebra, etc. 206 problems for practice and solution, and then you can verify your results with the answers printed in the back of the book. The book is worth more than $1.25, if it is not worth that to have your problems answered.
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Day Telephone, Barclay 7610—Night Telephone, Barclay 7612
Where do you stand in the present-day expansion of Wireless Telegraphy?
The American Merchant Marine and Enlarged Navy will require thousands of wireless telegraph and telephone operators.
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By J. ANDREW WHITE
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Recording engineer producer
INCLUDING: CONCERT SOUND REINFORCEMENT
AUGUST 1975
VOLUME 6 / NUMBER 4
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TROUBLESHOOTING AN AUDIO SYSTEM WITHOUT TEST EQUIPMENT
by Edward Jones . . . page 15
GETTING MORE ON FOUR
by Jay Petach . . . page 21
A SIMPLE PANNING NETWORK
by Wayne Yentis . . . page 22
production analysis:
the DOORS 'STRANGE DAYS'
interview with
producer/Paul Rothchild
engineer/Bruce Botnick
guitarist-composer/Robby Krieger
by Paul Laurence . . . page 27
PHASING & FLANGING
by Richard Factor . . . page 41
RELAPPING YOUR OWN MAGNETIC RECORDER HEADS
by Ronald Kinzie . . . page 47
Letters & Late News . . . page 8
New Products . . . . page 51
Classified . . . . page 59
THIS ISSUE SPONSORED BY THE FOLLOWING ADVERTISERS
| Company | Page |
|------------------|------|
| A&R | 60 |
| AKG | 50 |
| ALLISON | 25 |
| AMBER | 18 |
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| AUDITRONICS | 6 |
| BGW | 8 |
| COMCO | 56 |
| COUNTRYMAN | 39 |
| CROWN | 40 |
| DBX | 12 |
| E-V | 14 |
| EVERUTHING AUDIO | CVR 2|
| FRAP | 58 |
| JBL | 23 |
| KELSEY | 51 |
| MCI | 10-11|
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Letters & Late News
FROM: Philip V. Blakely
United Audio Recording
San Antonio, Texas
"5 A.M. REFLECTIONS"
Thinking back over the years now, I wonder if it wasn't a better time. There was an excitement then. Well, excitement is not quite the word. It was more like a great purpose. I saw myself as a great crusader of sorts, a man with a mission. To capture on a thin slice of tape, a quarter inch of plastic and powdered iron, the talent of man. Perhaps a bit melodramatic, but that was and I guess still is the way I feel.
To launch this great adventure we (a good friend and I, we both worked at the same radio station) rented a small house in a not so exclusive part of town, and began to modify it. It had three bedrooms, two of which were used as living quarters and the third was converted into an echo chamber. Well, converted is not quite accurate. Actually the house had hard wood floors and no furniture so the addition of a speaker, a pillow, and a microphone was all that was needed. Now you may be asking yourself, what's the pillow for. Well, it's hard to freely give out such valued information, but the pillow was the room equalizer. Strategically placed in front of the mid-frequency horn it would give the correct balance to the room. The kitchen was master control. Master control smelled funny. My partner seemed to have an endless supply of pinto beans simmering on the stove. (I didn't complain though, I like pinto beans.) We constructed a small wall between the kitchen and livingroom with a double glass window, so as to look as professional as possible, and a small opening in the corner for wires. The livingroom was studio A. Searching around town we managed to find a shipment of water damaged carpet which we layed, double thick, on the floor to soak up a bit of sound.
The equipment in our pinto bean control room was actually quite impressive compared to its surroundings. We had one each Ampex 440 four track, the pride of the company, an eight channel mixer with low and high frequency shelving, a couple of Shure mixers and a rather wide variety of inexpensive mikes. Inexpensive by most people's standards that is. Monitoring was done through a single Seaburg discotheque type speaker.
Well, you know what they say about women and equipment, it ain't what you got, it's how you use it. That was my philosophy, and has over the years proved to be a good one. The four track was tuned to a razors edge before each session. Every interconnect was made with care as to phase and grounding, and the equipment was electronically perfect.
Everything was set so we got down to the business at hand and began to make music, and it was good. Good enough in fact to make me seriously wonder, why I am where I am. You see, at the moment I'm sitting behind a monstrous mass of digitized, computerized electronic hardware we like to call your normal everyday recording studio, and I'm wondering, why all this junk.
It seems for good reason. You see I've been playing a little game tonight. It's called, can you tell them apart, and here's how you play. You play tape "A" from long ago into your left ear and tape "B" from last night in your right ear and see what your left ear tells your right ear. In this case my left ear said, "what the hell did you buy all this equipment for?" I had to admit, tape "B" was not much better, if it was better at all. If this is the case, then there must be some other reason, and there is.
It all goes back to a decision that was made in the old house. The decision was to become recording magnets (sic. magnates), if you will excuse the pun, instead of happy go lucky rent house recorders, or falling short of that to at least become self-employed in the business, so we started to think about what we considered to be the ground rules that made up the magic formula of success. The first to go was the house because the first rule said you must have a regular business location if you want to be a regular business. The second rule came after we installed our equipment in the new shiney control room. You see, in the little kitchen it was impressive, but in the new location it looked like tinkertoysville. Rule two was formulated at that point to say, the client's confidence is primary, and to acquire this confidence you must have an impressive control room consisting of thousands of lights, meters, cable wire, patch cords poked into holes all over the room, huge speakers with enough power to blast everyone through the front door, and anything else that will astonish, amaze, and totally confuse (that's important) anyone who walks in the door.
After struggling along for a while another rule was inspired by such comments as "say man, da last time I was inda big apple cuttin tracks they were usin this big wide tape, musta been two foot wide, a thousan or so tracks," and "Hea, where's the noise reducer segregated triple track pump guard, everyones using one." The rule was to be competitive, and in order to be competitive you must be able to compress, expand, limit, equalize, phase, filter, echo, analyze, pasturize or homogenize any one portion of any one piece of audio in the place.
If you want to lay down a 113 dB signal* flat from 28 to 18,000 Hz, radiating through an angle of 120° the SENTRY™ III is it.
*4' on axis with just 50 watts, with optional SEQ Active Equalizer. Response without equalizer, 40-18,000 Hz.
On the other hand, if you need 4 dB more level on axis, and are willing to give up just 22 Hz of bass, consider the SENTRY™ IVA.
Both monitor systems share the same mid-range and high frequency speaker components. Both have tweeter protector circuits built in to save the systems from inadvertent damage. The Sentry IVA uses a dual-speaker, horn-loaded bass end for efficiency. The Sentry III uses a single speaker in a vented enclosure for extended range.
Sentry III. Sentry IVA. The two best ways to recreate the actual sound pressure sensations and response range of live music...in the studio or in demanding sound reinforcement installations. From the innovators at E-V.
Electro-Voice®
ELECTRO-VOICE, INC., Dept. 751RP, 674 Cecil Street, Buchanan, Michigan 49107
Circle No. 108
Being competitive didn't stop there though, the hand full of trusty little mikes gave way to an arsenal of Neumans, all strategically placed so that any one not watching where they were going in the studio would catch one between the eyes, every two feet. The reliable little mixer was replaced by an ocean of knobs, buttons, switches, and lights that could be programmed to spell out Merry Christmas at midnight December 24, and of course the pride of the pinto bean kitchen, the finely tuned little four track was pushed aside to make room for a genuine imitation mahogany covered monster called tracks tracks and more tracks. None of which are finely tuned and very seldom roughly tuned because there is just not enough time.
So here I am. Sitting here at this ridiculous hour of the morning listening to tape "A" from the rent house and tape "B" from last night and not being able to tell any great difference. But you know what, come to think of it there was a big difference. Tape "A" sold as a fine jingle and we opened a savings account. On the other hand, if we sell tape "B," another fine jingle, we may be able to catch up with last month's bills.
Oh well, I'm not really sitting here feeling sorry for myself for doing the wrong thing. As a matter of fact if I had it to do over again, I would probably end up sitting here surrounded by the very same equipment. Why, because that is the structure of things. That is to say, we are a long time past the days of Edison, and the recording industry has come to expect certain things from its so called successful people. You grow that way or you don't grow at all. Maybe someday the recording industry will turn around and take a realistic look at itself and realize you don't need a circus of equipment to make a good recording. Maybe some day they will realize that all you need is a small kitchen, or basement or whatever with a few pieces of good equipment, and some real talent on both sides of the double pane glass to put down good stuff. Maybe someday...
The complete line of Infonics quality tape and cassette duplicating equipment... reel-to-reel, reel-to-cassette, and cassette-to-cassette... will continue to be manufactured and distributed.
The Infonics System 200 offers quality cassette/tape duplicating. Reel and cassette masters and cassette slaves in many configurations... for large volume production.
D-8 and RR-Series duplicators produce multiple 8-track cartridge and reel-to-reel dupes for recording studios and professional duplicating firms.
The Model 102 Cassette Copier... for the office, school or library. Produces two superb C-30 cassette duplicates in one minute.
INFONICS, INC., P.O. BOX 1111, 238 HIGHWAY 212, MICHIGAN CITY, IN 46360.
MAJOR PROMOTIONS AT JBL
Sidney Harman, President of Harman International (parent company for JBL, Harman/Kardon and Tannoy) announced four major promotions among top management at JBL.
Arnold Wolf, President of JBL since 1970 has been promoted to Chairman of the Board of JBL. During his presidency, Mr. Wolf had primary responsibility for the visual design of JBL products, a role which is now expanded to include that responsibility throughout Harman International. Wolf's first association with JBL dates back to 1957. Then, as head of his own design firm, Arnold Wolf Associates, JBL commissioned him to create the visual design for the nine-foot wide Paragon loudspeaker, one of the several award-winning products he has designed for the company.
Sterling Sander, formerly an Executive Vice President at JBL replaces Arnold Wolf as President and Chief Executive Officer. His new role is an encompassing one; he is responsible for all operations at all levels of JBL Corporation president, Sidney Harman stated that Sander's promotion reflected the "superb job" he has done for the last five years as E.V.P.
I.R. Stern has been appointed a Vice President of Harman International, continuing his position as a Vice President at JBL, but expanding his role to include the U.S. marketing policies for the three high
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**SPECIFICATIONS FOR JH-120 AND JH-140**
**Frequency Response:** Specifications referred to a 1 KHz zero reference recorded on Scotch type 206 or equivalent high-output low-noise tape.
| Reproduce | 30 in./Sec AES | ± 2 db | 50 Hz to 20 KHz |
|-----------|----------------|--------|-----------------|
| | 15 in./Sec NAB | ± 1.5 db | 30 Hz to 20 KHz |
| | 7.5 in./Sec NAB | ± 1.5 db | 25 Hz to 15 KHz |
| | 3.75 in./Sec NAB | ± 1.5 db | 25 Hz to 7 KHz |
| Record | 30 in./Sec AES | ± 2.5 db | 50 Hz to 20 KHz |
|-----------|----------------|----------|-----------------|
| | 15 in./Sec NAB | ± 2 db | 30 Hz to 20 KHz |
| | 7.5 in./Sec NAB | ± 2 db | 25 Hz to 15 KHz |
| | 3.75 in./Sec NAB | ± 2 db | 25 Hz to 7 KHz |
**Signal to Noise:** Unweighted signal to noise (30 Hz to 18 KHz RC filter) Reference to 250 nWb/m.
| Reproduce | Speed | Full Track | 2 Track |
|-----------|-------|------------|---------|
| | 30 in./Sec AES | 67 db | 66 db |
| | 15 in./Sec NAB | 66 db | 64 db |
| | 7.5 in./Sec NAB | 65 db | 63 db |
**Record:** Less than 4 db added to bulk erased tape using Scotch type 206.
**Flutter and Wow:** Weighted peak flutter of recording and reproducing system using EMT 424 flutter meter.
| 30 in./Sec | ≤ 0.2% Dim | 7.5 in./Sec | < 0.7% Dim |
|------------|------------|-------------|------------|
| 15 in./Sec | ≤ 0.4% Dim | 3.75 in./Sec | < 1.2% Dim |
**Depth of Erase:** Measured with H.P. 3581A wave analyzer set for 10 Hz bandwidth Greater than 80 db below 250 nWb/in @ 500 Hz.
**Distortion Off Of Tape:** Measured with Crown IMA distortion analyzer using 3M type 206 tape at 15 I.P.S. Less than 1.5% at 500 nWb/m.
**Electronics Distortion:** Less than 1% THD at 1 KHz using H.P. distortion analyzer @ +23 dbm. Less than 2% IM (4:1) using Crown IMA @ +20 dbm.
**Input**
- **Line:** Level -15 to +24 dbm for 0 VU. Impedance 10K balanced.
- **Mike Preamp Option:** Level -60 to -20 dbm for 0 VU. Impedance 200 Ohms.
**Output:** Level +4 dbm at 0 VU. Source impedance 50 Ohm balanced. Maximum output +24 dbm at clipping.
**Record Headroom:** Greater than 20 db at 1 KHz, 15 I.P.S.
**Equalization:** 3 Speed NAB / CCIR (IEC) for 3%, 7%, and 15 I.P.S. AES for 30 I.P.S.
**Tape Width and Channels**
- **JH-120**: ¼" Full Track
- **JH-140**: ½" 4 Track
- **JH-120**: ¼" 2 Track
- **JH-140**: ½" 4 Track Optional. Also, 4th Head Option Available
**Reel Size:** 3" to 11¾" EIA or NAB, plastic or metal.
**Tape Tension:** 3½ oz, supply and take up servo controlled. Constant all speeds and reel sizes.
**Edit Capability:** Paper basket (tape dump) mode using EDIT button. Hand spool mode--(low brake force) automatically in STOP.
**Start Time:** 5 Seconds or less, @ 15 I.P.S.
**Wind Time:** 240' of tape less than 90 sec.
**Capstan Drive:** Phase locked D.C. speed variable 5 to 45 I.P.S. or 2 to 22 I.P.S. dependent on machine fixed speed selection, crystal controlled.
**Power Requirement:** 100V-220V selectable, 50-60 Hz. Current requirement for 120V operation, 4 amps.
| Height | Depth | Width |
|--------|-------|-------|
| 35" | 26" | 25¼" |
| | | 190 Pounds |
The engineers of MCI conceived this baby two and a half years ago: a quarter-inch and a half-inch recorder to be created from the newest technology.
Whichever baby we deliver—the JH-120 (¼") or the JH-140 (½")—you're assured that it's a new design, not a remodeled version of a bigger recorder, not a patchwork of new technology fused with older, outdated technology.
MCI's new baby on the block invites you to compare its features. You'll agree it's a 190-pound bundle of joy.
MCI DEALERS:
Hollywood, Calif.—Audio Industries Corp.
Stamford, Conn.—Audio Techniques
Richardson, Tex.—Frontier Audio
South Pekin, Ill.—Milan Audio
San Diego, Calif.—Pacific Recorder & Engineering
Nashville, Tenn.—Studio Supply
MCI
4007 NE 6th Avenue / FT. LAUDERDALE, FLA. 33308 / (305) 566-2853
the little mother
dbx new 160 compressor/limiter
She's got a compression ratio you can set anywhere from 1:1 to infinity. And she's got a very low distortion figure even at high compression ratios. You can set her threshold from -38 to +12 dBm, and her two red LEDs let you know whether she's above or below threshold. Her meter range is from -40 to +20 dB, and you can set her meter zero at any line level between -10 and +10 dBm. Her illuminated meter is switchable to read input, output, or gain change.
She uses true RMS level detection, which you know is more reliable and accurate than other methods. Her dynamic range is enormous and her noise contribution practically negligible. Her output is automatically ground loop compensated and she is protected against turn-on and turn-off transients. She is beautifully packaged and small enough that you can take her with you wherever you go. Or you can bolt her into the rack where she'll give you a lifetime of faithful service.
You're going to love this little mother, especially when you learn her price. She costs only $300.00, which is a lot less than you pay for those other mothers. She's available now at your dbx professional equipment dealer's. For complete spec information including the little mother's measurements, circle reader service card or contact:
See the little mother at AES exhibit 15 or Hilton room 482.
dbx, Incorporated
296 Newton Street
Waltham, Mass. 02154
617/899-8090
Circle No. 106
fidelity companies in the corporation; JBL, Harman/Kardon, and Tannoy. Stern, a veteran of many years in the audio industry, has successfully headed JBL's Marketing division since his arrival in 1970.
Rod Bell, recently appointed as Vice President of JBL's Consumer Division has now been appointed to Vice President, Marketing. In his new position, he will be responsible for the marketing effort for each of JBL's three major divisions: Professional, Consumer and Export. Since his arrival at JBL in September of 1971, Bell was first a Regional Sales Manager, then a year later promoted to National Sales Manager.
'MORT' FUJII NEW 'G.M.' OF CETEC AUDIO
Cetec Corporation has announced the appointment of Mr. Wesley M. (Mort) Fujii as Vice-President and General Manager of its Cetec Audio Division. Mr. Fujii comes to Cetec from Electro Sound Inc., where he was Vice-President and General Manager. Other positions have included Vice-President of Bell Sound Studios and Manager for Ampex Corporation.
In his role as General Manager for Cetec Audio, Mr. Fujii will be responsible for the development of new product areas complementary to the Company's line of Gauss tape and cassette duplicators, Gauss professional loudspeakers and Cetec studio, broadcast and live media consoles.
Mr. Fujii is a graduate of Illinois Institute of Technology and a Fellow in the Audio Engineering Society, and has been active in the professional audio and magnetic recording industry for 20 years.
AUDIO DESIGNS – AMPLEX SIGN INTERNATIONAL MARKETING PACT
Ampex Corporation today announced it has reached agreement with Audio Designs and Manufacturing, Inc. to distribute ADM stock and custom audio consoles and components to the international recording and broadcast industry.
The two-year marketing agreement gives Ampex exclusive distribution rights to international markets excluding Brazil. Detroit-based ADM will continue to market its products in the U.S.
C.V. Andersen, Ampex vice president—general manager of Ampex International, said the agreement was effective May 1, 1975.
Under the agreement, Ampex now distributes the complete line of ADM consoles including the BC, TV and NRC series. All ADM products have a five-year warranty and offer such features as AUDEX switching and VUE scan metering.
According to Robert Bloom, ADM president, "The agreement gives ADM the advantage of Ampex's worldwide marketing organization and will enhance our overall performance in domestic sales and promotion as well."
Founded in 1966, ADM manufactures audio components and custom consoles for radio and television broadcasters and recording production specialists. ADM consoles range in price from $10,000 to $125,000.
NORTRONICS RELEASES NEW AUDIO HEAD DESIGN DIGEST
The new 96 page book features an extensive technical section written by Nortronics engineers to answer frequently asked questions about magnetic head design, head applications, and circuit considerations for typical audio applications. It is aimed at helping engineers understand not only what results will occur under certain conditions, but also why they will occur.
The book also contains a bibliography of magnetic recording, covering both theory and practical applications.
The catalog section of the Design Digest covers the full range of standard audio heads from 24 channel, two inch studio heads through cassette heads for 0.150 inch tape. Also included are many special purpose heads such as those used with film stripe, drum recording, dictating belts, and for magnetic media other than tape. Another section of the book features accessories.
These features of the new Audio Design Digest contribute to its overall purpose of helping the engineer specify the best possible head to fit his precise needs. The type and depth of information in this book make it a ready reference for audio engineers.
To obtain your personal copy of Nortronics' Audio Magnetic Head Design Digest, write NORTRONICS OEM SALES DEPARTMENT, NORTRONICS COMPANY, INC., 8101 TENTH AVENUE N., MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55427.
(When writing for these publications please mention that notice of their availability was seen in R-e/p.)
TEKTRONIX COOKBOOK OF STANDARD AUDIO TESTS AVAILABLE
The "Tektronix Cookbook of Standard Audio Tests" describes the use of a modern low frequency spectrum analyzer and a few associated instruments to make the important response and distortion measurements on an audio amplifier.
Ask for this 20-page book on your company letterhead. The "Audio Cookbook" illustrates 5L4N Spectrum Analyzer tests for power output, frequency response, harmonic distortion, intermodulation distortion, distortion vs output, power bandwidth, damping factor, signal-to-noise ratio, square-wave response, crosstalk, sensitivity, and transient intermodulation distortion.
TEKTRONIX, INC., P.O. BOX 500A, BEAVERTON, OR 97077.
The Sensual Equalizer.
Whether on record or in live performance, today's most commercially successful music is more visceral, immediate, and sensual than ever before. This impact has been achieved through advances in the musicians art, and through a quantum jump in the control available in audio processing.
The Orban/Parasound Parametric Equalizer, Model 621, has received outstanding acceptance since its introduction because it combines economy ($340/channel) with extraordinary control. Each of its four non-interacting bands permits continuous, stepless adjustment of bandwidth, equalization, and center frequency. Each band can be tuned over a 20:1 frequency range with no change in curve shape (unlike some competitors), and peak gain remains constant as the bandwidth is varied. The unique "constant Q" equalization characteristic is more musical than the usual reciprocal curves, and lets the equalizer create infinite-depth dips to remove hum, whistles and ring modes—making it ideal for cinema and sound reinforcement as well as recording studio and broadcast applications. Other outstandingly useful features include a front-panel gain control and a peak-stretching overload lamp which indicates clipping anywhere in the equalizer circuitry.
While our spec sheet (available from the address below) gives the details in cold black-and-white, it cannot describe the sensual interaction between man and machine which occurs when the frustrating limitations of conventional equalizers are finally overcome, and the user is given the power to create sound that feels really right. Our ability to deliver this power at an affordable price is the true reason for the O/P Parametric's success. But don't take our word for it—discover the Sensual Equalizer for yourself, soon.
For further information, contact
Orban/Parasound
680 Beach St.
San Francisco Ca. 94109
Or contact your local Orban/Parasound distributor
The audience can't see you, but they hear you. They depend on you to get that music to them. Undistorted. Balanced. Correct.
That's an art.
Presenting the Yamaha PM-1000 16 x 4 mixing console:
A technological wonder.
Chock full of professional controls and features: The exclusive 4 x 4 matrix with level controls gives greater control of the sound than by driving speaker amps directly from the bus output.
It's standard equipment.
Like transformer isolated inputs and outputs. Dual echo send busses. And an input level attenuator that takes +4 dB line level to -60 dB mike level in 11 steps. Plus five-frequency equalization.
The PM-1000 keeps you flexible so that an unexpected glitch won't hang you up.
It helps you maintain because you know your mixer won't let you down in the middle of somewhere.
We make the PM-1000 for the studio, for the road, and for the stage. We make it right.
Because we think that some of that applause belongs to you.
YAMAHA
Box 6600, Buena Park, CA 90620
THINK OF IT AS YOUR MUSICAL INSTRUMENT.
A few years ago, the author was trying to justify to a personnel department a wage increase for the sound department's operating technicians. In order for the wage increase to be approved, it would have to be shown that the operating technicians required special technical skills and training. The personnel man, who was not technically oriented himself, had just approved a raise for the bench service technicians because "they knew how to operate oscilloscopes, oscillators, and distortion analysers!" When he asked if the operating technicians worked with complicated equipment such as this he was told that the operator often had to troubleshoot and repair a system with no more test equipment available than a screwdriver and a wet finger. The bench technician will occasionally be under the gun because his boss is watching, but the operator often must diagnose and fix his system with an audience of thousands watching, wondering why the sound system went dead. A few in the audience and most of the top management present already know... "That idiot in the sound booth fell asleep at the switches."
Now, before the technicians in our maintenance department get the wrong idea from reading this and fill my earphones with honey, let me state that the purpose of this article is not to say that the operating technician is smarter than the maintenance technician. Each requires a particular skill. This article will describe some of the methods used in troubleshooting a sound system with a minimum of test equipment. These will include both those techniques used during a program and beforehand during set up.
Because of budget and lack of space the sound technician on the road rarely has the kind of test equipment found in a service shop, but he does have many resources available that can be used in troubleshooting the system. The most valuable item in troubleshooting is a block diagram of the complete system. Using this, along with logic and intuition, the soundman can often locate the problem by just observing the symptoms and never open a lid on an amplifier. The basic procedure of troubleshooting anything, be it an amplifier or a radio transmitter, is to start at the input of the device and follow the signal through until it stops. Where the signal stops is where the problem is. This may seem awfully basic, but some soundmen forget this when under the pressure of a program and they have been known to plow through the problem without analyzing the symptoms. One new inexperienced sound technician couldn't get any sound to come out the speaker cluster although he was able to monitor the microphone through earphones connected at the console output. Panicked because the program was to begin he frantically ran to the stage and replaced all the microphones.
Unless the system is extremely simple, you should draw out a block diagram of the complete system. Labeling on the drawing all the mike jacks, lines of the umbilical cords or snakes with the numbers found on them is especially valuable when tracking down problems.
Refer to Figure 1; a block diagram of a hypothetical sound system. If the main system loses all of the high end without even checking further, simple logic should tell you that there is a problem with either the crossover or the buss feeding the high frequency amplifiers. It is possible that all of the high frequency amps have blown all at once but not very likely... If the whole main cluster goes dead, some checking will be necessary to pin down the exact problem, but if you see that the meter is moving on channel A, logic will tell you to look after the console for the problem. If you had problems with the limiter the night before, intuition would cause you to suspect it over any other item, so it would be best to patch around it even before you begin to monitor the rest of the signal path using standard troubleshooting procedures.
Swapping parts is a good method of troubleshooting as long as you keep track of what you are doing. Here a block diagram is invaluable. If all the mikes work except the piano mike, the problem could be in a number of places—the mike itself, its cord, snake line 5, snake line 17 or input module No. 5. If the bass mike works when line 18 is plugged into input 5 (assuming that the snake has separate connectors for each line rather than a multi-pin connector), you will have eliminated the input module as the culprit. You then would go back and plug line 5 into line 18 to see if perhaps 18 is bad. If it doesn’t work this way, you go further back and swap the mikes at lines 5 and 6. Now the piano mike works, but the bass doesn’t so you know that line 18 is bad... or is it 17? Did we restore 6 to 18 and 5 to 17? The stage lights have all gone off now so that the light crew can set lights so maybe we had better just ask the piano player and the bass player to play loud. The point is, swapping lines or equipment to locate a problem is a legitimate way of troubleshooting, but it is easy to get confused if you are not methodical in your swapping. Each time you make a swap, draw a conclusion from the results and then decide what the next swap is going to be. Before you make the swap, determine what the possible results will be and what conclusion will be drawn from each result.
The proper way to go after plugging line 18 into input 5 is to look at the diagram and conclude that the problem is in either line 17, line 5, the mike cord, or the piano mike. Restore the connections at the console and go back to where 5 plugs into 17, and plug 6 into 17. If the bass mike works through input 5 in this configuration you will know that line 17 is OK, and you will need to check further. If it doesn’t, then you know 17 is bad. And so on.
When checking a chain of components like this, some soundmen start at the left and work to the right and others start at the other end and work back. Actually, you will save time if you start in the middle. In the chain of amplifiers in figure 2, checking point 5, then 4, then 3, and so on back to 1 will take six tries to find the bad amp, assuming the worst case where the last amp checked is the bad one. If you start at 3 and depending on what you find, you work either to left or to the right, it will only take a maximum of three tries.
When troubleshooting on the bench, the service man may use an oscillator as a signal source and track the signal down with an oscilloscope, VTVM, or perhaps an amplifier and speaker. The
Powerful alternative.
When you compare power amplifiers, you have to look at the hard facts. The SAE 2500 Professional Dual-Channel Power Amplifier has them—top power, specifications, reliability and features that make it the most "powerful alternative."
Power. 450 Watts RMS per channel, both channels driven into 4 Ohms from 20Hz to 20kHz at no more than 0.1% total harmonic distortion. Or, 300 Watts RMS per channel, both channels driven into 8 Ohms from 20Hz to 20kHz at no more than 0.05% total harmonic distortion.* Plus, a new, smaller wide-channel power transformer coupled to 4 computer-grade capacitors for a power supply that varies no more than 10% from no load to full load. (For extra protection, there are relay and thermal cut-out devices.)
Other Specifications:
IM Distortion from 250mW to rated power at 4 or 8 Ohms with any 2 mixed frequencies between 20Hz and 20kHz at 4/1 voltage ratio ........... 0.05 Max
Frequency Response at rated power ........................................... 10.25dB, 20Hz to 20kHz
Noise ......................................................................................... Greater than -130dB below rated power
Transient Response of any Square Wave .................................. 2.5 msec rise and fall time
Slew Rate .................................................................................... .40V/sec
Dimensions .............................................................................. Front panel: 19" W x 2" H. Chassis: 13½" D
*These specifications comply with FTC requirements for power amplifiers.
Reliability. The SAE 2500 gives you high current capability with Parallel-Series-Output Circuitry (PSO)—without loss of wide power bandwidth, low leakage current or super-high slew rate. Sixteen triple-diffused output transistors have an electrical and thermal SOA 50% higher than maximum design requirements for reliable high demand capability. This configuration can handle anything from continuous full signals to highly reactive surge loads—all day long without failure or overheating. Dual relay disconnect circuits and plug-in board design further assure reliable performance.
Features. Feedback level controls assure a constant input impedance of 50k Ohms and reduce the noise figure to more than 100dB below rated output in all positions. Loudspeaker protection relay-activated circuit automatically disconnects speakers in case of ±DC outputs. Plus, direct power reading VU meters and forced air cooling.
The SAE 2500 Professional Power Amplifier weighs only 58 lbs., making it practical for portable sound reinforcement, public address, communications and recording applications.
The professional alternative.
Scientific Audio Electronics, Inc.
P.O. Box 60271
Terminal Annex
Los Angeles, California 90060
Please send me the reasons (including available literature) why the SAE 2500 Professional Dual-Channel Power Amplifier is the "Powerful Alternative."
Name _______________________________________________________
Address _____________________________________________________
City __________________________ State _______ Zip ______________
Circle No. 110
operating technician, even if he is on the road, has equipment just as effective. Some signal sources are a mike with someone talking into it, the little battery-operated oscillators commercially available (yes, I know that's cheating because we said at the first that we don't have any test gear available but they sure make things easier), a wet finger touching the hot pin (No. 2 or No. 3) on the mike connector, a tape deck, an input run wide open so it's noisy, or a mike carried in your back pocket just for troubleshooting. One of the problems with touching the hot pin is that in most professional systems, the input is the female so you will need some type of probe to get to it, such as a piece of solder, paper clip, or the filler in your ball point pen. An excellent signal generator is an FM radio which when tuned to a good station can be used as a program source for checking quality. If it is tuned off station and the squelch defeated, it can be used as a white noise source for checking speaker distribution. You should be careful not to drive the system too hard, as it is a rather brutal signal for the loudspeakers to reproduce, and can burn out drivers.
Regardless of the type of source used, be sure that it is a reliable signal. If you are looking for an intermittent, the signal source must be absolutely constant. If you are making a quality check on the system the source must be good and also familiar to the sound technician so that he knows how it should sound. Every soundman should have a tape or two that he has listened to over a high quality monitor to use in checking out a system.
Instead of an oscilloscope, there are other things you can use to trace the signal with. The VU meter on the console can tell a lot. If it is moving, it is an indication of a signal being present at the point. If it is modulated as if a signal is present, but does not return to the left stop when the signal stops, rather it rests on -10 for example, it probably means there is hum present. If it pegs without any signal being audible, then you had better shut down quick because that is a good indication of the system being in super-sonic oscillation. VU meters on the outputs of home stereo amplifiers are in most cases so much eyewash, but in a professional application they are a legitimate and valuable troubleshooting device. If the system has VU meters at the console, at the limiter, and on the power amp outputs, the operator may be able to tell at a glance where a malfunction has occurred.
Another valuable indicator that is often ignored as a test instrument is the simple pilot light. It may sound elementary, but checking the pilot lights when the system goes dead may save you a lot of signal tracing if the problem is due to power interruption. If the pilot light is a neon, it may also indicate under some conditions if the primary power line is overloaded or supplying abnormally low voltage indicated by flickering, especially when the flickering is modulated by the audio under high output levels. Depending on how well regulated the power supply is in the power amplifiers, low AC supply voltage can cause the amplifier to distort at a lower power level.
Unfortunately, some audio equipment is manufactured without a pilot light and most equipment uses a 110-volt lamp connected across the input to the DC power supply as in figure 3A. Some are wired as in figure 3B which doesn't even indicate a blown fuse. Figure 3C is better because it indicates that the power supply in the amplifier is operating. A bi-polar supply should have two lights. Ideally, all equipment would have pilot lights as shown in figure 3D, where D1 indicates that the ON-OFF switch is ON and that the amplifier is receiving AC voltage. D2 indicates that the DC power supply is operating and if you want to really go all out, adding a light (D3) in parallel with the fuse will show when the fuse is blown.
What was said about the reliability of the source should also be said about the signal tracer as well. Even though an amplifier will work with a burned-out pilot light, it should be a firm rule to replace all burned-out bulbs.
Using a set of earphones is an excellent
Why does RCA Records use the Amber Audio Spectrum Display?
RCA Records uses several Amber Audio Spectrum Displays in various applications in their Hollywood, Nashville and New York studios. Larry Schnapf, Manager of Recording for RCA Records, explains some of the applications:
"We use the 4550 in our Tape Mastering rooms both as a production tool and to spot potential problems. We often have to produce an equalized tape to match a domestic release to a foreign one. The spectrum display shows us where and how much to equalize and using the two memories we can very closely duplicate the previous characteristics."
"As a problem spotter the peak responding nature of the unit, with the memory, captures transients that a VU meter would normally miss. After considerable experience we have determined what frequencies will cause high end distortion, overcutting and stereo phase problems in discs and can recognize this potential problem and apply the subtle corrections necessary before mastering."
If you'd like to know more about the Audio Spectrum Display or evaluate one in your studio contact Amber for the name of a dealer near you.
way of audibly tracing a signal, but sometimes they are not available. A dynamic mike will work just fine as an earphone as long as you don't zap it with too high a signal. If it is connected directly to another mike and you listen closely you can monitor that mike's output.
A speaker can also serve to trace a signal, even in line level circuits; it just won't be very loud. If you are monitoring power amp outputs in a bi-amped system, it is better to use the woofer if you are not sure that each amp is being fed the proper signal from the crossover. The high frequency portion of the program, unless unusually high level, will not damage the woofer, but the low frequency portion of the program even at moderate levels may cause over-excursion of the voice coil, rupturing the diaphragm.
There are some other methods of troubleshooting a sound system that are rather crude but effective. Sometimes a healthy pounding on the faceplate will cause an intermittent to show up and many times a well directed kick will revive an amplifier that has died during an important program when it is impossible to replace it. If a connector is in the slightest way suspected, it is quicker to shake it and move the cord sharply and listen for the audio to cut in and out than use the signal tracing methods described above.
Another help to saving time in troubleshooting, especially during a program, is to be aware of the probability of failure for each unit in the system. While anything can malfunction in a system, the experienced sound technician knows that some items are more prone to failure and will check them first when the system goes down. Generally the following are the most vulnerable and are listed in order of unreliability:
1. Connectors
2. Cables, especially near the connectors where they are flexed the most.
3. Primary power source. (Plugs pulled out, circuit breakers tripped, a "constant" circuit that turns out to be a "dimmed" circuit on stage, etc.).
4. Loudspeakers (blown drivers, etc.)
5. Electronic equipment
6. Microphones
The order may be different for a particular system, but this is generally true.
CONCLUSION: In summary, the following rules for troubleshooting a sound system are presented:
1. Make a block diagram for the system and use it when troubleshooting.
2. Take advantage of intuition and previous experience with failures of the equipment.
3. Draw a conclusion each time something is checked instead of wildly changing connections.
4. Use a reliable signal source and a reliable signal tracer.
5. Check first the components that are the most prone to failure.
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Circle No. 112
QUALITY: SPECTRA SONICS audio control consoles show the care and attention to detail that are the mark of the skilled American craftsman. The internal wiring, module construction, console housing and the control display reflect the precision and distinctive craftsmanship that is characteristic of SPECTRA SONICS.
CAPABILITY: SPECTRA SONICS audio control consoles provide an immediate initial capability that may be increased to 24 inputs and 24 outputs, at minimum cost. The flexibility of the system will provide line/microphone selection, attenuation, equalization and, through assignment controls, various other combinations for the most sophisticated signal processing now required in today's studio.
RELIABILITY: SPECTRA SONICS audio control consoles have an established reputation of superior reliability. Through creative design, the circuitry is developed to function well below operating limits to enhance an extended life for the components. Through empirical data on SPECTRA SONICS audio amplifiers, a reliability rate of 99.9% has been derived. These amplifiers are used in SPECTRA SONICS audio control consoles and materially contribute to system reliability.
PERFORMANCE: SPECTRA SONICS audio control consoles are guaranteed to outperform any other console in the world in noise, frequency response, distortion, and peak overload. All consoles are provided with documented data acquired in tests of the complete system. Guaranteed performance specifications are: Frequency Response, ± ¼dB 20Hz-20kHz; Signal/Noise Ratio (microphone input), not less than 82.5dB below +4dBm, output for a —50 input (50 ohms source); Signal/Noise Ratio (line input), not less than 87dB below +4dBm output for a +4dBm input; Harmonic Distortion, less than .01% at +18dBm (1kHz); Intermodulation Distortion, less than .02% at +4dBm; Crosstalk, not less than 60dB at 20kHz (typically 80dB).
Call or write for details on SPECTRA SONICS Model 1024-24:
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Ogden, Utah 84404
(801) 392-7531
6430 Sunset Blvd., Suite 1117
Hollywood, California 90028
(213) 461-4321
SPECTRA SONICS
LEADER IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
It can be frustrating to the producing engineer when he reads about elaborately equipped studios with 16, 24 or even interlocked 16-track machines, and he knows that he has only four tracks to work with. The question is, then, how to use the four tracks available most efficiently...
Getting More On Four
by JAY PETACH, Audiocraft Recording, Cincinnati, Ohio and Fultz Recording Studio, Fairdale, Kentucky
Having worked in the profession for over three years (most of that time in a four-track studio), I recently learned of a technique that may be helpful. The technique requires only a 4-track and a second machine and is especially suited to short pieces of music where the desired final mix is mono. The basic idea is that the various sections, i.e. rhythm, horns, strings, etc., are recorded on separate pieces of tape and the mixed subgroups or submixes are resynced on one piece of 4-track tape.
Take the case of a typical 60-second commercial jingle with a four-piece rhythm section, horns, strings, and vocals. Today in this country a production of this type would normally be recorded on 16 tracks or more. The producer can therefore remain noncommittal about the final mix until it is actually done. In other words, no premixing needs to occur. The strings would be by themselves on the string tracks, the horns would be by themselves on the horn tracks, and generally there would be enough tracks to overdub or double the various sections for a bigger sound. (See Fig. 1). In the typical 4-track situation this is certainly not the case. If the producer feels that doubling is necessary it is generally at the expense of "ping-ponging" or premixing the various sections together. However, with this resync technique the various sections may be overdubbed, and in the final mix the mixer will have individual control over each section.
First the rhythm track is recorded. (See Fig. 2). Next, and before any submixing (the mono mixing of one particular section) occurs, approximately 20 to 40 seconds of speech is spliced onto the head end of the rhythm track just ahead of the count. This speech will enable the different submixes to be resynced later. It should be noted that unless the machines to be used are servo-controlled the hub diameters should not be changed on the working reels. In other words, no tape should be added or removed from either the supply or the take-up reels on either machine. The addition or removal of tape could effect a speed change and make the submixes difficult or impossible to resync. A good practice is to leave the 4-track reels intact and to spool off about 900-1200 feet of \( \frac{3}{4} \)” tape on a seven inch reel to be used for all the submixes. This will permit easy storage for the submixes in the event they are to be saved.
Figure 1. TYPICAL 16-TRACK COMMERCIAL JINGLE CHANNEL ASSIGNMENTS
| Track | 1. PIANO |
|-------|----------|
| | 2. BASS |
| | 3. GUITAR|
| | 4. BASS DRUM |
| | 5. SNARE DRUM |
| | 6. TOMS & CYMBALS |
| | 7. HORNS |
| | 8. HORNS |
| | 9. HORNS |
| | 10. HORNS |
| | 11. STRINGS |
| | 12. STRINGS |
| | 13. STRINGS |
| | 14. VOCALS |
| | 15. VOCALS |
| | 16. VOCALS |
Figure 2. FOUR-TRACK CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT FOR RHYTHM SECTION
| Track | 1. PIANO |
|-------|----------|
| | 2. BASS |
| | 3. GUITAR|
| | 4. DRUMS |
The next step is to mix the four piece rhythm section down to mono. Next, the mono rhythm track with the speech at the head end is dubbed several times onto the 4-track tape. The number of times will depend on the number of sections to be recorded. In this example the rhythm track is dubbed four times.
Next, record the various sections, one at a time. (See Fig. 3).
Figure 3. 4 TRACK TAPE SHOWING THE RECORDING SCHEME OF HORN, STRING, AND VOCAL SECTIONS
Finally each section with the speech at the head end is mixed to mono. This can either be done on a two track machine with the rhythm track going on one channel and the submix going on the other, or the submix can be recorded by itself on a full track machine. In the former case the producer has the advantage of hearing the submix played back with the rhythm track; in the latter the advantage is a higher signal-to-noise ratio.
Taking one submix at a time the first word of speech at the head end of the rhythm track on the 4-track is cued with the first word of speech at the head end of the submix. The two machines are then started simultaneously. At this point the two tracks will probably not be in sync, but they will be very close and will sound like a digital delay line. After determining which tape is ahead, a thumb is placed momentarily and lightly on the supply reel of the machine that is running ahead. This will cause a slight slippage of the tape between the capstan and the pressure roller and will bring the two tapes closer to being in sync. This procedure is repeated until the two reels are so close that a phase cancellation can be heard. This point is generally sufficient for the two tapes to be in sync. However, if the program material is such that a closer match is required, continue adjusting until only one signal is heard, or put the two channels out of phase on the monitor and keep adjusting until the speech cancels completely. When both tapes are in sync punch the 4-track into record and record the submix on the 4-track tape. Repeating the process, the other submixes are dubbed back to the 4-track so that the 4-track tape looks like Figure 4.
Although this procedure sounds complicated, it is quite simple and can generally be accomplished successfully in one or two attempts. Then, after the submixes are resynced, the tracks may be mixed in the conventional manner. If a decision is made that a particular section mix does not sound right, that particular submix can be remixed and resynced. If it is decided that the guitar should have been an electric guitar instead of an acoustic guitar on the original rhythm track the electric guitar can be recorded on the track where the acoustic guitar was previously recorded. The rhythm track can then be remixed (with the speech at the head) and resynced with the other submixes. In the latter case it should be noted that the new rhythm track and the other submixes can be assembled on another piece of tape and the original tape need not be erased, keeping all options open.
This method assumes that the tape machines used are stable with respect to speed and that no slippage occurs between the capstan and the pressure roller, except when purposely causing slippage in adjusting for resync. This method also assumes that the production is short in length. Generally there is no problem with a 30 or 60-second piece of music. It is doubtful that many machines would hold sync in this manner for more than several minutes. It is also doubtful that producers who have access to 16-track machines and large production budgets are going to work on 4-track machines, but for the producer with a 4-track, a second machine, and lots of time, it's a great way to get more on four.
---
**A Simple Panning Network**
*by WAYNE YENTIS*
In spite of the growing number of commercially produced audio mixing consoles available to the recording and sound reinforcement industry, from the most elaborate to the less than $500 variety, there remains a percentage of engineers and technicians who, for one reason or another, find occasion to design and build either a complete audio system or some special outboard controls for their existing equipment. If you are one of these people, you have probably needed or are going to need a flexible pan pot circuit, one that you can engineer to fit a variety of circuit requirements.
Five monitors. One sound. Five JBL studio monitors. You could record with any one, play back on any other, and take your pick among the rest for mixing or mastering. The only differences are acoustic output, size and cost. No matter what size your studio is, you can cross reference with any other studio using JBL's. But reading isn't knowing for sure. Come listen to one. Or two. Or five.
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Circle No. 114
www.americanradiohistory.com
An important requirement for a pan pot network is to maintain a constant total sound power level as the signal is panned from one side, through the middle, to the other side. To accomplish this the output level from both channels with the pan pot centered must be 3dB below the output level of one of the channels with the pan pot turned fully to that side, as shown in the graph of Figure 1.
Figure 2 shows a simple panning network that is built with a single linear potentiometer. Choosing the right proportionality factor "X" will assure a constant total sound level while panning.
"X" can be determined in the following manner: When the potentiometer wiper is centered,
\[ V_o \text{ (left)} = V_o \text{ (right)} = V_i \frac{R/2}{XR+R/2} \]
and when the wiper is at one end of R, say in the full LEFT position (which grounds the RIGHT output),
\[ V_o \text{ (right)} = 0 \text{ and } V_o \text{ (left)} = V_i \frac{R}{XR+R} \]
Now 3dB below the maximum output from one side is equivalent to about 70% of the output from that side, so we can say,
\[
\frac{V_o \text{ (left) Wiper at MID position}}{V_o \text{ (left) Wiper at LEFT position}} = 0.70 = \frac{\frac{R/2}{XR+R/2}}{\frac{R}{XR+R}}
\]
Solving for "X" we have \( X = .75 \).
A little more algebra will show us that \( V_{out}(\text{MAX}) \) from either output is about 57% of \( V_i \), which indicates an overall insertion loss of about 5dB.
The resistances are fairly critical and 1% tolerance components should be used, keeping in mind that the fixed resistor values are proportional to the absolute total resistance of the pot. The degree of matching of fixed resistors determines the precision of the pan pot center position, and the proportionality factor "X" affects the overall insertion loss. The potentiometer must be chosen for minimum and resistance (resistance to wiper at either end of rotation) to minimize leakage when panned fully to one side.
All of this discussion presumes that the outputs are not loaded, and in fact any significant loading will change the balance of the network. In practice satisfactory results are obtained if the outputs are loaded with no less than 10R, which increases the insertion loss only about 1/2dB, and has even less effect on the -3dB points.
The input impedance of the network varies slightly depending on the position of the panning wiper, from a minimum of .625R with the wiper at one side to .636R with the wiper at mid-position.
The outputs may be directly summed into main left and right output busses which may carry inputs from other panning networks, as in Figure 3. The summing amplifiers for the left and right busses may be strapped for gain to make up for the insertion loss of the panning network. The resistance values shown are typical practical values.
This basic panning scheme can be carried one more step to provide a 2 knob, 4 channel panning network, as in Figure 4. In this case the single pot is used to pan from left to right busses, and these busses supply a dual panning network for front to back panning. A buffer amplifier should be inserted between the single and dual pot networks to keep the impedances down and to minimize insertion loss.
The buffer and combining amplifier circuits are up to you, the designer. The important thing is to keep the gain vs level vs impedance relationships of the panning network optimized for the associated buffer and combining amplifiers.
Dear Audio World,
In order to clarify certain rumors regarding our work in the area of digital control of audio consoles, we do hereby submit this
LETTER OF INTENT
Yes, we are working on a brand new Automated Mixdown System! Why, you ask? Isn’t Allison Research already established as the industry leader? Well, frankly, yes. And we intend to stay that way!
Think of it this way. Imagine you were in the garbage business! Say you could put 250 cans of stuff on your truck and take it to the city dump in 3 hours.
One night as you lay in the sack you get this nifty idea on how you could take 8000 cans of garbage to the dump in 10 minutes! Now really, what would you do? Even though you were the only game in town would you wait for some other joker to get your idea?
That’s the kind of dilemma we had when we discovered how to put over 60,000 bits of ultra-reliable mixing information on one track of audio tape!
Imagine how we felt when we saw that we could program every control on a 32 track console and still have enough code left to do 15 or 20 more consoles like it! The clincher came when we figured out how to move any one of the controls and get back the information inside of 1/200th of a second!
You should have seen us torture the poor prototype. We mixed the code with white noise (10dB down) and turned the reels of our Revox by hand. (Look Ma, no capstan). From out of the wow and gurgle, out comes the data, just like we put it in! We even took an electric drill to it while it was decoding, but couldn’t fool it!
Right now we’re putting the thing in a tidy little box so it will look nice in your studio, come this fall.
In the meantime, we’re conjuring up all sorts of goodies to go with it, like programmable super equalizers, panners, limiters, expanders and even patching systems. We’re also prescribing a firm code of standardization so everybody’s systems are nice and compatible.
Speaking of everybody, we’re sure glad that some of the world’s greatest console builders are working with us to make this project truly great!
Sincerely,
Allison
Don Sciarrotta, Rufus engineer, "tells you something good" about the Cooper Time Cube.
"I think the Cooper delay is something good. It has more of a room sound and it makes the room sound bigger. The electronic delays have an 'electronic' sound. The Cooper's versatile, too. I can use it with a tape machine by itself, or I can put one before it and after it, or I can patch it through my echo chamber. When we recorded the 'Rags to Rufus' album*, we used just the Cooper with the voice bag and the voice at the same time. The double delayed Cooper was used on the voice for the verses and choruses, the bag was Coopered only on the choruses. The result was a great doubled voice sound. The album was gold and also had two gold singles. One was 'Tell Me Something Good'. That's why I like the Cooper Time Cube. With it we got just the sound we wanted. I've had my Cooper for two and a half years without any trouble at all... I've replaced one light bulb."
*ABC Records, Bob Monaco Producer
11922 Valerio Street, North Hollywood, California 91605 (213) 764-1500
Exclusive export agent: Gotham Export Corporation, New York
The controversial emergence of the Doors on the pop scene in early 1967 heralded the beginning of a new musical era. Of all the groups that had come and gone in rock music's second generation, possibly none represented a greater leap forward in musical sophistication or the live performance than the Doors.
Not only the first major "progressive" group, the Doors were perhaps the first real "expertise" band as well. All three musicians were highly regarded, to the point of their musicianship being acknowledged even amidst the ranks of more traditional players. Noteworthy was the fact that they featured Ray Manzarek's classically-oriented keyboards as the leading musical voice, where till then almost every other group had used guitar. Also an innovator, Robby Krieger was maybe the first major guitarist whose style was not based around the six-tone "minor blues" scale. Likewise, John Densmore's fluid jazz drumming was a radical departure from the standard backbeat percussion of the time.
As might be expected, the Doors' music was a far cry from the rock & roll- and R&B-derived styles of that time as well. Theirs was a striking fusion of classical, blues, jazz, rock, theater, and flamenco, circumscribed by a truly unique and instantly-recognizable sense of chording and melody. Their trademarks were dealt little excursions away from the main theme, super-tight syncopations (often involving a tradeoff between instruments), and general musical "switness." At improvisation they were equally facile, fashioning some of the boldest and most stylized extended forms ever done.
Lyrically, the Doors broke new ground as well, exploring subjects heretofore ignored in popular song in creating a body of work overrun with apocalyptic visions, Oedipal dramas, anarchy, reptiles, and sadism. In leather-clad vocalist/composer Jim Morrison, the Doors had the first American rock superstar. The self-proclaimed "Lizard King," his surreal images and novel posturings had many convinced that it was indeed the Doors (and not the Rolling Stones) who were most responsible for the sorry state of the world at that time.
The Doors' recorded sound is clean and concise. As they were pretty meticulously close-miked with a fairly high percentage of the tracks having been overdubbed, their records have little leakage, live ambience, or extraneous sounds. This state was pretty much preserved in the mix, as they used little reverb and only an occasional tape delay. This clarity of sound, in conjunction with the Doors' highly visual textures, makes their records truly "aural paintings" rather than "musical performances."
The vocals are very clean and up-front. They often used only one voice per song, and as it was plainly audible, it was clearly intended to be the song's focal point and not just "another track." Occasionally a delay was run off the lead vocal, usually low-level and unobtrusive for "ambience."
The wide variety of keyboard instruments were close-miked when miked, often taken direct, and usually mixed as mono tracks. Occasionally, the keyboards were run through a distortion unit (most often tremelo and fuzz) to create some striking and unique textures.
The guitars were usually played at a moderate distortion level, ultimately having a wide variety of tones. Like the keyboards, they were often modified with tremelo and fuzz.
The bass guitars (as played by Larry Knechtel, Robby Krieger, Doug Lubahn, Kerry Magness, Harvey Brooks, Ray Neopolitan, Lonnie Mack, and Jerry Scheff) were usually played at a moderate distortion level and have a clean and fairly rich sound. Occasionally, the bass will be a song's most up-front track.
The drums, like those of most of the jazz-inclined rock drummers, have a crisp, high end-y sound with not much kick drum. When stereo, there is little perceivable movement within the kit, a joint result of overhead miking and a conservative spread. Occasionally, a delay was run off the snare for "ambience."
Producer Paul Rothchild started his illustrious career 13 years ago in a library in Boston. Since then, he has gone on to become one of the most successful and widely respected music industry figures of either Coast. He has produced over 100 albums (10 of them gold) with artists like Fred Neil, Tim Buckley, The Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Joni Mitchell, John Sebastian, and Janis Joplin. Between 1963 and 1968, he served as director of recording at Elektra Records. He is currently producing Bonnie Raitt for Warner Bros. and the Outlaws for Arista.
Engineer Bruce Botnick is likewise one of the recording industry's most celebrated figures. In his 14 years on the professional recording scene, he has amassed nearly 30 gold LPs in recording artists like the Beach Boys, Jackie DeShannon, Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass, Marvin Gaye, the Supremes, Buffalo Springfield, Mack Davis, and Helen Reddy. From 1963-1969, he worked at Sunset Sound, becoming its head engineer and later studio manager. Current projects include producing guitarist Dave Mason and jazz drummer Tony Williams.
"Strange Days," the Doors' second LP, is a landmark effort in the evolution of modern studio technique. As what many consider the American counterpart to the Beatles' "Sergeant Pepper," it was one of the very first records to feature the Moog Synthesizer, multi-speed recording, backward tracks, and such a wide spectrum of tones. Released in October of 1967, "Strange Days" had a run of 63 weeks on "Billboard"'s album chart, during which it reached the Number 3 position.
It's all in the family
The new Scully 284B-8:
1-inch 8 channel master recorder with DC Servo and 14" reels.
The new Scully 284B:
¼" or ½" recorder with 1-4 channels and 14" reels.
The new multi-purpose Scully 280B:
up to 11.5" reels with AC motors or DC Servo capstan drive.
Scully's new 280B family of innovative audio tape recorders has a list of improvements and features that won't quit. As a result, Scully can handle any recording assignment you have. Just take a look.
• Optional DC capstan servo
• Speeds to 30 in/sec.
• Transports up to 14" reels
• New direction sensing control logic
• Functionally illuminated controls
• ¼" full-track to 1-inch 8-track recorders
• Innovative low-noise electronics
• Common components for interchangeability
• 14" reels for 30 in/sec. mix-downs
• Variable Speed accessory with L.E.D. exact speed read-out
Scully makes it easy for you, including sales and service which is available from over 200 distributors throughout the world. For all the facts, write, Telex or phone.
Scully|Metrotech
Division of Dictaphone
475 Ellis Street
Mountain View, California 94043
(415) 968-8389 TLX 34-5524
Scully and Metrotech are trade marks of Dictaphone Corporation, Rye, New York.
Acoustical Guarantee
Performance Specifications
from acoustic design to crown jewel...
Westlake Audio
"The control room sounds good here but not over there. Stand up and you've lost your mix. Lean back in your chair and all the bass is gone. The monitor has to be loud to hear it. Turn your head and big changes occur. The stereo image moves."
"The drum leakage in this studio is terrible. The strings sound great but the bass is loose and muddy. This room is so dead the sound isn't happening and the musicians can't get into it."
These are subjective observations which producers and engineers have made and lived with for years in many studios. We at Westlake are prepared to talk to you about a guarantee against those things happening in your studio.
**Guarantee of Acoustics by Westlake Audio**
**WE WILL GUARANTEE YOU A CONTROL ROOM WHICH WILL:**
Allow you to stand . . . sit . . . lean forward or back . . . move left or right and subjectively not change your mix.
Let you accurately pinpoint any musical instrument within a 360° quad listening environment.
Permit monitoring loud or soft while retaining a tight and musical sound.
Keep your stereo "locked center" on all instruments panned to the middle.
**Response:** ±3 dB upon speaker installation, 31 Hz-16 KHz measured with B & K ½ octave pink noise source. *Between speakers, ±1 dB.*
**Dispersion:** ±2 dB @ 10 KHz across a minimum 10 foot horizontal plane at the console (from left of the engineer to the right of the producer or vice versa) from any one of the four monitors, measured with pink noise source.
±2 dB @ 10 KHz across a minimum 10 foot horizontal plane front to back in the mixing area from any one of the four monitors, measured with pink noise source.
±2 db @ 10 kHz from 6" above console vertically to 6" down from ceiling.
**Power:** 116 dB SPL minimum, linear scale, with broadband pink noise source from one monitor measured at the mixer's ear. The control room potential with four monitors is a minimum of 128 dB SPL.
Within 2 dB of total sum from any two sources in the 360° quad circle environment.
*Available on all new projects from Jan. 1975 on.*
Acoustical Performance Specifications
WE WILL GUARANTEE YOU A STUDIO WHICH WILL:
Have a tight rhythm sound under all recording conditions yet allow the producer and engineer the option of changing the midrange character anywhere from “dead” to “very live” in less than sixty seconds. — Any location in the room.
Provide drum cages which are live inside, something that the drummer can get into, allowing you to get a bright drum sound from an open drum cage.
Let you obtain a natural piano sound with excellent isolation from loud electronic instruments. — With the piano in the room, lid open and not caged in.
Provide an echo chamber with low end “mud” removed by trapping in the chamber, resulting in a chamber that “sings.”
Room Character: The characteristic “room sound” which results from recording in a three dimensional area is eliminated by the utilization of an active ceiling. From 40 Hz up, this produces an infinite third dimension such as would be present in an amphitheater.
Separation: Active traps are built into the studio walls which allows “in-studio” vocals, eliminating the need for the usual vocal booth. 30 dB of isolation can be provided between the band and a vocalist only 10 feet away, resulting in 30 dB of isolation at 40 Hz or tuned frequencies.
Traps: Drum cages, bass traps and broad band attenuators will provide in excess of 24 dB isolation at 40 Hz. The piano can be recorded in the studio while still providing over 20 dB broadband rejection of unwanted sound to the piano mikes with lid open!
THE CONTROL ROOM AND THE STUDIO ARE YOUR TOOLS AND SHOULD WORK FOR YOU… NOT AGAINST YOU.
THAT’S WHAT AN ACOUSTICAL GUARANTEE IS ALL ABOUT!
Kent R. Duncan, President, Kendun Recorders, Burbank, California:
"The new room has been in operation for six months now and our success is as much a tribute to Westlake Audio and Tom Hidley as it is to our long hours and attention to detail (and possibly some good engineering). Our Westlake room made us a 2 studio operation but instead of just doubling our gross, we went from $12,000 a month to $60,000 a month. The incredibly accurate planning of our Westlake turnkey installation resulted in completion exactly on time, response precisely as promised, all equipment functioning within one day of installation, and all within budget! In the past six months we have mastered such acts as Stevie Wonder, Bob Dylan, America, Buddy Miles, Fleetwood Mac, Rick Nelson, Tower of Power, Livingston Taylor, Isley Bros., Rod McKuen, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Emitt Rhodes, Richard Greene, El Chicano, Nana Mouskouri, Cleo Laine, Bola Sete, San Sebastian Strings, Jo Stafford, Maxayn, Pharoah Sanders, Archie Shepp, Ballin' Jack, Vickie Laurence, Maureen McCormick & Chris Knight, Don McLean, Vikki Carr, Bill Medley and even Rodney Allen Rippy. Over half these acts were recorded on Westlake monitors in various studios around the country, attesting to the fact that truly, you are the professional."
Christopher Stone, President, Record Plant Recording Studios, Los Angeles: "As you know, we have used Westlake Audio and yourself since the inception of the company for all of our studio design, construction, electrical interface and implementation. During the past four years you have designed and implemented eight studios for us in New York City, Los Angeles and Sausalito. Obviously we are known as a Westlake-designed operation. We have built our total reputation around your studio design and have always been happy with our decision to utilize you on an exclusive basis for all our acoustical requirements and equipment consultation. The success of your design speaks for itself in the form of our success as an independent studio operation."
John Sandlin, Vice President A & R, Capricorn Records, Macon, Georgia: "Words alone cannot express my appreciation for the friendly and courteous atmosphere I enjoyed while at Westlake mixing Bonnie's (Bonnie Bramlett) album.
It was really a pleasure to work with such extremely competent and dedicated people. Thank you for giving me an opportunity to experience the automated mixing facilities and to work around the type of people I love and can relate to.
Take care of Baker, he's incredible."
John Boylan, John Boylan, Inc., Hollywood, California:
"First of all, this is my third project in a row to be mixed on your monitors and once again it looks like we have a winner — a record that sounds as good at home as it did in the control room. From a producer's nontechnical viewpoint, this ability to trust a studio monitor and come out with even results is extremely satisfying. Secondly, the Westlake Monitor never seems to vary in any substantial way from studio to studio, in the control rooms that you've designed. So I have no worries about consistency in today's widely dispersed recording scene."
WE PUT OUR MONEY WHERE OUR MOUTH IS!
Below are excerpts from a typical acoustical system acceptance from a client authorizing the release of the final portion of the construction monies from a trust account.
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ACCEPTANCE
In accordance with the terms set forth in that certain agreement contained within Westlake Audio's invoice number 3930 dated March 1, 1974 mutually accepted by Westlake Audio, Inc. and Sounds Interchange, the undersigned hereby:
1. Acknowledges receipt of and accepts a final sound measurement report from Westlake Audio, Inc.
2. Agrees that Westlake Audio has, as relates to the design and construction of the Sounds Interchange studio facility, Toronto, Canada, met or exceeded all performance specifications as set forth in the Westlake Audio brochure entitled Acoustical Design The Key To The Success Of Your Studio as amended and signed by T. L. Hidley on February 8, 1974.
3. Acknowledges that all work has been completed in a satisfactory manner and that all materials have been delivered.
4. Acknowledges the fact that Westlake Audio, Inc. has complied with and fulfilled all the terms set forth in a certain Letter of Credit drawn in favor of Westlake Audio, Inc. and hereby instructs the advising bank — Bank of America, Westlake Boulevard, Westlake Village, California, U.S.A. to honor and pay at sight said Letter of Credit on or after December 6, 1974.
SOUNDS INTERCHANGE LTD.
By
Dated Dec 6/74
THAT'S WHAT AN ACCOUSTICAL GUARANTEE IS ALL ABOUT!
maximizes the second harmonics initially, then you've got musical leakage. If you equalize that, you can only make the sound better. This is what differentiates a "good" from a "bad" room — its standing wave action and how that influences the harmonies.
The basis of what was happening over at Sunset Sound was that Bruce was very familiar with the room and was therefore really able to utilize its five aspects. A room like the old Studio I had a terrific overtone situation. That's why drums always sounded so fantastic there. Rather than go for that baffled sound, we actually used the leakage in the room. There's a lot of leakage on the first Doors' album, but it's good leakage. It's the kind you go for — the kind that gives you a live feel.
PL: Through the course of the Doors' albums, was there any particular way or time of recording that you evolved into? Did you use to record during the day, at night, with just the rhythm section, live vocals — what?
RK: We'd usually come in around 2:00 and work till we burned out. The vocals were almost always live because we couldn't have gotten the feeling down on the tracks without them.
PR: For the first album, Jim was in the booth entirely except for parts of "The End." He would be in the booth, and then he'd come out to the studio, and then he'd run back into the booth. That was because it was generally better for him to be in the studio with the band, but there were some situations where he couldn't because the band would be too loud, and so he'd run to another mike in the vocal booth. I remember that vividly.
PL: How many takes did "The End" take to record?
PR: Two takes. That entire first album was recorded very quickly — nine days, I think it was. "Light My Fire" was just two takes also. The only real overdubs on that record were some vocal doubling and the bass. There were also some incidental percussion effects, like on "Twentieth Century Fox." That's all the Doors standing up, stamping on a wooden drum platform.
PL: Didn't you occasionally have a keyboard bass and a bass guitar going at the same time?
PR: Yes. The bass was there primarily to reinforce the part that Ray was playing on piano bass. We used a bass on two or three cuts — "Twentieth," "Light My Fire," "Take It As It Comes"...
RK: And "Back Door Man." I remember because I played the bass on that one. The other three were Larry Knechtel.
PL: What did you look for in a bass player?
PR: Strong people that hung out real good. They were all bass players who were sensitive to what the Doors were trying to do. Of all of them, I think perhaps Doug Lubahn did it best. He really understood the Doors' concept.
PL: Did you originally have "Light My Fire" lined up as the album's second single?
PR: Not at all. Nobody really thought it was a hit record, including everybody at Elektra. It was outside the rules sufficiently to where we hadn't considered it as any kind of single. We had originally released "Break on Through," which got a lot of airplay but didn't sell that many records. Meanwhile, it reaches a point where the radio stations are getting overwhelming requests for "Light My Fire," and so we edited it down and released it as a single.
PL: Which album would you like to play for the "blindfold test"?
PR: Well, as far as studio technique is concerned, we probably used more of it on "Strange Days" than on any other.
PL: Would you say that it was one of the earliest "hot studio effects" records?
RK: Definitely. "Sergeant Pepper" hadn't even come out yet. Actually, I think it came out while we were in the middle of recording "Strange Days."
PL: What were the circumstances surrounding the recording of "Strange Days"?
PR: Well, the first album was the Doors as almost an Electronic Art Group — a live documentary recording of them as they appeared on the doorstep of Elektra Records, sharpened up for the record-buying audience. That's essentially what they did live, with very few studio things done at all.
On the success of their first album and "Light My Fire," the Doors had a real platform to spring from to bring all of their musical ideas to the American people. "Strange Days" was that next step. It was essentially the Doors' first studio album, not only because we had eight tracks of tape, but also because they weren't as familiar with the material. We could do less simultaneously, because it was not a worked-out club set like before. With the second album, the Doors' sound takes on a greater maturity all at once because of studio technique. We were trying to be avant-garde, and in so doing, we sacrificed some of the freshness and spontaneity for the drama and staging that you can get in a "produced" album.
BB: "Strange Days" was recorded in a two-month period starting around May of 1967. It was done in segments — we'd do two songs and then shut down while the Doors went on tour, then we'd do another five tracks and they'd go on four again. That sort of thing.
PL: When it came out, I remember thinking that it was the strangest record I'd ever heard. Was that on purpose?
RK: No. I wouldn't say that. It was pretty much just where our material was at at the time.
(at this point, the "blindfold test" was initiated and "Strange Days" was put on)
STRANGE DAYS
PL: What are you doing to this delay here?
PR: That's a Moog. This was one of the earliest uses of the Moog Synthesizer. Bruce and I had both heard about Moog and decided it would be ideal for a weird effect.
BB: Yeah. Jim's voice is going through a Moog and being actuated by a key on the keyboard.
during the mix. Jim pressed the key, because he knew his phrasing better than anyone else.
This thing has three organs — one recorded at normal speed, one at double speed, and one at double slow speed. This was our first attempt at recording multi-speed sounds.
RK: This also has a guitar that was recorded at half speed.
YOU'RE LOST, LITTLE GIRL
PL: Is there any effect on that guitar?
RK: It's two guitars playing the same thing.
PL: What kind of vocalist was Jim to mike? Was there anything in particular you had to watch out for?
BB: He was easy. I'll tell you, Jim was one of the few vocalists I've ever recorded that really knew mike technique.
PR: Yeah, he had great dynamic control. He also knew how to stay put — to keep his distance right and not drift.
BB: As a rule, most vocalists don't study vocalists. Jim was a great student of other vocalists. Frank Sinatra was one of the big ones for him. You know, he would really listen to the sound of their voices. When he would hear himself on tape, he would realize that if he wasn't hearing what he wanted, it was him. Through experimentation with whatever it was he was singing and the distance from the microphone, he could achieve just the effect he wanted.
PL: I've always said that Jim Morrison could have been a hit singer anytime in the last 30 years.
PR: He was the great crooner of our time. He's right in there with Bing Crosby, Vic Damone, Elvis — all of them. He has that same natural, creamy style.
LOVE ME TWO TIMES
BB: On this song, Ray was playing two pianos at one time. The right hand was a tack piano and the left hand was a grand. Then we dubbed a harpsichord on top of it.
PL: I can hear a real continuity in sound between the early Doors mono drums and the later stereo ones.
PR: Mono is still the strongest idiom for reproduction of sound. You don't have those phasing problems because your perspective is looked in. When you go into people's homes, in 80% of the places where you'll see stereos set up, you'll see one loudspeaker up on a bookshelf and another one down on the floor, or a loudspeaker in the living room and the other one in the kitchen! With mono, that doesn't really matter.
BB: In mono, you can take instruments and put them further behind one another — you can build "layers" — where in stereo, you're spreading things out and it's a little bit more difficult to create perspectives of depth and distance. With stereo you're "pinpointing" your tracks, versus mono or binaural, where the instruments fall into a more natural positioning.
PR: You can get much better "three-dimensionality" in mono, strangely enough. Although it seems like it should be the other way around, you get the feeling of space much better in mono than in stereo.
UNHAPPY GIRL
PL: What kind of backward track is this in the middle?
BB: I think it's an organ.
PL: Paul, you mentioned that the Doors were playing some of these tunes when you first saw them. Did you purposely hold them back for the second album, or was it a case of not being able to get them down on tape to everyone's satisfaction?
PR: Both. The first album was made to be the best first album, and any tunes that were left over were painfully eliminated from it. This was because some needed to be re-worked before they could be recorded, and others because they didn't fit conceptually with the other songs. "Summer's Almost Gone" didn't make it till the third album, even though they were performing it at the Whisky when I first saw them. The Doors and Bruce and I have always thought that an album should be an entity — a feature-length movie rather than a shorts festival. A lot of artists make the mistake of putting out albums that don't have continuity, that are just a string of different-colored beads. We're very much into an album having an entertainment goal — that it take you to a very specific place.
HORSE LATITUDES
PL: I always felt that this was one of those songs that was pretty much created in the studio.
RK: It pretty much was, except for the words. We did a lot of "inside-the-piano" fooling around with the strings. Lot of screaming.
BB: On those piano tracks, we did lots of infinite tape repeats recorded live so that our perspectives held. For the wind noises, I fed an amplifier from the board into the echo chamber, and it just went "haaaaaaaaaaaaa."
PR: Yeah. We de-tuned a tape recorder — changed the bias and the noise balance — and pushed the "record" button. Then, while the machine was still in "record," we went outside the capstan and hand-turned it at different speeds, creating a variation in the bias current. It was "hand VSOing"! I think there are three channels of that.
MOONLIGHT DRIVE
PL: Do you have a distant mike on this bottleneck guitar here?
BB: No. It's just the famous Sunset Sound echo chamber and some delay using a special tape machine. It had a special equalization that enhanced the rising time of the chamber.
PR: That machine was a very unique machine. It was Ampex serial number 0003 — the third Ampex ever made — upgraded to half-inch, 3-channel capabilities. It's probably the only one that has ever existed.
PL: What are you doing to this solo?
BB: Straight old guitar with some echo and some fuzz.
PL: Robby, I always thought this was one of your best solos.
RK: Yeah, somebody else said that to me recently too. You know, I've liked almost all my solos or I wouldn't have let them go on the tape, but I was never that crazy about this one myself.
PL: Did you generally have a pretty good idea of what kind of solo you wanted to play?
RK: It depended. On a song that I'd played in person a lot, the solo would be pretty far along. If it was a new song, I'd experiment around.
PEOPLE ARE STRANGE
PL: I noticed that on this album, you tried to preserve a continuity in panning positions, paralleling the way they set up on stage.
PR: Yes, I do that to this day. I think it helps the listener to be able to "fix" the band in his mind, rather than "destroying the set" every three-and-a-half minutes. I find that very disconcerting. I guess it really depends on what kind of albums you're trying to make. It's perfectly valid on some albums, but I don't tend to make those kinds of records. I like the musical concepts involved to be portrayed by the people involved, and so it's important to me that the set stay up, so that the listener can "make friends" with the different personalities. If I look to the middle, I can find the drummer and the singer and probably the bass player. If I want to hear the guitar, I'm going to be able to look in this direction, if I want to hear the keyboard, I'm going to look in that direction, etc. Another example of a voguish studio trick would be panning a keyboard from left to right. To me, that's like cartoons. In my mind, I see a whole bunch of sweating guys moving a piano across the room, which is great if you're looking for a funny effect. To me, that sort of studio effect is totally outside the reality of a
musical situation.
All musicians and producers are in a dangerous situation once they forget that their main goal is to translate music to the listener. You see, the studio itself is abstracted from the real world, and it's very easy to make esoteric games there to entertain yourself and a handful of other cognoscenti. When you've done this, you're not getting your music to the people who need to hear it. In a phrase, you can outship yourself by making records exclusively for yourself. It's what almost became the death of jazz, for instance. It became so introspective and incestuous as an idiom that it wound up entertaining only itself and it excluded the audience. The minute that jazz started including the audience again, it started to live.
MY EYES HAVE SEEN YOU
PR: This is a great arrangement — a classic arrangement. This was the first tune that we recorded for this album, and I thought it was the most impressive piece of rock & roll I'd ever heard. I thought it was a smash single, but Holzman said no.
PL: What were his criticisms?
PR: He had no criticisms of it, he just said "Let's wait until the album is finished and pick out something else."
PL: Did every record go through him before being released?
PR: Pretty much. You know, you can't release a record without the approval of the record company. Some groups get record companies to release a record, but if the company doesn't believe in it, they won't promote it, so you really do need that backing.
The whole front half of this song was one take and the whole back half was another. That cut entailed a long window edit of the master tape. At that very point, we wanted the vocal to overlap the guitar, and, using a tape reader so we could visually see the tracks, we had that track extend a few inches beyond the others.
PL: What exactly is a tape reader?
BB: A tape reader is a unit that's put out by 3M. You put this eyepiece on the tape, and using a thing that looks like a magnifying glass, you can actually see the tracks — see the magnetized particles.
PL: Did you often edit the multitrack master?
BB: Oh yes. When you're cutting your mixed master, there are all sorts of problems that can come up. Your levels change, and sometimes you can't even make the cut because it would be an obvious edit. I always cut the master tape — even 24-track. If you know how to edit, you're not going to make mistakes. That continuity is important, especially if you're overdubbing. With the Doors, we often overdubbed a bass and so it was imperative that the tracks already be locked together.
PR: Right. If your segments of tape aren't connected before you overdub, then you have to overdub that part on two different segments — the one that you're going to use for the front and the one that you're going to use for the back. After you've made the splice, your overdubs are going to help it cohere because there will be notes that fall so close to the cut that eventually everybody will nullify it.
Never let it be said that you didn't let Neve look at your console requirement. This disc mastering console is but one of dozens of standard console designs for various applications. From the smallest remote recording console to the largest studio, Neve probably has a standard console near to your need. We'll modify it to make it exactly meet your requirement. Of course, we build many custom consoles as well. Call us. You'll be pleased with the prices and you'll be buying the best.
I CAN'T SEE YOUR FACE IN MY MIND
BB: That's Ray on marimba with a little tape repeat. The backward track is a high hat. I should tell you that as we were making these records, a lot of what happened happened by itself. We were in a flow and we went with it. We didn't try to guess where we were going — we just followed it as it happened. If an idea came up, we just tried to expand it to its limit.
PR: Yeah, a lot of these techniques were purely serendipitous. It was often just discovery by happy accident more than anything else.
WHEN THE MUSIC'S OVER
PL: How did you get this freakout guitar sound?
BB: That was created by overloading two amps in the board in conjunction with a diode.
PR: Right. That particular "fuzztone" was just a little diode we dug out of a box. We thought "Why don't we take the smallest part we can and drive as much signal as we can through it?" We just inserted it in the buss, alligator clipped it to a patch cord and drove the signal through it till it went nuts. I've used that diode as a fuzztone many times in the past when none were available.
PL: Was this about the way you used to perform this song?
RK: This is a much shorter version, really. It was much longer live, and so it came out different each time. This is more or less just a skeleton of what the song was in person.
PR: By the way, this is a hand-held mike right here. Jim frequently hand-held a mike in the studio so he had the freedom to move. For instance, when he screamed "Now!" he was off the ground. Literally jumping.
PL: You get such a nice clean bass sound. Was it usually taken direct?
BB: The bass was usually miked, actually. The big thing that we tried to do was get the sound in the room. A good sound is 80% in that room.
PR: There's something that a lot of people don't understand today. I usually say "Most of a recorded sound happens at source." I'm talking about the instrument itself. You can take a bad acoustic guitar and add all the miking technique, all the limiting, and all the EQ you want to it, and what you'll come up with is a bad guitar that's been screwed around with. It's really important to get a great recorded sound. You can't win until you've got a great sound at source. Robby would pay lots of attention to the sound of his instrument. Guitar players in particular are maniacs about customizing their instrument to get it to sound right. We were into getting amplifiers to be right, positioning them in the room so that the ambient sound was correct — all of that. We would set things up so that when there was leakage, it was good leakage. Bruce has the advantage of having been engineering across a transitional era — the transition between live recording and multitrack recording. The engineers that learned early technique had to work with leakage. Only just recently is leakage coming back as a means of getting a sound. Like all those Southern guitar bands — they have a very live kind of sound and people are responding tremendously to that sound today. It's really just re-learning how to use leakage in a recording situation.
BB: Like Robby, John was heavily into — all of them were — the sound they got in the room. They would always come in and say "Hey, It doesn't sound like what I've got out there." Then we would spend the time to get it to sound like that, because we felt it was important to represent on record who they were and what they were.
PL: You did occasionally take two tracks of bass, didn't you?
BB: Sure, but only towards the end when we had 16-track and could afford it. Before that, we were usually forced to make our decision before we recorded.
PL: Did you have any general equalizations?
BB: What we tried to do was bring to the public on phonograph record exactly what the band was saying without getting in the way of their music. If it took 5dB of equalization at 10 Kc to do it, we did it. There was no standard EQ, though. You cannot do that.
PR: You have to apply the first rule of the recording studio, which is . . . .
WHATEVER WORKS.
BB: Right. Sounds change with heat and humidity even, and when they do, you just have to roll with them.
PL: What track tape did you use for the Doors' albums?
PR: Well, the first album was recorded 4-track, and of those four, only three were really used. There was a vocal track, and then there was a stereo left and stereo right, where the band was located in a stereo mix.
BB: Which was bass and drums on one channel and guitar and organ on the other.
PR: Which was supreme naivete. The second and third albums were 8-track, and the fourth and fifth were 16-
BB: The live album was recorded 8-track. I used multiple miking for the band in conjunction with a Neumann SM-69 stereo microphone in the M-S configuration. We used cuts from New York, Philadelphia, and Detroit, if I recall. We then dubbed to 16-track the selections on tracks 1-8, using 9-16 for our crossfade tracks. This way we could achieve continuity. During our dubbing to 16-track, I set up two rear speakers so that we could experiment with quad. By placing the audience tracks on the rear channels, you could feel the hall change from an 18,000-person arena to a 5,000- to an 8,000- when we would crossfade from the first eight tracks to the second eight tracks. It's a shame that quad wasn't used at this time, because it really sounded great that way.
PR: It has always been part of my feeling that a live album should feel as close to a performance as possible, so that it plays. No fades, no dead cuts. It should feel as if a microphone was put up and a show was recorded. Nowhere should you feel a violent change of environment, or the technician's presence either. It should play as a concert.
PL: How about "L.A. Woman"?
BB: For that one, we went back to 8-track. It was pretty much recorded live, at their rehearsal hall at Santa Monica and La Cienega. There's a studio there now called the Upside Down Studio. We used a Langevin console and a 3M 8-track at 30 inches per second with AGFA tape. It was just a feeling that we all had — that we didn't want to do it in the studio. We recorded in their rehearsal room because that was the place where they were most comfortable. We had the pinball machine in there, so they could play it in between takes. As far as studio technique goes, it was a very simpleton album. It was recorded quickly and extremely simply, and it came off really well.
PL: What was the most difficult Doors' tune to record?
PR: "Unknown Soldier." My recollection is that it took an entire week to record.
RK: The first part was 150 takes.
PR: There were several problems with that song. If you listen to it, the overall sound and instrumentation change drastically from section to section, and so it was virtually impossible for it to be recorded as a piece. Today, with the newer technology and various switching equipment available to guitar and keyboard players, it could be done, but not then. I think it was recorded in four separate sections.
PL: How did you do the "execution"?
BB: That was mostly a sound effects man. He has a little box with a keyboard with maybe 12 buttons, which activate the same number of cassettes or cartridges. You plug your cartridges in, and you hit them when you want your sound to come in.
PL: So before he goes to a sound effects session, he has to prepare. He has to transfer from his master tapes down to those cartridges.
BB: Yeah. That "execution" was pieced together from various sets of cartridges. I think he had 20 different gunshots, and we listened to every one until we found the one we wanted. We did the same with the marches, and the gun butts, and the rifles cocking. Jim played the drill sergeant. It was really like old-time radio.
PR: Yeah. He has since died, but he was the most famous sound effects man in the movie and TV business.
That whole third album was much more difficult to do than the first two. It's the traditional group thing. With the first two albums, you're generally dealing with material that's been rehearsed and played for quite a while. Now if the group gets really successful, a strange phenomenon happens. The group is on the road a lot, and they run out of time to create and rehearse new songs. After you've used up the original bunch of material, you wind up with what I call the "Third Album Syndrome." When you've got a song that's only lightly rehearsed and you bring it into the studio, it takes much longer to get it down on tape and so you end up by doing a lot of overdubbing. "Waiting
for the Sun" was a heavily overdubbed album, whereas the first two were lightly overdubbed. It took months as opposed to days to record. The fourth album — "The Soft Parade" — took us nearly a year to do.
PL: On "The Soft Parade," whose idea was it to have the big arrangements?
PR: We did that because we thought that it was time for the Doors to have kind of a different sound. You know, if you present seven albums in a row with the same type of sound, it gets to be a bore. We thought "Let's take the Doors music to a logical extreme — a full band sound — so that we've got a place to go to from that." We created the furthest swing of the pendulum so that the fans could be relieved that we'd come back. It sounds calculated, and it was, but it was a way to keep it interesting. By the time we got to "Morrison Hotel," it's once again a very accessible, almost garage kind of sound. If the albums had gone "Strange Days," "Waiting for the Sun," the live album, and "Morrison Hotel," it would have felt very static. There would not have been that same show of development or evolution.
PL: To what extent did the Doors participate in the written arrangements?
PR: Pretty much what happened was we'd say "Okay, this song needs horns," so we'd call in an arranger and have a meeting with him, saying "On this part it should do something like this here and something like that there," just very rough sketches. The arranger would then go away and write a chart. When we'd come back and do the session, it would always be wrong, and so we'd have to re-arrange it on the floor. That was primarily Robby and Ray, with a little help from me.
PL: How did the title cut come about? Did you originally intend it as a long piece with many sections?
RK: I think that Jim had written the poem — "The Soft Parade" — pretty much as it finally appeared, and the music was put to it later.
PL: Was it recorded in sections, or was that one basic track?
BB: It was done in sections. The various sections were recorded independently of one another, and we assembled them as we went along.
PL: Didn't you take a stereo lead vocal on that one?
BB: At the beginning, yes. I used the SM-69 again, and that's why it gives the uncanny feeling that Jim's right in front of you. We used stereo miking all over this album. I would say that "The Soft Parade" was the first rock & roll or popular music album to use stereo microphones.
PL: Am I correct in assuming that stereo miking was mostly used in classical music?
BB: Oh yes. They developed the microphone for themselves, and they didn't have any idea that popular music would ever want to use it. Stereo microphones were designed to be placed like 50 or 80 feet from a large orchestra, to give you a perspective like you're actually sitting in the auditorium. I would say that until recently, all microphones were designed for classical music. The only ones that were designed for pop were dynamic microphones. Now it's turned around and they're developing condenser mikes that can handle a lot of energy without folding over.
PL: How did you come to use stereo mikes on the "Soft Parade" album?
BB: Well, I had heard about stereo microphones and I always wanted to own one. When I was chief engineer over at Elektra, one finally came on the market and I bought it. I used it on everything I could. The Doors just happened to be the guinea pigs at that time. Bread too — there's a lot of stereo miking on their first album. In fact, it's one of the best examples of it.
PL: What are the advantages of a stereo mike over two well-placed microphones?
BB: Presence. With a matrix, you get more of a three-dimensional feeling. It enables a lot of time and space to happen. When it's set up properly, I could — if I could put a pair of earphones on you — walk around the microphone and you'd swear I'm walking around behind your head.
PL: How did you come to use all those lead vocals towards the end of the "Soft Parade" cut?
BB: I'm not sure. If I remember correctly, we had recorded five tracks of Jim's vocals. The five tracks were then ping-ponged in stereo to two tracks in a composite mix, so that everything would appear in its proper perspective during the mixdown. He appears left, left-center, center, right-center, and right on your "screen."
PR: What was amazing was that he didn't listen to any of the other vocals as he was recording. He could synch to the track all day long like that. He was an unbelievable syncher.
BB: The best I've ever recorded. The best.
PR: At the very end, Jim was just jamming and improvised several small pieces of poetry. We put them all together with switch editing.
PL: How did you first hear the Doors' songs, preparatory to recording them?
PR: Well, some I heard on stage, some I heard in rehearsal, some I heard in the studio, and some I'd hear where Robby would just pick up a guitar and say "Here's a new song." It happened all different ways. The later it got into the Doors' career, the more I heard the songs this way — as they were written.
PL: Did you ever influence the tunes as they were being written? Would Robby ever play you a song where you'd suggest a lyric change or another refrain?
PR: There were always things like that, but they were minimal. I've always tried to give the writers as much space as I possibly can. When Robby first played me "Touch Me," I didn't much like it. The main word in it was awful — it was a negative word. At that time, the main word wasn't "touch" — it originally went "Hit me, babe." He didn't mean "hit" in the violent sense, he meant it like "Gimme five." I said "Yeah, but the world won't know that. The world will think it's a sadistic song. When they hear it's the Doors, they'll think 'Aha, black leather and devices.'" I said that I'd put a soft word in — something that has positive rather than negative valence, like "touch." Morrison said "Hmm, not bad. Sexy too. Yeah, let's use that." That's one of the more dramatic instances where I'd suggest a change, but you have to realize that 98% of the time Robby's music and Jim's lyrics were fine to begin with.
Test instruments and specifications provide many little bits of information about audio equipment performance. Crown equipment always shows up well on this spec-by-spec comparison.
But there is only one instrument that can evaluate total sound performance. That's your ears!
And your ears deserve, indeed must have, the very best equipment in your studio to record, playback and amplify sound. We think you deserve Crown.
For over twenty-five years, Crown has manufactured audio equipment for recording and broadcast studios. Crown reliability, low distortion and ruggedness is well-known. But most users like Crown simply because it sounds good. They've tested it — by ear.
But, judge for yourself. Only your ears can really tell you how good Crown equipment is.
**Amplifiers** for studio monitors, headphones, paging systems. Designed for dependable service. Circuits designed for protection against shorts or mismatches. IM distortion less than .05% over the entire bandwidth. 19" rack mount. 3-year warranty on parts, labor and round-trip shipping.
**D-150A Stereo Amplifier**
80 watts RMS per channel into 8 ohms, 1 Hz to 20 kHz. 5½ inches high. 25 pounds. Rear-mounted switch converts to mono mode (160 watts).
**DC-300A Stereo Amplifier**
155 watts per channel into 8 ohms, 1 Hz to 20 kHz. 7 inches high. 48 pounds. Simple wiring change converts to mono mode (310 watts).
**M-600 Single-Channel Amplifier**
The latest addition to the Crown family of amplifiers. 600 watts into 8 ohms, 1 Hz-20 kHz. 92 pounds. Built-in cooling. Peak-catching meter and threshold lights for convenient monitoring.
**VFX-2 Crossover for bi-amping monitors**
Continuously variable filters can perform either crossover or bandpass functions. Dual channels, two filters per channel continuously variable from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. Filter rolloff at 18 dB/octave. Maximum output 6.4 volts into 600 ohms.
**D-60 Stereo Amplifier**
The ideal headphone amp. 30 watts per channel into 8 ohms. 1¾ inches high. 10 pounds, 60 watts mono.
**800 series**
Computer-logic controls allow any command sequence, prevent tape breakage. Feather-touch push buttons. Photo-cell sensing for automatic shut-off in all modes. Remotely controllable. Suitable for automatic operation.
**700 series**
Mechanical interlock. Push-button mode controls. Play and stop modes remotely controllable. Automatic shutoff in play mode.
**Recorder electronics**
for versatile off-the-shelf design. Four different electronic packages, which can be combined with either transport for just the capabilities you need. 19" rack mount. Headphone output jack on all models.
**CX series**
Two channel record/playback • Plug-in modules for all functions • Built-in remote record (CX-800's) for no thumps on tape at beginning or end of record mode • Available with 600 or 250 ohm balanced XLR cannon inputs and outputs as an accessory.
**SP Player**
Two channel playback only • Three-speed equalization • 600 ohm balanced output.
**SX series**
Two channel record/playback • All circuit functions on four permanently mounted printed circuit cards • Rear panel bias adjust • 2 HI-Z unbalanced mics per channel.
**SX mono series**
Single channel record/playback • SX construction • Balanced and unbalanced line outputs •
Call us today at 219/294-5571, or write for complete specs.
When listening becomes an art
Crown
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Circle No. 121
Since its invention or discovery in the mid 1960's, the special effect known as "PHASING" or "FLANGING" has been one of the most popular additions to the mixer's repertoire. Phasing was introduced to the mass audience in the song "Itchycoo Park" by Small Faces and has been used (yes, and overused) to some extent by virtually every artist since that time. Just in case you've been on an interstellar voyage or in the Philippine jungles since the 1960's, the phasing effect has been described by various individuals as "a swimming effect," as "a jet plane going through the music," as "a whooshing" sound, as "one of the best ways discovered to cover up mistakes," and as "something that makes you think the music is circling around you." All of these descriptions have merit.
The phasing effect's versatility can be partially explained by the following facts:
1. It affects three of the most important characteristics of a musical signal—pitch, amplitude, and harmonic distribution.
2. It affects signals over a very wide frequency range, and thus applies to virtually every signal source from a bass guitar to a snare drum.
3. It produces dynamic changes in pitch, which is interesting in itself and can be used to cover up mistakes.
4. It can be used to generate a pseudo-stereo signal with interesting characteristics and little effort (pseudo quad too).
5. When used tastefully it can add a hell of a lot of interest to a recording or live performance. (When used without taste it can still add a lot of interest. Short of running an entire concert through a phasing device, it's hard to misuse.)
WHAT IS PHASING?
WHAT IS FLANGING?
The terms "PHASING" and "FLANGING" have been used interchangeably to describe the effect obtained. In point of electronic fact, there are two substantially different ways of obtaining the effect, and the effect thus obtained is also substantially different. The original effect (used on Itchycoo Park) was allegedly obtained by feeding a signal into two tape recorders, mixing the output, and then placing a drag on one of the reel flanges to slow down the machine. Because this method ties up two tape machines, requires 22 patch cords, and is a bit awkward (how many engineers have calibrated fingers?), several manufacturers designed electronic "black boxes" to achieve the effect with greater ease. Typically these devices accept a signal input and produce a phased output, the phasing being controlled by front panel knobs. One manufacturer (Eventide Clock Works) designed a unit specifically for recording studio applications. This unit has several methods of controlling the phasing: in addition to a front panel "ΔΦ" control, it has provisions for using an internal envelope detector or a variable frequency oscillator, thus phasing automatically either by following the signal amplitude or in a repetitive fashion.
However, (and it's a big however) . . .
HOWEVER these black boxes, for technical reasons, could not generate the same effect as the finger on the flange. And although the black boxes had many advantages which could not (and cannot) be duplicated by the tape flanging method, the effect was not as pronounced or "deep," and thus the tape method continued to be used when a particularly strong effect was desired. To prevent confusion, in the remainder of this article we will refer to PHASING and FLANGING by the following definitions:
PHASING: The effect obtained by using electronic phase-shift networks to generate cancellations in the frequency spectrum of a signal.
FLANGING: The effect obtained by using differential delay to generate cancellations in the frequency spectrum of a signal, regardless of the method used to generate the delay.
The difference in the sound of the two methods can be well explained by theory, and we proceed to do so below.
PHASING
The basis of the "black box" phasing device is an electronic circuit known as
the "ALL-PASS NETWORK." As one might assume, this type of network passes signals of all frequencies, but its output phase versus input phase varies as a function of frequency. A representative circuit is diagrammed above.
Since the circuit has a single RC time constant, the maximum phase variation, assuming ideal components, is 180 degrees. In actuality, it can only approach this value since C is limited by stray capacitance and R must not exceed a reasonable value, depending upon the operational amplifier used. The output of the network sounds the same as the input (flat frequency response), but the phase is shifted according to the RC network constants. Thus, by adding the input of the network to the output of the network in a 1:1 ratio, the added signals will be reinforced at frequencies where the phase shift is near 0, and cancelled at frequencies where the phase shift is near 180 degrees. Since our example uses a single network, there will be no complete cancellation. To produce the phasing effect, several such networks are connected in series, and their phase shifts added. This gives rise to such advertising claims as "over 1200 degrees of phase shift!" which is true, impressive, and probably irrelevant. The other requisite for phasing is some method for varying the time constant of the networks over a wide range. In the example shown, varying R over a 400:1 range varies the cancellation frequency over the same amount, causing the phasing to shift from beyond audibility to the mid-bass region. As an added plus, during the period that R is changing, a frequency shift similar to doppler shift is created. This applies to the output of the all-pass network whether or not it is added to the input. Thus it is possible to generate a deep vibrato with no extra circuitry.
The frequency response of 8 all-pass networks is shown graphically for several values of R. The graphs are plotted on identical axes. Since the horizontal axis is logarithmic, the relative spacing of the nulls remains constant, although the absolute spacing in number of Hertz varies as R varies. In observing the graphs, note the following characteristics:
1. Below and above the ranges of the phase shift networks, the output of the system asymptotically approaches 2X the input.
2. The frequency ratio of the nulls is not constant and not harmonically related.
3. The shape of the nulls is sharp, the peaks rounded.
4. The total number of nulls is fixed and dependent upon the number of all-pass networks.
5. At any time the nulls are clustered within one portion of the frequency spectrum.
FLANGING
As we stated earlier, flanging is produced by mixing the output of two tape recorders, one of which is running a little slower than the other. Since the head-to-head distance is fixed, the transit time of the tape from the record head to the play head determines the path delay. Assume that the speed difference between tape machines is such that the differential delay between transit times is equal to 1 millisecond. Since one millisecond is the period of a 1kHz signal, it might be
PLOT OF FREQUENCY vs. AMPLITUDE OF VARIOUS DELAY TIMES (left) and PHASE NETWORKS (right)
(In each case the graphed response is obtained by the algebraic addition of the input signal to the processed signal.)
Signal processed through true delay circuit with delay as shown
Signal processed through 8 identical networks with R-C constants shown
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expected that a 1kHz input to the system would result in an additive signal, since the two outputs would add-in-phase. On the other hand, a 500Hz input would have a 180 degree phase shift at 1 millisecond delay, and thus would completely cancel. Slightly less obvious is the fact that all signals at odd multiples of 500 Hz will undergo the same cancellation, since, for instance, the phase shift of 1500Hz is $360 + 180$ degrees at 1 millisecond delay. Several graphs are presented showing the frequency response of a signal mixed with its delayed replica. Incidentally, all the graphs show the steady state response. We'll have a few words on transients later. In observing the graphs, note the following characteristics.
1. Below the first null, the output of the system asymptotically approaches 2X the input. There are always nulls at high frequencies.
2. The frequency ratio of the nulls is constant and harmonically related.
3. The shape of the nulls is uniform, and similar to the peaks.
4. The number of nulls increases as the delay increases.
5. At long delays, the entire frequency spectrum is substantially modified.
The above comparisons refer only to the steady state behavior of the phasing/flanging systems. In reality, two transient conditions occur (and interact). At issue are the subjective effects when:
1. Material is being phased or flanged while the time constant or delay of the network is being varied; and
2. The input is being changed while the constants of the network are held fixed.
The results in the first case were alluded to earlier. If a phase shift network has its constants changed, a frequency shift analogous to doppler shift will occur. Since the networks do not affect all frequencies equally, the change will be different for different frequencies. Thus, harmonic ratios will not be preserved during the change. On the other hand, changing the delay in the case of flanging is precisely analogous to doppler shift, and frequency shift will take place in the well-known manner. Subjectively, it appears that the rate at which the doppler or pseudo-doppler shift takes place is more significant than the type of network that produces it. This is only the result of a few hurried observations and you should feel free to disagree with this conclusion.
Far more interesting is the second case. A phasing network can produce only a limited amount of delay at frequencies in the range that is of musical interest. Transient effects arise because the signal applied to the network input does not affect the final result until it reaches the end of the network. The other branch of signal is direct. For instance, if the delay time were 5 milliseconds and a 1900Hz signal were applied to a flanging network, the output would be a null as indicated in the graph, but, before the null was achieved, 9 complete cycles of the tone would pass through the network, resulting in a cross between a click and a short "beep." Actual musical signals are not nearly so deterministic, and the subjective effects are impossible to describe. That's one of the main reasons why the flanging effect is more pronounced than phasing. In effect, each signal has two characteristics — its steady state and its transient. Although this does not apply particularly to violins, organs, etc., plucked string instruments, and especially drums, take on a whole new aspect when flanged. This effect becomes distinct from the frequency nulling at about 1 millisecond, and increases in importance up to about 5 milliseconds.
In summary, then, the comparison between phasing and flanging comes down to this: Flanging produces a more pronounced effect, primarily because of the extra nulls in the frequency response, and the longer period before transients are nulled out of the final result. It is more difficult to achieve because of the bulky equipment and inconvenient setup and not as controllable.
FLANGING FOR THE MILLIONS
It seems that achieving short delays in signals has always been difficult. How would you build a delay line variable from, say, near 0 to 5 milliseconds?
If you need a short delay, you can use distributed capacitance and inductance of a coil of wire. As the delay increases, however, the bandwidth suffers. Above a few tens of microseconds, it becomes unusable for high quality audio.
If you need a very short delay, you use a piece of wire and wait for the speed of light to bring you your signal.
If you need a very long delay, you record your signal on tape and play it back later.
If you need a super long delay, you inscribe the data on a silicon wafer and send it into a solar escape orbit.
If you need a few hundred milliseconds of delay, you convert your signal into digital format and store it in shift registers. It will come back unaltered after the desired delay and be converted to analog and reused.
But what about five milliseconds?
The delay is too short to justify the overhead cost of digital technology. A speaker at one end of a tube and a microphone at the other? Fine for fixed delays but try to adapt it for rapid variation! Ultrasonic delay? Suffers from dynamic range problems, and how to vary it? Tape delay? Works, but what a nuisance! Magnetic disc? Costs a fortune and has (ugh) moving parts.
Enough teasing. A new type of semiconductor has been produced in recent years. It is known generically as the "Charge Coupled Device" and popularly as the "Bucket Brigade" delay. Until very recently, the state of development of these devices was such that they were impractical to use for audio. They had insufficient dynamic range and suffered from many undesirable electronic characteristics beyond the scope of this article. As this is written, at least one device is available which is suitable for short delay use in audio with sufficient range, both in delay and amplitude. Earlier devices had been designed primarily for video applications which are more demanding at high frequencies but can get along with 40dB range.
Using these devices to generate delay enables one to build an all-electronic (no moving part) "black box" which produces flanging in a manner precisely analogous, but without the bulk and inconvenience, to the two tape machine-22 patch cord method. An additional benefit is that the delay is controlled electronically instead of mechanically, enabling one to do the same sort of tricks, such as signal or oscillator controlled flanging, as can be done by the common phasing unit.
APPENDIX
For you mathematics people, the formulas used to create the graphs shown are given below.
PHASE RESPONSE OF ALL-PASS NETWORK
\[ \Theta = (-2\tan^{-1}\omega R_1 C_1) + (-2\tan^{-1}\omega R_2 C_2) + (-2\tan^{-1}\omega R_n C_D) \]
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF ALL-PASS NETWORK
\[ H = \sqrt{(1+\cos\Theta)^2+(\sin\Theta)^2} \]
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SIGNAL ADDED TO ITS DELAYED REPLICA
\[ H = \frac{\cos \left( \frac{T_d}{360} \right)}{1/f} + 1 \]
WHERE:
\( R \) is the resistance component of the all-pass network
\( C \) is the capacitance component of the all-pass network
\( \omega \) is the frequency in radians/sec \( (2\pi f) \)
\( T_C \) is the delay time in seconds
\( f \) is frequency in Hz
- END -
STUDER
a standard of excellence.
Complete information on STUDER Professional Audio Equipment and the name of the sales/service representative in your area is available from, Willi STUDER America, Inc., 3916 Broadway, Buffalo, New York 14227. Phone 716-681-5450. In Canada, Willi Studer Canada, Ltd. Phone 416-423-2831.
RELAPPING YOUR OWN MAGNETIC RECORDER HEADS—Why—When—How
by RONALD G. KINZIE
WMBI
Chicago, Illinois
Relapping of tape heads is not as difficult a task as may first appear. The only materials needed for the job are abrasive sheets and a piece of plate glass for backing. The mechanics involved (described later) are not difficult and can best be learned by practicing on an old head. Should you want to try your hand relapping tape heads, a half an hour each should probably be allowed for your first two or three, but as proficiency is gained, it is entirely possible to relap a head (1/4 inch tape size) in about fifteen minutes.
Why Relap?
Relapping may be decided upon for one of several reasons. The decision to relap was made at WMBI when it was found that certain types of heads, when well grooved, had a much greater tendency to collect oxide from tape than those heads showing little wear. Chief offenders in this case were stereo heads which used non-metallic materials in the construction of the head face. Keeping grooved heads clean was rapidly becoming an impossible chore, and once a given head began to show signs of becoming a dirt collector, it seemed nothing could be done to correct this chronic condition. Even frequent cleaning throughout the day could not keep pace with the increased problems of drop-out in one or both channels.
More often than not, the oxide would collect primarily in the corners of the groove, causing the tape to ride up out of the groove on one side or the other. Thus, an additional problem was created as the tape would begin to wear an alternate path in the head. (See Figure 1.) Unfortunately, once such an alternate path was sufficiently established, the tape would not stay in one path, but would jump from one path to the other without warning. Neither would a subsequent, thorough cleaning of the head remedy this problem once the alternate path had been established.
A simple test will reveal whether or not an alternate path does exist: first skew the tape one way, allowing the tape to slide into the groove from one direction; and then skew it the other way, allowing it to slide into the groove from the other direction. If a new path has been worn, it is easy to tell when the tape is in the newly formed path because then, a marked drop in level in one or more channels will be evident. The drop is a result of the loss of good tape-head contact for those channels.
At this point the questions may arise, "How much additional life could be expected from a reconditioned head?" and "Is it worth it?" A practical way to answer these questions, for yourself, may be to keep a record of the amount of wear on a head at the time of relapping and the date. (Sometimes it is convenient to attach this information to the head on a gummed label.) As data is collected, you will then be able to evaluate the worth of such a project, given your set of circumstances.
It should be mentioned here that the geometric shape of the head face also
This ad is addressed to the hard-headed businessman within you. You're probably a very creative guy when it comes to making recordings. But you're probably also a very businesslike guy when it comes to buying recording equipment.
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plays a significant part in expected head life (explained elsewhere in this article).
**The Relapping Process**
Basically, the lapping process is done in seven steps using increasingly finer grades of abrasive material throughout the process. This involves using two grades of medium grit finishing paper to remove metal and to reshape the head, and then five grades of lapping film to restore the polished surface. (See Table 1.)
The head should be made ready for lapping by removing it from its mounting block, if one is used. The various grades of abrasive paper (or lapping film) may then be placed back-side-down on a desk top covered with plate glass. The only exceptions are steps 6 and 7, which are carried out under running water. In steps 3 through 5, water is used between the lapping film and the glass. The water will hold the lapping film firmly in place and keep it in a smoothed-out condition. Next, more water is added to the abrasive side of the lapping film in order to keep its surface from getting clogged.
The lapping process is carried out by slowly rotating the head first one way, and then the other, as it is moved back-and-forth across the abrasive sheet. (See Figure 2.) Rotating the head constantly as it moves prevents the wearing of any flat spots on the head face.
As the head is lapped, as little pole metal as possible is removed, yet enough to completely remove the groove. (See Figure 3.) It is suggested that metal be removed from the face of the head in such a way as to approach a rounded (cylindrical) surface, as opposed to a more pointed surface which is found on some original equipment. This rounded surface seems to give a much longer expected wear life to the head.
---
**Table 1**
**The Various Steps and Abrasives Used in the Lapping Process**
| Step | Abrasive Material | Grade | Notes |
|------|-----------------------------------|---------|-------|
| 1 | Aluminum oxide paper (open coat) | 120-C | 1 4 5 |
| 2 | Aluminum oxide paper (open coat) | 220 | 1 4 5 |
| 3 | Aluminum oxide lapping film | 40 micron | 2 4 6 |
| 4 | Aluminum oxide lapping film | 30 micron | 2 4 6 |
| 5 | Aluminum oxide lapping film | 12 micron | 2 4 6 |
| 6 | Aluminum oxide lapping film | 3 micron | 3 6 |
| 7 | Aluminum oxide lapping film | 0.3 micron | 3 6 |
1. No water is used in grinding process.
2. Water is used between plate-glass backing and abrasive sheet as well as on cutting side of abrasive sheet.
3. Both lapping film and head are held under running water during polishing process.
4. Plate-glass backing is used with abrasive sheet.
5. Basically a shaping process.
6. Basically a polishing process.
7. Finer polishing.
---
**Figure 2 Method Used to Lap Head**
---
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After the shaping process, finer abrasives are used to restore the polished surface; the same mechanical motions being used as when shaping. Care should be taken to avoid contaminating each grade of abrasive with any of the coarser grits by thoroughly rinsing the head being lapped under running water between each stage of lapping. The final two stages of lapping are actually carried out under running water to prevent any possible contamination by stray grit.
The head is then dried and remounted in its mounting block. In addition to tightening any set screws in the mounting block, the head may be cemented in place with Super Strength Lock n’ Seal (a Loctite product) to provide additional strength and stability. Loctite should not be permitted to come in contact with the threads of the set screw.
The erase head does not seem to be subject to the same ills as the record and play head, possibly because perfect tape-head contact is not critical. For this reason, I have not found it necessary to relap an erase head to date.
At this point, the head may be installed in the tape machine. The machine should be aligned both mechanically and electronically in the same fashion as when new heads are installed.
Materials
Aluminum oxide lapping film can be purchased from 3-M. The current price is $45.00 for 100 9” x 11” sheets. (This is the minimum order for this type of abrasive.) This may seem like a substantial investment for abrasives, but it is less than the price of one head and, considering the small amount used per head, should last indefinitely.
An initial order might consist of:
- 30 sheets 40 micron
- 30 sheets 30 micron
- 15 sheets 12 micron
- 15 sheets 3 micron
- 15 sheets 0.3 micron.
Though the minimum order is said to be 100 sheets, a given grade is packaged 15 sheets to the package.
The address of 3-M is:
3-M Company
6850 S. Harlem Avenue
Bedford Park
Argo Post Office, IL 60501.
For Tape Heads
Head for TABER
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TABER professional audio heads are available in full track through 16 track configurations including ¼” 4 channel for your Ampex 440 series and Scully 280 series recorders.
TABER provides expert and prompt reconditioning service for all audio head configurations.
Loaner assemblies are available.
For heads, head for Taber . . . the best source available.
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Circle No. 128
Circle No. 129
We put some of our best heads together and came up with a mike that will satisfy almost everybody. The multi-module AKG electret condenser system.
It's an AKG condenser microphone. It's an electret. It can be phantom powered also. (Your choice.)
A twist of the wrist changes modules from a cardioid-to a cardioid/integral windscreen-to a omni-directional-to a lavelier.
To make sure the system performs at top specifications we make it with FET pre-amplifiers and gold-vaporized Teflon™ diaphragms in the modules. Humidity can't hurt it. (Temperature/Humidity range from −5°F/99% to +125°F/95%.) And aging won't cause deterioration either.
It's a professional system in every way. Sensitivity variance between modules is remarkably low.
College stations and studios on a tight budget find the AKG compact electret system an easy step-up to AKG quality without straining the budget. All four modules are interchangeable on the power supply/handle. That saves equipment purchases.
The AKG electret system components are all available separately or in several economical combinations. They're perfect for young recording outfits that need growing room without obsoleting anything.
See your professional equipment dealer. Or write to us. Good things happen when you put our heads together.
AKG MICROPHONES • HEADPHONES distributed by:
PHILIPS AUDIO VIDEO SYSTEMS CORP.
AUDIO DIVISION
91 McKee Drive, Mahwah, New Jersey 07430
A North American Philips Company
Four heads are better than one.
Introducing the AKG multi-module miracle mike.
GRANDSON II ANNOUNCED BY AUDITRONICS
GRANDSON II, MODEL 110-8, is a new expandable, completely modular professional recording/remixing/on-air audio control console from Auditronics, Inc. of Memphis. Designed for budget 8 track and 16 track recording/remixing and on-air applications, the free standing unit is expandable to 24 mixing positions — 48 inputs — in only 50" width. It offers complete metering, two echo send/receive channels, talkback communications, separate control room and studio monitoring, either 8 or 16 channel monitor matrix, test oscillator, simultaneous stereo and 8 channel outputs, two independent headphone cue foldback circuits, and a full line of matching accessories including a plug-in patch bay.
A full capacity production system at a moderate price, GRANDSON II, eliminates the need for jury rigged consoles to handle 8 track recording and can be expanded to full 16 track capability.
The unit is provided with 8 program output channels and 8 VU meters; all program inputs and outputs are transformer isolated. A stereo pan-pot and multi-station switches at each input position provide assignment to one or more program output busses simultaneously. Monitoring functions and muting circuitry are TTL logic controlled and may be programmed by the owner to meet specific requirements.
Each input position provides a linear motion attenuator in either mono or stereo configuration as required and a stepped sensitivity control to accommodate levels from -70 dBm to +20 dBm. More input positions are available with an optional 3 knob, six frequency equalizer providing 12 dB boost or cut at 80 Hz or 150 Hz, 1.8kHz or 4kHz, and 7.5kHz, or 12kHz, In/Out switch with LED indicator, and Hi-Lo Cut Filter. Stereo inputs provide for one line level pair and mono inputs provide switchable selection between two inputs which may be either microphone or line level. Solo function with LED Indicator on each input may be used without interruption of program. A simple strapping change on the input module P.C. board permits altering solo function to a pre-fader cue function for broadcast applications. An On-Off switch with LED Indicator and controls for Echo sends A and B appear on each Input Module.
AUDITRONICS, INC., 180B S. COOPER ST., MEMPHIS, TN., 38104. Telephone: 901-276-6338.
Circle No. 131
CERWIN-VEGA INTRODUCES COMPACT MM-3/V-30 PA SYSTEM
The system, consisting of an 8 channel mixer-amplifier and two of the company's best selling V-30 speaker systems, carries a suggested retail price of $1,798, and is designed to offer higher performance and more useful features than other popular systems in its price range.
The MM-3's built-in power amplifier uses the same rugged circuit as used in the EARTHQUAKE Sensitround amplifiers, and develops 275 watts RMS at less than 0.25% distortion. The mixer section has such unusual features as a switchable 20 dB pad on each input to prevent pre-amplifier overload, a built in professional quality peak limiter calibrated to limit at the power amp's clip point, and a unique "Preview" system that allows the operator to select any channel or combination of channels for monitoring through the headphone amplifier. The unit's built-in reverb electronics can double as a separate monitor mixer if desired. A special "Freq-Out" circuit gives effective control over feedback with just two controls, without...
affecting the tonal balance of the desired program. A complete array of inputs and outputs allows patching in a wide variety of accessories (i.e., graphic equalizers, electronic crossovers, effects devices, etc.) and with the addition of extra amps and speakers, a multi-kilowatt system may be assembled.
The following are the manufacturers specifications: 1½"Wx6-3/8"H x 5½"D size; controls - front: compression threshold, release time, VU meter (reads true gain reduction), rear: meter zero calibrate, gain reduction bias; freq. response 15Hz - 30kHz ± .5dB; distortion @ limiting threshold, less than .5% nominal, less than .15%; max. output +24dBm (using 50 V power supply); noise -85dBm @ any gain setting from unity to +30dB; gain structure: unity to 30dB (adjustable internally).
Input impedance more than or equal to 2.5k ohms. Output impedance 6 ohms to be driven into 100 ohms or greater. Attack time 500 microseconds; release time variable 300 m.sec. to 5 seconds. -35 to -50 v DC voltage required. Features low cost, low distortion, ease of operation, ease of servicing, drift-free operation, lamp/LDR gain reduction element.
Price: $100.00.
HOLZER AUDIO ENGINEERING CORP.
14110 AETNA ST. VAN NUYS, CA.
91401, (213) 787-7733.
Circle No. 134
MODULAR AUDIO BI-POLAR POWER SUPPLY
A new high output current bi-polar power supply, with output current capability of ± 4 amps is now available.
Known as Model 7000, it operates at 115 VAC, 60Hz input power, and provides adjustable dc voltages from ± 14 to ± 16 V at 4 amps. The unit provides crowbar over-voltage protection (limiting the output to 18 volts maximum): fold-back type current limiting; and interlocked output protection.
The output section consists of 2 echo returns, a stereo master fader and 8 rotary submaster controls that are metered to +4dBm at 0 VU. All output lines are transformerless and are designed to drive 600 ohm loads with a distortion figure of .1% or better at +20dBm.
Retail price: $2,555.00.
SPECK ELECTRONICS, 11408 COLLINS ST., NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CA 91601.
Circle No. 136
ROBINS PROFESSIONAL-SIZE BULK TAPE ERASER
A new degausser to erase professional and industrial-size reels of magnetic tape as well as digital cassettes is the new rugged unit, of heavy-duty construction, that will demagnetize reels up to 1" wide and 17" in diameter. A number of safety features protect the eraser, Model R24024, while insuring a powerful degaussing field. A forced air cooling system provides a relatively long use cycle.
Operating on 115v AC, 50-60 Hz, 18 amps, the R24024 is capable of degaussing 100 reels of ½" tape in approximately 15 to 30 minutes. One-inch reels are handled by doing one side and then flipping over the reel to repeat the erasing operation, which is simply to place the reel on the spindle, turning on the main power switch and slowly rotating the reel,
HAECO PL-2 LOW COST LIMITER
The new high quality PL-2 limiter is price designed to solve the studio and sound reinforcement problem of, "never enough limiters around." Featuring a full +24dB output, with totally variable threshold and release times, the PL-2 is a photocell type of unit with the soft sounding characteristics of higher priced limiters.
Other features include remote sensing, resettable power line circuit breaker, an overload indicator, and front panel voltage adjusting controls.
The Model 7000 measures 5" x 8-9/16" x 12-1/4", and is designed for bench or rack mounting. A separate rack panel is available for mounting one or two units in a standard 19" rack, 5" high. Delivery is from stock to 60 days.
MODULAR AUDIO PRODUCTS, 1385 LAKELAND AVENUE, BOHEMIA, NY 11716. TEL: 516—567-9620.
Circle No. 135
SPECK SP-800 CONSOLE
The SP-800 is a 16 input, 8 output console with an independent stereo mix buss. The console incorporates an 8 track monitor and pan section that features automatic sync and program monitoring.
Each input channel has XLR balanced inputs, 10 and 20dB attenuation to the preamp section, low and high frequency equalization with 20dB of boost or cut, 8 position rotary assignment switch, cue and echo send control, a conductive plastic slide fader, and a line/mike input switch on the first 8 channels.
PHASING vs FLANGING
the discernible difference
Phaser: An effects component designed to produce a phase-shift response created by a comb-filter effect with frequency-related notches which is mixed back with the original signal.
The effect of phasing is obtained by passing the input signal through a series of all-pass filters exhibiting a phase response that is variable in frequency. When this signal is mixed back with the input signal, cancellations and reinforcements occur. The resulting comb-filter effect spreads over a wide range of frequencies. As these notches are moved up and down the audio range, a spacious, spinning effect is obtained.
The subjective effect of phasing is best at mid and low frequency ranges, as opposed to flanging, phasing’s chronological predecessor.
Flanger: An effects component created by MXR Innovations to provide repeatable reel-flanging effects, caused by mixing a dry and a time delayed signal to create a comb-filter response with harmonically related components.
The effect of flanging is created by mixing a variable time delay signal back with the original dry signal. The resulting comb-filter response is characterized by the precise mathematical relationship created by the time delay.
The subjective effect is that of conventional reel-flanging, without the necessity for manpower and multiple tape decks or a costly and highly specialized digital delay system. The comb-filter response of flanging causes random program material (i.e. drums, cymbals and other percussion) to take on musical tonality. Unlike phasing, flanging is subjectively more noticeable at mid and high frequencies, due to the time delay created response. Unlike reel-flanging, the MXR Auto Flanger is at the tip of your fingers in real time.
You will find the Auto Flanger and Auto Phaser to be wise additions to any studio effects board. Compact and fully compatible with existing systems, both components are easily incorporated with the mere addition of a simple power supply (+15 to +30V).
Once installed, the units’ ease of operation and versatility will revolutionize your effects board.
External control capabilities allow for stereo operation of two units, and low power consumption ensures multiple use without excessive drain on your board supply. Both units are durable, reliable, affordable...innovative—and are internationally available at leading audio supply houses.
MXR Innovations, Inc.
Professional Products Group, 277 N. Goodman St., Rochester, N.Y. 14607
Circle No. 137
at a constant rate, for three or four revolutions.
Robins' caution to customers graphically illustrates the R24024's strength. "Any device whose operation can be adversely affected by a magnetic field should be kept at least two feet away from the unit," it says. "This includes such items as magnetic tapes or films with sound tracks, hearing aids, pacemakers, electronic watches and test instruments."
In normal use, the new Robins bulk tape eraser may be operated for 40 minutes continuously, before requiring a 10-minute cooling off period.
Safety features include automatic overheat phase, indicated by a panel light, during which the magnetic field is automatically shut off but a cooling fan continues to run, a three-conductor power cord, fuses and pilot light.
Model R24024 carries a professional net price of $240.
ROBINS INDUSTRIES CORP., 75 AUSTIN BLVD., COMMACK, L.I., NY 11725.
Circle No. 138
AURATONE ULTRA-COMPACT-SOUND-CUBE MONITOR SPEAKERS
Used in many prominent recording studios for comparative monitoring, where engineers need to evaluate mixes on small speakers, the Model 5C Super-Sound-Cube™ has been refined both on performance and appearance.
According to the manufacturer, acoustical testing of the 6½" x 6½" x 5¾" Model 5C shows the ability to handle a continuous 30 Watt input at 150 Hz, with up to 60 Watt peaks in program material without blowing.
With an audible response range from 50Hz to 15,000Hz the units measure plus or minus 3½dB in the vital 200Hz to 12.5kHz range.
The Model 5C is also said to be very useful as a comparison standard speaker, being easily moved by the mixer or producer from a known monitoring environment to an unfamiliar control room. The units are also said to be recommended for monitoring on remotes.
Price: $50.00 per pair, retail.
AURATONE, P.O. BOX 580, DEL MAR, CA. 92014, (714) 453-2334.
Circle No. 139
AMPLEX ANNOUNCES NEW MM-1100, AG-440 RECORDER ACCESSORIES
VOIDLESS PUNCHOUTS FOR MM-1100 AND AG-440
A new accessory which assures clean insert edits in multichannel recording is being offered by Ampex Corporation for use on its MM-1100 and AG-440 audio recorders.
Called Pick Up Recording Capability (PURC), the accessory permits the editing or dubbing of new material over previously recorded material without creating errors at either end of the new insert.
Typically, during a dubbing sequence both the erase and record heads are activated simultaneously. Because of the space between the two heads, over recording occurs on the unerased tape. Likewise, a gap is left at the end of the dub.
By individually controlling the turnon and turnoff operations of the erase and record heads, PURC prevents over recording at the punch-in position and eliminates the resulting gap or blank spot at punch-out.
Prices range from $170 to $675. The PURC accessory is available within 60 to 90 days.
Circle No. 140
NEW SYNCHRONIZER FOR MM-1100 OR AG-440
Ampex Corporation today introduced an electronic device designed to link the MM-1100 and AG-440 series recorder/reproducers with the RA-4000 automatic programmer for use in multitrack audio production.
The device, Auditec II, permits the multiple tracks of voice, music and sound effects to be recorded and mixed in synchronization with the video.
Through interface with the recorder and programmer, electronic splices may be set up, previewed and executed immediately, or maintained in memory so that entire audio-video edit sequences may be accomplished in a single continuous operation.
One track of each recorder is used for a digital synchronization code, leaving all remaining tracks for record and mixdown of the desired master audio recording for video broadcast.
For each multichannel recorder linked to the RA-4000, one Auditec II is neces-
Specifications are available from:
SPECTRA SONICS
770 WALL AVENUE, OGDEN, UTAH 84404
(801) 392-7531
Circle No. 141
necessary. After installation, the MM-1100 or AG-440 recorder and the RA-4000 can be used for all original functions.
Priced at $6,500, the Auditec II fits both a standard rack and in the MM-1100 overbridge.
Circle No. 142
OVERHEAD RACK SPACE FOR MM-1100's
A new overhead accessory bridge is now being offered by Ampex Corporation for the MM-1100 series recorder/reproducers.
The modular design allows up to 100 pounds of accessories to be easily installed on all MM-1100s. Only 19½ inches wide with risers 3-1/3 inches high, the entire assembly can be mounted at the rear of the MM-1100 controls.
Up to four sets of risers may be installed, for a total of 14 inches of vertical rack space.
Some of the accessories that can be installed in the overhead bridge are the Auditec II, the Sync lock, the VS-10 Variable Speed Oscillator, and EECO Synchronizing equipment components.
The overhead accessory bridge comes in kit form and costs $975.
Circle No. 143
NEW SEARCH-TO-CUE ACCESSORY
The unit is designed to cut costs of mixdown and overdubbing operations in professional recording studios and will enhance their overall multichannel recording capability.
Search-to-Cue comes in kit form and can be easily installed by a qualified technician. The kit is priced at $895 and availability is 90 days a.r.o.
The device permits the operator to set a cue anywhere on the tape, then return to that point automatically. This point can be set in either the fast forward or rewind modes as well as in the stop mode.
Since the timer is tape-driven and is independent of the Search-to-Cue logic, the timer readout remains unaffected no matter how many times the cue may be reset.
Conversely, if the timer readout is reset with the display reset button, the operator can still return to the previously set cue. A new cue is set, clearing the old one, by manually going to the desired point on the tape and then pressing the cue button.
Position of the tape is shown on a digital display while a (+) or (-) display indicates whether the current reading is ahead of or behind the zero point.
When searching to the cue point, tape speed is controlled automatically to prevent overshooting. Timing is accurate to ±0.5 second at 15 inches per second (ips).
As a further convenience, the operator may press the cue control on the Search-to-Cue accessory and then the play control on the tape transport. When operated in this manner, the MM-1100 will shuttle the tape to the cue and immediately go into the play mode. The operator may also override the cue control at any time by pressing the stop button and then any other transport control.
Circle No. 144
NEW CONSTANT TAPE TENSION ACCESSORY
Ampex Corporation has introduced a new Tape Tension accessory for its AG-440c series studio recorder/reproducers. Designed for 1/4" and 1/2" tape the
Your oscilloscope can be a Real Time Audio Analyser. Add ARA-412.
ARA-412 Acoustic Response Analyser.
Now you can perform Real Time Audio Analysis with just three things — (1) your dc oscilloscope, (2) a "pink noise" source, and (3) the new ARA-412. This unique, easy-to-use instrument permits you to test microphones . . . isolate cross talk . . . balance loudspeakers . . . correct loudspeaker deficiencies . . . test baffle contours . . . adjust equalization . . . and much more. The ARA-412 is priced at $1,450.
For additional applications write for the free ARA-412 data sheet:
COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY inc.
3490 Noeil Street
San Diego, CA 92110
Telephone (714) 297-3261
TS-40 accessory insures constant tape tension throughout the entire playback cycle.
Available in kit form for easy field installation, the TS-40 handles supply reel tape pack diameters from 1-3/4" up to 10-1/2".
Priced at $300, the Ampex TS-40 is available immediately.
Circle No. 148
AMPEX CORPORATION, 401 BROADWAY, REDWOOD CITY, CA 94063.
SPHERE ELECTRONICS ANNOUNCES NEW ALPHA I & II PRO-QUALITY MIXING CONSOLES
Equipped with 8 input channels, the ALPHA I has stereo outputs and the ALPHA II features 4 mixing busses. Designed for broad use in Television, Film-Sound, and all Recording work, the small size (22"W, 23"D, and 9"H) combined with numerous functions makes it an ideal remote mixer or equally at home as a permanent sound system. Professional quality throughout, the ALPHA series mounted almost anywhere due to its light weight (5 lbs.) and small size (no dimension exceeds 7½").
Suggested applications for the SC-6 include feedback control, acoustical correction, loudspeaker correction, tape to disc transfers, dialogue equalization, and generation of special effects.
The unit lists for $375.00, F.O.B. Rochester, New York.
ASHLY AUDIO, INC., 703 ATLANTIC AVE., ROCHESTER, NY 14609.
Circle No. 150
LAMB LABORATORIES SERIES PML422 MIXERS
Revox Corporation introduces its new Lamb Laboratories PML422 series — the PML422 is a four input, two output unit incorporating input sensitivity preselection, separate low, mid and high frequency equalizers, echo send/return controls and adjustable output limiters.
The PML424 is the mirror image version of the PML422 designed to increase capability to 8 input, quad/4 or 2 output.
The PML426 provides six input channels — thus combined with the PML422 or the PML424 10 input, quad/4 or 2 out configuration can be achieved.
This is a three band continuous sweep equalizer.
It is quiet [-80dbm], small [9" x 7" x 2"], and costs $163.50
For spec's call or write
SPECK ELECTRONICS
Professional Audio
11408 Collins
North Hollywood,
California 91601
(213) 980-9919
contain long-throw, conductive plastic faders, solo input, program echo and return, independent cue mix, program echo pan (optional 2 or 4 buss assign color-coded and illuminated pushbuttons), full monitoring control, and an optional Hi/Lo equalizer — all housed in an expendable input, attractive, new package. Self-powered and XL's in and out. Write for descriptive literature on this innovative system.
SPHERE ELECTRONICS, 20201 PRAIRIE "A", CHATSWORTH, CA 91311.
Circle No. 149
ASHLY EQUALIZER FEATURES 3 ADJUSTABLE PARAMETERS, SELF-CONTAINED POWER SUPPLY, ALLOWING MAXIMUM FREEDOM OF PORTABLE USE
The model SC-6 Parametric Equalizer is designed for maximum freedom of use, featuring a self-contained power supply and rugged construction for high reliability and long life. Four bands cover 16Hz to 25kHz, with not only adjustable frequency and gain, but also adjustable curve shape ("Q"), allowing much greater freedom of correction than a graphic equalizer. Very low distortion (less than .01% THD) and noise (-95dB eq. out, -85dB eq. in) levels make the unit equally useful in remote or studio applications. The unit may be
All three mixers incorporate quad pan faders in each input source channel.
The PML426 can be incorporated with either the PML422 or the PML424 and combining all models will give a 14 input quad/4 or 2 out configuration.
Revox Corporation state that as the parameters and possibilities of its mixer series are so extensive, they will send the actual operating manual to all interested parties, rather than standard literature.
The operating manual includes an interesting section on the use and application of microphones.
Price: PML422 $675; PML424 $675; PML426 $625.
Accessories: LPS10 power supply (powers up to three mixers) $65
Rigid carry case $45
REVOX CORPORATION, 155 MICHAEL DR., SYOSSET, NY 11791.
Circle No. 151
INOVONICS RECORDER ELECTRONICS UNIT HAS “BETTER-THAN-NEW” FEATURES
Model 375 Tape Recording Electronics features full remote control and three-speed equalization. It has a "linearized" recording amplifier and phase-corrected reproduce circuitry for low distortion.
An optional sync reproduce amplifier has independent equalization for optimum performance in both playback modes.
The Model 375 plugs directly into most Ampex recorders and is easily adaptable to most other machines.
The price of the unit is $690.
INOVONICS, INC., 1630 DELL AVE., CAMPBELL, CA 95008, (408) 374-8300.
Circle No. 152
ASHLY MIC MIXER FILLS THE GAP BETWEEN LOW PERFORMANCE UNITS AND STUDIO GEAR
The model SM-8 features an 8 in 2 out configuration with two independent level controls, equalization, and a 30 dB variable pad on each input. Eight direct Lo-Z microphone inputs are provided, along with two Hi-Z line inputs. Forward and monitor signals may be mixed independently, and stereo mixing may be accomplished. Low distortion and noise level (-123dBm equivalent input noise) allows the user to take studio performance into the field.
With a weight of nine pounds and no dimension exceeding 17½", the unit may be used almost anywhere. The rugged construction is designed to withstand the toughest portable applications.
The SM-8 mixer is priced at $750.00, F.O.B. Rochester, New York.
ASHLY AUDIO, INC., 703 ATLANTIC AVE., ROCHESTER, NY 14609.
Circle No. 153
CBS TECHNOLOGY CENTER ANNOUNCES NEW LINE OF TEST RECORDS
The CBS Technical Series Professional Test Records, for many years the standard for the industry, have recently been revised and reissued. Produced at the recording research laboratory of the CBS Technology Center (the recently-organized successor to the former CBS Laboratories Division), the new line has been expanded to include a total of nine unique recordings.
The new line of records includes the following:
STR 100 Stereophonic Frequency Test Record
STR 101 Seven Steps to Better Listening
STR 112 Square Wave, Tracking & Intermodulation Rest Record
STR 120 Wide Range Pickup Response Test Record
STR 130 RIAA Frequency Response Test Record
STR 140 RIAA Pink Noise Acoustical Test Record
STR 151 Broadcast Test Record
STR 170 318 Microsecond Frequency Response Test Record
STR 1100 SQ Quadraphonic Test Record
The needs of varied users have been anticipated — engineers, quality control specialists, audio display centers, service technicians and audiophiles.
CBS PROFESSIONAL TEST RECORDS, COLUMBIA SPECIAL PRODUCTS, 51 WEST 52nd ST., NEW YORK, NY 10019.
Circle No. 154
HEADPHONE INTERCOM SYSTEM
The Terry Hanley Audio Systems TH-4500 Power Unit is the heart of a powerful headset intercom system. It is intended for use wherever positive communication...
between many remote stations is required. The 30 watt power amplifier is immune to short circuits and overloads. Frequency contour and loudness limiting circuits keep speech clear and understandable. Through the use of light weight Belt Packs, remote stations may be individually connected to a centrally located Power Unit or may be placed where needed on a single line as far as 5,000 feet from the Power Unit. The Power Unit has system level, monitor headset level and auxiliary input level controls. A microphone defeat switch allows the operator to supersede other communication by making the remote units able to talk only when necessary. A flashing call button permits individual stations to signal each other when the microphones have been deactivated. When used with the TH-2400 Headset and Belt Pack this system provides clear and dependable communications under adverse conditions.
TERRY HANLEY AUDIO SYSTEMS,
329 ELM ST., CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139.
Circle No. 157
OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTOR
PLUG-IN OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTOR stops electrical fires, destruction and malfunctioning of electrical/electronic equipment caused by voltage transients, power surges and induced lightning.
Requiring no special tools or wiring, the Transtector ACP-100B plugs into any standard 110-volt 3-prong outlet. It provides complete protection against hazardous overvoltages arising from power company switching, electrical equipment startup/shutdown, poor regulation and induced lightning.
Utilizing high speed solid-state technology, the ACP-100B offers fully automatic protection. In operation, a multiple stage transient voltage suppressor reacts in 5 nanoseconds to suppress overvoltages. It automatically resets itself after clipping each transient; thereby, permitting continuous, safe operation of the protected equipment.
Should the energy in the overvoltage ever exceed the suppressor's high line, the protector's final stage opens an inline fail/safe switch. The fail/safe switch opens only under extreme voltage conditions and is resettable.
Size is 3" x 4½" x 3". Price is $104. Delivery is from stock.
TRANSTECTOR SYSTEMS, 532 MONT-EREY PASS ROAD, MONTEREY PARK, CA 91754.
Circle No. 158
BRH90 RADIAL HORN FROM COMMUNITY
Community Light & Sound introduces the BRH90; a 90° fiberglass radial horn that accepts either 2" or 1.4" throat drivers. The horn has a 240Hz flare rate.
and a 300 square inch mouth area which permits operation as low as 500Hz.
Like all Community designed horns, construction is sturdy one piece fiberglass, according to the manufacturer, yielding superior performance and long, trouble-free life in the most severe applications. For systems using smaller throat drivers, CLX& has two additional 90° radials, the RH90 and the SR190.
COMMUNITY LIGHT & SOUND, 5701 GRAYS AVENUE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19143, (215) 727-0900.
Circle No. 160
PLAN NOW TO ATTEND THE 52nd TECHNICAL MEETING and EXHIBITION OF PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT of the Audio Engineering Society... OCTOBER 31 - NOVEMBER 3 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City
Classified
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING RATES
Prepaid with submitted copy:
One column inch (1" x 2¼") ... $20.00
½ column inch (½" x 2¼") ...... 14.00
*(If billing is required add 20%.)
SERVICES:
AVAILABLE SERVICES: Milam Audio Co. specializes in every phase of professional studio wiring. From complete systems to individual pre-wired parts and components. Available from stock; Patch Bays; Custom Mike Panels; Multi Paired Cabling and Harnesses; etc.
MILAM AUDIO CO.
700 W. MAIN STREET
SO. PEKIN, ILL. 61564
(309) 348-3112 / 9605
Lee Hazen's basement is FAR OUT! In fact, 25 miles from Nashville on old Hickory Lake. It sounds good and looks like a basement full of goodies incl. 9' & upright Steinways, RT3 Hammond, Wurlitzer & Rhodes Pianos, Arp 2600, 2 Mellotrons, amps, drums & booth, great phones, & pb systems. Even if you don't want to record for $45 hr., you can jump in the lake & ski, fish or DROWN! OR, we can bring the recording gear to your place and record in YOUR basement! Write rt 2 Hendersonville, Tenn. 37075 or call (615) 824-2311 anytime — 'Preciate it!
RECORD PRESSING IN LOUISIANA
We press quality records and give you FAST "Ole Fashioned" Personal Service. Call or write to discuss your needs.
VILLE PLATTE RECORD MFG CO.
P.O. Drawer 10-R – 120 E. Cypress St.
Ville Platte, LA 70586
(318) 363-2104
CASSETTE DUPLICATION – any quantity, any length, mono or stereo.
CANTOR PRODUCTIONS
26 W. Nottingham Road
Dayton, Ohio 45405
(513) 277-6571
EQUIPMENT:
ONE STOP FOR ALL YOUR PROFESSIONAL AUDIO REQUIREMENTS
BOTTOM LINE ORIENTED
F. T. C. BREWER COMPANY
P O Box 8057, Pensacola, Florida 32505
FREE CATALOG & AUDIO APPLICATIONS
CONSOLE KITS & WIRED AMPLIFIERS
TAPES, REEL TO REEL, ACN, LINE TAPE DISC, POWER OSCILLATORS AUDIO TAPE BIAS POWER SUPPLIES
OPAMP LABS INC.
1023 N SYCAMORE AVE
LOS ANGELES, CALIF. 90038
(213) 234-3660
Circle No. 161
Ampex 8-track 440-C-8 servo motor included in console. 15 and 30 ips. New warranty. $9500.00 Contact:
JOHN MOORE
(213) 454-0096 or write:
P.O. Box 5406, Beverly Hills, CA 90210.
ONE.... WHERE'S TRACK ONE...?
A COMPLETE LINE OF TRANSFORMER BOXES FOR RECORDING & SOUND REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE FROM SESCOM.
MODEL: SM-1
"Split-Matcher" Studio-Box for electric guitars to plug into sound systems.
MODEL: MS-1 (Not Shown)
"Microphone Splitter" plug mic into box and get two isolated outputs. Only 1/2db insertion loss.
MODEL: MS-2 (Not Shown)
"Microphone Combiner" plugs two mics into box and gets common output.
(Send For Complete Catalog)
Quality Engineered Sound Products
SESCOM, INC.
P. O. Box 590, Gardena, CA 90247 U.S.A.
(213) 770-3510 • TWX 910-346-7023
USED GEAR SALE
Ampex MM-1100 16 Track $14,000.00
Ampex MM-1000 8 Track $7,500.00
Gateley 16x8 Console $9,500.00
Scully 284 8 Track $7,500.00
Ampex/MCI 8 Track $6,000.00
Tascam 8x4 Console (Demo) $2,000.00
Tascam S70 4 Track in Cabinet $2,750.00
NEW MCI 2 TRACKS IN STOCK
New Scully 280B's
Klipsch Monitors
Heresy & Cornwall in Stock
Ask for Dave, Tom or Emil
Studio Supply Company
P.O. Box 280
Nashville, Tennessee 37202
(615) 327-3075
MCI . . . Now the best selling multi-track recorder!
MCI . . . only from Audiotechniques, Inc. in the great northeast!
Tape recorders from one track to 24 track
Recording consoles up to 40 input
MCI sales-service
factory trained technicians
Studio design and construction service
AUDIOTECHNIQUES, INC.
142 Hamilton Avenue
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but they will be recompensed for that when the time comes, as it soon will, when all distinctions of party will merge into the two camps, of the people and their haters; for they will then see clearly why they are on one side, and why they have been placed in competition with each other by mere compulsion. I believe that many Radicals are now taking this course, and I would encourage them to think that all these apparent Tory victories are only so many signs of the encroachment of the workers of their own interests, and the consequent development of the middle-classes hatred against them.
WILLIAM MOORE.
PRISON LIFE IN ENGLAND.
It is not my intention to put before you a record of the routine of prison life in England; that has been done already by my fellow-prisoner, Mowbray. I wish rather to deal with the principles involved in the system of criminal justice in our day. There is not a judge or judge of the road but prates at times in stock phrases, about the law dealing with those who violate it in strict justice, and with a keen eye to the well-being and reformation of the offender himself.
Prison, then, is the usual disciplinary reformer. Now we look with horror at the old methods of burning at the stake, mangling with thumb-screw and boot of torture, and stretching on the rack. Why? Because we see that these things mean death, and that we have naught to do with them. We say, we have no reformatory elements about them. But, as far as the principle goes, there is the difference between these things and our present mild punishment-bed, starvation diet, and solitary confinement. The modern method is internment, but still it is the principle of torture, and not of reforming, that is shown in these things. It is reasonable, for example, to expect that a felon will be taught more by torture than he ever could by may-pole dancing; and torture does not teach him the wrongfulness of theft. Prison discipline confounds justice with revenge. The only element that can possibly be reformatory is the chaplain's ministrations. If not, as chaplain to Newgate, I should be afraid that there will be but little good done. Briefly, his ministration consists of the following routine: Every morning at 8.30 the prisoners march in single file from the chapel, the men are grouped over the pavement, as quickly as decency will allow, the prisoners are marched back to their cells. This is slightly varied on Sundays by the introduction of a morning service in the afternoon, when the weekly lecture of a sermon is indulged in, and the same ceremony, being a horrid infliction, twenty minutes long of the justice of the prison system, with occasional insertions of flattery towards the Church of England. Once a fortnight I was visited by the chaplain in the cell for the first week after, that he might converse until the day before release. So much for the only professionally reformatory element in prison life. The fact of the matter is, a huge mistake is made of what justice is has grown up in the minds of the public, and refuses to disappear. Stupid, unmeaning, and unmeaningful, do they picture divine justice; as if an unmeritorious thing was not unjust.
Another thing that my prison life impressed on me more strongly than ever was the fact that the majority of the prisoners are men who have been made criminals by our infamous system of society. If it should ever be your lot to visit a prison (which I hope not) just remember as you walk along the cells to consider the ticket on the cell door, on which is written the crime of the occupant of the cell. Nine out of every ten are poachers, vagrants, or thieves. Society makes criminals, and this fact impresses itself on the mind of every visitor.
It may perhaps be thought that prison life has lost at least this virtue, that once inside its walls all are treated alike; that there is no distinction of persons. It is not so. This is the reason why we get into trouble to be treated with every consideration possible by the officials. It is so easy for the doctor to certify that so-and-so is unfit for heavy work, provided so-and-so happens not to be working hard. Here are two cases in point. It is true of the prisoner mentioned that the prison authorities had him labouring hard, work the treadmill for three months, unless the doctor certifies them to be unfit for it. While I was in prison a lieutenant of the police was sentenced to a month's hard labour for deserting wife and family. He was a strong, able-bodied man, but, being somewhat of a swell, the doctor ordered him off the wheel, and put him at oakum-picking. Passing down the corridor a few days after, I saw his card marked "half-time oakum." Here another case. At the time I had just heard the hearing at which I was sentenced, two cases came on for trial. In one of them a boy of 16 was charged with stealing a few shillings from a shop. Sentence: six months' hard labour. In the other case, the City Treasurer of Norwich, a "respectable" man, was charged with "embezzling" several thousands. Sentence, six months. The boy was put to hard labour and kept at it till he was discharged. The "gentleman" was given the lightest work in the prison, a comfortable office, with a good fire. He not only was on the best diet in the prison, but had extra hospital diet as well, and, as a consequence, the fattest man I saw while I was in prison, except a labourer, who was found on one occasion.
It was interesting to notice at exercise time how the hungry, lean man would watch the well-fed sounder round the yard, as if envious of his "stomach" condition.
What is the rational treatment for criminals it is not my object to write here. Were I writing a scheme, my first suggestion would be to remove the unjust system that fills our prisons to-day. The only effect my imprisonment had upon me was to give me deeper insight into the brutality of our civilization, and to spur me up to greater effort in the Socialists' work.
FRED HENDERSON.
A FABLE: To the Men in Possession.
It is a painful sight, no doubt,
To see you pattering about,
And talking of your glorious new
Gift which we commend to you;
Conditions which your heated brain
Would fain to make your own.
But when you, dawdling in the mire,
Begin to talk of your own right,
To fly away (and see no harm)
Knowledge and beauty, change and
glory,
For a larger slice of life,—
My heart is sore with a slight mistake:
Yours in your purlieus lust of gold,
And yours in your own right of life,
Come, rub your eyes, look round, and
see
Who rules the world? 'tis you, not us;
Yet everything seems so calm and
slow,
And nothing done but by greed of gain;
Man against man in bitter strife
For a larger slice of life,
And in that ruinous employment
Forgetting hope and light,
O wretch of the worldly wise!
That you are so much in need,
But we are bound to better ends,
We seek a world of happy friends,
Wherein the poor shall not be poor,
Beauty shall blossom forth and blow,
And the earth shall be a garden,
The best your guineas can procure;
Wherein the weary shall repose and rest,
To every soul shall give a seat
Such as afore she never gave
To any soul that ever knew
Where fellowship of man with man,
Unbeshackled by caste's unholy ban,
Not by that fear's cunning blind
Which cuts the spoiled against the
spoiled,
Shall flood earth with so large a joy
No power of the world can destroy.
THE PARLE.
A swarm of flies, one summer day,
Will buzz and hum so loudly they
Perform the blackest deeds they can,
But they, intent upon their spread,
Are quite unconscious of the danger,
The spot where the repeat was laid,
Sacrificed to the flies that fill
And go on famously, until
An heedless traveller sets his head
Upon the spot, and is assailed,
How briskly then each little beast
Bites him, and cries, "Bee sting!"
"Bee plunderer, hence! Low tramp,
Thou art a foe to us!"
We know quite well what you would
say,
Make all bee sting! yes, indeed,
If we knew you, Sir, we should
know
How much you, Sir, how much you
lay Hands on what belongs to us."
We know, we know, the bees say,
The smiling traveller replies,
"I grieve my presence should afford
Harm to your little brotherhood,
Still more that my unwary tread
Should bring you to the brink of death;
Wherefore, be reassured, I pray;
Grieve not, nor murmur, nor grumble;
Our tastes, our ends, are not the same;
I hunt for very different game.
On this occasion I am here and fair
I do but seek for orchards rare;
Was not my weapon stronger
Of ev'rt not your board of dung."
C. W. BECKER.
INTERNATIONAL NOTES.
BELGIUM.
The miners of Saxe-Lonchamps and Bouvy, at La Louviere, have struck, and the conditions of the following regulations are: 1. If a worker falls to go to work without picket, he shall not pay his dues; 2. If he fails to work on two following days he shall cease to belong to the pit; and five days' salary shall be forfeited. All offence, insubordination, or refusal to obey shall be punished with fine of 50 francs, and the company may damage whatever during his worktime or causes an accident to occur shall pay the equivalent to the damage done.
I noticed in a foreign paper, that the almanack of our Ghent comrades, "L'Ami," had been speedily exhausted. After the first ten thousand had been sold, a second edition of the same number was printed, and now they have to announce a third.
L'Événement (the Future of Liège), the weekly organ of the Wallon Socialist party, has been forced to suspend publication. Comrade Blanvalet will continue to be the editor of it.
GERMANY.
Four Bohemian tailors have been expelled from Dresden. Their lodgings were searched, with the result that a great number of copies of Freiheit were found. Comrade Morgarten, a Socialist journalist, was also expelled from Bavaria.
Last week a new trial for secret conspiracy was begun at Posen. Some thirty Socialists are implicated in it, and the justice-of-peace is performed by a former officer of the Prussian army—conviction against all evidence. It is said that the terror will be further increased.
In Freiburg (Brigusia) comrades Haugh and Fuchs have been sentenced to eight years' imprisonment for being members of the prohibited literature and for being members of a secret society; this is continuing the Social Democratic party. Comrades Büchel and Stucke were sentenced to seven years' imprisonment. Both were Virgers, and for the same "crimes."
Under the Socialist Municipal Councilor Steiger, Hauff and Müller got four and three months respectively, and the editors of the Sächsisches Wochenblatt five weeks imprisonment for libelling policeman Rossmann. We have always been of opinion that it is impossible to culminate a German policeman.
It is suggested among the German Socialists and the Anti-Socialist laws are to be repealed, and instead of a paragraph, a whole article may be erased from their country, the ways and means of their propaganda will be made public. So, for instance, it is said that they are going to give up all their parliamentary seats, and that they will not take part in the electing elections. If that is so, we are certain that the new "law" will have exactly the contrary effect, and that the "law-makers" intend to give it, then assuredly a fresh revolutionary impetus will be given to the whole movement, and that is what we want everywhere.
SPAIN.
Our Spanish friends continue to issue a considerable number of pamphlets relating to the Chicago trial. I mention some weeks ago the "Proceso de los Anarquistas" published as the second volume of the Anarchist-Communist series. The first volume had been issued. A second edition of the same trial has been issued at Madrid, entitled "Proceso de los Anarquistas de Chicago." It contains a most complete and correctly written account of the facts extracted from the original documents, and the three volumes give general considerations on the whole justice-bar, and on our friend Ernesto Alvarez. I am also informed that comrade Alvarez soon will start a new organization or group, called "La Roja (the Red Flag)." We wish in advance good luck to our new colleagues.
V. D.
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The American Law Institute's Draft Proposal to Bypass the Aggregate Settlement Rule: Do Mass Tort Clients Need (or Want) Group Decision Making?
Nancy J. Moore
Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review
Recommended Citation
Nancy J. Moore, The American Law Institute's Draft Proposal to Bypass the Aggregate Settlement Rule: Do Mass Tort Clients Need (or Want) Group Decision Making?, 57 DePaul L. Rev. 395 (2008)
Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review/vol57/iss2/10
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at Digital Commons@DePaul. It has been accepted for inclusion in DePaul Law Review by an authorized editor of Digital Commons@DePaul. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE’S DRAFT PROPOSAL TO BYPASS THE AGGREGATE SETTLEMENT RULE: DO MASS TORT CLIENTS NEED (OR WANT) GROUP DECISION MAKING?
Nancy J. Moore*
INTRODUCTION
The American Law Institute (ALI) recently undertook an entirely new project: Principles of the Law of Aggregate Litigation.\(^1\) The Principles aim “to recommend procedures for aggregate lawsuits that will enable civil justice systems to handle these cases better.”\(^2\) Although the bulk of the project is devoted to class actions, a number of sections address various forms of non-class aggregations, including non-class aggregate settlements.\(^3\)
Judges and scholars have given considerably less attention to non-class aggregations than to class actions.\(^4\) Nevertheless, various cases, ethics opinions, and articles have addressed a number of issues that commonly arise in these lawsuits, primarily in connection with the application of the so-called “aggregate settlement rule.” Rule 1.8(g) of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which every U.S. jurisdiction has adopted in various forms,\(^5\) limits lawyers’ abilities to participate “in making an aggregate settlement of the claims of or against the clients” without the clients’ informed consent after they have been advised of “the existence and nature of all the claims or pleas involved and of the participation of each person in the settlement.”\(^6\)
Questions have been raised concerning the interpretation of
* Professor of Law and Nancy Barton Scholar, Boston University School of Law.
1. This Article comments on proposals set forth in the two drafts that preceded the Thirteenth Annual Clifford Symposium. *See Am. L. Inst., Principles of the Law of Aggregate Litigation* (Discussion Draft No. 2, Apr. 6, 2007) [hereinafter ALI Draft Proposal]; Am. L. Inst., Principles of the Law of Aggregate Litigation (Preliminary Draft No. 4, Sept. 21, 2006) [hereinafter ALI Prelim. Draft No. 4].
2. Am. L. Inst., Principles of Aggregate Litigation xv (Preliminary Draft No. 2, Apr. 20, 2005).
3. *See* ALI Draft Proposal, *supra* note 1, § 1.02 cmt. a. Judges and scholars have given considerably less attention to non-class aggregations than to class actions.
4. *Id.*
5. *Id.* § 3.15 cmt. b.
6. Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.8(g) (2007).
this rule, including the following: What constitutes an aggregate settlement? What is the nature and amount of information that the lawyer must disclose? May clients waive their right to learn what other clients will receive? Most importantly, may a group of clients agree in advance to whatever settlement either the lawyer or a portion of the group approves?
Neither the text of the rule nor its comment defines an “aggregate settlement,” and courts and ethics committees have disagreed on an authoritative definition. Based largely on an article by Howard Erichson, the ALI reporters propose to broadly define aggregate settlements to include settlements of multiple claims when “the defendant’s acceptance of the settlement is contingent upon the acceptance by a specified percentage of the claimants” or “the value of each [claimant’s] claim is not based solely on individual case-by-case facts and negotiations.” Given the persistent problem of determining which settlements are covered by the aggregate settlement rule, the reporters should be commended for what appears to be both a principled and workable definition.
As for the nature and amount of information a lawyer must disclose, recent changes to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct clarify that, when a lawyer participates in an aggregate settlement, she must inform each client “about all the material terms of the settlement, including what the other clients will receive or pay if the settlement or plea offer is accepted.” Questions remain, however, concerning the level of detail lawyers must provide—for example, whether the lawyer must disclose the names of the other clients when
7. See generally Nancy J. Moore, The Case Against Changing the Aggregate Settlement Rule in Mass Tort Lawsuits, 41 S. TEX. L. REV. 149 (1999); Charles Silver & Lynn A. Baker, Mass Lawsuits and the Aggregate Settlement Rule, 32 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 733 (1997).
8. See ABA Comm. on Prof’l Responsibility, Formal Op. 06-438 (2006) [hereinafter ABA Formal Op. 06-438].
9. Howard M. Erichson, A Typology of Aggregate Settlements, 80 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1769 (2005).
10. See id. (cited in ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.16 Reporters’ Notes cmt. a).
11. ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.16(a)–(b).
12. For example, some authorities define an aggregate settlement narrowly to mean only “an all-or-nothing total settlement of a single sum of money for all claims pending for a group of plaintiffs.” Erichson, supra note 9, at 1783 (quoting Or. State Bar Legal Ethics Comm., Formal Op. 2000-158, at n.1 (2000)). Others define it more broadly to include any settlement “when two or more clients consent to have their matters resolved together.” ABA Formal Op. 06-438, supra note 8, at 1.
13. MODEL RULES OF PROF’L CONDUCT R. 1.8(g) cmt. 13 (2007). This paragraph, entitled “Aggregate Settlements,” was added at the recommendation of the ABA Commission on Evaluating the Rules of Professional Conduct (“Ethics 2000 Commission”). I was the Chief Reporter for the Ethics 2000 Commission.
those clients prefer that details of their medical conditions remain confidential. The ALI Draft Proposal ("Proposal") does not specifically address this question,\textsuperscript{14} but it should be possible for a client's desire for privacy to be respected, unless other clients need particular identifying information in order to evaluate the fairness of the settlement allocation.\textsuperscript{15}
The possibility of client waiver—either of the right to receive information about other clients' participation or the right to reject a settlement offer after learning of its terms—is not mentioned in either the rule or the comment. Yet numerous cases and ethics opinions have addressed the effectiveness of advance waivers and have uniformly rejected an interpretation of the current rule that would permit them.\textsuperscript{16} Nevertheless, the reporters propose that the aggregate settlement rule should be modified to facilitate advance waivers, allowing a portion of the group to decide how settlement funds should be allocated. This Proposal is seriously flawed and should be rejected in favor of the continued viability of the aggregate settlement rule.
The ALI Draft Proposal—which may be modified prior to final submission to ALI members—creates two major exceptions to the aggregate settlement rule. The first exception applies when the total value of the aggregated claims is more than $5 million and the total number of claimants is forty or more.\textsuperscript{17} In such circumstances, § 3.17 allows
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Section 3.17 provides that, under the current aggregate settlement rule, each client must give "informed consent, in writing, after reviewing the settlements of all other persons subject to the aggregate settlement." \textit{ALI Draft Proposal}, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17(a). Subsection (a) appears to endorse the ABA interpretation of the aggregate settlement rule, which requires a number of specific disclosures, including "[t]he details of every other client's participation in the aggregate settlement." \textit{Id.} § 3.17 Reporters' Notes cmt. a (discussing ABA Formal Op. 06-438, \textit{supra} note 8). Yet neither the ABA interpretation nor the comment itself specifies whether or under what circumstances the name of every other client is among the details that must be disclosed.
\item Moore, \textit{supra} note 7, at 162–64. \textit{But cf.} Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 7, at 757–58 (lawyers who do not disclose plaintiffs' names assume the risk that judges will determine that their interpretation of the ambiguous rule is incorrect).
\item See, e.g., Tax Auth., Inc. v. Jackson Hewitt, Inc., 898 A.2d 512 (N.J. 2006) (discussing cases and commentary interpreting both Model Rule 1.8(g) and its predecessor, Model Code DR 5-106). Because this was an issue of first impression in New Jersey, the court applied its holding prospectively and enforced an aggregate settlement against a group of plaintiffs that had previously agreed "to be bound by a weighted majority vote." \textit{Id.} at 523. The court also noted the proposal of some commentators that Rule 1.8(g) "be changed to accommodate mass lawsuits" and referred the issue to the New Jersey Commission on Ethics Reform for review and recommendation to the court. \textit{Id.} At the request of the Commission's chair, I communicated my own views to the Commission, urging that the aggregate settlement rule be retained in its current form.
\item \textit{ALI Draft Proposal}, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17(e).
\end{enumerate}
\end{footnotesize}
individual claimants, after consultation with counsel,\textsuperscript{18} to “agree in advance to be bound in a proposed settlement by the collective decision-making of 75 percent of the claimants,” or, “if the settlement significantly distinguishes among different categories of claimants, a separate 75 percent vote of each category of claimants” approves the settlement.\textsuperscript{19} The clients\textsuperscript{20} may waive their “right to prior knowledge of and consent to the terms of all other claimants’ settlements”\textsuperscript{21}—that is, of the client’s rights under the current aggregate settlement rule—as part of the original retention agreement or at any subsequent time in writing.\textsuperscript{22} Section 3.18 provides for limited judicial review of aggregate settlements approved as a result of such waivers, but only if the claimant brings the challenge “within 90 days of receiving actual notice of the consummation of a settlement.”\textsuperscript{23} Even then, the reviewing court may declare the settlement unenforceable as to any claimant only if it finds either that the challenger’s waiver was not
\begin{itemize}
\item \textsuperscript{18} The Proposal provides a lengthy and detailed list of the matters that must be disclosed by the lawyer in order to communicate “adequate information and explanation about the material risks of, and reasonably available alternatives to, the proposed [waiver].” \textit{Id.} § 3.17(d).
\item \textsuperscript{19} \textit{Id.} § 3.17(b).
\item \textsuperscript{20} The ALI Draft Proposal refers to “claimants,” see \textit{supra} note 17 and accompanying text, whereas the aggregate settlement rule refers to “clients,” see \textit{supra} note 6 and accompanying text. I use the terms interchangeably, although I have attempted to use the term “clients” as much as possible to emphasize the fundamental distinction between claimants who have formal attorney-client contracts and claimants who are merely absent members of a class. On occasion, I also refer to “plaintiffs” and “plaintiffs’ counsel.” Although the aggregate settlement rules apply to both plaintiff and defendant groups, the ALI Draft Proposal is clearly directed to settling the claims of actual or potential plaintiffs.
\item \textsuperscript{21} ALI \textsc{Prelim. Draft} No. 4, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17(c). The quoted language does not appear in the ALI Draft Proposal, either in the text or the comment. Nevertheless, the current text of the proposal refers to the required consent as a “waiver,” and it is clear that the client is waiving her rights under the aggregate settlement rule. \textsc{ALI Draft Proposal}, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17(d). The prior draft did not provide for approval by either a majority or supermajority. Instead, the first exception under that draft permitted a client to waive existing rights under the aggregate settlement rule as long as they consented, after disclosure, to “accept an aggregate settlement as part of a known collective representation.” \textsc{ALI Prelim. Draft} No. 4, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17(c). This proposal would have permitted the lawyer alone to decide to accept the settlement on the client’s behalf, even though the lawyer had a significant financial interest not only in having an aggregate settlement approved regardless of its overall fairness, but also in allocating the proceeds in a manner that favors certain claimants over others. \textit{See infra} Part III. The only protection against unfair allocations was a provision for very limited judicial review of the settlements by claimants bringing a challenge “within 90 days of receiving actual notice of the consummation of a settlement.” \textsc{ALI Prelim. Draft} No. 4, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.18(a). Even then, claimants could challenge enforcement of the settlement only if the court found either that the settlement was “grossly unfair or inadequate to the challenger” or that the challenger’s waiver was not adequately informed. \textit{Id.} § 3.18(d). The reviewing court was required to “give substantial deference to the settlement” and “treat it as presumptively fair and reasonable.” \textit{Id.} § 3.18(c). For a discussion of the deficiencies of this proposal, see \textit{infra} Part V.
\item \textsuperscript{22} \textsc{ALI Draft Proposal}, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17(c).
\item \textsuperscript{23} \textsc{ALI Prelim. Draft} No. 4, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.18(a).
\end{itemize}
adequately informed or that either of the two requirements under § 3.18(c) was not met.\textsuperscript{24}
The second exception applies if lawyers have not obtained effective waivers. Under § 3.19, a lawyer “who receives an offer for a lump-sum settlement of interdependent claims may seek approval for the fairness and adequacy of such a settlement before a court of competent jurisdiction in the state where the original attorney-client agreement was formed.”\textsuperscript{25} Here, the lawyer has the burden not only to prove the fairness and adequacy of the proposed settlement, but also to establish “that efforts to secure direct approval from clients were unavailing and why the terms of § 3.17 could not be satisfied without judicial approval.”\textsuperscript{26} In other words, the lawyer “must provide a compelling explanation for why a waiver was not secured pursuant to § 3.17.”\textsuperscript{27}
The reporters give two separate reasons for relaxing the aggregate settlement rule. First, they state that “[t]he purpose of modifying the strict requirements of the aggregate-settlement rule is to facilitate large-scale settlements in situations where the aggregate-settlement rule has impeded a substantial multiparty settlement.”\textsuperscript{28} According to the reporters, the current rule undermines such settlements by permitting individual clients “to exercise unfair control over a proposed settlement and to demand premiums in exchange for approval.”\textsuperscript{29} The reporters further argue that, although the current rule assumes that claimants need to review all of the terms before making an informed decision, “giving veto power to each claimant individually (as opposed to collectively) is not necessary to ensure the fairness of aggregate settlements.”\textsuperscript{30} In other words, the reporters assert that modifications
\textsuperscript{24} \textit{Id.} § 3.18(c). For a discussion of a very different proposal for judicial review in an earlier draft, see \textit{supra} note 20 and \textit{infra} Part V.
\textsuperscript{25} ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.19(a). The proposal further provides that, before invoking this alternative procedure, “claimants’ counsel must use all reasonable efforts to notify all affected claimants and provide such claimants an opportunity to participate in the judicial proceedings.” \textit{Id.} § 3.19(b). The proposal does not currently specify what should be included in the notice. For example, it is unclear whether the notice must disclose all of the information regarding the settlement terms that would ordinarily be required under the aggregate settlement rule. Additionally, the proposal does not specify how to identify the state in which the original attorney-client agreement was formed or how the lawyer should proceed if more than one state is involved—for example, where the relationship is found to have been formed in the state where each client resides, and multiple clients reside in different states.
\textsuperscript{26} \textit{Id.} § 3.19(a).
\textsuperscript{27} \textit{Id.} § 3.19 cmt. b.
\textsuperscript{28} \textit{Id.} § 3.17 cmt. b.
\textsuperscript{29} \textit{Id.} § 3.17 cmt. a.
\textsuperscript{30} \textit{Id.} This statement mischaracterizes the effect of the aggregate settlement rule. Individual claimants do not have a veto over the settlements approved by others unless the defendant
are necessary to encourage multi-party settlements and that such modifications will not harm individual claimants by promoting inadequate or unfair settlements. Second, the reporters note that “[w]aivers of important rights are valid in a variety of areas, including the most cherished constitutional rights.”\textsuperscript{31} As a result, they “reject[] the view that individual decisionmaking over the settlement of a claim is so uniquely important that it cannot be subject to a contractual waiver in favor of group decisionmaking, provided that there is a supermajority-approval requirement.”\textsuperscript{32} That rationale is not fleshed out in the Proposal as such, but ALI Reporter Charles Silver and his coauthor, Lynn Baker, defend the view that refusing to permit clients to adopt procedures they prefer is unnecessarily paternalistic.\textsuperscript{33}
ALI Principles, unlike Restatements, do not necessarily reflect the law as it presently stands, but rather “assume the stance of expressing the law as it should be.”\textsuperscript{34} As a result, critics would be unable to criticize the proposal on the ground that the aggregate settlement rule cannot plausibly be interpreted to permit waivers of the type described in § 3.17.\textsuperscript{35} Nevertheless, given that the rule emerged unscathed during the Ethics 2000 Commission’s wide-ranging review of the ABA Model Rules,\textsuperscript{36} as well as during the individual state reviews that followed in its wake,\textsuperscript{37} surely the burden is on the reporters to
\textsuperscript{31} ALI Draft Proposal, supra note 1, § 3.17(a) cmt. a.
\textsuperscript{32} Id.
\textsuperscript{33} See Silver & Baker, supra note 7; Charles Silver & Lynn Baker, I Cut, You Choose: The Role of Plaintiffs’ Counsel in Allocating Settlement Proceeds, 84 Va. L. Rev. 1465 (1998).
\textsuperscript{34} The ALI Projects Overview, www.ali.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=projects.main (last visited Sept. 15, 2007).
\textsuperscript{35} See id. (describing how restatements “aim at clear formulations of common law and its statutory elements or variations and reflect the law as it presently stands or might plausibly be stated by a court”).
\textsuperscript{36} The only change the Ethics 2000 Commission recommended was the adoption of an entirely new comment. See supra note 12 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{37} According to an ABA chart noting state departures from the new Model Rules of Professional Responsibility text, most states have adopted the text of Rule 1.8(g) without modification, and the changes that have been made are relatively minor and do not relate to the issues addressed in the reporters’ proposal. See Am. Bar Ass’n, Ctr. for Prof’l Responsibility, Charts Comparing Professional Conduct Rules as Adopted by States to ABA Model Rules, http://www.abanet.org/cpr/jclr/charts.html (last visited Sept. 15, 2007) (noting minor changes in the rule text in the following jurisdictions: the District of Columbia, Louisiana, Maryland, North Dakota, Ohio, and Washington). One state, New York, will consider a proposal to revise the rule to provide that, with court approval, a lawyer need not follow the rule’s requirement for fully informed consent. See Rule 1.8: Current Clients: Special Conflict of Interest Rules, http://www.nysba.org/Content/ContentGroups/COSAC_Report/COSAC_Proposed_Rules_of_Professional_Conduct.htm (last visited Sept. 15, 2007). The comment does not address this proposed change, and it is not entirely clear that the proposal is meant to apply outside of the class action context.
make a persuasive case for change. In my view, neither rationale offered by the reporters meets that burden.
Part II of this Article argues that the reporters have not demonstrated that the aggregate settlement rule is a significant impediment to settlement in mass lawsuits.\textsuperscript{38} Part III then explains how the rule protects clients against the risks of inadequate settlements and unfair allocations.\textsuperscript{39} Part IV asserts that the proposed supermajority approval requirement provides insufficient alternative protection, because there are many ways in which a settlement agreement may be unfairly biased toward specific groups without triggering the Proposal’s requirement of supermajority approval within each formal category of cases created by the agreement.\textsuperscript{40} Next, Part V demonstrates how reinstating an earlier proposal for a limited fairness hearing would not fix that problem.\textsuperscript{41} Part VI turns to the reporters’ argument that ex ante waivers are necessary to honor client preferences and client autonomy.\textsuperscript{42} Here, it is argued that waivers obtained under the Draft Proposal are not likely to reflect true client preferences.
Part VII argues that the reporters’ Draft Proposal, not the aggregate settlement rule, is a radical departure from the current law of lawyering.\textsuperscript{43} That law, which is reflected in the ALI’s recently adopted Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers, offers considerable protection to clients in the form of nonwaiveable rights to void agreements likely to have been made on the basis of a lack of information, unequal bargaining power, or coercion. The reporters’ Draft Proposal is particularly problematic, because it contemplates an advance waiver of clients’ rights under the aggregate settlement rule. It is unlikely that an attorney could provide disclosure at the outset of the representation that would be adequate for unsophisticated mass tort clients to reasonably understand the material risks that such waivers entail. Part VIII examines the Draft Proposal’s provision for judicial approval of an aggregate settlement in circumstances where the attorney is unable to satisfy the supermajority approval requirements and finds that this provision is both unexplained and unjustified.\textsuperscript{44}
\textsuperscript{38} See infra notes 46–69 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{39} See infra notes 70–86 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{40} See infra notes 87–93 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{41} See infra notes 94–107 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{42} See infra notes 108–117 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{43} See infra notes 118–139 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{44} See infra notes 140–145 and accompanying text.
nally, Part IX summarizes these arguments and concludes that the ALI Draft Proposal is seriously defective in its efforts to allow plaintiffs' lawyers to bypass the aggregate settlement rule through ex ante waivers or otherwise.\textsuperscript{45}
II. Client Waivers Are Not Necessary to Secure Substantial Multi-Party Settlements
Citing one of several articles by Silver and Baker, the Reporters' Notes to § 3.15 state that some scholars have recognized "that the aggregate settlement rule imposes onerous restrictions that impede fair and legitimate settlements of [a] large number of claims."\textsuperscript{46} Elsewhere in the Draft Proposal, the reporters suggest two reasons why they believe the rule is not workable in mass lawsuits: first, the possibility of strategic holdouts;\textsuperscript{47} and second, the burden of obtaining consent after full disclosure.\textsuperscript{48} Other than Silver and Baker, the reporters cite no authority for their contention that the aggregate settlement rule constitutes a significant impediment to settlement in mass lawsuits.
The reporters' concern for strategic holdouts appears to be based on their belief that, under the aggregate settlement rule, each individual client has a "veto power" over the effectiveness of the aggregate settlement.\textsuperscript{49} But this belief is inaccurate. Rule 1.8(g) requires only that the lawyer not purport to accept an aggregate settlement on behalf of a group of clients unless each of those clients has given fully informed consent to its terms. Nothing prevents the lawyer from ne-
\textsuperscript{45} See infra Part IX.
\textsuperscript{46} ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.15 Reporters' Notes to cmt. b (citing Silver & Baker, supra note 7, at 755–66). The reporters also note that "[s]ome scholars have offered a strong endorsement of the aggregate settlement rule and oppose arguments to ease its requirements." Id. (citing Moore, supra note 7). See also Howard M. Erichson, Beyond the Class Action: Lawyer Loyalty and Client Autonomy in Non-Class Collective Representation, 2003 U. CHI. LEGAL F. 519.
\textsuperscript{47} See ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.17 cmt. a ("Current law prohibits waiving individual-claimant settlement decisionmaking, thereby empowering individual claimants to exercise unfair control over a proposed settlement and to demand premiums in exchange for approval.").
\textsuperscript{48} See id. § 3.17 cmt. b ("[I]n a . . . case involving a small number of claimants, the aggregate-settlement rule is easy to administer and poses little practical difficulties for the lawyer representing multiple claimants. The same is not true, however, for a lawyer representing hundreds of asbestos clients and negotiating multi-million dollar settlements."). See also ALI PRELIM. DRAFT No. 4, supra note 1, § 3.18 cmt. a ("The requirements of disclosure and consent can be very burdensome when there are numerous claimants.").
\textsuperscript{49} See ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.17 cmt. a (stating that the aggregate settlement rule renders settlements ineffective unless "each client gives informed consent, in writing, after reviewing the settlements of all other persons subject to the aggregate settlement").
gociating a tentative settlement agreement that will become binding only as to those clients who accept its terms after the required full disclosure.\textsuperscript{50}
Strategic holdouts might be a problem if unanimity is required before a settlement can become effective as to any of the clients, but neither the reporters nor Silver and Baker cite empirical information indicating how often defendants insist on structuring settlements so that “even a single plaintiff’s refusal to consent to a settlement could scuttle the settlement for the other plaintiffs.”\textsuperscript{51} Under the aggregate settlement rule, it is unethical for a common attorney to seek advance approval from clients of settlement terms agreed to either by the lawyer alone or by a portion of the group.\textsuperscript{52} As a result, defendants should be satisfied with a “walk-away provision [that] gives the defendant the right to abandon the settlement if more than a certain percentage of plaintiffs decline their offers.”\textsuperscript{53} According to one plaintiffs’ lawyer, an acceptance rate of 90% is often used.\textsuperscript{54} Defendants do not typically expect 100% of class members in an opt-out class action to agree to a proposed settlement; therefore, they should not be expected to require unanimity in the typical non-class mass lawsuit.\textsuperscript{55} If the facts are otherwise, there ought to be some way to demonstrate how often this occurs.\textsuperscript{56}
\textsuperscript{50} See Moore, \textit{supra} note 7, at 164–66.
\textsuperscript{51} Michael J. Maloney & Allison Taylor Blizzard, \textit{Ethical Issues in the Context of International Litigation: “Where Angels Fear to Tread”}, 36 S. Tex. L. Rev. 933, 963 (1995). Indeed, Silver and Baker have conceded that, “because the possibility of holdouts is obvious, defendants typically demand acceptance rates of less than 100%.” Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 33, at 1532. As a result, this “denies an individual plaintiff the power unilaterally to block a group-wide deal.” \textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{52} See Maloney & Blizzard, \textit{supra} note 51, at 963–64.
\textsuperscript{53} Erichson, \textit{supra} note 46, at 534.
\textsuperscript{54} See \textit{id.} at 534 n.52 and accompanying text (citing Paul Rheingold, a well-known plaintiffs’ lawyer). Erichson discussed a variation in which “100 percent of the most serious category of claimants and 90 percent of the remainder” must accept the settlement for it to be effective. \textit{Id.} at 534. In this variation, any of the most seriously injured claimants would be in a position to act strategically. It is important to understand how a walk-away provision requiring something like 90% claimant approval differs from the 75% supermajority approval required under the ALI Draft Proposal. In a walk-away provision, the 90% approval is required before the settlement is effective as to any claimant, but once 90% approval is achieved, it binds only those claimants who voted in favor of the settlement. In the ALI Draft Proposal, however, once the 75% approval is obtained, the settlement also binds those who voted against it, so long as they signed an advance waiver agreeing to be bound by the 75% collective vote. See \textit{supra} note 19 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{55} See, e.g., Erichson, \textit{supra} note 46, at 574 (“[W]alk-away provisions generally do not require 100 percent acceptance of the settlement.”).
\textsuperscript{56} As Silver and Baker have noted, walk-away provisions are “sources of transaction costs,” because neither defendants nor the common attorney can be certain how many plaintiffs will consent. Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 7, at 765. But merely because they are the source of transEven when unanimity is required, an individual plaintiff’s ability to act strategically may be limited. For example, a common attorney can reduce the possibility of holdouts by clarifying at the outset that the individual offers are “take it or leave it” and that no one will receive a premium in exchange for approving the settlement.\textsuperscript{57} Once it is clear that no premium is available, individual plaintiffs will reject the offer only when they believe that they can do better by continuing with the litigation. When this happens, the defendant can still come back with an offer to settle the remainder of the attorney’s cases, leaving the holdout plaintiff isolated and forced to continue her case at her own expense.\textsuperscript{58}
As for the burden of obtaining informed consent after full disclosure of the settlement’s terms, attorneys can take numerous steps in mass tort cases to accomplish the required disclosure. For example, attorneys can—and do—keep their clients informed by using a combination of group meetings, mass emails, dedicated websites, toll-free numbers, and paralegals.\textsuperscript{59} Given the amount of legal fees plaintiffs’ attorneys expect to make in mass lawsuits,\textsuperscript{60} they should be willing—
\textsuperscript{57} Indeed, paying any such “premiums” may be evidence that an attorney has acted unethically by favoring some clients over others. \textit{See, e.g., Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct} R. 1.7 cmt. 29 (2007) (requiring attorneys to be impartial towards commonly represented clients). Plaintiffs’ attorneys can also reduce the likelihood of strategic holdouts by developing the attorney-client relationship—in other words, “by regularly providing plaintiffs with as much information as possible about the progress of the lawsuit and affording them opportunities to consult regularly with members of the lawyer’s staff (and occasionally with the lawyer as well).” Moore, \textit{supra} note 7, at 165 n.98 (citing an interview with a lawyer from a well-known plaintiffs’ law firm).
\textsuperscript{58} Lawyers may be able to structure representation in advance in a way that makes widespread approval of an aggregate settlement more likely—for example, by having clients “tentatively agree” to follow the wishes of a majority even though they are not required to do so. This may go far to encourage loyalty to the group. Moore, \textit{supra} note 7, at 165. It might also be possible to ask prospective clients to agree that, if the client rejects a settlement offer approved by the requisite majority, the lawyer may withdraw and continue representing the majority. \textit{Id.} (noting that Rule 1.2(c) permits lawyers to limit the scope of representation with the client’s informed consent). Whether such restrictions constitute an undue burden on the client’s right to approve settlements is not entirely clear. In any event, in the absence of such an agreement, a lawyer does not have a unilateral right to withdraw merely because the client refuses to accept a settlement offer that the lawyer has recommended. \textit{See, e.g., Augustson v. Linea Aerea Nacional-Chile S.A., 76 F.3d 658 (5th Cir. 1996)}.
\textsuperscript{59} \textit{See} Moore, \textit{supra} note 7, at 160–62.
\textsuperscript{60} Legal fees in mass lawsuits are typically larger on a per capita basis than in class actions, because of the individual contingent fee retainer agreements. \textit{See, e.g., Jill E. Fisch, Lawyers on the Auction Block: Evaluating the Selection of Class Counsel by Auction}, 102 Colum. L. Rev.
and expected—to devote considerable resources to these cases.\textsuperscript{61} Even if the aggregate settlement rule requires the attorney to contact the clients twice—once to obtain their consent to the settlement and then again to give them their checks\textsuperscript{62}—there is no evidence that such contacts are unduly burdensome,\textsuperscript{63} keeping in mind that the attorneys are supposed to keep their clients reasonably informed throughout the litigation.\textsuperscript{64} The case has not yet been made that such methods of informing clients are unrealistic for the majority or even a significant number of mass tort lawsuits in which an aggregate settlement is likely the best result for most claimants.\textsuperscript{65}
In any event, under the ALI Draft Proposal, the lawyer must effectively notify at least 75% of the clients, whose approval will not count toward the supermajority requirement unless they have received detailed information regarding the proposed settlement.\textsuperscript{66} As a result, the burden should be measured only by the incremental cost of notifying the remainder of the clients.\textsuperscript{67}
\textsuperscript{61} For example, in \textit{Burrow v. Arce}, 997 S.W.2d 229 (Tex. 1999), lawyers representing 126 plaintiffs settled a mass tort lawsuit for $190 million, collecting attorneys' fees of $60 million. It is unclear whether lawyers are entitled to charge the costs of communication to clients rather than to themselves—in other words, whether these costs are more like ordinary litigation costs, which are chargeable to clients, or overhead, which is chargeable to the lawyer. In any event, even if those costs are ultimately chargeable to clients, the cost per client is justifiable and unlikely to substantially detract from the amount of the award each client will receive.
\textsuperscript{62} See Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 7, at 764.
\textsuperscript{63} The inquiry should not focus on absolute cost, but rather on cost in relation to anticipated fees or net client awards.
\textsuperscript{64} See Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct R. 1.4(a)(2)–(4) (2007) (a lawyer must "reasonably consult with the client about the means by which the client's objectives are to be accomplished," "keep the client reasonably informed about the status of the matter," and "promptly comply with reasonable requests for information"). Another way to keep far-flung clients informed is to use local referring attorneys, who can be expected to maintain closer relationships with the clients than the common attorney can. See Moore, \textit{supra} note 7, at 161–62.
\textsuperscript{65} Silver and Baker have argued that requiring clients to consent to the terms of the settlement may entail undue delay in effectuating a mass settlement. See Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 7, at 763–64. But, once again, aside from a single anecdotal account, the authors offer no evidence that the delay entailed under the aggregate settlement rule is sufficiently problematic to warrant modification. After all, there must necessarily be some delay in approving class action settlements: members of the class must be notified and, in most instances, given an opportunity to opt out. Nevertheless, defendants routinely settle class actions in order to achieve as much finality as possible. Defendants may prefer to avoid such delays if they can, but there is no indication that they will be unwilling to settle mass tort lawsuits if their preferences are not honored.
\textsuperscript{66} ALI Draft Proposal, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.18(a).
\textsuperscript{67} To ensure 75% approval, the lawyer must effectively notify more than 75% of the claimants. In all likelihood, the lawyer will want to notify as many claimants as she can, in which case it is not clear that the ALI Draft Proposal significantly reduces the burdens of the current notification requirement.
Aside from communication costs, the reporters may be concerned about the burden on some clients when the private details of their settlements are shared, including sensitive information regarding medical diagnoses and prognoses. Silver and Baker argued that “the emotional and other costs to the plaintiffs of these invasions of privacy may well exceed any benefits of having information about other group members’ claims and anticipated settlement payments” and that this warrants permitting claimants to waive the disclosure requirements of the aggregate settlement rule.\(^{68}\)
The ALI Draft Proposal does not clarify whether the amount of detailed information that at least 75% of the clients must receive is the same as or different from the information required under the aggregate settlement rule. Section 3.17 specifies only that claimants must be informed of the following: the total amount of the settlement offer; the total costs and attorneys’ fees; the manner in which the settlement will be divided; the category into which the claimant has been placed, if that determination has already been made; and the existence of related and unrelated claims held by claimants represented by the same lawyer that will not be covered by the settlement.\(^{69}\) It is certainly plausible to interpret the proposal as reducing the amount of information each client must receive regarding the details of other clients’ settlements, which would indeed reduce the burden of disclosure. Whether this change is justifiable is another matter entirely.
III. Aggregate Settlements Present the Risk of Inadequate Awards and Unfair Allocations
The rationale of the aggregate settlement rule is the necessity of giving an opportunity to review the terms of an aggregate settlement before making an informed decision to avoid binding them to inadequate settlements and unfair allocations.\(^{70}\) In defending their propo-
---
\(^{68}\) Silver & Baker, supra note 7, at 756–59.
\(^{69}\) ALI Draft Proposal, supra note 1, § 3.17(d)(4).
\(^{70}\) See, e.g., Silver & Baker, supra note 7, at 749–53 (identifying and discussing dangers attributable to “attorney opportunism” and “allocation conflicts” among plaintiffs and then concluding that “the purpose of Rule 1.8(g) is to enable each plaintiff to police allocation conflicts by vetoing a proposed settlement”). The ALI Draft Proposal does not make that rationale clear: The aggregate-settlement rule is based on the view that, without reviewing and analyzing the existence and nature of all claims and of the participation of each person in a proposed settlement, including but not limited to all proposed settlement terms, a claimant cannot make an informed decision whether to agree to a proposed aggregate settlement.
ALI Draft Proposal, supra note 1, § 3.17 cmt. a. The proposal does not clearly identify and address what Professors Silver and Baker have previously identified as the additional risks of attorney opportunism and allocation conflicts in mass lawsuits or the decreased incentives for
sal to modify the current rule, the reporters assert that “giving veto power to each claimant individually . . . is not necessary to ensure the fairness of aggregate settlements.”\textsuperscript{71} As noted above, this statement mischaracterizes the effect of the aggregate settlement rule, because individual clients do not have the ability to veto an aggregate settlement unless the defendant has insisted upon unanimous approval before the settlement will be effective.\textsuperscript{72} Although the reporters tacitly acknowledge that the purpose of the current rule is to prevent unfair settlements, they do not explain why the rationale given for the current rule is mistaken or how supermajority approval serves as an adequate alternative. Thus, it is important to see how the aggregate settlement rule currently serves as a necessary constraint on both inadequate settlements and unfair allocations.
Aggregate settlements might be inadequate in their total amounts, because the common attorney may accept “a relatively cheap settlement that would nonetheless pay the attorney a handsome premium on his or her hourly rate.”\textsuperscript{73} When individual clients review the amounts they will receive under an aggregate settlement, they perform an important monitoring function that checks this form of attorney opportunism. Under a prior draft proposal, advance waivers would have allowed the attorney alone to bind clients to an aggregate settlement negotiated by the attorney.\textsuperscript{74} This proposal was defective, because it would have entirely eliminated the monitoring function of the current rule. Requiring a supermajority of the group to approve the settlement before it becomes binding on other group members is an improvement, because it reduces the likelihood of attorney opportunism by allowing at least 75% of the group to perform its current monitoring function.
This explanation,\textsuperscript{75} however, assumes that the claims of the supermajority are typical of the claims of the group as a whole. If
\begin{itemize}
\item individual group members to closely monitor their lawyers given that, in mass lawsuits, “monitoring is a public good.” Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 7, at 752.
\item ALI Draft Proposal, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17 cmt a.
\item See Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 33, at 1532.
\item Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 7, at 751 (characterizing the problem as one of “attorney opportunism”).
\item See ALI Prelim. Draft No. 4, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17(c). The only protection offered to claimants against inadequate settlements was limited judicial review of the adequacy and fairness of the settlement. \textit{See infra} Part IV.
\item Interestingly, this is not the explanation the reporters give for imposing the supermajority approval requirement. Instead, the reporters only allude to the fact that another rationale of the current rule is to “preserve in the hands of the clients, as opposed to lawyers, the power to settle cases.” ALI Draft Proposal, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.17 cmt. a. Current law provides that the decision to settle belongs to the client and that a client may revoke any previous grant of authority to
\end{itemize}
most of the claims are relatively small in value, then the total amount might be adequate for these claimants. But the total amount might still be vastly inadequate for the minority of claims that are far more serious, and these claimants will be unable to check attorney opportunism as it affects them. The reporters will undoubtedly respond that this was the purpose of providing that, when settlements distinguish among separate categories of cases, supermajority approval within each category is required.\textsuperscript{76} However, for reasons explained below,\textsuperscript{77} even a supermajority approval within each category does not protect against attorney opportunism in aggregate settlements.
Even more important than protecting against inadequate settlements is the aggregate settlement rule’s function in protecting against unfair allocations. The common attorney’s collective fee will depend on the total amount of the settlement, so the inadequate settlement problem might not be widespread.\textsuperscript{78} On the other hand, a common attorney has little financial incentive to ensure horizontal equity among the various clients.\textsuperscript{79} As a result, the attorney will not be motivated to counter a defendant’s desire to favor certain claimants over others. For example, a defendant may favor customers, shareholders, suppliers, employees, or even a specific group of employees over others.\textsuperscript{80} Even if neither the plaintiffs’ nor the defendant’s attorneys are biased in favor of certain claimants within the group, they will not be motivated to expend the time and effort to individualize the settlements in ways that many of the claimants might prefer.\textsuperscript{81} This leads to “damage averaging,” in which those with more serious injuries receive less than they would have under an allocation that gives more weight to individualized factors.\textsuperscript{82}
Moreover, the plaintiffs’ attorney may be operating under financial incentives that actively favor a biased allocation. For example, the
\textsuperscript{76} See ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.17(b).
\textsuperscript{77} See infra Part IV.
\textsuperscript{78} See John C. Coffee, Jr., Conflicts, Consent, and Allocation After Amchem Products—or, Why Attorneys Still Need Consent to Give Away Their Clients’ Money, 84 VA. L. REV. 1541, 1542 (1998) (attorneys “generally have a strong economic incentive to maximize the size of the settlement fund”).
\textsuperscript{79} See Erichson, supra note 46; see also Coffee, supra note 78, at 1542.
\textsuperscript{80} See Coffee, supra note 78, at 1546.
\textsuperscript{81} Id. at 1545.
\textsuperscript{82} Id.; accord Moore, supra note 7, at 168–69.
attorney will earn more money from cases in which she is retained directly, as opposed to those in which the attorney receives the case from—and must share the contingent fee with—a referring attorney.\textsuperscript{83} Similarly, if the attorney uses a sliding scale contingent fee, as opposed to a fixed percentage, she will be motivated to distribute the amounts in such a way as to maximize the total fee by keeping the percentages higher in particular cases.\textsuperscript{84} If the effectiveness of the settlement depends upon a group vote, the attorney will be motivated to please those in the majority, which will often be those with the smallest and weakest claims.\textsuperscript{85} Finally, there may be other situations in which the attorney has special relationships with certain clients or even third parties, such as unions, which would bias the attorney in favor of a particular group of clients, such as union over non-union employees.\textsuperscript{86}
\section*{IV. The Proposed Supermajority Approval Requirement Provides Insufficient Protection to Clients}
The reporters do not explain how supermajority approval guards against inadequate settlements and unfair allocations. This Article assumes that they believe that the individual monitoring provided by 75\% of the claimants, informed of the settlement proposal’s details, will be sufficient to check the potential for attorney abuse. This might be true when the supermajority claims are representative of all claims, but this will not be the case when they are dissimilar, particularly
\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{itemize}
\item[83.] Erichson, \textit{supra} note 46, at 572. This is precisely what may have occurred in a recent case involving allegations that a plaintiffs’ firm falsely told its clients that the settlement portions had been individually negotiated with the defendant, when in fact they were determined solely by the firm. The scheme was allegedly designed to hide the fact that “a major determinant in the size of a client’s share was whether he or she had retained [the firm] directly or been referred by another firm.” Anthony Lin, \textit{Trial Ordered Over Firm’s Distribution of Fen-Phen Settlement}, N.Y. L.J., Mar. 28, 2007, available at http://www.law.com/jsp/law/LawArticleFriendly.jsp?id=1174986238152. The firm “allegedly inflated the settlement payments of its direct clients because its fees from those clients would not be reduced by referral fees.” \textit{Id.}
\item[84.] Erichson, \textit{supra} note 46, at 572. Erichson also described how monitoring by claimants creates incentives for defendants’ counsel to offer settlements that the claimants are likely to accept. \textit{Id.} at 572–73.
\item[85.] See, e.g., Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 33, at 1531 (“[P]laintiffs with low-value claims greatly outnumber those with high-value claims, [thus,] plaintiffs’ attorneys feel some pressure to maximize the number of claimants who accept a particular settlement. This encourages plaintiffs’ attorneys to distribute settlement funds broadly within the claimant group.”).
\item[86.] Cf. Coffee, \textit{supra} note 78, at 1546 (giving an example in the employment discrimination class action context in which the class attorney’s relationship with the union caused the attorney to favor union over non-union class members).
\end{itemize}
\end{footnotesize}
when the minority claims have substantially higher values than the majority claims.\textsuperscript{87}
The reporters will undoubtedly argue that it is sufficient to require supermajority approval within each category of a case when settlements distinguish among them. However, aggregate settlements that are unfairly biased in favor of some clients do not necessarily identify separate categories of cases. For example, a settlement might provide that the claimants will share equally in a lump sum offered by the defendant. As a formal matter, there is only one category of claimants, and the settlement treats them the same. But this Proposal favors claimants with less serious injuries over claimants with more serious injuries, because their awards do not take individual damages into account.\textsuperscript{88} If the claimants with less serious injuries constitute 75% or more of the group, then they are in a position to bind those with more serious injuries despite the obvious unfairness of the allocation. There are circumstances in which equal allocations, despite some differences in the value of claims, might be appropriate.\textsuperscript{89} But, unless the claimants who stand to lose the most agree to be bound by an equal division, the allocation is presumptively unfair.
A similar situation occurs when attorneys allocate settlement sums according to a matrix formula, a common technique in aggregate settlements. The matrix accounts for a variety of relevant factors, weighting each one differently.\textsuperscript{90} For example, the formula might consider medical diagnosis, presence of certain symptoms, and documented progression of disease, as well as factors indicating the strength of particular claims—such as evidence relating to both the credibility of the claimant and causation—and the availability of vari-
\textsuperscript{87} See supra notes 81–82 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{88} Indeed, this is precisely what the problem of “damage averaging” means in class and non-class aggregated settlements. Coffee, \textit{supra} note 78, at 1545. See also Moore, \textit{supra} note 7, at 163 n.91 (discussing the potential unfairness of the settlement in the Woburn case that was the subject of the book \textit{A Civil Action}, in which all the families received the same settlement amount even though their injuries differed and “some of the families were likely to have their cases dismissed”).
\textsuperscript{89} When individual claims are small, it may be more efficient to distribute the settlement equally rather than attempt to individualize each claimant’s recovery. See Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 33, at 1522 (describing the common practice of making equal payments, “especially when the sums involved are small”). Additionally, plaintiffs who know each other may be more willing to share equally despite significant differences in their claims. See, e.g., N.J. Sup. Ct. Advisory Comm. on Prof’l Ethics, Op. 616 (1988), available at http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/ethicsdecisions/acpe/acp616_1.html (describing a toxic chemical case in which many plaintiffs wanted to reject a “contingent blanket offer,” but most of whom ultimately agreed to accept the settlement when they found out that a number of their co-workers were going to have their claims dismissed on statute of limitation grounds).
\textsuperscript{90} See, e.g., Erichson, \textit{supra} note 9, at 1789–80.
ous defenses—such as whether there is an arguable statute of limitations defense. Once again, as a formal matter, there is only one category of claimants, and the settlement treats them the same. But individual claimants may object that some factors are irrelevant, that others are given too much or too little weight, or that additional, relevant factors are not considered at all. The use of a matrix poses an obvious risk of unfair allocations, and it is possible that those being treated unfairly will be in the minority. Indeed, given the attorney’s financial incentive to ensure the effectiveness of the settlement, the attorney will be biased in favor of the allocation most likely to gain 75% approval.
Aside from equal distributions and matrices, there are other ways in which claimants may be treated unfairly when the settlement agreement does not create different categories of cases. For example, the defendant’s attorney may agree to a settlement in which the plaintiffs’ attorney has allocated individual settlement values that add up to an amount the defendant is willing to pay. The plaintiffs’ attorney may not use a matrix or any other formula to determine the individual settlement values, instead relying on her own assessment of each case’s value. As long as the settlement agreement does not formally distinguish the way in which the claimants are treated, the attorney need only convince 75% of her clients that their settlement offers are fair in order to bind the remaining claimants.
Finally, there is the question of how much information the claimants will receive under § 3.17. As noted above, the text of the Proposal suggests that claimants need not receive the same detailed information about other claimants’ settlements that is required under the aggregate settlement rule.\(^{91}\) The aggregate settlement rule can, and should, be interpreted to respect a client’s desire for privacy, unless particular identifying information is important for other claimants to evaluate the fairness of the settlement allocation.\(^{92}\) But the ALI Draft Proposal appears to go well beyond that limited disclosure restriction. If § 3.17 requires only the specific information listed in its text—which does not appear to include much, if any, detail regarding what other claimants will receive\(^{93}\)—then it is difficult to see how the 75% supermajority approval requirement provides a meaningful check on unfair allocations.
\(^{91}\) See supra note 14 and accompanying text.
\(^{92}\) See supra note 15 and accompanying text.
\(^{93}\) See supra note 14 and accompanying text.
V. Reinstating an Earlier Proposal for a Limited Fairness Hearing Would Not Fix the Problem
In an earlier draft, the reporters' proposal for limited judicial review—available only if the claimant brings the challenge within ninety days after being notified of the settlement's consummation\(^{94}\)—included a provision under which courts could declare settlements unenforceable if they found that the settlement was "grossly unfair or inadequate to the challenger."\(^{95}\) Thus, by its own terms, the proposal was not designed to ensure either the fairness or adequacy of aggregate settlements, but only to protect against the most egregious abuses and, even then, only when one or more claimants affirmatively exercised her right to challenge the settlement.
There were other deficiencies in the proposal. For example, it required that the reviewing court give "substantial deference to the settlement" and treat it as "presumptively fair and reasonable," regardless of the method of allocation and without any explanation for either the deference or the presumption.\(^{96}\) Silver and Baker have argued that a combination of uniform contingent fees, market regulation of the choice of lawyers, and the threat of malpractice liability can significantly reduce the risk of attorneys acting arbitrarily or opportunistically in allocating aggregate settlements, particularly when coupled with variations of a majority voting rule, including supermajority requirements.\(^{97}\) Although the current ALI Draft Proposal requires supermajority approval, it does not require uniform contingent fees.\(^{98}\) As to the remaining risk reducers, Silver and Baker concede the difficulty of proving a malpractice claim in many cases.\(^{99}\) Additionally, their optimistic view of the role of the market in providing quality control of mass tort lawyers is highly questionable. For example, cultivating a "reputation for superior performance" may steer some percentage of referrals to the most competent lawyers,\(^{100}\) but referral practices have been criticized, because the receiving lawyers may be
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94. ALI Prelim. Draft No. 4, supra note 1, § 3.18(a).
95. Id.
96. Id. § 3.18(c) & cmt. b.
97. See Silver & Baker, supra note 7, at 773 (discussing "[o]ther protections [that] can supplant the unanimity requirement" even in the absence of judicial review of an aggregate settlement).
98. As noted above, mandatory uniform contingent fees would eliminate the plaintiffs' attorney's incentive to favor claimants with whom the attorney has a direct retainer agreement over those referred by other lawyers. See supra note 86 and accompanying text.
99. See Silver & Baker, supra note 7, at 777 (describing the difficulty for many plaintiffs to establish that "his or her claim was worth more relative to other settled claims than he or she received").
100. Id.
offering the highest percentage or because they may have gained their reputations primarily on the basis of mass marketing directly to the public.\textsuperscript{101}
The reporters could have revised the earlier proposal to require both uniform contingent fees and supermajority approval as conditions of obtaining the court’s deference to an aggregate settlement. Even these conditions, however, would not justify either a presumption that a settlement allocation is fair or the underlying standard that the burden is on the challenger to prove that the settlement is grossly unfair or inadequate. Uniform contingent fees may not be achievable, at least where referral fees are permitted, and they would eliminate only one of a number of incentives for common attorneys to favor one group of clients over another.\textsuperscript{102} As for supermajority approval, that requirement reduces, but cannot eliminate, “the number of clients in danger of being sold out,”\textsuperscript{103} particularly when clients with smaller, less credible claims vastly outnumber claimants with more serious claims.\textsuperscript{104}
Aside from the unwarranted presumption of fairness and the refusal to provide relief unless a settlement is grossly unfair, the earlier proposal was inadequate in several respects. First, the claimant had to file the challenge “within 90 days of receiving actual notice of the consummation of a settlement.”\textsuperscript{105} Ninety days is almost certainly inadequate for a claimant not only to decide that she believes the settlement is inadequate or unfair—which, under the current rule, is all a client needs to do in order to reject the settlement—but also to find a lawyer with the required knowledge, experience, and willingness to file the challenge on such short notice.
Even without the short time frame, it is unclear what incentives competent lawyers have to take on these challenges. The proposal provided that they might be entitled to reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs if they prevailed,\textsuperscript{106} but there would be no guarantee that they
\begin{itemize}
\item \textsuperscript{101} See, e.g., Erichson, \textit{supra} note 46, at 537 & n.63 (reporting criticisms of some plaintiffs’ lawyers). Professor Erichson concluded that, “[i]n general, however, it is reasonable to expect that the incentives of the referral market would generally channel referral cases to lawyers competent to handle them and positioned to take advantage of economies of scale and opportunities for bargaining leverage.” \textit{Id.} at 537–38.
\item \textsuperscript{102} See \textit{supra} notes 78–85 and accompanying text.
\item \textsuperscript{103} Silver & Baker, \textit{supra} note 7, at 778.
\item \textsuperscript{104} See \textit{supra} notes 88–89 and accompanying text.
\item \textsuperscript{105} ALI Prelim. Draft No. 4, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.18(a).
\item \textsuperscript{106} Section 3.18(f) provided that the common attorney who negotiates a settlement that is later determined to be unenforceable “\textit{may} be required to pay the reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by the challenging claimant,” but the reporters did not explain why the challenging claimant is not automatically entitled to receive these fees and costs or what factors should
\end{itemize}
would prevail. Moreover, winning would not be easy given both the presumption of adequacy and fairness and the need to prove gross injustice. There is also no guarantee that attorneys who agree to represent plaintiffs in mass tort lawsuits on a contingency fee basis will prevail, yet mass tort plaintiffs often find attorneys to represent them. There, the attorneys stand to earn substantial fees if they prevail or reach a negotiated settlement, and they can spread what can be substantial costs among a large number of clients. Here, however, the amount that the attorneys stand to earn is considerably less,\textsuperscript{107} and they will be unable to spread the costs of proving inadequacy or unfair allocation among such a large group.
How would these lawyers demonstrate that a settlement agreement was either grossly inadequate or unfair? Under the current aggregate settlement rule, a client’s mere suspicion that the settlement is unfair is sufficient to warrant the client’s refusal to be bound by its terms. But, under the earlier draft proposal, the claimant would have had to prove inadequacy or unfair allocation, which individual clients are unlikely to have the requisite evidence to prove. Further, it was unclear from the proposal whether, and to what extent, they would be entitled to formal discovery—from both the common attorney and the defendant’s attorney—concerning all of the information necessary to prove their claim.
VI. Neither Supermajority Approval nor a Fairness Hearing Provides for Unique Client Preferences and Individual Client Autonomy
According to Erichson, the aggregate settlement rule not only provides a means of monitoring the lawyers, but it also “enables clients to effectuate individualistic preferences.”\textsuperscript{108} In other words, “[e]ven assuming perfect equity in the allocation of settlement funds . . . some clients may rationally choose to accept the settlement while others rationally choose to reject it, based on different approaches to settle-
\textsuperscript{107} Undoubtedly, as with most fee-shifting provisions, the prevailing attorney’s reasonable fees would be determined by the lodestar method, under which fees are determined on the basis of a reasonable hourly rate. \textit{See} Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 (1983). In these cases, however, the work would be limited in scope, particularly if discovery of information surrounding the settlement is limited. Even if the challenging claimant or claimants agreed to pay the attorney a contingent fee, success in the litigation would not result in an award of damages unless the common attorney offered a sum of money in return for the claimant dropping her challenge to the settlement, and the total amount of fees would still be small because of the low number of claimants involved.
\textsuperscript{108} Erichson, \textit{supra} note 46, at 573.
ment decisionmaking, different levels of risk tolerance, and different objectives and priorities in the litigation."109 No doubt the reporters will respond that it is also rational for clients to waive their rights under the aggregate settlement rule in return for increased efficiencies and bargaining leverage that benefit the group as a whole. Further, they will argue that the law should support unique client preferences by respecting a client's choice to rely on both the integrity of the individual lawyer and a limited form of judicial review to protect them from inadequate and unfair settlements.110
These arguments are unconvincing. The increased efficiencies and bargaining leverage gained through aggregating claims are already available to the vast majority of claimants under the current rule.111 In any event, client waivers obtained under the Draft Proposal are not likely to reflect true client "preferences" in most cases. Particularly in mass tort lawsuits, many of the clients are unsophisticated and inexperienced users of legal services.112 They are unlikely to have an ongoing relationship with the common attorney and will probably select her, or even a referring lawyer, on the basis of mass marketing.113 Their preference to waive will undoubtedly be shaped almost entirely by the attorney. They will have little basis upon which to evaluate the trustworthiness of the attorney, the risk of conscious, or even unconscious, bias in the settlement allocation, or the deficiencies of any limited judicial review. The attorney will be strongly motivated to persuade them to sign the waiver and will probably refuse to represent them unless they do so. In such circumstances, true client preferences and autonomy are respected by allowing clients the freedom to accept or reject an aggregate settlement offer only after ensuring that they have received the information that they need to evaluate its fairness and adequacy.
109. Id.
110. This is the thrust of the position that Silver and Baker put forth in their articles cited above. See Silver & Baker, supra note 7; Silver & Baker, supra note 33.
111. See supra Part II.
112. See, e.g., Moore, supra note 7, at 181 (discussing client waivers in mass tort claims). Of course, the aggregate settlement rule also applies in cases involving more sophisticated clients, typically those involving contract, rather than tort, claims. See, e.g., Tax Auth., Inc. v. Jackson Hewitt, Inc., 898 A.2d 512 (N.J. 2006) (applying Rule 1.8(g) to an attorney representing 154 individual franchisees suing a tax preparation franchisor for improper retention of funds in a loan risk pool). Whether it would be desirable—or even possible—to limit the proposed modifications to cases involving sophisticated and experienced users of legal services is beyond the scope of this Article. This would require reviewing an attorney's conduct on a case-by-case basis, which would seriously impinge upon the ability of both plaintiffs' and defendants' lawyers to know in advance when aggregate settlements are permissible.
113. See Erichson, supra note 46, at 534–39.
But what of the reporters’ response that “waivers are valid in a variety of areas in which important rights are at stake,” and thus a waiver that is “knowingly and voluntarily made, is in writing, [and] is signed by the claimant after full disclosure” should be binding?114 Isn’t the refusal to permit clients to waive their rights under the aggregate settlement rule unnecessarily paternalistic?115 Although there is an undeniable element of paternalism in refusing to honor client preferences to execute these waivers, such paternalism is warranted.116 Indeed, it is entirely consistent with other aspects of the law governing attorney-client relations, including law that was recently approved by the ALI in its Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers.117
VII. THE ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL IS A RADICAL DEPARTURE FROM THE CURRENT LAW OF LAWYERING
In the current ALI Draft Proposal, the reporters say little about the autonomy argument. Instead, they merely note that litigants are permitted to waive important rights “in a variety of areas.”118 It is noteworthy, however, that the examples they cite are not from the law of lawyering, but rather primarily from constitutional cases in which litigants were permitted to waive their due process rights to notice, hearing, or trial.119 But the standard for determining when waivers are binding in constitutional cases is not necessarily the same standard applied in other contexts. Both federal and state governments are free to offer, and commonly do offer, protections beyond those granted under their constitutions, including nonwaiveable rights to void certain agreements likely to have been made on the basis of ei-
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114. ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.17 cmt. a.
115. See Silver & Baker, supra note 7, at 769; Silver & Baker, supra note 33, at 1503 n.125.
116. See Nancy J. Moore, Conflicts of Interest in the Simultaneous Representation of Multiple Clients: A Proposed Solution to the Current Confusion and Controversy, 61 Tex. L. Rev. 211, 233–40 (1982) (discussing justifications for paternalism in the context of the general conflicts of interest rule).
117. See Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers (2000).
118. ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.17 cmt. a.
119. Id. at § 3.17 Reporters’ Notes, cmt. a. The reporters cite to cases holding that litigants may waive procedural due-process protections and note that criminal defendants who enter guilty pleas thereby waive their rights to a jury trial, to confront adverse witnesses, and to have the case against them proved beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. They also cite a federal statute permitting military personnel to waive various rights, including the right to terminate residential and automobile leases. Id. They cite only one example in the context of the law of lawyering: a recent ABA opinion that somewhat facilitates the ability of sophisticated clients to give advance waivers of conflicts. Id. It is notable, however, that the ABA opinion they cited makes many advance waivers nonconsentable, particularly when the clients are unsophisticated, like most mass tort plaintiffs. ABA Comm. on Ethics & Prof’l Responsibility, Formal Op. 05-436 (2005).
ther a lack of information, unequal bargaining power, or coercion.\textsuperscript{120} This is particularly true in the law of lawyering.
According to the Restatement, “[a] lawyer is an agent, to whom clients entrust matters, property, and information, which may be of great importance and sensitivity, and whose work is usually not subject to detailed client supervision because of its complexity.”\textsuperscript{121} Further, “[b]ecause those characteristics of the client-lawyer relationship make clients vulnerable to harm, and because of the importance to the legal system of faithful representation, the law . . . provides a number of safeguards for clients beyond those generally provided to principals.”\textsuperscript{122}
Consider the number of situations in which the current law of lawyering refuses to honor client preferences in order to protect clients from overreaching attorneys. Under Rule 1.2(c), lawyers may not limit the scope of representation, even with the client’s informed consent, unless the limitation is “reasonable.”\textsuperscript{123} Similarly, under Rule 1.5(a), lawyers may not charge “unreasonable” legal fees.\textsuperscript{124} Under Rule 1.7(b), lawyers may not represent clients with conflicting interests, even with their clients’ informed consent, unless the lawyer “reasonably believes that [she] will be able to provide competent and diligent representation to each affected client.”\textsuperscript{125} Under Rule 1.8, lawyers may not do any of the following: engage in business transactions with clients unless the terms are objectively “fair and reasonable”;\textsuperscript{126} prepare instruments giving the lawyer a substantial gift;\textsuperscript{127} make agreements giving the lawyer literary or media rights based on
\textsuperscript{120} See, e.g., 15 U.S.C. § 1635 (2000 & Supp. 2003) (absent Board action to prescribe certain regulations, no waivers are permitted allowing rescission when a security interest is taken in a consumer’s principal residence); N.J. Stat. Ann. § 17:16C-36 (West 2001) (retail installment sales contracts may not contain a provision purporting to waive certain defenses in actions against seller). Cf. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651–678 (2000 & Supp. 2003); Family & Medical Leave Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654 (2000 & Supp. 2003) (nonwaivable right to family leave).
\textsuperscript{121} Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 14, Introductory Note (2000).
\textsuperscript{122} Id.
\textsuperscript{123} Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.2(c) (2007). See also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 19 & cmt. c (2007).
\textsuperscript{124} Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.5(a) (2007). See also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 34 & cmt. b (2007).
\textsuperscript{125} Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.7(b)(1) (2007). See also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 122(2)(c) & cmt. g(iv) (2007).
\textsuperscript{126} Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.8(a) (2007). See also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 126 & cmt. b (2007).
\textsuperscript{127} Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.8(c) (2007). See also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 127(1) & cmt. b (2007).
information relating to the representation; make an agreement prospectively limiting the lawyer's liability for malpractice, unless the client is independently represented; or have sexual relations with a client. These limitations to client consent are not free from criticism, but they have been widely adopted. More importantly, they were recently approved by the ALI itself when it adopted the Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers.
Advance waivers have been singled out as particularly problematic. Consider Comment 22 to Rule 1.7:
Whether a lawyer may properly request a client to waive conflicts that might arise in the future is subject to the test of paragraph (b) [which requires both the client's informed consent and the lawyer's reasonable belief that she will be able to provide competent and diligent representation]. The effectiveness of such waivers is generally determined by the extent to which the client reasonably understands the material risks that the waiver entails. The more comprehensive the explanation of the types of future representations that might arise and the actual and reasonably foreseeable adverse consequences of those representations, the greater the likelihood that the client will have the requisite understanding. Thus, if the client agrees to consent to a particular type of conflict with which the client is already familiar, then the consent ordinarily will be effective with regard to that type of conflict. If the consent is general and open-ended, then the consent ordinarily will be ineffective, because it is not reasonably likely that the client will have understood the material risks involved. On the other hand, if the client is an experienced user of the legal services involved and is reasonably informed regarding the risk that a conflict may arise, such consent is more likely to be effective, particularly if, e.g., the client is independently represented by other counsel in giving consent . . . . In any case, advance consent cannot be effective if the
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128. Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct R. 1.8(d) (2007). See also Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 36(3) & cmt. d (2007).
129. Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct R. 1.8(h)(1) (2007). Cf. Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 54(2) & cmt. b (2007) (providing no such exception, even for independently represented clients).
130. Model Rules of Prof'l Conduct R. 1.8(j) (2007). Cf. Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 16(3) & cmt. e (2007) (providing no per se ban but prohibiting sexual relations when such relations would "undermine the client's case, abuse the client's dependence on the lawyer, or create risk to the lawyer's independent judgment," such as in divorce cases).
131. See, e.g., Lawrence J. Fox, When It Comes to Sex with Clients, Whom Do You Trust: Nanny or the ABA?, 19 GPSolo 36 (2002) (urging the ABA to reject the then-proposed Model Rule 1.8(j), which would have prohibited most sexual relationships with clients).
132. See Charts Comparing Professional Conduct Rules as Adopted by States to ABA Model Rules, supra note 37.
133. See supra note 117.
circumstances that materialize in the future are such as would make the conflict nonconsentable under paragraph (b).134
The ALI Draft Proposal clearly contemplates a form of advance waiver, not necessarily of the right to representation free of conflicting interests,135 but rather of the client’s right to accept or reject a settlement offer after receiving appropriate information as required under the aggregate settlement rule.136 It is difficult to imagine that attorneys could provide disclosures at the outset of their representations that would be adequate for unsophisticated mass tort clients to reasonably understand the material risks of such waivers. At the time of
134. Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.7 cmt. 22 (2007). Accord Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 122 cmt. d (2007).
135. Attorneys who represent multiple clients with similar claims in mass tort lawsuits typically do have such conflicts of interest, particularly if they are negotiating or anticipate negotiating an aggregate settlement of those claims. See Moore, supra note 7, at 177. The propriety of the representation itself, even with conflict waivers, is governed by Rule 1.7 and is beyond the scope of this Article. In any event, it is clear that waivers under Rule 1.7 are separate from the type of waiver the reporters contemplate with respect to the protections offered under Rule 1.8(g).
136. Even in the absence of Rule 1.8(g), the client would have these rights under Rule 1.2(a) (providing that it is the client’s decision whether to accept or reject a settlement offer) and 1.4(b) (providing that “[a] lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions regarding the representation”). See Model Rules of Prof’l Conduct R. 1.2(a), 1.4(b) (2007). According to the Restatement, clients can authorize an attorney to accept a settlement offer on their behalf, but they can also revoke that authority at any time prior to acceptance, and they cannot effectively create an irrevocable authority to settle in favor of the attorney. Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 22(3) (2007). These limitations on waiveability derive from agency law, which generally provides that an agent may not act contrary to a principal’s instructions, even when those instructions are contrary to an irrevocable contract between the parties. Restatement (Second) of Agency § 118 cmt. b (1958). In a prior draft, the reporters argued that the recognized exception for agents “possessing a power given as security” applies in the case of aggregate settlement waivers, even one purporting to give the lawyer alone the right to bind the client to a settlement, because the purpose of the waiver was to protect the interests of other claimants. See ALI Prelim. Draft No. 4, supra note 1, § 3.17, Reporters’ Notes to cmt. a. This argument may be correct as a matter of agency law, but it ignores the additional protections provided under fiduciary (as opposed to contract) law, particularly the law governing lawyers. According to the Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers, an agreement between a lawyer and a client that limits “a duty that a lawyer would otherwise owe to the client” is not enforceable unless “the terms of the limitation are reasonable in the circumstances.” Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing Lawyers § 19 (2007); accord Moore, supra note 7, at 175–76. Apparently conceding the weakness of the argument they made in the prior draft, the reporters now recognize that “under prevailing ethics rules, a lawyer may not obtain a nonrevocable assignment of the client’s individual authority to decide whether to settle a case and for what amount.” ALI Draft Proposal, supra note 1, § 3.17 cmt. a. They further argue, however, that this rule is not violated when the authority to settle “is not given to counsel but, instead, remains with the collective clients, who may act to accept a settlement pursuant to a waiver only” in accordance with the 75% approval requirement. Id. (emphasis in original). It is unclear whether the supermajority approval requirement changes the analysis under either Rule 1.2(a) or agency law, because the client would still be relinquishing the right to make the final decision regarding settlement.
retention—when the Draft Proposal contemplates many waivers will be obtained\textsuperscript{137}—clients will typically have little idea of the likely value of their claims, how their claims will compare to the claims of others, and how various methods of allocating a lump sum settlement are likely to affect them.\textsuperscript{138} Such information is more readily available the further along the lawsuits proceed, but, if the Proposal is modified to require that waivers become effective only if obtained much later in the representation, the burden of fully informing the clients of the material risks of an impending aggregate settlement will be virtually identical to the burden of providing relevant information after the settlement has been negotiated. At this point, the only reason to allow the waivers is to avoid the possibility of strategic holdouts, but the reporters have yet to demonstrate that this problem alone is sufficiently serious to warrant abrogation of the aggregate settlement rule.\textsuperscript{139}
VIII. In the Absence of Ex Ante Waivers under § 3.17, Judicial Approval Is an Insufficient Substitute for the Aggregate Settlement Rule
In addition to ex ante waivers under § 3.17, the reporters propose in § 3.19 that a plaintiffs’ attorney who receives an aggregate settlement offer “may seek approval for the fairness and adequacy of such a settlement before a court of competent jurisdiction in the state where the original attorney-client agreement was formed.”\textsuperscript{140} The approval would extend only to the claims that are presented to the court for review, and the attorney would be forced not only to “affirmatively demonstrate the fairness of the proposed settlement,” but also to “provide a compelling explanation for why a waiver was not secured pursuant to § 3.17.”\textsuperscript{141} The reporters do not explain why such an ex-
\textsuperscript{137} See ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.17(c).
\textsuperscript{138} See, e.g., Silver & Baker, supra note 33, at 1505:
[Plaintiffs have] no idea what the size of [their] ownership interest in a litigation group is and, moreover, [have] no objective way of finding out. Plaintiffs typically do not learn how large their shares are until they receive settlement offers for approval. . . .
Having little or no idea how much their claims are worth, clients pay their lawyers in part to provide an assessment.
\textit{Id.}
\textsuperscript{139} See supra notes 47–58 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{140} ALI DRAFT PROPOSAL, supra note 1, § 3.19(a).
\textsuperscript{141} \textit{Id.} § 3.19 cmt. b. For reasons that are not explained, the text itself states that the lawyers who seek judicial approval “bear the burden of establishing that efforts to secure direct approval from clients were unavailing and why the terms of § 3.17 could not be satisfied without judicial approval,” but does not state, as does the comment, that the lawyers bear the burden of establishing the fairness of the proposed settlement. \textit{Id.} § 3.19(a).
ception to the aggregate settlement rule is either necessary or desirable. In an earlier draft, they suggested that a potentially "compelling reason" not to secure an advance waiver under § 3.17 was that the affected claimants did not meet the numerosity or amount in controversy requirements of that section,\textsuperscript{142} thereby implying that ex ante waivers were obtained. But the reporters did not explain what is compelling about such a case, especially given that the reporters themselves expressly designed these requirements to pinpoint circumstances in which the aggregate settlement rule is thought to be unworkable.
Moreover, the reporters do not limit the exception to cases in which some form of ex ante waiver has been obtained. What possible reason could there be to permit a court to impose a settlement over the objection of one or more of the claimants in a non-class aggregation in which there is no ability—either ex ante or ex post—to opt out of the group settlement? It cannot be the burden of obtaining informed consent to the terms of the settlement, because § 3.19(b) provides that, prior to invoking this form of judicial review, "claimants' counsel must use all reasonable efforts to notify all affected claimants and provide such claimants an opportunity to participate in the judicial proceedings."\textsuperscript{143}
The only reason for imposing settlements in the absence of ex ante waivers is that the attorney believes the settlement is so good that any claimant who objects must be acting either irrationally or strategically. But it is not necessarily irrational to reject a settlement that someone else, even a court, believes is adequate and fair, given that individual preferences vary so widely,\textsuperscript{144} and the reporters cannot possibly contemplate that courts will determine whether individual claimants are acting irrationally given their own unique preferences. Even if a claimant is acting irrationally or strategically, attorneys have no right to override a client's rejection of a settlement offer through court approval, merely because the attorney purports to know what is best for the client or has other clients who want to accept the offer. For reporters who place a high value on the client's right to autonomous decision making,\textsuperscript{145} this particular proposal is both unjustifiably paternalistic and contrary to the attorney's duty of loyalty to individual cli-
\textsuperscript{142} ALI Prelim. Draft No. 4, \textit{supra} note 1, § 3.19 cmt. b. The current draft gives no explanation for the removal of this language from the comment.
\textsuperscript{143} \textit{Id.} § 3.19(b).
\textsuperscript{144} See \textit{supra} notes 107–108 and accompanying text.
\textsuperscript{145} See \textit{supra} note 109 and accompanying text.
ents, including the duty to abide by each client’s decision concerning the objectives of the representation.
IX. Conclusion
The goals of the ALI’s Principles of the Law of Aggregate Litigation are laudable, not only because they recommend procedures to better handle class action lawsuits, but also because they attempt to clarify and improve non-class aggregations, including the negotiation and settlement of mass tort claims. The aggregate settlement rule has spawned much confusion, making it difficult for both plaintiffs’ and defendants’ attorneys, while acting in good faith, to conform their conduct to the rule. One of the primary difficulties has been the lack of a clear definition of what constitutes an aggregate settlement for purposes of triggering the rule’s requirements. Here, the ALI Draft Proposal offers a definition that is not only clear, but also both principled and workable.
Another problem has been the failure to articulate precisely what information the plaintiffs’ attorneys must disclose to the claimants concerning the nature of all of the claims being settled. The ALI Draft Proposal endorses both recent changes to the ABA Model rules and an opinion of the ABA Standing Committee on Professional Ethics, which sets forth a number of specific matters the attorney must disclose. In this respect, the Proposal is commendable. Unfortunately, the Proposal does not clarify an important ambiguity under the current rule regarding the attorney’s ability to protect clients’ privacy interests when detailed information, such as clients’ names, may not be necessary for other clients to monitor the fairness of settlement allocations. Hopefully, the reporters will address this concern in future drafts.
The ALI Draft Proposal is seriously defective, however, in the reporters’ efforts to allow plaintiffs’ attorneys to bypass the aggregate settlement rule, primarily by having clients execute advance waivers of their right to its protections. The reporters have neither offered evidence that the rule significantly impedes the settlement of mass lawsuits nor drafted provisions that provide sufficient alternative protection against inadequate and unfair settlements. Although purporting to honor client preferences and autonomy, the reporters ignore the danger that overreaching attorneys will shape client preferences at a time when the clients have insufficient information to assess whether advance waivers are really necessary to obtain the benefits of collective litigation. The current law of lawyering recognizes that clients are often vulnerable and thus provides numerous safeguards for clients.
beyond those generally provided by other law. One of those safeguards is the current aggregate settlement rule. The burden is on the reporters to justify significant changes to that rule, and they have failed to meet that burden.
DEPAUL LAW REVIEW
[Vol. 57:395]
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Republic Act No. 11333
AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES, REPEALING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8492, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE "NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT OF 1998", AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:
SECTION 1. Short Title. – This Act shall be known as the "National Museum of the Philippines Act".
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is the policy of the State to pursue and support the cultural development of the Filipino people, through the preservation, enrichment and dynamic evolution of Filipino national culture, based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.
SEC. 3. Renaming of the National Museum. – The National Museum is hereby renamed as the “National Museum of the Philippines”, or, alternatively in Filipino, “Pambansang Museo ng Pilipinas”. The shortened name “National Museum” or “Pambansang Museo” shall be understood as exclusively referring to the same, and its use in any manner or part of any name with respect to any institution within the Philippines shall be reserved exclusively to the Agency.
Hereinafter in this Act, the National Museum of the Philippines shall be referred to as the “National Museum”.
SEC. 4. Mandate, Duties and Functions. – The National Museum shall be the primary institution of the State for the management and development of museums and collections of national scope or significance in the areas of arts, cultural heritage and natural history, for purposes of protecting, preserving, studying and promoting the national patrimony for the benefit of current and future generations, supporting education and social progress, and contributing to economic development through tourism and educational, scientific, cultural and leisure services and industries. It shall be a permanent institution in the service of the entire national community and its development, accessible to the public, and not intended for profit.
The National Museum shall:
(a) Function as an educational, cultural and scientific institution that, through its operations, projects and programs, documents, acquires, preserves, exhibits, and fosters scholarly study and public appreciation of works of art, specimens, and cultural and historical artifacts representative of or unique to the artistic and cultural heritage of the Filipino people and the natural history of the Philippines, as well as their significance to the nation: Provided, That such mandate shall be carried out in coordination with that of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, the National Library of the Philippines, and the National Archives of the Philippines relative to important historical documents, collections, memorabilia and other objects that have significant historical value;
(b) Establish, manage and develop the National Museum Complex at the Rizal Park, Manila, as well as central museums, regional museums and other facilities, and promote the principles of universal access: Provided, That such mandate shall be carried out in coordination with that of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines to operate historical museums and shrines in various parts of the country;
(c) Manage and develop the national collections of the Republic of the Philippines in the areas of arts, cultural heritage, and natural history;
(d) Carry out permanent research programs combining integrated laboratory and field work in biodiversity, geological history, human origins, pre-historical and historical archaeology, maritime and underwater cultural heritage, ethnology, art history, immovable, movable and intangible cultural properties, and similar or associated fields;
(e) Disseminate technical and museological skills and support museum development in the country;
(f) Extend technical assistance in the preservation and restoration of cultural properties of national significance; and
(g) Carry out any and all other functions characteristic of public collecting and research museum institutions of similar mandate and national scope, in line with prevailing international principles and best practices.
SEC. 5. The National Museum as a Trust of the Government. – To ensure its independence and autonomy, the National Museum shall be uniquely considered as a trust of
the government, attached solely for budgetary coordination and related purposes to the Department of Education.
As a trust of the government, the National Museum shall:
(a) Continue to be classified as a National Government Agency, primarily for administrative purposes, including receiving its annual budget from the general appropriations of the National Government to cover appropriately the entirety of its mandated operations and activities;
(b) Be considered as higher in level than a Bureau or Bureau-level agency but beneath that of a Department or Department-level agency, primarily for administrative purposes as to staffing pattern and compensation scales; and
(c) Enjoy such privileges and special rules characteristic of both a Government-Owned or -Controlled Corporation and a State University or College wherever possible and which, in any and all cases, promote the objectives of this Act; and that special rules as may be necessary to this effect be formulated and appropriately promulgated by the National Museum, the Department of Budget and Management, the Commission on Audit, and other concerned agencies.
SEC. 6. Permanent Site in the National Capital. – The whole Executive House, also known as the former Congress or Legislative Building, together with the former Department of Finance Building and former Department of Tourism, originally Agriculture and Commerce Building on the present Agrifina Circle in Rizal Park in the City of Manila, shall be the permanent and exclusive site of the National Museum, and shall form the core of the National Museum Complex in the national capital.
Likewise included in the National Museum Complex is the existing building of the National Planetarium, located in Rizal Park and operated by the National Museum since 1975, together with its lot as presently delineated.
The aforementioned buildings and their associated lands shall be deemed appropriated to the National Museum, and the record of the description of such site and lands, or a copy thereof, certified by the Director-General of the National Museum, shall be received as evidence in all courts of the extent and boundaries of the lands appropriated to the National Museum.
SEC. 7. Preservation of the Former Legislative Session Halls. – Without prejudice to their appropriate use in the operations of the National Museum, the National Museum shall preserve the former Session Halls of the House of Representatives and the Senate in the former Legislative Building as a tribute to the legacy of the great men and women of the Philippine Legislature for their invaluable contributions to the Filipino people, and as historical sites where democracy and freedom reigned and events of national significance transpired.
SEC. 8. Dedication of the National Museum Complex to Dr. Jose Rizal. – The National Museum Complex of the National Museum, being part of Rizal Park in Manila, shall be dedicated to the life, work, martyrdom and memory of Dr. Jose Rizal, whose encyclopedic range of intellectual, professional, and patriotic interests are to be imbued as far as possible in the National Museum’s public operations and activities throughout its National Museum Complex in the fields of history and literature in addition to anthropology, fine arts, architecture and the natural sciences, among others.
SEC. 9. Master Plan of the National Museum Complex. – The National Museum shall develop the National Museum Complex within and adjacent to Rizal Park and other identified areas with reference to the Burnham Plan for Manila of 1905, to include such institutional exigencies as public exhibition, activity and function halls, office and operational spaces,
museological and technical facilities, premises for commercial operations, vehicular parking, integrative infrastructure for its constituent buildings, parks and green areas, and other kinds of public spaces, both above and below ground.
The National Museum shall likewise implement a design for a large public plaza and park fronting the former Legislative Building, integrating it with Intramuros as a National Cultural Treasure and exposing features of the walls and former moat in this area. The National Museum shall be the primary government entity responsible for the preservation of the Gomburza Monument by Solomon Saprid, opposite the former Legislative Building, and the Sentinel of Freedom, or Lapu-Lapu Monument, by Juan Sajid Imao, in the present Agrifina Circle of Rizal Park, and shall ensure that the continued centrality and appropriate prominence of these monuments in their respective vicinities shall be maintained or otherwise enhanced further in any development that the National Museum may seek to implement relative to the National Museum Complex.
Within one (1) year after the effectivity of this Act, the National Museum shall formulate a Master Plan, if none yet exists. The Master Plan shall be approved by the Board of Trustees and shall be financed by the proceeds from its Endowment Fund and other allowable sources of funds, in accordance with existing laws. Implementation of the approved Master Plan in a programmed and systematic manner, and consequent administration and operation of the National Museum Complex by the National Museum, shall be given the strongest appropriate support by the agencies of the National Government that have jurisdiction over concerned properties, structures and utilities, as well as by the government of the City of Manila. No development within the area of the National Museum Complex, or which will directly affect the same, shall be permitted without the approval of the National Museum.
The National Museum shall also be authorized to enter into appropriate public-private partnerships concerning property development and management to further the implementation of its Master Plan, in accordance with pertinent laws, rules and regulations.
SEC. 10. Central Museums. – The central museums of the National Museum shall include the existing National Museum of Fine Arts, National Museum of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History and the National Planetarium. The National Museum shall also take steps towards the establishment of central museums dedicated to archaeology, maritime and underwater cultural heritage, architectural arts and built heritage, and political and social history, which may be established within its National Museum Complex or elsewhere within the National Capital Region as appropriate, together with an institute for professional education, training and development in museology and allied fields, and a conservation center for movable cultural properties of national significance.
SEC. 11. Regional, Area and Site Museums and Satellite Offices. – The National Museum shall maintain its existing regional, area and site museums and satellite offices and, if none exists, take steps towards establishing a regional museum and satellite office in each administrative region of the Philippines beyond the National Capital Region, as well as area and site museums and offices wherever necessary: Provided, That such regional network of the National Museum shall be coordinated with that of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, and other relevant cultural agencies to prevent institutional duplication.
The specific sites of new regional, area and site museums and satellite offices shall be selected based on considerations of geography, population distribution, and administrative efficiency as well as of outstanding national artistic, cultural and natural heritage significance, and educational, environmental and tourism considerations.
SEC. 12. The Board of Trustees. – The National Museum shall be governed by a Board of Trustees, hereinafter referred to in this Act as the “Board”, vested with the following powers and functions:
(a) To represent and mobilize pertinent areas of the private sector and the public sector in support of the mission and aims of the National Museum;
(b) To serve as the appointing authority for the Head of Agency and Agency Management;
(c) To exercise general oversight on behalf of both the private and public sector over the operations and performance of the National Museum through the Head of Agency and Agency Management;
(d) To approve strategic policies, goals and directions for the National Museum where necessary, and any such special projects and programs as it may consider appropriate to carry out for its benefit, for implementation through the Head of Agency and Agency Management;
(e) To administer the National Museum Endowment Fund, National Museum Donations Fund and National Museum Income Fund as provided for in this Act;
(f) To consider and appropriately dispose of appeals regarding administrative decisions of the Head of Agency, where appropriate in line with pertinent laws and issuances; and
(g) To carry out such other functions as provided herein, as well as in other pertinent laws and issuances.
SEC. 13. Composition of the Board of Trustees. – The Board shall comprise fifteen (15) members, to be composed of the following:
(a) Eight (8) representatives of the private sector, all citizens of the Philippines, each with a demonstrated personal or professional commitment to the mission and aims of the National Museum, to include at least one (1) distinguished Filipino artist, architect or cultural worker, one (1) distinguished Filipino anthropologist or historian, and one (1) distinguished Filipino scientist in the field of natural history;
(b) The following seven (7) government officials as ex officio members:
(1) The Chairperson of the appropriate Committee of the Senate covering the field of culture;
(2) The Chairperson of the appropriate Committee of the House of Representatives covering the field of culture;
(3) The Secretary of Education;
(4) The Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources;
(5) The Secretary of Tourism;
(6) The Chairperson of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts; and
(7) The Director-General of the National Museum.
SEC. 14. Appointment of Trustees. – The members of the Board representing the private sector shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines for a term of four (4) years, and are eligible for reappointment to succeeding terms of four (4) years, based on merit and performance. Appointment to a position vacated due to death, disability, resignation or any similar cause, shall be for the duration of said unexpired term only.
The Chairperson of the Board shall be designated by the President of the Philippines from among the members
representing the private sector. Such designation shall be effective for the current term of the representative concerned. In the absence of any such designation, the Board may elect an Acting Chairperson until such designation shall be made by the President.
Upon expiration of the term of their appointment as a member of the Board, members representing the private sector shall remain as Trustees in a holdover capacity in cases where their reappointment or the appointment of their replacement has not yet been made by the President, except when the member concerned is unwilling to serve further in such capacity or if the President declares the position held by the member vacant. Members of the Board in such holdover capacity shall continue to exercise the full authority vested in the position by the provisions of this Act.
Members of the Board representing the private sector may not designate any proxy to act on their behalf relative to any matter concerning the Museum. *Ex officio* members may designate a representative, but only for purposes of attending meetings of the Board. Such representatives, in the case of members who are Secretaries of Departments, shall be of a rank no lower than that of an Undersecretary, in the case of the Chairperson of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, no lower than that of the Deputy Executive Director, and in the case of the Director-General of the National Museum, no lower than that of a Deputy Director-General.
This section shall be effective only with respect to the appointment of new members of the Board after the effectivity of this Act, and upon the expiry of the respective terms of incumbent members of the Board.
SEC. 15. *Organization of the Board of Trustees.* – The Board shall meet at any agreed location within the Philippines, and the presence of a majority of all its incumbent members shall constitute a quorum.
The members of the Board shall serve without compensation. The members of the Board representing the private sector shall be entitled to an appropriate honorarium for attendance at meetings, in accordance with pertinent laws and guidelines, and all members may receive appropriate allowances and reimbursement of expenses related to travel and participation in the official activities of the National Museum, within the Philippines and overseas, with the necessity of such to be certified by the Director-General and approved by the Chairperson of the Board.
The Board shall establish an Executive Committee composed of five (5) members, namely:
(a) The Chairperson of the Board;
(b) The Director-General of the National Museum; and
(c) Three (3) of the members of the Board.
The Board shall formally prescribe the functions of the Executive Committee, which may include taking action on its behalf in any aspect of the authority vested in the Board under this Act, subject to ratification by referendum or at the next meeting of the Board, whichever is sooner, by quorum of members of the Board within thirty (30) days after the date of the said action made by the Executive Committee.
The Board may also constitute such other committees as may be necessary, as well as retain the services of paid or *pro bono* consultants. Advisory boards may likewise be established by the Board, with the members thereof appointed by it entitled to appropriate honoraria for attendance at meetings as well as appropriate allowances and reimbursement of expenses related to travel and participation in the official activities of the National Museum, within the Philippines and overseas, with the necessity of such to be certified by the Director-General and approved by the Chairperson of the Board.
The President of the Philippines shall be the Patron of the National Museum and Honorary Chairperson of the Board.
The Board shall be authorized to adopt an Official Seal which shall be judicially noticed and to make such bylaws, rules and regulations as it may deem necessary for the administration of its functions under this Act, including the organization and rules and regulations of the Board and any other matter that falls within the ambit of its powers and functions, in accordance with this Act and other pertinent laws, rules and regulations.
SEC. 16. Head of Agency and Management of the National Museum. – The National Museum shall be headed by a Director-General, who shall serve as the Head of Agency with the rank and emoluments of an Undersecretary. The Director-General shall be assisted by two (2) Deputy Directors-General, namely, a Deputy Director-General for Museums and a Deputy Director-General for Administration, each with the rank and emoluments of an Assistant Secretary.
The central and regional museums and the satellite offices of the National Museum shall be managed and supervised by the Director-General and Deputy Directors-General with the assistance of seven (7) Directors, each of whom shall have the appropriate managerial rank, namely:
(a) The Director of the National Museum of Fine Arts;
(b) The Director of the National Museum of Anthropology;
(c) The Director of the National Museum of Natural History;
(d) The Director of Northern Luzon National Museums;
(e) The Director of Central-Southern Luzon and MIMAROPA National Museums;
(f) The Director of Visayas National Museums; and
(g) The Director of Mindanao National Museums.
Each Director may be assisted by an Assistant Director, each of whom shall have the appropriate managerial rank. Changes in designations and ranks of these National Museum officials, including the creation of additional plantilla positions up to the level of Director and Assistant Director that may be necessary for the appropriate management and administration of the central and regional museums and offices, shall be authorized by the Board, subject to approval of the Department of Budget and Management.
The abovementioned positions shall be occupied by citizens of the Philippines, with proven track records of competent administration, appropriate knowledge of museum or relevant institutional operations or management, and demonstrable personal or professional commitment to the mission and aims of the National Museum, who shall pass qualification standards for the said positions as may be established by the Board in coordination with the Civil Service Commission in line with existing pertinent laws, rules and regulations.
Unless otherwise provided by the Board, the Chairperson of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts shall continue to be delegated the authority of administrative supervision over the Director-General for purposes of leave, travel, performance evaluation, and other related matters, and the Director-General in turn shall exercise the same for all other officials and staff of the National Museum or may delegate such to a pertinent Deputy Director-General or Director.
SEC. 17. Appointment and Term of the Head of Agency and Agency Management. – The Director-General, Deputy Directors-General, Directors and Assistant Directors provided for herein shall be appointed by the Board for a term of four (4) years, and are eligible for reappointment to succeeding
terms of four (4) years, based on merit and performance. Appointment to a position vacated due to death, disability, resignation or any similar cause, shall be for the duration of said unexpired term only.
Each National Museum official shall be provided with appropriate support staff as endorsed by the Board and approved by the Department of Budget and Management.
The Board may also appoint or designate persons to the aforementioned positions in an acting capacity in cases of vacancy, illness, absence or other cause, and may change such appointment or designation from time to time as the interests of the National Museum may in its judgment require.
The existing organizational structure and staffing pattern of the National Museum shall be amended so as to integrate appropriately the provisions of this Act: Provided, That no employee shall be affected by the amendments of the organizational structure and staffing pattern of the National Museum in accordance with pertinent provisions of Republic Act No. 6656, or the "Government Reorganization Law".
The incumbent Director and two (2) Assistant Directors, if any, shall be automatically upgraded to the posts of Director-General and Deputy Directors-General as provided herein, and shall be granted a term of one (1) year upon the effectivity of this Act before their performance is subject to review by the Board for purposes of reappointment, if any, as provided herein.
SEC. 18. Free Admission for the General Public. – The general public are hereby to be granted free admission to all public museums and national historical shrines and landmarks, subject to capacity and availability as determined by the National Museum or the National Historical Commission of the Philippines.
Appropriate fees may be charged to special activities, programs or temporary exhibitions upon approval of the pertinent Head of Agency.
SEC. 19. Retention of Income and Disposition of Donated Funds. – The National Museum is hereby authorized to retain the entirety of its income from all sources of its operations nationwide and overseas, and to expend the same for any purpose in benefit of the National Museum as may be authorized by the Board, in accordance with this Act and other laws pertinent to the Museum and any special provisions as may be provided for in the General Appropriations Act for any given fiscal year. Such income shall be placed in a dedicated National Museum Income Fund, and may accumulate for disbursement in future fiscal years if not expended within the fiscal year in which it was generated.
The existing Revolving Fund of the National Museum is hereby abolished, and its balance shall be transferred to the National Museum Income Fund herein established.
Donations of moneys covered by legally executed deeds of donation shall be placed in a dedicated National Museum Donations Fund, to be disbursed according to the terms and purposes of the respective deeds or, in cases where no specific purposes are stipulated, to be otherwise disbursed for any purpose in benefit of the National Museum as may be authorized by the Board.
The National Museum is authorized to accept anonymous donations of money, in Philippine or foreign currency, from its visitors, which shall be considered as gratuities and be credited to the National Museum Donations Fund. Such donations shall in all cases be voluntary in nature and may be solicited from visitors by means of recommended amounts to be formulated and approved by the Board, and these shall be accepted through the placement of donation boxes or by persons authorized for the purpose. The handling and
accounting of such donations shall be subject to rules and regulations to be prescribed by the National Museum in agreement with the Commission on Audit within six (6) months after the effectivity of this Act.
As a general principle, and unless otherwise provided for by law, the retained income of, and anonymous donations and donations covered by deeds of donation that do not have any specified purpose to, the National Museum shall be applied to the purchase of capital assets for the benefit of the National Museum, including real properties and movable assets such as equipment and collections items. In all cases, the disbursement of such funds shall be subject to the authorization of the Board and existing budgeting, accounting and auditing rules and regulations.
SEC. 20. *National Museum Endowment Fund.* – The existing Museum Endowment Fund, hereby renamed the National Museum Endowment Fund, sourced from the Two hundred fifty million pesos (P250,000,000) annual net earnings of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office from its lotto operation and Two hundred fifty million pesos (P250,000,000) from the annual net earnings of the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation shall continue to be utilized for the purpose of implementing such special programs, projects and activities that the Board may approve in furtherance of the National Museum’s mandate. Taking into account past remittances, the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office and the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation shall continue to remit the required contributions to the Fund, to be payable within a period of five (5) years after the effectivity of this Act.
The National Museum Endowment Fund shall be administered by the Board, which shall be allowed to appoint professional fund managers for the purpose of appropriately managing and investing the Fund on its behalf. Rules governing such administration, management and investment shall be similar to those pertaining to relevant government financial institutions, and shall be agreed among the National Museum, the Department of Finance, and other concerned government agencies.
Donations and bequests made to the National Museum Endowment Fund shall be explicitly made and executed for the purpose, and once credited to it shall be considered as part of its principal.
Only the interest of the National Museum Endowment Fund may be expended by the Board, which shall authorize, as appropriate, the transfer of necessary amounts to a corresponding special projects account to be disbursed through the Head of Agency.
SEC. 21. *Exemption from Taxes, Duties, Fees and Charges.* – The National Museum shall continue to be classified as a National Government Agency, as such:
(a) The National Museum shall be exempt from the payment of taxes, fees and charges imposed by the National Government and its political subdivisions, agencies and instrumentalities;
(b) All donations in any form to the National Museum shall be exempt from the donor's tax and the same shall be considered as allowable deduction from the gross income in the computation of the income tax of the donor, in accordance with the provisions of Republic Act No. 8424, otherwise known as the “National Internal Revenue Code of 1997”, as amended; and
(c) Importation of scientific, philosophical, historical and cultural books, supplies and materials for the use in the conservation and preservation work of the National Museum shall be exempt from customs duties.
SEC. 22. *Procurement of Items for the National Museum Collections.* – The procurement of unique, special and/or original items by the National Museum for its collections,
charged to any of its sources of funds as may be allowed, and authorized by the Head of Agency and concurred to by the Board, shall be exempted from applicable laws, rules and regulations regarding government procurement.
The National Museum, as a general rule, shall be allowed to procure collections items by means of direct negotiation with the owners of such items, or their duly designated agents or representatives, in the Philippines and abroad, as follows:
(a) A written and signed quotation for the sale of the item(s), shall be issued and addressed to the National Museum by the owner, or his or her agent or representative;
(b) A certification that the item to be acquired is of appropriate significance to the National Museum and of importance to the heritage and patrimony of the Filipino people, that the negotiated price is reasonable and fair, that no conflicts of interest as may be defined by prevailing laws, rules and regulations exist, and that the item in question has not been illegally acquired or trafficked, shall be issued by the Head of Agency;
(c) For items above One million pesos (P1,000,000) or its foreign currency equivalent in price, the Head of Agency shall recommend in writing to the Board the issuance of a resolution for the approval in principle of the transaction; items under this amount may be procured upon the sole authority of the Head of Agency provided that there is no “splitting” as defined in pertinent procurement laws, rules and regulations;
(d) A resolution of the Board approving in principle the purchase of the concerned item by the National Museum and authorizing the signing by Head of Agency of a Deed of Sale as well as all other documents to the transaction shall be issued for items above One million pesos (P1,000,000) or its foreign currency equivalent in price;
(e) A resolution of the Bids and Awards Committee of the National Museum verifying that the aforementioned documents, where applicable, have been produced, certifying as to the availability of funds, and authorizing the issuance of a Notice of Award pertaining to the purchase of the item(s) for the signature of the Head of Agency, shall be issued;
(f) After the Notice of Award has been issued, the execution of the Deed of Sale by the Head of Agency shall be made, after which the Bids and Awards Committee of the National Museum shall issue the Notice to Proceed which, once signed by the Head of Agency, shall authorize the processing of payment in Philippine or foreign currency to the seller; receipt of payment in Philippine or foreign currency shall be acknowledged by an official receipt or, in cases where the issuance of an official receipt is not possible, any legal equivalent;
(g) Payment for collections items made under this provision shall be made by the National Museum gross of any deductions for tax. It shall be the sole responsibility of the owner, or his or her agent or representative, to pay all direct and indirect taxes owed to Philippine and pertinent foreign authorities from the sale of the item as may be due under existing laws, rules and regulations of the Philippines and any pertinent foreign jurisdiction; and
(h) Certified true copies of all the aforementioned documents shall be posted within the designated public place of the National Museum and on its official website for at least six (6) months, as well as transmitted to the Commission on Audit through the resident auditor of the National Museum, the Department of Budget and Management, the Government Procurement Policy Board, the Bureau of Internal Revenue and, if the item has been acquired from abroad and is being imported into the Philippines, the Bureau of Customs.
SEC. 23. Procurement Through Public Auction. – The National Museum shall be authorized to procure unique, special
and/or original items for its collections through bidding at public auction, including online public auction, in such special cases as the Board shall in each instance approve by means of a resolution. For each item, the Board shall predetermine an appropriate price ceiling based on its judgment of the fair market valuation of the same, exclusive of commissions, fees, charges, taxes and other associated expenses.
The interest of the National Museum in a certain item shall be made known to the management of the public auction, which shall duly disclose or otherwise announce it to all parties registered to observe or participate in the said auction.
If authorized by the Board, the National Museum may either participate and bid for an item in its own right, or opt, within a period of seven (7) days, to match the highest bid made for the item by invoking, by means of a written notice addressed to the management of the public auction, a right of first refusal that is hereby established by virtue of this Act.
The invoice issued to the National Museum by the management of the public auction, which shall include the relevant commissions, fees, charges, taxes and other associated expenses in addition to the bid price for the item, together with the pertinent resolution of the Board and a certification issued by the Head of Agency similar in purpose to that outlined in Section 22(b) of this Act, followed by the procedure likewise given in Section 22(e), (f), (g) and (h) shall be considered sufficient for the procurement of an item under this section.
Violations by the management of the public auction of this right of first refusal granted herein to the National Museum, which demonstrably resulted in the failure of the National Museum to acquire the concerned item on behalf of the National Government, shall be subject to a fine equal to the highest bid made for the said item, payable to the National Treasury through the National Museum, by the management of the public auction, as well as the filing of charges by the National Museum against the management of the public auction in the appropriate court of law, seeking the application of other legal penalties as provided by existing laws.
SEC. 24. Movable Cultural Properties and Collections of the National Government. – All movable cultural properties, including natural history specimens, owned by the National Government that fall within the coverage of the National Museum as provided for in Republic Act No. 10066, otherwise known as the “National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009”, and this Act, particularly works of fine and applied art, archaeological and historical artifacts, relics of built heritage, and ethnographic materials of national significance, shall be registered with the National Museum and form part of a general inventory and catalogue of National Government collections in these areas that will be produced and published by it within three (3) years after the effectivity of this Act, and updated annually thereafter to incorporate any changes as reported by the agencies concerned to the National Museum. Such National Government collections shall be considered as being held in trust for the Filipino people and shall not be alienated or otherwise disposed of without the approval of the National Museum, in accordance with its policies on de-accessioning as provided for in this Act.
The National Museum shall have the authority to request the transfer or loan of any such National Government collections, or any item pertaining thereto, for purposes of protection, preservation, study or public exhibition, and such requests shall be given the highest consideration by the Head of the Agency concerned. Likewise, all agencies of the National Government are enjoined to offer for transfer or loan to the National Museum such items of movable cultural property as they may possess, in support of the aforementioned purposes and the mandate of the National Museum.
SEC. 25. Commercial Operations of the Museum. – The National Museum shall be authorized to undertake commercial operations, the proceeds of which shall be credited to the National Museum Income Fund as established herein, and which shall include, but not limited to, the following:
(a) The rental of dedicated areas for external events, functions and similar activities, the terms and conditions for which shall be prescribed by the National Museum according to a schedule of fees approved by the Board;
(b) The lease of dedicated areas for the erection and operation of commercial establishments, which the National Museum shall be allowed to award, through public bidding, and giving preference to nonprofit organizations of a nature related to or supportive of its mandate, for a term of up to five (5) years per contract;
(c) The lease of dedicated areas for the erection and operation of vehicular parking, which the National Museum shall be allowed to award, through public bidding, to qualified firms, for a term of up to five (5) years per contract; and
(d) The production and/or licensing of official merchandise, including publications and audio-visual media, which the National Museum shall be allowed to award, through public bidding, and giving preference to nonprofit organizations of a nature related to or supportive of its mandate, for a term of up to five (5) years per contract.
The National Museum shall be authorized to outsource through public bidding, all general, non-museological, property management, including security and maintenance operations, pertaining to its real properties, particularly its National Museum Complex in Rizal Park, Manila, for a term of up to five (5) years per contract, the funds for which shall be provided by general appropriations in each year.
SEC. 26. Personnel Training, Development and Performance Incentives. – The National Museum shall undertake training and development programs to upgrade the capabilities of its personnel in the various functions of the National Museum. Personnel shall be allowed to train or study, in the Philippines or abroad, on official time, subject to the needs of the service, upon approval of the Director-General.
A system of monetary incentives shall be established by the Board to reward the superior performance and milestones of professional development on the part of management and administrative and technical personnel, subject to approval of the Department of Budget and Management and, where applicable, to the Civil Service Commission.
SEC. 27. De-accessioning Policy. – The National Museum may provide for a de-accessioning policy with regard to its collections, except in those cases where it is restricted by terms of donations or by prevailing laws. The de-accessioning of any accessioned item pertaining to the collections of the National Museum shall require the approval of the Board in each and every case.
SEC. 28. Internal Audit. – In order to facilitate the objectives of this Act and ensure the highest standards of audit compliance, an internal audit unit shall be established within the organization of the National Museum.
SEC. 29. Reorganization of the National Museum. – Except where the provisions of Sections 16 and 17 of this Act shall apply, the Board shall be allowed whenever there is, in its judgment, a need for such, to propose a reorganization of the National Museum, or changes to its organizational structure or staffing pattern, subject to approval of the Department of Budget and Management and the Civil Service Commission.
SEC. 30. Transfer of Regulatory Functions. – All regulatory functions of the National Museum, as provided for by Republic Act No. 4846, Presidential Decree No. 260, Presidential Decree No. 374, Presidential Decree No. 1109, Republic Act No. 8492, Republic Act No. 9105, Republic Act No. 10066, and all other laws and issuances amending or citing as legal basis the same, shall be transferred to the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
Such transfer of functions shall be effected within two (2) years after the effectivity of this Act. Necessary plantilla positions and organizational units within the National Commission for Culture and the Arts to appropriately carry out the transferred functions, including an additional position of Deputy Executive Director for managing the same, shall be established in coordination with the Department of Budget and Management.
This section notwithstanding, the National Museum is enjoined to provide all technical and expert assistance within its mandated competencies as the National Commission for Culture and the Arts may require in the execution of the said regulatory functions.
It shall be a matter of policy that the National Museum not be mandated to engage in any regulatory function, except that which is prescribed in Section 24 of this Act pertaining to National Government collections, but shall rather focus exclusively on developing itself as the premier museum institution and repository of the National Government in the areas provided herein and by other laws.
SEC. 31. Appropriations. – The amount necessary to cover the initial implementation of this Act shall be charged against the appropriation of the National Museum under the current General Appropriations Act. Thereafter, such sums as may be necessary for the continued implementation of this Act shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act.
SEC. 32. Separability Clause. – If any provision of this Act is held invalid or unconstitutional, the other provisions not so declared shall remain in full force and effect.
SEC. 33. Repealing Clause. – Republic Act No. 8492 is hereby repealed; Republic Act No. 4846, Presidential Decree No. 260, Presidential Decree No. 374, Presidential Decree No. 1109, Republic Act No. 9105, Republic Act No. 10066, and all other laws and issuances to the extent that they are inconsistent with this Act, are hereby repealed or amended accordingly.
SEC. 34. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official Gazette or in a newspaper of general circulation.
Approved,
GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO VICENTE C. SOTTO III
Speaker of the House President of the Senate
of Representatives
This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1529 and House Bill No. 8795 was passed by the Senate of the Philippines and the House of Representatives on February 4, 2019.
DANTE ROBERTO P. MALING MYRA MARIE D. VILLARICA
Acting Secretary General Secretary of the Senate
House of Representatives
Approved: APR 26 2019
RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE
President of the Philippines
Office of the President
PHILIPPINES RECORDS OFFICE
CERTIFIED COPY
ATTY. CONCEPCION M. TANDEMAD
DPRD 2019-V-11196
|
Estimation of extreme inter-day changes to peak electricity demand using Markov chain analysis: A comparative analysis with extreme value theory
Caston Sigauke\textsuperscript{1*}, Delson Chikobvu\textsuperscript{2}
\textsuperscript{1} Department of Statistics, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
\textsuperscript{2} Department of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
Abstract
Uncertainty in electricity demand is caused by many factors. Large changes are usually attributed to extreme weather conditions and the general random usage of electricity by consumers. More understanding requires a detailed analysis using a stochastic process approach. This paper presents a Markov chain analysis to determine stationary distributions (steady state probabilities) of large daily changes in peak electricity demand. Such large changes pose challenges to system operators in the scheduling and dispatching of electrical energy to consumers. The analysis used on South African daily peak electricity demand data from 2000 to 2011 and on a simple two-state discrete-time Markov chain modelling framework was adopted to estimate steady-state probabilities of two states: positive inter-day changes (increases) and negative inter-day changes (decreases). This was extended to a three-state Markov chain by distinguishing small positive changes and extreme large positive changes. For the negative changes, a decrease state was defined. Empirical results showed that the steady state probability for an increase was 0.4022 for the two-state problem, giving a return period of 2.5 days. For the three state problem, the steady state probability of an extreme increase was 0.0234 with a return period of 43 days, giving approximately nine days in a year that experience extreme inter-day increases in electricity demand. Such an analysis was found to be important for planning, load shifting, load flow analysis and scheduling of electricity, particularly during peak periods.
Keywords: daily peak electricity demand; discrete time Markov chain; mean return time; transition probability matrix
Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 28(4): 68–76
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2017/v28i4a2329
Published by the Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town ISSN: 2413-3051
http://journals.assaf.org.za/jesa
Sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology
* Corresponding author; Tel: +27 15 962 8135;
email: firstname.lastname@example.org
1. Introduction
Forecasting of future extreme inter-day changes in electricity demand is important for proper planning in the dispatching and scheduling of electrical energy by system operators in the electricity sector. This calls for probabilistic modelling of the magnitude and time of occurrence of extreme positive inter-day changes in peak electricity demand. The use of Markov chains in probabilistic modelling and analysis of inter-day changes in peak electricity demand is not covered extensively in the literature. Some researchers, however, have used Markov chains and Markov decision processes in modelling electricity demand (McLoughlin et al., 2010; Wåden and Wäckelgård, 2010; Ardarkanian et al., 2011; Haider et al., 2012; Sun and Li, 2014; Agyeman et al., 2015; among others). McLoughlin et al. (2010) modelled domestic load profiles using a Markov chain process and found that the magnitude of the load profile could be reproduced. A major shortcoming of this stochastic method for generating domestic load profiles was its inability to successfully model the time of peak loads during both day and night (McLoughlin et al., 2010). In a related study, a modelling framework for the stochastic generation of high-resolution data for occupant behaviour, presence, and energy use was published (Wåden and Wäckelgård, 2010) where nonhomogeneous Markov chains were used to create a spread of activities over time, up to the one-minute resolution. Empirical results from this study showed that the Markov chain model produced activity patterns that reproduced a spread of different end-use loads over time.
Using a Markov chain analysis, Ardarkanian et al. (2011) derived models for non-peak, off-peak and mid-peak periods in modelling home electricity consumption. Results from this study showed that the developed Markov chain models did not need more than six states, yet were accurate in transformer sizing in a distribution network. Markov models for predicting electricity demand are presented in Haider et al. (2012), where $k$-state models based on both discrete time and continuous time Markov chains were derived for different periods of the day. A comparative analysis was done with artificial neural networks and empirical results showed that the developed models produced accurate forecasts. Sun and Li (2014) estimated real-time electricity demand response of sustainable manufacturing systems using a Markov decision process and modelled the complex interaction and estimation of the potential capacity of demand reduction based on an automotive assembly line. Agyeman et al. (2015) used a variant of the hidden Markov model called a unsupervised disaggregation method, to detect the state of an appliance and its operation using household electricity meters. It was found that the developed model accurately provides power usage information which was important for demand-side response management.
Modelling daily peak electricity demand using the South African data is discussed in the literature (Sigauke et al., 2012; Sigauke et al., 2013; Verster et al., 2013; among others). Sigauke et al. (2012) developed a hybrid model called an autoregressive moving average – exponential generalised auto-regressive conditional heteroscedasticity – generalised single Pareto (ARMA-EGARCH-GSP) model for estimating extreme quantiles of inter-day increases in peak electricity demand. It was argued that this modelling approach captures the conditional heteroscedasticity in the data and can be used to estimate extreme tail quantiles of the distribution of the inter-day increases in peak electricity demand. A comparative analysis was done with an ARMA-EGARCH model, which showed that the ARMA-EGARCH-GSP outperformed the ARMA-EGARCH model in estimating extreme tail quantiles. Sigauke et al. (2013) also modelled extreme daily increases in peak electricity demand using generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) and performed a comparative analysis with the GSP distribution. Results showed that both distributions were a good fit to the daily increases in peak electricity demand data, but the use of the GSP distribution was found to be advantageous over the GPD because of having only one parameter to estimate, compared with two for the GPD. A detailed discussion on the policy implications of the study was then given. In a related study, Verster et al. (2013) used the GSP distribution in modelling the same day of the week surges in peak electricity demand. The parameters of the distribution were estimated using Bayesian inference (Beirlant et al., 2004) and maximal data information prior was used in this study. The GSP distribution was then used for estimating future exceedance probabilities and extreme tail quantiles. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was done with the GPD.
This investigation presents a Markov chain analysis of inter-day changes to peak electricity demand using South African electricity data, where inter-day changes were defined as daily increase/decrease in daily peak electricity demand. The niche of this is modelling of extreme positive inter-day changes in peak electricity demand using discrete time Markov chains (DTMCs), as a departure from existing literature. Such large changes pose challenges to system operators in the scheduling and dispatching of electrical energy to consumers. They are usually attributed to extreme weather conditions and the general random usage of electricity by consumers. Steady-state probabilities, including mean return times and first passage probabilities, were calculated for the inter-day changes in peak electricity demand. The investigation focused on extreme increases in
electricity demand. Examples of similar interests are in the meteorology field and include: Why model average rainfall for a country when it is extremely heavy rainfall that causes a flood and destroys crops? Extremely low rainfall would cause drought, hence is more attractive to study than average rainfall. Sometimes there is a need to move away from the average thinking and concentrate more on the tails of distributions of electricity demand.
Section 2 presents the models, and empirical results are presented and discussed in Section 3. Section 4 presents a discussion of the results while Section 5 concludes.
2. Methodology
An inter-day change in peak electricity demand using a Markov chain is modelled in this investigation, with an approach of a DTMC problem with a finite state space given the stationary series in Figure 2(b). Initially, two states were defined: positive inter-day changes (increase) and negative inter-day changes (decrease). A transition matrix was developed and steady-state probabilities of the two states were then calculated with inclusion of mean return times and first-passage probabilities. A steady-state probability when reached is that, after a very long time, the distribution becomes constant and equal to the stationary distribution. The probability of an inter-day increase in electricity demand becomes a constant regardless of the last state occupied. The probability of an inter-day decrease in electricity demand becomes a constant regardless of the last state occupied. The two-state problem was then extended to a three-state problem by splitting the positive inter-day changes to small and extreme inter-day changes. This was done by fitting a nonparametric extremal mixture model to the positive inter-day changes to determine a sufficiently high threshold, with observations above this threshold being regarded as extreme positive inter-day changes and those below as small inter-day changes. The negative inter-day changes were treated as a third state, which was a decrease. A transition matrix was developed and a stationary distribution established. The focus was on the steady-state probability of extreme positive inter-day changes to find the first passage probabilities.
2.1 Description of the data
South African daily peak electricity demand (DPED) data for the period 1 January 2000 to 31 August 2011 was used, where $Z_1, ..., Z_N$ was considered to be a sequence of inter-day changes in peak electricity demand. The increase/decrease in peak demand is relative to the previous day (Siguake et al., 2012). Let $y_t$ be equal to DPED on day $t$ and $y_{t-1}$ DPED on day $t - 1$, then the inter-day change, $z_t$, in peak electricity demand on day $t$, can be defined as in Equation 1.
$$z_t = y_t - y_{t-1}, \ t = 1, ..., N$$
Extreme large inter-day increases in peak electricity demand pose challenges to system operators of power utility companies that have to ensure grid stability by balancing supply and demand of electricity.
The time-homogeneous Markov chain analysis using the data for the sampling period, years 2000 to 2011, became the focus. It was with full recognition that electricity demand is also subject to other factors and drivers such as economic conditions, availability and capacity of the power system to meet the demand because of planned and unplanned outages, load shedding, coal shortages, among others, including price changes (Hyndman and Fan, 2010; Munoz et al., 2010; among others). This was, however, not considered in this investigation.
Figure 1 shows a typical daily load profile for the South African data. Large increases in electricity demand occur in the morning and in the evening.
**Figure 1:** Typical daily load profile for South Africa.
Plots of DPED, inter-day changes in DPED, including density and box plots of inter-day changes in peak electricity demand are given in Figure 2. Figure 2(b) shows that DPED is made stationary by taking the first difference, defined as the inter-day change in peak electricity demand. Figures 2(c) and 2(d) suggest the presence of extreme increases in electricity demand.
2.2 Time-homogeneous discrete-time Markov chains
The transition probabilities of an inter-day increase or inter-day decrease of DPED is assumed to depend only on the current state (which is either a decrease ($d$) or an increase ($i$)) and not on past history.
of inter-day changes in DPED. If the probabilities for the future values of a discrete time, discrete state space process \{Y_n, n \geq 0\} are dependent only on the latest available value, such a stochastic process has the Markov property and is called discrete time Markov chain (DTMC) (Kulkarni, 2011). Mathematically, a process \{Y_n, n \geq 0\} with discrete time set \{n = 0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots\} and a discrete state space \{d and i\}, is given by Equation 2.
\[ P(Y_n = y_n | Y_{(n-1)} = y_{(n-1)}, Y_{(n-2)} = y_{(n-2)}, Y_{(n-3)} = y_{(n-3)}, \ldots, Y_1 = y_1) = P(Y_n = y_n | Y_{n-1} = y_{n-1}) \]
(2)
where \(y_n\) will either be an increase or a decrease in DPED for \(n = 0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots\).
A DTMC is said to be time-homogeneous if, for all \(n = 0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots\), Equation 3 stands.
\[ P(Y_n = j | Y_{n-1} = m) = P(Y_1 = j | Y_0 = m) \]
(3)
Equation 3 implies that, for time-homogeneous DTMCs, the one-step transition probability depends on \(m\) and \(j\) but is the same at all times \(n\); hence the terminology *time-homogeneous*. The values \(m\) and \(j\) would each take a *decrease* (\(d\)) or *increase* (\(i\)).
The time-homogeneous DTMC \(P\) is a *time-invariant* probability distribution; in fact, the chain considered here is stationary (or reaches steady state) (Kulkarni, 2011). This means that the statistical properties of the process remain unchanged as time elapses; see Figure 2(b) on inter-day changes in DPED. The statistical properties refer to probabilities, expected values, and variances. A stationary process will be such that over a given length of the time period for years, say, 2000 to 2002, will be statistically the same as the same length time period, e.g. 2006 to 2008.
### 2.3 Estimation of transition probabilities (inter-day changes)
The transition matrix \(P\) is a square \(M\) by \(M\) matrix, where \(M\) is the number of states \(S\). The methods which are usually used for estimating the transition probabilities are maximum likelihood (ML), ML with Laplace smoothing, and the bootstrap approach (Spedicato et al., 2015). The transition probabilities are defined by Equation 4. Let:
\[ p_{di} = \text{the probability of moving from state } d(\text{decrease}) \text{ to state } i(\text{increase}). \]
(4)
The other state probabilities are similarly defined; thus the transition probability matrix is defined by Equation 5, which can be broken down according to the series of Equations 6–11.
\[
P = \begin{pmatrix}
p_{dd} & p_{di} \\
p_{id} & p_{ii}
\end{pmatrix}
\] (5)
Differently, let
\[ p_{di} = \alpha \] (6)
Then
\[ p_{dd} = 1 - \alpha \] (7)
Similarly, if
\[ p_{id} = \beta, \text{ and} \] (8)
\[ p_{ii} = 1 - \beta, \] (9)
the transition probability matrix can be expressed according to Equation 10.
\[
P = \begin{pmatrix}
1 - \alpha & \alpha \\
\beta & 1 - \beta
\end{pmatrix}
\] (10)
The state probabilities \( p_{di} \) are estimated by the method of maximum likelihood given by Equation 11.
\[ \hat{p}_{di} = \frac{n_{di}}{n_d} \] (11)
where, \( n_{di} \) is the observed number of transitions from state \( d \) to state \( i \) and \( n_d = \sum_{i=1}^{M} n_{di} \) is the observed number of transitions from state \( d \). The other state probability estimates are similarly calculated.
In the time-homogeneous case, the \( n \)-step transition probability of moving from one state to another state in exactly \( n \) steps can be calculated. The \( n \)-step transition probabilities for these states are given by Equation 12.
\[
P^n = \begin{pmatrix}
p_{dd}^{(n)} & p_{di}^{(n)} \\
p_{id}^{(n)} & p_{ii}^{(n)}
\end{pmatrix}
\] (12)
A derivation of the recursive equations is given in the supplementary material.\(^1\)
An irreducible, aperiodic Markov chain with a finite state space will settle down to its unique stationary distribution in the long run. A Markov chain is said to be irreducible if every state can be reached from every other state (Kulkarni, 2011). Two-state and three-state models are considered, which are therefore finite, where all states communicate and hence an irreducible chain and where the chain is not periodic. A state is said to be periodic with period \( D \) if a return to the same state is possible only in a number of steps that it is a multiple of \( D \) (Kulkarni, 2011).
### 2.4 Mean return time
The mean return time (\( T_i \)), which is also known as the mean recurrence time of an ergodic (aperiodic and positive recurrent) Markov chain, is the expected first return time \( R_i \) for state \( l \) given by Equation 13.
\[ R_i = E(T_i) = \frac{1}{\pi_i} \] (13)
where \( \pi = (\pi_1, ..., \pi_M) \) is the stationary probability vector of \( P \), and \( M \) is the number of states. The proof of the \( E(T_i) \) is given in the supplementary information file. Mean return time gives the time in days), that if the current state is say an increase, the amount of time before another increase occurs.
### 2.5 First-passage probability in states
One of the questions of interest is: How long will the current wave of the day upon day increase last? The problem can be formulated as: When will the stochastic process representing the inter-day change in the DPED move from the increase state to a decrease state? Such questions lead us to the study of the first-passage time (FPT), i.e., the random time at which a stochastic process first passes into a given subset of the state space.
The FPT is the number of steps, \( T_{iy} \), taken by the Markov chain to arrive at state \( y \) for the first time given the initial state \( l \) (Feres, 2007). The probability distribution of the FPT is described by Equations 14–19 (Feres, 2007).
\[ h_{iy}^{(n)} = P(T_{iy} = n) \] (14)
and
\[ P(X_n = y, X_{n-1} \neq y, ..., X_1 \neq y | X_0 = l). \] (15)
Now for \( n = 1 \),
\[ h_{iy}^{(n)} = p_{iy} \] (16)
and for \( n \geq 2 \)
\[ h_{iy}^{(n)} = \sum_{k \in S - \{y\}} p_{lk} h_{ky}^{(n-1)} \] (17)
where \( S \) is the state space. If \( H^{(n)} \) denotes the FPT matrix with entries \( h_{iy}^{(n)} \), and \( H_0^{(n)} \) denotes the same FPT matrix with zeros on the diagonal entries, Feres (2007), then for \( n = 1 \) the result is given by Equation 18.
\[ H^{(1)} = p \] (18)
and for \( n > 1 \) the result is given by Equation 19.
\[ H^{(n)} = PH_0^{(n-1)} \]
where the (1y)-entry denotes the probability of getting at state y for the first time at time n given the initial state l.
### 2.6 Modelling extreme peaks for the two-state problem
A nonparametric extremal mixture model, discussed in Scarrott and Hu (2015), is fitted on the positive inter-day changes so as to determine a sufficiently high threshold, \( \tau \). Observations above the threshold are then defined as extreme inter-day positive changes (state 1) and state 2 for observations less than or equal to \( \tau \), i.e. \( z_t \leq \tau \). The cumulative distribution function of the nonparametric extremal mixture model (Scarrott and Hu, 2015) is given by Equation 20.
\[
F(x|\beta, \tau, \sigma_\tau, \xi, \vartheta_\tau) =
\begin{cases}
H(x|\beta) & \text{if } x \leq \tau \\
H(\tau|\beta) + \vartheta_\tau G(x|\tau, \sigma_\tau, \xi) & \text{if } x > \tau
\end{cases}
\]
The bulk model is represented by \( H(.|.) \) with \( \beta \) denoting the bulk parameter, \( \tau \) the fixed threshold, \( \sigma_\tau \) and \( \xi \) denoting the scale and shape parameters respectively of the GPD fitted to the upper tail of the distribution, i.e. to observations above the threshold \( \tau \). The probability of an exceedance is represented by \( \vartheta_\tau \). A kernel density is fitted to the bulk model and a GPD to observations above \( \tau \). The parameters are then estimated using the maximum likelihood method.
### 2.7 The three-state problem
The two-state problem (decrease (d) and increase (i)) is then extended to a three-state problem. The positive inter-day changes are split into two states, which are small and extreme positive inter-day changes. The three states are formally defined by Equation 21.
\[
z_t = \max(0, x_t - x_{t-1})
\]
for positive inter-day changes. The three states are:
**State 1:** Observations between 0 and \( \tau \) (small increase), i.e. \( (0 < z_t \leq 2838 \text{ MW}) \), where MW = megawatts.
**State 2:** Observations above \( \tau \) (extreme increase), i.e. \( z_t > 2838 \text{ MW} \), given by Equation 22.
\[
z_t = \min(0, x_t - x_{t-1})
\]
for negative inter-day changes and will be zero for all of them.
**State 3:** Observations below zero (decreases in peak electricity demand, i.e. \( z_t \leq 0 \)).
### 3. Results
Using the R statistical package ‘Markovian’ developed by Specicdato et al. (2015), the steady-state probabilities (for decrease and increase states) are \( \pi = (\pi_d, \pi_i) = (0.5978, 0.4022) \).
The mean return times for the two states are for the increase state: \( R_I = \frac{1}{\pi_i} = \frac{1}{0.4022} = 2.5 \text{ days} \) and for the decrease state \( R_d = \frac{1}{\pi_d} = \frac{1}{0.5978} = 1.7 \text{ days} \).
This shows that if the current state is an increase then another increase is expected in about two and half days. There should be 146 inter-day increases in DPED in a given year.
#### 3.1 First-passage time probabilities
The first-passage times are represented by Figure 3, which shows that the graphs of the decrease and increase states intersect at about 2.5 days. Similarly, Figure 4 shows that the two curves intersect at about 1.7 days. Figure 5 shows a plot of threshold selection using a non-parametric extremal mixture model where a kernel density is fitted to the bulk model and a GPD fitted to the tail of the distribution with \( \hat{\tau} = 2838 \). The transition matrix for the two states: state 1: extreme increases (observations above \( \tau \)), and state 2: no extreme increase (observations below \( \tau \)), was found to be
\[
P = \begin{pmatrix} 0.0100000 & 0.9900000 \\ 0.0237467 & 0.9762533 \end{pmatrix}
\]
and the steady-state probabilities were
\[
\pi = (\pi_1, \pi_2) = (0.02342469, 0.9765753).
\]
The mean return times for the two states were
\[
R_1 = \frac{1}{\pi_1} = \frac{1}{0.02342469} = 42.7 \text{ days}.
\]
The extreme increase state, i.e. \( z_t > 2838 \text{ MW} \) gives approximately nine days in a year of extreme increases and \( R_2 = \frac{1}{\pi_2} = \frac{1}{0.9765753} = 1 \text{ day} \) for the state \( z_t < 2838 \text{ MW} \).
Table 1 shows that if the current state was 1 (\( z_t > 2838 \text{ MW} \)), then the probability that the next day will have an extreme increase in peak electricity demand would be 0.01 while that of state 2 (no extreme increase) would be 0.99. The probability of state 2 decreases exponentially, while that of state 1 slowly increases. The first passage time probability given current state is 2 (\( z_t < 2838 \text{ MW} \)) and is given in the supplementary material.
The probabilities of the three-state were found to be
\[
P = \begin{pmatrix} 0.4354540 & 0.009882644 & 0.5546634 \\ 0.4900000 & 0.020000000 & 0.4900000 \\ 0.3392157 & 0.032156863 & 0.6286275 \end{pmatrix}
\]
after computing.
Since the Markov chain is aperiodic and irreducible, the steady-state probabilities are $\pi = (\pi_1, \pi_2, \pi_3) = (0.3792457; 0.02342469; 0.5973296)$.
The mean return times are 2.6, 42.7 and 1.8 days for the three states. For the small increase state ($0 < z_t \leq 2838$) and for the extreme increase state ($z_t > 2838$ MW) as well as for the decrease state ($z_t \leq 0$).
From the stationary distribution in Equation 12, the steady-state probability of an extreme increase was very small, 0.02342469, i.e. about 2.3% of the time an extreme positive inter-day change in peak electricity demand in South Africa is expected, while for about 60% of the time a decrease is expected. Table 2 shows that if the current state is a small increase there is a greater chance of a decrease the following day. If the current state were an extreme increase, then the chances of a small increase or a decrease are equally likely the following day as shown in Table 2.
Figure 6 shows the first-passage time and the corresponding probabilities for the state extreme increase. Similar graphs for the other states are given in the supplementary material.
### 3.2 Monthly frequency of occurrence of extreme inter-day increases in peak electricity demand
There are 101 observations above the threshold of 2838 MW (exceedances) over a period of 12 years (years 2000 to 2011) giving an average of nine (after rounding up) exceedances per year. The bar chart of the monthly frequency of occurrence of 101 extreme inter-day increases in peak electricity demand above the threshold of 2838 MW for the period 1 January 2000 to 31 August 2011 is given in Figure 7. This gives an average of nine extreme inter-day increases per year. This is consistent with the Markov chain analysis discussed in Section 3. Extreme large increases in inter-day changes in peak electricity demand are likely to occur in May, as shown in Figure 7. This could be due to the movement from summer to winter in the southern hemisphere.
Figure 7: The monthly frequency of occurrence of extreme inter-day increases in peak electricity demand above the threshold, $\tau = 2838$ MW.
4. Discussion
Markov chain analysis of inter-day changes in peak electricity demand using South African data has been discussed and applied in modelling frequency of occurrences of daily peak electricity demand. This analysis was extended by using nonparametric extremal mixture models. The threshold was determined using a nonparametric extremal mixture model in which a kernel density to the bulk model was fitted and a generalised Pareto distribution was fitted to the upper tail of the distribution. Parameters of this nonparametric extremal mixture model were estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation method.
From the Markov chain analysis, the steady state probability of an extreme increase ($z_i > 2838$ MW) in daily peak electricity demand was calculated to be 0.0234. This resulted in a mean return time of about 43 days. That is if the current state is an extreme increase another extreme increase is expected in about 43 days. This implies nine days in a year of extreme increases. The extreme increases are more likely to occur in May of every year. Results from the frequency analysis using extremal mixture models showed that there are 101 extreme inter-day increases in peak electricity demand above the threshold of 2838 MW for the period 1 January 2000 to 31 August 2011. The results were found to be consistent with those from the Markov chain analysis in that an average of nine extreme inter-day increases per year is experienced.
The analysis done in this paper potentially helps system operators and decision makers in power utility companies such as Eskom in South Africa to understand the stochasticity of peak electricity demand, and extreme inter-day changes. In a constrained power system such as that of South Africa, which is currently operating with a very tight reserve margin, the modelling approach also guides system operators in managing the risk of unplanned outages and the resultant inconvenience to consumers. Electricity demand is also subject to other factors.
and drivers such as economic conditions, availability and capacity of the power system to meet the demand, due to planned and unplanned outages, load shedding, coal shortages, among others including price changes.
5. Conclusions
The paper discussed an application of discrete time Markov chain analysis in modelling the frequency of occurrences of extreme daily peak electricity demand using South African data. A comparative analysis was then done with using the extreme value theory techniques in which a sufficiently high threshold was determined using non-parametric extremal mixture models. A kernel density was fitted to the bulk model and a generalised Pareto distribution to the tail distribution, i.e. to observations above the threshold.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant No: 93613) for funding this research and Eskom for providing the data.
Note
1. Supplementary data material with derivations and some of the tables and plots can be found at http://journals.assaf.org.za/jesa/rt/suppFiles/2329/0.
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Tandem genomic arrangement of a G protein (Gna15) and G protein-coupled receptor (slp4/lpc1/Edg6) gene
James J.A. Contos, Xiaoqin Ye, Valerie P. Sah, Jerold Chun*
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA
Received 31 May 2002; revised 30 July 2002; accepted 6 September 2002
First published online 18 September 2002
Edited by Edward A. Dennis, Isabel Varela-Nieto and Alicia Alonso
Abstract A genomic analysis of the slp4/lpc1/Edg6 mouse sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) G protein-coupled receptor gene revealed it to be located on central chromosome 10 and to consist of two exons with an intronless coding region. Surprisingly, we found the gene encoding the promiscuously coupling Gα15 protein (Gna15) located in tandem just upstream, an arrangement conserved in the human genome (on chromosome 19p13.3). Given that Northern blots demonstrated similar tissue distributions of the mouse slp4 and Gna15 transcripts, we propose that transcription of the two genes may be under control of the same enhancer elements and that their protein products may couple in vivo.
© 2002 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Key words: Lysophospholipid; Sphingosine; Sphingosine-1-phosphate; Signal transduction; Genomics; Mouse
1. Introduction
The slp4/lpc1/Edg6 gene is part of a family of eight related genes that encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) specifically activated by lysophospholipid molecules such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Various cell types such as activated platelets and postmitotic neurons produce LPA and/or S1P [1,2]. These signaling molecules induce proliferative, morphological, and cell migratory changes on most cells and are believed to be involved in multiple biological processes, including neurogenesis, myelination, wound healing, angiogenesis, and immune system functions [3–5]. Of the eight related genes encoding receptors for LPA and S1P, three are specific for LPA (lpa1−3) and five for S1P (slp1−5). Sequence relationships among the mouse genes clearly group the three LPA receptor genes (with 45–55% amino acid sequence identity), but only do so for four of the five S1P receptor genes (also with 43–55% amino acid sequence identity) [4]. The slp4 gene was difficult to place into either of these subclasses, with slightly more identity to S1P receptor genes (∼38%) than to LPA receptor genes (∼34%), suggesting it was an S1P receptor gene. Subsequent ligand activation studies confirmed that it encodes a receptor specifically activated by S1P [6,7].
Genomic structure analysis of slp4 could provide insight into the evolution of the eight lysophospholipid receptor genes. The coding regions for each of the lpa genes are divided between two exons, whereas for the slp1−3 genes, the coding region of each gene is within single exon, with only non-coding exon(s) upstream [8–12]. One would expect the genomic structure of slp4 to be similar to the other slp genes. However, to date, genomic structure information has not been reported for slp4.
Lysophospholipid receptors, as well as all GPCRs, couple to heterotrimeric G proteins, which consist of α, β and γ subunits. There are 15 types of mammalian Gα subunits, which are classified into four groups based on sequence similarity and general function [13]. Heterologous expression studies have demonstrated that most LP receptors can couple to multiple types of Gα proteins, including those in the G11/10, G12/13, and Gq classes, but not in the Gs class [4,5]. Although the S1P4 receptor can couple to G11/10 class proteins, its coupling to Gq class proteins has not been thoroughly examined [6,7].
The Gq class of G proteins (including Gq, G11, G14, and G15/16) activates phospholipase C (PLC). PLC hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids, leading to production of inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol, which in turn induce protein kinase C activation and increases in cytosolic Ca2+. G proteins typically show receptor specificity, in that they will couple only subsets of receptors to their effector proteins. Such receptor specificity is necessary, given the ubiquitous expression of most Gα proteins. The Gα15 protein is unique in that it couples promiscuously to nearly all GPCRs examined [14,15]. This promiscuous coupling of the Gα15 protein to GPCRs has been used to identify novel ligands for orphan GPCRs [16,17]. It is hypothesized that the receptor specificity of Gα15 lies in its highly restricted expression pattern, which is confined to hematopoietic tissues and lung [14].
We set out to characterize the mouse slp4 gene in order to understand its evolution, regulation, and function. In the process of analyzing the promoter, we discovered that the Gna15 gene (encoding Gα15) was located in tandem immediately upstream. We then showed that the two genes were coexpressed in the same tissues, suggesting that the same local enhancer elements control transcription of both genes. If the dual expression is in the same cells, S1P4 may functionally couple to Gα15 in vivo.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Chromosomal mapping
An MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism between Mus
muscudis (C57BL6/JEi) and *M. spretus* (SPRET/Ei) genomic DNA was identified 3' of the poly(A) site in the *slp4* gene. PCR, restriction digestion, and backcross panel analysis were done as described previously [9], except primers used to amplify genomic DNA were edg7h (5'-CGTGTTTAAAGAATGAAAGGG-3') and edg7n (5'-GGAGTTGTAGGCACACTTA-3'). Raw data can be viewed at http://www.jax.org/resources/documents/cmdata.
2.2. Genomic clone isolation and characterization
A PCR strategy [8] was used to isolate five mouse 129/SvJ genomic λ clones containing the *slp4* gene. Primers were used that amplified a single 324 bp product from the *slp4* gene coding region: edg7a (5'-CTGCTGTGCCCTCTACTCCCAA-3') and edg7b (5'-ATTAAATGGCTGAGTTGAACAC-3'). A 7.0 kb *XhoI/NorI* subclone containing the entire *slp4* gene was manually sequenced entirely in both directions and was deposited in the EMBL database (accession number AJ489247).
2.3. cDNA clone analysis
5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) was performed as described previously [9], with the exception of different gene-specific primers and adult spleen cDNA as template. The products were identical to a previously sequenced mouse cDNA clone (accession number AJ006074), although the 5'-RACE products terminated ~400 bp downstream. Expressed sequence tags were also used to align and determine gene transcript sequences of *slp4* (accession numbers AA155468, AA155471, AA254425, AA451451, AI158066, AI158682, AI463732, AI481372, AI613663, AI645838, AI661326, AV079456, AV081387, AV081616, AV315591) and *Gna15* (AA571788, AA762974, AA959901, AI461852, AW492116).
2.4. Human sequence analysis
All sequences were downloaded from GenBank and analyzed using DNAsis software. Accession numbers of human genomic clones containing the *Gna11*, *Gna15*, and *slp4* (*EDG6*) genes were, respectively: AC005262, AC005264, and AC011547. Accession numbers of sequences used to determine the entire transcript sequences were *Gna11* (XM_009211, BF514534, BE873173, BE795320, BE395761-BE275993, AW375193, AI344423, AI097506, AA471045, BE885460), *Gna15* (NM_002068, AI600568, AI817049), and *slp4* (NM_003775, BF663028, BF974516, AI869921, AI766542).
**a:** Southern blot of *M. musculus* genomic DNA (10 μg/lane) digested with the indicated restriction enzymes and probed with a fragment from the open reading frame of the *slp4* gene. A single fragment hybridizing in each lane indicates the gene is single copy.
**b:** Linkage map showing the *slp4/Edg6* gene in the context of other genes mapped using the Jackson BSS panel (to the right) and their cM positions in the Mouse Genome Database (to the left). Genes also mapping to cM 43 include *gz*, *jl*, *nh*, *Gna11*, and *Gna15* (not shown).
Boxes indicate exons found in cDNA sequences with total bp in the exon noted. The nearly invariant AG and GT sequences that flank exons are shown in bold, as are the putative polyadenylation signal sequences of the terminal exons. The consensus polyadenylation signal sequence is AATAAA or ATTAAA.
2.5. Southern and Northern blot analysis
Preparation and probing of both the Southern and Northern blots were previously described [8,12]. To detect *slp4* and *Gna15* genes, DNA fragments amplified from coding regions of the cDNAs were used.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Chromosomal mapping of the mouse *slp4* gene
To further characterize the *slp4* gene, we first determined that it was present as a single copy (**Fig. 1a**) and that it cosegregated with various markers and genes at cM 43.0 of chromosome 10 (**Fig. 1b**). Several genes that have not been identified are localized to this chromosomal region, including mocha (*mh*), grizzled (*gr*), and jittery (*ji*), which might be related to mutations in the *slp4* gene. Interestingly, three othFig. 3. Genomic maps. a: Genomic restriction map of the sequenced subclone containing the mouse *slp4* gene, including part of the *Gna15* gene. Large rectangles represent exons and shading within them open reading frame (ORF). Smaller shaded rectangles represent repetitive elements. b,c: Genomic maps of the mouse (b) and human (c) regions containing the *Gna11*, *Gna15*, and *slp4* genes. All distances are shown to scale.
Other genes previously mapped to cM 43.0 encode G proteins to which S1P4 might couple: *Gna11* and *Gna15*, which encode the Gq class Gα11 and Gα15 proteins, and *Gng7*, which encodes the Gγ7 protein [18,19]. Each of the *slp4*, *Gna11*, *Gna15*, and *Gng7* genes is also located at the same chromosomal locus on human chromosome 19p13.3 [20], suggesting conserved genomic arrangements in mammals.
### 3.2. cDNA sequence and genomic structure of the *slp4* gene
To fully characterize the mouse *slp4* gene, we compared cDNA with genomic sequences. The complete cDNA sequence was determined by aligning 5'- and 3'-RACE products, cDNA clones, and expressed sequence tags. All clones consistently terminated just downstream of the same polyadenylation signal sequence (Fig. 2). The 5' end of the longest cDNA clone was 492 bp upstream of the start codon, although all RACE products terminated < 100 bp upstream of the start codon. To determine the structure of the gene, genomic clones were isolated from a mouse 129/Svl genomic DNA library. A 7.0 kb subclone, containing the complete *slp4* gene, was sequenced entirely in both directions (Fig. 3a). The longest cDNA sequence was distributed between two exons of 91 and 2294 bp, with the intron located 401 bp upstream of the start codon (Fig. 3a). There was no TATA box in the vicinity of the putative transcription start site. Interestingly, the intron/exon boundary sequences did not conform to known consensus sequences, although the polyadenylation signal sequence did (Fig. 2). The coding region was uninterrupted, similar to other *slp* genes, supporting the hypothesis that the *slp4* gene diverged from an ancestral SIP receptor gene rather than from an ancestral LPA receptor gene.
We also compared human *slp4* cDNA with genomic sequences. Like the mouse *slp4* gene coding region, the human *slp4* gene coding region is intronless. However, unlike mouse, the human gene does not have an initial exon encoding 5'-untranslated region (UTR) (Fig. 2). In addition, the polyadenylation signal sequence differed slightly from the consensus (Fig. 2).
### 3.3. Tandem genomic arrangement of the *Gna15* and *slp4* genes in human and mouse
Surprisingly, BLAST searches of the *slp4* putative promoter area revealed part of the deposited *Gna15* cDNA sequence to be located just upstream of *slp4* exon 1 (Fig. 3a). By aligning expressed sequence tag sequences with the cDNA, we determined the remaining ~600 bp of the *Gna15* cDNA sequence (i.e. 3'-UTR sequence through the polyadenylation site), which terminated ~800 bp upstream of *slp4* exon 1 (Fig. 2). The *Gna15* polyadenylation signal sequence conformed strongly to the consensus sequence (Fig. 2). It was previously determined that both the mouse *Gna15* and *Gna11* genes consisted of seven exons and were arranged in tandem over a total of 45 kb [21]. A genomic map of the region is shown in Fig. 3b.
We also characterized the human genomic region containing the *slp4*, *Gna15*, and *Gna11* genes, using sequences deposited as part of the human genome project, expressed sequence tags, and cDNAs (Figs. 2 and 3c). Like the mouse genes, human *Gna11* and *Gna15* genes also had seven exons in the same relative positions of the cDNA, although the 3'-UTRs were significantly longer in both genes. All of the intron/exon boundaries conformed to consensus sequences (Fig. 2). As described above, the human *slp4* gene consisted of only a single exon, without TATA box elements in the putative transcription initiation region. All three genes (*Gna11*, *Gna15*, and *slp4*) were arranged in tandem, as in mouse (Fig. 3c). However, the spacing between the genes and many of the exons was larger, making the entire three-gene cluster occupy 80 kb rather than 50 kb.
### 3.4. Similar expression patterns of the *Gna15* and *slp4* genes
Previous analyses demonstrated the mouse *Gna11* gene to be ubiquitously expressed [22] and the mouse *Gna15* and human *slp4* genes expressed primarily in hematopoietic areas [22,23]. This suggested that the mouse *Gna15* and *slp4* genes might have identical tissue distribution patterns. We compared the expression pattern of the two genes using Northern
solic Ca$^{2+}$, which S1P is known to stimulate in many cell types [5]. This might explain the finding that erythroid cell differentiation is decreased when the human $G_{\alpha 15}$ protein (called $G_{\alpha 16}$) is inhibited or downregulated in the presence of serum [25], which is known to contain S1P [1].
**Acknowledgements:** We thank Dr. Joshua Weiner for help with the Northern blot and Carol Akita for expert technical assistance. This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (Grant K02MH01723) and an unrestricted gift from Merck.
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- CONTENTS -
WWII era New Jersey domestic Military Station postal markings by: Brad Arch & Gene Fricks 65
More on Ralston NJ by: Henry N. Lingerman ......................................................... 76
Paterson's "Iron Horses" - Locomotive Builders Advertising Covers by: Brad Arch .... 79
New Jersey Discontinued Post Offices (continued) .................................................. 86
New Jersey Postal History Society Annual Meeting Notice ..................................... 96
Project for this Month - 1938 Prexy issue covers from New Jersey .......................... 96
See Pages 65 to 75
# 10132 Navy Branch - Wildwood NJ
LABOR DAY
September 6th, 1943.
BONDS BUY SHIPS
SHIPS TO BRING OUR PEOPLE VICTORY
Sponsored by
PITTSBURGH CREW
AMERICAN NAVAL CANCELLATION SOCIETY
U.S.
SEP 6
P.M.
1943
NAVY
WILDWOOD
SEP 6
1943
NAVY 10132 B.
Benjamin Kintzner
1018-45 St
Brooklyn 19, N.Y.
# 10170 Navy Branch - Trenton NJ
DONALD GRAF
301 FALCONER STREET
N. TONAWANDA, N. Y.
The Naval Station at Gloucester City was turned over to the Coast Guard at the end of World War II and remained in use until 1988. It was used as the headquarters of the Officer of the Post and the location from which the river pilots serviced shipping. It is possible that it became a naval station when the Coast Guard was augmented into the US Navy at the beginning of the war. Prior and post-war usages can only be identified by a USCGS corner card.
# 10290 Navy Branch
Asbury Park NJ
Not Listed
by Pankevich
# 10321 Navy Branch
Red Bank NJ
I once had the pleasure of delivering your mail
Gilbert S. Hampton #10321
#11041
Navy Br.
Asbury Park NJ
Not Listed by Pankevich
# 13018
Navy Br.
Lakehurst NJ
DONALD GRAF
391 FALCONER STREET
N. TONAWANDA, N.Y.
Naval Training School Station - Princeton University - Princeton NJ
Lt.(jg) L.Wells
USNTS IM PATTON
PRINCETON, N.J.
FREE
USNR
My Grace Elliott
Vincent A. Murray 5th Plt
Warren T. Hamilton 5th Co 3d
U.S.
OCT
14
1943
A.M.
NAVY
NAVAL TRAINING SCHOOL
PRINCETON
OCT 10 1943
R.O.T.C.
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
Maywhee J. Mott
2508 A 20th.
Phila Pa
Not Listed by Pankevich
NAVAL AIR STATION, ATLANTIC CITY NJ
Official Military Change of Address Card
"Missent to..." & boxed Straightline "LINDEN NJ"
NAVPERS-693
(Rev. 5-43)
NOTICE OF CHANGE OF ADDRESS
This is to advise you that my correct address now is:
R.A. Jensen
(Name)
ART3c
(Rating)
U.S.N.R.
(U.S.N., U.S.N.R.)
NAS, Atlantic City, N.J., Barracks 8
(Ship or station)
Richard A. Jensen
(Signature)
This is for the convenience of naval personnel in advising correspondents of assignment to a new ship or station. An appropriate number of these cards will be issued to each individual concerned by his commanding officer if he desires, within 15 days of his arrival at his new permanent station.
Naval Air Station Sta., Cape May NJ
USNAS USN
CAPE MAY, N.J.
REMEMBER PEARL HARBOR
Mr. T. F. Catudal,
Plainville, Kansas.
Fort Monmouth today is one of the nation's centers of communications and electronics research and the headquarters of the Army command that makes up a significant part of the Signal Corps. The sprawling installation traces its origins to a World War I cantonment built on the site of the old Monmouth Park Racetrack. Its post offices have serviced hundreds of thousands of troops during the past 75 years, although distinctive postmarks have only been used for perhaps half that long.
Long Branch, New Jersey opened a new race course on July 4, 1890 that featured a $ mile track and a steel grandstand seating 10,000. However, only three years after its opening, the New Jersey legislature banned horseracing. One casualty was the "Jersey Derby" that was relocated to Louisville, Kentucky to become the "Run for the Roses".
LtCol. Carl F. Hartmann, who as the chief signal officer of the Eastern Department of the Army at Governors Island, New York, was directly involved in finding a training site. Melvin van Keuren of Eatontown was induced to lease the race course to the Army for $115,300 and LtCol. Hartmann assumed command of Camp Little Silver on June 17, 1917. On the following day, the First and Second Telegraph Battalions arrived. By month's end, the encampment held 25 officers and 451 enlisted men. During July, a Reserve Officers Training Battalion was activated and several tactical signal units became operational.
On September 15, 1917, the camp's name was officially changed to Camp Alfred Vailand it was placed on a semi-permanent basis. A large number of wooden buildings had been constructed during that summer to house troops, training classes, and equipment. Alfred Vail had become an associate of Samuel F.B. Morse and is credited with inventing the Morse alphabet of dots & dashes. By October 18, 1917 the first unit left the camp for embarkation to France, so the training course was intensive and quick.
Camp Vail was selected in late 1917 for experiments in aircraft radio communications, aerial photography, and aerial direction-finding. Laboratory buildings and an air field were quickly constructed; the 122ns Aero Squadron operated 28 aircraft from this facility. Carrier pigeons, used for communication by all the armies in World War I, became a part of the Camp Vail training mission in November 1917 with the establishment of the Pigeon Breeding and Training Section.
With the end of the war, the aeronautical activities were discontinued or shipped to Wright Field near Dayton, Ohio. The Radio Laboratory continued to function at a reduced level of intensity and all Signal Corp schools were consolidated at Vail in August 1919. In 1920, the school assumed responsibility for ROTC instruction. At the same time, the camp became the center for instruction in meteorology and photography. During the 1920's, the camp became the center for Army motion picture production training.
WAR DEPARTMENT
Major Thomas B. Protzman, M. C.
STATION HOSPITAL
Fort Monmouth, Red Bank N.J.
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
Mrs Edna Tomlin
102 Walnut St
#12160466
FROM Pvt Louis Berwath
Btg Co, 2nd Sig Eng Regt
Ft Monmouth, N. J.
IDLE GOSSIP SINKS SHIPS
Mr. Wm A. Moennig
1622 Chestnut St
Mr. Walter I. Quelch,
Walnut Ave.,
Wanamassa, N. J.
"Heel" Hitler!!
Office Memorandum Number 64, Offices of the Chief Signal Officer, 6 August 1925 stated: "The station now known as Camp Alfred Vail, New Jersey, is being announced in War Department General Orders as a permanent military post and will hereafter be designated as 'Fort Monmouth', New Jersey. Mail to that post will be addressed to Fort Monmouth, Oceanport, New Jersey." This suggests that the Oceanport post office served the installation and that it did not have a post office of its own.
During the 1920's and 1930's, Fort Monmouth continued to serve as the Army communications research and training center as well as the chief provider of carrier pigeons. As the Army began to develop mechanized forces, the laboratories worked on the radios needed to control them. Here, too, the Army developed the walkie-talkie and radar.
World War II began early for Fort Monmouth as the build up in Signal Corps strength commenced in 1939. A Signal Corps Replacement Training Center and the Officer Candidate School were established along with expanded laboratory facilities. Additional camps (Camp Edison and Camp Charles Wood) were sited in the nearby areas for particular development activities. By December 1942 Fort Monmouth held 14,518 military and civilian personnel.
Just as the build-up for the war began early, the phase-down began in May 1943. Some missions, such as the Eatontown Signal Laboratory, were transferred to other components and later moved. Eatontown Signal became Watson Lab, became a part of the Army Air Force, and was moved after World War II to Griffiths Air Force Base, New York.
Development in radar did not stop. On January 10, 1946 a radar antenna at the Belmar, New Jersey remote site bounced the first radar signal off the moon as part of Project Diana. In 1949, the Army established the Signal Corps Center to consolidate diverse activities (which still included the pigeon breeding station). By 1953, at the height of the Korean War, the postal facilities at Fort Monmouth was serving 17,358 personnel. Fort Monmouth continues today as the headquarters of the Army Communications Electronics Command.
Covers from Fort Monmouth seem to be characterized by a return address. With the exception of the Alfred Vail Rural Station marking, there does not seem to have been a distinctive postal marking used for this installation. Signals intelligence units have operated at the installation for handling sensitive materials so that there seems to have been no particular need for a post office to control mail. Several substantial towns are in close proximity to the fort, which provide the needed postal services.
Kay & Smith do not list the establishment of naval post offices (though they do list the other military post offices). In fact the only data published to date is a listing of Naval Offices and periods of use by Con V. Pankevich in the NJPH, September 1974 issue. This aspect of New Jersey's postal history would seem to remain a fertile area for fact-finding and publication.
FORT DIX
Also included in this issue are examples of markings used at Camp & Fort Dix. A short history of this post office appeared in the May 1976 issue of NJPH as well as an illustration of the TRENTON NJ DIX BRANCH machine marking used during the World War I period.
Fort Hancock
NJ
Pre-War Use
postage required
ROBERT H. ASHMEAD
4660 GRISCOM STREET
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
(Congress Hotel - taken over for Military R & R) - Atlantic City NJ
Congress Hotel
170-78 ST. CHARLES PLACE
ATLANTIC CITY, N. J.
Naval Supply Depot Station
Bayonne NJ
W.A.C. Det. - SCSU
Fort Dix, New Jersey
Mail addressed to or from Female Military Units in WWII is most difficult to locate.
Revised Listing of Domestic Military Postmarks from New Jersey units during WWII
Navy Number:
10132
10153
10170
10183
10218
10258
10290
10291
10321
11014
11041
13018
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Location:
Wildwood NJ
Atlantic City NJ
Trenton NJ
Lakehurst NJ
Gloucester City NJ
Atlantic City NJ
Asbury Park NJ
Red Bank NJ
Atlantic City NJ
Asbury Park NJ
Lakehurst NJ
Princeton - Naval Training School Sta
Atlantic City NJ - Naval Air Sta
Cape May NJ - Naval Air Sta
Rio Grande - Naval Air Sta
Bayonne NJ - Naval Supply Depot Sta
Fort Monmouth NJ
Fort Hancock NJ
Camp Dix NJ
Fort Dix NJ
Camp Dix Branch - Wrightstown NJ
Fort Dix Branch - Wrightstown NJ
Fort Dix NJ (as a Branch of Trenton NJ)
ELIZABETH LITTLEFIELD
1016 Springfield Avenue
Irvington, N. J.
ELIZABETH LITTLEFIELD
1016 Springfield Avenue
Irvington, N. J.
ELIZABETH LITTLEFIELD
1016 Springfield Avenue
Irvington, N. J.
More on Ralston, NJ
Henry N. Lingerman
In the January 1989 issue of NJPH, we learned some of the background of the post office at Ralston, New Jersey. Below are shown some of the markings used in the past 50 years, as well as correspondence from various postmasters attesting to the age of the post office building and some (temporary) relocations.
Mrs. James L. LaPoe
1126 Evergreen Avenue
Plainfield, N. J.
Ralston is located in Morris County, in the northern part of New Jersey.
The postoffice building at Ralston is believed to be the oldest building in the United States that is used as a post-office.
Ralston, NJ
June 16 '41
Dear Miss Crane,
Just a line to tell you I received permission to move the post office over to our own place & moved last Monday. It is much better & more comfortable over here for me. Time magazine of June 16 has the picture of the old post office & a short article about it.
I am not sure but I think Mrs. Jennings must have given the reported the news as I told her I was to [sic] busy to go to the meeting & really I was.
Part of the town is quite upset at it especially the ones with money. But they went a mile past to get their mail at Mendham as they were ashamed of the old building so I don't see how they can make me move back.
Sincerely yours,
C. Groenengen
Two years later, the Ralston postmaster wrote another letter to tell of the newest developments in the story.
Ralston, NJ
8/9/43
Harry Haines Jr
Dear Sir:
I received permission from the Post Office Dept' to move the P.O. to a small building on my own place three [sic] years ago. Since then the old building has been bought by the Ralston Historical Society & is being repaired.
The old building was built & used for a General Store until 1892 when the first postmaster was appointed. I am the fifth.
Here's wishing you the best of luck in the Navy. I am, respectfully yours
Catherine Groenengen
P.M.
PATERNER'S "IRON HORSES"
(Advertising Covers of Paterson's Locomotive Builders)
Ingenuity of Master Mechanics made Paterson
the Locomotive Capital of the World
Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor
established 1832
Paterson's first and largest Locomotive Manufacturer
Hay fields surrounding the first buildings erected by Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor in 1830's show that Paterson was far from industrially developed then.
Respectfully Br. Sd.,
Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor
J. L. Hall
The Coi for 6 per
The Rogers Locomotive Works as they appeared in the 1830's when Rogers was unexcelled in the world as a locomotive builder. The company made its 3,000th locomotive in 1883 and built 6,200 engines before it was closed.
The Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works,
Of PATerson, N. J. New York Office, 44 EXCHANGE PLACE.
Respectfully, yours truly,
Roger Mitchell & Sonner
per L. Hall
FREE
Selden T. Scanton Esq.,
Post Master,
Oxford Furnace,
Warren County,
N. Jersey
William Swinburne
established 1851
out of business by 1857
3¢ 1851 imperf
New Jersey Locomotive & Machine Company
established 1852
changed name to Grant Locomotive Company 1865
3¢ 1851 imperf CC on face of envelope
3¢ 1851 imperf CC on backflap
3¢ 1851 imperf
CC on inside
on letterhead
folded cover
3¢ 1851 imperf
CC on face of envelope
Paterson Iron Co.
3¢ 1851 imperf
one of the myriad of parts suppliers
Late 19th Century example of Rogers business card & Advertising Flyer
ROGERS
Locomotive Machine Works
PATerson N J
No 44 Exchange Place, New York.
LOCOMOTIVES
ALL GAUGES AND PURPOSES.
CRANEVILLE - Union County - 1851-1868
William Hyde Esq.
Ware
Mass.
Joseph Christie, Jr., Receiver
Postmaster
ANDERSON - Warren County - 1821-1905
Anderson N.J.
August 25th 10
H. A. Cope
for Elenor Cope
Philad.
DAVISON - Warren County - 1831-1846
Davison 59
March 18 51 free
Hon. Mrs. Southard & Frelinghousen
Members in U.S. Senate
City Washington.
SHAMONG - Burlington County
Established October 16, 1849
Disestablished January 22, '56
Reestablished February 16, '63
Disestablished February 7, 1893
Service sent to Chatsworth
Shamong Township still exists as a political entity in the county.
GREEN BANK - Burlington County
Several discontinuances including:
Established November 22, 1862
Disestablished December, 1895
Reestablished December 1, 1895 as GREENBANK
Disestablished July 1, 1908
Reestablished July 1, 1908 as GREEN BANK
Disestablished July 31, 1954
MILITARY BRANCH
Trenton (Camp Dix)
Burlington Co.
July 1917-August 1917
BOUGHER - Burlington County
Established June 29, 1889 Discontinued December 31, 1917
Service sent to Masonville
MASONVILLE
POSTCARD
MAY 16
1907
THIS SIDE IS FOR THE ADDRESS ONLY
J. Lee Haines,
Moorestown.
NATHAN THORNE, M.D.
MOORESTOWN, N.J.
Mary H. Roberts
Moorestown
FELLOWSHIP - Burlington County
Established January 13, 1849 Discontinued March 13, 1899
Service to Ellisburg, Camden County
FELLOWSHIP - Burlington County
Marking in blue
1891
HARTFORD - Burlington County
Established June 24, 1868 Discontinued April 30, 1954
Service sent to Moorestown
After 10 days, return to
CHARLES EWAN MERRITT,
MOUNT HOLLY, N. J.
1900
SMITHVILLE - Burlington County
Last established Oct 1, 1882
Disestablished as Zip Code 08060 June 5, 1964
Service sent to Mt. Holly
Time-Cummins machine cancel type D5K3
H. B. SMITH MACHINE CO.
Manufacturers of Patented, Standard and Special Wood-Working Machinery
SMITHVILLE, N. J.
C B Coles & Sons Co
Camden
N J
GEORGETOWN - Burlington County
Established July 12, 1847
Discontinued July 15, 1903
Reestablished September 4, 1903
Discontinued May 31, 1920
Service sent to Columbus
Miss Emma
Pemberton
New Jersey
ELLISBURG - Camden County
Established February 12, 1894 Discontinued October 1, 1900
Service sent to Camden. Previously ELLISBURGH.
Ellisburg Branch of Cherry Hill established August 15, 1975
January 22, 1889
black
Saw-toothed circle
March 24, 1896
OAKLYN - Camden County
1893 - 1923
Return in 5 days to
E. B. HOLLINGSHEAD,
OAKLYN, Camden Co., N. J.
Mr. W. Lippincott,
CANDEN, N. J.
2nd. St below Market
ELM - Camden County
Established Sept 27, 1882
Disestablish Sep 29, 1934
Service sent to Hammondtown
Card missent to Freehold
United States of America.
Addison B. Poland
Dept. Publ. Schrves
Trenton NJ
MISSENT.
TRUSTEES - Officers:
President - Gerard Neufeld, 33 Comfort Place, Clifton NJ 07011
Vice-President - Brad Arch, 144 Hamilton Avenue, Clifton NJ 07011
Secretary/Treasurer - Joyce Groot, 28 Briar Lane, Basking Ridge NJ 07920
Editor - E.E. Fricks, 26 Windmill Drive, Clementon NJ 08021
Counsel - Robert Rose, CN-1945, Morristown NJ 07960
TRUSTEES - At Large:
Philip Chiesa
Sidney Morginstin
George Kramer
Mark Sommer
Fred MacDonald
Laurens van der Laan
Leonard Peck
NOTICE!
NJPHS Annual Meeting
Sunday 12:00 Noon - May 26, 1991 @ NOJEX
Meadowlands Hilton Hotel, 2 Harmon Plaza, Secaucus NJ
Followed Immediately by an AUCTION!
We Need Articles Now!
Back Issues of the NEW JERSEY POSTAL HISTORY JOURNAL are available from the Secretary:
Joyce L. Groot, 28 Briar Lane, Basking Ridge NJ 07920
available #26 to current @ $2.00 each, postpaid.
Discounts available for long runs and/or quantity purchases, INQUIRE!
PROJECT FOR THIS MONTH -
1938 PREXY Issue Covers
We are looking for illustrations of odd, unusual, exotic, exciting, etc. covers showing usage of all the odd and unusual denominations from this series on commercially used covers or cards paying proper postage rates and or special service fee's, etc., and also to include some illustrated advertising covers, and usages to unusual foreign places.
Please send Xeroxs to: Brad Arch, 144 Hamilton Avenue, Clifton NJ 07011
Please Cooperate by submitting Clear High-Contrast Xeroxs
Sample Copies of this Journal are available for $2.00, postpaid from the above address.
Membership Information and Applications also available from the above address.
PHILATELIC LITERATURE AVAILABLE FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY, Postpaid, from:
New Jersey Postal History Society, 144 Hamilton Avenue, Clifton NJ 07011
NEW JERSEY DPO's 1981 Pocket Checklist of Discontinued Post Offices ............... $ 2.00
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE RAILROAD & CANAL COMPANIES OF NEW JERSEY 1854 1982 reprint . $ 3.00
ILLUSTRATED DIRECTORY - NEW JERSEY 1847 ISSUE COVERS 1987 44 pages(Arch)........... $ 3.00
CATALOG OF NEW JERSEY RAILWAY POSTAL MARKINGS 1984 136 pages(MacDonald)......... $10.00
NEW JERSEY POSTAL HISTORY 1977(repub.1986) 199+ pages(Kay & Smith)............. $30.00
THE POSTAL MARKINGS OF NEW JERSEY STAMPLESS COVERS 1983 287+ pages(Coles)...... Sold Out
ROBERT G. KAUFMANN AUCTION CATALOG OF WILLIAM COLES COLLECTION 1984 ............ $ 5.00
|
Privacy Impact Assessment for the Agency Administrative Support System (AASS)
Reviewed by: Henry J. Holcombe, Bureau Chief Privacy Officer
☒ Concurrence of Senior Agency Official for Privacy/DOC Chief Privacy Officer
☐ Non-concurrence of Senior Agency Official for Privacy/DOC Chief Privacy Officer
Signature of Senior Agency Official for Privacy/DOC Chief Privacy Officer 5/5/2022
Agency Administrative Support System (AASS) is a major application. It is designed to serve many purposes within the USPTO such as consolidating document imaging, providing a visual representation of the IT facility and resources, providing a centralized repository of information about USPTO IT facilities. It also provides automatic discovery of software, hardware, configuration file, and network devices, managing and tracking automated and software assets, providing USPTO enterprise-wide solutions to identify and track strategic goals and business and organizational information, providing a solution to store data and perform statistical analysis in a secured environment, and collecting, storing, and displaying organizational and performance metric data.
Address the following elements:
(a) Whether it is a general support system, major application, or other type of system
AASS is a major application.
(b) System location
AASS is located at 600 Dulany Street, Alexandria, VA 22314
(c) Whether it is a standalone system or interconnects with other systems (identifying and describing any other systems to which it interconnects)
AASS interconnects with the following systems:
Network and Security Infrastructure System (NSI) is an infrastructure information system and provides an aggregate of subsystems that facilitates the communications, secure access, protective services, and network infrastructure support for all USPTO IT applications.
Enterprise UNIX Services (EUS) consists of assorted UNIX operating system variants (OS), each comprised of many utilities along with a master control program, the kernel.
Service Oriented Infrastructure (SOI) provides a feature-rich and stable platform upon which USPTO applications can be deployed.
Database Services (DBS) is an infrastructure information system and provides a database infrastructure to support the mission of USPTO database needs.
Consolidated Financial System (CFS) - CFS is a Master System composed of the following four (4) subsystems: 1) Momentum 2) Concur Integration, 3) E-Acquisition (ACQ) and 4) VendorPortal.
Enterprise Desktop Platform (EDP) is an infrastructure information system which provides a standard enterprise wide environment that manages desktops and laptops running on the Windows 10 operating system (OS), providing United States Government Configuration Baseline (USGCB) compliant workstations.
Security and Compliance Services (SCS) provides a centralized command and control console with integrated enterprise log management, security information and event management network behavior analysis, and reporting through the collection of events, network/application flow data, vulnerability data, and identity information.
Enterprise Windows Servers (EWS) is an infrastructure information system and provides a hosting platform for major applications that support various USPTO missions.
Enterprise Software Services (ESS) provides Enterprise Directory Services, Role-Based Access Control System, Email as a Service, PTO Exchange Services, Symantec Endpoint Protection, Enterprise SharePoint Services, etc.
Intellectual Property Leadership Management System (IPLMSS) is a master system and facilitates grouping and managing of seven general support subsystems that collectively support the USPTO Director; Deputy Director; Office of the General Counsel (OGC), including OGC’s components, the Office of General Law (OGL), Office of the Solicitor, and Office of Enrollment and Discipline (OED); Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB); Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB); Office of Patent Training (OPT); and Office of Policy and International Affairs (OPIA).
Patent Capture and Application Processing System-Examination Support (PCAPS-ES) consists of several applications that enable patent examiners and public users to search and retrieve application data and images and patent examiners and patent applicants to identify individuals and organizations with intellectual property, pre-grant, and published applications.
(d) The way the system operates to achieve the purpose(s) identified in Section 4
AASS is a major application composed of the following subsystems:
Corporate Imaging Document Management System (CIDM) is a consolidation of all imaging document systems in Corporate Systems Division (CSD) that meets user requirements and conforms to USPTO system infrastructure requirements specified by the Chief Information Officer (CIO) for Automated Information Systems (AISs). CIDM provides similar content management requirements and functionalities to several offices including Vendor Management Division (VMD), Office of Commissioner for Patents (PEO), Office of Enrollment and Discipline (OED), Office of Patent Information Management (OPIM), and the Deputy Undersecretary (DUS).
Collection of Economic Analysis Tools (COEAT) is a COTS product that contains tools needed for data analysis, data management, and graphics and is used by OPIA and USPTO to respond to official requests related to various data sets. COEAT is used by the Chief Economist’s office of the USPTO to store data and perform statistical analysis in a secured environment and is fully integrated with the current Windows desktop environment and is accessible to users via the USPTO Intranet (PTONet). COEAT includes hundreds of statistical tools and many data-management commands that provide complete control of all types of data that include byte, integers, long, float, double, and string variables. COEAT generates publication-quality, distinctly styled graphs using an integrated graph editor. To ensure that no unauthorized users access the system, the COEAT applicant has built-in security controls. COEAT collects and maintains PII related to patent examiners and applicants such as age, race, national status, disability status, veteran status, sex, length of service, etc.
Data Center Facilities Management System (DCFMS) creates a centralized repository of information about USPTO IT facilities. Aperture Vista 600 provides a visual representation of the IT facility that is linked to detailed information about the IT resources within that facility. Aperture Vista 600 will allow the IT facility manager to document and track equipment locations, network connectivity, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) requirements and capacity, and electronic connectivity and capacity. DCFMS is based on Aperture commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products by Emerson Network Power. DCFMS does not collect, maintain, or disseminate any PII.
Global Enterprise Architecture Repository System (GEARS) provides a holistic view of the USPTO enterprise and helps identify and track strategic goals, business functions, business processes, roles, organizational structures, business information, key performance metrics to technologies including software applications, services, platforms, and network infrastructure. GEARS presents views, roadmaps, and analytics of the current as-is and future to-be state of the enterprise. GEARS supports Enterprise Architecture Division which extends the enterprise interests and relationships to key partners, suppliers, and customers. GEARS is developed using a Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS) product called TrouxTM. The repository offered by Troux
allows for a flexible foundation to store data about the agency’s business objectives, capabilities, and processes, along with the business linkages to the supporting IT assets. Additionally, Troux ships with a pre-built web front end application that allows users to analyze data relationships, execute and view reports, and (if given sufficient privilege) add or update repository data. GEARS does collect, maintain, or disseminate PII, for example internal names of product owners.
**OCIO Data Driven Dash Board (OCIO-DDD)** is an intranet only web application that collects, stores and displays organizational and performance metric data for the OCIO office. OCIO-DDD consists of a .NET custom code base. Users have varying levels of permission to view, add, and update metrics and measurements and to view various metric status charts. OCIO-DDD does not collect, maintain, or disseminate any PII.
**(e) How information in the system is retrieved by the user**
Information in AASS is retrieved via USPTO intranet access, dashboard, SharePoint, and registered accounts.
**(f) How information is transmitted to and from the system**
Information is encrypted and transmitted to AASS via HTTPS (TLS 1.2) and SSH.
**(g) Any information sharing**
AASS shares PII within the bureau and DOC bureaus on a case by case basis. AASS shares PII on a case-by-case basis and via bulk transfer with the public. AASS shares PII via bulk transfer with foreign government.
**(h) The specific programmatic authorities (statutes or Executive Orders) for collecting, maintaining, using, and disseminating the information**
- Title I of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 (5 U.S.C. app. 101)
- Executive Order 9397
- Executive Order 12674 (as modified by Executive Order 12731)
- 5 CFR Part 2634, Subpart I, of the Office of Government Ethics (OGE) regulations
- Privacy Act at 5 U.S.C. 552a(b)(1).
- GE/GOVT-2 Executive Branch Confidential Financial Disclosure Reports Privacy Act system of records
- 35 U.S.C. 5
- 35 U.S.C. 2
- 5 U.S.C. 301
**(i) The Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 199 security impact category for the system**
AASS is a Moderate system.
Section 1: Status of the Information System
1.1 Indicate whether the information system is a new or existing system.
☐ This is a new information system.
☒ This is an existing information system with changes that create new privacy risks. (Check all that apply.)
| Changes That Create New Privacy Risks (CTCNPR) |
|-----------------------------------------------|
| a. Conversations | ☐ | d. Significant Merging | ☐ | g. New Interagency Uses | ☐ |
| b. Anonymous to Non-Anonymous | ☐ | e. New Public Access | ☐ | h. Internal Flow or Collection | ☒ |
| c. Significant System Management Changes | ☐ | f. Commercial Sources | ☐ | i. Alteration in Character of Data | ☐ |
| j. Other changes that create new privacy risks (specify): |
☐ This is an existing information system in which changes do not create new privacy risks, and there is not a SAOP approved Privacy Impact Assessment.
☐ This is an existing information system in which changes do not create new privacy risks, and there is a SAOP approved Privacy Impact Assessment.
Section 2: Information in the System
2.1 Indicate what personally identifiable information (PII)/business identifiable information (BII) is collected, maintained, or disseminated. (Check all that apply.)
| Identifying Numbers (IN) |
|--------------------------|
| a. Social Security* | ☐ | f. Driver's License | ☒ | j. Financial Account | ☒ |
| b. Taxpayer ID | ☒ | g. Passport | ☒ | k. Financial Transaction | ☒ |
| c. Employer ID | ☒ | h. Alien Registration | ☒ | l. Vehicle Identifier | ☒ |
| d. Employee ID | ☒ | i. Credit Card | ☒ | m. Medical Record | ☒ |
| e. File/Case ID | ☒ | | | | |
n. Other identifying numbers (specify): Credit card includes just the last 4 digits of the credit card number. The system may include other PII that users have voluntarily submitted, but any instances of PII not requested have been redacted.
*Explanation for the business need to collect, maintain, or disseminate the Social Security number, including truncated form:
General Personal Data (GPD)
| Category | Data Elements |
|--------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Personal Information (PII)** | a. Name
b. Maiden Name
c. Alias
d. Gender
e. Age
f. Race/Ethnicity
g. Citizenship
h. Date of Birth
i. Place of Birth
j. Home Address
k. Telephone Number
l. Email Address
m. Education
n. Religion
o. Financial Information
p. Medical Information
q. Military Service
r. Criminal Record
s. Marital Status
t. Mother’s Maiden Name
u. Other general personal data (specify): |
| **Work-Related Data (WRD)** | a. Occupation
b. Job Title
c. Work Address
d. Work Telephone Number
e. Work Email Address
f. Salary
g. Work History
h. Employment Performance Ratings or other Performance Information
i. Business Associates
j. Proprietary or Business Information
k. Procurement/contracting records
l. Other work-related data (specify): |
| **Distinguishing Features/Biometrics (DFB)** | a. Fingerprints
b. Palm Prints
c. Voice/Audio Recording
d. Video Recording
e. Photographs
f. Scars, Marks, Tattoos
g. Hair Color
h. Eye Color
i. Height
j. Weight
k. Signatures
l. Vascular Scans
m. DNA Sample or Profile
n. Retina/Iris Scans
o. Dental Profile
p. Other distinguishing features/biometrics (specify): |
| **System Administration/Audit Data (SAAD)** | a. User ID
b. IP Address
c. Date/Time of Access
f. Queries Run
g. Other system administration/audit data (specify): |
| **Other Information (specify)** | |
2.2 Indicate sources of the PII/BII in the system. *(Check all that apply.)*
Directly from Individual about Whom the Information Pertains
2.3 Describe how the accuracy of the information in the system is ensured.
AASS is secured using appropriate administrative, physical and technical safeguards in accordance with the NIST security controls (encryption, access control, auditing). Mandatory IT Awareness and role-based training is required for staff who have access to the system and addresses how to handle, retain, and dispose of data. All access has role-based restrictions, and individuals with access privileges have undergone vetting and suitability screening. The USPTO maintains an audit trail and performs random periodic reviews to identify unauthorized access and changes as part of verifying the integrity of data.
2.4 Is the information covered by the Paperwork Reduction Act?
☒ Yes, the information is covered by the Paperwork Reduction Act.
Provide the OMB control number and the agency number for the collection.
0651-0012
0651-0017
0651-0080
0690-0035
☐ No, the information is not covered by the Paperwork Reduction Act.
2.5 Indicate the technologies used that contain PII/BII in ways that have not been previously deployed. (Check all that apply.)
### Technologies Used Containing PII/BII Not Previously Deployed (TUCPBNPD)
| Technologies | | Technologies | |
|---------------------------------------------------|---|---------------------------------------------------|---|
| Smart Cards | | Biometrics | |
| Caller-ID | | Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Cards | |
| Other (specify): | | | |
☒ There are not any technologies used that contain PII/BII in ways that have not been previously deployed.
### Section 3: System Supported Activities
3.1 Indicate IT system supported activities which raise privacy risks/concerns. *(Check all that apply.)*
| Activities | | Activities | |
|-------------------------------------------------|---|-------------------------------------------------|---|
| Audio recordings | | Building entry readers | |
| Video surveillance | | Electronic purchase transactions | |
| Other (specify): | | | |
☒ There are not any IT systems supported activities which raise privacy risks/concerns.
### Section 4: Purpose of the System
4.1 Indicate why the PII/BII in the IT system is being collected, maintained, or disseminated. *(Check all that apply.)*
| Purpose | | Purpose | |
|--------------------------------------------------|---|--------------------------------------------------|---|
| For a Computer Matching Program | | For administering human resources programs | |
| For administrative matters | ☒ | To promote information sharing initiatives | ☒ |
| For litigation | ☒ | For criminal law enforcement activities | |
| For civil enforcement activities | ☒ | For intelligence activities | ☒ |
| To improve Federal services online | ☒ | For employee or customer satisfaction | ☒ |
| For web measurement and customization technologies (single-session) | ☒ | For web measurement and customization technologies (multi-session) | ☒ |
| Other (specify): | | | |
### Section 5: Use of the Information
5.1 In the context of functional areas (business processes, missions, operations, etc.) supported by the IT system, describe how the PII/BII that is collected, maintained, or disseminated
will be used. Indicate if the PII/BII identified in Section 2.1 of this document is in reference to a federal employee/contractor, member of the public, foreign national, visitor or other (specify).
AASS collects, maintains, and disseminates PII about employees, contractors, and members of the public for administrative matters, litigation, civil enforcement activities, to improve federal services online for web measurement and customization technologies (multi and single session), to promote information sharing initiatives, for intelligence activities, for employee or customer satisfaction.
In terms of intelligence activities and information sharing, AASS is a repository for registered patent practitioners and trademark practitioners. Through AASS, OED administers the registration exam and maintains a roster of current patent practitioners. OED also investigates grievances submitted against practitioners, provides public information about disciplinary actions against practitioners, coordinates a nationwide Patent Pro Bono Program for under-resourced inventors seeking free legal help, and administers a Law School Clinic Certification Program where law students gain experience in intellectual property law.
COEAT, GEARS and OCIO-DDD aid in the improvement of federal online services and provide web measurement and customization technologies. COEAT includes hundreds of statistical tools and many data-management commands that provide complete control of all types of data that include byte, integers, long, float, double, and string variables. COEAT generates publication-quality, distinctly styled graphs using an integrated graph editor. GEARS provides a holistic view of the USPTO Enterprise and helps identify and track strategic goals, business functions, business process, roles, organizational structures, business information, key performance metrics to technologies including software applications, services, platforms and network infrastructure. OCIO-DDD is an intranet only web application that collects, stores and displays organizational and performance metric data for the OCIO office.
CIDM system provides content management requirements and functionalities and DCFMS creates a centralized repository of information about Information Technology (IT) facilities of the USPTO. CIDM aids employees by providing content managing and imaging. DCFMS aids in employee satisfaction by providing HVAC services, IT services, and other facility services.
5.2 Describe any potential threats to privacy, such as insider threat, as a result of the bureau’s/operating unit’s use of the information, and controls that the bureau/operating unit has put into place to ensure that the information is handled, retained, and disposed appropriately. (For example: mandatory training for system users regarding appropriate handling of information, automatic purging of information in accordance with the retention schedule, etc.)
USPTO has also identified and evaluated potential threats to PII such as insider threats and adversarial entities which may cause a loss of confidentiality, accessibility and integrity of information. Users are provided one-on-one, weekly, and monthly training. All users have access restriction or permissions based on the built-in security controls of the system. Furthermore, the system has the ability to password protect any sensitive data for added protection. Data retention is managed automatically using IQ Archivist in accordance with records management retention policy. System access to PII/BII data is limited to a restricted set of users.
Section 6: Information Sharing and Access
6.1 Indicate with whom the bureau intends to share the PII/BII in the IT system and how the PII/BII will be shared. (Check all that apply.)
| Recipient | How Information will be Shared |
|----------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| | Case-by-Case | Bulk Transfer | Direct Access |
| Within the bureau | ☒ | | |
| DOC bureaus | ☒ | | |
| Federal agencies | | ☐ | |
| State, local, tribal gov’t agencies | ☐ | | |
| Public | ☒ | ☒ | |
| Private sector | | | ☐ |
| Foreign governments | | ☒ | |
| Foreign entities | | ☐ | |
| Other (specify): | | | |
☐ The PII/BII in the system will not be shared.
6.2 Does the DOC bureau/operating unit place a limitation on re-dissemination of PII/BII shared with external agencies/entities?
☐ Yes, the external agency/entity is required to verify with the DOC bureau/operating unit before re-dissemination of PII/BII.
☒ No, the external agency/entity is not required to verify with the DOC bureau/operating unit before re-dissemination of PII/BII.
☐ No, the bureau/operating unit does not share PII/BII with external agencies/entities.
6.3 Indicate whether the IT system connects with or receives information from any other IT systems authorized to process PII and/or BII.
6.4 Identify the class of users who will have access to the IT system and the PII/BII. (Check all that apply.)
| Class of Users | General Public | Government Employees | Contractors |
|-------------------------|----------------|----------------------|-------------|
| Other (specify): | | | |
Section 7: Notice and Consent
7.1 Indicate whether individuals will be notified if their PII/BII is collected, maintained, or disseminated by the system. (Check all that apply.)
| | Yes, notice is provided pursuant to a system of records notice published in the Federal Register and discussed in Section 9. |
|---|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| | Yes, notice is provided by a Privacy Act statement and/or privacy policy. The Privacy Act statement and/or privacy policy can be found at: Policy: [http://www.uspto.gov/privacy-policy](http://www.uspto.gov/privacy-policy) |
| | Yes, notice is provided by other means. Specify how: |
7.2 Indicate whether and how individuals have an opportunity to decline to provide PII/BII.
☒ Yes, individuals have an opportunity to decline to provide PII/BII.
Specify how: Yes, submitting personal information is voluntary. USPTO does not collect PII from applicants, practitioners, or members of the public unless an individual chooses to provide personal information.
☐ No, individuals do not have an opportunity to decline to provide PII/BII.
Specify why not:
7.3 Indicate whether and how individuals have an opportunity to consent to particular uses of their PII/BII.
☒ Yes, individuals have an opportunity to consent to particular uses of their PII/BII.
Specify how: Yes, individuals have the opportunity to consent to particular uses of their PII. Individuals consent by choosing to provide information. Submitting personal information is voluntary.
☐ No, individuals do not have an opportunity to consent to particular uses of their PII/BII.
Specify why not:
7.4 Indicate whether and how individuals have an opportunity to review/update PII/BII pertaining to them.
☒ Yes, individuals have an opportunity to review/update PII/BII pertaining to them.
Specify how: Yes, individuals have the opportunity to review/update their PII pertaining to them. OED forms can be used by applicants and practitioners to update their information. Employees may update their profile information using MyUSPTO.
☐ No, individuals do not have an opportunity to review/update PII/BII pertaining to them.
Specify why not:
Section 8: Administrative and Technological Controls
8.1 Indicate the administrative and technological controls for the system. (Check all that apply.)
☐ All users signed a confidentiality agreement or non-disclosure agreement.
☐ All users are subject to a Code of Conduct that includes the requirement for confidentiality.
☒ Staff (employees and contractors) received training on privacy and confidentiality policies and practices.
☒ Access to the PII/BII is restricted to authorized personnel only.
☒ Access to the PII/BII is being monitored, tracked, or recorded.
Explanation: Audit Logs
| ☒ | The information is secured in accordance with the Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA) requirements.
Provide date of most recent Assessment and Authorization (A&A): September 19, 2021
☐ This is a new system. The A&A date will be provided when the A&A package is approved. |
| ☒ | The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 199 security impact category for this system is a moderate or higher. |
| ☒ | NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-122 and NIST SP 800-53 Revision 4 Appendix J recommended security controls for protecting PII/BII are in place and functioning as intended; or have an approved Plan of Action and Milestones (POA&M). |
| ☒ | A security assessment report has been reviewed for the information system and it has been determined that there are no additional privacy risks. |
| ☒ | Contractors that have access to the system are subject to information security provisions in their contracts required by DOC policy. |
| ☒ | Contracts with customers establish DOC ownership rights over data including PII/BII. |
| ☐ | Acceptance of liability for exposure of PII/BII is clearly defined in agreements with customers. |
| ☒ | Other (specify): Employees and contractors sign a confidentiality agreement or non-disclosure agreement and are subject to a Code of Conduct that includes the requirement for confidentiality. |
8.2 Provide a general description of the technologies used to protect PII/BII on the IT system. *(Include data encryption in transit and/or at rest, if applicable).*
All access has role-based restrictions and individuals with access privileges undergo vetting and suitability screening. Data is maintained in areas accessible only to authorized personnel. The USPTO maintains an audit trail and performs random periodic reviews to identify unauthorized access. The data is encrypted in transit and at rest. Additionally, AASS is secured by various USPTO infrastructure components, including the NSI system and other OCIO established technical controls to include password authentication at the server and database levels.
Section 9: Privacy Act
9.1 Is the PII/BII searchable by a personal identifier (e.g., name or Social Security number)?
☒ Yes, the PII/BII is searchable by a personal identifier.
☐ No, the PII/BII is not searchable by a personal identifier.
9.2 Indicate whether a system of records is being created under the Privacy Act, 5 U.S.C. § 552a. *(A new system of records notice (SORN) is required if the system is not covered by an existing SORN).*
As per the Privacy Act of 1974, “the term ‘system of records’ means a group of any records under the control of any agency from which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual.”
Yes, this system is covered by an existing system of records notice (SORN). Provide the SORN name, number, and link. *(list all that apply)*:
- COMMERCE/DEPT-3: Conflict of Interest Records, Appointed Officials.
- COMMERCE/DEPT-10: Executive Correspondence Files.
- COMMERCE/PAT-TM-4: Government Employee Invention Rights.
- COMMERCE/PAT-TM-7: Patent Application Files. *(Note: This notice is broken down, where indicated, into three subsystems relating to the status of the files: a. Pending; b. Abandoned; and c. Patented).*.
- COMMERCE/PAT-TM-23: User Access for Web Portals and Information Requests
- COMMERCE/PAT-TM-1: Attorneys and Agents Registered or Recognized to Practice Before the Office
- COMMERCE/PAT-TM-2: Complaints, Investigations and Disciplinary Proceedings Relating to Attorneys and Agents Registered or Recognized to Practice Before the Office.
- COMMERCE/DEPT-18, Employees Personnel Files Not Covered by Notices of Other Agencies
Yes, a SORN has been submitted to the Department for approval on *(date)*.
No, this system is not a system of records and a SORN is not applicable.
**Section 10: Retention of Information**
10.1 Indicate whether these records are covered by an approved records control schedule and monitored for compliance. *(Check all that apply.)*
There is an approved record control schedule. Provide the name of the record control schedule:
GRS 5.1:020: Non-recordkeeping copies of electronic records. Temporary. Destroy immediately after copying to a recordkeeping system or otherwise preserving, but longer retention is authorized if required for business use.
GRS 3.2:020, Computer security incident handling, reporting, and follow-up reports. Temporary. Destroy 3 year(s) after all necessary follow-up actions have been completed, but longer retention is authorized if required for business use.
GRS 3.2:010, System and data security records. Temporary. Destroy 1 year(s) after system is superseded by a new iteration or when no longer needed for agency/IT administrative purposes to ensure a continuity of security controls throughout the life of the system.
GRS 3.2:030 and 031, System Access Records. Temporary. Destroy when business use ceases.
No, there is not an approved record control schedule. Provide the stage in which the project is in developing and submitting a records control schedule:
Yes, retention is monitored for compliance to the schedule.
No, retention is not monitored for compliance to the schedule. Provide explanation:
10.2 Indicate the disposal method of the PII/BII. *(Check all that apply.)*
### Section 11: NIST Special Publication 800-122 PII Confidentiality Impact Level
#### 11.1 Indicate the potential impact that could result to the subject individuals and/or the organization if PII were inappropriately accessed, used, or disclosed. *(The PII Confidentiality Impact Level is not the same, and does not have to be the same, as the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 199 security impact category.)*
| | |
|---|---|
| | Low – the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability could be expected to have a limited adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, or individuals. |
| ☒ | Moderate – the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability could be expected to have a serious adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, or individuals. |
| | High – the loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability could be expected to have a severe or catastrophic adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, or individuals. |
#### 11.2 Indicate which factors were used to determine the above PII confidentiality impact level. *(Check all that apply.)*
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| ☒ | Identifiability | Provide explanation: AASS collects, maintains, or disseminates PII about DOC employees, contractors, and the public. The types of information collected, maintained, used or disseminated by the system includes identifying numbers, Employee ID for example which uniquely identify an individual. |
| ☒ | Quantity of PII | Provide explanation: The number of records collected generate an enormous amount of PII. There are approximately 60,000 patent practitioners active. The cases and customers not registered but that access AASS is much larger. |
| ☒ | Data Field Sensitivity | Provide explanation: The types of identifying numbers such as credit card and name as well as information about disciplinary action regarding practitioners can be sensitive. |
| ☒ | Context of Use | Provide explanation: AASS contains PII regarding grievance investigations submitted against practitioners and provides public information about disciplinary actions against practitioners which if breached could lead to embarrassment and loss of trust. |
| ☒ | Obligation to Protect Confidentiality | Provide explanation: Based on the data collected, USPTO must protect the PII of each individual in accordance to the Privacy Act of 1974 and USPTO Privacy Policy requires the PII information collected within the system to be protected in accordance with |
| | | NIST SP 800-122, Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information. |
|---|---|---|
| ☒ | Access to and Location of PII | Provide explanation: The servers storing the potential PII are located in a highly sensitive zone within the USPTO internal network and logical access is segregated with network firewalls and switches through an Access Control list that limits access to only a few approved authorized accounts. Authorized privileged users access the applications for administrative functions only, and authorized non-privileged users access some applications as required for their roles within their group. The strict access to and secure location of PII lower the PII Confidentiality Impact rating. |
| ☐ | Other: | Provide explanation: |
**Section 12: Analysis**
12.1 Identify and evaluate any potential threats to privacy that exist in light of the information collected or the sources from which the information is collected. Also, describe the choices that the bureau/operating unit made with regard to the type or quantity of information collected and the sources providing the information in order to prevent or mitigate threats to privacy. (For example: If a decision was made to collect less data, include a discussion of this decision; if it is necessary to obtain information from sources other than the individual, explain why.)
USPTO has also identified and evaluated potential threats to PII such as insider threats and adversarial entities which may cause a loss of confidentiality, accessibility and integrity of information. Users are provided one-on-one, weekly, and monthly training. All users have access restriction or permissions based on the built-in security controls of the system. Furthermore, the system has the ability to password protect any sensitive data for added protection. Data retention is managed automatically using IQ Archivist in accordance with records management retention policy. System access to PII/BII data is limited to a restricted set of users.
12.2 Indicate whether the conduct of this PIA results in any required business process changes.
| | | Yes, the conduct of this PIA results in required business process changes. Explanation: |
|---|---|---|
| ☐ | | No, the conduct of this PIA does not result in any required business process changes. |
12.3 Indicate whether the conduct of this PIA results in any required technology changes.
| | Yes, the conduct of this PIA results in required technology changes.
Explanation: |
|---|---|
| | No, the conduct of this PIA does not result in any required technology changes. |
## Points of Contact and Signatures
| **System Owner** | **Chief Information Security Officer** |
|------------------|----------------------------------------|
| Name: Myles Roberts
Office: Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO)
Phone: (571) 272-9182
Email: email@example.com
I certify that this PIA is an accurate representation of the security controls in place to protect PII/BII processed on this IT system.
Signature: ____________________________
Date signed: ___________________________ | Name: Don Watson
Office: Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO)
Phone: (571) 272-8130
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
I certify that this PIA is an accurate representation of the security controls in place to protect PII/BII processed on this IT system.
Signature: ____________________________
Date signed: ___________________________ |
| **Privacy Act Officer** | **Bureau Chief Privacy Officer and Authorizing Official** |
|-------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| Name: Ezequiel Berdichevsky
Office: Office of General Law (O/GL)
Phone: (571) 270-1557
Email: email@example.com
I certify that the appropriate authorities and SORNs (if applicable) are cited in this PIA.
Signature: ____________________________
Date signed: ___________________________ | Name: Henry J. Holcombe
Office: Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO)
Phone: (571) 272-9400
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
I certify that the PII/BII processed in this IT system is necessary, this PIA ensures compliance with DOC policy to protect privacy, and the Bureau/OU Privacy Act Officer concurs with the SORNs and authorities cited.
Signature: ____________________________
Date signed: ___________________________ |
| **Co-Authorizing Official** |
|-----------------------------|
| Name: N/A
Office: N/A
Phone: N/A
Email: N/A
I certify that this PIA accurately reflects the representations made to me herein by the System Owner, the Chief Information Security Officer, and the Chief Privacy Officer regarding security controls in place to protect PII/BII in this PIA.
Signature: ____________________________
Date signed: ___________________________ |
This page is for internal routing purposes and documentation of approvals. Upon final approval, this page must be removed prior to publication of the PIA.
|
THE TABRIZ CONSULATE BY EDWARD LARRABEE BARNES
AIR CONDITIONING: HOW CHANGING TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS ARCHITECTS
HOUSE FOR A WOODED SITE BY GEORGE NEMENY
BUILDING TYPES STUDY: RECREATION—OPPORTUNITIES FOR INNOVATIVE DESIGN
FULL CONTENTS ON PAGES 4 AND 5
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD
AUGUST 1967
8 A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION TWO DOLLARS PER COPY
The Fresno Civic Center is "painting" itself
There are 175,000 square feet of bare USS Cor-Ten Steel Sheets on Fresno's new Community and Convention Center—the first major use of Cor-Ten Steel as wall panels. USS Cor-Ten Steel "paints" itself as it weathers. It develops a tight oxide coating that protects the steel for good. If it is scratched, it heals itself. The longer bare Cor-Ten Steel weathers, the better it looks. It develops a rich earthy color and texture that only nature can provide.
Because it needs no periodic painting or care, bare Cor-Ten Steel eliminates maintenance cost. This, plus its aesthetic value, led to its selection for the job. The Cor-Ten Steel siding is attached to a steel frame with self-tapping Cor-Ten Steel screws.
Bare Cor-Ten Steel is also a natural selection for structural applications. With a minimum yield point of 50,000 psi, it is nearly 40% stronger than structural carbon steel. Members can be lighter and more graceful. USS Cor-Ten Steel is available in a full range of structural shapes, plates, bars, and sheets. For complete information on the proper use of Cor-Ten high-strength low-alloy steel in architectural applications, contact a construction marketing representative through the nearest USS Sales Office or write U. S. Steel, Room 4494, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15230. USS and Cor-Ten are registered trademarks.
This mark tells you a product is made of steel.
USS United States Steel: where the big idea is innovation
I own the building that has DURCON® sinks
And I’m happy. DURCON laboratory sinks are corrosion resistant, attractive, and inexpensive. They come in all sorts of shapes and sizes, and fit anywhere. They are low cost, easy to install, and tough. I’ll always use DURCON sinks and undetable piping in my buildings.
THE DURIRON COMPANY, INC. DAYTON, OHIO DURCO
For more data, circle 2 on inquiry card
Give me a room I can love
Give her PACE by Simmons—make it as "warm" as you like
Warmth and style. That's what the coed wants. And you have to provide it within a strict college housing budget.
So give her new Simmons PACE, the dormitory furniture that lets you design the room exactly as you know she'd like it—without the expense and inconvenience of on-the-job millwork.
Available in Contemporary, Traditional or Elite styles, PACE cabinets, dressers, desks, bookcases and chairs are both functional and comfortable for the student. They're tough, built to take abuse for years.
Seven standard wardrobes can be used individually or in a variety of combinations. They can be assembled by unskilled laborers in minutes for a considerable savings in labor costs.
The Hide-a-bed, a real space saver, can be operated by the tiniest coed. And it features the famous Beautyrest mattress for full comfort and long-term durability.
PACE systems capitalize on every inch of floor space, often freeing up enough for additional rooms. That means true value for the school, freedom for the architect/designer and for the student—a room she will love.
Ask your Simmons representative for full details, or, if you prefer, write directly to us.
SIMMONS
CONTRACT DIVISION • MERCHANDISE MART • CHICAGO, ILL. 60654
For more data, circle 3 on inquiry card
Cover: United States Consulate
Tabriz, Iran
Architect: Edward Larrabee Barnes
Photographer: Lloyd Pearson
FEATURES
93 UNITED STATES CONSULATE, TABRIZ, IRAN
Edward Larrabee Barnes makes a sophisticated architectural statement with ribbon arches and domes which extends his basic philosophy of "asserted continuity in regional architecture."
101 A LIBRARY FOR ST. JOHN'S SEMINARY IN BOSTON
This important new building by architects Carroll and Greenfield is notable for its particularly well co-ordinated mechanical, electrical and structural systems.
105 RESIDENCE, KINGS POINT, NEW YORK
George Nemeny integrates house and site through sensitive design and meticulous detailing of a sophisticated concept on an informal, wooded site. Residence for Mr. and Mrs. Michael Costello, Kings Point, New York.
BUILDING TYPES STUDY 374
109 RECREATION: A CHANCE FOR INNOVATIVE URBAN DESIGN
In New York City, of all places, the need to provide places for people's leisure is being met with an inventive new program which looks to architects and landscape architects, and the highest quality in design, in a search for new and varied responses to the recreation interests of citizens of all ages. The design proposals emerging—and the first projects now completed—are beginning to suggest the outlines of a comprehensive design for recreation for a great city. They also reflect the changing outlook about what the "urban open space" can be.
110 CORONA-FLUSHING MEADOWS SPORTS PARK, QUEENS
Lawrence Halprin and Associates, Site Planning and Programming; Manfred Breuer and Associates, Kenzo Tange and Urtrec, architectural consultants.
112 MUNICIPAL SWIMMING POOL COMPLEX, BEDFORD-STUYVESANT
Morris Lapidus Associates, Architects.
114 CHELSEA RECREATION CENTER, MANHATTAN
Davis, Brody and Associates, Architects.
115 RECREATION CENTER AND AMPHITHEATER, THE BRONX
Lundquist and Stonehill, Architects.
116 MOTT HAVEN SITTING AREA, THE BRONX
Coffey, Levine and Blumberg, Landscape Architects and Architects.
117 SAMUEL PALEY PLAZA, 3 EAST 53RD STREET, MANHATTAN
Zion and Breen Associates, Site Planners and Landscape Architects; Albert Preston Moore, Consulting Architect.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD, August 1967, Vol. 142, No. 2. Published monthly, except May, when semi-monthly, by McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036. CORPORATE OFFICERS: Donald C. McGraw, Chairman of the Board; Shelton Fisher, President; John J. Cooke, Vice President and Secretary; John L. McGraw, Treasurer. SUBSCRIPTION RATE: for individuals in the field served $6.00 per year in U.S.A.; $8.00 in Canada; $10.00 elsewhere. For institutions, $10.00 per year in U.S.A.; $12.00 in Canada; $14.00 elsewhere. Single copies $2.00; further details on page 6. THIS ISSUE is published in national and separate editions. Additional pages of separate edition numbered or allowed for as follows: Western Section, 32-T; Eastern Section, 32-B. PUBLICATION OFFICE: 1500 M Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002. Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C. PRINTED IN U.S.A.—Please send form 3579 to Fulfillment Manager, ARCHITECTURAL RECORD, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, N.J. 08520.
| Page | Title | Authors/Contributors |
|------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 118 | TWENTY-NINTH STREET "VEST POCKET" PARK, MANHATTAN | M. Paul Friedberg and Associates, Landscape Architects. |
| 119 | EXPERIMENTAL "PORTABLE" PLAYGROUNDS | M. Paul Friedberg and Associates, Landscape Architects. |
| 120 | ADVENTURE PLAYGROUND, CENTRAL PARK, MANHATTAN | Richard Dattner, Architect. |
| 122 | NEW DORP PARK, RICHMOND, AND 138TH STREET PLAYGROUND, THE BRONX | John Carl Warnecke and Associates, Architects, Planning Consultants and Landscape Architects. |
| 124 | PLAY AREAS OVER GARAGE AND RAILROAD TRACKS, BROOKLYN | M. Paul Friedberg and Associates, Landscape Architects. |
| 125 | AIR CONDITIONING: A NEW INTERPRETATION FOR ARCHITECTS | The trend is toward larger central systems on the one hand and decentralized unitary systems on the other. The reasons why and what this means in terms of system design are explored in the second and concluding part of this article. |
| 141 | PRODUCT REPORTS | |
| 142 | OFFICE LITERATURE | |
| 221 | READER SERVICE INQUIRY CARD | |
**BEHIND THE RECORD**
"For Once I'll Give In and Indulge in Criticism" by Emerson Goble.
**PERSPECTIVES**
**THE RECORD REPORTS**
**BUILDINGS IN THE NEWS**
**CALENDAR AND OFFICE NOTES**
**ARCHITECTURAL BUSINESS**
- Building activity ........................................... 65
- Cost trends and analysis ................................. 71
- Cost indexes and indicators ............................. 73
**REQUIRED READING**
**ADVERTISING INDEX**
COMING IN THE RECORD
HOSPITALS: PLANNING FOR THE CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES
Medical centers will get special attention in next month's Building Type Study, which will underscore the importance of flexibility in developing master plan that can adapt over many years to new technologies as they emerge. Some new applications of advanced techniques of automation in the design of hospitals will also be analyzed.
PUBLIC BUILDINGS AS ARCHITECTURE
Heartening words have been spoken in recent years, and in the highest circles, about the need for the highest quality in Federal architecture. But the test of conviction in architecture is in architectural results, and there should be particular interest in a forthcoming feature presenting the design concepts for some important new buildings on the Mall in the nation's Capital.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD (combined with AMERICAN ARCHITECT, ARCHITECTURE and WESTERN ARCHITECT) AND PUBLISHED Monthly. Vol. 142, No. 2. Title reg. in U.S. Patent Office. © copyright 1967 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved including the right to reproduce the contents of this publication either in whole or in part. Quotations on bulk reprints of articles available on request. Indexed in Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature, Art Index, Applied Science & Technology Index, Engineering Index, and the Architectural Index. Architectural Record is a McGraw-Hill publication, published monthly, except May, when semi-monthly, by McGraw-Hill Publications, a division of McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036. James H. McGraw (1880-1948), Founder.
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CORPORATION OFFICERS: Donald C. McGraw, chairman of the board; Shelton Fisher, president; L. Keith Goodrich, Robert E. Slaughter, executive vice presidents; Donald C. McGraw, Jr., senior vice president, manufacturing services; John J. Cooke, vice president and secretary; John L. McGraw, vice president and treasurer.
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SUBSCRIPTIONS: Available only by paid subscription. Publisher reserves the right to refuse non-qualified subscriptions. Subscriptions solicited only from architects and engineers. Position, firm connection, and type of firm must be indicated on subscription orders forwarded to Fulfillment Manager, Architectural Record, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520. Subscription prices: U.S., Possessions and Canada, $6.00 per year; other Western Hemisphere countries, to those who by title are architects and engineers, $15.00 per year. Single copy price, $2.00. Both in Western Hemisphere, to those who by title are architects and engineers, $15.00 per issue; for 12 monthly issues not including Mid-May issue. Subscription from all others outside U.S., U.S. Possessions and Canada for 12 monthly issues, not including Mid-May issue, $24 per year.
SUBSCRIBERS: Address change of address notice, correspondence regarding subscription service or subscription orders to Fulfillment Manager, Architectural Record, P.O. Box 430, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520. Change of address notices should be sent promptly; provide old as well as new address; include zip code or postal zone number if any. If possible, attach address label from recent issue. Please allow one month for change of address to become effective.
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Would all Americans kindly leave the page?
(Except for those designing jobs for locations outside the U.S.)
We want to talk about the Archimetric System, a new series of architectural products already proved in use in the US; and optional in Alcoa Duranodic 300® finish.
Alcoa International has wrapped up the best features of aluminum building components in one neat, universal package. Curtain-wall, windows, doors, accessories . . . the lot. And all in Alcoa Duranodic 300, if specified. A complete range of aluminum architectural products capable of building anything from a modest shop to a luxury hotel. Because we are an international marketing organization we can supply your needs everywhere outside the U.S.
'Available everywhere' means that the nagging, time-wasting business of specification is simplified right down to one straightforward process . . . leaving you free to get on with the real business of being an architect. You can rely on Alcoa International to make sure that the local licensee is really trustworthy before he is given full responsibility for fabrication, assembly and installation of Archimetric products. He stands ready to inform, estimate, schedule, and deliver on any project. Any size. Anywhere. Except the U.S., of course.
Important
This booklet may contain the answer to one of your current problems. Better get it right away. The address is: Alcoa International, S.A., Avenue d’Ouchy 61, Lausanne, Switzerland. (A subsidiary of Aluminum Company of America.)
© REGISTERED TRADE MARK OF ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA
For more data, circle 4 on inquiry card
Pick from all two of our complete Louver line.
We make two louvers with two unique functions, and that's it. Quality instead of variety.
Our Sinko Parahex Louver (left) can offer brightness control at its finest, by providing unlimited footcandles of illumination without reflected glare.
Our new Louver Lens provides the diffusion of louvers and the beauty of a lens. It is also slotted for clear, unobstructed air flow.
We don't claim to offer something for everybody. But when you want unusually good lighting efficiency or a ceiling that's quite out of the ordinary, specify Sinko.
We're specialists. And we're expensive, like most good things.
(Incidentally, we offer an egg crate diffuser known as Thin Cell. It's our one concession to conformity.)
MSL PLASTICS: the unique lighting people.
10500 Seymour Avenue, Franklin Park, Illinois 60131
For more data, circle 5 on inquiry card
FOR ONCE I'LL GIVE IN AND INDULGE IN CRITICISM
This observer has made it a habit to keep to himself some thoughts about certain building designs; I have in fact announced a conviction that too negative criticism damages not only the building in question, but also the architectural cause. In this case, however—this case is the proposed new headquarters building of the American Institute of Architects—I have to feel that criticism is demanded, and that, since in a way it is the fraternity of a body which has perpetrated this design, they have asked for it.
They got it, the other day, from the Fine Arts Commission of Washington, D.C., which rejected the scheme for the new building. At the moment, one presumes, there is confusion around the Octagon, for the Commission has the power to prevent its construction, and the Commission left little hope for compromise by modification of the design. It said the building was "too domineering and out of keeping with the feeling of Octagon House." And: "The whole concept is basically wrong, and there is little they could do to alter the basic design."
I certainly agree that the design should be domineering, and perhaps that's enough to say. But it's a bit ambiguous. The building, if constructed, would dominate the site, and tower over the little Octagon Building. It might also be considered to be domineering as an architectural precept, or concept, and there are plenty of good architects today who would question this idea of architectural objectives. A tour de force is always a temptation, but it is not always good architecture.
As most readers know, the design, the work of Mitchell and Giurgola, won a nationwide A.I.A. competition for the new office building and was later revised. So architects themselves are the clients; they wrote the program; they chose the jurors; and they are bound to carry on according to competition rules. It would be my thought that any criticism of this design should be widely distributed. Any entrant naturally tries to assess the purposes and preferences of the client and the jury; it was plain in this instance that the idea was to make it a stage setting for the Octagon. And the jury is responsible for picking a winning design; they opted for "domineering."
But the nice little Octagon is no subject for such glaring attention. It is a small, mild-mannered, modest little building. It has important historical claims, but it would not be so bold as to claim architectural achievement. So that mammoth glass monster that would be behind it should surely embarrass the little thing, and such glaring attention would focus on history, not architecture.
Shouldn't a nice little old lady have, as an escort, somebody equally modest and well mannered? Wouldn't the escort try to enhance her style, her manners? Wouldn't he, in fact, dress modestly and let the old girl have what dignity she could manage?
The new building design seems to do everything glaringly inappropriately. It would tower over the little building; it would steal the show with its own tour de force. And in fact sort of laugh at the building it was supposed to revere.
Not to mention the fact that all this glare would focus on the little old lady's posterior. That particular little old lady has a posterior no more attractive than any other lady's or any show girl's. Would the famous topless gals of Paris's Lido like always to face the rear of the stage, and have the spotlights on their backs?
Henry Saylor, long editor of the A.I.A. Journal, spent a lot of years developing a nice garden setting behind the Octagon, including some rather large flowering trees. Visitors to the present A.I.A. office building, behind the Octagon, may not realize how that garden contributes to the charm of the old building, and to the receptions staged within.
But obviously the new building would mean removing the graceful garden, leaving an unseemly rear fully exposed. Thus its inhabitants, who would be supposed to bow low each time they get near the glass front, would be looking at a bare and unbeauteous scene.
And think of the torture they would suffer in a tortured building. One look at the model shows how the functions of an office building have been sacrificed for this wall of glass. There are no other windows, and spaces would have to be staggered around the center.
More to the point, however, is the fact that strong architectural thought is turning ever more insistently toward making new buildings settle in comfortably and peaceably with their neighbors.
Can anybody point to any corresponding attributes of that prize winner? Or is anybody ready to argue that that proposed building would do any good for the profession of architecture?
—Emerson Goble
Architect as contractor? Horrible thought dept.
Of course it is not a new thought that the architect might consider taking on the duties of the contractor, even if the architectural standards frown on such a mixing of responsibilities. But at the recent A.I.A. convention I listened with considerable interest to an architect friend who bent my ear on this theme. He was not making a positive statement that the architect should reach for this role; he was just running over the considerations.
I shall not put them all down here, but rather summarize them in the thought that the architect is now charged with so many responsibilities for matters he cannot control, that in self-defense he might have to act. He does not control the actions or policies of the general contractor; nor those of any subs. His actual control of labor, costs, deliveries, and so on is rather nebulous. Yet to the client it is the architect who disappoints him when the building is delayed, the costs run too high, the workmanship or materials are faulty. Legal decisions these days are frightening architects with charges of responsibility, when the architect has a natural tendency to think of himself as an adviser to the owner, not a contractor.
The trouble is that clients are not content with advice. They want a building, on time, on cost budget, on specified functional considerations. These are what the "package dealer" offers to the client.
Esthetics? Who knows about esthetics? How many clients (say, building committees) can stand up in front of the board of directors and argue that the architect was right, even though the building cost too much, or came in much behind schedule? What building committee can argue that quality was the factor, that the architect was protecting their interests; as was his obligation.
I am told that manufacturers of most items these days have committees of experts studying ways of cutting costs. As for myself, I should like to have paid $10 more for my car than the $100 it cost me one day because the radiator was underdesigned.
Some of these responsibilities are needing to be re-thought.
Any one for bridge? Sounds profitable
Alan Truscott, bridge writer for the New York Times, had something to say about what types of people make good bridge players. He mentioned actors, accountants, authors, bankers, dentists and doctors, engineers, and others, with an especially strong mention of lawyers. Then:
"Architects and artists are conspicuously absent from the list, suggesting that three-dimensional visualization is quite different from the mental pictures of the unseen cards that the expert must conjure up during the play of the hands."
It looks like architects should avoid bridge games with lawyers. Or, to my way of thinking, it would be simpler just to avoid lawyers.
Architects learn to draw, but what about thinking?
That canard (this page) about architects not being good bridge players (really, you know, the man didn't mention how busy architects are these days) does suggest, however, a recent remark by an architect. He also was mentioning architects' training in drawing, but he didn't give it the usual charge.
It is a familiar remark that architects are trained to draw, but not to write. I lament: was worse: "Architects trained to draw, but not to think."
Not to think. Well, I think I could lose him in semantics. What is thinking anyway? Architects are, as the bridge writer said, trained in three-dimensional visualization. No thinking in that? What do you mean by "thinking"? Analysts? Lawyers would be trained to analyze words, or perhaps abstractions stated in words. Engineers analyze numerical matters; doctors, medical troubles. Do architects analyze anything?
Ah, and what about creating? What do lawyers create? Doctors? Accountants? Bankers?
"Trained to draw, but not to think." That might be changed to "Trained to draw, in order to encourage creative thinking."
The A.I.A. building again and its neighborliness
That attack (previous page) on the proposed design for the new A.I.A. headquarters building considered it only in the light of its neighborliness to the old Octagon Building. But when the Fine Arts Commission of Washington rejected the design, what the Commission had in mind no doubt was the effect of such "domineering" a design on the surrounding city.
I can't drop my own charge without questioning whether, in this respect, the architectural fraternity ought to be more concerned than it seems to be. If it is too overpowering, too arrogant, to settle down quietly behind the Octagon, isn't it also too injudicious a venture to perpetrate on the city of Washington? Isn't it a rather daring statement for the official architectural group to make? —E.G.
Prestressed Concrete
offers beautiful solutions to a wide range of design problems for every building type. Best man to talk to in the earliest planning stage is your local PCI member. Odds are he has good answers to questions you face right now. If you don’t know his name already, write us at 205 W. Wacker Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60606.
Prestressed Concrete Institute
For more data, circle 6 on inquiry card
You need Hardwick Carpet if
you want style — and limitless selection of colors, fibres, patterns . . . in stock, or custom made to your most exacting specifications. With decorator-inspired—and inspiring—beauty and luxury.
you want value — carpets built to take high traffic beating, that spring back from countless footfalls, fibres that take stains reluctantly and give them up willingly. Quality that keeps clients happy—and recommending you—for years on end.
you want service — personal, individual attention that spells success when you have to meet tough contract demands. On-time delivery that counts at deadline time. From the compact carpet mill that takes a personal interest in your needs.
you want profits — from prices that give you room for profit in every room.
If you want all these things from every carpet you buy then you need HARDWICK CARPETS
Write today for brochure showing the latest Hardwick patterns in full color.
HARDWICK & MAGEE COMPANY . . . the compact mill
Lehigh Ave. at 7th St., Phila., Pa. 19133 • Chicago • Dallas • Denver • Detroit • Louisville • New York • San Francisco • Los Angeles
For more data, circle 7 on inquiry card
One man operates the Honeywell automated control center that sees, hears, records, reveals, checks, adjusts, alarms, remembers, analyzes, monitors, starts and stops almost everything in a modern building. Shown here: Northwestern National Life Insurance Company, Minneapolis, Minn. Architect: Minoru Yamasaki & Associates.
Now Honeywell 1-man Building Control gives you 33⅓% annual return, microelectronic circuitry plus...
...these reasons to specify Honeywell:
- Only Honeywell offers 5 different systems to automate clients' buildings... ranging from one so simple their secretaries can run it to new systems that let one man control an entire building complex. They get what they need. No more. No less.
- Only Honeywell offers microelectronic circuitry... the next state-of-the-art advancement in control technology. Integrated circuits in new Honeywell building control systems provide infinite life expectancy and reliability.
- Only Honeywell maintains a field staff of Building Automation Systems Engineers to help you deliver the payoff your client deserves. He can call on 8 other Honeywell divisions for help... taking advantage of Honeywell know-how in process control and space guidance to keep your system from becoming obsolete.
Add to this the fact that Honeywell has 112 offices around the country to give you 24-hour service and you can only conclude: Only Honeywell can design, build, install, guarantee and service the complete system your client needs.
Make us prove these strong statements. Ask for examples of operating economies in building projects like yours. Send coupon.
FREE BOOKLET!
- Send for copy of "Honeywell Building Automation Planning Guide"
Honeywell, Dept. AR8-101
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408
Name_____________________________________
Title______________________________________
Firm______________________________________
Address___________________________________
City_________________ State_____ Zip_______
Have a Building Automation Systems Engineer call with examples of operating economies.
Honeywell automation systems help make people more productive
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967
The "OVERHEAD DOOR" electric is tougher than a tribe of Apaches
Sterling qualities, these. However, they don’t tell the whole story of why more and more architects are specifying The “OVERHEAD DOOR” electric for their custom home and industrial building designs. We know why they are, though. Why?
**Quality construction.**
The “OVERHEAD DOOR” and electric operators are made of the finest materials available, and are built by us in our own factories equipped with specialized production machinery.
**Manufacturing experience.**
Overhead Door Corporation invented the sectional door, and has built over eight million of them. It’s not surprising that we know more about the application of doors and electric operators than anybody else.
**Professional assistance.**
Our engineers are always ready to confer with you on any standard or special door requirements. We stand ready to assist you on any industrial, commercial, or residential specifications.
and as dependable as the Sheriff.
Versatility.
The "OVERHEAD DOOR" electric can be designed for almost every conceivable application. Specify The "OVERHEAD DOOR" and get the industry's widest selection of materials, sizes, and designs.
Nationwide service.
There's a distributor of The "OVERHEAD DOOR" within minutes of nearly every job site in the country. America's largest network of factory-trained door specialists is at your service. Just look for your nearest distributor's name under "OVERHEAD DOOR" in the white pages of your telephone directory. Maybe you're a bit past your prime for a fast game of Cowboys and Indians. But you can still prove yourself one of the good guys by always specifying The "OVERHEAD DOOR" and electric operator.
For more information about the men who stand behind The "OVERHEAD DOOR", please turn the page.
For more data, circle 8 on inquiry card
The men standing in back of The “OVERHEAD DOOR” also stand behind it.
Next to the product we sell, these men are our pride and joy. They’re door men, factory-trained specialists who are eminently qualified to help you select the door or doors best suited for any application; commercial, industrial, or residential. We make doors of wood, steel, aluminum, and fiber glass in any size to fit any opening. Specify The “OVERHEAD DOOR” electric and you put the vast technical knowledge and experience of these men to work for you.
Your client will appreciate it. And he’ll remember it. Always specify The “OVERHEAD DOOR”. It’s the door you can stand behind, because we do. For full details call your local distributor. He’s listed under “OVERHEAD DOOR” in the white pages of your phone book. Or, refer to our catalogue in Sweet’s Architectural File. Another open and shut case for The “OVERHEAD DOOR”. For more information about The “OVERHEAD DOOR”, please turn back one page.
Sales · Installation · Service
THE “OVERHEAD DOOR”
TRADE MARK
SINCE 1921
OVERHEAD DOOR CORPORATION • General Offices: Dallas, Texas 75202 • Manufacturers of The “OVERHEAD DOOR” and electric operators for residential and commercial buildings
For more data, circle 8 on inquiry card
This good-looking terrazzo floor cured in 16 hours, weighs only 3 to 4 lb./sq. ft.
It’s based on Shell Epon® resin.
Shell Epon resin is gaining rapid acceptance as a binder for terrazzo floors. It acts as both the marble chip matrix, and the adhesive that bonds to the substrate. The result is a highly durable, non-dusting floor with broad design and installation possibilities.
**Lightweight**—These “thin-set” floors are applied in thicknesses of 3/16" to 1/4", giving a weight of only 3 to 4 lb./sq. ft. compared to about 30 lb./sq. ft. for portland cement terrazzos. For new construction, less load-bearing capacity is needed. For remodeling, thin-set terrazzo can be installed on upper stories as well as lower floors, and elevations need not be raised.
**Fast cure**—Terrazzo based on Epon resin can be walked on in 10 to 12 hours, can be ground in 16 to 20 hours. This permits workmen to return quickly to the job site.
**Low maintenance**—The tough, smooth, chemical-resistant surface of these floors is very easy to clean.
**Flexible, crack-resistant**—Epon resin-based terrazzo absorbs impact, vibration and noise, resists cracking much better than portland cement. If desired, it can be made flexible enough to eliminate divider strips.
**Easy installation** over wood, concrete and steel. Floor is applied in 5 steps: (1) Etching the substrate; (2) Priming the substrate; (3) Power-trowelling the binder/aggregate mix; (4) Grinding and grouting the surface; and (5) Sealing. A finish may also be applied.
**Why Epon resin?** Shell Epon resin is the ideal binder for thin-set floors. It has extremely low shrinkage, and adheres tightly to substrates. Its low odor permits installation in institutions and food plants with a minimum of operational interruptions.
Terrazzo floor systems based on Shell Epon resin are readily available in a wide range of colors. Mail the coupon if you’d like a supplier of these materials to contact you.
---
**Shell Chemical Company**
Plastics and Resins Division
113 West 52nd St., N.Y., N.Y. 10019
Please have a supplier of Epon resin-based terrazzo materials contact me.
Name_____________________________________
Company___________________________________
Address____________________________________
City_________State_______Zip______
Bright ideas
You see them here. You see them there. You see them everywhere...those thrifty, space saving Bradley Washfountains. That's because Washfountains are used throughout modern schools. In washrooms. Corridors. Shops. Gyms. Labs. Classrooms. Kitchens. Cafeterias. Faculty lounges. Dormitories. Why are Washfountains so popular? Compare them to ordinary lavs. Washfountains cost less to install, use less water, require less space. And they're foot operated, so they're much more sanitary. Available in the widest choice of models, colors, and compositions. Bradley Washfountains—the brightest ideas in modern schools. See your Bradley representative. And write for latest literature. Bradley Washfountain Co., 9109 Fountain Drive, Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin 53055.
from Bradley!
Want a building power system that gives you electricity, heat, and air conditioning—even in a blackout?
It’s all yours.
The Garrett-AiResearch Total Energy System is yours to make money with by providing its power output to your lessees in high rise office buildings, apartments, or shopping centers. It’s yours to rely on for uninterrupted power for hospitals, or critical industrial processes. It’s yours to use as a way to lower overhead by regulating its power to your precise needs. ■ It’s all done with our AiResearch turbine modules. Exhaust gas heats water, produces steam, and powers air conditioning cycles; shaft power runs generators, pumps, and compressors. ■ You buy only the modules you need now; more units can be added easily and economically as your power needs increase. ■ To get all the facts on the system that’s leading the trend to modern power, write: Total Energy Sales, The Garrett Corporation, Dept. 5D, 180 North Aviation Blvd., El Segundo, Calif.
AiResearch Total Energy Systems
ALMA
This is Series 8000 — another design from our Trend Program. Another reason why Alma is the world's leading manufacturer of wood office furniture. For catalogs showing this and other Trend lines, write Alma Desk Company, Box 271, High Point, N. C. 27261.
Swirl by Robert Pierron—a sculptured wood relief from the private collection of WOODWORK CORPORATION OF AMERICA
FREEDOM TO CREATE IN WOOD... The promise of wood in the hands of a sensitive designer adds beauty to structure... form to function... feeling to flexibility. For more than two generations our single-source custom service has enabled architects and designers to unleash their total creativity on the wonderful warmth of wood. We invite you to think of wood as the medium... freely... unconcerned with construction and installation. We can produce it.
WOODWORK CORPORATION OF AMERICA
1432 WEST TWENTY FIRST STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60608
ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK:
Panelling • Wainscoting • Partitions • Building Trim
INDUSTRIAL WOODWORK:
Wood Components • Special Plywood
Custom Furniture • Merchandising Equipment
This is Tyler foam-in-place
It increases display and storage capacity as much as 25%
Fire-resistant foam, forced under pressure into a jig holding the inner and outer walls of a sales case or cooler, expands and bonds the walls together. It fills the space, stays in place and can't absorb moisture.
This foam-sandwich construction is one of the most efficient insulators—two inches of foam provides as much insulation as five inches of fiberglass. And it makes a much stronger case or cooler.
For sales cases
Out-of-stock or restocking problems during rush hours are reduced because Tyler foam-in-place sales cases give up to 25% more capacity than conventional fiberglass cases.
Tyler sales cases are lighter in weight so they're easy to install. And they're rust-resistant so they last longer—can be hose flushed every night.
Supermarkets, convenience and specialty stores can add extra display space throughout the store without adding extra floor space with a complete line of Tyler foam-in-place, produce, meat, dairy and frozen food sales cases.
Foam can't settle in the walls and leave voids so you get uniform insulation for the life of the cooler. And Tyler foam coolers are lightweight for easy dismantling if you want to increase the size or move them.
Tyler walk-in coolers are NSF approved.
For more information
Call your Tyler distributor listed in the yellow pages under "Refrigerating Equipment, Commercial." Or write:
TYLER
REFRIGERATION DIVISION
CLARK EQUIPMENT COMPANY
NILES, MICHIGAN 49120
his exclusive Ruberoid formula outwears any other vinyl asbestos floor tile.
Royal Stoneglow" Ruberoid
Milled down tile proves pattern won't wear off
Nobody in the flooring industry can match for Royal Stoneglow. The glowing stone beauty is engineered for extra heavy duty. Meets Federal specifications for vinyl asbestos. Available in 12" x 12" tiles, 3/8" and 3/4" gauges.
The richly veined pattern won't show traffic lanes. Color chips that form the pattern extend through the tile. The 3/4" gauge is ideal for modeling—helps conceal subfloor irregularities.
Royal Stoneglow takes heavy traffic in stride: retail stores, supermarkets, office buildings, schools, hospitals. It's resistant to grease and stains, to sun-fading and fire. Can be used on, above or below grade.
Ask your Ruberoid distributor for the twin Samplers which include the complete Ruberoid line of architectural gauges in vinyl asbestos. For more information, write The Ruberoid Co., a division of General Aniline & Film Corporation, 733 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
RUBEROID®
DISTINCTIVE FLOORING
another fine product from
Holophane’s new Controlgrid Controlens® has a truly distinctive modular look. You can specify it in sizes up to a big 3’x3’—or in ANY smaller size.
Clean, crisp appearance. Controlgrid’s rectangular grid pattern gives it the trim, lean, unobtrusive look so popular in contemporary interiors. The grid pattern of slightly raised ridges gives Controlgrid a unique modular look and helps keep the lens rigid no matter how large the lens area.
Design flexibility. Controlgrid is molded in 2’ X 4’ and 3’ X 3’ sizes, and is available in ANY smaller size you specify. That means you can use different sizes to meet different lighting needs while keeping appearance uniform throughout your design.
Precision light control. Controlgrid’s prismatic structure is carefully engineered to deliver the maximum amount of glare-free, prismatically-controlled illumination uniformly over horizontal surfaces. You get more light where you need it. And Controlgrid has exceptionally low and even lens brightness—it never intrudes on your design.
CONTROLENS by HOLOPHANE
Holophane’s new 6100 Controlens has the slim styling and specialized performance you need for lighting corridors, library stacks and similar areas.
Full ceiling and wall illumination. The 6100 is a slender, one-lamp wrap-around lens designed to distribute light prismatically onto ceiling and walls as well as floor. This eliminates all dark areas, makes any corridor or aisle safe, cheerful and inviting.
Uniform, glare-free illumination. A combination of longitudinal and transverse prisms on bottom of lens distributes glare-free light uniformly over a broad area, not just under the fixture. This means you can space units more than twice the aisle width apart and still get completely uniform illumination.
Low and even lens brightness. A unique configuration of linear prisms obscures the lamp, illuminates the lens evenly and unobtrusively. There’s no socket or lamp-end darkness. And since the lens attaches to its fixture by its rugged endcaps, it functions like a frameless Controlens with no visible hinges to mar appearance.
You can specify both the Controlgrid and 6100 lens in the fixtures of dozens of leading manufacturers. For full information on these newest Holophane lenses, write: Dept. H-B, Holophane Company, Inc., 1120 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10036.
CONTROLENS by HOLOPHANE
Smooth white precast window units contrasted with flat precast panels with exposed aggregate of Fletcher Granite... make an attractive facade for this 36-story hospital housing "original." In addition, the planters in the garden and plaza... the panels and load-bearing columns in the store... are precast of true-white Medusa White... the architect's aristocrat of White Portland Cements... his most moldable, aesthetic medium for creative "originals."
Ask your concrete products producer about Medusa White or write Medusa at P. O. Box 5668, Cleveland, Ohio 44101.
For more data, circle 17 on inquiry card
MEDUSA PORTLAND CEMENT COMPANY
White & Gray Portland Cements • White, Gray & Custom Color Masonry Cements • ChemCamp Shrinkage Compensating Cement
Grant makes child’s play out of moving heavy doors or walls.
Grant sliding hardware affords architects and designers the flexibility of immediate interior space conversion, so vital in today’s structures. Grant offers hardware expressly designed for application to doors, partitions, dividers, even walls.
7000 hardware: 100 lbs. capacity/1200 hardware: up to 275 lbs. capacity/5000 hardware: up to 300 lbs. capacity (greater capacity available). Specific data on all Grant hardware available on request.
GRANT
PULLEY & HARDWARE CORPORATION
EASTERN DIVISION: 9 HIGH STREET, WEST NYACK, NEW YORK 10994
WESTERN DIVISION: 944 LONG BEACH AVE., LOS ANGELES, CALIF. 90021
For more data, circle 18 on inquiry card
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967
And in such language! But... can you blame an owner whose heating and cooling costs are going up and up? Now it looks as if he may have blown an account by deciding to use that bargain insulation.
It worked all right at first. But gradually it lost efficiency. Why? Maybe the vapor barrier? He knew vapor barriers weren't foolproof. They deteriorate. Maybe building movement split it. Then moisture permeated the insulation. Condensation may have complicated things... dragged down insulating efficiency.
There is a better insulation. It's STYROFOAM® brand plastic foam. The very best. Retains its effectiveness. Resists water and rarely requires a vapor barrier. Rot and mold are not problems. Flame retardant. Lightweight and easy to install. Use the Miller System: Apply paneling, decorative wallboard directly to STYROFOAM brand plastic foam; use as a base for wet plaster; or as a perimeter insulation for foundations and slabs.
Want the repeaters?
Specify STYROFOAM brand plastic foam insulation, one of a family of rigid foam insulations offered by Dow. For information, write to: The Dow Chemical Company, Construction Materials Sales Dept. 71302, Midland, Mich. 48640.
For more data, circle 19 on inquiry card
What will bargain insulation do to repeat business?
(He just found out!)
5 ways to cool it
NEW SEMI-RECESSED
Cooler or fountain. Refrigeration package available separately with 8 or 12 gph capacity to serve from 96 to 444 people per hour. Order complete water cooler, or fountain and add cooling unit later. Good-looking design in Mocha Linen textured vinyl finish (shown), Desert Mist enamel or stainless steel.
FLOOR-MOUNTED FLUSH-TO-WALL
Exclusive trapezoid shape invites access from either side, or front, saving over a foot of aisle space. Seven models serve from 73 to 180 office workers per hour. Hot water accessory available.
WALL-MOUNTED SPACE-SAVER
At standard height, leaves floor clear for easy cleaning. Or unit may be mounted at floor level for children. Stylish decor, serves 73 to 180 office workers per hour. Hot water accessory available for instant hot beverages.
FREE-STANDING WATER COOLER
Streamlined, handsome appearance complements any location. Suitable for office or industrial applications—6 models serve from 48 to 240 people. Dual hand and full-width foot controls are standard on most models.
COMPACT WATER COOLER
Cool refreshment for small offices. Serves up to 36 people; requires just one square foot of floor space. Adjustable temperature control, automatic stream height regulator.
Progress Is Our Most Important Product
GENERAL ELECTRIC
FREE EIGHT-PAGE BULLETIN with attractive full color illustrations, plus all the technical data. Send for it! Simply clip out the coupon below before you turn the page.
Please send me your full line water cooler bulletin 67-1036.
General Electric Company
Department N761-39
14th and Arnold Streets
Chicago Heights, Illinois 60411
Name_____________________________________________________
Firm______________________________________________________
Address____________________________________________________
City_________________________ State________ Zip______________
you see so much more in carpeting when you call in Berven of California
Would Tufted Broadloom best answer your carpet specifications? The textural, design and color versatility of Berven Tufted Broadloom might prove most interesting... plus its dollars-and-cents practicality. Berven offers you a wide sweep of qualities ranging from acrylic, nylon, polyester and poly-propylene olefin fibers to traditional pure wool. Tufted Broadloom, in turn, is but one of 10 basic lines manufactured or distributed by Berven Of California to offer you one of the widest selections of carpeting and services in the Nation. And behind all of this is a sure sense of color and textural styling that springs from a most knowledgeable Custom Carpet heritage. Perhaps we might be helpful. We'd surely like to try.
THE BERVEN OF CALIFORNIA RANGE
Manufacturers of: Tufted Broadloom; Custom Tufted Rugs and Carpet; Stock Design and Custom Designed Handmade Rugs and Carpet; Hand-loomed Reversible Chenille; Custom-braided Rugs; Hand-loomed Reversible Broadloom.
Distributors of: *Roxbury Broadloom (Axminster, Velvet, Knitted, Tufted); *Loma Loom Rubber-backed Carpet; Ozite Outdoor-Indoor Carpet, Carpet Tile, Rubber and Felted Lining. *WESTERN STATES
BERVEN OF CALIFORNIA
General and Administrative Offices: 2600 Ventura Avenue, Fresno, California 93717 • (209) 268-0771 • Sales Offices and Showrooms: Chicago • New York • Miami • Minneapolis • Dallas • Houston • Denver • Phoenix • Seattle • Spokane • Portland • Sacramento • Fresno • Los Angeles • National City • San Francisco • Honolulu
Now, a carpet tile!
Ozite introduces the soft, warm, quiet tile that never needs waxing or polishing... because it's carpet!
Now get the benefits of a soft floor covering with the installation advantages of tile. New Ozite® Carpet Tiles are 12-inch squares of long-wearing Ozite Carpet, with a built-in rubber back for extra plushness. They're made of Vectra® olefin fiber... the fiber that won't absorb moisture... so it resists stains from food, drink, even household chemicals.
- Ozite Carpet Tiles are colorfast. Won't rot or mildew. (Ideal for below-grade installations.) They bring new comfort, warmth and quiet to offices, stores, schools, motels, rec-rooms, bathrooms, kitchens.
No costly waxing or polishing. Dense, firm surface resists soiling. Just vacuum clean. In case of accident, individual tiles can be easily replaced. Ozite Carpet Tiles are simple to install with Ozite adhesive. They cut easily with a sharp knife or scissors. Can be installed in sections. No involved estimating. Minimum of waste. 16 colors give unlimited design possibilities. All colors also available in broadloom widths. Where will you use Ozite Carpet Tiles made of Vectra fiber? Use your imagination!
Mail coupon now for full details and samples.
As advertised in LIFE magazine
Ozite CARPET TILES made with Vectra®
* Ozite is the registered trademark of the Ozite Corporation — 7-120 Merchandise Mart — Chicago, Illinois
* Vectra is the registered trademark of the National Plastic Products Company, Inc., for its olefin fiber. Vectra makes fiber only, not carpet.
Anemostat diffusers—silent, efficient performers at the Los Angeles Music Center
Air diffusers for the $33.5-million Music Center of Los Angeles County had to meet these primary criteria—blend with the elegant decor, deliver effective air flow patterns in huge halls as well as smaller areas, and be quiet enough not to disturb the sensitive ears of music lovers.
Several types of Anemostat diffusers were chosen for the trio of outstanding buildings. In the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion and Ahmanson Theatre, for example, Anemostat’s ALD Architectural Linear Diffusers became unobtrusive elements of the interiors. These linear units distribute 250,000 CFM of air to the pavilion with no audible hisses or hums.
Anemostat EA-1 square diffusers and C-2 circular diffusers handle smaller spaces in the three buildings. They mount flush, look trim, and offer similar air handling flexibility and quiet operation.
Write for a catalog of Anemostat’s complete line of air distribution equipment. Anemostat Products Division, P.O. Box 1083, Scranton, Pa. 18501.
Architect and Engineer: Welton Becket & Associates • General Contractor: Peter Kiewit Son’s Company • Air Conditioning Contractor: F. B. Gardner Company, Inc. (pavilion); A&S Air Conditioning Company (forum and theatre)
ARCHITECTURAL LINEAR DIFFUSER
DOROTHY CHANDLER PAVILION
ANEMOSTAT PRODUCTS DIVISION
DYNAMICS CORPORATION OF AMERICA
Obtain more architectural flexibility in concrete...with the structural advantages of Basalite lightweight expanded shale aggregate
Basalite expanded shale aggregate is a superior lightweight, structural concrete material...with minimized drying shrinkage, improved fire resistance, high quality insulation and sound dampening properties, low weight and high strength. Basalite offers greater design flexibility and economy than conventional concrete aggregates. It can be cast into thin graceful sections with long free spans and extended cantilevers; distinctive, beautiful textured finishes are readily and economically achieved. Design with concrete—Basalite aggregate concrete! Write or phone for Basalt’s free technical consulting service. Basalt Rock Company, Inc., Aggregate Division, Napa, Calif. 94558. Phone 707/226-7411 Ext. 206.
“Basalite”—trade name of Proven Quality
Marketed only in Northern and Central California
McGraw-Hill Distribution Warehouse, Novato, California
Architects & Engineers: John S. Bolles Associates, San Francisco
General Contractor: MacDonald & Nelson, Inc., Oakland
Concrete: Shamrock Materials, Inc., San Rafael
VISITORS PARKING
Lower total annual cost in All-Electric buildings?
Ask Buffums...
Buffums’ Palos Verdes is the fourth All-Electric department store in the Buffums’ chain. It is another example of the remarkable economy of the All-Electric building concept.
By going All-Electric, Buffums’ was able to make more efficient use of their money in several ways.
The lower first cost of electric heating and air conditioning equipment accounted for big initial savings. Because electric air conditioning is 30% to 50% less, Buffums’ greatly reduced costs with that one item alone. Electric heating eliminated the need for boilers, stacks, vents, flues and the space required to house them. Just the savings on piping materials and installation was considerable. Space saving was another factor. In this case, it was the equivalent of a complete shoe department.
Buffums’ lighting was designed in accordance with the nationally recognized standards of the Illuminating Engineers Society. It not only lightens without glare and highlights Buffums’ quality merchandise but, most importantly, is the principle...
source of heat for the entire store.
Flameless, quick-recovery, water heating serves Buffums' beauty shop and washroom areas.
Another important benefit of the All-Electric concept is the architectural freedom of design. All-Electric systems are flexible, and can be incorporated in a great variety of building designs, rather than forcing the architect to design the building around traditional systems.
The All-Electric Building Award for Buffums' Palos Verdes testifies that this building has met recognized engineering standards for lighting, heating, and air conditioning.
Buffums', like so many other companies, has found that lower first cost, lower maintenance expense and competitive operating costs add up to lower total annual cost in All-Electric buildings.
We can give you all the money-ahead facts and figures on All-Electric building, including hundreds of case histories. Write Marketing Engineering, P.O. Box 62, Terminal Annex, Los Angeles 90051.
BUFFUMS' PALOS VERDES
Architect: Killingsworth, Brady and Associate, A. I. A.
BUILDING PROFILE
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Two-story building
43,000 square feet department store
Reinforced brick masonry construction
ELECTRIC LOAD
Connected Lighting and Miscellaneous Load—600 KW
Electric Air Conditioning (125 Tons—3 Units)—160 KW
Electric Supplementary Heating—92 KW
Electric Water Heating—40 KW
INSTALLED COSTS
Air Conditioning System—$1.25 sq. ft.
Electrical System—$1.90 sq. ft.
OPERATING COSTS
Total Electrical Operating Cost for a Six Day Schedule—$ .38 per sq. ft. per year
SPACE CONDITIONING
Direct expansion, refrigerated, air cooled cooling system.
Heat supplied by lights supplemented by electric heating coils as needed.
Southern California Edison
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967 32-3
THE A.S.S.E. APPROVED SHOCK ABSORBER
The A.S.S.E. now recognizes the outstanding performance of the JOSAM ABSORBOTRON, and has given it their official seal of approval.
ABSORBOTRON is a real advance in hydrostatic shock and water hammer control. Hydro-pneumatic action guarantees positive damping of shock every time — reduces even big shocks to perfect silence.
Available in a full range of sizes to handle any water hammer problem. Write for manual SA-3, and get full details, today.
JOSAM PACIFIC CO.
765 Folsom St. • EXbrook 2-3143
San Francisco 7, California
ZIP CODE SPEEDS YOUR PARCELS
1. Packages are shipped by more direct route.
2. They are handled fewer times.
3. There is less chance of damage.
ZIP Codes keep postal costs down but only if you use them.
Perfect way to prevent leakage...
PRIME 'n FILL
Concrete block never looked so good...
never sealed out moisture so completely. PRIME 'n FILL primes, fills, and surfaces concrete blocks in one operation. Moisture simply cannot seep in, because PRIME 'n FILL blocks and seals every void in the block. Its hard, dense, non-porous surface makes a perfect base for all vinyl, acrylic, latex, or oil type coatings. PRIME 'n FILL also does the same effective job on interior building block surfaces. This low cost, time-tested, quality product extends the economy of block construction right to the finish. One pound (mixed in water) covers 15 to 25 square feet. Stretches paint coverage, too; one finish coat usually does the job. Now you can forget the problems and high cost of painting concrete block. Just PRIME 'n FILL... then paint.
MAIL THIS COUPON FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION
THE SYNKLOID COMPANY 3345 Medford Street,
Los Angeles, California 90063
Gentlemen: Tell me more about PRIME 'n FILL.
NAME ____________________________________________
COMPANY _________________________________________
ADDRESS __________________________________________
CITY ___________________ STATE ______ ZIP CODE ______
The new Los Angeles grows up with gas air conditioning.
Los Angeles is sprouting a skyline... most of the newest, the tallest, the smartest and the finest buildings are gas conditioned. Why this trend to gas? Leading architects and engineers give several important reasons:
- Gas units quietly cool the farthest reaches of the largest buildings on the hottest days. Without strain, without noise.
- Gas air conditioning is the most economical to operate. So the bigger the building, the greater the savings. With equal first cost on a total system basis that makes gas the coolest, wisest investment.
- And greater dependability and lower maintenance of gas equipment are vital considerations in large structures.
- And gas offers four different air conditioning systems—one to fit every size and type of building.
For financing, call your Gas Company Engineer for good news. Ask him for information on systems, too.
1. Music Center Welton Becket & Assoc., Architects & Mechanical Engrs.
2. Rockefeller-Citizens Plaza William L. Pereira & Assoc., Architects; Ralph E. Phillips, Inc., Mechanical Engineers
3. Union Bank Square Albert C. Martin Assoc., Architects; Jaros, Baum & Associates, Mechanical Engineers
4. Residential Center William L. Pereira & Assoc., Architects; Ralph E. Phillips, Inc., Mechanical Engineers
5. City National Bank D. Saxon Palmer Assoc., Architects; John Kerr & Assoc., Mechanical Engineers
6. University Club (Lincoln Savings & Loan Association) Deasy & Bolling, Architects; Albert Zimmerman & Assoc., Mechanical Engineers
7. Greyhound Bus Terminal Welton Becket & Assoc., Architects & Mechanical Engineers
SOUTHERN COUNTIES GAS COMPANY
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS COMPANY
"All I know is one evening in our living room, my wife and I decided it was a good idea to join the Peace Corps. So we did."
What the David Kadanes did puzzled and puzzles a lot of people. Maybe because the Kadanes weren't anywhere near twenty years old anymore. Maybe because they gave up two years' worth of a lot of salary, two years' worth of a big job as General Counsel for the Long Island Lighting Company, two years' worth of a life they had spent their whole lives building... just to join the Peace Corps.
But what a lot of people don't realize is that the Peace Corps isn't just a place for just out-of-college kids with strong arms and heads and good-size hearts. The Peace Corps is a place for people who want to do something and can do something. It's a place for people who want to see things and do things firsthand and closeup. People who want to give other people a chance to get to know and understand their country and themselves as they really are. People who care about the world and other people maybe even as much as they care about themselves.
And, maybe more than anything, the Peace Corps is a place for people who, for some reason, are willing to give up whatever they have to give up to do something they feel they have to do. And the David Kadanes are two of those people.
Write: The Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. 20525.
Published as a public service in cooperation with the Advertising Council.
Jamison doors meet critical requirements of temperature, traffic, or limited space
HIGH VOLUME TRUCK TRAFFIC speeds through Electroglide Mark II doors. These power doors offer fast, automatic opening and closing to handle heavy traffic and save refrigeration. Available in both bi-parting and single leaf.
LIMITED WALL SPACE. Jamison Vertical Sliding Door permits closer positioning of loading dock doors to service more trucks. Requires adequate ceiling height.
LIMITED CEILING HEIGHTS. Jamison Hinged Panel Overhead Door is for loading docks with low overhead space. Trucks back tight against gasket-type cushion, minimizing cold loss.
RESISTANCE TO HARD, ROUGH USAGE. Jamison JAMOTUF* Plastic Door for cooler or freezer is made from a new high-strength, tough plastic formulation. Ideal for food processing and meat packing plants.
Whatever your door problem, Jamison makes a door to solve it. Write for data to Jamison Cold Storage Door Co., Hagerstown, Md.
*JAMOTUF is a Jamison trademark.
OUR MOVE
We move air evenly. We do it with a brand new linear bar (see our diagram). The bar economically and efficiently and quietly moves air throughout the entire space. We call it the OCF Dimensionaire Ceiling System. It's a total ceiling system. Air, light and sound. There's nothing like it.
THEIR MOVE
Others move air unevenly because they don't have a Multi-vane air bar. Their bars throw out the conditioned air at various angles. As you can see in the diagram, this can create dead spots and drafts in the room. Most air bars don't allow for the wide expanses of economical ceilings the way ours does.
YOUR MOVE
We have a movie you should see. And a brochure. They tell everything about the OCF Dimensionaire Ceiling System, including the Multi-vane air bar. Mail the coupon now, before it slips your mind.
Dividend Engineering—to stretch your building dollar while improving building performance.
Name ______________________________________________________
Title _______________________________________________________
Address _____________________________________________________
City _______________ State ____________
OCF Dimensionaire Ceiling System
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Dept. DCS, P.O. Box 901, Toledo, Ohio 43601
Architect proposes city core of 326 units to be built on pontoons over water rights
City Shape/21, an "urban matrix" of multistory aluminum and glass units intended to extend from and expand upon the existing core of the city, has been conceptualized and designed by Chicago architect Stanley Tigerman and introduced by Reynolds Metals Company. The basic shape of the matrix, which would be built over water using a system of pontoons on which the entire structural system is supported, is shaped like a truncated tetrahedral pyramid, or pentahedron, and is repeated 326 times in a pinwheel arrangement. Each unit is 600 feet on a side and 100 feet thick and is divided into 46 floors with the units being segmented into residential, commercial and communal functions. The units are connected by hollow trusses which serve as an integral transportation system and distribution network for utilities.
The pontoons, on which the complex would be supported, would be stabilized by anchored cables. The pontoons would vary in area from 360,000 square feet to 3,240,000 square feet each for a total area of 17,640,000 square feet of essentially open space. The complex would provide nearly 23 million square feet for residential application, over 82 million square feet for commercial use and nearly 106 million square feet for communal functions such as entertainment, educational, sports, civic and governmental use. City Shape/21 would require an area of about one and one half square miles, expanding the average city core by about 100 per cent without destroying the desirable water edge, since, says Mr. Tigerman, "the matrix would be located a sufficient distance from the shore to preserve esthetic and recreation values of the edge."
Although the project is solely conceptual, Mr. Tigerman has made a complete technological and structural qualitative study with structural engineers and technical consultants. "This study was made," said Mr. Tigerman, "using the existing properties of aluminum such as bending moments, deflection, modulus of elasticity and coefficient of expansion. From these data we have concluded that City Shape/21 can be constructed from existing materials either available now or which can be fabricated using existing equipment."
Continuing education series will be presented in six cities
A series of seminars for architects and engineers on "Developments in Architectural Technologies," presented last year in New York and Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of the Cambridge acoustical consulting firm of Bolt Beranek and Newman's program of Continuing Education in Architecture, will be repeated in six cities in 1967-68. The series, which will consist of five day-long seminars on the topics of acoustics, mechanical systems, lighting, structures, and computers, will be given by outstanding lecturers from universities and from leading consulting and research groups. The series will be offered in Cambridge, New York, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco for one day each month for five months (usually on Saturday). The $325 tuition for the series includes lunches and seminar literature. A second series, "Developments in Architectural Materials," is now in preparation.
Fletcher named to head public housing program
Thomas W. Fletcher, formerly city manager of San Diego, has been put in charge of the public housing program with his appointment as deputy assistant secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Marie McGuire, commissioner of the Public Housing Administration in the old Housing and Home Finance Agency, will remain with HUD as a special assistant on problems of the elderly and handicapped.
Grant by architectural firm enables educators to travel
A grant established by the Omaha-based architectural firm, Leo A. Daly Company, will permit faculty members of the School of Architecture at the University of Nebraska to visit geographical areas related to their teaching. The new grant is a revision of the former Daly Scholarship Fund which has provided an annual $2,000 four-year undergraduate scholarship since 1956. Under terms of the new fund are one travel grant each year for a third-year student as well as a faculty grant, probably to be awarded every third year. The first recipient of the faculty grant is Ronald E. Hess, assistant professor of architecture, who is spending this summer visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Lebanon, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Crete and countries in Southern Europe.
August F. Hoenack cited for excellence in hospital design
August F. Hoenack, chief of the Architectural, Engineering and Equipment Branch of the Division of Hospital and Medical Facilities, Public Health Service, has been presented the Superior Service award of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Mr. Hoenack, a pioneer in hospital architecture whose 30 years of government service has included 25 years with the Public Health Service, was cited "in recognition of his exceptional contribution to national health facility construction programs through excellence in hospital design and architecture."
Mr. Hoenack is currently the Public Health Service representative to the American Institute of Architects' Committee on Hospitals as well as being a member of its Ad Hoc Committee on Architecture and Engineering in Government. He is a consultant to the American Hospital Association's Committee of Design and Construction, and a member of the American Standards Association's Committee on Making Buildings Accessible to and Usable by the Physically Handicapped.
Department of Transportation announces awards competition
The Federal Department of Transportation has announced the initiation of an annual highway beauty awards competition to "recognize and cite the interest and participation of governments, authorities, organizations, businesses and industries in the national program of highway beauty." The competition will result in the annual presentation, beginning next January, of 11 awards to agencies of state, county or local governments, and four awards to social, civic, professional or other organizations and private industry.
"Design concept teams" urged for highways by A.I.A.
George E. Kassabaum, first vice president and president-elect of the American Institute of Architects, has called for use of "design concept teams" of specialists as a required part of the Federal Government's interstate road program.
Speaking for the A.I.A. before a Senate Committee of Public Works as part of hearings underway on the Highway Beautification Act of 1965, Mr. Kassabaum said that architects were "convinced that this approach will produce a highway that is part of the community, rather than one that takes the community apart." The design concept teams are panels of engineers, economists, sociologists, planners and architects who focus on the "complete social, economic and physical impact" that an expressway will have on a community.
Obituaries
Llewellyn W. Pitts, a 1966 candidate for the office of First Vice President and President-elect of The American Institute of Architects and from 1964-67 chairman of its Commission on Public Affairs and director of the A.I.A. Texas Region, died June 23 at the age of 68 after a long illness. Mr. Pitts was a senior partner in the firm of Pitts, Mebane & Phelps, architects and engineers, in Beaumont, Texas. Mr. Pitts received an architectural degree from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He was elected to the College of Fellows of the A.I.A. in 1958 for Design and Public Service, and was made an honorary member of the Sociedad de Arquitectos de Mexico in 1964. Mr. Pitts served as president of the Southeast Texas Chapter A.I.A. in 1959, President of the Texas Society of Architects in 1961, a member of the A.I.A. Committees on Education, the National Capital and the Madison Library, and director of the A.I.A. Foundation.
Henry J. Toombs, senior partner in the architectural firm of Toombs, Arnsano and Wells, Atlanta, died June 15 at the age of 71. Mr. Toombs, who received his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in 1919 and 1922, was elected to the College of Fellows of the A.I.A. in 1949. His firm has been responsible for many distinguished buildings in Atlanta and in the South including the John Knox Presbyterian Church in Marietta, Georgia, which won a 1967 A.I.A. Honor Award, and the Atlanta Memorial Cultural Center, now under construction.
BORDEN DECOR PANEL AS BUILDING FACADES
Shown above is Deca-Grid style Borden Decor Panel used as a facade for the Pargas, Inc. building in Waldorf, Maryland. Set off by piers of white precast stone, the sturdy aluminum Deca-Grid panels are finished in blue HINAC, Pennsalt’s new finish for metals.
This Deca-Grid installation has tilted spacers, a feature called the Slant-Tab variation wherein spacers may be mounted at angles of 30°, 45°, 60° or 90° as desired. The Slant-Tabs may be further altered by use of non-standard angles, or lengthened tabs.
All the Borden Decor Panel styles, including Deca-Grid, Deca-Gril, Deca-Ring and Decor-Plank, are highly versatile in design specification and in application as facades, dividers, grilles, fencing and the refacing of existing buildings. In standard or custom designs, Borden Decor Panels provide a handsome, flexible, maintenance-free building component.
Write for latest full-color catalog on Borden Decor Panel
BORDEN METAL PRODUCTS CO.
MAIN OFFICE: 822 GREEN LANE, ELIZABETH, NEW JERSEY • Elizabeth 2-6410
PLANTS AT: LEEDS, ALABAMA; UNION, NEW JERSEY; CONROE, TEXAS
When in New York City, see our exhibit at Architects Samples, 101 Park Avenue
Easy installation begins with roof-mounting frame to be flashed in place.
All ducts pierce the roof within the frame.
New single-zone system heats, cools, ventilates.
Optional POWER SAVER™ cools free with outside air below 57°F.
Long-life aluminized steel heat exchanger; non-corroding.
Commercial quality, factory-assembled; prewired and precharged.
from “hole-in-the-roof” to start-up (same day!)
New Single-zone Lennox Comfort System goes hand-in-hand with Multiple-zone DMS
A compact, factory-assembled system, the new Lennox GCS3 is designed for ducted heating, cooling and ventilation of high-occupancy areas.
GCS3 combines gas heating with electric cooling, is available from 8 through 22 tons cooling and up to 500,000 Btuh heating. It can ventilate with 100% outside air when desired.
The GCS3 is an all-weather system, with a foolproof electric pilot and electronic safety controls.
Normally roof-mounted, with bottom air discharge, the GCS3 converts quickly to side discharge for grade-level installation.
Here is Lennox single-source responsibility, in a complete factory-assembled system of commercial quality.
Where both single-zone and multiple-zone comfort control requirements exist, the new GCS3 can be combined with the Lennox DMS (Direct Multizone System).
Whatever your building — office, school, restaurant, plant, clinic, laboratory, apartment or other high-occupancy space — Lennox has the system (or combination of systems) for it.
For details, write Lennox Industries Inc., 104 S. 12th Avenue, Marshalltown, Iowa.
LENNOX DMS:
Multizone rooftop companion to new single-zone Lennox GCS3.
The residence and private gallery designed by Le Corbusier shortly before his death in 1965 for a lake-front site in Zurich was completed and dedicated last month. This building for Mrs. A. Heidi Weber, who has for a long time been Le Corbusier’s representative for painting, sculpture and graphic work in Zurich, will now become a memorial and exhibition pavilion.
The design brings together a number of recurring themes from Le Corbusier’s work: a roof structure composed of two hyperbolic paraboloids of opposed directions, which eliminates the need for a central support; the separation of the roof structure from the building; and the use of a 7-foot 5-inch module. The sheet-metal roof structure, weighing 40 tons and painted battleship grey, prefabricated, and then trucked to construction site where it was fixed into a concrete base which incorporates ground floor and basement assembly hall. The walls consist of brightly colored porcelain enamel panels.
The residence portion of the pavilion is located to the left in the plan with the gallery portion to the right, the gallery portion being a two-story room with further display space located on a balcony overlooking the first floor. Two ramps lead to an outdoor terrace under the shelter of the roof.
Supervising architects for the $350,000 building were Alain Taves and Robert Rebutato.
1018 Madison Ave., N.Y.C., N.Y. 10021
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
1. terrace
2. entry
3. living room
4. coat room
5. kitchen
6. office
7. gallery
8. bedroom
9. curator
10. storage
STREET ELEVATION WITH RAMP
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967
A corporate headquarters and distribution center for Ilford Inc., Paramus, New Jersey, designed by Zywotow & Eckert, will have its office section constructed of a modular, precast concrete wall system with tinted glass set in deeply recessed window openings. The distribution center at the rear will be faced with earth-colored brick and precast concrete trim. The headquarters section will contain executive offices, technical services, demonstration suites and general offices. The three-story structure will contain 40,000 square feet in its first stage with provision for 20% square feet in expansion. General contractor is the B. D. Malcolm Company.
A warehouse for the Pleasantdale Corporation, Atlanta, designed by Martin & Bainbridge, is one of 11 winners in the fifth annual awards program of the Prestressed Concrete Institute "to recognize excellence in design using precast and/or prestressed concrete." The 150-by-230-foot warehouse, with all wall and roof members of standard 8-foot-wide prestressed concrete double-tees, was praised by the jury for "... how, with simple standard materials and imagination, fine architecture can be achieved within a competitive cost range for a warehouse."
The Central Heating and Cooling Plant, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, designed by Clifford Wiens, is another winner in the P. C. I. awards program. Precast post-tensioned A-frame construction supports the cooling towers and permits concentration of roof penetrations at the apex for mechanical and plumbing vents. The jury commented: "What might have been a jarring anachronism becomes a handsome feature consistent with the environment and landscaping ... demonstrating excellent use of prestressed concrete members." Serving on the jury were architects Charles M. Nes, Jr., Guy Desbarats and MacDonald Becket, and engineers Earle Andrews and Thomas M. Linville.
The Faculty Office Building for the Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, designed by Benjamin Thompson & Associates, Inc., is a five-story building containing 41,800 square feet. The building will contain an entire floor devoted to a faculty library, periodical room and lounge "in order to maintain the law school faculty's sense of community and exchange of ideas." A companion five-story building designed by Mr. Thompson will provide classrooms and administrative offices. Both of the new buildings will have reinforced concrete structures with a reddish-brown textured brick and bush-hammered concrete exterior in order to relate to existing older buildings.
The University Center Building under construction at Wayne State University, Detroit, designed by Alden B. Dow & Associates, is a steel-framed structure faced with a skin of reinforced thin wall latex concrete, which will serve religious, recreational and educational activities of the school. Located in a three-story tower which will be cantilevered approximately 15 feet out from the four-story base, there will be facilities for religious groups. In the base will be lounges, meetings rooms and dining facilities. General contractor for the $30-million building, which will contain 400,000 square feet, is the Lerner-Linden Construction Company.
Headquarters building for the Olivetti Unitedwood Corporation in Seattle, designed by Richard Bouillon, A.I.A., and Associates, will be an 8,000-square-foot office building, with offices rising over a surface parking area for 26 automobiles. The building, of precast reinforced concrete construction with deep-recessed windows for sun control, will be sited on a landscaped triangular site. Structural engineers are Olsen and Ratti and the general contractor is the Hugh S. Ferguson Company.
The Pittsburgh National Bank headquarters building in Pittsburgh, designed by Welton Becket and Associates, Architects—Engineers, will be a 30-story office building with the elevator and service core expressed as a separate element on the east side of the building. The design calls for clear-span construction with 70-foot-long, high-tensile-strength steel beams, and with load-bearing exterior columns on the facade. The columns, recessed bandrels and elevator core will be sheathed in granite. The ground-floor banking space will be column-free with a 25-foot luminous ceiling. The building, which will contain 500,000 square feet of flexible space, is expected to be completed by 1971.
The Equitable Life Assurance Society office building in Los Angeles, designed by Welton Becket and Associates, Architects—Engineers, will rise 34 stories and will be set on a two-level landscaped plaza. Precast fins of beige concrete mixed with a beige Texas limestone aggregate then exposed by sandblasting, will rise nearly the height of the tower. Retail shops will be located on two plaza levels as well as in a separate one-story structure. The second story, which will house banking facilities, will be an extra-height floor cantilevered outward 11 feet on all sides. The $30-million building, constructed on a 4-foot 8-inch module (expressed on the facade by fins) will contain 780,000 square feet.
An Operations Center for the Manufacturers National Bank of Detroit, now under construction in Detroit, designed by Louis G. Redstone Associates, Inc., will be an 11-story structure containing 552,500 square feet to house the bank's computer center and a new branch bank. The building, which is located in the center of a proposed 20-foot-high pedestrian mall, will be faced with black granite, stainless steel and gray glass. Below mall level the building will be faced with carved stone bas-reliefs. The building will have a two-story lobby with an open well which will overlook the banking office. The project will provide parking for 260 cars on three sub-levels and will be topped by a heliport. General contractor for the underground work is the Barton-Malow Company.
A successful builder speaks about Am-Finn Sauna.
AM-FINN Sauna, the sophisticated feature that makes an effective talking point toward your client's fully rented building. AM-FINN has crafted its Sauna to be the finest you can buy. Workmanlike construction in handsomely finished woods, UL approved heaters, low operating costs because of AM-FINN'S unique insulating qualities. Invigorating, relaxing, desert-dry heat... no pipes, no plumbing, no steam. AM-FINN Saunas—an invaluable feature to attract a full complement of tenants. Let us tell you how you can show your client the advantages of including AM-FINN in his plans.
Write for our free Architects kit to:
Am-Finn Sauna Inc.
HADDON AVENUE AND LINE STREET, CAMDEN, NEW JERSEY
For more data, circle 126 on inquiry card
How to Get the Temperature Rise (or Drop) You Need — at Today’s High Duct Velocities
Don’t go to the expense of increasing the area at the exchanger section to slow the air down. Use Aerofin SMOOTH-FIN coils and operate at full duct velocity.
Aerofin coils have the needed extra capacity per sq. ft. of face area. Smooth fins prevent excessive turbulence. Air resistance is normal. You don’t need higher blower speed or more power.
Aerofin standard encased units are arranged for quick, economical installation.
AEROFIN CORPORATION
Lynchburg, Virginia 24505
Aerofin is sold only by manufacturers of fan system apparatus. List on request.
ENGINEERING OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES
ADVANCE long-distance lighting
Most, high-intensity lighting. The following two pages explain. See your GE Sales Engineer or authorized distributor for full details, or write: Outdoor Lighting Dept., Hendersonville, North Carolina 28739.
Enjoy the Elegance of Genuine Quarry Tile Flooring
For the finest flooring, Ludowici is preferred not only for unsurpassed elegance but also for its easy care and everlasting quality.
3 Famous Patterns of Special Shapes
Brushed or smooth red or fire-flashed colors that never fade or discolor
Member: Tile Council of America...
For full particulars write Flooring Tile Division, Dept. AR
LUDOWICI-CELA DON CO.
75 East Wacker Drive, Chicago, Ill. 60601
Manufacturers of quarry tile, the nation's largest producer of roofing tile and NAILON Facing Brick
Where you used to call for "toggle switches" Specify MARK-TIME WALL BOX TIME SWITCHES
More comfort and convenience—savings on electricity—for all your clients
Turn "OFF" lights, electric heaters, fans—automatically. For motels, homes, schools, all public buildings. Timings available from 60 seconds up to 12 hours. The only time switches that mount flush against wall... use 2-wire installation... offer a wide choice of wall plates. Send for free brochure.
M.H. RHODES, INC.
HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT 06101
IN CANADA—M. H. RHODES (CANADA) LTD., OTTAWA 5, ONTARIO
new narrow-beam floodlight POWR
delivers biggest return on lighting investment
Cost comparisons with three of the industry's most popular high-intensity floodlight types prove GE's new Powr•Spot luminaires, equipped with 1000-watt Multi-Vapor™ lamps, deliver the greatest return per lighting dollar. Regardless of annual usage—200 to 4000 hours.
Unique reflector design produces minimum overlap from remote mountings; now fewer Powr•Spot units do the job it once took many more conventional fixtures to do.
One of the big factors in the Powr•Spot economy story is GE's exclusive charcoal-filtered optical assembly that prevents efficiency-reducing dirt build-up on reflector, lamp, and inside door glass.
And Powr•Spot floodlights let you use the modern light source best-suited to your application: 1000-watt Multi-Vapor, 1000-watt Mercury-vapor, or 400-watt Lucalox™.
See your GE Sales Engineer or authorized distributor for complete cost-light comparison and other details. Write for Bulletin GEA-8554. Our Lighting Department, Hendersonville, North Carolina 28739.
GENERAL ELECTRIC
How to completely recess fire hose and extinguishers into shallow walls.
Specify Potter-Roemer’s new Series 2200 Shallow-Wall fire hose cabinets. They can be completely recessed in a 6” wall or semi-recessed in a 4” wall. In addition to a 1½” fire hose rack, these cabinets accommodate a 10 lb. ABC all-purpose dry chemical extinguisher. Write for our specification literature.
POTTER-ROEMER, INC.
2856 Leonis Blvd. / Los Angeles, California 90058
For more data, circle 130 on inquiry card
COMPARE THESE TWO GUARANTEES
AN AVERAGE OR USUAL GUARANTEE
(It protects the manufacturer)
We certify that when properly installed and operated, this ______________________ will deliver the full power and the voltage and frequency regulation promised by its nameplate and published specifications. This plant has undergone several hours of running-in and testing under realistic load conditions, in accordance with procedures certified by an independent testing laboratory.
The Stewart & Stevenson GUARANTEE OF DUTY
(It protects the purchaser)
This Unit is capable of being operated on the Purchaser's load; developing the needed, steady and reliable power suitable for the successful operation of Purchaser's machinery, up to the full rating of the Unit. Should the Unit fail to operate as specified, and after reasonable time, we cannot make it perform as specified, we are agreeable to removing it at our expense and refunding any money paid.
Why should you buy any emergency power unit that provides you with less protection than the Stewart & Stevenson GUARANTEE OF DUTY?
Of course, Stewart & Stevenson also provides the standard factory warranty against defective parts, workmanship or materials...as well as certified testing under realistic load conditions.
But, why should you risk the gamble of what happens if your unit does not perform as specified after installation? We don't think you should.
We would like to tell you all the other advantages of Stewart & Stevenson Diesel, Gas or Turbine Powered Generator Sets. We have made more Diesel installations in more varied industries than any other engine distributor in the world. Write or call. A free booklet and catalog are available.
STEWART & STEVENSON SERVICES, INC. Main Office: 4516 Harrisburg Blvd., Houston, Texas 77011, Phone CApitol 5-5341
Branches: Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Dallas, Freeport, Lubbock, Odessa, San Antonio, San Juan/Representatives: Abilene, Amarillo, Austin, Brownsville, Hobbs, Longview, Waco, Wichita Falls. Service Dealers Located in Principal Cities/Export Oil Field: P. O. Box 360, Floral Park, New York 11001/In France: Ets. R. Penven et Cie., Stewart & Stevenson.
THE WORLD'S LARGEST DISTRIBUTOR OF DIESEL ENGINES
Color Harmony at Expo 67
To achieve these effects in over twenty-five Expo 67 buildings, Pratt & Lambert colorful coatings and clear finishes were selected by leading international architects.
Contact your P&L representative, or write the Pratt & Lambert Architectural Service Department nearest you.
PRATT & LAMBERT, INC.
ARCHITECTURAL SERVICE DEPTS.
LONG ISLAND CITY, N.Y. 10001
3301 38th Ave.
BUFFALO, N.Y. 14207
75 Tonawanda St.
CHICAGO, ILL. 60632
4000 South Kilbourn Ave.
ORANGE, CAL. 92668
1408 North Batavia St.
FORT ERIE, ONTARIO, CANADA
254 Courtwright St.
Peekaboo Parlor.
Peekaboo Portico.
Peekaboo Panorama.
We’re always asking if you’ve looked at Wheeling lately.
Today’s question: Have you looked through Wheeling lately? Please do.
Observe the possibilities of Wheeling expanded steel mesh. This is eye-opening stuff. It’s the paintable, bronzeable, laquerable, galvanizable, rubber-or-plastic-coatable steel of the future. You can see how all those perforations add versatility and visual appeal. What you can’t see is how the same perforations make it lighter per foot, stronger per pound, and even more rigid than the original sheet of solid steel. But we’ll be glad to explain. Write us for a comprehensive expanded steel catalog.
You’ll find there’s more to our mesh than meets the eye.
(Who’d have thought the next breakthrough in steel would be the hole?)
Have you looked at Wheeling lately?
Wheeling
Wheeling Corrugating Co., Div. Wheeling Steel Corp.
Wheeling, West Virginia
We’ve improved grass cloth.
We call ours Tamara. It’s a Koroseal vinyl wall covering. It gives you the same expensive look of natural grass cloth, but there the similarity ends.
Koroseal is economical. It resists smudges, scratches, stains and all the other perils that ruin the real thing. It won’t shred, chip, flake, yellow, fade or crumble.
It’s easy to hang, too. To keep clean. It’s washable, over and over again. Even flame-resistant.
Koroseal grass cloth comes in Pure White, Bone White, Tea Leaf Green, Eggshell, Ivory, Opal, Oriental Blue, Bamboo, Limed White, Natural, Hemp (a few shades darker than natural), Olive, Ming Red, Taiwan Tan, and Char Brown.
We’ve improved other natural wall coverings as well. Burlap. Split cork bark. Silk. Linen. Handwoven straw. Tapestry.
If you like the real thing, you’ll like our improved version of it even more.
So next time, use Koroseal vinyl wall covering. 30 patterns. 500 colors. Write B.F.Goodrich Consumer Products, Akron, Ohio 44318.
Koroseal—T.M. Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.
Good looking.
Data Processing Center, Continental Telephone Co., Wentzville, Mo./Architect: George Quick, St. Louis/Acoustical Contractor: Lindberg Acoustics, Inc., St. Louis.
Sound thinking.
ACOUSTONE® Acoustical Ceiling Panels in exclusive Shadow-Line Glacier pattern provide a deep-fissured surface that soaks up sound effectively. It offers a unique natural beauty, as well.
Shadow-Line Glacier adapts to all standard installation systems for acoustical ceilings, meets code requirements for non-combustibility, and has a noise reduction coefficient of .80. See your U.S.G. representative, or write us at 101 South Wacker Drive, Dept. AR-73, Chicago, Ill. 60606.
*Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.
For more data, circle 36 on inquiry card
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967 53
REFRESHMENT IN CONCRETE
Here’s a lifetime of refreshment indoors or out... and you can tailor it to suit your specs! It’s precast reinforced concrete as Haws pedestal Model 30, or as Model 50-C, a wall-mounted fountain. Order either in exposed aggregate or light sandblast finish... and in a wide color choice, too! In the pedestal version, Haws gives you three column heights (30”, 36” and 42”). A freeze-proof valve system is also available in both models for cold-climate outdoor installations. When you specify modern refreshment, specify a Haws fountain of stone... exactly to your specs. For further information, write the HAWS DRINKING FAUCET COMPANY, 1441 Fourth Street, Berkeley, California 94710.
Wall-mounted Model 50-C also comes in polished aggregate, in color of your choice.
We’re not saying commercial carpeting is obsolete, but...
Only Walk-Ease® vinyl flooring with fiber glass offers you so many important advantages
Walk-Ease by Flintkote is a cushioned sheet vinyl flooring made with a unique reinforcing layer of fiber glass. This distinctive, modern flooring combines the luxury of carpeting with the unsurpassed practical advantages of gleaming sheet vinyl.
Walk-Ease flooring is unquestionably the easiest and most economical type of flooring to maintain. It is dust free, needs no waxing, is hygienic and non-allergenic. It is also one of the longest-lasting floors you can select. Seams are quickly and tightly sealed at installation to provide a continuous expanse of easy-to-clean beauty.
But Walk-Ease flooring is more than just practical. An extra thick vinyl foam cushion makes it superbly comfortable underfoot. Moreover, it is acoustically designed to deaden impact sounds, virtually eliminates the clatter of heels within rooms and between floors. Walk-Ease flooring is also warm, stays at near room temperatures, even when installed over concrete.
Walk-Ease flooring is recommended for almost every type of project—schools, hospitals, offices, commercial areas and private residences. It is especially desirable for clean rooms and pharmaceutical and electronic plants.
Never before has a flooring offered you so many advantages. Remember the name—Walk-Ease. Your clients won’t forget it.
From the FLINTKOTE Floor Fashion Collection—including Peel and Stick tile and other vinyl asbestos styles.
For specification data and literature write: The Flintkote Company, 201 E. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10017 • P.O. Box 2218, T.A., Los Angeles, Calif. 90054
There’s a new way to dress old buildings in Marble
It’s the ZIBELL SYSTEM of installing thin marble veneer
The Zibell System is a special arrangement of metal struts and fastenings that provide positive anchoring for marble as thin as 7/8”. Old facades require a minimum of remedial work, and the lightweight installation rests easy on old footings. The Zibell System gives marble a versatility that designers like and an economy that delights the owners.
Write for New Brochure “THE ZIBELL ANCHORING SYSTEM”
The Georgia Marble Company
11 Pryor Street, S.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30303
COAST-TO-COAST CONSULTING SERVICE Our engineers stand ready to assist you any time anywhere on any subject involving marble or limestone. A phone call will put one of our men across the desk from you in a matter of hours. No obligation, of course.
Five ways to add the Marlite touch.
Start with any room—in any building. Then select a Marlite Decorator Paneling with the touch that brings your interior plan to life. Wide choice? No one offers more than Marlite. Select from rich new textures, bold or muted colors, exciting patterns and designs.
Maintenance? Hardly worth mentioning. Marlite plastic-finished hardboard is the original wash-and-wear paneling. Its durable baked finish shrugs off heat, moisture, stains and dents—wipes clean with a damp cloth.
If you haven’t seen Marlite’s 1967 Decorator Paneling line, look in Sweet’s File or write Marlite Division of Masonite Corporation, Dover, Ohio 44622.
1. TEXTURED WORMY CHESTNUT reproduces every surface detail of a rare, costly wood. You can feel the texture!
2. TEXTURED TAPESTRY captures the look and feel of hand-woven fabric.
3. TEXTURED TRAVERTINE duplicates the characteristic texture of Italian limestone.
4. TEXTURED LEATHER has all the masculine good looks of real cowhide.
5. RIVIERA TILE features a classic pattern in gold, set apart by score lines.
Marlite®
PLASTIC-FINISHED
DECORATOR PANELING
ANOTHER QUALITY PRODUCT OF MASONITE® RESEARCH
MARLITE BRANCH OFFICES AND WAREHOUSES:
1751 Marietta Blvd., N.W., Atlanta, Georgia 30318 •
57 Smith Place, Cambridge, Mass. 02139 • 4545
Jamaica Place, Brooklyn, New York 11205 • 39 Wood-
son Avenue, Minneapolis, L. I. (New York) 1109 • 777-
138th Avenue, San Leandro, California 94578 • 2440
Sixth Avenue So., Seattle, Washington 98134 • 1199
Great Southwest Parkway, Prairie (Dallas), Texas
Temple City Branch Plant: 16222 Phoebe Avenue,
La Mirada (Los Angeles), Cal. 90638
THINKING WHITEPRINTER?
The plain facts are that the Blu-Ray Model 146 is your best buy in a whiteprinter if you're looking for all-around performance at a budget price. Here's real style in a compact unit that's both a diazo printer and developer.
Its 47 inch extra-wide throat and jumbo lamp give you fast prints from small to "D" size.
GET THE FACTS!
MODEL 146
No special wiring or venting needed; Model 146 is another one of Blu-Ray's complete line for all purposes... prices start at $239.50. You have to see it to believe it!
Circle appropriate Reader Service Card Number below, or contact BLU-RAY for more information and a free copy of our 44 page Reproduction Guide.
BLU-RAY
BLU-RAY, Incorporated
3564 Westbrook Road, Essex, Conn. 06426 - Phone (203) 767-0141
Automatic, vertical, multi-story MAIL CONVEYORS
Recordlift
- CONTINUOUS OPERATION
- AUTOMATIC DISPATCHING
- SERVES ALL FLOORS
- DELIVERS AND COLLECTS TRAYS
- HANDLES A TON IN 8 MINUTES
FREE BULLETIN describes Standard Conveyor Recordlift—ideal for multi-story buildings requiring inter-floor delivery of mail, documents, books, anything weighing up to 32 lbs. per load. Widely used in high-rise office buildings, insurance companies, banks, libraries, hospitals, etc. Send today.
Standard Conveyor COMPANY
312-H Second Street, North St. Paul, Minn. 55109
For more data, circle 124 on inquiry card
Whatever the shape...
whatever the finish, you'll find your requirements in Wall Urns by Duk-It. Superb quality, designed and built into every product.
See our complete line of urns, trash/ash receptacles by contacting your Duk-It representative...or write for full-color brochure.
DUK-IT
McDonald Products Corp.
203 DUK-IT BLDG., BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14210
The coolest thing to come between you and the sun.
Whether your choice is Comfort Screen for exterior fixed frames or Comfort Shade for interior shade fixtures, the Sun Sifters are easy to install. Once in place they do a great job in reducing interior temperature by blocking or reflecting solar heat. In reducing air-conditioning costs both initial and operating. In permitting see-through visibility. And, last but not least, in giving you very low maintenance costs (Stevens Comfort Screen or Shade can be easily washed with soap and water or vacuumed).
Comfort Screen is available in grey, aqua, leaf green, for outdoors. Comfort Shade is available in cool white, champagne, desert sand, finch green, for indoor shade fixtures only. For technical brochures, see Sweets Architectural Catalogue 15e/st or write: J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc., Fiber Glass Screening, 1460 Broadway, N.Y. 10036.
COMFORT SHADE™* or COMFORT SCREEN™*
by Stevens
*Patent applied for.
Spancrete contributes to "structural integrity" of tradition-free church design by Belluschi & Ware
Spancrete ceilings of soft textured concrete, massive poured-in-place concrete beams, and board and batten redwood panels characterize the new Unitarian Church in Rockford, Illinois. The 40-inch-wide exposed Spancrete roof planks with V-groove joints provide the desired scale in relation to other materials and building design.
The choice of materials was influenced by a desire to create a natural warmth conducive to worship. Not too ornate but with simplicity — relying on good proportions, effective lighting and honest materials.
Photos by: Hedrich-Blessing
Steve W. G. Au, A.I.A., Donald W. Cutting, A.I.A., Donald F. Fairweather and Roger S. Smith announce the establishment of the new firm Au, Cutting, Fairweather & Smith, Ltd., Architects and Planning Consultants, Suite 606, 810 Richards St., Honolulu.
Bodin & Lamberson, Architects announce the reorganization of the firm to include Robert B. Plunkett, A.I.A. and Edward H. Shirley, A.I.A. as partners and R. L. Wooddall, Jr. as an associate. The new firm is Lamberson, Plunkett & Shirley, Architects; R. L. Wooddall, Jr., Associate located at 410 Forsyth Bldg., Atlanta.
Environmental Research Associates, Inc. has been formed by Ralph K. Morrill and Edward E. Pickard Architects, A.I.A. to provide comprehensive environmental research, planning and design services. The new corporation is located at 404 E. Magnolia St., Auburn, Ala.
A new firm known as Freidin, Kleiman, Kelleher has been formed by its partners, Jack Freidin, A.I.A.; Joseph Kleiman, A.I.A. and Daniel Kelleher, A.I.A. It is located at 342 Madison Ave., New York City.
Frid, Ferguson & Mahaffey, Architects have named Howard H. Perry a partner and the firm's new name is Frid, Ferguson, Mahaffey and Perry, Architects. The firm is at 750 Main St., Hartford.
Batey M. Gresham, Jr. and Fleming W. Smith, Jr. announce the formation of a partnership for the practice of architecture to be known as Gresham and Smith Architects—A.I.A. at 535 Church St., Suite 1106, Nashville.
William A. Gould & Associates, Architects and City Planners, 1404 East 9th St., Cleveland announce that Harry J. Roberts, William H. Wiechelman, Jr. and Harry A. Henshaw have been named associates with the firm.
Peter G. Koltnow has joined the Los Angeles office of Victor Gruen Associates as project director.
Robert E. Sudbring, architect has joined the staff of Gale A. Hill & Associates A.I.A. located at 11722 Studt Ave., St. Louis.
Arthur W. Buttery has been made Chief Mechanical Engineer by Hollorty Widrig O'Neill & Associates Inc., Consulting Engineers at 177 West Big Beaver Rd., Troy, Mich.
Lois Baker is now Director of Interior Design at Frank L. Hope & Associates, San Diego architects and engineers.
Keene/Mac Rae Associates, Inc. an architectural and engineering firm has continued on page 84
Square D started out making safety switches.
Today we make hundreds of electrical products
Our present style of safety switch is a vast improvement over the original introduced nearly 60 years ago. And we still sell more safety switches than any other manufacturer.
Square D is also the world's leading manufacturer of panelboards for lighting. We sell more circuit breakers for residential use than anyone else. The majority of this country's water and sump pumps are equipped with Square D pressure switches. Design engineers choose Square D pneumatic timers over any other make.
We could go on. The point is that Square D makes a complete line of electrical distribution and control equipment—and our reputation for undeviating quality of both products and service has gained us world-wide acceptance.
This is the biggest reason why you'll find Square D wherever electricity is distributed and controlled.
SQUARE D COMPANY
Executive Offices • Park Ridge, Illinois
New low-income site plan readied by FHA
FHA is developing a new method of site planning that could, according to agency estimates, result in new, single family detached homes in the $10,000 range.
Key to the new plan, dubbed the "Modular Site Concept," lies in small-sized lots and one-way narrow streets. It is a combination, happy or unhappy, of the small-sized lots of the 1940's, limited lots and one-way streets of trailer parks, and the common-ground open spaces idea of newer townhouses," says a prominent land planning executive.
FHA's plan, according to several architects and land planners who have reviewed it privately, will depend in large measure on the excellence of design of the individual homes and on the local community's acceptance of the much higher density: 8.2 homes per acre, well above the national average of four.
Despite the design drawbacks, and probable local resistance to the zoning aspects, all of the experts who screened FHA's idea strongly favored the thought that FHA was trying to come up with some solutions to the high cost of new housing. In doing so, the agency had to toss out some of the most persuasive underwriting principles—that larger lots provide better resale potential, and that homeowners want larger houses.
FHA's experts feel an 800-square-foot house, at $10/square foot, can go on the 5,000-square-foot lot (85 feet deep on longest line, 37.3 feet wide with 43-feet street frontage) at a total cost of $10,500.
This includes $2,000 per acre for the "model" 28.13 acres and $316,481 in total development costs on common areas and lots (streets, sewers, etc.). This works out, including 20 per cent land profit, to $1,563 per lot for 243 lots.
Possibility of international practice gains ground
At the recent convention of the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (N.C.A.R.B.) in New York, the report of the Committee on Foreign Evaluations, which was approved by the council, contained a significant breakthrough in the area of international reciprocity. A Memorandum of Agreement to permit registered British and American architects to practice freely in either country was ratified at the convention, and the appropriate machinery set in motion to bring it into effect. The agreement was the result of two meetings—one in New York and one in London—when representatives of the N.C.A.R.B. and the Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom (A.R.C.U.K.) first explored the possibilities of international reciprocity and then drew up the memorandum of agreement.
Other countries are interested in developing international practice
The meetings were also attended by representatives of the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada, the Commonwealth Association of Architects, the Pan American Federation of Associations of Architects, the International Union of Architects and the Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland.
The meetings were conducted in a great spirit of cordiality and constructiveness, and the continued interest of all the countries represented suggests that this initial two-nation agreement may be only a prelude to a much broader reciprocity. Once in effect, the scheme will permit registered architects of Britain and the U.S. to practice freely in each other's country, subject only to their passing an examination testing professional practice and practical experience.
A survey of foreign schools will determine relative standards
The establishment of reciprocal agreements obviously depends in large part on mutual confidence in the equivalence of educational standards in the countries concerned. The Foreign Evaluation Committee of the N.C.A.R.B. has therefore been concerned to establish an effective means of studying and recording the
curricula of foreign schools of architecture and to relate these to the training offered by accredited schools of architecture in this country. The N.C.A.R.B. has therefore appointed Professor William Muschenheim of Michigan University School of Architecture to undertake the task of surveying foreign schools in the capacity of "Evaluator of Foreign Schools of Architecture." Professor Muschenheim's task will involve actual visits to as many schools as possible, and—with the help of the N.C.A.R.B. in Washington—the preparation of appropriate questionnaires to send to schools not yet surveyed and to those whose records require updating.
Other professions discuss international practice
That related professions are thinking along similar lines is evidenced by conclusions reached at a meeting on international engineering procedure held last February in Washington and attended by representatives of the Consulting Engineers Council, the Association of General Contractors and the Agency for International Development. The meeting recommended the adoption of an international standard form of contract, subject to certain provisions in the case of AID-financed projects, and the use of a glossary to clarify the meaning of terms not in current use in this country. Other subjects discussed at the meeting included ways to improve contract estimates and methods of financing.
Dodge's mid-year forecast sees building upturn
F. W. Dodge Company reports that the second half of 1967 is expected to bring a bigger total of contracts for new construction. The stronger months ahead will lift the year's total to a new high of $51.2 billion, a 2 per cent gain over the $50.15 billion the industry reported in 1966, and bringing the Dodge Index to 149 from last year's 145.3 (1957-1959=100).
The rate of both commercial and industrial building will be climbing again during the next six months, reports George A. Christie, Dodge's chief economist. Total commercial contracting, he said, likely will finish 1967 at close to last year's record $5.835-billion amount. Industrial contracting, which declined due to tax credit and depreciation rulings of last September and the excessive inventories during the early months of this year, have proved only temporary problems. Though total industrial contract values may not quite equal the record $3.6 billion set last year, they should come within 1 or 2 per cent of it, Christie predicted. Total institutional contract values, Christie said, should about equal last year's $8.4 billion with a 3 per cent gain expected in educational construction offsetting the anticipated declines in hospital (-10 per cent) and religious building (-3 per cent) activity.
Housing, up 8 per cent to $19.3 billion, is the most unstable market at mid-1967. Despite the monetary ease resulting from a switch in monetary and fiscal policies, interest rates began to stiffen again during the second quarter due to heavy demands by both business and government and the anticipation by lenders of even stronger borrowing needs in the second half. However, the administration and the Federal Reserve Board are committed to the support of a housing recovery this year, and hopefully, Christie said, "this commitment will be reflected in a balanced use of both fiscal and monetary policies rather than another money squeeze." The rate of housing starts should total 1.3 million units for the year, bringing total contract values for one- and two-family houses to $13.8 billion this year, a 12 per cent increase over the depressed 1966 level. Total 1967 contract values for apartment buildings are expected to climb to $1.5 billion, 4 per cent higher than last year.
Nonbuilding construction is down 1 per cent to $12.725 billion. A quick reversal of the Presidential order to withhold a billion dollars in highway construction has brought the rate of highway construction for the second quarter back up to close to last year's average. Total 1967 contract values may reach $6 billion, only 4 per cent short of the last year's record pace, Christie said. A similar advance is expected in 1967 for contracts for sewer and water supply projects, which should reach $2 billion in contract values, 8 per cent higher than last year, and an anticipated 1967 total of $1.5 billion in utilities contracting will be large in contrast to every other year since 1966.
Briefs
FHA to insure group medical facilities. Under a new program, the FHA will insure private mortgages to finance group medical practice facilities through new construction or rehabilitation of existing structures. The Public Health Service will advise FHA on medical aspects of project proposals. FHA will insure mortgages covering up to 90 per cent of the value of the facility, including equipment.
Architectural firm supports research. Diversified research projects in architecture will be undertaken within Kansas State University's College of Architecture and Design in the next three years with the assistance of a $30,000 grant from Smith, Hinchman and Grylls Associates, Inc. Presentation of a $10,000 check for the first year's research was made by Robert F. Hastings, president of the firm, to Dean Emil Fischer at the annual meeting of the A.I.A. in May. The research will be supervised by Henry Wright, K.S.U.'s Regents Distinguished Professor of Environmental Technology.
Mortgage lending revives. Statistics on mortgage lending in May show that home financing by savings and loan associations increased by 32 per cent from April to May, and for the first time in 15 months topped the volume for the same month of a year earlier. Associations closed an estimated $1.8 billion in mortgage loans in May as compared with $1.3-billion in April.
Housing for the elderly. Over 35,000 housing units designed for senior citizens of moderate income have been completed or are now under construction, financed by loans to non-profit organizations made by HUD and its predecessor agencies implementing Sec. 202 of the Housing Act of 1959. Total cost of the program through January 1967 was $421,312,000. As of the end of January, 31 states and Puerto Rico had taken advantage of the program.
Psychoarchitectonics. That's the word used to describe an itinerant international exhibit of psychiatric and mental health facilities now being organized in Italy. U.S. architects are invited to send exhibit materials consisting of plan prints, model photos and one-page written report to arrive not later than October 31st at: Centro Psicographico di Maser, via Dalmazia, 14, Montebelluna (Treviso), Italy, for the attention of Professor Ennio Miotto.
second boom in school building
In last month's column it was noted that the current record rate of educational building is the result of powerful forces that have been behaving quite predictably for many years. These forces—steady growth and changing composition of the nation's student body, and the stimulus of several recent Federal construction aid programs—are largely responsible for today's very high level of building.
There is every indication that the demand for educational construction will remain strong both this year and next. But there are also signs that after two decades of expansion, an important change is coming in school building. This change will be in the rate of growth of school enrollments—the single most important factor governing the need for new educational facilities. Since 1960 total school enrollments have been growing at a rate of more than 3 per cent per year—almost exactly double the rate of growth for the population as a whole. The table below shows, during the short span between 1960 and 1966 the proportion of the population attending school increased from 25.6 per cent to 28.0 per cent. That increase meant a need for new classroom space for nine million.
But from here on (through 1975, at least) things will be quite different. It's not that we'll suddenly be faced with empty classrooms or anything like that, but just the same, the boom years for school building are coming to an end. For the next 10 or so years, total school enrollment will be increasing by an average of only 1 per cent per year, instead of the more than 3 per cent annual growth in the first half of the sixties. In relation to the population as a whole, enrollment growth will slow down to just about the same rate, rather than double its pace. And that means that by 1975, we'll actually have a smaller proportion (27.6 per cent) of the total population in school than today.
Demographically speaking, it's little more than a matter of put-and-take. In the years ahead, the students who were born during the peak birth rate years of the early fifties will be taken out of the educational system by graduation and will be replaced at the beginning grades by kids born in the middle-sixties when the birth rate was much lower. As this happens, the impact on the nation's educational system will be progressive.
**Elementary (K-8)**—enrollments have already leveled off and will actually begin to decline around 1970. By 1975, total grade school enrollments will be about two million less than today.
**High School (9-12)**—enrollments are still growing, but at a slower rate than during the early sixties. Expansion stops by 1975, and then decline sets in.
**College**—Plenty of growth left here. Enrollments are currently a bit more than six million, up from three and a half million in 1960. They'll expand somewhat more slowly to nine million by 1975, with further gains anticipated in the years beyond.
New Fleming Warehouse in Houston, has over 8 acres of roof...
More than 75 affiliated food stores will be served from the new Fleming Company distribution center now under construction in Houston, Texas. The building, with more than 350,000 square feet, features some of the most modern warehousing facilities in the industry. Automatic dockboards, indoor loading facilities, air curtain walls, and computer controlled transportation, inventory and accounting are some of the features that make this warehouse unique.
The huge flat roof of the warehouse is supported by Sheffield Steel Joists; 428 tons all. There were good reasons for the selection of Sheffield Joists for roof support: they are completely standardized as to length, depth and load carrying capacities as well as meeting all the specifications of the Steel Joist Institute.
In addition, joists provide easy passage and concealment of pipes and conduit through the open webs. This eliminates the need for costly furred ceilings. Also important, a coat of red-oxide primer paint is applied to Sheffield Joists at no additional cost. This efficient, non-bleeding primer is one of the best that can be provided for the protection of the joists.
Investigate the advantages of joist construction. Call the Armco sales office in your city or write, Armco Steel Corporation, Department W-777AA, 7000 Roberts Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64125.
Sheffield Steel Joists support it
ARMCO STEEL
Study weighs the effect of wage rates on building costs
It is generally assumed that the sizable differences in the cost of a building from city to city stem primarily from the usually large differences in wage rates from city to city. A recent study has confirmed a remarkably close correlation between building costs and wage rates practically overriding other factors, such as the cost of materials and labor productivity, although these too vary significantly from city to city. (For the moment, consideration of short-run market conditions are excluded.)
Recently, wage differentials have appeared to be most important on school buildings. Therefore, a study of this type of project offered a logical choice for testing the actual weight of wage differentials in over-all cost differences.
This was accomplished in the following manner: First a cost breakdown by trade was made of a typical school building in New York City. The first column presents the per cent of the total job cost accounted for by each category of worker. The second column is the per cent of the total job cost in which each trade is directly involved, i.e. labor cost minus material cost. This means that wage costs for these 11 trades accounted for 48 per cent of the total project cost. (The remaining project costs—4 per cent for miscellaneous items would probably add 2 per cent in labor costs.)
By taking wage rates for these same trades in several other cities and using New York City as a base, a labor cost index can be compiled. The wages used are 1966-67 rates including fringes and are adjusted for an 8-hour workday where applicable. As these rates are renegotiated, the index can be updated.
A brief explanation about this index: the weights (per cent of total job cost) for each trade are not the same in each city, and neither are the differences in these weights simply proportionate to the differences in hourly wage rates.
So while the index shows Atlanta's labor costs for school buildings to be 55 per cent of school labor costs in New York, it does not mean that the total building cost for a school in Atlanta is 55 per cent of the cost in New York.
To convert the labor cost index to a building cost index, it is necessary to take the weighted labor cost in each city and add a constant representing cost of materials. When this is done using New York prices the following indexes occur.
Checking the relationships expressed in this index against various published indices produced some interesting results. In fact, most of the figures proved to be quite close.
### SCHOOL BUILDING COST INDEX
| Cities | Index |
|-----------------|-------|
| New York | 100 |
| Atlanta | 78 |
| Baltimore | 73 |
| Birmingham | 73 |
| Boston | 85 |
| Chicago | 85 |
| Cleveland | 81 |
| Dallas | 76 |
| Denver | 79 |
| Detroit | 87 |
| Houston | 85 |
| Los Angeles | 88 |
| Miami | 80 |
| Minneapolis | 82 |
| Norfolk | 72 |
| Pensacola | 73 |
| Philadelphia | 84 |
| Pittsburgh | 85 |
| Providence | 81 |
| St. Louis | 86 |
| San Diego | 79 |
| San Francisco | 91 |
| Seattle | 85 |
| Washington, D.C.| 81 |
| Wichita | 76 |
Since the original purpose of this study was to test the notion that wage differentials are the primary determinant of building cost differentials from city to city, this could be taken as some measure of "proof". The accuracy lost by assuming constant material's prices was undoubtedly offset to a substantial degree by the use of weighted wage rates for the particular building type.
In these index numbers labor productivity was not taken into account. Short run market conditions, mainly influenced by the degree of contractor competition, were also not considered. As has been suggested previously, the ideal method for determining these factors is via thorough research of the city in question.
### WAGE RATES IN U.S. CITIES
| Cities | Bricklayers | Carpenters | Electrical workers | Iron workers | Common laborers | Lathers | Painters | Steamfitters | Plasterers | Plumbers | Concrete workers | Labor Cost Index |
|-----------------|-------------|------------|--------------------|--------------|-----------------|---------|----------|-------------|------------|---------|------------------|------------------|
| New York | $8.24 | 7.36 | 6.44 | 7.79 | 6.07 | 7.38 | 6.23 | 7.82 | 8.56 | 7.82 | 6.80 | 100 |
| Atlanta | 4.90 | 4.25 | 5.10 | 4.87 | 2.65 | 4.25 | 4.25 | 5.05 | 4.35 | 5.05 | 2.77 | 55 |
| Baltimore | 5.05 | 4.42 | 5.05 | 5.36 | 2.89 | 4.53 | 4.33 | 4.96 | 4.53 | 4.96 | 3.28 | 58 |
| Birmingham | 4.65 | 3.90 | 4.69 | 4.57 | 2.60 | 3.85 | 4.00 | 4.95 | 3.97 | 4.95 | 2.70 | 52 |
| Boston | 5.90 | 5.15 | 5.57 | 5.67 | $195 | 5.60 | 4.70 | 5.82 | 5.10 | 6.00 | 3.95 | 69 |
| Chicago | 5.65 | 6.00 | 5.91 | 6.04 | 4.16 | 5.36 | 4.98 | 5.67 | 5.73 | 5.70 | 3.68 | 70 |
| Cleveland | 5.66 | 5.61 | 5.38 | 5.60 | 4.57 | 5.41 | 5.15 | 5.51 | 5.31 | 5.51 | 3.85 | 70 |
| Dallas | 4.76 | 4.31 | 4.76 | 4.43 | 2.43 | 4.35 | 4.15 | 4.92 | 4.85 | 4.92 | 2.84 | 52 |
| Denver | 4.85 | 4.72 | 4.97 | 4.70 | 2.20 | 4.78 | 4.13 | 4.10 | 4.70 | 4.97 | 2.20 | 58 |
| Detroit | 5.80 | 5.60 | 6.06 | 6.04 | 4.42 | 5.30 | 5.10 | 5.60 | 5.30 | 5.90 | 4.33 | 73 |
| Houston | 4.78 | 4.50 | 5.06 | 4.50 | 2.85 | 4.70 | 4.26 | 4.93 | 4.70 | 4.88 | 3.03 | 56 |
| Los Angeles | 5.30 | 5.51 | 6.04 | 6.37 | 4.29 | 5.42 | 6.07 | 6.93 | 5.53 | 6.93 | 4.50 | 76 |
| Miami | 4.87 | 4.95 | 5.46 | 5.12 | 3.20 | 4.61 | 4.15 | 4.92 | 4.62 | 5.02 | 3.00 | 59 |
| Minneapolis | 5.13 | 4.68 | 5.23 | 4.90 | 3.80 | 4.85 | 4.51 | 5.14 | 4.85 | 5.30 | 3.95 | 64 |
| Norfolk | 4.25 | 3.45 | 4.31 | 4.25 | 2.00 | 3.93 | 3.45 | 4.15 | 4.15 | 4.15 | 2.00 | 44 |
| Pensacola | 4.15 | 4.04 | 3.44 | 4.75 | 2.04 | 3.14 | 3.10 | 4.60 | 3.62 | 4.61 | 2.14 | 46 |
| Philadelphia | 5.82 | 5.13 | 5.68 | 6.00 | 3.60 | 5.19 | 4.50 | 5.75 | 5.24 | 5.77 | 3.60 | 67 |
| Pittsburgh | 5.85 | 5.55 | 6.05 | 5.54 | 3.88 | 5.76 | 4.73 | 5.79 | 5.66 | 5.52 | 3.88 | 69 |
| Providence | 5.33 | 4.38 | 4.72 | 5.42 | 3.60 | 5.15 | 4.03 | 5.82 | 5.33 | 5.33 | 3.87 | 62 |
| St. Louis | 5.97 | 5.35 | 6.14 | 5.40 | 4.39 | 5.33 | 5.25 | 6.43 | 6.06 | 6.06 | 3.83 | 72 |
| San Diego | 5.50 | 5.52 | 6.19 | 6.37 | 4.46 | 5.45 | 5.49 | 6.21 | 5.45 | 6.93 | 4.44 | 76 |
| San Francisco | 6.53 | 6.93 | 6.17 | 6.37 | 4.23 | 5.60 | 6.43 | 7.88 | 7.03 | 7.84 | 4.39 | 82 |
| Seattle | 5.54 | 4.85 | 5.19 | 5.50 | 4.15 | 5.03 | 4.70 | 5.48 | 5.03 | 5.48 | 4.35 | 69 |
| Washington, D.C.| 5.50 | 4.54 | 5.40 | 5.00 | 3.21 | 4.98 | 4.80 | 5.44 | 5.90 | 5.40 | 3.21 | 62 |
| Wichita | 4.48 | 3.83 | 4.70 | 4.28 | 2.70 | 4.57 | 3.50 | 4.75 | 3.75 | 4.75 | 2.84 | 52 |
A near-miss in Illinois on single vs. separate contracts
Some of the political aspects of the contest between proponents of separate contract bids and those who advocate a single general contract were underscored in a recent series of events in Illinois.
Owner-architect judgment should set bidding format
Previous columns (January, March) have stressed the importance of bidding systems which permit the owner, under advice of his architect, to exercise judgment in determining which format—whether separate or single bid—best serves his project needs. The trend in recent years has been to legislate the separate bid or split contract system into a must for public agencies.
The split contract is a format wherein separate bids are taken and contracts awarded for general construction work, plumbing, HVAC, and electrical work. Under this system, for a single building there may be as many as four (in some states the number is greater) separate prime contractors working on the job.
Illinois courts permit agency's choice of method
In Illinois, in 1966, the courts determined that the Illinois Building Authority was not bound by the separate bidding provisions of the State Purchasing Act. Since that time the I.B.A. has contracted some 40 projects, employing with considerable success both separate and single contract bids as circumstances warranted.
The subcontractor groups, understandably, were unhappy with this development. Separate bids had been required on all public work in Illinois since 1959. As a consequence, the subcontractors urged upon the recent legislature an amendment of the purchasing act which would specifically include the I.B.A. within the mandatory split contract provisions. The I.B.A., many architects, general contractors, and other interested parties, including our firm, opposed the amendment.
Committee's bill would extend choice to all agencies
The debate before the House Committee considering the matter must have been lively, because the bill as reported out (and as previously passed by the State Senate) would have not only preserved the exclusion of the I.B.A. from the obligation to award split contracts, but would have excluded all other state agencies as well. It would have restored to all public building in the state the option of selecting a contract format—whether single or split—which in the judgment of the agency involved most suited the needs of the project at hand.
But house reverses stand and requires separate bids
Unfortunately—and this is the development that caused a hurried revision of this month's article—the bill as passed by the house was further amended. The strides made by the house committee toward flexibility and the exercise of judgment in taking construction bids were reversed. In final form, the bill required that all agencies—including the Illinois Building Authority—take separate bids for the major mechanical and electrical trades. The agency may also invite single bids for the entire construction package if it so chooses, but the award must be made to the bid or combination of bids which results in the least cost.
Single and separate bids just won't work together
This approach has been used elsewhere and it simply doesn't work. Subcontractors soon demonstrate that, confronted with this choice, their bids to the general contractor are much higher than they tendered to the agency. Indeed in many instances, subcontractors decline the invitation and refuse to submit any bid whatsoever to the general contractors.
It is hoped that Governor Kerner will veto the Bill. If he does, this issue will be reopened and hotly debated in the next session of the legislature.
Mandatory format weakens project control
Clearly, the choice—whether separate or single contract—belongs with the agency and its architects, and not with the subcontractors affected. As we pointed out before, mandatory separate bids encourage abuse and weaken project control.
Whatever the outcome, one may read some encouragement in the episode. The problems implicit in a mandatory separate bidding formula have been recognized, and this recognition came quite close to reversing a trend which many observers, both for and against, had thought to be irreversible.
Shopping centers dominate merchants' building plans
Nevertheless, he said, the demand for center-city retail outlets is still strong. Most central business district stores are enjoying higher absolute retail sales volume, even while continuing to lose their former high relative proportion of total retail sales.
"There are several trends of interest affecting the demand for central business district retail stores," he went on. "One is the increased amount of business being developed by serving a record number of office workers located in the central business district."
An additional factor is the emerging trend back to the central city by apartment residents, particularly in the luxury rental classes.
"Urban renewal," Mr. Calomiris advised, "has been at least partially responsible for helping to reverse the previous trend away from the city." The flow at present is rather mixed.
A third factor affecting demand is the success of modern retail merchants in achieving higher sales volumes per square foot of retail area. This has made it possible for merchants to accommodate a greater volume of sales in a smaller area than was possible a decade ago, and it has permitted them to absorb some of the increase in the cost of doing business in the central business district.
"The real victims, if they can be called that, of the trends in retail trade are the so-called strip stores and the secondary retail areas peripheral to or outlying from the central business district," Mr. Calomiris concluded. "It is in these categories that most of the vacancies and marginal uses are found."
## AUGUST 1967 BUILDING COST INDEXES
| Metropolitan area | Cost differential | Current Dow Index | % change year ago |
|------------------|-------------------|-------------------|-------------------|
| U.S. Average | 8.5 | 280.9 | 298.6 | +2.78 |
| Atlanta | 7.2 | 332.1 | 338.1 | +3.15 |
| Baltimore | 7.7 | 279.3 | 297.1 | +0.69 |
| Birmingham | 7.5 | 258.7 | 278.1 | +7.16 |
| Boston | 8.5 | 253.1 | 267.9 | +1.65 |
| Chicago | 8.9 | 310.3 | 326.4 | +2.42 |
| Cincinnati | 8.8 | 267.0 | 283.8 | +1.41 |
| Cleveland | 9.2 | 288.1 | 306.2 | +2.48 |
| Dallas | 7.7 | 262.9 | 271.5 | +2.28 |
| Denver | 8.3 | 284.4 | 302.4 | +0.98 |
| Detroit | 8.9 | 288.6 | 303.0 | +4.28 |
| Kansas City | 8.3 | 251.2 | 265.9 | +1.43 |
| Los Angeles | 8.3 | 285.2 | 312.0 | +2.01 |
| Miami | 8.4 | 274.3 | 288.2 | +1.82 |
| Minneapolis | 8.8 | 279.2 | 295.8 | +2.23 |
| New Orleans | 7.8 | 252.4 | 267.4 | +2.09 |
| New York | 10.0 | 296.0 | 318.4 | +3.99 |
| Philadelphia | 8.7 | 278.0 | 291.9 | +1.94 |
| Pittsburgh | 9.1 | 260.3 | 276.7 | +1.07 |
| St. Louis | 9.1 | 279.1 | 295.7 | +2.82 |
| San Francisco | 8.5 | 364.1 | 398.3 | +2.99 |
| Seattle | 8.4 | 255.3 | 285.3 | +1.94 |
Differences in costs between two cities may be compared by dividing the cost differential figure of one city by that of a second; if the cost differential of one city (8.0) divided by that of a second (8.0) equals 125%, then costs in the first city are 25% higher than costs in the second. Also, costs in the second city are 80% of those in the first (8.0 ÷ 10.0 = 80%) or they are 20% lower in the second city.
The information presented here indicates trends of building construction costs in 21 leading cities and their suburban areas (within a 25-mile radius). Information is included on past and present costs, and future costs can be projected by analysis of past trends.
## HISTORICAL BUILDING COST INDEXES—AVERAGE OF ALL BUILDING TYPES, 21 CITIES
| Metropolitan area | 1952 | 1960 | 1961 | 1962 | 1963 | 1964 | 1965 |
|------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| U.S. Average | 213.5| 259.2| 264.6| 266.8| 273.4| 279.3| 284.9|
| Atlanta | 223.5| 289.0| 294.7| 298.2| 302.5| 313.7| 321.5|
| Baltimore | 213.3| 272.6| 269.9| 277.8| 275.5| 280.6| 285.7|
| Birmingham | 208.1| 240.2| 249.9| 250.0| 256.3| 260.9| 265.6|
| Boston | 199.0| 232.8| 237.5| 239.8| 244.1| 252.1| 257.8|
| Chicago | 231.2| 294.2| 289.9| 292.0| 301.0| 306.6| 311.7|
| Cincinnati | 207.7| 255.0| 257.6| 258.8| 263.9| 269.5| 274.0|
| Cleveland | 220.1| 263.1| 265.7| 268.5| 275.8| 283.0| 292.3|
| Dallas | 227.9| 257.9| 257.8| 258.2| 261.4| 266.8| 270.8|
| Denver | 211.8| 257.9| 270.9| 274.9| 282.5| 287.3| 294.0|
| Detroit | 197.8| 259.5| 264.7| 265.9| 272.2| 277.7| 284.7|
| Kansas City | 213.3| 237.1| 237.1| 240.1| 247.8| 250.5| 256.4|
| Los Angeles | 210.3| 263.6| 274.3| 276.3| 282.5| 288.2| 297.1|
| Miami | 199.4| 256.5| 259.1| 260.3| 269.3| 274.4| 277.5|
| Minneapolis | 213.5| 260.0| 267.9| 269.0| 275.3| 282.4| 285.0|
| New Orleans | 207.1| 242.3| 244.7| 245.1| 248.3| 249.9| 256.3|
| New York | 207.4| 265.4| 270.8| 276.0| 282.3| 289.4| 297.1|
| Philadelphia | 228.3| 262.8| 265.4| 265.2| 271.2| 275.2| 280.8|
| Pittsburgh | 204.0| 243.5| 250.9| 251.8| 258.2| 263.8| 267.0|
| St. Louis | 213.1| 251.9| 256.9| 255.4| 263.4| 272.1| 280.9|
| San Francisco | 266.4| 327.5| 337.4| 343.3| 352.4| 365.3| 368.6|
| Seattle | 191.8| 237.4| 247.0| 252.3| 260.6| 266.6| 269.9|
Costs in a given city for a certain period may be compared with costs in another period by dividing one index into the other; if the index for a city for one period (200.0) divided by the index for a second period (150.0) equals 133%, the costs in the one period are 33% higher than the costs in the other. Also, second period costs are 75% of those in the first period (150.0 ÷ 200.0 = 75%) or they are 25% lower in the second period.
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SHOULD BE SEE AND NOT HEARD.
Best friend of the apartment dweller is a SPAN DECK® precast, prestressed, hollow-core, concrete floor and roof system. SPAN DECK® plank, with its exposed soffit, are made to be the center of attention. SPAN DECK® is manufactured with a smooth acoustical bottom. A Noise Reduction Coefficient of 0.55* assures a quiet, livable ceiling that IS HEARD AND NOT HEARD. The exposed soffit can easily be painted or decorated—taking advantage of its extremely fine-textured finish. Each 48" SPAN DECK® plank offers greater appeal to the eye because of the precise, carefully controlled plank fabrication process, which produces a product of such consistent proportions throughout that planks fit together perfectly. For additional information, write your nearest SPAN DECK® supplier or Box 99, Franklin, Tennessee 37064.
*Bank Acoustical Laboratories Test #A 62-188
When it comes to planning a walk-in cooler or freezer...too often the last thing considered is the refrigeration system...
At Bally...it’s one of the first...
The job a good walk-in will do can be downgraded fast by a “just so-so” refrigeration system. Top results demand that refrigeration get the same research, design and manufacturing skill devoted to the production of the walk-in itself.
That’s why self-contained refrigeration systems play such a big role in our manufacturing setup. Bally makes 76 different systems...with a model perfectly suited for every type and size of Bally Walk-In. Capacities from $1/3$ to $7\frac{1}{2}$ H.P...low or high temperature...air or water cooled...side or top mounted.
At Bally the matching of refrigeration compressors and cooling or freezing coils, so essential for efficient performance, is an exacting process. That’s why we make our own coils. It’s the only way we can be sure we will have every size needed. Time clocks, valves, and controls are selected by research engineers. Nothing is left to chance.
By comparison, consider that job site assembled refrigeration systems are generally made from wholesalers’ limited compressor and coil inventories. Balancing of components becomes a “hit or miss” proposition. And job site assembly lacks completely the laboratory controlled conditions necessary for long years of trouble-free service.
Among other reasons why Bally Walk-Ins are recognized as the industry leader are these: 4” urethane “foamed-in-place” (equal to $8\frac{1}{2}$” of fiberglass)...self-closing magnetically sealed doors... “Speed-Lok” fasteners to make it easy to add sections to increase size...equally easy to disassemble for relocation.
Write for free “Architects Fact File” (includes 32-page brochure, specifications guide and urethane wall sample).
See our catalog in Sweet’s Architectural File, No. 23a/BaL.
Bally Case and Cooler, Inc.
Bally, Pennsylvania 19503
Speed and Economy are the keys to storefront facelifting with SHADOPANEL®
Here is dramatic proof of the efficient, inexpensive facelifting you can do almost overnight with SHADOPANEL. This new front for the Boomer Printing Company was completed in 2 days. SHADOPANEL porcelain on aluminum panels come in a wide choice of colors...also gold anodized. See Sweets catalogue for details or write:
mapes & co. Box 2067, Lincoln, Nebr. 68501 (division of Mapes Industries, Inc.)
For more data, circle 131 on inquiry card
For Sanitary, Watertight and Lifetime installation
Frame-installed bowls in vanities and countertops Are the best!
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WALTER E. SELCK AND CO.
7136 W. GUNNISON ST. • CHICAGO, ILL. 60656
1216 S. Vandeventer Ave. • St. Louis, MO. 63119
166 Glenwood Ave. • Minneapolis, Minn. 55405
Honor roll candidates study or sit up and take notes on NEW Krueger SEQUENCE SEATING
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Chicago—1184 Merchandise Mart; Los Angeles—8815 Beverly Blvd.
For more data, circle 123 on inquiry card
ISN'T THIS WHAT YOU WANT?
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PERMAPAK SYSTEM. The ideal roof "package" for Class 1 construction. Provides three UL and FM listed elements for optimum thermal and vapor control: (1) Permalite Sealskin Roof Insulation Board. (2) Permalite Reflective Vapor Barrier. (3) Permalite Cold Adhesive. All available from one source—GREFCO.
See your Permalite representative, consult Sweet's or write for literature and samples. GREFCO Inc./Building Products Division, 333 North Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60601.
The Mining and Mineral Products Group of General Refractories Company
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Seal photos taken at Marineland of the Pacific, Los Angeles.
enlarged the scope of its services by merging with Richard Paul Miller and other principal design members of the now dissolved firm of Wiley and Miller, Inc. The firm's main office is at 100 California Rd., Elkhart, Ind.
Kennedy, Brown & Associates, architects announce the change of their name to Kennedy, Brown & Trueblood, architects at 3925 North College Ave., Indianapolis.
Edward A. Kern and Herman E. Weber, Jr. have formed a partnership for the practice of architecture under the firm name of Kern & Weber, Architects, 818 Baldwin Building, Erie, Pa.
Arthur A. Edwards, partner in the firm Krey and Hunt, announces the opening of his own office for the practice of mechanical and electrical engineering as Ben H. Krey and Darl H. Hunt announce their retirement. The new firm will be located at 551 Fifth Ave., New York City.
The architectural firm of Lawrie and Green announces that J. Harlan Lawrie, A.I.A. has become a partner. The firm is at 321 North Front St., Harrisburg, Pa.
Sherman Schneider, A.I.A. has been appointed executive architect of Charles Luckman Associates, planners and architects in New York and Los Angeles. Herbert K. Hopp has joined the New York office as project architect.
Clinton Marr, A.I.A. architect, Riverside, Calif. has named two associates, Lee Tracy and Richard P. Frick. The firm will be known as Clinton Marr & Associates, architecture and planning.
The firm of Yosh Nakazawa & Associates, Inc., Architect-Engineer, announces the appointment of William W. Cobb, A.I.A., Walter S. Hallen, Jr., Donald H. Garbowicz and Harry E. Patterson as associate architects. The firm is located at 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
P & W Engineers, Inc. announces the appointment of E. Alfred Picardi as executive vice president in charge of Eastern operations. The firm is at 309 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago.
John B. Parkin Associates, Architects and Engineers announce that Lloyd Laity has become permanently located in the Los Angeles office of the firm as vice president/design. The office is at 1801 Avenue of the Stars, Los Angeles.
Joseph L. Pellis and Donald J. Lettrich announce the formation of a partnership Pellis & Lettrich for the practice of architecture with offices located at 124 West Pittsburgh St., Greensburg, Pa.
Henry A. Pfisterer, Consulting Engineer,
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Build I-LINE® power panelboards on the job
Installation is fast, with no special tools required. Connectors and mounting hardware are permanently attached to branch breakers. Only a screwdriver is needed for breaker installation in any location on the busbar system. That means extra convenience and full capacity from the panelboard.
It's easy when you stock I-LINE components and build panelboards right on the job site. No more delays of several weeks because last minute changes resulted in a completely new circuit rearrangement. Boxes, interiors and circuit breakers are as near as your own stockroom or Square D distributor. To install or change over a new 100 or 400 ampere breaker takes about 10 minutes versus more than two hours with other designs. There is another consideration. Assembling an I-LINE panelboard at its ultimate location in the building may yield big savings in rigging or handling costs, since the maximum component weight is less than 100 lbs. for the average panelboard and 270 lbs. for the largest (1200 amp, 80" high).
Only I-LINE panelboards are "integrated equipment rated"—factory-tested with every possible combination of breakers to be sure busses and insulation can withstand maximum short circuit conditions. And there is additional safety for your men with the Square D "dead front" design.
If you prefer, I-LINE panelboards are also available factory-assembled, with all of the same safety and performance benefits. Breakers can be added or changed with equal ease.
Once you see all of the features of I-LINE power panelboards, you'll never settle for anything less. Let a Square D field representative or distributor give you the complete story along with a proof-positive demonstration. Call him. Or write us at Square D Company, Dept. SA, Lexington, Kentucky 40505.
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Do both heating and cooling jobs economically and efficiently with the new SC NELSON/aire cabinet unit. Install the units in one room at a time or in a complete wing at one time. This thin-profile, through-the-wall unit heats via central system steam or hot water—or comes equipped with its own electric resistance coils. Whisper-quiet air conditioning is self-contained. A sealed refrigeration unit, available in 8,000, 12,000 and 15,000 BTU/hr. capacities, needs only the correct electrical source for immediate, plug-in cooling. It also features 20% fresh air ventilation. SC NELSON/aire may be installed initially for heating and ventilating only. Then, packaged refrigeration section can be added quickly, easily, at low cost when you're ready. Here's the ideal way to bring modern climate control to older rooms or build it into new ones. American Air Filter Company, Inc., 215 Central Avenue, Louisville, Kentucky 40208.
Continued from page 84
gineer announces the naming of Abba A. Tor as senior associate and William S. Kaminski, Walter Shapiro and Anthony J. Calini as associates. The firm name will be Henry A. Pfisterer and Associates, Consulting Engineers at 111 Whitney Ave., New Haven and 101 Park Ave., New York City.
Roger/Nagel/Langhart, a Denver architectural firm has announced the appointment of Gary T. Merideth, interior designer; John M. Elmore and James E. Millensifer, associate architects; and Kennon B. Stewart, associate mechanical engineer. The firm is located at 1626 Stout St., Denver.
Harold L. Adams has been made managing architect by Rogers, Taliaferro, Kostritsky, Lamb—planners and architects at 806 Cathedral St., Baltimore.
Schauder and Martin Architects announce that Robert Fessler has been appointed associate with the firm which is located at 4227 Monroe St., Toledo, Ohio.
Neil P. Frankel, A.I.A. has been appointed vice-president and director of design of Milton M. Schwartz & Associates, Inc. located at 173 West Madison St., Chicago.
Thomas J. Holzbog & Associates announces the formation of an office in collaboration with Environments Inc., a design and planning firm, 19 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge, Mass.
New Addresses
Chan/Rader and Associates, Architects and Planning Consultants, 710 Sansome St., San Francisco.
Hugh Hardy & Associates, 257 Park Ave. South, New York City.
Heery and Heery Architects and Engineers, 1705 Commerce Drive, N.W., Atlanta.
Hoag-Wismar-Henderson-Associates and HWH Associates, Inc., 1150 West Third St., Cleveland.
Win Hoffman Architect, 600 Hempstead Tpke., West Hempstead, N.Y.
T. Y. Lin & Associates, Inc., 130 N. Franklin St., Chicago.
Eberle M. Smith Associates, Ltd., Consultants, 1787 Walker Rd., Windsor, Ontario.
Stone, Marraccini and Patterson, Architects and Planners, 455 Beach St., San Francisco.
R. Bruce Widstrom Associates Architects, Place 90, 8998 "L" St., Omaha.
Richard Weingardt & Associates, Consulting Structural Engineers, 500 Right of Way Road, Sterling, Colo.
For more data, circle 61 on inquiry card
high strength steel reinforced concrete buildings are
on the rise!
everywhere
Yes, it really is high! The 1000 Lake Shore Plaza Apartment Building, Chicago, has set a new height record for monolithic reinforced concrete construction. It towers over 600 feet from sidewalk to rooftop. A-432 steel, one of the new reinforcing steels having 50% greater yield strength, made this building possible in concrete. Using high strength steel reinforcement, the designers achieved slimmer columns... greater usable floor space... the reduction of overall construction costs. Modern flat slab design also provided a record number of stories within the total height.
On your next building, consider the advantages of reinforced concrete construction. There is no more economical, versatile, or creative material for buildings, high or low. Ask your consulting engineer, too, about the many other benefits of using new A-432 steel in modern reinforced concrete building designs.
CONCRETE REINFORCING STEEL INSTITUTE
228 North La Salle Street • Chicago, Illinois 60601
1000 Lake Shore Plaza Apartments, Chicago, Illinois
Developer: Harold L. Perlman
Architects: Sidney H. Morris & Associates
Structural Engineers: William Schmidt & Associates
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967
TRI-TROL AIR TRAK CEILINGS
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Krueger’s new modular ceiling air grid diffuser combines extreme flexibility and outstanding beauty.
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Tri-Trol Air Trak gives complete freedom in choice of modular size of standard design for any job. Standard cross pieces and splines for grid intersections produce joints with a nearly invisible, hair-line crack.
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Barnes' Tabriz Consulate... a sophisticated statement of ribbon arches and domes
94 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967
Tradition, which has been creeping back into architectural vocabularies under various guises for some time, has a handsome new representation in the United States Consulate for Tabriz, Iran.
In his development of the design, Edward Larrabee Barnes has given reasoned sway to his theory of "continuity" in architecture—that "any single building is conditioned by what is around it, and by what came before". The conditioning, in this case, came from the native Iranian villages, with their mud-covered brick walls, domes, walled compounds and gardens.
"In an advanced industrialized country such as the United States", Barnes has written, "the likelihood is that, if the architect resorts to primitive means of construction, such as solid masonry walls laid out by hand, or a mosaic floor, he is doing it for effect. Such effects have their place, but they are essentially decorative and peripheral to the main courses of architectural development... However, in backward countries, the architect who employs advanced techniques imported from industrialized countries may be forcing the impractical. Where labor is cheap, the work of human hands becomes a part of a matrix of an architecture reserved for special locations. In northern Iran, where there is still a strong use of brick vault construction, it seemed to me that the natural idiom for architecture would be just that—brick."
96 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967
Revolt, in the sense of some degree of architectural assertiveness, is one quality which Barnes pits against that of architectural continuity. In this consulate, assertion is made by its color.
"For hundreds of miles around Tabriz," Barnes comments, "the little mud brick villages are self-sufficient and primitive. The soil is red-brown, so are the towns, and when the dust blows so are the people." In contrast to this ambience, Barnes has injected white-stuccoed, strong-shadowed and sculptural angularities which forcibly recall snapshots of the buildings on the Greek island of Mykonos.
The original brick walls of a farm and almond grove previously occupying the site have been retained, with an arched white gate leading into the compound of offices, consul's residence, and a few existing buildings which have also been retained. Staff apartments have been planned for later construction. Each of the buildings is given its own inner court by white walls and rows of poplar trees.
The structural shapes of the ribbon arches, barrel vaults, thin-shell domes and buttresses have been carefully studied and refined into a sophisticated, abstract sculpture, as can be clearly seen in the photos. The larger office building is a cascade of repeated domes, while the consul's residence (three detail photos this page) has three elliptical domes abutting six barrel vaults.
1. Architectural plan and section of the building.
2. Construction of the brick arches.
3. Interior view of the building under construction.
4. Exterior view of the completed building.
Synthesis of age-old construction methods with contemporary engineering has been made in the buildings. "What luxury to find a fully-developed, highly-refined system of compression architecture, 2,000 years old, with craftsmen able to carry it out," Barnes has commented. "All we added to the local esthetics was, we hope, a sophistication and refinement not found in their architecture. Our buildings are disciplined for the engineering, it is true, and proportions and spaces are carefully considered. We took care of the earthquake problem by keeping buildings one-story and by adding an earthquake ring—a poured concrete beam around the periphery which binds it together. Our whole vocabulary consisted of the arch (and its extension, the barrel vault), the dome (which is essentially the intersection of two arches), and the elliptical dome (which is a logical next step)."
The progressive stages of the brick construction are seen in the tinted photos at left: the ribbon arches in place (1), addition of the domes (2), addition of the infilling walls (3), and topping the roof (4). The exteriors are all stuccoed, and the finished interiors are plastered. Both the office building and the consul's residence are somewhat formally planned with regular bays, and a dome or vault over each.
The only significant change from the original sketch (upper left) is the shifting of the residence from the central axis.
Timelessness is a possibly-not-unexpected quality achieved through Barnes' approach to the design of the Tabriz Consulate. Though it is decisively contemporary in its simplicity, strength and sophistication, there is an inherent romantic recall in the mere use of flowing curvilinear shapes. Such forms are in themselves a significant departure from Barnes' usual concern with the varied disposition of flat planes. However, he has developed them in much the same manner: use of a single material, adherence to and repetition of a single strong design idea.
In addition to reflecting the local village construction and scale, the flat compound and domes of the consulate also echo the terrain—a plain edged with rounded mountains near the Russian border.
A seminary library sets a high architectural standard for the archdiocese of Boston
- St. John’s Seminary’s new library in Boston’s Brighton district occupies a wooded rise within sight of the large and imposing official residence of Richard Cardinal Cushing, located just within the border of the St. John’s Seminary campus. Because the new library was to be constructed in the Cardinal’s back yard, so to speak, the religious institution’s directors and the Cardinal himself were eager to build a distinguished work of architecture. In addition, function as well as proximity seemed to justify major architectural effort, since the library was planned not only as a facility for the college, but also as a resource center for the entire archdiocese, the many pastors and curates, and 17 small missionary seminaries in the greater Boston area.
Architects Paul J. Carroll and Sanford R. Greenfield have produced an essentially symmetrical building of poured-in-place and precast concrete constructed upon a strict module established by the spacing of book stacks. Within this rigid discipline they have achieved a strong basic shape, excellent interior spaces and a well-integrated mechanical and electrical system.
The seminary’s administrators, intrigued and pleased by their interesting and good new building, have recently improved their curriculum by the addition of a well-attended course in architectural design.
SECTION B-B
SECTION A-A
The basic structural system for the book stack areas, as shown in the plans and sections at left, consists of one-way ribbed slabs of reinforced concrete spanning 27-foot by 27-foot bays. The ribs are 18 inches on center to corbel around with stack spacing and are 16 inches wide. The voids left between the pans are 20 inches wide and 16 inches deep. Every other bay is equipped with a fluorescent troffer, and becomes a reflector casting light upon the shelves and the aisles between them. Corridor and auxiliary spaces are located within a 24-foot-6-inch by 27-foot column module. Perimeter bays of the second floor are punctuated at their projecting outside edges by a continuous band of 30-inch- by 12-inch- by 12-inch-deep domes. These form a very handsome soft-lighting feature as can be seen in the photograph at the right. Fan coil units and pipes are located within the triangular space at this cornice line as shown in the section. Both air intakes and ducts for the fan coil units are located in a continuous joint at the perimeter.
The ratio of reader space to volumes in open stacks is relatively low as called for by the program, which accounts for the absence of large reading areas and the relatively high percentage of small study carrels. The central well facilitates visual control of all three floors from the main desk.
Central skylighted wells of the type shown at the right are not permitted by the technologically outdated building codes still in force in Boston. The Boston Building Commission, after a formal appeal, made their first major exception for this three-story vertical space.
Interior spaces are well lit, as in the periodical room shown above. Broad expanses of glass shaded by deep overhangs and surrounding trees bring a generous amount of daylight to reading areas, technical and office space, and stacks. Adjacent to the periodical room is a reference area, shown at left.
LIBRARY FOR ST. JOHN'S SEMINARY, Boston, Massachusetts. Architects Carroll and Greenfield; structural engineers: Souza and True; mechanical engineers: Fitzmeyer and Tocci; electrical engineers: Harman Associates; landscape architect: Homer K. Dodge; materials technologist: Herman Protze; library planning consultant: Philip McNiff; general contractor: Monahan Corporation.
The pleasant informality of this house—so well attuned to its wooded site—is in fact the result of considerable design sophistication shown most clearly in the straightforward plan, the carefully balanced exterior massing, and the meticulous detailing.
The plan, a simple though unusual one, provides excellent zoning by placing the master bedroom on the ground floor separated by the living pavilion from the two-story guest, children’s and service wing at the other end of the house. The master bedroom is itself separated from the living area by a dominant rubble-stone fireplace wall. In addition to the wall’s importance inside, its height and mass balance the two-story bedroom wing outside.
The architect has accomplished an easy and natural relationship between the house and the outdoors through the use of glass walls that give direct access to the garden and visual continuity of indoor and outdoor spaces.
Exteriors are of vertical cypress siding—stained dark grey—to blend quietly and effectively with the surrounding woodlands.
RESIDENCE for Mr. and Mrs. Michael Costello, Kings Point, New York. Architect: George Nemery—associates: Richard Henderson, Debora Reiser; engineers: Edward Klausner; contractor: William Whaley.
Natural stone retaining and fireplace walls contrast effectively with the wood and glass and give an added strength and sense of permanence to the structure. The living room gains considerable character by having one wall of stone, the strength of which is to some extent balanced by the exposed ceiling beams and some well-designed, but fairly solid modern furniture. The structure of the house is wood frame on concrete foundation with stained cypress walls and a built-up roof. Cypress is also used extensively on interior partitions. Other interior materials include: white plastic ceilings, blue stone floors in the living areas and ceramic tile in the bathrooms. Construction cost—exclusive of lot, landscaping and furniture—was about $60,000.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD 107
Well-planned and well-executed details are an important factor in the success of any building, but perhaps particularly so in a house of this kind, where so much reliance is placed on restrained, uncluttered form and the textural effect of natural materials. Fenestration is especially important in this context and if mishandled can considerably detract from the over-all design. In the Costello house, although there is considerable variation of window treatment, the placing, detailing and careful juxtaposition of sizes, and of projected and recessed glazing gives vitality to the elevations without in any way destroying the unity of the total scheme. The same care and attention to detail can be seen throughout the interior.
RECREATION:
a chance for innovative urban design
More people, more free time, more people with free time—and a mounting need for recreation within the boundaries of the places where people are, the already crowded cities. Solving such a problem takes imagination and vision, and one city—perhaps the least likely, New York—is setting the pace for the country in using both imagination and vision to provide a program of recreation activities and facilities for the creative use of leisure.
The key to New York’s innovative program is its insistence that only the best design is acceptable for its program. With the goal of making the city a more pleasant place to live, it should do no less. The Department of Parks’ recognition that design is its most potent tool for effecting quality is a giant step toward achieving its goal.
Clearly (see following pages) architects and allied designers have the talent to share the challenge and the responsibility.
—Elisabeth Kendall Thompson
From top to bottom:
Rochdale Village Park, Queens.
Architect: Richard Stein.
River Walk, Hudson River Parkway, Manhattan.
Landscape architects: Zion & Breen.
Fountain Cafe, Central Park, Manhattan.
Architect: James Lamantia.
Riding Stables and Police Precinct Station, Central Park, Manhattan.
Architects: Kelly & Gruzen.
OPEN SPACE DESIGN: NEW YORK SHOWS HOW IN ITS PARK PROGRAM
By Arthur Rosenblatt, A.I.A.
First Deputy Administrator
Recreation and Cultural Affairs Administration
Department of Parks, New York City
Among the assets of urban living for which New York City is noted, mention is seldom if ever made of the city's open spaces and recreational opportunities. And for good reason. In amount and quality of open space and recreational facilities, New York is and has been—like so many cities—for a long time notably deficient.
But New York has begun to make up for its apathy, and its beginning is more than just modest, even though the accomplishment still falls short of the need. The problem of overcoming the many years of marking time is not easy, interwoven with politics and personalities, the changing economic mix in our cities and stagnation of urban facilities.
What can a city do in the face of such obvious need for breathing spaces, particularly in the most crowded lower-income neighborhoods? What can it hope to do without the most creative analysis of the problems and the most creative search for solutions? What can it hope to do without calling upon the best talents of the best designers for the maximum (and most innovative) contribution they can make? But how often does "the art of the possible" become the limit of the policy-maker's horizon?
The history of New York City's Department of Parks from 1934 to 1965 is one of decreasing attention to open space and recreational needs. Although Robert Moses, commissioner of parks from 1934 to 1959, was responsible in the early years of his administration for some of the Parks Department's proudest accomplishments, in the later years his incredible civic energies seemed to be focused in other directions. First arterial highways, then a World's Fair, distracted his attention from a primary concern for parks and playgrounds, and from
To meet new urban problems: a new kind of urban park with an "endless variety of activities"
CORONA-FLUSHING MEADOWS SPORTS PARK, Borough of Queens, New York. Phase I, site planning and programing: Lawrence Halprin & Associates; architectural consultants: Marcel Breuer & Associates, Kenzo Tange and Urtec. Phase II; architects: Marcel Breuer and Associates (indoor arena, swim-bath complex, court buildings), Kenzo Tange and Urtec (recreation and performing arts complex); site planners and landscape architects: Lawrence Halprin & Associates.
Corona-Flushing Meadows Sports Park—programed by Lawrence Halprin & Associates with architect/consultants Marcel Breuer and Kenzo Tange-Urtec—will be a new kind of urban park, designed to meet the needs of people with more free time, and more discretionary time. It is to be a park with something for nearly everyone to do, a park in the tradition of providing not one passive activity (in the old rus in urbe way) but a multitude of activities of all kinds, recreational and cultural.
active and passive, for participant and for spectator, an “endless variety of activities.” These will include outdoor playing fields of all kinds, indoor courts, tracks, ski and toboggan runs, ingenious devices for improving one’s game (sketches, left); swimming and bathing in a romantic, spa-like environment, where statuary, plants, and music (from platforms suspended over the pools and baths) would recall San Francisco’s fabled Sutro Baths; and cultural activities such as arts and crafts, amateur orchestra and choral singing, dancing and dramatic arts. There is ample room for all this on the site, where two World’s Fairs have taken place. The site plan skillfully deals with the problems of the site, diking some of the areas which periodically flood (this is an old flood plain and a river bed) with the sculptured land forms which are an important visual element in the over-all design. It turns the park inward, away from its mediocre surroundings, to make its own environment, and to minimize some of the noise from the various transit ways all around it. It creates a great open court—between the recreation-performing arts complex and the indoor arena swim-bath complex—which will be the meeting place, the place for events, the focal point of the park, and a central point for internal circulation. Some 100,000 persons at a time will use the park, 38,000 in specific activities, the others walking around its 1,257.6 acres, sitting or picnicking.
his early insistence on excellence of design, for which he had used the talent of some of the liveliest and ablest young designers of that day. In his new interest in parkways and fairs, Mr. Moses left the design of parks and playgrounds to parkway engineers whose true dedication was (not unnaturally) to parkways rather than to urban parks. The Parks Commissioner became a conservator rather than an innovator; and after the late Newbold Morris succeeded Mr. Moses in 1959, Mr. Morris continued in that role.
But the election of Mayor John V. Lindsay in late 1965, and his stated objective of making New York City "a city for people and for living," resulted in, among many other actions, a White Paper on parks and recreation—written by Thomas P. F. Hoving—scholar, art historian and at that time curator of The Cloisters, the Metropolitan Museum of Art's unique medieval department. The White Paper called for sweeping reform of the parks and a renewed pleasure in their use: and their use by all the people.
In Mr. Hoving's 14-month tenure as commissioner everything about the park department underwent change. As a beginning, he initiated a program to fill the parks at night—through a series of events and "happenings" designed to draw the people back into the parks they had been afraid to use, and to prove that, by their very presence and continuing use, the parks could be both safe and pleasant.
**Design excellence: tool for the new purposes**
To implement his program of making the Department of Parks the leader, not only in recreation and culture, but in architectural quality as well, Mr. Hoving's reforms were both internal and external. Internally, he instituted (with private funds because city funds were not available for such a policy-level position) the office of design consultant, which he asked me to fill. The position subsequently became that of director of design, and when Mr. Hoving left in March of 1967 to become director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and August Hecksher became administrator of
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**An exuberant outdoor center to give vitality and identity to a city neighborhood**
MUNICIPAL SWIMMING POOL, BATHHOUSE-RECREATION COMPLEX, Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York. Architect: Morris Lapidus Associates—Morris Lapidus, Alan H. Lapidus, John Bowstead, designers; structural engineer: Ralph Dell'Abate; mechanical engineers: Herman Scherr Associates; lighting consultant: Abe Feder.
This outdoor recreation center, with its competition-sized pool, looks not only handsome but lively—and can act as strong focal point for the crowded Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood in Brooklyn. The bathhouse is half a level below grade to permit use of its roof for a children's playground, where exhaust fan housings are designed as pyramid slides and vent stacks as climbing poles. The line of the exterior walls is varied—voids and solids alternate—to invite participation.
NORTH ELEVATION - DEKALB AVENUE
SOUTHERN ELEVATION - FACING NORTH
CONCESSION TERRACE
SLIDING PYRAMID
RAMP TO LOCKERS
RAMP TO ENTRANCE
RAMP TO ENTRANCE
recreation and cultural affairs, I was named first deputy administrator.
Externally, this program sought the finest design talent anywhere to carry out its proposed developments. But wanting this kind of talent and actually enlisting it to do work were two different things, given the past history of the Department of Parks and the cynicism generated by the old era. But the imagination and flair of the Hoving program, the dynamic personality of the commissioner himself and some of the immediate results of his appointment—the happenings, the events in the parks and the people's response—caught the attention of the professionals. Among the architects and landscape architects who answered our call and who are now doing or have done work for the Department are Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, Felix Candela, Edward Larrabee Barnes, Kenzo Tange, John Carl Warnecke & Associates, Davis, Brody and Associates, Conklin and Rossant, Ulrich Franzen, Lawrence Halprin and Associates, Philip Johnson, Hoberman and Wasserman, Paul Friedberg and Associates, Richard Stein. Less well known, younger architects and landscape architects also have been engaged: Richard Dattner, Norman Jaffe, Albert Barash, Robert Malkin, Rolf Myller.
To get the participation of such firms, the Department's existing fee schedule, out of line even with other city agencies, had to be re-evaluated and up-dated. The new schedule, with consultant's fees on a par with those of other departments, recognizes the variety of recreation facilities and of the services required for them, and provides separate fee curves for innovative playgrounds, for instance, and for large structures such as swimming pools, recreation buildings, restoration of historic monuments, and so forth. We are now reviewing these new schedules for further improvement.
The capital improvement program on which the Department has embarked includes great variety: from a small sitting park in Queens to a youth center in Chelsea, from "vest pocket playgrounds" to a riding stable and police facility in Central Park, from "portable" play
A community center with fun, beauty and excitement for young and old alike
CHELSEA RECREATION CENTER, New York City.
Architects: Davis, Brody and Associates;
structural engineer: Herman Speigel;
mechanical engineers: Cosentini Associates
This community center, for a dense neighborhood on Manhattan West Side, is designed as a place for things to happen: swimming, dancing, reading, sports, game meetings, plays, lounging, or just meeting people. Some rooms are large for general gatherings, others are small for intimate meetings. The plan interrelates spaces and activities to create social contact among people of varied interests and ages so that social skills can develop and dispel the anonymity of city living.
Good looks, low maintenance for recreation center in high-maintenance area
The handsome design for this recreation center and amphitheater answers special considerations of program and of maintenance. Located in a "hard-use area" of the city, the building's windowless walls discourage vandalism (and provide wall space for hanging in the arts and crafts room), and its materials (brick finish for exterior and interior walls, quarry tile floors, asphalt block paving, copper batten roof on insulating concrete plank) are to be durable and need little maintenance. But the eye-catching forms, color and texture show how the architects have made their design express a conviction that minimum maintenance and maximum durability do not necessarily mean minimum visual quality. The complex consists of a one-story building with skylighted rooms for arts and crafts, rehearsal and various group activities; a band shell and 1,600-seat amphitheater; a comfort station and concessioners' stand. Grouped, these form a backdrop and baffle for the stage.
CREATION CENTER AND AMPHITHEATER, Morris Park, Borough of the Bronx, New York City. Architects: Lundquist & Stonehill; Consulting engineers: Werner Jensen & Korst; Construction: Phillips Construction Company, Inc.
areas to a vast recreation complex on the old World's Fair site. The architects for all these projects, and the others in our program, have the opportunity to develop the programs for their jobs, and are given free rein—even to the point of levity—in their design. The city has at last assumed the role of enlightened client, of client understanding and tolerant of innovation.
**Competitions—and an unusual precaution**
In its search for talent, the Department has turned to architectural competitions and has so far carried through two—one open, one closed—and is planning a third, open competition for the redesign and development of Von Breisen Park, overlooking New York Bay, on Staten Island. The first, for a refreshment kiosk in Central Park, was won by William Maurer, a 29-year-old Harvard graduate. The second was for a $5.7-million combined riding stable-police precinct station in Central Park. The invited contestants were the firms of Marcel Breuer, Conklin and Rossant, Kelly and Gruzen, Edward Larrabee Barnes and Philip Johnson. Kelly and Gruzen were named winners by a jury made up of architects Paul Rudolph, I. M. Pei, William Breger and Lewis Davis, landscape architect Paul Friedberg, the commissioners of parks and of police, and myself.
Competitions are time-consuming and expensive, but with proper controls they are worth while. In the stable-police station competition we took an unusual precaution: an estimating firm was assigned to each contestant to ensure that the winning design could be built within the budget. Also, we required that the $15,000 entrance commission and the right to compete be forfeited if the submission exceeded the budget. All five of the contestants in this competition honored these requirements.
Both of these competitions were privately financed.
**Portable parks, pocket parks**
If there is one guiding principle—beyond that of architectural excellence—which has motivated the Department, it is that parks should
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**MOTT HAVEN SITTING AREA**, Borough of the Bronx, New York. Landscape architects and architects: Coffey, Levine and Blumberg; associate landscape architect: Howard Abel; contractor: Edenwald Contracting Company
This vest pocket park in a low-cost housing development area is only 50 by 100 feet in size, but its skillful design makes possible a variety of quiet activities. Designed for adults, its sunny benches and game tables, its secluded spots and ample circulation attract other ages as well. Raised planter boxes in a dynamic pattern provide massed shrub and tree planting and serve as sitting walls. Concrete colors—white, dark gray and standard—differentiate areas. A pleasant place for quiet leisure.
In midtown Manhattan, a small park located "where the people are"
A park in the center of a busy commercial area should not be an astonishing sight, but it is. When Samuel Paley Memorial Park was opened a few months ago on the site of the Stork Club in midtown Manhattan, people hesitated to enter it until a sign was posted that it was "open to the public." This small park—its plot is 45 by 100 feet—makes space with what its designers call "vertical lawns" of vines on the side walls; delights the eye with a "water wall", 20 feet high, which falls into a pool 6 feet wide; and canopies its white tables and chairs with the branches of trees planted at 12-foot intervals. Mahogany-colored granite, with pink granite borders, is used for paving. Pink granite is also used for sitting walls and for the sidewalk in front of the park entrance. A refreshment stand is in one of the gate houses, storage in the other; pumping equipment for the water wall is in the basement. As the photographs show, this little park already serves as a humane oasis in the city's heart.
SAMUEL PALEY PLAZA, 3 E. 53rd Street, New York City. Site planners and landscape architects: Zion & Breen Associates; Consulting architect: Albert Preston Moore; Consulting engineer: Caretsky & Associates; Contractor: Robert Johnson, Inc.
be where the people are, especially where there are lots of people. And that is what we have been doing since the revitalization of the Department. One of the most ingenious means of putting parks where people are is the portable park program developed by landscape architect Paul Friedberg under a grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Mr. Friedberg has designed a variety of kinds of play equipment which can be placed on city-owned, unused vacant lots—and easily demounted and moved elsewhere when necessary. Even if a lot is available for only a brief time, the neighborhood will be improved by its development, for vacant lots are eyesores (and worse) in the poorer, more densely populated parts of the city. Some of these lots are only 20 feet wide and 75 feet deep, but with our pre-packaged, prefabricated parks and equipment we can quickly install a pleasant oasis in an area which otherwise has no outdoor play areas except the street. This fall we will begin construction of 10 prototype “portable parks,” thanks to the HUD grant. Ten “vest pocket parks” have already been completed.
Recreation and culture on Flushing’s Meadows
At the other end of the scale in size is the Department’s largest single project: Corona-Flushing Meadows Sports Park, a great complex of recreational facilities, some enclosed, some in the open air. This will be built at Flushing Meadows Park, recently turned over to the city by the 1964 World’s Fair Corporation. But the administration of the Parks Department has felt that the role of Flushing Meadows Park could be much greater—that we might perhaps invent for it a role unique to the 20th Century, that we might make of it a truly urban park. The City’s need for sports sites is great and growing. Baseball diamonds are booked solid throughout the season; tennis courts, handball courts and other athletic fields operate from morning to dusk, and until midnight where there is night-lighting. The line forms at four in the morning for golfers hoping to use our public golf courses.
For city dwellers, renewed contact with nature in study-play parks
TWENTY-NINTH STREET “VEST POCKET” PARK, Manhattan, New York City. Landscape architects: M. Paul Friedberg & Associates; consulting architect: Samton Associates; structural engineer: Robert Sillman; science consultant: Robert Lewis; contractor: East Bay Paving Company.
The vest pocket park at East 29th Street and Second Avenue is both playground and nature study center, an innovation for the city, and a possible prototype for other parks, each focusing on a different facet of natural science. Here the center is a planetarium, placed below grade to free the playground surface area. Its dome is a pyramid for climbing, so no play area is sacrificed. A laboratory has work tables for individual study. Center and play area work together educationally.
Open-ended playthings for portable playgrounds on vacant city lots
The portable playground developed for the Department of Parks by landscape architect Paul Friedberg is an ingenious system of modular play equipment which requires no foundation, can be bolted together, is quickly assembled and demounted, and quickly transferred from one site to another. In fact, the elements—pipe frame and concrete modules, lengths of wood, pipe and cable units—can be stockpiled and used by any designer. The four systems above show prototype uses: rigid steel frames for climbing, with slides, balls, swings and seesaws; concrete U- and V-shaped modules to put together in many ways; wood logs, shown here bolted as a climbing pyramid. Many of the objects can be moved during play. Ten portable playgrounds are being developed under a HUD grant. Temporarily vacant lots, some as small as 20 by 75 feet, are being converted into play areas for a two- or three-year period. A welcome respite in crowded areas.
EXPERIMENTAL "PORTABLE" PLAYGROUNDS. Landscape architects: M. Paul Friedberg associates; architect for modular sunbreaks: Claude Samton; sculptors: William Tarr, Gonzalo Fonseca, Paul Van Ringleheim; painters: Sam Weiner, Tania, Mon Levinson.
For Flushing Meadows we have evolved a program that would make it not only a great sports park but the cultural center for Queens (largest and second most densely populated borough of the City). In an unusual marriage of unusual talents, the Department has engaged Lawrence Halprin and Associates, Marcel Breuer and Kenzo Tange and Urtec to design this new park. Site planning and programming is being done by the Halprin firm; Marcel Breuer and Kenzo Tange are each doing two buildings which will house facilities for the performing arts—amateur theater, choral and orchestral, arts and crafts—and indoor athletics.
A “fun palace” for the young
Municipal recreation and community centers in Manhattan are usually the last places that young people—for whom they are intended—want to go. Most of these centers are undistinguished in architecture, boring, listless places whose banal appearance does little to attract youngsters, and nothing to provide beauty for the community. When an existing such center had to be replaced because of a new post office building, the Department of Parks engaged Davis-Brody and Associates, architects of the unique “Waterside” river development on the East River, to design the new Chelsea Recreation Center (see page 114). This young, energetic firm is designing a great “fun palace” which we hope will be brilliantly illuminated—like a theater—and which, because of its design, will draw young people into it. What we wanted was the kind of building that a private entrepreneur would build. The Center will have the things that young people want but do not find in the usual municipal recreation center: a dance floor with a juke box, overlooking a swimming pool, club rooms, game rooms, sports courts. This Center has excitement and creates a positive environment in a community and on a street desperately in need of a better environment.
At Mount Morris Park in Harlem (see page 115), we cancelled an old contract that would have provided a standardized rehabilitation
Adventures in play at a playground designed as “landscape for kids”
This playground in Central Park is the first of five “Adventure Playgrounds,” privately sponsored and developed. A “landscape for kids” (the architect’s words), the playground has a variety of spaces, different but related to each other. Imaginative mounds and pyramids for climbing and sliding, tunnels, “volcanoes”, tree-houses and a wooden stockade were designed by the architect to permit a wide range of interpretation by children and to stimulate their own invention.
ADVENTURE PLAYGROUND, Central Park, New York City. Architect: Richard Dattner; contractor: Kreisler-Borg Construction Co.; sponsor: Estee and Joseph Lauder Foundation, Inc.
The playground at 10th and Locust Streets, Philadelphia, is a good example of how a small area can be made into an interesting play space. The design includes a sand pit, a slide, a climbing wall, and a water fountain. The playground is surrounded by trees, providing shade and a pleasant environment for children to play.
of the park and substituted what the people of the area wanted; a community swimming pool. Now we are about to start construction of a unique amphitheater, designed by the young firm of Lundquist and Stonehill.
The Bedford-Stuyvesant area of Brooklyn, is going to have a delightfully flamboyant recreation complex and Olympic-size swimming pool, designed by the architects of some of the world's most luxurious hotels and pools, Morris Lapidus and his associates. In the same area we have initiated a tree-matching program in which we give approximately four trees for each tree paid for by the local residents.
At Central Park,
change without changes
The changes at Central Park have particular importance because the park is a focus for the whole city. These have been sensitively made so that the essential character of the park has been kept intact; there have been no encroachments on the natural beauty of the place. The Fountain Cafe (RECORD, December 1966) on Bethesda Terrace, a site of great beauty, is such a change: in its installation nothing—not a blade of grass, not a shrub, not a tree—was disturbed. Its design, entirely contemporary, nevertheless complements the park's Victorian design. The restaurant has brought life to a place long deserted after dark.
An "adventure" playground at 67th Street and Central Park West provides imaginative play equipment for children of a wide age range. Its delightful environment and the happy kinds of play it offers attract children and parents from all parts of the city. This playground, privately financed by the Estee Lauder Foundation, was designed after thorough interchanges between a citizens' committee and the architect. This sort of interchange is fostered by the Parks Department's Community Relations Division, established out of the belief that only by discovering what the people want can the designers develop programs for new buildings or parks which are uniquely suited to their locations.
Two design solutions,
similar in size,
opposite in character
NEW DORP PARK, Borough of Richmond;
138TH STREET PLAYGROUND, Borough of the Bronx,
New York City. Architects, planning consultants and landscape architects for both projects: John Carl Warnecke and Associates—partner in charge: Michael Painter. 138TH STREET: civil engineers: Kirker, Chapman and Associates; electrical engineers: Meyer, Strong and Jones; sponsor: Children's Recreation Foundation, Inc.
New Dorp park, in a single-family area of Richmond Borough (Staten Island), and 138th Street park, in a densely populated part of the Bronx, are identical in size—but their concepts are opposite, meeting each location's needs. New Dorp's central lawn, serpentine walk, sitting and play areas are suburban. Urban 138th Street's central pool and fountain are for wading by day; and can be drained for plays and dancing. New Dorp is city-financed; 138th is privately sponsored.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967 123
No easy way to a renaissance
It would be misleading to imply that this program, for all of its exciting overtones, has dispelled the problems and frustrations of doing business with a bureaucratic system. Doing business with the City of New York is no easy task, particularly for architects committed to good architecture. Negotiating contracts with the city is a long-drawn out process, for there are delays in approvals for contracts from the Parks Department, the budget director, and the comptroller. First the writing of programs is time-consuming; then acceptance of the programs by various participating city agencies takes time. And the approval of submissions encounters delays. Vouchers for payment of consultants are subject to delays by the comptroller. Distinguished architects of long experience, as much as the younger architects, have had these same problems.
What is gratifying is that these consultants have stuck to their commitments. For in staying with the job regardless of the problems, they have paved the way for greater creativity, imagination and vision in civic architecture and landscape architecture. The first year of the new administration was difficult; the second is proving more productive. Problems that seemed insurmountable are being ironed out. We hope that the third and fourth years will see the end of time-consuming, bureaucratic, red-tape delays, and bring even greater design accomplishment.
Quality design pays off. Excellence in civic architecture can change the environment of entire areas of a city, not only evoking further physical improvement but lifting the spirit of those who live in such areas.
Our program—under the imaginative and thoughtful leadership of August Heckscher—is to expedite the construction of remarkable and exciting park facilities so that New York City will in fact lead the nation in a renaissance of urban space design, and create for the city an administration environment that not only encourages good architecture and urban environment—but insures it.
Imaginative play areas on garage roof and deck over train tracks
COMBINED PARKING GARAGE AND PLAYGROUND,
Flatbush and Nostrand Avenues, Brooklyn,
New York. Landscape architects: M. Paul Friedberg & Associates; consulting engineers: Brill Engineering Corporation; sculptor: Bill Tarr; architect for shade structure: Bernard Morrison.
Combining a playground with a parking garage has gained a lot of otherwise unused space for recreation. The garage roof will be a sports playfield; a deck over the adjacent ravine (and railroad tracks) will be a children's playground. To encourage creative play experiences, "standard equipment in unstandard uses"—slides pressed into "mountains", sculptured stepping stones (with spray heads for hot weather), playful structural frames for shade—was especially designed.
Air conditioning: A new interpretation for architects
Numerous factors influence the selection and design of air-conditioning systems, from type of building, to type of equipment available, to the ever-changing nature of the design professions and the construction field. One of the most significant developments in equipment is the trend toward pre-engineered packages of larger size and variety, and of greater sophistication. Architects and engineers are re-examining education and training as owners increasingly demand "guaranteed" performance and more exacting cost evaluations. Both parts of this article have been prepared in collaboration with F. J. Walsh, consulting engineer.
—Robert E. Fischer
While paradoxical at first thought, today's trend in air conditioning is toward larger central systems on the one hand, and toward decentralized unitary installations on the other. Common to both, but perhaps not readily apparent, is the fact that advancement of these two seemingly opposite approaches stems largely from advances in packaged equipment which is smaller, quieter, more reliable, and available in larger capacities and with a wider range of components and controls. The trend toward larger central systems is aided by the availability of more sophisticated and complex control systems which, combined with the computer, promise greater optimization of system operation.
Room-by-room and zone-by-zone unitary air conditioners are, in effect, complete air-conditioning systems in a single unit. Today's unitary equipment is highly reliable, increasingly more quiet (particularly in room-size units), capable of operating at lower outdoor temperatures, and can even be designed for remotely located control panels for start-stop, sequential starting, and other similar features.
Most architects are familiar with "pre-engineered" residential heating systems. Heating systems are, of course, simpler than air conditioning systems or combined heating-air-conditioning systems. There is little "design" involved with packaged heating systems—pipe and duct sizes really do not have to be calculated since runouts are relatively short. The systems usually function properly as long as heating elements or outlets are properly placed, and the thermostats properly located.
The trend toward larger central systems involves larger unitary central systems as well as built-up central systems using packaged components. Unitary air conditioners are available in sizes up to 100 tons of refrigeration, for example. What is more important than mere physical size of unitary equipment, however, is the increasing application of the more flexible and sophisticated multi-zone and double-duct unitary air conditioner, used in sizes up to perhaps 50 tons. This type of unitary system is particularly significant because of the manufacturer's selection of all unit controls, zone controls, ventilation-air-ratio controls, etc.
Each of the major elements going into any over-all air-conditioning system—with the exception of the air-and-water distribution system and various system controls—is in itself a "package." That is, it is a matched combination of standard components, either preassembled at the factory or designed for simple field assembly.
The package approach has expanded
mainly because of increasing problems in field installation, involving both cost of labor and the shortage of trained mechanics and technicians. And it was logical for "packages" to grow larger and larger, since today's components are higher speed, lighter in weight and smaller in size for the same capacity. Packaged absorption and hermetic chillers are available in sizes up to 1000 tons, and steam and high-temperature water generators also are available in extremely large sizes. Packaged fan-coil units, filters, etc., are available in capacities up to perhaps 40,000 cfm, for all pressure ranges.
The application of packages is limited mainly by problems of physical transport (i.e., trucking and rigging), although labor union restrictions are also a factor. Obviously, a built-up central system, consisting of multiple packages is possible up to almost any size. For a unitary central system, however, the over-all size is limited by the size of the air-moving and conditioning (fan-coil) package.
The architect really does not have to understand what is in the various packages of a built-up central system—it is enough to merely recognize and identify them. It is more important for him to be familiar with the most advanced unitary room-by-room equipment, and with unitary multi-zone and double-duct air conditioners, because he will be more directly involved with these.
While the first unitary, packaged multi-zone air conditioner (cooling only) was on the market over 10 years ago, application was not as rapid as might have been expected, and various operating problems related to the use of air-cooled condensers and part-load operation had to be overcome. These problems were, in general, resolved several years ago.
It now makes sense to consider much more extensive application of unitary air conditioners than was the case until recently. As long as five years ago, certain members of the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute outlined future applications of central unitary air conditioners, including double-duct, multi-zone and variable-air-volume applications. Knowledgeable engineers should use such equipment now for custom-designed installations. Some manufacturers may not be particularly eager to proceed in this direction, however, for two reasons. First, they cannot afford to develop sophisticated equipment for which there may not be a market. Secondly, they are concerned that, in some cases, such equipment might be misapplied and give them a bad name. Certain manufacturers, while they do not make multi-zone unitary air conditioners, will quite often cooperate with knowledgeable consulting engineers in the custom design of an identical type system using a central-station air conditioner with a direct-expansion refrigeration coil and a custom-selected cooling unit package.
The extent to which unitary-equipment manufacturers will get involved in producing equipment packages for sophisticated application is conjectural. For one thing, consulting engineers generally are not sufficiently familiar with refrigeration cycles in unitary equipment and are reluctant to become involved other than standard applications. Too often, they equate roof-top equipment only with very speculative, low-rise building projects.
The fact that it is practicable to design and produce central unitary air conditioners having a two-fan section for double-duct distribution or a variable-air-volume fan, utilizing mixing types of air and air-and-water terminals has never really been explored despite the obvious potential. It is obvious however, that it would take practically a "guaranteed" market—such as the volume purchasing approach of the School Construction Systems Development project to induce any manufacturer to design modification of his existing unitary packages, particularly if the basic approach favors built-up packaged systems rather than unitary.
From the standpoint of potential application of large unitary air conditioners to multi-story buildings, the architect should give special attention to space installation and noise problems.
Despite machinery advances, lack of standards on equipment and system noise—for use at a practical design level—has been, and still remains, a problem. This area of design is complex, and problems are more likely to occur because of today's use of low-mass, less rigid structures.
Acoustical performance ratings for system elements start, naturally enough, with those elements that occur in occupied spaces such as air outlets, fan-coil units, induction units, etc. More meaningful ratings are being developed for window, through-the-wall and small unitary air conditioning equipment—and these new standards have grown out of owner complaints about noise levels. Industry standards for larger equipment will be longer in coming; however, an architect insistence on a guaranteed rating according to various available rating standards is possible today. Usually special tests can be arranged at additional cost, and the results and test data can be certified.
The role of the engineer, the manufacturer and the client
Building services consulting engineering—like architecture—is in transition, with owners expecting an expanded scope of services in specialty areas of engineering such as energy plant design. But beyond this there has been a growing demand from owners for greater engineer involvement in balancing, testing, adjusting, and operating and maintenance procedures for air-conditioning systems. Centralized responsibility is a compelling concept that management is anxious to buy. Client management is also interested in the sometimes rather vague and abstract approaches which purportedly will allow them to evaluate whether or not proper decisions have been made—some of the key words are systems engineering, feasibility study, value engineering and cost effectiveness, performance, criteria, etc.
To a large extent, many owners and architects do not really understand how the consulting engineer approaches and handles system design—what he does and does not do.
Building service engineering might in one sense be called, "engineering of the catalog." The reason is that each system and sub-system is composed of an assemblage of standard components and "packages" which can be "tied together" by means of a fluid-flow (air, gas, water, steam) network and terminated in energy distribution outlets (i.e., air outlets or terminal units, or room-type unitary air conditioners). Beyond this are the superimposed electrical, electronic and pneumatic controls.
The major problem for the consulting mechanical engineer—aside from budgetary and, to some extent, systems analysis considerations—has always been the design and drafting required to coordinate the selected systems with the building envelope, floor layout and the structure.
Whether or not air-conditioning systems are termed "built-up central systems" or "packaged systems," is somewhat irrelevant, since the real difference between the two is the extent to which "packaged" equipment is utilized, and the range of components and controls within the "packages."
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The basic component packages of air-conditioning systems
Hot or cold packaged fluid energy generators may or may not constitute a complete plant. The generator is a complete plant if the thermal fluid energy produced is ready for utilization merely by making final connections (liquid flow mover is required for hot or chilled water unit). If the heating or cooling energy is supplied by a fuel and electric power, rather than from a separate steam or hot water supply, then the equipment comprises a unitary (self-contained) plant.
A parallel can be drawn between a unitary packaged chiller and a unitary packaged air conditioner. They are identical in function except that the fluid in one case is water, and in the other case it is air.
Note: The hot-fluid generator could supply energy to an absorption refrigeration machine to produce cooling effect.
Note: 1) When the flow of the refrigerant between the condenser and the evaporator can be reversed, the package is called a heat pump. 2) When the function of the unit is to produce heat it becomes a fluid generator.
The cooling tower is an auxiliary package for rejection of refrigeration cycle waste heat. (When the air conditioner is air cooled, refrigeration cooling is an integral part of the package.) The condenser water is an intermediate thermal fluid in this case. In order to prevent any dirt or contamination picked up by cooling tower sprays from fouling the refrigeration machine condenser, the flow is split into two circuits by means of a heat exchanger. This, however, reduces the net amount of cooling available. Direct cooling of the condenser water in a coil by contact with air is not practical except when the outside air is cold. Protection of the intermediate fluid from freezing would be a problem.
heat-exchange wheel abstracts heat from lowest temperature level space air. High performance filters are required for each air stream before it enters the wheel. Cross-contamination is small, and special designs can reduce this effect to a minimum.
Other packages involving heat recovery at higher temperature levels are:
- Heat-recovery lighting fixtures utilizing spent room or circulating water.
- Combined cooling-refrigeration machines with fixed direction of refrigerant flow, with cooling of spent exhaust air and utilization of higher-temperature water or air discharged from the condenser, reversible direction of refrigerant flow by heat pump. Considerable care with the ability to abstract heat from an internal source, as above, or from external sources, e.g., outdoor air, well water, etc.
Air flow moving and conditioning (fan-coil) packages. The additional packaged functions which can be added, related to conditioning of the air, in addition to basic heating and cooling are: 1) automation of filter renewal or cleaning, 2) air purification (removal of odors, vapors), 3) preheating of air (to prevent coil freeze-up too low an air temperature into spaces), 4) reheating of air (related to temperature and humidity control), 5) dehumidification (beyond that incidental to moisture removal when air is cooled, e.g., utilization of solid or liquid adsorbents or absorbents), 6) humidification by steam, evaporation from sprays, pans or grids, or by “atomization”), 7) evaporative cooling (extends range of “free” cooling).
Ventilation supply- and exhaust-ratio control packages. These are an important feature of any air-conditioning system, being necessary to insure positive outside ventilation air and to utilize outside air for “free” cooling. Control must be properly sequenced with heating, cooling, and humidity control provided for the package. Design of the return air duct system must be carefully checked against the static-pressure exhaust capability of the package. The dry air “free” cooling can be supplemented and followed by an evaporative cooling package, but this adds complexity to the related controls. Further, the water sprays used will require that an outside air preheater and its control be added to the package.
Packaged control systems. Standardized (but not packaged) control systems are recommended by many control and equipment manufacturers, but the integration of these into a multi-function package by an air-conditioning equipment manufacturer necessarily limits choices and options. This is particularly true with unitary heating and cooling plants which are an integral part of a unitary air conditioner (e.g., for the complete package including a direct gas-fired heater, a condition of approval is the complete listing of all related controls).
Air-powered terminal units often have integral, packaged air-powered damper controls for the room unit, powered from system air pressure.
Water-and-air and water-type room terminal units can have the unit water valve controlled from the thermal expansion of fluid in a power bulb placed in the recirculation air stream.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATED TO PACKAGE EQUIPMENT
**BOILER**—Term used to describe steam or hot water generators used in the residential and small commercial building market.
**BOILER-BURNER UNIT**—A packaged hot fluid generator comprised of a fuel burner and controls, a matching combustion chamber, a direct contact heater and auxiliary trim and safety valves.
**COMBUSTION CHAMBER**—An insulated enclosure designed for high temperature to provide efficient air-fuel mixing and burning.
**COMPONENT**—A single basic element or device in a multi-component assembly or an over-all system (e.g., a fan; a motor for a fan; a pump; a pump impeller; a thermostat; an air outlet; a baseboard heating element; etc.).
**DIRECT CONTACT AIR HEATER**—A direct fired heater in which the combustion gases (intermediate fluid) transmit heat to the primary fluid (air) through a heat exchanger. Alternately, an electric resistance heater in the primary air stream.
**DIRECT EXPANSION AIR CONDITIONING**—Cooling by means of the expansion of the refrigerant into a vapor contained within the tubes of an air cooling coil.
**EVAPORATIVE COOLING**—Cooling of primary air by means of the evaporation of sprayed water into vapor (used as the refrigerant)—within the primary air stream. Applicable only when outside air moisture content is low relative to desired room conditions.
**FLOW MOVER**—A device such as a fan, a pump or a compressor, which is utilized to move or pressurize a thermal fluid.
**FLOW MOVING AND CONDITIONING (FAN-COIL) PACKAGE**—A matched assembly containing in the basic package an air flow mover, an air filter, a heating element and a cooling coil. The basic process of conditioning supply air is done by this unit. Many other functions can be included.
**HEAT REJECTION**—The dissipation of waste heat to the outside (air, well water, etc.) which is generated in conjunction with the operation of (1) engines producing shaft power from the energy in fuel (2) refrigeration machines.
**HERMETIC**—A term applied to completely sealed equipment—usually applied to refrigeration equipment.
**INTERMEDIATE FLUID**—A thermal fluid used to transmit heating, cooling or humidification effect to the primary fluid, through the medium of heat exchange.
**MULTI-ZONE AIR CONDITIONER**—A fan coil unit with air heating and cooling arranged in two parallel streams with zone mixing provisions integral within the unit rather than at remote terminal units (as in a double duct system). Units may be completely unitary for both cooling and heating (in this case the fan coil section would be part of the complete package) or the condensing unit only might be unitary with the fan coil package separately selected.
**PACKAGE**—A matched grouping of two or more components capable of fulfilling a definable function (e.g., baseboard heater with integral thermostat; standard in-line non-overloading pump-motor combination; a unitary air conditioner, etc.)
**PACKAGED COLD FLUID GENERATOR**—A central packaged secondary energy generating unit producing chilled water by means of a refrigeration machine.
**PACKAGED CONTROL SYSTEMS**—Manufacturer pre-selected system controls, e.g., for any or all of the following: (1) central energy producing unit-heating and cooling; (2) ventilation air ratio control; (3) zone control—either for multi-zone, double-duct, variable air volume or other types of control; (4) humidity control; (5) evaporative cooling control; (6) reheat control.
**PACKAGED HERMETIC REFRIGERATION COMPRESSOR**—A compressor in a sealed refrigeration unit which is driven by an electric motor placed in the inlet vapor stream entering the compressor. Any heat due to motor inefficiency or starting power surges is removed from the motor windings by the flow of refrigerant suction vapor.
**PACKAGED HOT FLUID GENERATOR**—A central packaged secondary energy generating unit producing steam or hot water by means of a direct contact heater, waste heat heat exchanger, heat pump, etc.
**PRE-ENGINEERING**—The selective matching by a single manufacturer of limited groupings of standardized components, packages and controls to suit a range of anticipated application engineering design requirements of actual systems.
**PRIMARY FLUID**—Conditioned supply air (in an air-conditioning system).
**THERMAL FLUID**—Heat transfer fluid (air, water, gas, vapor) circulated within a system to produce heating or cooling either by direct mixing or by conductive heat exchange in a heat exchanger.
**UNITARY AIR CONDITIONER SPLIT SYSTEM PACKAGES**—Matched, multi-package assemblies wherein the condenser package only or the condensing unit package is remote from the evaporator blower (fan-coil) package.
**UNITARY PACKAGED CONDENSING UNIT**—A refrigeration unit similar to that contained in a unitary air conditioner, complete except for the evaporator-blower section. Units can always be matched with fan-coil packages designed for “built-up package” air-conditioning systems—even though some are designed specifically for application with matching evaporator-blower “split system” unitary air-conditioner packages.
**UNITARY PACKAGED EQUIPMENT**—(1) Completely self-contained secondary energy producing plant (with integral provisions for thermal fluid flow moving); (2) a unitary air conditioner for cooling only or cooling and heating, which includes such plants.
**WASTE HEAT**—Secondary energy in the form of exhaust gases, engine jacket water heat, space exhaust air, warm refrigeration machine condenser air or water, lighting fixture heat, etc. which is normally dissipated to the surrounding ambient.
Actually, there can be no such thing as completely pre-engineered general-air-conditioning system. It is possible to come close to this with packaged systems or unitary central systems where were complete standardization in building design and construction for a particular building type in a specific climatological area. But, in practice, even complete pre-engineering is not possible because: 1) heat loss and gain calculations must always be made and allowed, 2) thermal fluid distribution systems always require careful sizing unless one is dealing with small, constant flow systems where standard-size (probably over-sized) mains and runouts can be employed, 3) placement of terminal outlets, heating elements or air-conditioning terminal units is critical to system performance, 4) the location and selection of the space thermostat is very important, and its location within the space must be carefully selected.
The designer of an air-conditioning system is not expected to be an expert on the design of system components and equipment; conversely, the manufacturer is not likely to be proficient in the over-all design of an air-conditioning system. Obviously, the consulting engineer must be fully conversant with industry standards on equipment; further than this, he must know how to indicate important details of construction and performance in his specifications in such a way that the contractor will be obliged to provide them.
It is understandable that industry standards are, necessarily, minimum specification criteria; thus the prudent engineer will want to familiarize himself with important detailed information on all the elements in a package. The problem is more serious today because packages include a much wider range of components, and the manufacturer may not furnish information on all the components since he takes responsibility for the matched selection of the components.
Basically the function of industry standards is to establish a minimum quality to which the members of a manufacturers' association agree to meet as a requirement for product certification listing. A secondary function of real importance is protection of the public's interest. The result is, of course, lower costs to manufacturer and consumer.
All manufacturers are involved to a greater or lesser extent in providing application information, and with the increasing variety and scope of packages, is information is even more important to the engineer.
With larger central systems, manufacturers involvement in providing overall system application guidance is relatively at a minimum. The manufacturer is concerned mainly with the proper physical installation of each package, particularly with respect to proper connections, foundation, and provision for clearances for proper operation and maintenance.
The engineer, by his very nature, must be "systems oriented," while the manufacturer does not have to be. When there were fewer system types and combinations, the manufacturer was able to afford more "back-up" engineering services to the engineer in the systems selection and appraisal phase of preliminary design. Obviously the manufacturer whose product line contains a broad range of components can afford to provide more application engineering information. He, of course, will want to limit the cost of his involvement—his objective being to furnish adequate information to help insure that plans and specifications for the systems using his components are correct and adequate.
The mechanical engineer's available sources of over-all design information and guidance are considerable. The trend, however, is to short-form load calculations, standardization of design details and system selection. Some reference sources, while valuable for detailed information, may seldom be referred to because the information is too diffuse and detailed for practical, day-to-day use. Various manufacturers, the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, and individual engineering firms have all developed reference data in easy-to-use form. The danger is that such data can be used indiscriminately if the limits of use are not clearly set forth.
Architects should realize that mechanical engineering for buildings is hardly a precise science. Manufacturers do not guarantee equipment capacity closer than 5 per cent; air balance cannot be closer than, say, 10 per cent. Thus the presumption that design accuracy on any commercial or institutional installation is closer than 10 to 15 per cent at best is highly unrealistic. It is important, therefore, that there be flexibility for balance and adjustment within the system to meet actual, "as-built" load conditions.
All consulting engineering firms of any size, and most particularly those in heavy industrial, power plant and process industry field, have engineering design manuals for "in-house-only" use. Further, various government agencies such as the General Services Administration, Department of Defense, Post Office Department, Corps of Engineers, and the Navy have set forth many standards for the guidance of outside consultants.
While the engineer is not heavily involved in detailed information on separate components of packages, the installing contractor and the building owner's operating engineers—who will be involved in replacement and service—will be concerned with this sort of information.
Today, the design of the more complex air-conditioning systems and their supporting energy plants involves knowledge in a good many different areas, frequently beyond the range of any one person. And unfortunately, the most knowledgeable engineers involved in field analysis of installations do not have time to commit their knowledge to writing. On the other hand, some problems arise because of the misapplication of components or controls within a system or because of misapplication of the package, itself, within the system. (An example of the latter is the use of a package water chiller with no provision for capacity control in a system operating much of the time at low load.)
Manufacturer involvement must be at a maximum when the "package" is a combination of smaller packages. An example is a unitary heating-cooling air conditioner with pre-selected packaged controls for sophisticated multi-zone application. In this case the manufacturer must furnish complete and detailed application information on over-all system design and on any application limitations. Another factor the manufacturer must account for is the nature of the building in which the package is to be used. If, for example, the system relies on overhead air distribution, it is important for the manufacturer to emphasize that the architect insulate on-grade floor slabs and give attention to exterior window and wall construction.
While such systems have been termed "pre-engineered" systems, this is to some extent a misnomer, since the manufacturers make it very clear that the equipment package has certain application limitations, and that load calculations, design of the air distribution system and the selection of air outlets is very much a custom design.
The big advantage in the use of such a system is single-manufacturer responsibility, with single-source back-up engineering, service and maintenance responsibility.
The last 15 years or so have seen many improvements in equipment such as fans, pumps, compressors, boilers, cooling towers, etc.
Dimensions of units—both components and packages are smaller, per unit of capacity. While "miniaturization" may not be the proper word to use, "size-reduction"—a less romantic term—has been the order of the day.
Of all the systems the architect deals with affecting the physical environment, air conditioning is by far the most complex in an engineering sense.
How much should the architect know about air conditioning?
This is a most difficult question to answer since air conditioning, beyond its effect on human comfort, exerts an influence on over-all ownership and operating costs of a building, its appearance, the selection and design of its structural system; and involves the acoustical considerations of noise and vibration.
At the very least, the architect should appreciate the fact that, while thermal environmental control systems can be designed to cope with very severe loading conditions caused by sun, lights and people, costs can be outrageous, and optimum comfort conditions may be very difficult to provide, particularly when there are wide fluctuations in the Btu load due to sun.
It is true that even the most elementary air-conditioning system can help people avoid extremes of discomfort. And, despite the vagaries of peoples' subjective reactions to the thermal environment, most people can be provided not only acceptable conditions, but even pleasant ones.
What is not realized by many building designers is that it is much more difficult to provide a pleasant thermal environment for a system providing cooling than one providing heating. Air movement and humidity control become critical in the cooling situation. This calls for both careful selection and design of the basic system, and proper selection and location of room air-supply inlets. Some investigators have suggested that "built-in" fluctuations in air velocity can provide more stimulating conditions. For example: one scientist found that in calm air at 66 F, with mild air current impinging on the face, a sudden increase of speed from 12 to 30 fpm was enough to produce a just-perceptible feeling of coolness. Air speeds below 15 feet per minute, or so, at head level cause complaints about stagnant air; speeds of 25 fpm are considered favorable, and 50 fpm is approaching the maximum tolerable velocity for seated persons in an air-conditioned environment. Another investigator found that 30 fpm velocity was perceptible at 54 F, while 120 fpm was just perceptible at 86 F.
Everyone is aware that excessive humidity is a cause of discomfort. Current practice recommendations are that relative humidity be confined to a range from 40 to 60 per cent for office spaces. Relative humidity above 60 per cent is undesirable.
With air conditioning, the refrigeration apparatus supplies both cooling supply air and control of its humidity. For optimum comfort conditions it is important that there always be a certain amount of air movement in the space, and that swings in humidity be limited. An example of less-than-optimum conditions is that of a typical room window air conditioner operating at low load conditions. If room temperature conditions are satisfied, the refrigeration compressor goes off, but the fan is still moving room air. It is possible then, for room humidity to swing up because recirculated room air can pick up moisture from the air conditioner's cooling coil. Such a situation can be avoided by selecting a unit which artificially loads the compressor at low demand and keeps it running continuously.
How good is good enough for the air-conditioned environment?
One of the things that makes air-conditioning system design difficult is that there are so many different possible ways to do it for a given building.
Many architects probably feel that the crux of the air-conditioning problem is the physical coordination of pipes and ducts with the structure, coordination of room air distribution devices in the ceiling system and at the perimeter; and working out equipment rooms so that as little usable area as possible is consumed for cooling equipment and fans.
While these are among the more obvious considerations of air conditioning that the architect must deal with, he must now recognize that there may be other more basic considerations which will affect system selection and determine the impact of the air-conditioning system on a given building. Examples: 1) the relative economics of various energy sources, 2) the write-off period for the equipment, 3) the importance of operating costs, 4) the availability of and cost of supervisory and operating per-
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The large-size pre-engineered package air conditioner assumes more and more importance as the industrialized building systems and volume purchasing concepts continue to grow. The first major application of this approach was the School Construction Systems Development project which employed 22-ton, roof-top, multi-zone packaged units.
In order that there be maximum professional involvement in the building system design process and participation in the development of future advanced air-conditioning systems employing pre-engineered packages, the following approach is suggested:
1. Inclusion of knowledgeable consulting engineers, application engineers, and installation and maintenance engineers in any advisory group involved in a "volume purchasing" approach.
2. Development of specific system performance criteria by owners and designers.
3. Development of standards with greater regard to requirements of the system as a whole. This implies the establishment of meaningful standards by volume purchasers that go beyond those of A.R.I. to more adequately reflect the many operating conditions met in practice. Standards for large-size packages should include standard sound ratings and cover the dynamic unbalance.
A manufacturer's approach to pre-engineered systems for S.C.S.D. The manufacturer who was awarded the contract for the air-conditioning system component of the School Construction Systems Development project could not supply equipment "off-the-shelf." He therefore specially developed a low-outline, lightweight, multi-zone air conditioner which suited the project's requirements as to function, appearance and weight. Lacking a multi-zone unit, a custom-appearance unit was developed by the manufacturer which then became a part of his standard line.
From his pre-S.C.S.D. product line and pre-engineered systems approach, the manufacturer was able to employ certain of his standard components such as the ventilation supply and exhaust ratio control package; separate unitary cooling and heating packages matched with the air-control package; an over-all system and sub-system pre-engineered control package.
All of these sub-system components were combined in a newly designed, low-profile package. In addition, newly-developed matching air outlets and air-mixing terminal units were provided. The over-all system and sub-system control package was completely pre-engineered, following the manufacturer's pre-S.C.S.D. approach.
Over-all system design with pre-engineered unitary systems. The steps involved in applying pre-engineered unitary systems, and the suggested respective responsibilities of consulting engineer and manufacturer are as follows:
1. The fluid-distribution system design (involving stability, noise problems, heat loss or gain) will be performed by the consulting engineer.
2. Proper matching of the air-flow mover and ventilation supply and exhaust will be done by the consulting engineer.
3. Matching of the energy generating packages with auxiliaries, and the co-ordination of the energy packages with energy output control is the responsibility of the manufacturer.
4. Matching of the energy generator output with the air-flow distribution system is the manufacturer's responsibility, while matching capacities for ranges of heating and cooling loads is the engineer's role.
5. Co-ordination of the over-all and subsystem control packages will be done by the manufacturer, but the consulting engineer will need to understand the various control functions and know what the limits are.
6. System design for distribution of energy into the space, including proper thermostat location is the consulting engineer's job.
sonnel, 5) the criticality of the air-conditioning effect in relation to people and equipment, 6) the growing demand for greater flexibility in adapting to short-term and long-term changes in building layout.
Obviously, these are all matters that concern the architect in his programing of a particular building—and matters that should have a significant influence in his over-all planning. How, then, can the practicing architect gain more knowledge about the efficacy of different approaches, beyond that he has acquired in his own practice?
Perhaps the most effective way is to make personal inspections of a number of buildings similar to the one he is designing, make his own critical evaluations of such subjective factors as comfort and noise, and find out from operating personnel how well the system performs in terms of energy usage and maintenance. What may have seemed to be a most logical choice on paper may, in fact, pose problems that only a behind-the-scenes examination will bring to light.
Further, it now is important to the architect to familiarize himself a great deal more with air-conditioning system components and thermal environmental effects, particularly as the "performance concept" becomes an increasingly used business management tool. In the first place, this will help the architect in making a more sophisticated and knowledgeable presentation to a client. It is bound to be helpful in the early design stages.
Architects, of course, have the greatest familiarity with the visible elements of air-conditioning systems such as diffusers and terminal elements. Beyond the architect's concern for how these affect room appearance, he can help make physical coordination of various system elements easier by knowing what sort of installation space is required for such components.
Space requirements for duct runs, shafts and equipment rooms are probably next in order of interest to the architect. He would prefer to have some general rules of thumb that he might use in his early planning. It is doubtful that many architectural firms have accumulated this kind of information on an organized basis. Many consulting engineers working in the building field have, however, over a long period of time developed "design standards" which include quick methods for determining sizes of pipes, ducts, fan rooms, and the like. Most of this information is available only to the consultant's own personnel. There is no reason, of course, why the architect can't develop more general guidelines for his own special purposes. Hopefully, the architect will call in his mechanical consultant very early in preliminary planning. But obviously in some of the early studies on a given project he would find some general rules helpful.
It has become very apparent in the last few years that greater architect-engineer communication is required at the programing stage to avoid inordinate costs and operational problems with mechanical systems. For example, excessive radiant effects from the sun or even lights, can cause difficulties with system design. A building space that alternately calls for heating and cooling during the fall and winter requires a more expensive system, and poses possible control difficulties, e.g., three- or four-pipe systems or dual-duct all-air system.
Now that mechanical refrigeration is the rule, it seems that less attention is paid to site conditions than was the case when natural breezes were relied on. This neglect is unfortunate, because microclimate and orientation factors can aid or adversely affect mechanical systems. Often forgotten are the implications of depressed sites which miss the breeze and lie in stagnant air; or the reflection and absorption of the sun's heat by such as reflecting pools or parking lots.
Another area requiring careful discussion among architect, engineer and client is that of energy source selection. The architect should recognize the special plants such as total energy, dual-use engines (normal use, refrigeration drive; emergency use, standby power) and district heat are more difficult to design.
Competition between opposing utilities on the one hand, and improved energy utilization equipment on the other, puts architects and engineers in the position of having to make recommendations concerning on-site electric power generation, all-electric buildings, engine-driven refrigeration, engine-heat recovery, and district heating and cooling distribution. Today the architect and owner are often uncertain as to the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various types of energy plants. Previously choices were less numerous and the plants, themselves, were simpler. And the consulting engineer, unless he has developed some expertise in these areas, may be overwhelmed by the vast amount of engineering details and studies prepared by various fuel and energy advocates to sell to clients directly. Much of the equipment used in on-site power plants is unfamiliar to the build-services consultant. The energy cycles are complex, and the controls, sophisticated.
The intertwining relationships of architect, engineer, manufacturer, contractor and owner are complex, yet nonetheless definable. And their sources of design information are multitudinous.
Education: undergraduate, post-graduate, professional
By and large, most mechanical courses in architectural schools still are generalized surveys of mechanical equipment, together with some elementary problem solving—heat-loss calculations and pipe-sizing exercises. As a matter of fact, it is probably not possible to give a very comprehensive mechanical course in the basic architectural curriculum. At the minimum, however, undergraduates should be given some instruction on how heating and cooling effects get to a space; how heat gains and losses are offset, and what their relative magnitudes are. They should be given a layman's analysis of basic system components—what they are and how they work. It would be helpful if they were made aware of the importance of quality materials and workmanship and of proper specifications. But most of all, students should have an opportunity of seeing systems as they are being installed in buildings, so they will have an appreciation for the scale of various components, how they are put together for various sub-systems, where they are located, how the sub-systems combine to form a total system, and how the total system relates to the building as a whole. This should be augmented by visits to working installations, particularly during severe loading conditions so that impressions can be formed of system characteristics and efficacies.
At the graduate level, it should be possible to develop new courses in thermodynamics and control theory which would comprise an explanation of concepts and terms in layman's language. Armed with this sort of knowledge, the architect, once in practice, will be better able to appraise various approaches to energy utilization: economics of various fuels, heat recovery techniques, heat pump applications, etc. As a matter of fact, these courses in engineering schools might benefit from a similar approach. Basically, the trouble is that students learn how to manipulate the mathematics and memorize the laws and rules without ever understanding their practical implications.
Few engineering schools offer undergraduate courses in mechanical engineering for buildings. Such courses
are being dropped rather than added, and this trend is likely to continue. For that matter, it is doubtful that any formalized academic programs can be developed and sustained to train mechanical engineers for the building field. Consulting engineering firms now find it difficult to attract graduate engineers, and this trend is likely to continue. To a lesser extent, manufacturers of air-conditioning equipment find it more difficult to attract graduate engineers. Consulting engineers will continue to get their engineering personnel as they have formerly—from manufacturers, from industrial-type consulting engineers, from contractors, and through in-house and technical-institute training. The nature of consulting mechanical engineering for buildings has changed somewhat in recent years, although it still has the attraction for the engineer of greater individual expression than many businesses. Practice has changed in the sense that, because of the increased complexity of buildings themselves, from 80 to 90 per cent of the total effort (percentage of fee) is represented by design (system layout) and drafting. Thus only 20 to 10 per cent involves "real" engineering which includes review and analysis in special areas.
In an effort to get away from the hackneyed equipment-survey approach in mechanical courses, some architectural schools have called in practicing consulting mechanical engineers for lectures and seminars. This can afford a greater sense of realism related to current practice, and possibly stimulate thinking in regard to better system integration and space planning.
The consultant as a lecturer would probably be of most help to students if he were to outline first of all what consultants do and how they function; then present rules of thumb (order of magnitude or degree, not design) relating to system choice, space requirements, load calculations, etc.; tell what goes on the engineering drawings, and why; describe how a typical job proceeds through the office in terms of system selection, design and drafting; describe problems that arise in physical coordination and space allocation; outline what the engineer does during the installation phase, and then later on during initial system start-up, and during the balancing, testing and adjustment phase; and explain what the owner and his maintenance people will do regarding system operation during occupancy.
It is doubtful that discussions of "sample" jobs are of very much value, unless they are used to give general ideas of relative differences in system performance—minimum acceptable performance to optimum performance. A more helpful and instructive activity would be critiquing of student work from an over-all viewpoint. The hazard of the sample-job approach is that it offers only a limited, and perhaps biased, point of view; and, in addition may encourage students to look for architectural design statements and novel approaches rather than to achieve an understanding of basic principles.
Similarly, it would seem worthwhile to invite participation from manufacturers and various mechanical and electrical contractors. Even now there are the beginnings of manufacturer participation in environmental control courses at some schools. Manufacturers have the resources to do this. And, of course, it is to their own best interests to have such involvement as architectural decisions continue to have an ever-increasing influence on mechanical systems.
At the professional level, "continuing education" programs have been developed for the various architectural technology subjects. Also, manufacturers, professional and trade organizations have initiated various types of educational and reference aids as well as professional courses in air-conditioning topics.
Background for this series has been supplemented by discussion and consultation with all elements related to the air-conditioning field.
The RECORD wishes to express appreciation to numerous individuals for their contributions. Organizations contacted included architectural and consulting engineering firms, manufacturers, building owners, contractors and government agencies.
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HAND TOOL / A hand tool that simultaneously locks the panels together and anchors fastening clips. The "zipper" tool rides down the seams as rapidly as 50 ft per min. The panels join tightly to form a solid roof or wall with no through fasteners. The locking system, combined with custom-length panels in ridge-to-eave lengths, eliminates all end and side laps, producing a fully watertight structure. - Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp., Oakland, Calif.
PAINT / Kem-1-Coat is guaranteed to cover with one coat any previously painted house, regardless of color. Upper photo shows test in which house was painted in bold, multi-colored vertical stripes; lower photo shows house after one application of Kem-1-Coat. Paint has a patented anti-flatting compound to reduce tendency towards spotting and loss of gloss or flatting of freshly applied paint under dew, high humidity or fog conditions, and is reported to "last considerably longer." - The Sherwin-Williams Company, Cleveland.
GLASS WALL UNITS / Two sculptured clear glass units with fired-on black ceramic frit change appearance with each shift in light and from different angles. Cameo I's sculptured relief surface is in the shape of a semi-circle, while Cameo II's is in the form of a sharply angled crescent. Since the patterns may be used singularly, in combination, or with other masonry materials, a variety of designs and applications are possible. Units measure 8 in. by 8 in. by 4 in., are hollow and hermetically sealed. They have a high insulation value, permit no surface condensation or dust and air flow from the exterior, and cut sound transmission. - Pittsburgh Corning Corporation, Pittsburgh.
REVOLVING DOORS / When activated by a slight push, a power control unit turns a door at walking speed, then slows it and brings it to a stop with all wings in contact with the door enclosure. The door remains closed preventing the loss of conditioned air. The Revolvomatic drive mechanism fits a space 3 in. by 8 in. by 25 in. A separate control panel permits adjustment of starting pressure, speed of rotation and safety override. - International Steel Company, Evansville, Ind.
LIGHTING / A 16-page 1967 lighting handbook covers all phases of interior mercury vapor lighting. It serves as a reference and a guide in selecting, specifying, and installing high-, medium-, and low-bay mercury vapor lighting in industrial applications. ▪ The Spero Electric Corporation, Cleveland.
Circle 400 on inquiry card
SOUND CONTROL / How added value through effective sound control can be built into garden apartments is explained in a technical brochure on RC-1 Sheet-rock Resilient Channel Systems. ▪ United States Gypsum Company, Chicago.*
Circle 401 on inquiry card
ROLLING DOORS / Steel doors, grilles and shutters designed for commercial, industrial, warehousing, institutional, and governmental service buildings are covered in a 16-page ready-reference fact file. ▪ R. C. Mahon Company, Warren, Mich.*
Circle 402 on inquiry card
FLOORING / A report shows the results of a series of tests to determine the spotting and staining resistance of various flooring materials. Chemicals and staining agents were applied to the surface of asphalt tile, vinyl asbestos tile, vinyl tile and Sancoura, seamless poured floor. ▪ Seamless Systems, Inc., St. Louis, Mo.*
Circle 403 on inquiry card
PLAZA WATERPROOFING / A 6-page brochure describes how a durable and impermeable moisture barrier of butyl rubber sheeting was applied at Ohio's Bowling Green University. The butyl rubber was installed between the roof of the new library, which is partially below grade, and a 1000-sq-ft plaza above. ▪ Enjay Chemical Company, New York, N.Y.*
Circle 404 on inquiry card
RECREATION EQUIPMENT / An 8-page catalog includes a circular picnic table, four-seater and traditional rectangular park tables, park benches, and portable bleachers. ▪ Dentin Mfg. Co., Bellwood, Ill.
Circle 405 on inquiry card
ELEVATED FLOORING / A comprehensive 34-page handbook is available for planning computer facilities and areas such as broadcasting studios, laboratories and offices where free access to sub-floor mechanical and electrical systems is required. ▪ Liskey Aluminum, Inc., Glen Burnie, Md.*
Circle 406 on inquiry card
CURTAIN WALL / A 16-page selection guidebook covers protective/decorative insulated metal curtain walls, firewalls, and single-sheet siding and walls for interior partitions. ▪ R. C. Mahon Company, Detroit.*
Circle 407 on inquiry card
COLD STORAGE DOORS / In addition to standard types, the 16-page catalog of manual and power-operated doors shows cool-zone and freezer doors with several kinds of controls and operators. ▪ Clark Door Company, Cranford, N.J.*
Circle 408 on inquiry card
BASE FOR CONCRETE / Metal forms for a permanent concrete floor and roof slab base are the subject of a 4-page brochure. The Fab-Form brochure includes information on standard and heavy-duty centering material produced in lengths up to 35 ft for continuous span installation. ▪ Steelite Buildings, Inc., Pittsburgh.
Circle 409 on inquiry card
STORAGE EQUIPMENT / A revised 48-page catalog offers descriptions and selling prices on a complete line of steel equipment for plants, offices, and institutions. The catalog covers 91 standard shelving units, accessories, and shop equipment. ▪ Penco Products Inc., Oaks, Pa.*
Circle 410 on inquiry card
COMMUNICATIONS WIRING / A booklet analyzes the revolution in communications in office buildings and the growing need for additional wiring to handle new equipment in existing buildings. The booklet describes Flexicore "Plug-In" Floors that are designed to accommodate the present and future wiring needs in low-rise or high-rise buildings. ▪ The Flexicore Co., Inc., Dayton, Ohio.*
Circle 411 on inquiry card
INFRA-RED HEAT / An 8-page catalog describes how gas-fired infra-red heat provides instantaneous, directed heat when needed, with no fans or blowers, vents or ductwork. The catalog also explains zone temperature control that allows individual sections to be heated. ▪ Dorn Co., Cleveland.*
Circle 412 on inquiry card
OFFICE FURNITURE / One booklet shows the 6000 series desks; another presents William Sullivan chairs. Both aimed at complementing buildings "received by America's young architects." ▪ Marble/Imperial Furniture Company, Bedford, Ohio.
Circle 413 on inquiry card
INTERNAL COMMUNICATIONS / An 8-page quick-reference illustrated catalog is directed toward school, office, industry, church, hotel, and sport-recreation installations. Various systems and components are described. ▪ Dukane Corporation, St. Charles, Ill.
Circle 414 on inquiry card
ANODIC FINISHES / A 12-page booklet includes sections on color and alloy selection, design and fabricating considerations, and descriptions of pre-anodizing treatments and finishes. ▪ Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation, Oakland, Calif.*
Circle 415 on inquiry card
BUILDING CERAMICS / An 8-page booklet demonstrates the design possibilities with Brickplate, showing that an almost limitless variety of custom design effects for walls, floors, and siding can be developed through the use of special colors, textures, shapes and patterns. ▪ Gail International, San Francisco.*
Circle 416 on inquiry card
PLYWOOD / Three recent guides include: 1) sheathing for floors, walls and roofs; 2) use with concrete forms; and 3) sidings. ▪ American Plywood Association, Tacoma, Wash.*
Circle 417 on inquiry card
* Additional product information in Sweet's Architectural File
more literature on page T
Which sealant would you use in your next building?
SILICONE
POLYSULFIDE
Random samples of silicone and Tested-Approved polysulfide-base sealant compared in expansion test.
Result: silicone (photo above left) fails cohesively at 50% stretch. Polysulfide (photo right) holds up at 50%, 100%, 150% elongation—and recovers.
Conclusion: Tested-Approved polysulfides promise a true seal of security even in face of most pronounced joint movement.
For sheer strength—the kind that keeps buildings leak-free and sound at the joints under severest conditions—no sealants can touch Thiokol Tested-Approved LP® polysulfide base compounds.
Their adhesive bond to all materials, even without priming, is virtually indestructible. Their cohesive muscle and rubbery flexibility permits greatest expansion and contraction—and return to normal dimension without rupture.
Tested and Approved polysulfide base sealants are formulated to meet the industry's most demanding performance specifications. They are identified by Thiokol's "Seal of Security"—your guide to total long-term weatherproofing protection.
SEALANT SAMPLES BEFORE AND AFTER TEST
(Samples used in test were of same dimensions, used same substrate, cured in accordance to manufacturers' recommendations. Sets of comparable samples were also immersed in water for 48 hours and then tested to determine effects of exposure to water. Photographic results shown below.)
Cured at room temperature
Silicone
Polysulfide
Actual Size of Sealant Bead 1/2" x 1/2" x 2"
SILICONE pops at 50% elongation
Cured, and water-immersed 48 hrs.
Silicone
Polysulfide
Actual Size of Sealant Bead 1/2" x 1/2" x 2"
SILICONE pops at 50% elongation
*The manufacturer warrants by affixing this seal to his label that the product is a duplicate of materials independently tested and approved and in accordance with standards established by—Thiokol Chemical Corporation. The seal means you can specify with confidence.
Building Sealant Technology...
part of the Widening World of Thiokol
THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION 780 N. Clinton Avenue, Trenton, N.J. 08607. In Canada: Thiokol Canada, Ltd., 377 Brant Ave., Burlington, Ontario
REFACING / A building refacing made from .050 gauge aluminum has basic patterns, a diamond and an oval. The two may be alternated, staggered, or intermixed in a panel. Modules are 8 in. by 3 in. by 3 in. and are available in a range of clear and color finishes. Erection is by screw anchorage of tongue and groove panels to horizontal members, either continuous aluminum angle or wood furring. ▪ Construction Specialties, Inc., Cranford, N.J.
Circle 305 on inquiry card
BUILDING PANELS / Foamwall is a building panel of flat embossed aluminum sheets permanently bonded to foam-in-place rigid urethane insulation to form the complete unit. The panels are custom-designed and factory-fabricated and delivered ready to erect in thickness from 1 in. to 3 in. Depending on thickness, it is possible to span up to 15 ft or more with no intermediate supports. The double-faced panels can form both exterior and interior walls. Concealed fasteners give an over-all smooth exterior. There are no insulating voids, and no hot or cold conducting areas. ▪ Elwin Smith & Co., Inc., Pittsburgh.
Circle 306 on inquiry card
ROOF DECK / Type FN Roof Deck is steel decking that can be nested together when being shipped or stored. Roof deck panels are made of light-gauge steel and are suggested for commercial and light manufacturing construction. Panels are 30 in. wide and 50 ft long. Wide rib openings allow fast and easy plug welding. ▪ Wheeling Corrugating Company, Wheeling, W. Va.
Circle 307 on inquiry card
more products on page 148
ARCHITECTURAL HARDWARE
Designs to fit any style...any function
A hardware specialist at your Corbin distributor is the man to call for the Corbin "Gallery of Design Ideas."
P. & F. CORBIN
DIVISION OF EHMART CORPORATION
NEW BRITAIN, CONNECTICUT 06050
In Canada—Corbin Lock Division
Belleville, Ontario
MEMBRANE SYSTEM / Thio-Deck C.T. is a two-component, elastomeric, black compound that produces a 30 to 50 mil thickness in one application and cures at ambient temperatures above 40 deg F. The membrane becomes a chemical resistant rubber sealant compound that remains serviceable in temperatures of -40 deg F. to 175 deg F. without loss of bond or elasticity. It resists water, salts, alkali, acid solutions and remains inert to other natural elements and bacterial attack. This heavy-duty membrane waterproofing is mixed and applied at the job site, and forms a continuous self-flexible impervious membrane. It may be used in above- and below-grade installations for two-course concrete slabs, parking decks, bridges, roadways and small areas. It may be applied as a waterproofing adhesive, under conventional terrazzo and quarry tile, as a roofing membrane subject to later topping with concrete, and as flashing in roofing systems. ■ Toch Brothers, Inc., Paterson, N.J.
Circle 311 on inquiry card
“Ty-Seal gaskets saved me more than 500 man hours on this job”
THE MAN: Robert E. Layton, Jr., Professional Mechanical Engineer and President of Layton Engineering Company, Tyler, Texas.
THE PROJECT: A recently finished 2 million dollar high school. Mr. Layton’s firm installed the entire waste and drainage system. “I furnished Ty-Seal joint gaskets with Tyler pipe and fittings because I could actually reduce costs without cutting quality. I estimate Ty-Seal gaskets saved me more than 500 man hours on this job. This, coupled with the 50-year guarantee backing each gasket against failure, make Ty-Seal an outstanding product in my opinion.” No wonder more and more architects and engineers are specifying Ty-Seal. Why not join them?
FLOOR ARMOR / Hexteel, a steel surface floor armor, promises to prolong the life of industrial surfaces exposed to severe traffic conditions. It will withstand rolling and standing loads on flat ramps, docks, and aisles. Hexteel can be imbedded in fresh concrete or used over surface wood or concrete floors with mastic (asphalt cement), hot or cold asphalt, or magnasite. A continuous armored floor can be attained by side-end-clinching the panels on-site. Standard panel sizes are 10 ft by 3 ft. Panels are available in 1010 carbon steel, stainless steel and offer resistance to corrosion and oxidation. ■ Klemp Corporation, Chicago.
Circle 312 on inquiry card
SUN CONTROL / A Sun Control Unit promises to solve four fenestration problems: solar heat gain, sun glare, sun light and sound transmission. Unit consists of two fully tempered panes of glass separated by a 2-in. air space, hermetically sealed. In the air space, hollow aluminum louvers, 1½ in. wide and free-span, rotate through 180 deg to control heat and light. ■ Polarpane Corporation, Pequannock, N.J.
Circle 313 on inquiry card
Terne, Mansard Fascia & Contemporary Architecture
Probably no comparable architectural element has been so widely utilized in significant contemporary design as the traditional mansard concept. This is, of course, a striking example of the manner in which "we make out of the very old the very new" (to borrow a descriptive phrase which the late Frank Lloyd Wright once applied to Terne itself). And wherever mansard fascia is employed, the unique functional characteristics of Follansbee Terne, along with its notable affinity for both color and form, are available at relatively moderate cost.
FREEWAY OFFICE PARK, Atlanta, Georgia
Architect: HEERY & HEERY, Architects & Engineers
Roofing Contractor: THERREL ROOFING COMPANY
FOLLANSBEE STEEL CORPORATION
Follansbee, West Virginia
Add life to new concrete with colorful Hydroment
Make a hit with everybody, by specifying colorful Hydroment. Hydroment hardens, densifies and colors concrete so it lasts longer and looks better. This floor in terra cotta looks just as handsome in Erin Green, Tile Red, Brown, etc. Specify Hydroment on your next job! You’ll be thanked by everyone.
in 10 popular colors:
- Tile Red
- Tan
- Terra Cotta
- French Gray
- Erin Green
- Brown
- Sand Beige
- Blue Gray
- Black
- White and Natural
School Band Room, 1671 sq. ft. hydroment
Hydroment is a specially formulated cementitious material which is applied by the dust coat method. Requires no additives or mixing. It’s odorless, waterproof and non-toxic. Write for color card and new brochure. We’re in Sweet’s, too.
THE UPCO COMPANY 4805 Lexington Ave. • Cleveland, O. 44103
a subsidiary of United Shoe Machinery
WATERPROOFING / A waterproofing chemical for wood, Chemstop, can penetrate to a depth of ½ in. to seal the porous structure of wood from within. A clear liquid that has no silicone, therefore serves as a primer for oil or water-base paints. For shingles, shakes, decorative woods to be left a natural color, no finish or coating is necessary after applying Chemstop. A preservative in the chemical prevents rot due to fungus, bacteria, and chemicals. ■ Chemstop Manufacturing and Sales Corp., San Francisco, Calif.
Circle 317 on inquiry card
POWER SCAFFOLD / This power-operated window-washing scaffold is a roof-mounted self-contained unit that will reach every point on the facade. The double-jib arm design affords three-dimensional movement—horizontal, vertical, and to-and-from the building face. Access to and from the platform can be made safely from the roof. The cable control system is operated by one man and movement occurs only when the operator depresses the button. Electrical conductors are encased in steel hoisting cable. ■ Patent Scaffolding Co., Long Island City, N.Y.
Circle 318 on inquiry card
DIFFUSER / The Air Control Season Changer is a floor diffuser with a reversible face that provides two completely different air patterns. For heating, the diffuser provides a wide blanketing pattern while for cooling, the diffuser directs a high velocity air column toward the ceiling. No tools are required to change the diffuser. ■ Leigh Products, Inc., Coopersville, Mich.
Circle 319 on inquiry card
BEFORE YOU DECIDE WHICH LIGHTING PANEL, TRY ONE OF OURS FOR 25 YEARS.
Glass won’t yellow. Ever.
Glass won’t warp. Ever.
Glass does not attract dust.
Glass does not burn.
Glass lasts.
All the reasons why are to be found in a bulletin we’ve prepared for you. Write for a copy. Building Products Dept. 8508, Corning Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. 14830.
CORNING
BUILDING PRODUCTS
Handsplits have a way of saying what you want them to.
Take the church meeting house above.
To capture the rich character and heritage of the Mennonite Church, the architect combined contemporary design with materials long associated with Mennonite architecture: masonry, heavy timbers and handsplit shakes. The result is a structure with strong traditional feeling that, thanks in part to the versatility and timeless popularity of red cedar, still relates beautifully to its location and to present day tastes.
Because of their excellent insulating qualities, red cedar shakes provide maximum protection from heat and cold, too. And only red cedar offers such long life and stubborn resistance to wind damage.
Before your next project—whatever you’re trying to say—why not consider the advantages of Certi-Split handsplit shakes or Certigrade shingles? For information, just see our Sweet’s Catalog listing 21d/Re, call or write:
RED CEDAR SHINGLE & HANDSPLIT SHAKE BUREAU
5510 White Building, Seattle, Washington 98103
(In Canada, 1477 West Pender Street, Vancouver 5, B.C.)
ZINC on its ribs—
insures this building’s lasting beauty
The zinc on over 100 tons of hot dip galvanized reinforcing steel will prevent “undercover corrosion” from defacing the new Civic Center designed by Edward Durell Stone for Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The galvanized reinforcing rod is being used in 130 giant umbrellas of pre-cast concrete. These umbrellas are interconnected to form a colonnade around and through the complex, dividing the three buildings, a reflecting pool and two garden courts. Each umbrella is comprised of a 12’ square x 19’ high column, a 16’ square x 4’ deep cap and a 7’ square x 4” thick slab cover. Galvanized steel rod was specified for the entire umbrella structure by Engineering Consultants, Inc. of Little Rock to prevent subsurface rusting which could cause staining, cracking and spalling of the concrete surface. When you specify materials remember that no other material gives you the combination of strength, corrosion resistance and economy found in galvanized steel.
ST. JOSEPH LEAD COMPANY
250 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017
St. Joe is a Major Supplier of Zinc to the Galvanizing Industry
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967 175
10 YEARS EXPERIENCE
by CARLISLE in manufacturing Rubber Waterproofing is one reason why...
CARLISLE Sure-Seal WAS SPECIFIED
The EQUITABLE BUILDING
Chicago, Illinois
Architects:
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Carlisle Sure-Seal is specified time and time again, for both above and below grade waterproofing, for installations that demand top product integrity.
In the Equitable building complex, Sure-Seal was used in many ways...as roof flashing, plaza expansion joints, planter linings and in the reflecting pool.
Ten years experience in manufacturing rubber waterproofing has not only qualified Carlisle as a leader in this field, but has built an outstanding portfolio of construction applications employing Sure-Seal.
Write today for complete information and list of Carlisle Sure-Seal installations.
Special Products Department
CARLISLE TIRE & RUBBER DIVISION
Carlisle Corporation • Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013
Please send me additional information on Carlisle Sure-Seal Rubber Waterproofing and a list of Carlisle installations.
NAME____________________________________________________POSITION__________________________
COMPANY_____________________________________________________________________________________
ADDRESS_______________________________________________________________________________________
CITY____________________________________________________________________________________________
STATE____________________________________________________ZIP ________________________________
Mosaic Quarry Tile.
It gives you more to work with. (11 rich colors.)
When the need is for a floor of quarry tile, why feel walled in? You've got Mosaic Quarry Tile to work with. It comes in eleven colors — considerably more than anybody else. Seven different sizes, too. And that gives you plenty of room to move around in.
No matter which color you select, you'll find it goes along with anything else you have in mind. Color compatibility is built into every Mosaic Quarry Tile.
Our Carlyle Russet 170, above, is a good example. Notice how it harmonizes with the wall colors (background, 6448 Parchment; with vertical abstract in 1511 Venetian Pink, 6451 Fawn Beige and 6447 Gold Dust). Like to see our ten other warm, down-to-earth colors?
Contact any Mosaic Regional Manager, Branch Manager or Tile Contractor for samples, colors, prices and availability.
See Yellow Pages "Tile-Ceramic-Contractors." Or write: The Mosaic Tile Co., 55 Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio 44113. In the western states: 909 Railroad St., Corona, Calif. 91720.
"Mosaic" is the trademark of The Mosaic Tile Company.
dependable door controls for busy buildings
“Fine Door Controls Since 1947” is more than just a slogan at Ronan & Kunzl. Pride in workmanship and habitual emphasis on quality and performance constitutes a way-of-life at R&K.
Our automatic controls for swinging or sliding doors are precision built for easy installation and trouble-free service.
Write for literature or see us in Sweets 16e Ro
FINE DOOR CONTROLS SINCE 1947
RONAN & KUNZL, INC.
Marshall, Michigan 49068
For more data, circle 93 on inquiry card
FABRI-FORM school trays—Your MODERN, LOW-COST answer to classroom storage problems!
- Made of sturdy high-impact plastic, with high gloss finish — UNBREAKABLE in normal use
- Smooth surfaces resist soiling — easily cleaned
- Lightweight and easy to handle — even by small children
- TWELVE sizes with label holders, to fit all standard storage systems
- Beautiful pale tan, grey or green colors
- These VERSATILE trays are solving classroom storage problems, KINDERGARTEN through COLLEGE
Write for details TODAY!
The FABRI-FORM Co.
Byesville 4, Ohio
For more data, circle 136 on inquiry card
“It’s good business to help colleges”
“Our colleges and universities must have enormous quantities of new money almost constantly if they are to be enabled to serve societies as needs to be served. Every business institution benefits today from the money and labors that those now dead have put into the building of these institutions. We are all dependent upon them for future numbers of educated young men and women from which to choose, and for the continued expansion of man’s knowledge of the world he inhabits.
“We owe these institutions a great debt, and we can pay this debt in two ways: By supporting them generously with contributions of money and time, and by upholding their freedom to remain places of open discussion, and to pursue truth wherever it is to be found.
“Last year our company contributed to colleges and universities more than $310,000 which represented 1.2% of profit before tax.”
J. Irwin Miller, Chairman
Cummins Engine Company
A major problem in the education of students is rising costs. If companies wish to insure the availability of college talent, they must help support colleges with financial aid.
SPECIAL TO CORPORATE OFFICERS—A new booklet of particular interest if your company has not yet established an aid-to-education program. Write for: “How to Aid Education—and Yourself”, Box 36, Times Square Station, New York, N.Y. 10036
COLLEGE IS BUSINESS’ BEST FRIEND
Published as a public service in cooperation with The Advertising Council and the Council for Financial Aid to Education
For more data, circle 92 on inquiry card
Put some mercury vapor light on the subject...any subject
Our mercury vapor line brightens them all
With versatile Art Metal mercury vapor fixtures you'll shed brighter, longer-lasting light on: basketball players in arenas, parked cars in garages, theater crowds and shoppers under marquees, students in corridors ... just name your subject.
Art Metal's complete mercury vapor line—all with integral high power factor ballasts—includes recessed and surface "rounds" and "squares" for interior and exterior ceilings, decorative surface aluminum downlights, outdoor brackets for economical local area lighting ... something for every interior and exterior application.
When you light your subject with Art Metal mercury vapor lights you not only get outstanding design ... but other advantages which may be even more important to you: whiter, brighter light, longer lamp life, better light output and distribution, less maintenance. Plus a comprehensive range of watt sizes and models. In short, we put an ultimate lighting package at your disposal. Why not write for our new mercury vapor lighting brochure and/or call your Art Metal representative. It could be the brightest move you've ever made.
ITT Environmental Products Division, International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, 1814 E. 40th St., Cleveland, Ohio 44103.
ART METAL LIGHTING, ITT
In Canada, Wakefield Lighting Ltd., London, Ontario
For more data, circle 109 on inquiry card
A single climate conditioning system for each campus bui
It would be fine...if you had no outside rooms in your plans.
There are places like that. But they're not schools. Today's schools have both inside and outside rooms. And if you choose one type of system—unit or central—to handle both types of situations, you're compromising.
That's why we make the range of equipment we do today. Without compromising anything, you can select the matched equipment that best fits your needs. And you can use the most economical fuel available in your area whatever the equipment.
For instance, you'd probably select our Nesbitt Rooftop Multizone Unit for flexible learning areas. It can individually service up to twenty-two separate zones through flexible ducting which can later be altered easily to meet changing space requirements.
Then again, in those fixed-wall perimeter classrooms, you may find Nesbitt Unit Ventilators most economical. They can be installed with steam, hot water, electric or gas heating. Mechanical cooling can be added now or later using a central chilled water system or individual condensing units mounted remotely or adjacent to the unit.
Where glass is used extensively, Nesbitt Wind-o-line Radiation is designed to offset the radiant heat loss and prevent chilling downdrafts.
Whether you're designing a new school or an addition, call your Nesbitt man. He has the heating, ventilating and air conditioning equipment to meet your requirements better. After all, he's a specialist in schools. And that's what you're building, isn't it?
Nesbitt Operation, ITT Environmental Products Division, Philadelphia, Pa. 19136.
For more data, circle 110 on inquiry card
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967 201
The business of architecture
ARCHITECTURE: A PROFESSION AND A BUSINESS. By Morris Lapidus. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, 430 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022. 224 pp. illus. $12.25.
Morris Lapidus—an architect best noted among his colleagues, perhaps, for the business acumen and architectural elan with which he has caught the spirit of hotel clients in Miami and New York—has written a book about the practice of architecture which will be of considerable value to the profession, particularly to those who have just started their own offices or are about to do so.
*Architecture: a Profession and a Business* is primarily concerned to demonstrate to architects that there is no inherent reason why they cannot make a financial and business success of their offices and at the same time maintain their professional integrity. Lapidus goes on to examine in detail the kind of office procedures, accounting methods, partnership agreements and client-architect relationships that make success possible. Occupational hazards, popular fallacies, frequently-made errors of administration and organization also come in for discussion.
Lapidus is well aware of many of the deeply ingrained prides and prejudices which make architects hesitant to sell their skills too vigorously to prospective clients, but he vigorously scoffs at any such inhibiting delicacy of feeling: "Architecture must be sold like any other commodity" he says. "You will probably object to this statement, saying that architecture is a personal service, and just as the doctor or lawyer sits in his office and waits for patients and clients, so, too, the architect should wait for his clients to come to him. This idea went out with the artist's smock and the flowing black tie. . . . This is the day of the soft or hard sell. Whichever it is, the architect must somehow present himself to possible clients. . . . Although the ethics of the architectural profession prohibit advertising, every good businessman has learned how to sell his product or service. Many and varied are the techniques used. It is just as important for the architect to have some method of projecting himself, his services and his work to the buying public—his potential clients. Hiding your light under a bushel will only draw insects not clients."
There are some very good chapters on cost and job control in which Lapidus emphasizes the importance of establishing an accepted system and style of work, of making sure that all employees know and follow the established office procedure, of making constant checks on time and expenditure involved in individual jobs. All this is illustrated by detailed examples of working, programing and control systems for jobs and offices of varying size and complexity.
The reader should not be misled by the simple style of writing or the careful statement of what may seem obvious to the seasoned practitioner into dismissing this book as trivial or irrelevant. On the contrary, as Thomas Creighton says in his introduction: "I don't know where else you can find such penetrating, realistic discussions of such subjects as the risks of partnerships, the ways to achieve budget control, the methods of assaying and negotiating fees and many other down-to-earth matters" which are, after all, a critical part of the profession.
Urban low-rise group housing
ROW HOUSES AND CLUSTER HOUSES, AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY. By Hubert Hoffmann. Frederick A. Praeger, Publishers, 111 Fourth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003. 176 pp., illus. $18.50.
Urban low-rise group housing, although not a new invention, is one which, this author concludes, can satisfy the owner's desire for a home of his own to the same extent as has the conventional free-standing one-family structure. He does not see an exclusive application of this method of housing but rather the use of this building type in an amalgamation of small building units of various types, with the inhabitants a mixture of differing occupants, income classes, educational levels and family ages.
Many opponents of low-rise group housing have given economic, sociological and psychological objections to its use. This author has taken exception to these objections in his discussion of technical and economic comparisons of low-rise and multi-story housing, and the sociological and psychological considerations of such grouping. A principal argument against low-rise housing in urban areas is the allegedly greater area requirement—a feeling arrived at from the spontaneous association with the large suburban sprawl surrounding cities. Studies are sited which provide convincing proofs that the area gain obtained by multi-story housing is minute if the built-up areas of the residential districts are related to the gross areas of the town. And finally, the advantages of diagonal arrangement—Habitat—and the particularly favorable industrial prefabrication of such housing are discussed.
After the author's worthwhile reassessment of the advantages and drawbacks of this method, an international selection of row and cluster housing makes up the larger part of the book.
BOOKS RECEIVED
YEARBOOK OF THE AMERICAN BUREAU OF METAL STATISTICS. By the American Bureau of Metal Statistics, 50 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10004. 148 pp. $4.50.
EDUNET, Report of the Summer Study on Informal Networks. By George W. Brown, James G. Miller, Thomas A. Keenan. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Third Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016. 440 pp. $39.50.
TALL BUILDINGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SHEAR WALL STRUCTURES, The Proceedings of a Symposium on Tall Buildings held at the University of Southampton. Edited by A. Coull and B. Stafford Smith. Pergamon Press Inc., 40-01 21 Street, Long Island City, New York 11101. 607 pp., illus. $26.00.
THE LEGACY OF RAYMOND UNWIN: A Human Pattern for Planning. Edited and with an introduction by Walter L. Creese. The M.I.T. Press, 50 Ames Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02142. 234 pp., illus. $10.00.
GEORGIAN ARCHITECTURE IN AUSTRALIA. By Morton Herman. Taplinger Publishing Co., Inc., 29 East 50th Street, New York, N.Y. 10022. 148 pp., illus. $13.50.
CITIES IN A RACE WITH TIME. By Jeanne R. Lowry. Random House, Inc., 457 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022. 601 pp., illus. $10.00.
NEW DIMENSIONS IN REGIONAL PLANNING, A CASE STUDY OF IRELAND. By Jeremiah Newman. The National Institute for Physical Planning and Construction Research, 4 Kildare Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. 21 pp., illus. 25/-.
PROGRESS REPORT 1965-1966 of HUD Low Income Housing continued on page 25
from top to bottom
In this now famous building, GJ DOOR CONTROL was specified for every floor. This quality hardware can be depended upon to function through the years. GJ is always the SAFE specification.
CHICAGO CIVIC CENTER
Supervising Architect:
C. F. MURPHY ASSOCIATES
Associate Architects:
SKIDMORE, OWINGS & MERRILL
LOEBL, SCHLOSSMAN, BENNETT &
DART
General Contractor:
GUST K. NEWBERG CONSTRUCTION CO.
Hardware:
KEN-LEE HARDWARE CO.
SEND FOR FREE DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE
GLYNN-JOHNSON CORPORATION / 4422 NORTH RAVENSWOOD AVE. / CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60640
For more data, circle T11 on inquiry card
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967 203
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967
Name your building. Chances are American Bridge can show you how to save money with steel.
American Bridge can fabricate and erect the steel for any type of building—no matter how large or how small—and we can save you money in any stage of your building, especially in the planning stage. We’ve been involved in more different types of steel construction than any other fabricator-erector in the country. You name it—office buildings, industrial buildings, bridges, stadiums, tanks, schools—American Bridge has built it.
Modern buildings have structural steel frames for some very good reasons. For instance, new high strength structural steels cut costs and weight because they’re two to three times stronger than carbon steels. Steel is weldable and makes bracing and fastening much simpler. With steel you can integrate structural and architectural space for low unit cost and low unit weight per square foot of floor area. You can use a combination of steels at different strength levels to achieve almost any aesthetic effect while you cut costs. There’s no special season for steel, either. It goes up fast any time of the year. And when it’s time to remodel, steel makes it less expensive and easier. Only steel can be safely altered, extended or reinforced without damaging the integrity of the building’s structure.
We’re steel specialists—so we can give you the best structural work possible for the least cost. American Bridge starts from scratch on every job—no matter what the size—to find ways to fabricate and erect your structure as efficiently as possible. Talk to American Bridge first about any building or remodeling project. Write American Bridge, Room 4770, 525 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15230.
USS American Bridge
Division of United States Steel
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967 205
A COMPLETE LINE, A COMPLETE DOOR SERVICE FROM ONE DEPENDABLE SOURCE...
specify WAGNER GARAGE DOORS
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WAGNER
WAGNER MFG. CO., WATERLOO, IOWA 50705
Division of Chamberlain Manufacturing Corporation
For more data, circle 112 on inquiry card
REQUIRED READING
continued from page 202
Housing Demonstration Project "Cost Reduction Methods for High Rise Apartments." By the School of Architecture, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, New York 11205. 75 pp. No charge.
MODERN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE. By H. Kent Preston and Norman J. Sollenberger. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 West 42 Street, New York, N.Y. 10036. 337 pp., illus. $13.50.
1967 DIRECTORY OF BEHAVIOR AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN. By the Research & Design Institute, P.O. Box 307, Providence, Rhode Island 02901. 126 pp. Paperbound, $2.00.
LOST NEW YORK. By Nathan Silver. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 242 pp., illus. $15.00.
HOW TO FIND OUT IN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING. By D. L. Smith. Pergamon Press Inc., 44-01 21 Street, Long Island City, New York 11101. 232 pp. $5.50.
PROSPECTOR, COWHAND, AND SODBUSTER—HISTORIC PLACES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MINING, RANCHING, AND FARMING FRONTIERS IN THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI WEST. By the National Park Service. Superintendent of Public Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 320 pp., illus. $3.00.
DUMBARTON OAKS, The History of a Georgetown House and Garden, 1800-1966. By Walter Muir Whitehill. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 147 pp., illus. $6.95.
URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHERN EUROPE: SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. By E. A. Gutkind. The Free Press, Macmillan, 866 Third Avenue, New York, N.Y 10022. 534 pp., illus. $25.00.
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NO STAINS WILL MAR THE PRISTINE WHITE
Galvanized Rebars maintain the beauty of these interlacing arches
This new 15-story Bank of Hawaii building, of thin shell pre-cast concrete panels, gleams white amidst the lush greenery of Waikiki. To eliminate the possibility of unsightly staining and discoloration in Hawaii's humid climate, the architects specified hot-dip galvanizing of the steel rebars.
Galvanizing also prevents the possibility of spalling and cracking which could result from strong internal pressure of rust build-up.
For full details of this adventuresome design, write for: "Interlacing Arches Give Bank a Festive Look."
HOT DIP GALVANIZING
For information relative to your specific needs, contact the AMERICAN HOT DIP GALVANIZERS ASSN.
1000 VERMONT AVE., N.W.
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005
For more data, circle 113 on inquiry card
MORE BUILDING OWNERS LOOK TO THE LEADER...McQUAY®
When around-the-clock comfort must be assured for tenants, there is no margin for less than a top performing air conditioning system. These building owners found perfect matching of function and beauty in McQUAY SEASONMAKER® fan coil air conditioners.
Designed to fit the most precise engineering needs while allowing maximum architectural freedom, SEASONMAKER® fan coil units are available in 5 lines, 19 types, 112 models. All feature top styling, maintenance ease and low operating costs. A complete line of optional accessories and coils is available. For information on a fully matched system with one-source responsibility, call your McQUAY, INC. representative or write direct.
AIR CONDITIONING • REFRIGERATION • HEATING • VENTILATING
MANUFACTURING PLANTS AT FARIBAULT, MINNESOTA • GRENADE, MISSISSIPPI • VISALIA, CALIFORNIA
For more data, circle 114 on inquiry card
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD August 1967 207
Charlie isn’t big on small talk.
It’s not that Charlie doesn’t care about the weather. Or the latest movies. Or the length of girls’ skirts.
He just prefers to talk about something he has all the facts on. Like paint. Vinyls. Acrylics. Epoxies and sealers.
He’ll go on in detail about new Devoe low-luster latex enamel. About glaze coatings, water-repellents, masonry coatings and rust-inhibitors. And when it comes to colors, he positively waxes eloquent.
Matter of fact, Charlie will do more than just talk about Devoe’s color systems. He’ll keep your color books up to date for you.
That’s the way it is with Charlie. And Max. And J.J. And every Devoe man.
They talk softly. And stick to their business.
You can depend on the Man from Devoe.
DEVOE PAINT
Division of Celanese Coatings Company, Louisville, Kentucky.
For more data, circle 115 on inquiry card
Because the Record continually grows with the profession—improving its 'helpfulness' whenever possible—such as the redesign of the magazine in 1966, the Architectural Business feature introduced last January, and the Architectural Engineering Special Report, unveiled in the July issue.
Because the Record has the largest editorial staff in the architectural field with 15 full-time editors.
Because Record's staff brings to its work over 250 years' background in architecture, journalism, engineering, teaching and the graphic arts.
Because Architectural Record editors take a no-nonsense approach to the profession—stressing 100 per cent editorial concentration on architects and engineers—with every page reflecting their working information needs and interests.
Because the Record staff is imaginative—creating a unique editorial climate that attracts the greatest architectural and engineering authorities of our time.
Because the Record offers architects and engineers the most editorial pages in the field—with most on nonresidential and residential buildings . . . the most photographs, drawings, four-color, the work of the most architects.
These are just some of the reasons why, in three recent independently sponsored readership studies, the margin of preference for Architectural Record widened to over 50 per cent. Here are the results of these studies, in response to the question, "Which architectural magazine do you find most helpful in your work?"
| | Wide-Lite Corp. | "Automatic" Sprinkler | Medusa Portland Cement Co. |
|----------------|-----------------|-----------------------|----------------------------|
| Record | 107 | 117 | 73 |
| PA | 61 | 78 | 46 |
| AF | 31 | 35 | 25 |
| A&E News | 13 | 14 | 7 |
| AIA Journal | 9 | 19 | 18 |
Why you will find Architectural Record 'most helpful' in your sales efforts.
Because architects and engineers find the Record most helpful in their work, they spend more time with the Record, giving you a better climate to tell your advertising story. And they are the active architects and engineers. Over 90 percent of all architect-designed nonresidential and large residential building is in the hands of Record subscribers.
Sell your building products to architects and engineers in the magazine they prefer...more building product manufacturers do.
ARCHITECTURAL RECORD
338 WEST 42ND STREET
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION
The Beach Avenue Apartment Building, Vancouver, British Columbia
Architect: C. B. K. Van Norman & Associates
Consulting Engineers: Kirwan and Chercover
Drawing by Davis Brite
Pre-filed catalogs of the manufacturers listed below are available in the 1967 Sweet's Catalog File as follows.
A Architectural File (green)
I Industrial Construction File (blue)
L Light Construction File (yellow)
A
Aerofin Corp. ........................................... 45
Alcoa International ...................................... 7
A Allen Mfg. Co., W.D. .................................. 69
Alma Desk Company ....................................... 20
A-I Altec Lansing Corp. .................................. 158
I American Air Filter Co. ................................. 86-87
A-I American Bridge Division, USS. ..................... 204-205
American Hot Dip Galvanizers Assn. .................... 206
A-I-L American Plywood Association .................... 138-139
A-L Arm-Finn Sauna Inc. .................................. 44
A Anenostat Products Div., Dynamics Corp. of America ........................................ 32
Architectural Record ..................................... 210-211
A-I Armco Steel Corp. ..................................... 68
A-I-L Armstrong Cork Co. .................................. 149
A Art Metal, Inc. .......................................... 76
A-L Azrock Floor Products ................................. 3rd Cover
B
A Bally Case & Cooler, Inc. ............................... 80
Basalt Rock Co., Inc. ..................................... 32-1
Berven of California ....................................... 30
A-I Bethlehem Steel Corp. ................................. 154-155
Blue-Ray, Inc. ............................................. 58
A-I Borden Metal Products Co. ........................... 37
A-I Bradley Washfountain Co. ............................ 18
C
A-I Carlisle Tire & Rubber Div., Carlisle Corp. ........ 176
Chicago Faucet Co. ........................................ 188
Chicago Hardware Foundry Co. ........................... 169
Chicago Pump Co. .......................................... 150
Collins & Aikman ........................................... 191
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute .................... 88-89
A Consoweld Corp. ......................................... 187
A Corbin, P&F, Div. Emhart Corp. ....................... 161
A-I Cordley & Hayes ....................................... 190
A Corning Glass Works ..................................... 173
D
A DAP INC. .................................................. 77
Davenport, A. C., & Son ................................. 61
Day & Night Mfg. Co. ..................................... 181
A-I-L Devco Paint, Div. of Celanese Coatings Co. .... 208-209
A Dower Corp., Elevator Div. ............................ 140
A-I-L Dow Chemical Co. ................................... 28
A-I Duriron Co., Inc. ..................................... 1
A-I-L Dur-O-Wal, Inc. ..................................... 92
E
Executone, Inc. ............................................. 194
F
Fabri-Form Company ....................................... 178
Flintkote Co. ............................................... 55
A Follansbee Steel Corp. .................................. 171
A-I-L Formica Corp. ....................................... 157
G
Garrett Corp., AiResearch Mfg. Div. .................... 79
A-I-L General Electric Co. ............................... 29, 44-45, 46-47
Georgia Marble Corp. ...................................... 56
Glynn-Johnson Corp. ....................................... 203
A-I Goodrich Co., B. F. ................................... 52, 170
A-I Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. .......................... 137
A Grant Pulley & Hardware Corp. ......................... 27
Greenberg's Sons, M. ..................................... 32-4
A-I GREFCO, Inc., Building Products Div. ............. 82-83
A Guth Co., Edwin F. ..................................... 70
Gypsum Association ......................................... 165
H
Hardwick & Magee Co. ..................................... 12
A Hartmann-Sanders Co. .................................... 87
A Haughton Elevator Company ............................. 185
A Haws Drinking Faucet Company ........................ 54
Holophane Co., Inc. ....................................... 24-25
L Honeywell .................................................. 13
I
A ITT Nesbitt, Inc. ........................................ 200-201
J
A Jamison Door Co. ......................................... 33
K
A Kawneer Co. .............................................. 196-197
A Kinney Vacuum Div., New York Air Brake Co. .......... 63
Knight, H. W. & Son, Inc. ................................ 190
A-I Kohler Company ......................................... 163-164
Krueger Manufacturing Company .......................... 90-91
A Krueger Metal Products Co. ............................ 81
A K-S-H, Inc. .............................................. 168
L
Laclede Steel Co. .......................................... 198
Lees & Sons Co., James, Div. ............................. 215
Burlington Ind. ............................................. 38-39
A-L Lennox Industries, Inc. ............................... 38-39
A-I-L Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. ....................... 192-193
Lighting Products, Inc. ................................... 186
Liquid Carbonic Corp. ..................................... 75
A Ludowici-Celadon Co. .................................... 46
M
A Mapes & Co. .............................................. 81
A-L Marlite Div., Masonite Corp. ........................ 57
McDonald Products Corp. .................................. 58
McQuay, Inc. ................................................ 207
Medusa Portland Cement Co. .............................. 26
Miller Company ............................................. 159
A-I-L 3M Company .......................................... 220
N
A-I-L Mississippi Glass Co. ................................ 15
A Mosaic Tile Co. .......................................... 1
A MSL Plastics-Sinko Lighting Div. ....................... 1
O
A O'Brien Corp., The ...................................... 1
Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp., Winchester Western Div., Ramset 1
A Otis Elevator Co. ........................................ 1
A-I Overhead Door Corp. ................................... 14
A-I-L Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. ..................... 1
A Ozite Corporation ........................................ 1
P
A-L Pella Rolscreen Co. ................................... 179
A-I Pittsburgh Corning Corp. ............................. 166
A-L Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. .......................... 216 tr
Portland Cement Association ............................. 146
Potter-Roemer, Inc. ....................................... 146
Pratt & Lambert, Inc. ..................................... 1
A-I Prestressed Concrete Institute ......................... 1
R
A-I Raynor Mfg. Co. ...................................... 1
A-L Red Cedar Shingle & Handsplit Shake Bureau ........ 1
A-I Republic Steel Corp. .................................. 1
A Rhodes, Inc., M. H. ..................................... 1
A Ronan & Kunzl, Inc. ..................................... 1
A-I-L Ruberoid Co. ........................................ 1
S
St. Joseph Lead Co., Metals Division ..................... 1
Selck, Walter E., and Company ............................ 1
Shell Chemical Co. ......................................... 1
A Simmons Company ......................................... 1
A-I Sloan Valve Company ................................. 4th Col
Soil Pipe Div., Tyler Pipe Industries .................... 1
Southern California & Southern Counties Gas Cos. ...... 32-6-3
A-I Spancrete Mfrs. Asso. ................................ 60
A-I Span-Deck Mfrs. Asso. ................................ 78
Square D Company .......................................... 62
A-I Standard Conveyor Co. ................................ 1
A-I Steel Deck Institute ................................... 1
A-L Stevens & Co., Inc., J. P. ............................ 1
Stewart & Stevenson Services, Inc. ....................... 1
A-I Superior Concrete Accessories, Inc. ................ 1
Sweet's Catalog Service ................................... 2
Synkoloid Company ......................................... 34
T
Talk-A-Phone Co. .......................................... 14
A-Thiokol Chemical Corp. ................................ 14
A-I-L 3M Company .......................................... 22
A Tile Council of America, Inc. .......................... 6
A-Tremco Mfg. Co. ........................................ 18
Tyler Refrigeration Div., Clark Equipment Co. .......... 2
See Sweet's.
24,964 pages of detailed product data.
In your Sweet's Files you'll find useful, readily available information from 1,497 manufacturers, including most of those listed in the adjoining index (see codes).
Save time. For immediate details, reach for your Sweet's Architectural Catalog File, Sweet's Industrial Construction Catalog File, or Sweet's Light Construction Catalog File.
Sweet's Construction Catalog Services, F.W. Dodge Company/McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd Street, New York 10036.
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Elevated flooring too costly for general construction?
No! Says Architect Charles H. Harper, who used nearly three acres of it in this giant complex for Globe-Union Inc.
If you think of elevated flooring as a specialty item reserved for computer rooms, take a tip from Charles H. Harper, the Milwaukee architect who designed this 3-building research and administrative center for Globe-Union Inc. His plan called for 120,000 square feet of Weber elevated flooring, which Harper says netted out at about $1 per square foot. (That's for finished flooring, about half of which was carpeted.)
But cost was only one of Harper's problems. Time was precious. He had only 10 months to design and build the entire complex, and Weber elevated flooring gave him the flexibility he needed to meet this tight deadline. Walls and top decking were built first with a slab foundation. All utility lines, including plumbing, electrical, telephone, heating, ventilating and sewage, were installed on top of the slab after completion of the building shell. Installers worked rapidly and accurately under comfortable conditions. Globe-Union gained too in structural flexibility. Offices and laboratories can be rearranged at will without tearing up expensive flooring to relocate them.
Charles Harper proved that elevated flooring is not just for general use and offers many advantages. For complete specifications on Weber flooring and the full story of its use at Globe-Union (as reprinted from ARCHITECTURAL RECORD), write today.
For more data, circle 117 on inquiry card
WEBER
SHOWCASE & FIXTURE COMPANY
A DIVISION OF MERCHANDISING EQUIPMENT OF WALTER KIDDE & COMPANY
1340 MONROE AVENUE N.W., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. 49502 PHONE 616-458-2111
|
Saturday 17 January at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Tenor - Peter Davoren Bass - Philip Tebb Organ - Helen Rogers
Handel - Zadok the Priest
Handel - Gloria in Excelsis Deo
Handel - Allegro and 'Alleluia' from Organ Concerto in F
Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 1 in D
Handel - Hallelujah Chorus, Worthy is The Lamb, Amen from 'Messiah'
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Mozart - Requiem
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and sound recording using any form of electronic equipment are not permitted.
The Interval lasts approximately 20 minutes and will be at 8.15pm and 2 minutes before the end of the interval.
Once the concert starts again admittance will only be between pieces.
The Caffe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions. Tel: 020 7706 1165
The Neville Mariner Rehearsal Room is available for rehearsals and workshops. Please call 020 7706 1135
For further information about St Martin's please visit our website: www.smitf.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
www.belmontensemble.com
Handel – Coronation Anthem ‘Zadok the Priest’
‘Zadok the Priest’ – And all the people rejoice – God save the King
Though born in Germany, Handel visited England many times, and eventually settled here, becoming a naturalised British subject. He was a prolific composer in all the main forms of his day, both choral and instrumental - operas, oratorios, anthems, suites, concertos, sonatas, etc.
In June 1727 the King, George I, died suddenly, and was succeeded by his son, George II. The new King took up his British subjects into their care, and was asked to write a series of Coronation Anthems for the occasion. It was almost certainly through the influence of the new King and Queen that Handel, in preference to Maurice Green (who had just succeeded to the most senior position in the Chapel Royal) was chosen to compose fresh settings for the Coronation.
The choice of texts was well established, and had been first used at the Coronation of Charles II over 50 years earlier:
‘Let thy hand be strengthened’ seems to have been for the early recognition part of the service and is taken from Psalm 89. ‘My heart is inditing’ was written for the Queen’s Coronation and ‘The King shall Rejoice’ (Psalm 21) for the King’s Coronation itself.
The ceremony took place on 11 October 1727 in Westminster Abbey. The performance at the coronation was by large forces - an orchestra of 160 players, and a choir of about 50. Unfortunately the performance was not good, being let down by poor organisation. The officiating Archbishop of Canterbury recorded on his Order of Service: “The anthems in confusion… all irregular in the music”.
Later on Handel incorporated nearly all the music from the Anthems into his oratorios ‘Deborah’ and ‘Esther’, which brought them before a wider public, and in descent performances.
The text of this anthem ‘Zadok the Priest’ refers to the coronation of King Solomon, famed for his wisdom – a highly flattering comparison for the new monarch; this anthem was intended for the Anointing. ‘Zadok the Priest’ has been sung at every English Coronation since its original appearance in 1727.
Handel – Gloria in Excelsis Deo
Gloria – Et in terra – Laudamus Te – Dominus Deus
Qui tollis – Et in Spiritu tu solus – Cum Sancto Spiritu
‘Gloria in excelsis Deo’ is a newly discovered work which was found at the Royal Academy of Music library, in London. The manuscript, is not in Handel’s hand, but is bound in a collection of Handel arias owned by singer William Savage (1720-1789) and left to the Academy by his student RUS Stevens on his death in 1837. It was identified by Professor Hans Joachim Marx of Hamburg, Germany.
Handel may have composed it during his early years in Germany prior to his departure for Italy. Handel later borrowed from the Gloria to compose his Laudate pueri dominum and the Utrecht Jubilate.
The work is composed for soprano, 2-part violin, and basso continuo. It consists of 7 short movements.
The first performance of the Gloria was given by soprano Rebecca Ryan and other students of the Royal Academy of Music and Nicholas McGegan (conductor) in London on 15 March 2001.
**Handel - Allegro and 'Alleluia' Chorus from Organ Concerto in F**
The organ concertos Op. 4 HWV 289–294 refer to the six organ concertos for chamber organ and orchestra composed by George Frideric Handel in London between 1735 and 1736 and published in 1738 by the printing company of John Walsh. They were first performed in performances of oratorios in Covent Garden; they were the first works of their kind for this combination of instruments and served as a model for later composers.
Handel's six organ concertos were published in 1738 by John Walsh as the composer's Opus 4. The four concertos HWV 290-293 had been written to be played in the interval of performances of his oratorios Esther, Deborah and Athalia in March and April 1735 in the newly opened theatre of John Rich at Covent Garden; the other two concertos HWV 289 and 294 served the same purpose in February and May of the following year in performances at the same venue of Alexander's Feast HWV 75. Handel's setting of John Dryden's poem was published.
The performances of Esther and Deborah were revivals, while Athalia was a reworking for its first London performance of a work first heard in Oxford in the summer of 1733. The violist Feeling and the composer Arne reported to the musician Charles Burney that Handel "had never organised such Oxford performances: he had 'opened the organ in such a manner as astonished every hearer' and 'neither themselves, nor any one of their acquaintance, had ever before heard such extempore, or such premeditated playing, on that or any other instrument.'"
Handel's prowess as an organist had already been demonstrated in Rome in 1707 in a competition with the celebrated Domenico Scarlatti, where he came out on the winning side rated highest. Like Scarlatti, playing on the harpsichord, his reputation as a great organist had already been established during his one year position as cathedral organist in Halle in 1704. Handel organised these three works in a special place in his oeuvre. They paved the way for Scarlatti and Buxtehude who like Handel achieved fame in their lifetimes as composers and performers of their own concertos.
Mozart (1756 – 1791) – Salzburg Symphony No 1 in D
Allegro - Andante – Allegro
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the Austrian composer, violinist, organist and conductor was born in Salzburg in 1756, the son of Leopold Mozart, the Prince Archbishop of Salzburg. Mozart displayed exceptional musical talent as a child, learning the klavier at three and composing by the age of five. This symphony, or divertimento comes from a set of three written in early 1772 in Salzburg, originally for string quartet.
Handel - Hallelujah Chorus. Worthy is The Lamb. Amen (Messiah)
Born in Halle, the son of a Lutheran organist, in 1685 Handel became assistant organist in the Domkirche and studied law at the town’s university. Leaving in 1703 he joined Hamburg’s opera company, composing his first opera Almira two years later. After four years in Italy he was appointed Kapellmeister by the Elector of Hanover (later King George I of England) before settling in London.
The first we know of Messiah is a reference from a letter of Charles Jennens, Handel’s librettist, to Samuel Hollis on 14 September 1741: “Mr. Handel says he will do nothing next winter, but I hope I shall persuade him to set another Scripture collection I have made for him, and perform it for his own benefit in Passion Week. I hope he will lay out his whole Genius and Skill upon it, that our Composition may excel all his former Performances, as the Subject excels every other Subject: The Subject is Messiah.”
Handel was indeed ‘persuaded’ and began the composition of Messiah at his London home in Brook Street on 22 August, completing more than 250 pages of the original autograph by 14 September.
The creation of this work in only three weeks is an impressive achievement, but it does fit in with Handel’s normal habits of composition: it was not unusual for him for him to write a couple of new oratorios or operas every year in a concentrated bursts of activity in preparation for his next season of theatre performances.
A fortnight after completing Messiah he began work on Samson and completed a second score of similar length in a month, finishing on 29 October.
Mozart (1756 - 1791) – Ave Verum Corpus
This short work was composed in Vienna on 17th and 18th June 1791, six months before Mozart died, and only a few weeks before the commission of the ‘Requiem’ was received.
The work is scored for a four-part choir, with either Strings or Organ accompaniment. The Latin words translate as follows ‘Jesu, Lamb of God, Redeemer, Born of the Virgin Mary, and upon the cross hast man’s salvation won. From whose side, which man pierced, flowed the water and the blood. By the sacred body broken in life and death, our food’.
Mozart (1756 – 1791) – Requiem
INTROITUS - Requiem aeternam
KYRIE -
SEQUENTIA - Dies Irae, Tuba Mirum, Rex Tremendae,
Requiemare, Confutatis, Lacrymosa
OFFERTORIUM - Domine Jesu, Hostias
SANCTUS -
BENEDICTUS -
AGNUS DEI -
COMMUNIO - Lux Aeterna
It is generally thought that by July 1791 Mozart had sunk irretrievably into the abyss of poverty and despair. In fact, that summer found him busy and happy. His usually troubled finances were relatively stable and opera commissions were coming in as fast as he could handle them. His old friend Emanuel Schreiber had recently given him his 'Die Zauberflöte' and some time around the middle of July a commission came from Prague, for what became 'La Clemenza di Tito' for festivities at the coronation in September of Leopold II of Bohemia.
Another commission for a Requiem Mass also came in summer. Its source was Count Franz von Walsegg, a prosperous but self-indulging nobleman recently widowed. Walsegg was in the habit of commissioning works from various composers, recopying the parts to his own hand, and giving private performances at which he would be 'sainted' to the accompaniment of the music. Walsegg presumably commissioned the 'Requiem' in memory of his late wife; although he sought to conceal from Mozart his role in the undertaking, there is no evidence that he planned to pass off the work as his own.
Work did not start on the commission until mid September 1791 as Mozart was still working on 'Die Zauberflöte' and the 'Clarinet Concerto for Stadler'. In November Mozart began to complain of feeling unwell while composing a cantata for his Master, Lodovico. He was still unable to find time for the Requiem. His final illness set in on 20th November.
At the time of Mozart's death on 5th December 1791, only the Introit was fully orchestrated. The Kyrie was essentially complete, except for some minor scoring. Five of the six sections of the Sequentia, both of the Offertorium has been completed - all vocal parts have been set out, and there are numerous sketches and scattered indications of instrumentation. Of the final part of the Sequentia - the Lacrymosa - the emotional and structural crux of the whole work, Mozart had set down only the first two bars.
Before his death Mozart had certainly discussed the work with Sussmayr, his assistant, and after much persuasion Constanze Mozart finally agreed that Sussmayr should be allowed to complete the work based on the sketches which had been left.
Originally from California, Elizabeth Weisberg (Soprano) studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy's highest award for performance.
On the concert stage, Elizabeth has appeared with the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh and Three Choirs Festivals and with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Iván Fischer, Emmanuel Hallé, Trevor Pinnock, Harry Bicket, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and the Ashmolean Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St. Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Poissy with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestre Philharmonique de l'Europe, Handel's Eliana and Elisa with Royal Albert Hall with the RPO, Gafata (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St. Matthew Passion with the Manchester Camerata in the Bridgewater Hall with Kraemer, scenes from Purcell Fairy Queen with Harry Bicket and The English Concert, Cesti's Armida and Buxtehude's St. Matthew Choirs Festival, the title role in Handel Theodora in concert for The Belmont Ensemble, Haydn Creation Mass for Paul McCreesh and the BBC Philharmonic, Poland, Bach St. Matthew Passion with Fischer and the Festival of the Age of Enlightenment at the OEH, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Tewkesbury Abbey, Brahms Requiem at Southwark Cathedral and Dafnis (Apollo e Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent opera work includes Venus and Adonis for Transition Opera at Wilton’s Music Hall, The Witch in Purcell Dido and Aeneas (Glyndebourne Opera), and Monteverdi Orfeo in a semi-staged production at Opéra de Lille, Théâtre du Châtelet and Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St. Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St. Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
Ciara Hendrick (Mezzo-Soprano) studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, Strasbourg Opera Studio and ENO Opera Works. Roles include Susanna, Harriet in Street Scene (Opera North), Phocion, Theodora (Handel Acis and Hermia (cover), A Midsummer Night's Dream (Garsington), Irene, Theodora (St Martin-in-the-Fields), Poppea, The Barbiere (Rosemary Branch), Aminta, La Clemenza di Tito (David Hill), Cherubino, Il matrimonio segreto (Westonbirt), La clemenza dei barbieri di Siegla and Lazuli, L'Etoile (Strasbourg Opera Studio) and created the role of Margarida in Julian Philips' The Young Sofia (Glyndebourne Opera). As a solo vocalist, Ciara has collaborated with the LSO, recording the title track of the Oscar-nominated film, Incendies.
Regular oratorio and recital engagements include Handel's Messiah at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, Vivaldi's Gloria and Bach's Magnificat at St Martin-in-the-Fields and Schumann's Liederkreis op.39, Oxford Lieder Festival. Other recent
engagements have included Frasquinetta for Garsington’s production of La Périchole, a recital at Lille Opera House for Emmanuelle Hami, Handel’s Dixit Dominus at St Martin-in-the-Fields and the title role in Handel’s Susanna with Christian Curyn for Ford Festival Opera.
Peter Davoren (Tenor) was awarded the Dr Ralph Kohn Scholarship to study at the Royal Academy of Music under the tutelage of Neil Mackie. During his time at the Academy he was a member of Song Group, performed at the Oxford Choral Festival and Wigmore Hall, as well as collaborating with Michael Chance, Roger Vignoles, and Dame Felicity Lott. He was a finalist in the Richard Lewis competition, and had participated in public masterclasses with Angelika Kirchschlager and Dennis O’Neill.
Past operatic roles include Nemorino (L’elisir d’amore), Le Jourdain (Les Marielles des Tiresias) and Floriot (Il signor Bruschino) (Dixit National Opera Academy) Goro (Madama Butterfly) and Poisson (Adriana Lecouvreur) (Opera Holland Park) Raimondo (La Navarrese) (Westford Festival Opera) and Tito (La clemenza di Tito) (Teatro Manoel, Malta).
Future engagements include Ottavio (Don Giovanni) [Cpua Opera] and the Song Vendor (Il Tabarro) [Opera Holland Park] as well as collaborations with the Monteverdi Choir.
Philip Tebb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar at the Cathedral, and at the Royal College of Music on the Benjamin Britten International Scholarship with Russell Smythe. His studies at RCM were generously supported by the Anne Clayton Memorial Student Bursary Trust Award, the Audrey Sacher Award and the Jacqueline Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Demetrius in Britten’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream; and Janacek The Cunning Little Vixen and Bianca in Handel’s Alcina. He was part of the London Philharmonic’s Father Trulove in Stravinsky The Rake’s Progress and Antonio in Mozart Le Nozze di Figaro. Professional stage experience covering the role of Peter Quince in Britten’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream for Gauntlett Opera, and the role of Schaunard in Puccini La Bohème for Wethmore Opera and appearing in a production of Webern’s The Duchess of Malfi at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is a great fan of semi- and oratorio solos. Appearances last year included: Bach Matthäus Passion (Christus) with Jesus Christ Church Choir and the Saraband Consort; Bach Weihnachts Oratorium with Cor Dyfed; Brahms Ein Deutsches Requiem (Christus) with Henshaw-Choral Society and Lewisham Choral Society; Handel Delibera Te Deum with St Albans Choral Society; Messiah (Simeon) with Bedford Choral Society; Handel Messiah with Royal Hospital Chelsea Chapel Choir and Forest School Choir Society; Handel Samson with St Neots Choral Society; Haydn’s Mass in C Major with St Neots Choral Society; Mendelssohn Elijah with Bridgwater Choral Society; Mozart C Minor Mass with Burts Choir and Scarlatti Missa della Santa Cecilia with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed: Fauré Requiem; Handel Acis and Galatea (Polyphemus); Handel Messiah; Handel
Theodora (Valtens); Mozart Coronation Mass; Mozart Requiem and Mozart Vesperae solennes de confessore.
Peter G Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a "Baroque specialist" and by the London Evening Standard as "An internationally respected conductor".
Founder, Musical Director and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Mutan from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatory's most distinguished graduates.
He has conducted the New Quakers Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Moravian Czeke Budjednice, Filharmonie Hradec Kralove, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midland Festival Orchestra. He has also conducted the Michigan University Chamber Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2015 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St Paul's Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in 2015.
A former choral scholar, he has conducted the BBC Singers in concerts for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Choir, the English Chamber Choir, the Julius Chamber Choir, the Joyful Company Of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir and Choral Scholars, St Martin’s Voices, the Codina Singers, the Northamptonshire Singers, the Choristers’ Arts Chorus, Severnside Singers, the Vox Cordis and Bath Chamber Choir. He has conducted at London’s premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John’s Smith Square, St James’s Piccadilly, Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson, in 1981, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given
over 600 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1998 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London's Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Danie's Church, St Paul's Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James's Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Lincolnshire to Cornwall.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the station's first ever Christmas Day Concert, since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton's Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Rossetti, narrated by Sir Michael Gambon. CBE. This received wide acclaim in the USA: "The string playing is light, graceful and precise". Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi's Four Seasons and Mozart's two Sinfonia Concertante. The Ensemble has featured in a Channel 4 documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music, it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensembles, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and CAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestra.
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.belmontensemble.com
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the quality of its repertoire and the versatility of its members, who are all based in the City. Local appearances have included John Taverner in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Allium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues including St James Piccadilly, St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Bachianas in Birmigham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Herford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir’s live performances are predominantly classical, its recording roster covers an equally wide range of repertoire and genres. The Choir has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s 1982, *Conquest of Paradise* with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg’s *Band of Brothers*, and numerous albums including the *z/z/s* series with French composer Eric Levi which has been critically acclaimed.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestra programme *Piano* at Cadogan Hall. This CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally issued by Sony in Germany has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was originally constituted in 1972, its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a recording of another great Italian work, the *Te Deum* by Teixeira, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a ‘Friends of the ECC’ scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
email@example.com
www.englishchamberchoir.com
| Date | 23rd November 2014 | 30th November 2014 | 7th January 2015 | 14th January 2015 | 21st March 2015 | 28th March 2015 | 5th April 2015 | 12th April 2015 | 19th May 2015 | 26th May 2015 |
|--------------|--------------------|--------------------|------------------|-------------------|----------------|----------------|---------------|----------------|---------------|---------------|
| Sunday | 2nd Sunday Advent | 3rd Sunday Advent | Epiphany 2 | Lent 1 | Palm Sunday | Easter 3 | Pentecost 6 | Trinity 1 | Trinity 4 | Trinity 6 |
| Service | Communion | Communion | Communion | Communion | Communion | Communion | Communion | Communion | Communion | Communion |
| Altar: | Gather – Holy is Love (Book of New Hymns) | Remember Me | Sacred Blood | Jesus, Behind the Name of God (from Messiah) | As Son of David | Jesus Christ | Gather – Gathering (Book of New Hymns) | Jesus Christ | Jesus Christ | Jesus Christ |
| Setting | In Dawn – Behind in’ | Twelve 1E | Gospel: The Prodigal | First – Almost at a Nivore – Piccardia a C | Novena – St Francis of Assisi | Novena – St Francis of Assisi | Re-Entry – St Francis of Assisi | Re-Entry – St Francis of Assisi | Re-Entry – St Francis of Assisi | Re-Entry – St Francis of Assisi |
| Crucifix/Altar: | Return – O Close your Lord Alway | Purcell – Rejoice in the Sacrifice (from Christmas) | Christmas (from Christmas) | Requiem – Canticle Low of Praise | Shepherd’s Easter Songs (Hobackode: The New Selected Psalms) | Shepherd’s Easter Songs (Hobackode: The New Selected Psalms) | Shepherd’s Easter Songs (Hobackode: The New Selected Psalms) | Shepherd’s Easter Songs (Hobackode: The New Selected Psalms) | Shepherd’s Easter Songs (Hobackode: The New Selected Psalms) | Shepherd’s Easter Songs (Hobackode: The New Selected Psalms) |
| Music | - | Butler – Come Blessing | Angels – Here is the Lord | Purcell – Those Knows | John of Portugal – Canzona | John of Portugal – Canzona | John of Portugal – Canzona | John of Portugal – Canzona | John of Portugal – Canzona | John of Portugal – Canzona |
| Organist | Smith’s Spirit Hymnbook | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| DOLC | Choir Ad Lib – LAMBS | LAMB’S | SACRIFICE | EXAMIN’ SAINT | SAINT | SACRIFICE | SACRIFICE | SACRIFICE | SACRIFICE | SACRIFICE |
Hello!
Please find attached the minutes of the last AGM. Please can you either print off your own copy, put it on your iPad or at least just read through it and if you agree it’s a true and fair record then all we need to do is take a vote on it. As there is little reported discussion included, we are not exactly going to be dealing with matters arising! I will bring a few copies for those who don’t have access to printers etc.
I don’t yet have any more information about France or Greece – things do happen frustratingly slowly around the Med! But I do have three more dates which I would like you to pencil into your diaries.
The first is a repeat of the Brahms Requiem at the Old Granary near Beccles in Norfolk. This is as part of a series run by Andrew and Jill Giller, who have recently restored our piano and are also good friends of Rick’s. Some of you may have met Andrew at the Water Rats. He is absolutely passionate and incredibly knowledgeable about pianos and has a large collection there, including some very rare instruments. The series is very much piano-orientated so the piano duet version of the Brahms is right up his street. The idea is to perform that as a longish first half of the concert, then have a glass of wine and do some kind of cabaret second half with a guest appearance from Rick. The potential dates are either 6 or 27 June. I think 27 would have been the Gillers’ first choice but although the Choir doesn’t have anything else on that day, we do have other concerts around that time, and 6 June would space things rather better. But I guess Rick’s availability will also be part of the equation. Please pencil in both dates for now.
The second is an invitation to do a concert in the Chapel of Hertford College Oxford for the Tyndale Society on 3 October (which happens to be Guy’s birthday!). The programme will be of our choice, but will probably include revisiting some of the Flemish repertoire we sang a few years back in Antwerp (Divitis, Pipelare etc) and maybe repeating some of the miserere programme.
The third is a request from Peter Dyson for a small group of singers for a concert which his father is putting on in Chelmsford Cathedral which is featuring the Belmonts doing all Four Seasons in the second half. It is on 5 September, which of course would clash with Patmos if it happens. But we already know that some people sadly will be unable to get to Greece at that time as it overlaps with the beginning of term, so we are hoping that maybe those who are stuck in the UK might like a trip to Essex instead! It was Peter’s father who invited us to Little Bentley Hall, and that turned out to be a rather nice date! Out-of-town expenses will be available.
Hopefully see most of you later.
Friday 13 March at 7.30pm
FAURÉ REQUIEM
By Candlelight
MOZART - Ave Verum Corpus
MOZART - Salzburg Symphony No 2
MOZART - Church Sonata in D
HANDEL - Gloria (from Dixit Dominus)
PURCELL - 'Fairy Queen' Suite
PURCELL - Chaconne
FAURÉ - Pavane
FAURÉ - Cantique de Jean Racine
Belmont Ensemble of London English Chamber Choir
Conductor - Peter G Dyson Organ - Michael Higgins
Tickets: £9, £13, £18, £22, £26
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smift.org
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Thursday 22 January
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2, Serenata Notturna, Vivaldi - Summer
Thursday 26 February
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12 in A
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2, Divertimento in D
Friday 13 March
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Purcell - 'Fairy Queen' Suite, Chaconne, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Easter Monday 6 April
Handel - Messiah : With The English Chamber Choir
Friday 17 April
Handel - Four Coronation Anthems : With The English Chamber Choir
Handel - Hallelujah Chorus, Worthy is The Lamb (Messiah), Organ Concerto in F
Saturday 25 April
Handel - Royal Fireworks Music, Water Music Suite in F
Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min, Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Trumpets
Bach - Orchestral Suite No 3, Pachelbel - Canon in D
Saturday 2 May
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Salzburg Symphony No 1, Handel - Gloria
Friday 8 May
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12 in A
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2, Divertimento in D
Thursday 28 May
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smitf.org
Pew Sheet
The First Sunday in Lent
22nd February 2015
www.stjamesgarlickhythe.org
TODAY'S SERVICE
as for all services at 'St James', is according to the Book of Common Prayer (1662), with some minor variations in line with the revisions to the BCP proposed in 1928. The order of this 'customary practice' (together with explanatory notes) is set out in the white booklets available from the Welcomers' Table.
Should you prefer to use the blue Prayer Book itself, the Communion service starts on page 236.
The Collect of the Day, Epistle & Gospel readings are included in this Pew Sheet for convenience (see right).
MUSIC
Organist: Alderman & Sheriff Dr Andrew Parmley
Choir: English Chamber Choir
Setting: Missa Nova by Parmley
HYMNS
At today's service we will sing hymn numbers:
122, 96 & 95.
INTROIT
(sung as the verger, wardens & ministers enter)
Jesu dulcis memoria by Tomás Luis de Victoria
Jesus, sweet remembrance, Granting the heart its true joys,
But above honey and all things Is His sweet presence.
Nothing more pleasing can be sung, Nothing gladder can
be heard Nothing sweeter can be thought Than Jesus, son
of God.
Jesus, hope of the penitent, How merciful you are to those
who ask, How good to those who seek, But O, what you are
to those who find!
Tongue has no power to describe nor writings to express
But only belief can know by experience What it is to love
Jesus.
Be our joy, O Jesus, Who will be the prize we win, May all
our glory be in you, always And through all ages. Amen.
GRADUAL
(sung between the Epistle and Gospel readings)
Behold the lamb of God by Georg Frideric Handel
Behold the lamb of God that taketh away the sins of the world.
John 1.29
MOTET
(sung during Communion)
Thou knowest Lord by Purcell
Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts; shut not thy merciful ears unto our pray’rs; but spare us, Lord.
O God most mighty, O holy and most merciful Saviour,
Thou most worthy Judge eternal, suffer us not at our last hour for any pains.
from BCP Funeral Sentences
ORGAN VOLUNTARY
Petit Prélude by Joseph Jongen.
The First Sunday in Lent
COLLECT
O Lord, who for our sake didst fast forty days and forty nights, Give us grace to use such abstinence, that, our flesh being subdued to the Spirit, we may ever obey thy godly motions in righteousness and true holiness, to thy honour and glory, who livest and reignest with the Father and the Holy Ghost, one God, world without end. Amen.
LENTEN COLLECT
Almighty and everlasting God, who hastest nothing that thou hast made, and dost forgive the sins of all them that are penitent: Cleanse thou us from our sins, and conrinite hearts that we worthily lamenting our sins, and acknowledging our wretchedness, may obtain of thee, the God of all mercy, perfect remission and forgiveness; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
EPISTLE
2 Corinthians 6.1-10
We then, as workers together with him, beseech you also, that ye receive not the grace of God in vain; (for he saith, I have heard thee in a time accepted, and in the day of salvation have I succoured thee: behold, now is the accepted time; behold, now is the day of salvation;) giving no offence in anything, that the ministry be not blamed; but in all things approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses, in stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labours, in watchings, in fastings; by purity, by knowledge, by long-suffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned, by the word of truth; by the power of God; by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left; by honour and dishonour, by evil report and good report; as deceivers, and yet true; as unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed; as sorrowful, yet alway rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things.
GOSPEL
St Matthew 4.1-11
Then was Jesus led up of the Spirit into the wilderness, to be tempted of the devil. And when he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was afterward an-hungred. And when the tempter came to him, he said, If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread. But he answered and said, It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God. Then the devil taketh him up into the holy city, and setteth him on a pinnacle of the temple, and saith unto him, If thou be the Son of God, cast thyself down: for it is written, He shall give his angels charge concerning thee, and in their hands they shall bear thee up, lest at any time thou dash thy foot against a stone. Jesus answered unto him, It is written again, Thou shalt not tempt the Lord thy God. Again, the devil taketh him up into an exceeding high mountain, and sheweth him all the kingdoms of the world, and the glory of them; and saith unto him, All these things will I give thee, if thou wilt fall down and worship me. Then saith Jesus unto him, Get thee hence, Satan: for it is written, Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou serve. Then the devil leaveth him, and behold, angels came and ministered unto him.
This week
Officiant & Preacher: The Priest-in-Charge
Epistle reader: Mrs Claire Carlton
NEXT WEEK: Second Sunday of Lent
Notices
Save the day -- Annual Church Meeting
Will be on Palm Sunday this year, 29th March. Save the day in your diary and make a point of attending as we review the year past and elect new officers.
Daily Prayer available
For those who would like to follow daily prayer closely in Lent, consider using the "Daily Prayer" app for your mobile phone. It fills in all the psalms and readings automatically. Very convenient!
Lenten observance
Booklets to go with your lectionaries (BCP p. xl – xli) are available at the back of church for those who would like to pray and read their Bibles more in Lent. The Archbishop of Canterbury’s Lent book this year is *In God’s Hands*, by Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Another good choice for Lenten reflection is *Cross Shattered Christ: Meditations on the Seven Last Words*, by Stanley Hauerwas.
Painting on front cover by The Rev. Adam Boulter
Parish prayer list
The Sick: Susan Webb, Yousef & Mira Nassar, Eileen Lincoln, Megan Brady, Charles Read, Tony Bown, Api Sonia, Denis Ballard, Molly Varghese, Harry Carlton, Frank Fleming, Fiona Salvi.
For the Int Corps & our affiliated livery companies.
For Christians persecuted for holding The Faith.
For the Holy Land.
Forthcoming Services
First Sunday in Lent
(22nd Feb)
10.30 a.m. Parish HC
(at SJG)
Monday – Friday
8.20 a.m. M.P. (at SAW)
Monday – Wednesday
5.15 p.m. E.P. (at SJG)
Wednesday
12.15 p.m. Said HC (at SAW)
Thursday
1.00 p.m. Lenten reflection
(at SAW)
Second Sunday in Lent
(1st March)
10.30 a.m. Parish HC
(at SJG)
SJG = St James Garlickhythe
SAW = Our sister church, St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe
(see map for directions).
St Andrew’s is a 5 minute walk away along Queen Victoria Street.
Welcome to St James’
You are warmly invited to stay for refreshments after the service. If you are a newcomer, please say hello to the vicar or one of the Welcomers, we’d love to meet you!
You may find it helpful to use the white books: “Holy Communion at St James Garlickhythe”.
A “loop” system is available for those with hearing aids. A disabled access toilet is accessible through the
THE QUEEN’S CHAPEL
of the SAVOY
Chapel of the Royal Victorian Order
The private chapel of Her Majesty The Queen
in right of Her Duchy of Lancaster
CALENDAR for MARCH 2015
Sunday 1 March
THE SECOND SUNDAY OF LENT
11am Sung Eucharist
Introit O Lord Give Thy Holy Spirit (Tallis)
Setting Byrd in Four Parts
Hymns 62, 449, 65
Readings Genesis 17:1-7 and 15-16
Romans 4:13-25
Mark 8:31-38
Psalm 22:22-30
Sermon The Chaplain
Wednesday 4 March
12.30pm Holy Communion
6.30pm Concert by the English Chamber Choir
Sunday 8 March
THE THIRD SUNDAY OF LENT
11am Matins
Holy Communion at St James Garlickhythe
The Reredos at St James Garlickhythe.
All things come of thee, and of thine own do we give thee.
1 Chronicles 29.14
ALL ARE INVITED TO SHARE A TIME OF STILLNESS AND QUIET BEFORE THE HOLY COMMUNION SERVICE BEGINS
Welcome to St James Garlickhythe
Services at St James Garlickhythe are drawn from the Book of Common Prayer. The present version dates from 1662, and draws heavily on the first English Prayer Books of 1549 and 1552, under King Edward VI. In common with many churches, the order includes variations which date from the first bookes, the proposed reforms of 1928, and other times in the Church of England’s history since 1662. This booklet is available so that you can follow the service as it is conducted in this church.
Should you prefer to use a Prayer Book, the service our customary practice is largely drawn from appears between pages 236–262.
In this order of service, words printed in bold standard type are to be said by all present.
Directions about posture - sitting, kneeling, standing - are given in red italics. It is a good practice to remind ourselves that we are in the presence of our Maker by adopting them. However, they are not intended to cause pain, or discomfort, to anyone for whom these changes of position might be physically difficult.
All, and most especially those intending to receive Communion, are recommended to set aside time before the service to recall the ways in which we have fallen short of the things God has called us to.
The hymns can be found in the Blue Hymn books.
YOU ARE WARMLY INVITED TO STAY FOR DRINKS AFTER THE SERVICE AT THE BACK OF THE CHURCH.
IF THIS IS YOUR FIRST TIME AT ST JAMES’, PLEASE DO INTRODUCE YOURSELF TO THE VICAR OR ONE OF THE WELCOMERS.
Please stand as the verger, wardens and ministers process to the Chancel.
Welcome
The minister welcomes the congregation.
St James Garlickhythe is the Regimental Church of the Intelligence Corps. At this point in the Service, when present, Representatives of the Corps turn a page in the Book of Remembrance.
Opening Hymn
The Lord be with you
All and with thy spirit.
Let us pray
Kneel or sit.
Our Father, which art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name;
thy kingdom come;
thy will be done,
in earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread.
And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive them that trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation;
but deliver us from evil.
Amen.
All Almighty God,
unto whom all hearts be open,
all desires known,
and from whom no secrets are hid:
cleanse the thoughts of our hearts
by the inspiration of thy Holy Spirit,
that we may perfectly love thee,
and worthily magnify thy holy name;
through Christ our Lord.
Amen.
On the First Sundays of Advent & Lent, the congregation rehearses the Ten Commandments (pages 237–239 in the blue Prayer Books). On other occasions, the Summary of the Law or the Kyries are used.
The Summary of the Law, from St Luke 10.27-28.
Our Lord Jesus Christ said:
Hear, O Israel; the Lord our God is one Lord;
and thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,
and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength.
This is the first commandment.
And the second is like, namely this:
Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
There is none other commandment greater than these.
On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.
All Lord, have mercy upon us,
and write all these thy laws in our hearts,
we beseech thee.
Or the Kyrie eleison, Greek for “Lord have mercy”, may be sung.
Lord, have mercy upon us.
Christ, have mercy upon us.
Lord, have mercy upon us.
State Prayer
Almighty God, whose kingdom is everlasting, and power infinite:
Have mercy upon the whole Church; and so rule the heart of thy chosen servant ELIZABETH, our Queen and Governor, that she (knowing whose minister she is) may above all things seek thy honour and glory: and that we and all her subjects (duly considering whose authority she hath) may faithfully serve, honour, and humbly obey her, in thee, and for thee, according to thy blessed Word and ordinance; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with thee and the Holy Ghost liveth and reigneth, ever one God, world without end.
All Amen.
The Collect of the Day
A prayer allotted for today. A “collect” is used to collect, or focus, our thoughts prayerfully.
The collect and scripture readings are set out in the weekly Pew Sheet.
Epistle
Sit for a reading drawn from the writings of the New Testament.
After the first reading finishes, the choir sing a Gradual.
Gospel
Stand for a reading from one of the Gospels, a word with Greek roots, meaning the Good News (of the life & ministry of Christ).
After the passage is announced the congregation responds
All Glory be to thee, O Lord.
The reading ends.
This is the Gospel of the Lord.
All Praise be to thee, O Christ.
The Creed
Remain standing to sing or say the fundamental statement of Christian faith agreed by the early, universal Church at a series of joint councils in the fourth and fifth centuries.
All I believe in one God
the Father almighty,
maker of heaven and earth,
and of all things visible and invisible:
And in one Lord Jesus Christ,
the only-begotten Son of God,
begotten of his Father before all worlds,
God of God, Light of Light,
very God of very God,
begotten, not made,
being of one substance with the Father,
by whom all things were made;
who for us men and for our salvation
came down from heaven,
and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary,
and was made man,
and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate.
He suffered and was buried,
and the third day he rose again according to the Scriptures,
and ascended into heaven,
and sitteth on the right hand of the Father.
And he shall come again with glory
to judge both the quick and the dead:
whose kingdom shall have no end.
And I believe in the Holy Ghost,
the Lord and giver of life,
who proceedeth from the Father and the Son,
who with the Father and the Son together
is worshipped and glorified,
who spake by the prophets.
And I believe one catholic and apostolic Church.
I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins.
And I look for the resurrection of the dead,
and the life of the world to come.
Amen.
Sit.
Parish Notices
The Sermon
Following which, the service continues with a Bible verse exhorting us to be generous.
Offertory Hymn
Stand.
During the offertory hymn a collection is taken for supporting church activities at St James’. If you are a UK taxpayer, please use one of the Gift Aid envelopes in your pew, filling in the front.
Whilst the collection is being taken, the priest places the bread and wine to be shared during Holy Communion upon the table.
Prayers for God’s World
Kneel or sit.
The Priest encourages all present to call to mind the needs of the world, the church and those known to them. Then he says.
Let us pray for the whole state of Christ’s Church militant here in earth.
Almighty and ever-living God, who by thy holy apostle hast taught us to make prayers and supplications, and to give thanks, for all men: we humbly beseech thee most mercifully [to accept our alms and oblations, and] to receive these our prayers, which we offer unto thy divine majesty; beseeching thee to inspire continually the universal Church with the spirit of truth, unity, and concord: and grant, that all they that do confess thy holy name may agree in the truth of thy holy word, and live in unity and godly love.
We beseech thee also to save and defend all Christian kings, princes and governors; and specially thy servant Elizabeth our Queen, that under her we may be godly and quietly governed: and grant unto her whole Council, and to all that are put in authority under her, that they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy true religion and virtue.
Give grace, O heavenly Father, to all Bishops and Curates, and specially to thy servant Richard, our bishop, that they may both by their life and doctrine set forth thy true and lively word, and rightly and duly administer thy holy sacraments: and to all thy people give thy heavenly grace; and specially to this congregation here present; that, with meek heart and due reverence, they may hear and receive
thy holy word; truly serving thee in holiness and righteousness all the days of their life.
And we most humbly beseech thee of thy goodness, O Lord, to comfort and succour all them, who in this transitory life are in trouble, sorrow, need, sickness, or any other adversity.
And we also bless thy holy name for all thy servants departed this life in thy faith and fear; beseeching thee to give us grace so to follow their good examples, that with them we may be partakers of thy heavenly kingdom.
Grant this, O Father, for Jesus Christ's sake, our only mediator and advocate.
Amen.
Confession
Those intending to receive Communion are recommended to set aside time before the service to recall the ways in which we have fallen short of the things God has called us to.
Ye that do truly and earnestly repent you of your sins, and are in love and charity with your neighbours, and intend to lead a new life, following the commandments of God, and walking from henceforth in his holy ways: draw near with faith, and take this holy sacrament to your comfort; and make your humble confession to almighty God, meekly kneeling upon your knees.
Kneel or sit.
All
Almighty God,
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ,
maker of all things, judge of all men:
we acknowledge and bewail
our manifold sins and wickedness,
which we, from time to time,
most grievously have committed,
by thought, word and deed,
against thy divine majesty,
provoking most justly thy wrath and indignation against us.
We do earnestly repent,
and are heartily sorry for these our misdoings;
the remembrance of them is grievous unto us;
the burden of them is intolerable.
Have mercy upon us,
have mercy upon us, most merciful Father;
for thy Son our Lord Jesus Christ's sake,
forgive us all that is past;
and grant that we may ever hereafter
serve and please thee in newness of life,
to the honour and glory of thy name;
through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Amen.
The Priest pronounces God’s promise of forgiveness.
Almighty God, our heavenly Father,
who of his great mercy hath promised forgiveness of sins
to all them that with hearty repentance and true faith
turn unto him:
have mercy upon you;
pardon and deliver you from all your sins;
confirm and strengthen you in all goodness;
and bring you to everlasting life;
through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Amen.
Then the Priest says
Hear what comfortable words our Saviour Christ saith
unto all that truly turn to him:
Come unto me, all that travail and are heavy laden, and I will
refresh you.
Matthew 11.28
So God loved the world, that he gave his only-begotten Son,
to the end that all that believe in him should not perish,
but have everlasting life.
John 3.16
Hear also what Saint Paul saith:
This is a true saying, and worthy of all men to be received,
that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners.
1 Timothy 1.15
Hear also what Saint John saith:
If any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father,
Jesus Christ the righteous; and he is the propitiation for our sins.
1 John 2.1, 2
The Priest invites all present to join in giving thanks.
The Lord be with you
All and with thy spirit.
Lift up your hearts.
All We lift them up unto the Lord.
Let us give thanks unto our Lord God.
All It is meet and right so to do.
The Priest turns to the Lord’s Table and says
It is very meet, right and our bounden duty,
that we should at all times, and in all places, give thanks unto thee,
O Lord, Holy Father, almighty, everlasting God.
On special days a Proper Preface may come here; then the prayer continues
Therefore with angels and archangels,
and with all the company of heaven,
we laud and magnify thy glorious name,
evermore praising thee, and saying:
The choir sing the Sanctus, the Latin for “Holy”.
Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts,
heaven and earth are full of thy glory.
Glory be to thee, O Lord most high. [Amen.]
The Benedictus, Latin for “Blessed”, may also be sung.
[Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord. Hosannah in the Highest.]
Together we admit our dependence on God’s grace alone, and pray that in receiving this sacrament our communion with God and our neighbours will be deepened.
All We do not presume to come to this thy table, O merciful Lord,
trusting in our own righteousness;
but in thy manifold and great mercies.
We are not worthy
so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy table.
But thou art the same Lord,
whose property is always to have mercy:
grant us therefore, gracious Lord,
so to eat the flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ,
and to drink his blood,
that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his body,
and our souls washed through his most precious blood,
and that we may evermore dwell in him, and he in us.
Amen.
The Priest, standing at the Table, begins to say the Prayer of Consecration in which the bread and wine are consecrated for God’s use.
Almighty God, our heavenly Father, who of thy tender mercy didst give thine only Son Jesus Christ to suffer death upon the cross for our redemption; who made there (by his one oblation of himself once offered) a full, perfect and sufficient sacrifice, oblation and satisfaction for the sins of the whole world; and did institute, and in his holy gospel command us to continue, a perpetual memory of that his precious death, until his coming again: Hear us, O merciful Father, we most humbly beseech thee; and grant that we receiving these thy creatures of bread and wine, according to thy Son our Saviour Jesus Christ’s holy institution, in remembrance of his death and passion, may be partakers of his most blessed body and blood: who, in the same night that he was betrayed, took bread; and, when he had given thanks, he brake it, and gave it to his disciples, saying, Take, eat: this is my body which is given for you: do this in remembrance of me.
Likewise after supper he took the cup; and, when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of this; for this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for you and for many for the remission of sins: do this, as oft as ye shall drink it, in remembrance of me.
All Amen.
Giving of Communion
Whilst the ministers receive communion, the congregation comes to the communion rail, where all are welcome.
Baptised Christians who have received Communion previously are welcome to receive the bread and wine. If you would prefer to receive a blessing instead, please carry this book, so that the minister will recognise your wish.
During communion the choir sing a motet. In Advent and Lent the Agnus Dei, Latin for “Lamb of God”, may be sung or said.
The Lord's Prayer
Sit or kneel.
As our Saviour Christ hath commanded and taught us, we are bold to say:
All Our Father, which art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name;
thy kingdom come;
thy will be done,
in earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread.
And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive them that trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation;
but deliver us from evil.
For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory,
For ever and ever.
Amen.
All say one of the following prayers offering ourselves in God’s service.
Prayer of Oblation
All O Lord and heavenly Father,
we thy humble servants entirely desire thy fatherly goodness mercifully to accept this our sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving; most humbly beseeching thee to grant,
that by the merits and death of thy Son Jesus Christ, and the like fulness in his blood,
we and all thy whole Church may obtain remission of our sins,
and all other benefits of his passion.
And here we offer and present unto thee, O Lord,
ourselves, our souls and bodies,
to be a reasonable, holy and lively sacrifice unto thee;
humbly beseeching thee, that all we,
who are partakers of this holy communion,
may be fulfilled with thy grace and heavenly benediction.
And although we be unworthy, through our manifold sins,
to offer unto thee any sacrifice,
yet we beseech thee to accept this our bounden duty and service;
not weighing our merits, but pardoning our offences,
through Jesus Christ our Lord;
by whom, and with whom, in the unity of the Holy Ghost,
all honour and glory be unto thee,
O Father almighty, world without end.
Amen.
Or
Prayer of Thanksgiving
All Almighty and everliving God,
we most heartily thank thee,
for that thou dost vouchsafe to feed us,
who have duly received these holy mysteries,
with the spiritual food of the most precious Body and Blood
of thy Son our Saviour Jesus Christ;
and dost assure us thereby
of thy favour and goodness towards us;
and that we are very members incorporate
in the mystical body of thy Son,
which is the blessed company of all faithful people;
and are also heirs through hope of thy everlasting kingdom,
by the merits of the most precious death and passion
of thy dear Son.
And we most humbly beseech thee, O heavenly Father,
so to assist us with thy grace,
that we may continue in that holy fellowship,
and do all such good works
as thou hast prepared for us to walk in;
through Jesus Christ our Lord,
to whom, with thee and the Holy Ghost,
be all honour and glory,
world without end.
Amen.
Gloria in Excelsis
Please stand to sing the Gloria an ancient hymn of praise, joining with the choir after the opening words have been sung.
Omitted during Lent and Advent, the penitential seasons of The Church.
All Glory be to God on high,
and in earth peace, good will towards men.
We praise thee, we bless thee,
we worship thee, we glorify thee,
we give thanks to thee for thy great glory,
O Lord God, heavenly King,
God the Father almighty.
O Lord, the only-begotten Son Jesu Christ;
O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father,
that takest away the sins of the world,
have mercy upon us.
Thou that takest away the sins of the world,
have mercy upon us.
Thou that takest away the sins of the world,
receive our prayer.
Thou that sittest at the right hand of God the Father,
have mercy upon us.
For thou only art holy;
thou only art the Lord;
thou only, O Christ,
with the Holy Ghost,
art most high
in the glory of God the Father.
Amen.
Kneel or sit.
The service ends with the Priest giving a blessing.
The Blessing
The peace of God, which passeth all understanding,
keep your hearts and minds in the knowledge and love of God,
and of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord:
and the blessing of God almighty,
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost,
be amongst you and remain with you always.
All Amen.
Final Hymn
The consecrated elements remaining are consumed.
Remain standing whilst the verger, wardens & ministers depart.
Organ Voluntary
Rights in The Book of Common Prayer are vested in the Crown.
Reproduced in the United Kingdom by permission of the Crown's patentee, Cambridge University Press.
The Queen’s Chapel of the Savoy
Savoy Hill
London WC2R 0DA
Wednesday
4 March 2015
7.00pm
English Chamber Choir
Guy Protheroe
conductor
music by
Allegri
Bach
Byrd
Kodaly
MacMillan
Poulenc
Victoria
MISERERE
Tickets: £15 (concessions £10)
on the door or from www.englishchamberchoir.com
Programme
Tomas Luis de Victoria O quam gloriosum
Francis Poulenc Quatre motets pour le temps de pénitence
Zoltan Kodaly Kyrie from Missa Brevis
Gregorio Allegri Miserere mei, Deus
INTERVAL
Victoria Jesu dulcis memoria
James MacMillan Miserere
Johann Sebastian Bach Komm, Jesu, komm
William Byrd Laudibus in sanctis
Freddie Brown organ Simon Williamson cello
Guy Protheroe conductor
This programme takes its title from Psalm 51 Miserere mei, Deus (Have mercy upon me, O God). It is one of seven ‘penitential psalms’ which together are an expression of sorrow for sin, and often associated with the season of Lent. The everyday use of the Miserere dates back to the earliest years of the Christian Church, when it was recited daily at the end of morning service.
Probably the most well-known, indeed famous, setting of the Miserere is that of Gregorio Allegri, dating from the 1630s and written for use in the Sistine Chapel in Rome. The ‘cloak of mystery’ which still surrounds the performance in the chapel (particularly in respect of the ornamentation which was added ‘live’ and not written down) has led to a number of myths and legends, the most enduring of which is that Mozart, aged 14, visited Rome, heard the work being sung in the Sistine Chapel and wrote it down from memory. He later passed a copy of his transcription to the English musical historian Charles Burney (who published it in the 1770s) and the rest, as they say, is history!
This programme does indeed include the Allegri setting, prefaced by the Kyrie (Lord, have mercy upon us) from the Missa Brevis by Kodály – the two works share the use of high, ethereal voices. The other setting of Psalm 51 is by the Scottish composer James MacMillan, generally regarded as amongst the most important British composers of his generation. MacMillan shares with Allegri the technique of using the original chant as a basis on which he builds a musical structure, and which moves in mood from the depths of despair to positive hope in its conclusion. Then we have other complementary pieces from across Europe. From the 16th century we have Spanish settings by Victoria, and England represented by William Byrd; we have Bach’s wonderful double-choir motet, written in Leipzig in the 1730s and, moving closer to our own time, there are the Penitential Motets of the French composer Francis Poulenc, which date from just before the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
Booking information
Tickets: £15 (concessions £10)
available in advance from http://www.englishchamberchoir.com
or http://www.eventbrite.co.uk/englischchamberchoir
or (availability permitting) on the door
Licensed refreshments will be available before the concert (from 6.30pm)
and during the interval.
www.englishchamberchoir.com
English Chamber Choir
Guy Protheroe conductor
The Queen’s Chapel
of the Savoy
Savoy Hill
London WC2R 0DA
Wednesday
4 March 2015
7.00pm
MISERERE
music by Allegri, Bach, Byrd, Kodaly, MacMillan, Poulenc, Victoria
PROGRAMME
TOMAS LUIS DE VICTORIA (c.1548-1611)
O quam gloriosum
FRANCIS POULENC (1899-1963)
Quatre motets pour le temps de pénitence
I Timor et tremor II Vinea mea electa
III Tenebrae factae sunt IV Tristis est anima mea
Ann Manly soprano
ZOLTAN KODALY (1882-1967)
Kyrie eleison from Missa Brevis
Sarah Manousos, Zoe Triggs, Ann Manly sopranos
GREGORIO ALLEGRI (c.1582-1652)
Miserere mei, Deus
Katie Thorpe, Jess Daggers sopranos
David Wheeler counter-tenor Andrew Wightman baritone
INTERVAL
wine and soft drinks will be served
VICTORIA
Jesu, dulcis memoria
JAMES MACMILLAN (b.1959)
Miserere
Sarah Manousos, Stella Rayburn, Zoe Triggs
Nicky Archer, Jess Daggers, Katie Thorpe soprano semi-chorus
Roger Carpenter tenor Tim Johns baritone
Sarah Manousos soprano Sarah Brear alto
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH (1685-1750)
Komm, Jesu, komm
WILLIAM BYRD (c.1540-1623)
Laudibus in sanctis
REBECCA TAYLOR organ
SIMON WILLIAMSON cello
GUY PROTHEROE conductor
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Patrons
The Very Reverend Dr Ivan Moody · Alderman and Sherriff Dr Andrew Parmley · Rick Wakeman
This programme takes its title from Psalm 51 *Misere mei, Deus* (Have mercy upon me, O God). It is one of seven ‘penitential psalms’ which together are an expression of sorrow for sin, and often associated with the season of Lent. The everyday use of the *Miserere* dates back to the earliest years of the Christian Church, when it was recited daily at the end of morning service. Probably the most well-known, indeed famous, setting of the *Miserere* is that of Giovanni Allegri, dating from the late 16th century and widely in use in the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Tonight we include this familiar work together with another setting of the same text by the contemporary Scottish composer James MacMillan. The original psalm text moves from the depths of despair to a mood of positive hope, and it is this optimism which also inspires much of the music in the rest of the programme. Lent is a time of reflection and the seeking of forgiveness, but it is not our intention to spend this evening in the depths of despair. We hope you will find this music inspiring, uplifting and, at times, unashamedly cheerful!
Tomas Luis de Victoria was born near Avila (north-west of Madrid), and began his musical education as a boy chorister at Avila Cathedral. His talents were acknowledged in 1565 by King Philip II of Spain, who awarded him a scholarship to study in Rome. Victoria enrolled at the Collegium Germanicum, established a few years earlier by St Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and also worked at the Collegio Romano, another prominent Jesuit institution. Consequently, he was immersed in the Counter-Reformation movement which followed the Council of Trent (concluded in 1563), and found himself working in Rome at a time when the city was attracting eminent singers, musicians and clerics from all over Europe. It is indicative of this cosmopolitan community that of the three greatest composers to emerge from it during this period only one, Palestrina, was Italian; the others were Victoria and Orlandus Lassus, who came from Flanders, to become Maestro di Cappella at the Church of St John Lateran (effectively the parish church of the Vatican) at the age of only 21. And only Palestrina remained in Rome, Lassus moving on to spend his later career in Munich and Victoria returning to Spain.
Victoria was ordained priest in 1575 and by 1578 had added to his professional duties the role of chaplain at the Church of San Girolamo where he worked with St Philip Neri. Neri was famed throughout the city for his charitable works and his charismatic teaching, and together they drew large congregations, many of whom had either converted or returned to their native Roman faith. Victoria, however, was beginning to tire of his fairly frenzied Roman existence and when in 1583 he dedicated a book of masses to his original patron, Philip II, he expressed the wish to return to Spain and to find a quieter lifestyle, more in keeping with his priestly vocation. Philip duly obliged by introducing him to the service of the Dowager Empress Maria of Austria (Philip’s sister), who had recently to the Monastery de las Descalzas Reales de Clara (Convent of the barefoot nuns of St Clare) in Madrid with her daughter a few years earlier. Victoria returned to Madrid in 1587 and remained at the Monastery for the rest of his life. It was certainly a quieter existence, but also a comfortable one. His post as Maestro di Cappella was endowed by absentee livings which resulted in a considerably higher income than he would have earned as a cathedral organist. He served the Dowager Empress until her death in 1603; she endowed a chaplaincy which he held until his own death, and it was that which he retained until his last to the convent of Madrid. He was also able to work on tenors which enabled him to make frequent visits abroad including a two-year trip to Rome in 1593-4, in the course of which he attended Palestrina’s funeral. It is widely assumed that he was a pupil of Palestrina during his early years in Rome, although there are no records confirming any formal relationship. Whether taught by the Italian master or not, he would certainly have come under his influence and been familiar with both his music and the code of compositional practice which he embraced.
In terms of his musical language, Victoria could be described as standing at a crossroads of musical styles. Geographically, he brings an element of Iberian passion to the intensely pure Italian musical language cultivated by Palestrina. He does not observe all the latter’s grammatical rules regarding non-use of dissonance and uncommon intervals (especially where such devices enhance the meaning and spirit of the text), and he also writes some passages where all the parts move together in the same rhythm as opposed to intertwining in a web of contrasting voices which follow and imitate each other. (It comes as no surprise that one of those who detected this style admired and emulated his work in Italy was Luca Marenzio, whose madrigals were the precursors of the form later made famous by Monteverdi.) While Victoria is frequently referred to as a ‘Renaissance’ composer, it is worth bearing in mind that he lived, and continued to compose, until his death over 400 years ago in 1611. And Monteverdi’s famous Vespers had appeared in 1610. While Monteverdi is often conveniently regarded as the first major ‘Baroque’ composer, the styles and idioms which he so firmly established and are so recognisable to today’s audiences did not appear out of the blue – their roots can be found in the work of many progressive minds of the 16th century, of whom Victoria is a prime example.
*O quam gloriosum* is a motet for All Saints Day, first published in Victoria’s first book of motets in 1572, and he later used it as the basis of a mass setting. It is one of his most frequently performed pieces.
| O quam gloriosum est regnum, | O how glorious is the kingdom, |
|-----------------------------|-------------------------------|
| in quo cum Christo gaudent, omnes Sancti. | in which all the saints rejoice with Christ. |
| Amici stolis albis, sequuntur Agnum quocumque irit. | Clad in robes of white they follow the Lamb wherever he goes. |
Francis Poulenc was born into a wealthy family who intended him to pursue a business career. Consequently he was largely self-taught musically until, after his parents died, he came under the influence of the pianist Ricardo Vines and the composer Erik Satie. At first he became known for irreverent, humorous compositions, but a more serious vein emerged in the 1930s when he started to compose religious pieces in parallel with his lighter-weight offerings. He was one of the first composers to recognise the importance of the gramophone and made several recordings from the late 1920s onwards. He was an excellent pianist and forged celebrated partnerships with the baritone Pierre Bernac and the soprano Denise Duval.
The *Quatre motets pour le temps du pénitence* were composed in 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II. They set verses and responses from the services known collectively as ‘Tenebrae’, formed from the Offices of Mattins and Lauds on Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday. During this sequence 15 candles would be set in the Sanctuary and extinguished one at a time after each psalm while the six candles on the altar would be extinguished during the *Benedictus*. Each office also included, among other things, a devotional recitation of Psalm 51, the *Miserere meus* later set by Allegri and others. At the end of the sequence the Church would be left in total darkness, awaiting the jubilant lighting of the Paschal candle on Easter Day.
I
Timor et tremor venerunt super me, et caligo cecidit super me miserere mei Domine, miserere quoniam, in te confidit anima mea.
Exaudi Deus deprecationem meam quia refugium meum est tu et adjutor fortis Domine invocavi te non confundar.
Fearfulness and trembling are come upon me and an horrible dread hath overwhelmed me. Be merciful unto me,, O God, be merciful unto me for my soul truseth in thee.
Hear my prayer, O Lord, give ear to my supplications, for thou hast been my refuge. Let me never be confounded.
O my chosen vineyard, the one I planted, how then are you turned to bitterness, to crucify me? and release Barabbas.
I protected you, and picked the stones out and built a tower.
II
Vinea mea electa, ego te plantavi; quonodo conversa es in amaritudinem, ut me crucifigeres et horramum dimitteres.
Sepivi te, et lapides elegi ex te, et aedificavi turrim.
Now there was darkness over all the earth when the Jesus crucified Jesus. And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice saying 'My God, My God, why hast thou forsaken me?'. Then he bowed his head and gave up the ghost.
Jesus exclaimed with a loud voice saying 'Into thy hands, O God, I commend my spirit'.
III
Tenebrae factae sunt, dum crucifixissent Jesum Judaei: et circa horam nonam exclamavit Jesus voce magna: Deus meus, ut quid me dereliquisti? Et inclinato capite, emisit spiritum.
Exclamans Jesus voce magna, ait: Pater, in manus tuas commendo spiritum meum.
My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death, tarry ye here, and watch with me. Now you will see those who come to surround me.
You will take flight and I shall go to be sacrificed for you.
Behold the hour is at hand, and the son of man is betrayed into the hand of sinners.
IV
Tristis est anima mea usque ad mortem: sustinebit hic, et vigilate mecum: nunc videbitis turbam, quae circumdabit me: vos fugam capietis, et ego vadam immolari pro vobis.
Ecce appropinquat hora, et Filius hominum tradetur in manus peccatorum.
The Hungarian composer Zoltán Kodály is known, together with Béla Bartók, as one of the principal collectors of Hungarian folk-music (roughly akin to Ralph Vaughan Williams in this country) and he was also an active reformer of the music teaching system in Hungary. The ‘Kodály Method’ is named after him, although he did not create a single comprehensive publication but rather his methods were taken up by other pedagogues, not only in Hungary but also elsewhere. The work which first brought him to the notice of concert audiences was his *Psalms Hungaricus* for chorus and orchestra which was premiered in 1923 to celebrate 50 years of the union of the twin cities of Buda and Pest. His *Missa Brevis* was written during the 1940s, not long after Poulenc’s motets. Those of our regular audience who came to our Advent concert here in the Savoy Chapel (or indeed to some other Christmas performances) may remember that we linked together the performance of Tallis’ short motet *O rata lux* and James Macmillan’s *O radiant dawn* - the latter being based upon, and quoting from, the former. Tonight we are linking Kodály’s *Kyrie* and Allegri’s *Miserere*, although in this instance we have the later composition performed first. Whether Kodály was consciously influenced by the Allegri work is not documented, but the two pieces, while over three centuries apart and in very contrasting styles, share a vivid use of high voices, which might be described as ‘drama on the High Cs!’
The setting of Psalm 51 *Miserere mei, Deus* by the Italian composer Gregorio Allegri dates from the 1630s and was written for use in the Sistine Chapel in Rome. The cloak of secrecy which surrounded the performance traditions of the Chapel Choir (particularly in respect of the ornamentation which was added ‘live’ and not written down) has led to a number of myths and legends, the most enduring of which is that Mozart, aged 14, visited Rome, heard the work being sung in the Sistine Chapel and wrote it down from memory. He later passed a copy of his transcription to the English musical historian Charles Burney, who published it in the 1770s. Once the work was published it was longer made available for the Vatican to ban performances elsewhere (a classic case of releasing the stable door once the horse had bolted). Apparently Mozart was subsequently summoned to Rome where he feared being excommunicated by Pope Clement XIV, only to be granted an audience in which the Pope praised his musical genius. Later transcriptions were made by other famous composers including Mendelssohn and Liszt, and in recent years there has been a revival of scholarship concerning the original composition and its various embellishments. There have been performances where indeed there are no High Cs at all (which are equally fascinating but have also been compared to Handel’s *Messiah* without the *Hallelujah* Chorus, although there is every likelihood that Handel himself may well have cut the famous chorus from time to time, along with most of the other movements which generally came and went according to who was around to perform them!).
Tonight we are singing the familiar version, so there are plenty of high Cs to look forward to. Allegri envisaged his setting being sung at the final *Tenebrae* service as the last candle was extinguished (or possibly hidden from view). The verses are sung alternately by a full chorus and a solo quartet, interspersed with plainsong passages.
---
**Isereré méi, Deus,**
secundum magnum misericordiam tuam,
Et secundum multitúdinem miserationum tuarum: dele
iniquitatem meam.
Amplé lava me ab iniquitate mea;
et a peccato mes munda me.
Quoniam iniquitatem meam ego cognosco:
et peccatum meum contra me est semper.
Tibi soli peccavi, et malum oram te feci:
ut justificeris in sermonibus tuis, et vincas cum judicaris.
Ecce enim in iniquitatibus conceptus sum:
et in pecatis concepit me mater mea.
Ecce enim veritatem dilexísti:
inverta et occulta sapientiae tuae manifestasti mihi.
Aspergísti me humeris tuis et mundástur:
lavábe me, et super nimium desídebor.
Auditúi mee dabis gaudium et laetítiam:
et exsultabunt ossa humiliátta.
Verte faciem tuam a peccatis meis:
et omnes iniquitates meas dele.
Cor mundum crea in me, Deus:
et spiritum rectum innove in visceribus meis.
Ne oróciás me a facie tua:
et spiritum sanctum tuum ne auferás a me.
Reddé mihi laetítiam salutarís tuí:
et spirítu principalí confirma me.
Dacebo íntegros vias tuas:
et impíos ab ióventúte.
Liberá me de sangribus, Deus, Deus salútis meae:
et exsultabít lingua mea justitiam tuam.
Domine, adjuvá me apéries:
et os meum annuntiábit laudem tuam.
Quoniam si voluisses sacrificium:
dedíssim utique holocaustiis non delectaberis
Sacrificium Deo spiritús contributábus:
cor contritum, et humiliátum, Deus, non despícies.
Benigne fac, Domine, in bona voluntate tua Sion:
ut ædificetur muri Ierusalem.
Tunc acceptábis sacrificium justitiae, oblationes, et holocausta:
tunc imponent super altare tuum vitulos.
Have mercy upon me, O God,
after thy great goodness:
According to the multitude of thy mercies
destroy my iniquity.
Wash me throughly from my wickedness:
and cleanse me from my sin.
For I acknowledge my faults:
and my sin is ever before me.
Against thee only have I sinned, and this evil in thy sight:
and thou wouldest be justified in thy saying, and clear when thou art judged.
Behold, I was shapen in uncleanness:
and in sin hath my mother conceived me.
But lo, thou requirest truth in the inward parts:
and shalt make me to understand wisdom secretly.
Thou shalt purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean:
thou shalt wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.
Thou shalt make me hear of joy and gladness,
that the bones which thou hast broken may rejoice,
Turn thy face from my sins:
and put out all my misdeeds.
Make me a clean heart, O God:
and renew a right spirit within me.
Cast me not away from thy presence:
and take not thy holy Spirit from me.
O give me the comfort of thy help again:
and establish me with thy free Spirit.
Then shall I teach thy ways unto the wicked:
and sinners shall be converted unto thee.
Deliver me from blood-guiltiness, O God, thou that art the God of my health:
and my tongue shall sing of thy righteousness.
Thou wilt open mine ears, O Lord.
and my mouth shall shew thy praise.
For thou desirest not sacrifice, else would I give it thee:
but thou delightest not in burnt-offerings.
The sacrifice of God is a troubled spirit:
a broken and contrite heart, O God, shalt thou not despise.
O be favourable and gracious unto Sion:
and build the walls of Jerusalem.
Then shalt thou be pleased with the sacrifice of righteousness, with the burnt-offerings and oblations:
then shall they offer young bullocks upon thine altar.
The second part of tonight’s concert begins with another favourite piece by Victoria — although it is now doubtful that he actually wrote it! This setting appears attributed to him in two 19th century collections but no earlier extant source has come to light. It sets just the first verse of the popular hymn attributed to St Bernard of Clairvaux (12th century) - the translation here is the familiar one from Hymns Ancient and Modern.
Jesu dulcis memoria, Dans vera cordi gaudia,
Sed super mel et omnia, Iesu dulcis praesenta.
James MacMillan composed his setting of the *Miserere* in response to a commission from the Flanders Festival, where it was first performed in Antwerp by The Sixteen in August 2009. It is dedicated to Harry Christophers who, interestingly in the light of this evening’s programme, regards James Macmillan as one of a trio of great composers of liturgical music, the other two being Victoria and Poulenc. The work is a steady progress from guilt into hope and forgiveness, which MacMillan skillfully captures. Beginning with lower voices in sombre mood, the texture brightens at ‘misericordia’ (forgiveness). The soprano sings in a style marked ‘keening’ (a style of lament associated with mourning which is traditional in Celtic cultures among others) and their melody is taken up by the rest of the voices. After four lines of plaintive song, the dark music of the opening returns, followed by a return of the keening motif, and then the polyphonic, now more complex, of the voices in turn with solo voice singing solemnly about it. The ensuing sequence is then transformed into a warm major tonality before it fades away, completing this intensely moving spiritual journey. (*The text of this work is identical to that set by Allegri, so please see above for the text and translation.*)
Bach composed six motets for choir, of which five can be performed a cappella (the sixth, *Lobet den Herrn*, does have an independent continuo bass line). There are also a handful of other pieces which are sometimes categorised as ‘motets’ without forming part of the main collection, such as a further handful of significant attractions, some of which may belong to the period of contemporary ‘fellowship’. Four of the motets were almost certainly composed around 1700; *Komm, Jesu, komm* dates from Bach’s years at the Thomaskirche in Leipzig and was probably written somewhere either side of 1730. The text consists of the first and eleventh stanzas of a little-known choraly by Paul Thymich which Bach found in Paul Wagner’s *Gesangbuch*, an eight-volume collection of more than five thousand hymns which had been published in Leipzig in 1697 and of which Bach was known to own a copy. It is also the only one of the six which Bach did not write out in full score. The two choirs are normally divided into choirs and there is much dialogue between them. Although there is no written-out continuo part, it is highly likely that in keeping with the established practice of the time these works would have been performed with some instrumental support, most likely a portable organ and a cello, as in tonight’s performance.
*Komm, Jesu, komm, mein Leib ist müde,*
die Kraft verschwindt je mehr und mehr,
ich sehne mich nach deinem Friede;
der rechte Weg, der Wahrheit und Leben!
*Come, Jesus, come, my body is weary,*
*My strength fails more and more,*
*I long for your peace:*
*he falters and collapses too hard,*
*Come, come, I will yield to you:*
*You are the right way, the truth and the life.*
*Drum schlies ich mich in deine Hände*
und sage, Welt, zu guter Nacht:
Eilt gleich meinem Lebenslauf zu Ende,
ist doch mein Geist wohl angebracht:
Er soll bei seinem Schöpfer schweben,
weil Jesus ist und bleibt
der wahre Weg zum Leben.
*So I give myself into your hands*
*and bid the world good night:*
*Just as my life’s course is hurrying towards its end,*
*the spirit is in good health,*
*It hovers next to its creator,*
*as Jesus is and remains*
*the true way to life.*
William Byrd, together with Thomas Tallis, is one of the foremost composers of Elizabethan England, where together they held a monopoly on music publishing for over 40 years. A convert to Catholicism, Byrd wrote Masses for private use and also contributed to the new settings in Latin alongside his many compositions for the newly-established Church of England. As promised earlier we end our musical journey tonight on a cheerful note, with the words of Psalm 150 (and apologies for singing a very short *Alleluia* during Lent!). The Latin text which Byrd sets is a paraphrase in Latin elegiac verses, so differs slightly from the usual Biblical and Prayer Book versions.
*Laudibus in sanctis Dominum celebrate supremum:*
Firmamenta sonent inculta facta Dei,
Inculta facta Dei cantate, quae potentis:
Voce potestatis, corde sonante manus:
Magnificat Domini cantet tuba marita nonem:
Pieria Domino concelebrate lira.
Lauda Dei resonent resonantia tympana summi:
Alta sacri resonent organa laude Dei.
Hunc angusta canant tenui psalteria corda,
Hunc agitant laeta tibi puerulae.
Concordia divinae cantent cymbala laudes,
Cymbala dulcissona laude repleta Dei.
Omne quod aethereis in mundo vescitur auris
Halleluja canat tempus in orno Deo.
*O praise God in his holiness:*
*praise him in the firmament of his power:*
*praise him in his noble creation:*
*praise him according to his excellent greatness:*
*praise him in the sound of the trumpet,*
*praise him upon the lute and harp:*
*Let resounding timbrels ring to the praise of the most high God:*
*Lofty organs peal to the praise of the holy God.*
*Praise him in the cymbals and dances:*
*praise him upon the drums and pipe:*
*Praise him upon the soft tuning cymbals:*
*praise him upon the loud cymbals:*
*Let every thing that hath breath:*
*Praise the Lord.*
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
The English Chamber Choir is based in the City of London, where it rehearses regularly at the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, near Blackfriars. Locally it has performed Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in alium* at the personal invitation of the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House, sung in the premiere of a work by John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral, and given concerts in the Barbican. Elsewhere in London it appears regularly with the Baroque Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields, at the South Bank, St John’s Smith Square and several other churches and prominent music venues. It has also sung for HM The Queen at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. The Choir celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2012 and also has a long history of involvement with commercial music; it sang in the first performance and the recording of Rick Wakeman’s *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* at the Royal Festival Hall on January 1974, and in May 2014 completed the 40th anniversary UK tour including two appearances at the Royal Albert Hall. It has also worked with Vangelis, Eric Levi (the *Era* project) and many other international artists. It has numerous radio and TV credits, which include a regular spot on BBC Radio 4’s *Broadcasting House* programme that today becomes *Chorister*. Further afield the Choir has toured in Belgium and Switzerland, and appeared in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) at the Megaron Athens Concert Hall. Future plans include visits to Greece and the South of France, a return to JW3 (the Jewish Museum) in Hampstead where we performed Handel’s *Israel in Egypt* last year) with a Jewish-American Songbook programme, a visit to the Old Granary near Beccles in Norfolk to perform Brahms’ *Ein Deutsches Requiem* in the composer’s own piano duet transcription and a varied repeat of tonight’s programme later in the year at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
GUY PROTHEROE
Guy Protheroe was born in Worcester where (before he arrived) his parents were briefly next-door neighbours of Elgar! He began his musical education as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral and was a music scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford. After post-graduate studies at the Guildhall School of Music he formed his own contemporary music group, Spectrum, with whom he toured Europe and the USA and made a number of award-winning recordings, became chorus-master and shortly afterwards conductor of the English Chamber Choir, and worked extensively in the commercial music business as musical director to a whole host of artists including The Who, Black Sabbath, Tangerine Dream, Vangelis, Eric Levi and Rick Wakeman. He was chorus-master for the first performance of *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* in 1974, recently conducted the 40th anniversary UK tour of the same album, and has recently returned from directing more performances in Argentina and Brazil. When not conducting he also sings baritone, regularly as a member of the Chapel Choir of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, but he has also featured on a number of film soundtracks as ‘the monk singing plainsong (but without the tonsure’. He was seen extensively on TV last year directing the ‘Singing Dictionary’ series of commercials for ‘Three’ Telecom. He has appeared as guest conductor with many ensembles, orchestras and choirs including, more recently, Cappella Romana, the elite chamber choir specialising in Oratorio music and based on the west coast of the US in Portland and the Orion Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. He has also conducted in Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Tunisia and Switzerland. He is also one of the UK’s leading forensic experts on issues relating to music copyright.
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
**Sopranos:**
Nicky Archer
Marianne Aston
Deborah Bowen
Jess Daggers
Jocey Hurndall
Elizabeth Kingsmill
Ann Manly
Sarah Monnous
Debbie O’Connor
Stella Redburn
Katie Thorpe
Zoe Triggs
Rhian Wood
**Altoas:**
Karen Bloomfield
Sarah Brar
Margaret Driver
Carina Einarson
Leonie Hamway-Bidgood
Peggy Hannington
Helena Odendaal
Michael Sullivan
Jay Venn
David Wheeler
**Tenors:**
François Boucard
Ross Carpenter
Martin Douglas
Margaret Jackson-Roberts
Robert Moffat
Michael Roskell
Rob Scales
Patrick Talbot
**Basses:**
Simon Archer
David Elliott
Tim Furse
David Jordan
Nick Landauer
David Lowe
David Shield
Chris Turner
Ken Wharfe
Andrew Wightman
Unfortunately our accompanist Freddie Brown is unable to be with us this evening as advertised. We are, however, delighted to welcome Rebecca Taylor, who also works with us frequently, and Simon Williamson, who played cello with us in our Bach performance back in December.
Programme notes by Ann Manly
FORTHCOMING CONCERTS
Friday 13 March at 7.30pm
St Martin-in-the-Fields, London WC2N 4JJ
**Fauré** Requiem; Cantique de Jean Racine
**Bach** Lobet den Herrn
**Handel** Gloria from Dixit Dominus
**Mozart** Ave verum
Belmont Ensemble of London
Peter G Dyson conductor
Friday 3 April at 6.30pm
St Marylebone Church
York Gate, Marylebone Road, London NW1 5LT
**Stainer** The Crucifixion
Gavin Roberts conductor
Monday 6 April at 7.30pm
St Martin-in-the-Fields, London WC2N 4JJ
**Handel** Messiah
Belmont Ensemble of London
Peter G Dyson conductor
Friday 17 April at 7.30pm
St Martin-in-the-Fields, London WC2N 4JJ
**Handel** Zadok the Priest;
The King Shall Rejoice; My Heart is Inditing;
Let thy Hand be strengthened;
Birthday Ode for Queen Anne
Organ Concerto in F Op.4 No 4
Choruses from Messiah
Belmont Ensemble of London
Peter G Dyson conductor
Saturday 2 May at 7.30pm
St Martin-in-the-Fields, London WC2N 4JJ
**Mozart** Requiem
works by **Handel** and **Purcell**
Belmont Ensemble of London
Peter G Dyson conductor
Thursday 28 May at 7.30pm
St Martin-in-the-Fields, London WC2N 4JJ
**Fauré** Requiem
**Bach** Lobet den Herrn
**Handel** Gloria from Dixit Dominus
and other works by **Fauré**, **Bach** and **Mozart**
Belmont Ensemble of London
Peter G Dyson conductor
Saturday 6 June
The Old Granary, Beccles, Norfolk
**Brahms** Ein Deutsches Requiem piano duet version followed by musical entertainment with special guest
Rick Wakeman
Guy Protheroe conductor
Sunday 5 July
JW3, 341-351 Finchley Road London NW3 6ET
**A Jewish American Songbook**
Guy Protheroe conductor
For more details of these and other performances, including where to book tickets, visit www.englishchamberchoir.com
The English Chamber Choir would like to thank Sqdn Ldr Thomas Leyland and all at The Queen’s Chapel of the Savoy for making us welcome this evening. The ECC is a Company Limited by Guarantee registered in England No.8198937 Charity number 1153396.
Friday 13 March at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson Organ - Michael Higgins
Bach - Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden'
Purcell - 'Fairy Queen' Suite
Mozart - Church Sonata in D
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Purcell - Chaconne
Handel - Gloria (Finale from 'Dixit Dominus')
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Faure - Cantique de Jean Racine
Faure - Pavane
Faure - Requiem
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The interval lasts 20 minutes. Refreshments will be available after the interval.
Once the concert starts again admittance will only be between pieces.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt is normally open during the interval.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions - Tel: 020 7766 1158
The Neville Marriner Orchestral Library is available to hire for private functions - Tel: 020 7766 1136
For more information about St Martin's please visit our website: www.stmf.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
www.belmontensemble.com
Bach (1685 - 1759) - Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle heiden'
Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden (Praise the Lord), BWV 230, is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach. It draws its text from Psalm 117 verses 1–4.
Bach wrote six surviving complete motets. Bach's first biographer, Forkel, refers to "many other motets" in Bach's works, implying there are many others, though only six complete ones and a few scattered movements survive today.
This work was first published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1821, rather early as a publication of Bach's works go, too early to have been part of the Mendelssohn revival; the publisher was not even a musicologist in Bach's hand. Still, it could have been a work made by Bach off another unknown work.
The fact that the vocal writing is unusually virtuosic for the choral parts, even as Bach goes, has lead Bach scholars to claim that the work is really more instrumental in character, and thus not really motet-like. This is generally true of the many leaping passages, even when the voice leaps through a third, though not as idiomatic for a voice as it is for any instrument: the voice prefers stepwise writing.
The text translates as 'Praise the Lord all Nations, and Praise him all peoples. For his grace and truth rule over us for ever'.
Purcell (1659 – 1695) – 'Fairy Queen' Suite
Prelude – Rondeau – Jig – Air – Dance of the Fairies – Chaconne
Purcell was responsible for leading the musical power of many post-Restoration plays, and a selection of his incidental music was published after his death by his widow as 'A collection of Ayres, Composed for the Theatre, and upon other Occasions'. The Act-Music for string orchestra preceded each of the three dramas. The two acts of 'The Fairy Queen' had music 'First and Second Music' before the Overture and each act was usually rounded off with a short 'Act Tune'.
The first performance of 'The Fairy Queen' took place at the Dorset Gardens Theatre, London, in April 1692. The result is a remarkably spontaneous English composition based on the subject of Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'.
Mozart (1756 - 1791) – Church Sonata in D (Allegro)
The Church Sonatas, which Mozart refers to in a 1778 letter to his Italian champion Pietro Martini, were played as part of the Mass between the reading (or chanting) of the Epistle and the Gospel in services at Salzburg Cathedral, although similar sorts of pieces occasionally occurred at other venues in Catholic Europe.
None of the subsequent organists or composers at Salzburg Cathedral cultivated the genre. In 1783, a few years after Mozart had left the city, Bishop Hieronymus of Salzburg decreed that the Church Sonatas be replaced by vocal Graduals and a new output of choral composition took the place of the Sonatas.
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
This short work was composed in Vienna on 17th and 18th June 1791, six months before Mozart died, and only a few weeks before the commission of the 'Requiem' was received.
The work is scored for a four-part choir, with either Strings or Organ accompaniment. The Latin words translate as follows: Jesu, Lamb of God, Redeemer, Born of the Virgin Mary, who upon the cross hast man's salvation won. From whose side, which man pierced, flowed the water and the blood. By the sacred body broken in life and death, our food.'
Mozart (1756 – 1791) - Salzburg Symphony No 2 in Bb
Allegro - Andante - Rondo
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the Austrian composer, violinist, organist and conductor was born in Salzburg in 1756, the son of the Kapellmeister to the Prince Archbishop of Salzburg. Mozart showed exceptional musical talent as a child, playing the klavier at three and composing by the age of five. This symphony, or divertimento comes from a set of three written in early 1772 in Salzburg, originally for string quartet.
Purcell – Chaconne in G Minor
Purcell began his musical upbringing as a boy chorister at the Chapel Royal, probably around 1668 when he was eight or nine. By the time his voice broke at what was an unusually early age of fourteen, he was clearly thought of as a highly gifted musician. He studied under a pupil of John Blow and succeeded him as organist of Westminster Abbey in 1679.
Taken from French Opera, the Chaconne was often used as an elaborate dance, written in binary time. It consists of variations on a recurring pattern and succession of bass chords. Although the piece does not discipline the music's expressive quality, in his Chaconny (of 1680) Purcell takes the conventional repeating bass theme and treats the form with typical imagination.
Handel (1685 - 1759) - Gloria (Finale from 'Dixit Dominus')
In 1707, at the age of 22, George Frideric Handel had his first important visit to Rome, and, in spite of his Protestant background, was soon taken up by the cream of Catholic, Italian society. Dixit Dominus, a setting of Psalm 110, was completed in April 1707. The piece, resplendent with bright color, vocal virtuosity, expansive structure, and driving rhythms, was immediately hailed by Handel as one of his best. His ability to write in the Italian style, and has marked resonances with the choral works of Monteverdi.
John Eliot Gardiner has suggested that it was 'almost as though this young composer, newly arrived in the land of virtuoso singers and players, was daring his hosts to greater and greater feats of virtuosity.' The vivid images of the psalm text
are set for five-part chorus, soloists, strings and continuo and take the form of a sacred cantata set in eight movements.
Like Durante, Handel unifies the composition with a *cantus firmus*, a fragment of Gregorian chant which appears in the opening movement and is then repeated and returned in the same way in the closing movement, appropriately on the words 'as it was in the beginning'. Throughout the rest of the piece, Handel uses the chorus and soloists alternately and together to illustrate the emotive passages of the psalm.
**Fauré (1845 – 1924) – Cantique de Jean Racine**
Perhaps because he was almost unknown as an outstanding pianist and teacher, Fauré only slowly gained recognition as a composer. Although he wrote several works involving a full orchestra, his particular talent lay within the more intimate musical forms: songs, piano music and chamber music. His somewhat austere style and highly original approach to harmony and orchestration contrasts markedly with the music of the Austro-German tradition which dominated European music from the time of Beethoven until well into the twentieth century.
The subtlety of Fauré's music, and his concentration on the small-scale, led many to criticise him for lacking depth, a criticism which he resented. It seems likely that the bigger the body of a composer's music the more worthwhile it must be. Fauré deliberately avoided the grander kind of orchestral music that could easily have brought him fame and fortune. He preferred instead to embrace an elegant and subtle style, one that is particularly appealing to the listener today.
The *Cantique* is a setting of words by the 17th century dramatist and poet Jean Racine. It was Fauré's first significant composition, written in 1885 whilst he was in his final year at the Conservatoire. The *Étude de fantaisie pour piano, et classement* he submitted the piece for the competition prize – and won, though it was only published eleven years later, with a full orchestral version following in 1906. Fauré went on to write a good deal of religious music – most notably the *Requiem*, written in 1888 – but of the shorter sacred pieces it is the *Cantique* that has particularly captured the affections of choirs and audiences.
**Fauré – Pavane**
The *Pavane* dates from 1887, the same year as the *Requiem*. It is dedicated to the Countess Greffulhe, a patron of Parisian society of the time. Originally written for chorus and piano, chorus parts were added to a rather trivial text written by the Countess' cousin. It is not wholly clear why Fauré was so at the address of the chorus; despite praising it in a letter to his patron, his politeness may have been overruling his musical judgement!
It is rarely performed with the chorus nowadays, which adds rather too much formality and weight to what is essentially a light essay in nostalgia. As Fauré despicatingly remarked, the work is "elegant ... but not otherwise important."
Interestingly, there is a link with Stravinsky through the impresario Diaghilev: the *Pavane* was danced as a ballet in 1917 by Diaghilev's influential Ballet Russe company, who, in the previous five years, had given the premieres of all Stravinsky's great ballets.
**Fauré – Requiem**
*Introit et Kyrie – Offertory – Dies Irae – Pie Jesu – Agnus Dei*
*Libera me – In Paradisum*
From the age of nine Fauré studied music at the École Niedermeyer, the 'École de musique' founded by the casket-maker Charles-Samuel Niedermeyer. His teacher, Saint-Saëns, was regarded as a progressive teacher, introducing his pupils not only to the music of Bach and Mozart but also to controversial composers such as Wagner and Liszt. Unlike most major French composers, Fauré did not attend the Paris Conservatoire, instead studying with Saint-Saëns, who subsequently encouraged him by putting work his way and helping him to get his music published. The two became lifelong friends and Fauré later said that he owed everything to Saint-Saëns.
Fauré was a fine organist and in 1886 was appointed to the prestigious Madeleine church in Paris. He was also an excellent teacher, and perhaps because of his renowned expertise as a piano teacher, he slowly gained recognition as a composer. He eventually became professor of piano composition at the Paris Conservatoire, and its Director from 1905 to 1920.
The *Requiem* was composed in 1887 when Fauré was in his fortes, quite probably in response to the recent death of his father. Shortly after its first performance, Fauré's mother also died, giving the work an added pignancy.
In 1900, under some pressure from his publishers, he reluctantly agreed to the release of a revised version containing additional instrumental parts designed to broaden the work's appeal. However, it is still a rare find today that it comes as a surprise to discover it did not gain widespread popularity until the mid-1950s. In its sequence of movements the *Requiem* departs significantly from the standard liturgical order, and includes the two secularly lyrical *Pie Jesu* and the transcendent *In Paradisum*, with its soaring vocal line and murmuring harp accompaniment. He also omitted the *Dies Irae* and *Tuba Mirum* - for most composers an opportunity to exploit the full power and sonority of all the available choral and orchestral forces. Consequently the prevailing mood is one of peacefulness and serenity, and the work has often been described, quite justly, as a *Requiem* without the Last Judgment.
Of the many settings of the *Requiem*, this is probably the most widely loved. In comparison with the more dramatic masterpieces of Verdi, Brahms and Berlioz, Fauré's setting seems gentle and unassuming, yet it is this very quality of understatement which contributes so eloquently to the work's universal appeal. Whether the *Requiem* is performed in one of its orchestral versions or simply with organ accompaniment, it is impossible not to be moved by the ethereal beauty of this humble masterpiece.
Tonight we perform a new arrangement for strings, organ, choir and soloists by composer Michael Higgins.
---
Michael Higgins (Organ) studied piano with Margaret Newman at the Birmingham Conservatoire, and at the Royal Academy of Music London, with Iain Ledingham and Julian Taylor. He was awarded the Joseph Weingarten Memorial Trust Scholarship and continued his studies with Kálmán Drali at the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music Budapest.
Regularly performing throughout the United Kingdom, Europe and further afield, he has given concerto performances with the New London Symphony Orchestra at St Martin in the Fields and worked with the ‘Youth Choir of Great Britain’ conducted by Daniel Barenboim and Gustavo Dudamel (BBC Proms). In 2012, he toured New Zealand supported by the British Council which enabled him to give recitals in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch, and to work with the Christchurch Michael regularly collaborates with Gareth Malone and has filmed a new season of ‘It Takes a Choir’ for USA television, as well as recording the album ‘Voices’ released on the Duxford label, and also singing the Queen’s Christmas Message accompanying the Military Wives Choir filmed at Buckingham Palace.
Recordings include ‘Waves’ with flautist Averil Williams (Fine Arts Music), ‘Hugh Benham: A Triumph Song’ (Corvinium Records) and he was producer for a disc of choral music by Jonathan Dove released by Naxos. A recording of his arrangement of Handel’s ‘Requiem’ for string quartet has recently been released by Corvinium Records.
Michael studied organ with Andrew Fletcher, was Organ Scholar at Birmingham Metropolitan Cathedral, and is now Director of Music at the Church of St John the Baptist, Wimbledon where he has founded two thriving choirs for adults and children. He accompanies the Wimbledon Choral Society and the National Children’s Choir of Great Britain.
As a composer he has written a number of works and a set of commissions including a collection of set of educational books published in Singapore, arrangements for various projects with Gareth Malone including ‘Voices’, the Classic BRIT awards, BBC Children in Need and the Royal Variety Performance. Many of his choral and organ works are published by Novello and Kevin Mayhew Publishers.
Peter O Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a “Baroque specialist” and by the London Evening Standard as “An internationally respected conductor”.
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at
St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter has also attended many masterclasses with Colin Metters, John Norr, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoire's most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the BBC Queen's Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has worked with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Ceske Budjovice, the Filharmonie Hradec Kralove, the Prague Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midlanda Sinfonia. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra in Melbourne, Australia and he has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in 2015.
A former choral scholar, he has conducted the BBC Singers in concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the Joyful Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir, the Choir School, St Martin-in-the-Fields, the Codina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chameleon Arts Choir, the Leeds Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Bars Chamber Choir.
He has conducted in London's principal venues, including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John's Smith Square, St James's Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over 800 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1998 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London's Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane's Church, St Paul's Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James's Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the stations first ever Christmas Day concert since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton's Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman, for the BBC. This was followed by a recording of the CBE. This recording critical acclaim in the USA. The orchestra's playing is light, playful and incisive. Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi's Four Seasons and Mozart's two Sinfonia Concertante.
The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to accommodate forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to meet specific commissions.
Belmont's impressive membership, past and present, can be found playing in all of the major British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestra.
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Easter Monday 6 April at St Martin-in-the-Fields Handel Festival 7.30pm
HANDEL MESSIAH BY CANDLELIGHT
Belmont Ensemble of London
‘One of the UK’s most exciting orchestras’ Classic FM www.belmontensemble.com
English Chamber Choir
‘An Inspiring Performance’ Daily Telegraph
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Tenor - Guy Cutting Bass - Philip Tebb
Tickets: £9, £16, £22, £25, £29
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smift.org
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the diversity of its engagements. Based in the City, local performances have included John Taverner’s St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet Spem in Alium at Guildhall House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues, including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Royal Institute in Birmingham, Bath Abbey, Rosslyn Cathedral and Heriot College Chapel. In recent years in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir’s live performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover an equally diverse selection of more commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as ‘Monty Python’s 1492’, ‘Conan the Barbarian’ and ‘The Lord of the Rings’, including Steven Spielberg’s ‘Band of Brothers’, and numerous albums including the Era series with French composer Eric Levi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2013 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing Six Wives of Henry VIII with Rob Wasserman and a few weeks later accompanied Rico in his solo piano and orchestra programme ‘P’n’O’ at Cadogan Hall. The CD The Byzantine Legacy originally issued by Sony in 1987 has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another great folktune with the Te Deum by Tippett, both at the Brighton Festival and the choir’s participation in a successful ECO2 scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
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www.englishchamberchoir.com
Friday 17 April
at
St Martin-in-the-Fields Handel Festival
7.30pm
HANDEL
CORONATION ANTHEMS
BY CANDLELIGHT
Zadok the Priest
The King Shall Rejoice
My Heart is Inditing
Let thy hand be Strengthened
Allelujah Chorus, Worthy is The Lamb, Amen (Messiah)
Handel - Eternal Source of Light Divine
Handel - Organ Concerto in F
Belmont Ensemble of London
English Chamber Choir
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick Organ - Helen Rogers
Tickets: £9, £13, £18, £22, £26
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smitf.org
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Easter Monday 6 April
Handel - Messiah : With The English Chamber Choir
Friday 17 April
Handel - Four Coronation Anthems : With The English Chamber Choir
Handel - Hallelujah Chorus, Worthy is The Lamb (Messiah), Organ Concerto in F
Saturday 25 April
Handel - Royal Fireworks Music, Water Music Suite in F
Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min., Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Trumpets
Bach - Orchestral Suite No 3, Pachelbel - Canon in D
Saturday 2 May
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Salzburg Symphony No 1, Handel - Gloria
Friday 8 May
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12 in A
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2, Divertimento in D
Thursday 28 May
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 12 June
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No 29 in A
Handel - Water Music Suite in F, Arrival of the Queen of Sheba, Vivaldi - Summer
Saturday 20 June
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Handel - Zadok the Priest, Hallelujah Chorus
Thursday 25 June
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Oboe Concerto in A Min., Handel - Concerto Grosso in A
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smif.org
Pew Sheet
Palm Sunday
29th March 2015
www.stjamesgarlickhythe.org
TODAY'S SERVICE
as for all services at St James', is according to the Book of Common Prayer (1662), with some minor variations in line with the revisions to the BCP proposed in 1928. The order of this 'customary practice' (together with explanatory notes) is set out in the white booklets available from the Welcomers' Table.
Should you prefer to use the blue Prayer Book itself, the Communion service starts on page 236.
The Collect of the Day, Epistle & Gospel readings are included in this Pew Sheet for convenience (see right).
MUSIC
Organist: Andrew Baars
Choir: English Chamber Choir
Setting: Stanford in C
HYMNS
At today's service we will sing hymn numbers:
499, 128 & 129.
INTROIT
(sung as the verger, wardens & ministers enter)
Hosanna to the Son of David by Orlando Gibbons
Hosanna to the Son of David.
Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord.
Blessed be the king of Israel.
Peace in heavens, and glory in the highest places.
Hosanna in the highest heavens.
Matthew 21.9 & Luke 19.38
GRADUAL
(sung between the Epistle and Gospel readings)
Greater hath hath no man than this by John Ireland
Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it. Love is strong as death. Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends. Who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree. That we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness. Ye are washed,
ye are sanctified, ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus. Ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, a holy nation: That ye should show forth the praises of him who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light. I beseech you brethren, by the mercies of God, that you present your bodies, a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service.
Drawn from Canticles 8, John 15, 1 Peter 2, 1 Cor 6, Romans 12
MOTET
(sung during Communion)
Crux Fidelis by John of Portugal
Crux fidelis, inter omnes arbor una nobilis: nulla silva tolem proferet, fronde, flore, germine. Dulce lignum, dulces clavos, dulce pondus sustinet.
Faithful cross, above all other; one and only noble tree: None in foliage, none in blossom, none in fruit thy peer may be.
Sweetest wood and sweetest iron, sweetest weight is hung on thee!
ORGAN VOLUNTARY
Valer will ich dir geben' BWV 736 by J S Bach.
The Sunday Next before Easter
COLLECT
Almighty and everlasting God, who, of thy tender love towards mankind, hast sent thy Son, our Saviour Jesus Christ, to take upon him our flesh, and to suffer death upon the cross, that all mankind should follow the example of his great humility:
Mercifully grant, that we may both follow the example of his patience, and also be made partakers of his resurrection; through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Philippians 2.5-11
Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: but made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: and being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross. Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name; that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; and that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
GOSPEL
St. Matthew 27.1-54
Because of length, please refer to the Passion Gospel printed in the Prayer Book on pages 96-100.
Front image: Christ's Entry into Jerusalem by Flambé c. 1842.
This week
Preacher: The Priest-in-Charge
Epistle Reader: Prof Jonathan Rawlings
NEXT WEEK: Easter Day
Parish Notices
Services in Holy Week
Maundy Thursday at 6.30 p.m. Holy Communion and Stripping of the Altar. This service is held at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe.
Good Friday from 12 noon until 3 p.m. The Good Friday Liturgy. This is a traditional Prayer Book format, with three discrete sections of 12-1; Morning Prayer & Holy Communion, and 2-3 Evening Prayer. Opportunities for personal prayer and silent reflection are included.
Easter Eve (Saturday) at 7 p.m. The Easter Vigil (at St Paul’s Cathedral). The great celebration of Easter begins with the lighting of the Paschal Candle, with Baptism & Confirmation and Holy Communion. Preacher: The Bishop of London
Cover whilst the Vicar is on holiday
Guy and Rachel are away on holiday after Easter, in his absence please direct questions to the churchwardens. If you need a priest, please contact the Area Dean, the Rev Oliver Ross on 0207 898-4318.
Priest-in-Charge: Rev Guy Trewick
Tel: 020 7248 5148
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Hon Asst Curate: Ven. Hay Pentland
Parish Reader: Mrs Helen Lockwood
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Stained Warden: Prof Jonathan Rawlings
Alderman Dr Andrew Parmley
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Organist: St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe Church
St Andrew’s House, 15 SDE.
Tel: 020 7329 3632
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Wardens: Lyn Stone, Jonathan Rawlings, Bill Fraser, Geoffrey Brown Gordon Haines.
Parish prayer list
The Sick: Susan Webb, Youssel & Mira Nassar, Eileen Lincoln, Megan Brady, Charles Read, Tony Bown, Api, Sonia, Denis Ballard, Molly Yarghese, Harry Carlton, Frank Fleming, Fiona Salvi & Bernard Loubières.
Those who mourn: Denis Bishop.
For the new start Social Enterprise at St Andrew’s
For the Int. Corps & our affiliated livery companies.
For Christians persecuted for holding The Faith.
Forthcoming Services
Monday–Thursday 8.20 a.m. M.P.(at SAW)
Monday–Wednesday 5.15 p.m. E.P.(at SJG)
Wednesday 12.15 p.m. Said H.C. (SAW)
Maundy Thursday 10.30 a.m. Chrism Mass
(2nd April) (at St Paul’s Cathedral)
6.30 p.m. HC & Stripping of
the Sanctuary (at SAW)
Good Friday 12–3 p.m. The Three Hours
(3rd) (at SJG). See Parish Notices.
Easter Day 10.30 a.m. Festal HC for
(5th) Easter (at SJG)
SJG = St James Garlickhythe
SAW = Our sister church, St
Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe
(see map for directions).
St Andrew’s is a 5 minute
walk away along Queen
Victoria Street.
Welcome to St James’
You are warmly invited to stay for refreshments
after the service. If you are a newcomer, please say
hello to the vicar or one of the Welcomers, we’d love
to meet you!
Easter Monday 6 April at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Tenor - Guy Cutting Bass - Philip Tebb
HANDEL
MESSIAH
Prout Edition
An Interval of 20 Minutes will follow Part One
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The interval lasts 20 minutes. A bell will be rung 5 minutes and 2 minutes before the end of the interval.
Once the concert starts again admittance will only be between pieces.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt is normally open during the interval.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions. Tel: 020 7766 1165
The Neville Marriner Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops. Tel: 020 7766 1136
For more information about St Martin’s please visit our website: www.smtf.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
Belmont Ensemble Website has full concert listings: www.belmontensemble.com
## Handel – Messiah
| Section | Voice | Text |
|---------------|-------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Sinfony | | Comfort ye my people |
| Air | Tenor | Everlasting God |
| Chorus | | And the Glory of the Lord |
| Accompaniato | Bass | Thus saith the Lord |
| Air | Alto | But with his Spirit |
| Recitative | Alto | Behold, a virgin shall conceive |
| Air & Chorus | Alto | O thou that tellest good tidings |
| Accompaniato | Bass | For unto us a child is born |
| Chorus | | For unto us a child is born |
| Hymn | | Praise to the Lord |
| Recitative | Soprano | There were shepherds |
| Accompaniato | Soprano | And lo, the Angels |
| Recitative | Soprano | And the Lord said unto them |
| Accompaniato | Soprano | And suddenly there was |
| Chorus | | A great light |
| Air | Soprano | Rejoice Greatly |
| Recitative | Alto | He hath opened the eyes of the blind |
| Air | Sop/Alto | He shall feed his flock |
| Chorus | | His yoke is easy, his burthen light |
**Interval**
| Section | Voice | Text |
|---------------|-------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Chorus | Alto | Behold the Lamb of God |
| Air | | He was wounded for our transgressions |
| Chorus | | Surely he hath borne our griefs |
| Chorus | | And with his stripes |
| Chorus | | All we like sheep have gone |
| Accompaniato | Tenor | All they that see him |
| Chorus | | He hath put his life in their hands |
| Accompaniato | Tenor | Thy reubke has broken |
| Arioso | Tenor | Behold, and see |
| Accompaniato | Tenor | He was taken out of the land |
| Air | Tenor | But thou didst not leave his soul |
| Air | Soprano| The feet of the afflicted are the feet |
| Air | Bass | Why do the nations |
| Chorus | | Hallelujah |
**Pause**
| Section | Voice | Text |
|---------------|-------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Air | Soprano | I know that my redeemer liveth |
| Chorus | | Stronger than a lamb slain |
| Recitative | Bass | Behold, I tell you a mystery |
| Air | Bass | The Trumpet shall sound |
| Chorus | | Worthy is the Lamb – Amen |
Born in Halle, the son of a barber-surgeon, in 1697 Handel became assistant organist in the Domkirche and studied law at the town's university. Leaving in 1703 he joined Hamburg's opera company, composing his first opera Almira two years later. After some years in Italy he was appointed Kapellmeister by the Elector of Hanover (later King George I of England) on his landing in London.
The first we know of 'Messiah' is a reference from a letter of Charles Jennens, Handel's librettist, to Edward Hollesworth dated 10 July 1741: "Handel says he will do nothing next month, but hopes I shall persuade him to set another Scripture collection I have made for him, which I am to pay for his setting. Messiah I think, I hope he will lay out his whole Genius and Skill upon it, that our Composition may excell all his former Compositions, as the Subject excells every other Subject. The Subject is Messiah."
Handel was indeed "persuaded" and began the composition of Messiah at his London home in Brook Street on 22 August, completing more than 260 pages of the original autograph by 14 September. The creation of this work in only three weeks is an impressive achievement, but it doesn't fit in with Handel's normal habits of composition. It was not unusual for him to compose several oratorios or operas every year in a concentrated bursts of activity in preparation for his next season of theatrical performances. A fortnight after completing Messiah he began work on Samson and completed a second score of similar length in a month, finishing on 29 October.
By 18 November Handel was in Dublin, preparing for the only full season of oratorio performances that he gave outside of London. He composed no new works - at all - in Dublin, and left Messiah until the very end of the season there. The first performance of Messiah took place at the New Musick-Hall, Fishamble Street, Dublin, on 13 April 1742. The proceeds from the performance were shared by the Society for Releasing Prisoners, the charity school, and Mercer's Hospital. Since it took place on the Tuesday before Easter - so, although Handel did not perform the work for his own benefit, he did follow the general intention of Jennens' original proposal.
Messiah was well received in Dublin. The level of interest shown by the "most Grand, Publick and crowded Audience that ever met in publick Pleasure" attending the first performance was such that the charity organizers issued a request in the newspapers that for the performance the ladies of the audience should not wear hoop'd dresses nor their hair in ribands, in order to make more room.
700 people attended the first performance, in a hall that Handel himself had described as "a room for 800 persons", and a second performance was given three weeks later on 3 June - Handel's last performance in Dublin.
Handel wrote to Jennens with news of the oratorio's success, enclosing the enthusiastic praise of Bishop Elphin: "As Mr. Handel in his oratorio's greatly excells all other composers I am acquainted with. So in the famous one, called Messiah he seems to have excell'd himself." "The whole thing is beyond any thing I had a notion
of till I read and heard it. It seems to be a Species of Musick different from any other that I ever heard, and I am not able to conceive of it. That tho' the Composition is very Masterly & artificial, yet the Harmony is so great and open, as to please all who have ears and will hear, learned and unlearn'd.
In the absence of firm historical evidence, it is impossible to say whether Handel foresaw that Messiah would be performed in Dublin when he originally composed the work, perhaps even as late as August 1741 he had no firm plans for the Irish visit. There was a noticeable difference between the orchestration of Messiah and Samson, the first being austerely scored for strings, trumpets and drums (to which Handel later added oboe and a bassoon) while the second demands more resources.
Handel was 56 years old when he wrote Messiah, at an age when we would have expected him to be at the height of his career. Messiah, in fact, coincided with a major turning-point in his life. By 1730 it was not a very happy decade for Handel: during those years the formation of a second Italian opera company in London had introduced an element of competition against his productions that utterly destroyed both companies. After nearly 30 years of success with three Operas in London, Handel found himself out of work and out of money. He diversified his theatre seasons with a mixture of Italian and English works: operas, odes, semi-operas and oratorios. This shift was a gradual one, but the trip to Ireland was the decisive break in Handel's musical tastes and ambitions. Messiah and Samson were the oratorio-type works that confirmed his path for the future.
Yet Messiah is an unusual oratorio. Unlike Samson wherein singers represent Saints, Deities and Angels, Messiah is a story about man. John J. Jennings may correctly be described as the librettist of Messiah, but he was the compiler rather than the originator of the libretto: with immense skill, he put together and adapted a "Scripture collection" of diverse biblical texts into a startlingly good dramatic and Handelian shape. Although the conventional operatic forms of aria and recitative are used, the story is told in narrative form, almost obliquely.
In terms of overall structure, Jennings provided Handel with a text that follows the normal conventions of his oratorios: a three-part libretto for a work that would run for about two and a half hours of music. Handel's charity concerts in Dublin began at 12 noon; his London performances started at 8.30pm.
Part one is concerned with prophecies and the Nativity; part two deals with the progression from Passiontide through Crucifixion, Resurrection, Ascension and Whitsun to the eventual triumph of god's kingdom celebrated in the "Hallelujah" chorus. Part three is entirely concerned with the commentary, mainly on the theme of resurrection.
Originally from California, Elizabeth Weisberg (Soprano) studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy’s highest award for performance.
On the concert stage, Elizabeth has appeared at the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh and Three Choirs Festivals, with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Ivan Fischer, Emmanuelle Haïm, Trevor Pinnock, Harry Bicket, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in the Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London’s Harpsichord Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Poznań with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Mendelssohn Elijah in the Royal Albert Hall with Paul McCreesh, Galatea (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St Matthew Passion with the Manchester Camerata in the Bridgewater Hall with Kraemer, arias from Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas with Harry Bicket in the English Concert at Cadogan Hall, Bach B Minor Mass in the Three Choirs Festival, the title role in Handel Teseo, and in concert for The Belvedere Festival, Haydn Creation Mass for Paul McCreesh in Wroclaw, Popova (The Bear) in St Matthew Passion with Fischer and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the OEH, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Tewkesbury Abbey, Brahms Requiem in Southwark Cathedral, and Dafne (Apollo e Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent opera work includes Venus and Adonis for Transition Opera at Wilton’s Music Hall, Il viaggio di Ulisse in grotta and Aeneas in the Temple Festival, and Monteverdi Orfeo with Comœdiaeum Hainaut, Opéra de Lille, The Hague and the Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
Clara Hendrick (Mezzo-Soprano) studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, Strasbourg Opera Studio and ENO Opera Works. Roles include Hansel, Hansel & Gretel (Iford Opera); The Yeoman of the Guard (Buxton), Hermia (cover), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Glyndebourne), Theodora (St Martin-in-the-Fields); Popova, The Bear (Rosemary Branch); Anniò, La clemenza di Tito (Roselyn Hill); Cherubino, Le nozze di Figaro, Charlotte, Werther, Rosina, Il barbiere di Siviglia and Lucifero, L’Etoile (Strasbourg Opera Studio) and created the role of Margarida in Julian Phillips’ opera, Keisha’s Gift (Glyndebourne Opera). As a solo recording artist, Clara has worked with the LSO, recording the title track of the Oscar-nominated film, Incendies.
Regular oratorio and recital engagements include Handel’s Messiah at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, Vivaldi’s Gloria and Bach’s Magnificat at St Martin-in-the-Fields, and Schumann’s Liederkreis op.39. Other recent Festival appearances have included in Flanders and Garsington productions of Il Trovatore, a revival at Lille Opera House for Emmanuel Hahn, Handel’s Dixit Dominus at St Martin-in-the-Fields and the title role in Handel’s Susanna with Christian Curryn for Iford Festival Opera.
As a chorister and later a choral scholar at New College, Oxford under Edward Higginbottom, Guy casting (tenor) gained extensive experience touring worldwide and singing regularly on BBC television and radio, as well as recording Mozart’s Requiem as tenor soloist, and appearing as soloist on their recent Couperin, Charpentier and Mozart recordings. After graduating with a first-class degree in September 2012, Guy moved to London and began work as a freelance tenor under the coaching of Susan Roberts.
Recent solo performances include J.S. Bach’s St John Passion under the direction of Johannes Leertouwer in Utrecht and with New College Choir in San Francisco, Britten’s Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings in Oxford, Purcell’s Ode for St. Cecilia’s Day with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment in Queen Elizabeth Hall, two of Bach’s cantatas (108 and 153) with the OAE in Kings Place, Monteverdi’s Marian Vespers of 1610, St John’s, Smith Square, J.S. Bach’s Mass in B Minor with the Swinging Chorale, the Orchestre des Pays de la Loire and an appearance with the Shizuoka Children’s Choir and the Orchestra of Tokyo University in Japan. Alongside solo work, Guy also enjoys working with a number of London’s most prestigious consort groups including The Sixteen, Gabrieli Consort and Players, Polyphony, The Gabrieli Consort, The Sixteen, The Marian Consort, The Orlando Consort, Tenebrae, Gallicantus and Alamire. Outside of the UK, he has begun working with both American and Japanese ensembles: Le Concert d’Astrée and the Nederlands Kamermuziek. In addition, he is a permanent member of The Temple Church Choir, London.
Solo engagements for 2013/2014 include appearing as Evangelist in J.S. Bach’s St Matthew Passion in Utrecht for Johannes Leertouwer, a Mozart disc with The Choir of New College Oxford, Bach’s St Matthew Passion for the 2014 Hill Music Festival in Dorking (area), a Christmas programme with the OAE and Contrapunctus in Oxford, and returning to Japan to perform Mozart’s Requiem and to California for four concerts with the American Bach Soloists. He is the first recipient of the American Bach Soloists’ Jeffrey Thomas Award – an award for emerging professionals who show exceptional promise and accomplishment in the field of early music.
Philip Tebb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar at the Cathedral, and at the Royal College of Music on the Benjamin Britten International Opera School with Russell Smythe. His studies at RCM were generously supported by the Anne Clayton Award, Stanley Picker Trust Award, the Audrey Sacher
Award and the Josephine Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Demetrius in Britten A Midsummer Night's Dream, Harasta in Janacek's The Cunning Little Vixen, Baritone in Handel Alcina, the title role in Handel Rinaldo; Falerio Turone in Stravinsky The Rake's Progress and Antonio in Mozart Le Nozze di Figaro. Professional stage work includes covering the role of Peter Quince in Britten A Midsummer Night's Dream for Garsington Opera, singing the role of Schumann in Verdi La Bohème for Birmingham Opera and appearing in a production of Webster's The Duchess of Malfi at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is in great demand as an oratorio soloist. Appearances last year included: Bach Matthäus Passion (Christus and Arias) with Jesus College Chapel Choirs and the Saraband Singers; Bach Weihnachtsoratorium with St Paul's Boys' Choir; Ein Deutsches Requiem with Hereford Choral Society and Lewesian Choral Society; Handel Händel Te Deum with St Ives's Choral Society; Handel Israel in Egypt with Bedford Choral Society; Handel Messiah with Royal College of Music Chapel Choir and Forest School Choral Society; Haydn Creation with St Neots Choral Society; Mendelssohn Elijah with Bath City Choral Choir and Solihull Choral Society; Mendelssohn Elijah with Bridgwater Choral Society; Mozart C Minor Mass with Barts Choir and Scarlatti Missa della Santa Cecilia with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed: Faure Requiem; Handel Acis and Galatea (Poliphemus); Handel Messiah; Handel Theodora (Valens); Mozart Coronation Mass; Mozart Requiem and Mozart Vesparae sollemnes de confessore.
Peter G Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a "Baroque specialist" and by the London Evening Standard as "An Internationally respected conductor".
Founder, Artistic Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the ensemble perform over 600 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoire's most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queens Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonia Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Ceske Budjedovice, Filharmonie
Hradek Kraiove, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midlands Symphony Orchestra has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St Paul’s Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in 2015.
A former choral scholar, has conducted the BBC Singers in concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the Royal Conservatory of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir, and Choral Scholars, St Martin’s Voices, the Cordina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chapelton Arts Chorus, Sevenoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Barts Chamber Choir.
He has conducted at London’s premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John’s Smith Square, St James’s Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV, and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over 600 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1986 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London’s Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane’s Church, St Paul’s Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James’s Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the station's first ever Christmas Day Concert, since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton's Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Roald Dahl, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the USA "The orchestra's playing is light, playful and precise".
Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi's Four Seasons and Mozart's two Sinfonia Concertante. The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 5 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensemble members, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
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www.belmontensemble.com
Friday 17 April at 7.30pm
St Martin-in-the-Fields Handel Festival
HANDEL CORONATION ANTHEMS BY CANDLELIGHT
Zadok the Priest
The King Shall Rejoice
My Heart is Inditing
Let thy hand be Strengthened
Hallelujah Chorus, Worthy is The Lamb, Amen (Messiah)
Handel - Eternal Source of Light Divine
Handel - Organ Concerto in F
Belmont Ensemble of London
English Chamber Choir
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Clara Hendrick Organ - Helen Rogers
Tickets: £9, £13, £18, £22, £26
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smitf.org
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known choirs in Britain and its reputation in London rests not only on itself but also on the breadth of its repertoire and the diversity of its engagements. Based in the City, local appearances have included John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ *Spem in Alium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and also gives its own concerts here and in several other London venues including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Outside London recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Hertford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir is primarily known for its predominantly choral, its recording credits cover an equally diverse selection of major commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s 1492, *Conquest of Paradise* with Vangelis, television themes including Steven Spielberg’s *Band of Brothers*, and numerous albums from the BBC Era series with French composer Eric Lewi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestra programme *Piano* at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally issued by Sony in Greece, has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972. Its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of an important Britten work, the *Te Deum* by Telesera, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a ‘Friends of the ECC’ scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
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www.englishchamberchoir.com
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Friday 17 April
Handel - Four Coronation Anthems: With The English Chamber Choir
Handel - Hallelujah Chorus, Worthy is The Lamb (Messiah), Organ Concerto in F
Saturday 25 April
Handel - Royal Fireworks Music, Water Music Suite in F
Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min, Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Trumpets
Bach - Orchestral Suite No 3, Pachelbel - Canon in D
Saturday 2 May
Mozart - Requiem: With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Salzburg Symphony No 1, Handel - Gloria
Friday 8 May
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12 in A
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2, Divertimento in D
Thursday 28 May
Faure - Requiem: With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 12 June
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No 29 in A
Handel - Water Music Suite in F, Arrival of the Queen of Sheba, Vivaldi - Summer
Saturday 20 June
Mozart - Requiem: With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Handel - Zadok the Priest, Hallelujah Chorus
Thursday 25 June
Bach - Brandenburg Concerts No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Oboe Concerto in A Min, Handel - Concerto Grosso in A
Saturday 4 July
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto For Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smiff.org
Friday 17 April at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Organ - Helen Rogers
Handel - Zadok the Priest
Handel - Let thy Hand be Strengthened
Handel - Birthday Ode for Queen Anne (Eternal Source of Light Divine)
Handel - Hallelujah Chorus (from 'Messiah')
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Handel - The King Shall Rejoice
Handel - Organ Concerto in F Op 4 No 4
Handel - My Heart is Inditing
Handel - Worthy is the Lamb, Amen (from 'Messiah')
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The interval lasts approximately 20 minutes. Admittance will open 2 minutes before the end of the interval.
Once the concert starts again admittance will only be between pieces.
The Cate-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions. Tel: 020 7786 1195
The Neville Marinier Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops. Tel: 020 7786 1136
For more information about St Martin's please visit our website: www.smwf.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
www.belmontensemble.com
Handel (1685 - 1759) – Four Coronation Anthems
Zadok the Priest
Zadok the Priest – And all the people rejoice – God save the King
Let Thy Hand be Strengthened
Let thy Hand be Strengthened – Let justice and judgement – Alleluia
My Heart is Inditing
Me heart is inditing – King’s daughters – Upon the right hand – Kings shall be thy nursing fathers
The King Shall Rejoice
The King shall rejoice – Exceeding glad shall he be – Glory and Worship – Thou hast prevented – Alleluia
Though born in Germany, Handel visited England many times, and eventually settled here, becoming a naturalised British subject. He was a prolific composer in all the main forms of his day, both choral and instrumental - opera, oratorio, anthems, suites, concertos, sonatas, etc.
In June 1727 the King, George I, died suddenly, and was succeeded by his son, George II. Handel had taken up his British citizenship that year, and was asked to write a series of Coronation Anthems for the occasion. It was almost certainly through the influence of the new King and Queen that Handel, in preference to Maurice Green (who had just succeeded to the most senior position in the Chapel Royal) was chosen to compose fresh settings for the Coronation.
The choice of texts was well established, and had been first used at the Coronation of Charles I, one hundred years earlier. The text of this anthem ‘Zadok the Priest’ refers to the coronation of King Solomon, famous for his wisdom, and rightly flattered the occasion for the new monarch. This anthem was also used for the Anointing. ‘Let thy hand be Strengthened’ seems to have been for the early ‘recognition’ part of the service and is taken from Psalm 89. ‘My heart is inditing’ was written for the Queen’s Coronation and ‘The King shall Rejoice’ (Psalm 47) for the King’s Coronation itself.
The ceremony took place on 11 October 1727 at Westminster Abbey. The performance at the coronation was by large forces – an orchestra of 160 players, and a choir of about 50. Unfortunately the performance was not good, being let down by poor organisation. The officiating Archbishop of Canterbury recorded on his Order of Service “The anthems in confusion: all irregular in the music”.
Later on Handel incorporated nearly all the music from the Anthems into his oratorios ‘Deborah’ and ‘Esther’, which brought them before a wider public, and in descent performances. ‘Zadok the Priest’ has been sung at every English Coronation since its original appearance in 1727.
Handel - Birthday Ode for Queen Anne, 6 February 1713
Eternal Source of Light divine - The day that gave great Anne birth
Let all the nations join with joy - Let all the nations join together fear forget
Kind heaven descends - The day that gave great Anne birth
United nations shall combine
Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne (HWV 74) is a secular cantata composed by George Frideric Handel to a libretto by Ambrose Philips, of which the first line, "Eternal Source of Light divine", was the only alternative title for the work. It was probably composed during January 1713 for a performance on 6 February 1713, although there is no record of the performance having actually taken place.
The cantata celebrates Queen Anne's birthday, and the accomplishment of the Treaty of Utrecht (negotiated at the instigation of Anne in 1712) to end the War of the Spanish Succession. Queen Anne was said by the Duke of Manchester to be "too careless or too busy to listen to her own band, who had no thought of hearing and paying new players however great their genius or vast their skill".
Nevertheless, and whether or not she ever heard this ode for her birthday, she granted Handel a "pension" (subsidy for living expenses) of two hundred pounds a year, for life.
Handel - Organ Concerto in F Op 4 No 4 with 'Alleluia' Chorus
Allegro - Andante - Adagio - Allegro - Alleluia
The Handel organ concertos, Op. 4, HWV 289–294, refer to the six organ concertos for chamber organ and strings composed by George Frideric Handel in London between 1735 and 1738 and published in 1738 by the printing company of John Walsh. Written as interludes in performances of oratorios in Covent Garden, they were the first works of their kind for this combination of instruments and served as a model for later composers.
Handel's six organ concertos were published in 1738 by John Walsh as the composer's Opus 4. The four concertos HWV 290-293 had been written to be played in the intervals of performances of his oratorios *Esther*, *Deborah* and *Athalia* in March and April 1735 in the newly opened theatre of John Rich in Covent Garden; the other two concertos HWV 289 and 294 served the same purpose in February and March of the following year for performances at the same venue of Alexander's Fasul HWV 72. Handel's setting of John Dryden's ode:
The performances of *Esther* and *Deborah* were revivals, while *Athalia* was a reworking for its first London performance of a work first heard in Oxford in the summer of 1733. The pianist Feiling and the composer Arne reported to the musicologist Charles Burney that Handel had included organ solos in the Oxford performances: he had "opened the organ in such a manner as astonished every hearer" and "neither
themselves, nor any one of their acquaintance, had ever before heard such extempore, or such premeditated playing, on that or any other instrument."
Handel's prowess as an organist had already been demonstrated in Rome in 1707 in a contest with the composer Domenico Scarlatti, when his playing on the organ was rated higher than Scarlatti's playing on the harpsichord; his reputation as a great organist had already spread to London by the time he arrived there for his first season in the Chapel in 1702. Handel's organ concertos thus have a special place in his oeuvre. They paved the way for Mozart and Beethoven, who like Handel achieved fame in their lifetimes as composers and performers of their own concertos.
**Handel - Hallelujah Chorus. Worthy is The Lamb, Amen (from 'Messiah')**
Born in Halle, the son of a Lutheran pastor, in 1685 Handel became assistant organist in the Cathedral and studied law at the town's university. Leaving in 1703 he joined Hamburg's opera company, composing his first opera Almira two years later. After four years in Italy he was appointed Kapellmeister by the Elector of Hanover (later King George I of England) before settling in London.
The first we know of 'Messiah' is a reference in a letter of Charles Jennens. Handel's librettist, to Edward Smallman dated 10 July 1741: "Handel says he will do nothing next week, but I hope I shall persuade him to set another Scripture collection I have made for him, and perform it for his own benefit in Passion Week. I hope he will lay out his whole Genius and Skill upon it, that our Composition may excel all his former Compositions, as the Subject excells every other Subject. The Subject is Messiah."
Handel was indeed "persuaded" and began the composition of Messiah at his London home in Brook Street on 19 August, completing more than 250 pages of the original autograph by 14 September.
The creation of this work in only three weeks is an impressive achievement, but it does fit in with Handel's normal habits of composition: it was not unusual for him for him to write a couple of new oratorios or operas every year in a concentrated bursts of activity in preparation for his next season of theatre performances.
A fortnight after completing Messiah he began work on Samson and completed a second score of similar length in a month, finishing on 29 October.
Originally from California, **Elizabeth Weisberg** (Soprano) studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the DipRAM, the Academy’s highest award for performance.
On the concert platform, Elizabeth has appeared in the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh, and Three Choirs Festivals with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Iván Fischer, Emmanuelle Haïm, Trevor Pinnock, Harry Bicket, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London’s Henry Wood Hall, and frequently appears in concerts at St. Martin-in-the-Fields with the Tralfagar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Flosay with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Mendelssohn Elijah in the Royal Albert Hall with the LPO, Galatea (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St. Matthew Passion and St. John Passion, Mass in B minor, Cantata 140 in the Bridgewater Hall with Kraemer, scenes from Purcell Fairy Queen with Harry Bicket, The Empress Concert at Cadogan Hall, Bach B Minor Mass in the Three Choirs Festival, the title role in Handel Theodora in concert for the Belmondo Ensemble, Handel Creative Music by Paul McCreesh in Wigmore, Politeia, Bach St. Matthew Passion, Iván Fischer and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the OEH, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Tewkesbury Abbey, Brahms Requiem in Southwark Cathedral, and Dafne (Apollo & Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent operatic work includes Venus and Adonis for Transition Opera at Wilton’s Music Hall, Flore et Mercure (Orfeo and Aeolus) at the Temple Festival, and Monteverdi Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haïm and Orchestra de Lille. Theatre roles include Orfeo (Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea)) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St. Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
**Ciara Hendrick** (Mezzo-Soprano) studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, Strasbourg Opera Studio and ENO Opera Works. Roles include Hansel, Hansel & Gretel (Ivor Gurney Opera); Phoebe, Yeomen of the Guard (Barrie Rutter, Hemma (cover), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Gardiner); Theodora (St. Thomas, London, Belcea); Popova, The Bear (Rosemary Branch); Amno, La Clemenza di Tito (Rosalyn Hill); Cherubino, Le nozze di Figaro, Charlottes, Werther, Rosina, Il barbiere di Siviglia and Lucullus, (all Strasbourg Opera Studio) and created the role of Marganda in Julian Philips’ *The Yellow Sofa* (Sydneybarne Opera). As a solo recording artist, Ciara has worked with the LSO, recording the title track of the Oscar-nominated film, *Incredibles*.
Regular oratorio and recital engagements include Handel’s Messiah at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, Vivaldi’s Gloria and Bach’s Magnificat at St Martin-in-the-Fields and Schumann’s Lieder op.39, Oxford Early Festival. Recent engagements have included Fidelio for Opera North, a production of La Rescossa at Hallé Opera House for Emmanuelle Haim, Handel’s Dominus at St Martin-In-the-Fields and the title role in Handel’s Susanna with Christian Curnyn for Ilord Festival Opera.
Helen Rogers (Organ) studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Virginia Black and John Toll and graduated in 1984 with the Bicentenial Allen Prize for Early Music, an award given to the most outstanding early music graduate of that year. Since then, Helen has enjoyed a busy and varied career which has taken her all over Europe playing both continuo and solo harpsichord and chamber organ.
Helen has appeared as a concerto soloist at many of London’s major concert venues including The Queen Elizabeth Hall, Southbank Centre, St Martin-in-the-Fields and St John’s Smith Square, and has performed with ensembles such as the Belmont Ensemble of London, Feinstein Ensemble, London Concertante and Wren Baroque Soloists. In 2000, Helen was made an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music, an honour awarded to past students who have achieved distinction in their profession.
Helen lives in Oxfordshire with her husband and two terriers. When not playing the harpsichord and organ she enjoys running, cooking and travelling to far-flung places.
Peter G Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a “Baroque specialist” and by the London Evening Standard as “An Internationally respected conductor”.
Founder, Artistic Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his eminence and skill that has made the ensemble perform over 800 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoire’s most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queens Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3; He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Gakta Budjedovice, Filharmonia
Hradec Králové, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Malmö Symphony. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St Paul’s Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in 2015.
A former choral scholar, has conducted the BBC Singers in concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the King’s Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir and Choral Scholars, St Martin’s Voices, the Codina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chameleon Arts Chorus, Sevenoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Barts Chamber Choir.
He has conducted at London’s premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John’s Smith Square, St James’s Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the country.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over 600 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to make the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room; and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London’s Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane’s Church, St Paul’s Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James’s Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the station's first ever Christmas Day Concert, since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton's Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Road Dahl, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the USA "The orchestra's playing is light, playful and precise".
Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi's Four Seasons and Mozart's two Sinfonia Concertante. The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensemble members, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.belmontensemble.com
Ann
Availability form attached.
David
On Tuesday, 21 April 2015, 18:22, "English Chamber Choir" email@example.com [ECC-announce] <firstname.lastname@example.org> wrote:
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Here are the details of the next concerts and services up to and including the concert at St Martin’s on 11 July.
Please note the following:
- Dress for St Martin’s is all black for men and usual black/red for women. If we find ourselves in a heatwave we will opt for women sleeveless, tightless, etc but unless advised otherwise please stick to the usual code.
- At our request Peter has substituted ‘Let thy hand be strengthened’ for the closing chorus of Dixit. While Dixit is undoubtedly the better music, the fact it’s high, relentless and has two soprano parts means that we really need a slightly different line-up, which is fine when we are doing the whole piece, but would give us too many sophs for the standard SATB stuff.
- Please note that in order for this message not to take up too much space, I have only listed the items at St Martin’s which we actually sing in. If you want the full programme, please go to the Belmont Ensemble web-site which lists everything. Likewise, you will find the music for St James Garlickhythe on our website.
- I will write separately about France
- Please complete and return the attached form asap. If you don’t have time at the moment, could you just at least drop me a line and let me know if you are doing this Sunday and/or 2 May – it’s not that far away.
List is below
All best
Ann
Sunday 26 April, St James Garlickhythe, Morning Service
Rehearsal 9.30 Service 10.30
The music for this is being revised so check the website after this evening’s rehearsal.
Saturday 2 May, St Martin’s
Rehearsal 4.30-6pm Concert 7.30
Mozart: Ave verum corpus; Requiem
Purcell: final scenes from Dido and Aeneas
Thursday 28 May, St Martin’s
Rehearsal 4-6.30pm Concert 7.30
Fauré: Requiem, Cantique de Jean Racine
Mozart: Ave verum corpus
Bach: Jesu, joy of man’s desiring; Lobet den Herrn
Handel: Let thy hand be strengthened
Sunday 31 May, St James Garlickhythe
Rehearsal 9.30 Service 10.30
Saturday 6 June, The Old Granary, Beccles
Rehearsal: tba (afternoon) Concert: 7.30
I will ask the Gillers what they would like us to wear, and they are also sending me details of b&bs, how to get there etc, so I will send round a separate message with the full details (which those who sady can’t do it can then ignore)
Brahms: Ein Deutsches Requiem
Wakeham: a couple of new pieces etc - tba
Saturday 20 June, St Martin’s
Rehearsal 3-6pm Concert 7.30
Mozart: Ave verum corpus, Requiem
Handel: Zadok, The King shall rejoice, Hallelujah Chorus and Worthy is the Lamb/Amen from Messiah
Sunday 28 June, St James, Garlickhythe
Rehearsal 9.30 Service 1.30
Sunday 5 July, JW3
Rehearsal tba Concert: 8pm
Dress
A JEWISH-AMERICAN SONGBOOK
This programme is still being compiled, and suggestions for solos, duets, ensembles are welcome.
The idea is songs from musicals or stand-alone songs by American-Jewish composers from 1900 to the present day. This takes in practically everyone who has written Broadway musicals with the exception of Cole Porter (who wasn’t Jewish). We have a jazz trio there as well.
We will do the relevant Pink Book numbers which are:
Smoke gets in your Eyes
Over the Rainbow
Summertime
I got Rhythm
S’Wonderful (beware, this one is new to us!)
There are also plans to do a selections from Gigi (which would include everyone singing the chorus of ‘The night they invented champagne’ – as at Kate R’s wedding) and ‘My Fair Lady’.
Saturday 11 July, St Martin’s
Rehearsal 4pm Concert 7.30pm
Fauré: Requiem, Cantique de Jean Racine
Handel: Let thy hand be strengthened
Mozart: Ave verum
Bach: Lobet den Herrn; Jesu, joy of man’s desiring
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Saturday 25 April at 7.30pm
St Martin-in-the-Fields Handel Festival
HANDEL ROYAL FIREWORKS MUSIC By Candlelight
PACHELBEL - Canon
VIVALDI - Summer from The Four Seasons
HANDEL - Water Music Suite in F
BACH - Orchestral Suite No 3
VIVALDI - Concerto for Two Trumpets
HANDEL - Arrival of the Queen of Sheba
HANDEL - Oboe Concerto in G Minor
Belmont Ensemble of London
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Violin - Helen Davies
Trumpets - Richard Fomison and Richard Thomas
Tickets: £9, £16, £22, £25, £29
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smif.org
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It projects itself the breadth of its repertoire and its diverse international engagements. Based in the City, recent venues have included John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Alium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own regular programme here and at other central London venues including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Herford College Oxford while in Europe the Choir have made appearances to Sweden, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey.
While the Choir’s main performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover an equally diverse selection of more commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s 1992, *Conquest of Paradise* with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg’s *Family Ties*, and numerous albums including the *Era* series with French composer Eric Lew which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestra programme ‘*P’n’O*’ at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally issued by Sony in Greece, has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another by the same composer, ‘Te Deum’ by the Choir at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a ‘Friends of the ECC’ scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.englishchamberchoir.com
MOZART REQUIEM
By Candlelight
HANDEL - Gloria
MOZART - Ave Verum Corpus
MOZART - Salzburg Symphony No 1
PURCELL - When I am laid in Earth (Dido's Lament)
PURCELL - 'Fairy Queen' Suite
Belmont Ensemble of London
English Chamber Choir
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Tenor - Guy Cutting Bass - Philip Tebb
Tickets: £9, £16, £22, £25, £29
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smift.org
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Saturday 25 April
Handel - Royal Fireworks Music, Water Music Suite in F
Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min, Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Trumpets
Bach - Orchestral Suite No 3, Pachelbel - Canon in D
Saturday 2 May
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Salzburg Symphony No 1, Handel - Gloria
Friday 8 May
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12 in A
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2, Divertimento in D
Thursday 28 May
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 12 June
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No 29 in A
Handel - Water Music Suite in F, Arrival of the Queen of Sheba, Vivaldi - Summer
Saturday 20 June
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Handel - Zadok the Priest, Hallelujah Chorus
Thursday 25 June
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Oboe Concerto in A Min, Handel - Concerto Grosso in A
Saturday 4 July
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto For Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Saturday 11 July
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100, Online: www.smif.org
Pew Sheet
The Third Sunday after Easter
26th April 2015
St James Garlickhythe
www.stjamesgarlickhythe.org
TODAY'S SERVICE
as for all services at St James', is according to the Book of Common Prayer (1662), with some minor variations in line with the revisions to the BCP proposed in 1928. The order of this 'Common Practice' (together with explanatory notes) is set out in the white booklets available from the Welcomers' Table.
Should you prefer to use the blue Prayer Book itself, the Communion service starts on page 236.
The Collect of the Day, Epistle & Gospel readings are included in this Pew Sheet for convenience (see right).
MUSIC
Organist: Alderman Dr Andrew Parmley
Choir: English Chamber Choir directed by Guy Protheroe
Setting: St Nicholas Mass Franz Joseph Haydn
HYMNS
At today's service we will sing hymn numbers:
487, 453 & 621.
INTROIT
(sung as the verger, wardens & ministers enter)
O Quam Gloriosum by Thomas Luis de Victoria
O quam gloriosum est regnum
in quo cum Christo gaudent omnes Sancti!
Amici stolis albis
sequuntur Agnum, quocumque ierit
O how glorious is the Kingdom
in which all the Saints rejoice with Christ
clad in robes of white
they follow the Lamb where he goes.
GRADUAL
(sung between the Epistle and Gospel readings)
The Easter Song of Praise by Richard Shepard.
Sing choirs of heaven, Let saints and angels sing.
Around God's throne exult in harmony! Now Jesus Christ is risen from the grave. Salute your king in glorious symphony. Sing choir of earth, Behold your light and name. The glory of the Lord shines radiantly. Lift up your hearts, for Christ has conquered death. The night is past, the day of life is here. Sing church of God: Exult with joy outpoured. The gospel trumpets tell of victory won! Your Saviour lives, he's with you evermore. Let all God's people shout the long Amen.
Isdorn 3:1-2a,3b
ORGAN VOLUNTARY
Fanfare by Kenneth Leighton.
COLLECT
Almighty God, who shewest to them that be in error the light of thy truth, to the intent that they may be converted unto thy righteousness: Grant unto all them that are admitted into the fellowship of Christ's religion, that they may eschew those things that are contrary to their profession, and follow all such things as are agreeable to the same; through our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.
EPISTLE
I St Peter 2.11-17
Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, abstain from fleshly lusts, which war against the soul; but ye have been called unto holiness among the Gentiles; that, whereas they speak against you as evildoers, they may, by your good works which they shall behold, glorify God on the day of visitation. Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake; whether it be to the king, as supreme; or unto governors, as unto them that are sent by him, for the punishment of evildoers, and for the praise of them that do well. For so is the will of God, that with well-doing ye may ye shall see me: and, because ye go to the Father? They said therefore, What is this that he saith, A little while? we cannot tell what he saith. Now Jesus knew that they were desirous to ask him, and said unto them, Do ye inquire one of yourselves of that I say, A little while, and ye shall not see me: and again a little while and ye shall see me? Verily, verily I say unto you, that ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice: and ye shall be sorrowful, but your sorrow shall be turned into joy. A woman, when she is in travail, hath sorrow, because her hour is come: but as soon as she is delivered of the child, she remembereth no more the anguish, for joy that a man is born into the world. And ye now therefore have sorrow: but I will see you again, and your heart shall rejoice, and your joy no man taketh from you.
GOSPEL
St John 16.16-22
Jesus said to his disciples, A little while and ye shall not see me; and again a little while and ye shall see me: because I go to the Father. Then said some of his disciples among themselves, What is this that he saith unto us, A little while and ye shall not see me; and again a little while and...
This week
Officiant: Priest-in-Charge
Preacher: Robin Sherlock
Reader: Billy Dave OBE
NEXT WEEK: The Fourth Sunday after Easter
Parish Notices
Potluck Lunch
To celebrate the first anniversary of the Jubilee Bell’s dedication, St James’ will have a potluck picnic lunch after the service on Trinity Sunday (31st May). Bring food and drink to share. If the weather is nice, we can sit outside.
Get ready! Church Spring cleaning is coming. Speak to a warden about taking part! The more of us there are, the funner it is and the quicker, we’re all done!
Parish prayer list
The Sick: Susan Webb, Yousef & Mira Nassar, Eileen Lincoln, Megan Brady, Charles Read, Tony Bown, Api, Sonia, Denis Ballard, Molly Varghese, Harry Carton, Frank Fleming, Fiona Sahi & Bernard Loubières.
For the new start Social Enterprise at St Andrew’s
For the Int Corps & our affiliated ivory companies.
For Christians persecuted for holding The Faith.
For the Holy Land.
Forthcoming Services
The Third Sunday after Easter (26th April)
Monday – Friday 8.20 a.m. M.P. (at SAW)
Man, Wed & Thursday 5.15 p.m. E.P. (at SJG)
Wednesday 12.15 p.m. Said HC (at SAW)
Thursday 1.00 p.m. Biblical reflection (at SAW)
The Fourth Sunday after Easter (3rd May)
10.30 a.m. Choral HC (at SJG)
SJG = St James Garlickhythe
SAW = Our sister church, St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe (see map for directions).
St Andrew’s is a 5 minute walk away along Queen Victoria Street.
Welcome to St James’
You are warmly invited to stay for refreshments after the service. If you are a newcomer, please say hello to the vicar or one of the Welcomers, we’d love to meet you!
You may find it helpful to use the white books: “Holy Communion at St James Garlickhythe”.
A “loop” system is available for those with hearing aids. A disabled access toilet is accessible through the door.
Those at the rehearsal last night will know about this already. Everyone else, please read this asap.
We have been asked, at rather short notice, to take part in a concert to mark the 70th anniversary of VE Day at the Royal Albert Hall on Sunday 10 May! The short notice is because they want to include 'Hymn to the Fallen' (composed by John Williams as part of the soundtrack to 'Saving Private Ryan') and that has a chorus. And as we're there we're going to join in 'Rule Britannia' with Catherine Jenkins at the end. You can find all the details if you Google RAH 10 May but it's the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra (the RPO's 'commercial' arm), presented by John Suchet, and broadcast live on Classic FM.
There is a modest contribution to Choir funds but the principal reasons for doing this are to have some fun and also because it's great PR for the Choir. They are also doing something from 'Band of Brothers' which doesn't involve us (yet) but as some of you may remember, we sang on the original soundtrack.
Rehearsal is at 4pm and the show is 7.30. We should have the music for next Tuesday's rehearsal.
We will be contracted for 30-40 singers but I have asked if there is space for more if we want it. The Albert Hall is a big space and although we will of course be miked up, we need a good strong sound to start off with. Our usual extras will be very welcome and if you know anyone else who you think would be appropriate to invite, please let me know.
Please can you drop me a line asap and let me know if you are up for this. There was considerable enthusiasm at last night's rehearsal, on the basis of which we went ahead and accepted the date, but I do need to get an idea of numbers pretty quickly. Thanks
All best
Ann
Posted by: "English Chamber Choir" <email@example.com>
MOZART REQUIEM
By Candlelight
HANDEL - Gloria
MOZART - Ave Verum Corpus
MOZART - Salzburg Symphony No 1
PURCELL - When I am laid in Earth (Dido's Lament)
PURCELL - 'Fairy Queen' Suite
Belmont Ensemble of London English Chamber Choir
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Tenor - Guy Cutting Bass - Philip Tebb
Tickets: £9, £16, £22, £25, £29
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smitf.org
Saturday 2 May at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Clara Hendrick
Tenor - Guy Cutting Bass - Philip Tebb
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 1 in D
Handel - Gloria in Excelsis Deo
Purcell - 'Fairy Queen' Suite
Purcell - Final Scenes from 'Dido and Aeneas'
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Mozart - Requiem
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The Interval is approximately 20 minutes long, with 5 minutes and 2 minutes either side of the interval.
Once the concert starts again admittance will only be between pieces.
The Canteen is open before and after concerts for refreshments.
The Café-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions. Tel: 020 7796 1166
The Novello Marimba Memorial Room is available for rehearsals and workshops. Please call 020 7796 1136.
For further information
For more information about St Martin's please visit our website: www.smof.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
www.belmontensemble.com
Mozart (1756 - 1791) – Ave Verum Corpus
This short work was composed in Vienna on 17th and 18th June 1791, six months before Mozart died, and only a few weeks before the commission of the ‘Requiem’ was received.
‘The work is scored for a four-part choir’, with either strings or Organ accompaniment. The Latin words translate to follow: Jesus, Lamb of God, Redeemer. Born of the Virgin Mary who upon the cross hastened salvation won. From whose side, which man pierced, flowed the water and the blood. By the sacred body broken in life and death, our food’.
Mozart – Salzburg Symphony No 1 in D
Allegro - Andante - Allegro
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the Austrian composer, violinist, organist and conductor was born in Salzburg in 1756, the son of Leopold Kapsberger, the Archbishop of Salzburg. Mozart had exceptional musical talent as a child, playing the klavier at three and composing by the age of five. This symphony, or divertimento comes from a set of three written in early 1772 in Salzburg, originally for string quartet.
Handel (1685 – 1759) – Gloria in Excelsis Deo
Gloria – Et in terra – Laudamus Te – Domine Deus
Qui tollis – Quoniam tu solus – Cum Sancto Spiritu
‘Gloria in excelsis Deo’ is a newly discovered work which was found at the Royal Academy of Music, London, in 1937. It was thought to be in Handel’s hand, but is found in a collection of Italian arias owned by singer William Savage (1720-1789) and left to the Academy by his student RJ S Stevens on his death in 1837. It was identified by Professor Hans Joachim Marx of Hamburg, Germany.
Handel may have composed it during his early years in Germany prior to his departure for Italy. Handel later borrowed from the Gloria to compose his Laudate pueri dominum and the Utrecht Jubilate.
The work is composed for soprano, 2-part violin, and basso continuo. It consists of 7 short movements.
The first performance of the Gloria was given by soprano Rebecca Ryan and other students of the Royal Academy of Music, and Nicholas McCagart (conductor) in London on 15 March 2001.
Purcell (1659 – 1695) – ‘Fairy Queen’ Suite
Prelude – Rondeau – Jig – Homppe – Dance of the Fairies – Chaccone
Purcell was responsible for adding the magnetic power of many post-Restoration plays, and a selection of his incidental music was published after his death by his
widow as 'A collection of Ayres, Composed for the Theatres, and upon other Occasions'. The 'Act-Music' for string orchestra provided punctuation in the dramas. The theatres demanded preliminary music 'First and Second Music' before the Overture and each act was usually rounded off with a short 'Act Tune'.
The first performance of 'The Fairy Queen' took place at the Dorset Gardens Theatre, London, in April 1692. The result is a remarkably spontaneous English composition based on the subject of Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'.
**Purcell – Final Scenes from 'Dido and Aeneas'**
Great minds against themselves conspire
When I am laid in earth, let worms consume my bones
O happy Dido, when thou shalt be among us, ye Cupids come
*Dido and Aeneas* is an opera by the English Baroque composer Henry Purcell, from a libretto by Nahum Tate. The first known performance was at Josiah Priest's girls' school in the spring of 1689. It comprises three acts and lasts about an hour.
It is based on a story from the fourth book of Virgil's *Aeneid*, of the legendary Queen of Carthage, Dido and the Trojan refugee, Aeneas. When Aeneas and his crew are shipwrecked in Carthage, he and the queen fall in love. However, Aeneas must soon leave to found Rome. Dido cannot live without him and awaits death.
**Mozart – Requiem**
| INTROITUS | Requiem aeternam |
| KYRIE | |
| SEQUENTIA | Dies Irae, Tuba Mirum, Rex Tremendae, Recordare, Confutatis, Lachrymosa |
| OFFERTORIUM | |
| SANCTUS | Domine Jesu, Hostias |
| BENEDICTUS | |
| AGNUS DEI | |
| COGITO ANIMI | Lux Aeterna |
It is generally thought that by July 1791 Mozart had sunk irretrievably into the abyss of poverty and despair! In fact, that summer found him busy and happy. His usually troubled mind was now more stable and his commissions were coming in as fast as he could handle them. His old friend Emanuel Schikaneder had recently engaged him for 'Die Zauberflöte' and some time around the middle of July a commission came from Prague, for what became 'La Clemenza di Tito' for festivities at the coronation in September of Leopold II of Bohemia.
Another commission for a 'Requiem' Mozart also arrived that summer. Its source was Count Franz Walsegg, a wealthy musician and nobleman recently widowed. Walsegg was in the habit of commissioning works from various composers, recognising the parts in his own hand, and giving private performances at which he would ask listeners to guess the identity of the composer. Walsegg presumably commissioned the 'Requiem' in memory of his late wife, although he sought to
conceal from Mozart his role in the undertaking, there is no evidence that he planned to pass off the work as his own composition.
Work did not start on the commission until mid September 1791 as Mozart was still working on 'Die Zauberflöte' and The Creation of the World for Stagno. In November Mozart began to complain of feeling unwell while composing a cantata for his Masonic Lodge; he was still unable to find time for the 'Requiem'. His final illness set in on 20th November.
At the time of Mozart's death on 5th December 1791, only the Introit was fully complete, the Kyrie was essentially complete, except for some minor scoring. Five of the six sections of the Sequenzia and both of the Offertorium has been outlined - all vocal parts were written out, and there was a detailed figured bass and sketchy indication of instrumentation. Of the first part of the Sequenzia - the Lachrymae, the emotional and structural crux of the whole work, Mozart had set down only the first 8 bars.
Before his death Mozart had certainly discussed the work with Sussmayr, his assistant, and after much persuasion Constanze Mozart finally agreed that Sussmayr should be allowed to complete the work based on the sketches which had been left.
---
Originally from California, Elizabeth Weissberg (Soprano) studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy's highest award for performance.
On the concert platform Elizabeth has appeared in the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh, and Three Choirs Festivals and with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir John Eliot, Sir Roger Norrington, Iván Fischer, Emmanuelle Haim, Paul Plishka, Hans Bichler, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London's Handel House Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St. Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Singers and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included The Creation of the World for Stagno, Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Messiah with Sir Elton, the Royal Albert Hall with the RPO, Galatea (Aria and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St. Matthew Passion with the Manchester Camerata in the Barbican, and with the Orchestra from the Royal Opera House Covent Garden, Mozart and The English Concert at Cadogan Hall, Bach B Minor Mass in the Three Choirs Festival, the title role in Handel's Theodora in concert for The Belmont Ensemble, The Creation of the World for Paul Morley in concert for The Belmont Ensemble, Matthew Passion with Fischer and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the QEII, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Tewkesbury Abbey, Brahms
Requiem in Southwark Cathedral and Dafne (Apollo e Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent opera work includes Venus and Adonis for Transition Opera at Wilton’s Music Hall, First Night in Purlieus Don Giovanni, Aeneas and Terpsichore in Aeneid, and Monteverdi Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haïm at Opéra de Lille, Théâtre du Châtelet and Opéra National du Rhin as well as Gaetana (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
Ciara Hendrick (Mezzo-Soprano) studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Royal Opera School and the Royal Opera House. Roles include Hansel, Humperdinck’s Hansel & Gretel (Hansel); The Yearning of the Gypsies (Blanche Hermia (cover), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Ganariont); Irene, Theodora (St Martin-in-the-Fields); Susanna, The Bell (Rossini, cover); Amira, La Clemenza di Tito (Rosalyn Hill), Cherubino, Il barbiere di Figaro; Chérubin, Werther; and Il barbiere di Siviglia and Lazuli, L’Étoile (Stratford upon Avon Studio) and created the role of Margarida in Julius Philips’ The Yellow Sofa (Glyndebourne Opera). As a solo recitalist, Ciara has appeared with the LSO, recording the title track of the Oscar-nominated film, Incendies.
Regular oratorio and recital engagements include Handel’s Messiah at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, Vivaldi’s Gloria and Bach’s Magnificat at St Martin-in-the-Fields and St George’s, London, and op.36, Oxford, Haydn Festival. Other recent engagements have included the requiem for Garzini’s production of La périchole, a recital at Lille Opera House for Emmanuelle Haïm, Handel’s Dixit Dominus at St Martin-in-the-Fields and the title role in Handel’s Susanna with Christian Cumyn for Ford Festival Opera.
As a chorister and later a choral scholar at New College, Oxford under Edward Higginbottom, Guy Clark (Tenor) gained extensive experience touring worldwide and recording works on BBC television and radio, including as tenor in Mozart’s Requiem as tenor soloist, and appearing as soloist on their recent Couperin, Charpentier and Bach recordings. After graduating with a first-class degree in September 2012, Guy moved to London and began work as a freelance tenor under the coaching of Susan Roberts.
Recent solo performances include J.S. Bach’s St John Passion under the direction of John Eliot Gardiner with the Ulster and London Symphony Chorus in San Francisco, Britten’s Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings in Oxford, Purcell’s Ode for St Cecilia’s Day with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment in the Queen Elizabeth Hall, two of Bach’s cantatas (106 and 153) with the OAE in Kings Place, Monteverdi’s Vespers of the Blessed Virgin and the Sequenza for the Mass in B Minor with the Swedish Baroque Orchestra in Stockholm, and Mozart’s Requiem with the Shizuoka Children’s Choir and the Orchestra of Tokyo University in Japan. Alongside solo work, Guy also enjoys working with a number of London’s most prestigious choirs, including The Tallis Scholars, The Monteverdi Choir,
Polyphony, The Gabrieli Consort, The Sixteen, The Marian Consort, The Orlando Consort, The Tallis Scholars, Gallicantus and Alamire. Outside of the UK, he has begun working for both Ensemble Maim’s ensemble, Le Concert D’Astrée, and the Nederlands Kamerkoor. In addition, he is a permanent member of The Temple Church Choir, London.
Solo engagements for 2013/2014 include appearing as Evangelist in J.S. Bach’s St Matthew Passion at Utrecht for Johannes Leonardus; as Mozart discolor in The Choir of St Mary Magdalen, Oxford; Bach’s St Matthew Passion and St Letha’s Music Festival in Docking (arias); a Croft/Handel programme with the OAE and Contrapundus in Oxford; and returning to Japan to perform Mozart’s Requiem and to California for his concert with the San Francisco Bach Soloists. He is the first recipient of the American Bach Soloists’ Jeffrey Thomas Award - an award for emerging professionals who show exceptional promise and accomplishment in the field of early music.
Philip Tabb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar, before graduating from the Royal College of Music on the Benjamin Britten International Opera School with Russell Smythe. His studies at RCM were generously supported by the Anne Clayton Award, Stanley Picker Trust Award, the Audrey Sackey Award and the Josephine Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Demetrius in Britten’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Herod in Janáček’s Cunning Little Vixen; Niccolò in Handel Alzamira (as part of the London Handel Festival); Ferrando in Mozart’s The Abduction From the Seraglio; Antonio in Rossini’s Il Barbiere di Figaro. Professional stage work includes covering the role of Peter Quince in Britten’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream at Garsington Opera, singing the role of Silvano in Verdi’s La Battaglia at the Welsh National Opera and appearing in a production of Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is in great demand as an oratorio soloist. Appearances last year included: Bach Mattheus Passion (Christus and Arias) with Jesus College Chapel Choirs and the Saraband Consort; Bach Weihnachts Oratorium with Cor Dyson, Brahms Ein Deutsches Requiem with Trinity Choral Society and Lewes Minster Choir, Bodley, Handel Cettingen Te Deum with St Ives’s Choral Society, Handel Israel in Egypt with the Cambridge Singers, Handel Messiah with the Cambridge Singers, St Neots Choral Choir and Forest School Choral Society, Handel Samson with St Neots Choral Society, Haydn Nelson Mass with Barba’s Chamber Choir and Somerville Choral Society, Mendelssohn Elijah with Birmingham Choral Society, Purcell C Minor Mass with Barbs Choir and Scarlatti Missa della Santa Cecilia with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed: Fauré Requiem; Handel Acis and Galatea (Polyphemus); Handel Messiah; Handel Theodora; Mozart Coronation Mass; Mozart Requiem and Mozart Vesparae solemnis de confessore.
Peter Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a 'Baroque specialist' and by the London Evening Standard as 'An Internationally respected conductor'.
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Muuss from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoire's most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queens Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3; He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in Prague, the Filharmonia Czeska Budejovice, Filharmonie Hradec Kralove, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic), and the New Singers. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra in the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St Paul's Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in 2015.
A former school choir, he has conducted the choir in a concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the Enigma Chamber Choir, the Talis Chamber Choir, the Joyful Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir, and Choral Scholars, St Martin-in-the-Fields, the Codina Singers, the Westminster Abbey Choir, the Chamber Music Arts Chorus, Severncoats Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Baris Chamber Choir.
He has conducted at London's premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John's Smith Square, St James's Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1981, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Orchestra was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1980s. They have since given over 600 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts for its survival.
In 1998 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall, until recently they were regular performers at London's Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane's Church, St Paul's Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James's Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous smaller town Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the stations first ever Christmas Day Concert, since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton's Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the USA. "The orchestra's playing is light, playful and precise".
Belmont Records was set up in 1995, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi's Four Seasons and Piazzolla's 'Four Seasons Concertante'. The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensemble members, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading London orchestras including the Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.belmontensemble.com
MOZART & MOONLIGHT
By Candlelight
BEETHOVEN - 'Moonlight' Sonata
MOZART - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
MOZART - Piano Concerto No 12 in A
MOZART - Salzburg Symphony No 2
MOZART - Divertimento in D
MOZART - Church Sonata in D
BACH - Air on the G String
Belmont Ensemble of London
*One of the UK's most exciting orchestras* Classic FM
Conductor - Peter G Dyson Piano - Costas Fotopoulos
www.belmontensemble.com
Tickets: £9, £13, £18, £22, £25
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smif.org
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and most respected groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the variety of its engagements. Based in the City, local appearances have included John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Alium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents a number of recital programmes here, and in some other London churches including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Hertford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Portugal.
While the Choir’s live performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover a wide range of selections of more commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s *1492*, *Conquest of Paradise* with Vangelis, television programmes such as *The Simpsons*, *Bosom Buddies* and *Friends* and films including the *Era* series with French composer Eric Levi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *St Wales of Henry VIII* by Nick Vivian, and a few months later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestral programme ‘P.O.’s’ at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally issued by Sony in Greece, has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Albeira Kassaris in the UK.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary concert in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another great Italian work, the *Te Deum* by Tenebræ, both at the Brighton Festival, and the premiere of *The Friends of the ECHO* scheme which includes a series of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
email@example.com
www.englishchamberchoir.com
CLASSIC FM PRESENTS
VE DAY AT 70
LIVE FROM THE ROYAL ALBERT HALL
SUNDAY 10 MAY 2015 | 7.30PM
LIVE IN THE NOW
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AFTER THE WAR, REBUILDING WILL COME FIRST
CLASSIC FM PRESENTS
VE DAY AT 70
LIVE FROM THE ROYAL ALBERT HALL
SUNDAY 10 MAY 2015 | 7.30PM
A night of breathtaking music from the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra plus special guests
Sir Winston Churchill’s family
Classic FM’s John Suchet & Myleene Klass
Katherine Jenkins | Wynne Evans
Rebecca Ferguson
VE DAY AT 70 CONCERT PROGRAMME
Mars, The Bringer Of War
Holst
Battle Of Britain March
Goodwin
Gone With The Wind
Steiner
We'll Gather Lilacs
Novello
Performed by Katherine Jenkins
Calling All Workers
Coates
Touch Her Soft Lips & Part
Walton
Dambusters Theme
Coates
I'll Be Seeing You
Faisv/Kabal
Performed by Rebecca Ferguson
Hymn To The Fallen
Williams
Pomp & Circumstance March No. 4
Elgar
INTERVAL
Fanfare For The Common Man
Copland
Spitfire Prelude
Walton
Schindler's List: Main Theme
Williams
Embraceable You
Gershwin
Performed by Rebecca Ferguson
London Suite: Knightsbridge March
Coates
Enigma Variations: Nimrod
Elgar
I Vow To Thee My Country
Holst
Performed by Wynne Evans
Enigma Variations: Finale
Elgar
Colonel Bogey March
Alford
We'll Meet Again
Parker/Charles
Performed by Katherine Jenkins
Rule Britannia
Arne
Performed by Katherine Jenkins
Crown Imperial
Walton
Track list subject to change
Image courtesy of Imperial War Museums
PERFORMERS
JOHN SUCHET & MYLEENE KLASS
"My love and I are immensely proud to host VE Day at 70 as we mark 70 years since the end of war in Europe. I can't think of a better way to celebrate this world-changing moment in our history than an evening of the world's greatest music at the Royal Albert Hall."
KATHERINE JENKINS
"It is an honour to be invited to perform at the Classic FM VE Day 70th anniversary celebration at the Royal Albert Hall. Over the three days of celebrations we will commemorate those who fought and defended our country."
Photograph © Chloe Muller
WYNNE EVANS
"I am extremely proud to be performing at the VE Day at 70 concert to commemorate VE Day, and honoured to be returning to such an auspicious venue as the Royal Albert Hall."
REBECCA FERGUSON
"I feel privileged to be taking part in the VE Day celebrations as it is both a special day and beautiful reminder that good always conquers evil in the end. It is a lovely time to remember all those who laid down their lives for our freedom."
THE ROYAL PHILHARMONIC CONCERT ORCHESTRA
The Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra was formed in 1987 and has built up an international reputation in its own right. Performing in the major concert halls and concert venues in the UK and around the world, from China and the Far East to Europe and South America, the RPCO is known for its versatile programming of classical, light classical and popular music. The RPCO is regularly seen working with renowned artists in the worlds of Classical Music, Pop music and the West End stage. Appearances include Ant and Dec’s Saturday Night Takeaway for ITV, the Hastings International Piano Concerto Competition, an Elgar celebration concert in his home town of Malvern on the composer’s birthday and a special tribute to the screening of two iconic films at the Royal Albert Hall ‘Singin’ in the Rain and Fantasia. Touring commitments this year include concerts as far afield as Gabon, Moscow and China.
www.rpco.co.uk
CREDITS
Conductor: Mike Dixon
Orchestra leader: Helena Wood
Actors: David Bradley
Adam James
Susie Riddell
Choir: English Chamber Choir
Produced by: A TBI Media and Snappin’ Turtle Production for Classic FM
Executive Producer: Phil Critchlow
Writer: Jonathan Mayo
Producers: Andrew Wyke, Michael Traboulsi, Ben Taylor
Graphic Design: Digital Island
“The Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra is honoured to be taking part in this VE Day Anniversary concert with Classic FM. We hope this evening of beautiful and moving music will mark the occasion and celebrate this momentous event in history.”
Malcolm Wilson, RPCO General Manager
VE DAY AT 70 PROGRAMME
Act 1
1. Mars, The Bringer Of War
Holst
2. Battle Of Britain March
Goodwin
3. Gone With The Wind
Steiner
4. We'll Gather Lilacs
Novello
Performed by Katherine Jenkins
5. Calling All Workers
Coates
6. Touch Her Soft Lips & Part
Walton
7. Dambusters Theme
Coates
8. I'll Be Seeing You
Fain/Kahal
Performed by Rebecca Ferguson
9. Hymn To The Fallen
Williams
10. Pomp & Circumstance March No. 4
Elgar
INTERVAL
Act 2
11. Fanfare For The Common Man
Copland
12. Spitfire Prelude
Walton
13. Schindler's List: Main Theme
Williams
14. Embraceable You
Gershwin
Performed by Rebecca Ferguson
15. London Suite: Knightsbridge March
Coates
16. Enigma Variations: Nimrod
Elgar
17. I Vow To The My Country
Holst
Performed by Wynne Evans
18. Enigma Variations: Finale
Elgar
19. Colonel Bogey March
Alford
20. We'll Meet Again
Parker/Charles
Performed by Katherine Jenkins
21. Rule Britannia
Arne
Performed by Katherine Jenkins
22. Crown Imperial
Walton
Just so you know - a new incumbent will be on the cards!
Bob
CHANGES AFOOT AT ST ANDREW BY THE WARDROBE AND ST JAMES GARLICKHYTHE
Following the public announcement that the Ven. Rachel Treweek is to be the next Bishop of Gloucester, her husband, the Rev. Guy Treweek, Priest-in-Charge of the two parishes has, together with the Bishop, been considering the best way to maintain mission and ministry in the parishes, whilst still freeing Guy up to support Rachel in her call to Gloucester.
To this end Guy will be resigning as Priest-in-Charge of both parishes to make way for new leadership (w.e.f. 31st July 2015).
However, the Bishop of London has asked Guy to remain a part of the wider ministry team in the City of London and to continue leading and shaping St Andrew’s mission projects including its new start social enterprise, Clean for Good. St Andrew’s is to maintain its highly productive link to the East End through its partnership with St Peter’s Bethnal Green and the Centre for Theology and Community.
Guy’s new role will be as part-time Chaplain for Social Investment at St Andrew’s.
Please pray for the two parishes, and for Guy and Rachel as they enter this new season.
Thursday 28 May at 7.30pm
FAURÉ REQUIEM
By Candlelight
MOZART - Ave Verum Corpus
MOZART - Salzburg Symphony No 2
MOZART - Church Sonata in D
BACH - Air on the G String
BACH - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
HANDEL - Gloria (from Dixit Dominus)
FAURÉ - Cantiqüe de Jean Racine
FAURÉ - Pavane
Belmont Ensemble of London
English Chamber Choir
Conductor - Peter G Dyson Organ - Michael Higgins
Tickets: £9, £13, £18, £22, £25
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smitf.org
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Friday 8 May
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12 in A
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2, Divertimento in D
Thursday 28 May
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 12 June
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No 29 in A
Handel - Water Music Suite in F, Arrival of the Queen of Sheba, Vivaldi - Summer
Saturday 20 June
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Handel - Zadok the Priest, Hallelujah Chorus
Thursday 25 June
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Oboe Concerto in A Min, Handel - Concerto Grosso in A
Saturday 4 July
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto For Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Saturday 11 July
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 24 July
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min
Thursday 30 July
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 3, Serenata Notturna
Vivaldi - Spring, Pachelbel - Canon, Bach - Air on the G String, Purcell - Chaconne
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smif.org
Sinatra 100 with Todd Gordon
Wednesday 1 July at 8pm
Celebrate the centenary of the one and only Frank Sinatra with a spellbinding interweaving of voice and backing by Todd Gordon and trio.
Further Details
English Chamber Choir & Jazz Trio
Sunday 5 July at 8pm
An evening of nostalgia, humour and some of the 20th century’s most enduring music - featuring songs by George and Ira Gershwin, Leonard Bernstein, Kurt Weill and more.
Further Details
John Wilson in Conversation with Edward Seckerson
Thursday 9 July at 8pm
Ground-breaking conductor John Wilson in conversation with well-known presenter Edward Seckerson, featuring excerpts of Wilson’s superb musical interpretations.
Further Details
Events
- All Events
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- Cinema
- Classes & Courses
- Families & FUSION
- FUSION Youth
Thursday 28 May at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson Organ - Michael Higgins
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Bass - Philip Tebb
Bach - Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden'
Bach - Air on the G String
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
Mozart - Church Sonata in D
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Handel - Coronation Anthem 'Let they Hand be Strengthened'
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Faure - Cantique de Jean Racine
Faure - Pavane
Faure - Requiem
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The interval lasts 20 minutes. A bell will be rung 5 minutes and 2 minutes before the end of the interval.
Once the interval has started, no accompaniment should be between pieces.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt is normally open during the interval.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions - Tel: 020 7796 1165
The Neville Marriner Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops - Tel: 020 7796 1136
For more information about St Martin's please visit our website: www.smtf.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
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Bach (1685 - 1759) - Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle heiden'
Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden (Praise the Lord), BWV 230, is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach. It draws its text from Psalm 117 verses 1-2.
Bach wrote six surviving complete motets. Bach's first biographer, Forkel, refers to "many single- and double-choir motets", implying that there are many others, though only six complete ones and a few scattered movements survive today.
This motet was first published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1834, rather early as a publication of Bach's works go, too early to have been part of the Mendelssohn revival; the publisher claimed that the manuscript was in Bach's hand. Still, it could have been a copy made by Bach of another unknown work.
The fact that the vocal writing is unusually virtuosic for the choral parts, even as Bach's other motets show Bach's ability to compose that which is more instrumental in character, and thus not really vocal-like. This is particularly true of the many leaping passages - even when the voice leaps through a triad, this is not as idiomatic for a voice as it is for any instrument, the voice prefers stepwise writing.
The text translates as 'Praise the Lord all Nations, and Praise him all peoples. For his grace and truth rule over us for ever'.
Bach - Air on the G String
The four Ouvertures or orchestral suites are masterly examples of Bach's favourite type of Baroque composition, and contain some of his most exuberant and attractive music. The Third and Fourth Suites, which have trumpets and drums added to some movements, were undoubtedly intended for performance out of doors. The popular Air is taken from the Third Suite in D.
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring is the most common English title of the 10th and last movement of the cantata Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147 ("Heart and Mouth and Deed and Life"), composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1716 and 1723. Written during his first year in Leipzig, Germany, this chorale movement is one of Bach's most enduring works.
Much of the music of Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben comes from Bach's Weimar period, but earlier versions (BWV Anh. 106, composed 1716) lacked the recitative, but included the opening chorus and the two arias incorporated into the later version. For Leipzig, composed 1723, Bach added three recitatives and the celebrated chorale movement which concludes each of the two parts.
Although it is the 32nd surviving cantata that Bach composed, it was assigned the number BWV 147 in the complete catalogue of his works. Bach wrote a total of 200
cantatas during his time in Leipzig, largely to meet the Leipzig Churches' demand for about 58 different cantatas each year.
Contrary to the common assumption, the violinist and composer Johann Schöp, not Bach, composed the movement's underlying chorale melody, Werde munter, mein Gemüthe; Bach's contribution was to harmonize and orchestrate it.
**Mozart (1756 - 1791) – Church Sonata in D (Allegro)**
The *Church Sonatas*, which Mozart refers to in a 1776 letter to his Italian champion Padre Martini, were played as part of the Mass between the reading (or chanting) of the Epistle and the Gospel in services at Salzburg Cathedral, although similar sorts of pieces occasionally occurred at other venues in Catholic Europe.
None of the succeeding organists or composers at Salzburg Cathedral cultivated the genre after 1783, a few years after Mozart had left. In 1784 Archbishop Hieronymus of Salzburg decreed that the *Church Sonatas* be replaced by vocal *Graduals* and a new output of choral composition took the place of the *Sonatas*.
**Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus**
This short work was composed in Vienna on 17th and 18th June 1791, six months before Mozart died, and only a few weeks before the commission of the 'Requiem' was received.
The work is scored for a four-part choir with either Strings or Organ accompaniment. The Latin words translate as follows: 'Jesus, Lamb of God, Redeemer, Born of the Virgin Mary, who upon the cross hast man's salvation won. From whose side, which man pierced, flowed the water and the blood. By the sacred body broken in life and death, our food.'
**Mozart – Salzburg Symphony No 2 in Bb**
*Allegro - Andante - Rondo*
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the Austrian composer, violinist, organist and conductor was born in Salzburg in 1756, the son of the Kapellmeister to the Prince Archbishop of Salzburg. Mozart showed exceptional musical talent as a child, playing the klavier at three and composing by the age of five.
This symphony, or divertimento comes from a set of three written in early 1772 in Salzburg, originally for string quartet.
Handel (1685 - 1759) - Coronation Anthem 'Let Thy Hand be Strengthened'
Let thy Hand be Strengthened – Let justice and judgement - Alleluia
Though born in Germany, Handel visited England many times, and eventually settled here, becoming a naturalised British subject. He was a prolific composer in all the main forms of his day, both choral and instrumental: opera, oratorio, symphonic suites, concertos sonatas etc.
In June 1727 the King George I died suddenly, and was succeeded by his son, George II. Handel had taken up his British citizenship that year, and was asked to write an anthem for the Coronation. Although the choice was almost certainly through the influence of the new King and Queen that Handel, in preference to Maurice Green (who had just succeeded to the most senior position in the Chapel Royal) was chosen to compose fresh settings for the Coronation.
The choice of texts was well established, and had been first used at the coronation of Charles I, one hundred years earlier. The text of the anthem ‘Zadok the Priest’ refers to the coronation of King Solomon’s father for his wisdom – a highly flattering comparison for the new monarch; this anthem was intended for the Anointing. ‘Let thy hand be Strengthened’ seems to have been for the early ‘recognising’ part of the service, and ‘Let justice and judgement’ was later used in the service of the Queen’s Coronation and ‘The King shall Rejoice’ (Psalm 21) for the King’s Coronation itself.
The ceremony took place on 11 October 1727 in Westminster Abbey. The performance at the coronation was by large forces - an orchestra of 160 players, and a choir of about 50. Unfortunately the performance was not good, being let down by poor organisation. The officiating Archbishop of Canterbury recorded on his Order of Service that the voices confused, and all irregular in the music.
Later on Handel incorporated nearly all the music from the Anthems into his oratorios ‘Deborah’ and ‘Esther’, which brought them before a wider public, and in descent performances. Zadok the Priest has been sung at every English Coronation since its original appearance in 1727.
Fauré (1845 – 1924) – Cantique de Jean Racine
Perhaps because he was never directly renowned as a outstanding organist and teacher, Fauré only slowly gained recognition as a composer. Although he wrote several works involving a full orchestra, his particular talent lay with the more intimate musical forms – songs, piano music and chamber music. His somewhat austere style and highly individual harmonic language contrasts markedly with the music of the Austro-German tradition which dominated European music from the time of Beethoven until well into the twentieth century.
The subtlety of Fauré’s music, and his concentration on the small-scale, led many to criticise him for lacking depth, a judgement based on the mistaken premise that the bigger and bolder a composer’s music the more worthwhile it must be. Fauré deliberately avoided the grander kind of orchestral music that could easily have
brought him fame and fortune. He preferred instead to embrace an elegant and subtle musical language that has won him increasing numbers of admirers.
The *Cantique* is a setting of words by the 17th century dramatist and poet Jean Racine. It was Faure’s first significant composition, written in 1885 when he was in his final year at the École Niedermeyer, the ‘École de musique religieuse et classique’. He submitted the piece for the composition prize, and won, though it was only published in 1904. There is a full orchestral version following in 1906. Faure went on to write a good deal of religious music – including a Requiem, written in 1888 – but of the shorter sacred pieces it is the *Cantique* that has particularly captured the affections of choirs and audiences.
**Fauré – Pavane**
The Pavane dates from 1887, the same year as the Requiem. It is dedicated to the Countess Greffulhe, a patron of Parisian society of the time. Originally written for orchestra alone, choral parts were added later using the text written by the Countess’ cousin. It is not wholly clear how happy Faure was at the addition of the chorus, despite praising it in a letter to his patron, his politeness may have been overriding his musical judgement!
It is rarely performed with the chorus nowadays, which adds rather too much formality and weight to what is essentially a light essay in nostalgia. As Faure deprecates the chorus, the words – “Mélodie” – are otherwise important. Interestingly, there is a link with Stravinsky through the impresario Diaghilev: the Pavane was danced as a ballet in 1917 by Diaghilev’s influential Ballet Russe company, who, in the previous five years, had given the premieres of all Stravinsky’s great ballets.
**Fauré – Requiem**
*Introit et Kyrie* – *Offertory* – *Sanctus* – *Pie Jesu* – *Agnus Dei*
*Liberate me* – *In Paradisum*
From the age of nine Faure studied music at the École Niedermeyer, the ‘École de musique religieuse et classique’, where Saint-Saëns was a member of staff. Saint-Saëns was himself a progressive teacher, introducing his pupils not only to the music of Bach and Mozart but also to controversial composers such as Wagner and Liszt. Unlike most major French composers, Faure did not attend the Paris Conservatoire but continued his studies with Saint-Saëns, who greatly encouraged him by paving the way and helping him to get his music published. The two became lifelong friends, and although they fell out over everything to Saint-Saëns.
Faure was a fine organist and in 1896 was appointed to the prestigious Madeleine church in Paris. He was also an excellent teacher, and it was because of his renowned expertise as organist and teacher only slowly gained recognition as a composer. He eventually became professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire, and its Director from 1905 to 1920.
The *Requiem* was composed in 1888, when Fauré was in his forties, quite probably in response to the recent death of his father. Shortly after its first performance, Fauré’s mother also died, giving the work an added poignancy.
In 1900, under some pressure from his publishers, he reluctantly agreed to the release of a piano version containing additional instrumental parts designed to broaden the work’s appeal. Nowadays, such a favourite that it comes as a surprise to learn that it did not gain widespread popularity until the nineteen-fifties. In its sequel of movements the *Requiem* is a work of great subtlety: in the second liturgical text, Fauré included two new sections, the lyrical *Pie Jesu* and the transcendent *In Paradisum*, with its soaring vocal line and murmuring harp accompaniment. He also added the *Dies Irae* and *Tuba Mirum* – for most composers an opportunity to exploit to the full the dramatic possibilities of all the available choral and orchestral forces. Consequently the prevailing mood is one of peacefulness and serenity, and the work has often been described, quite justly, as a Requiem without the Last Judgement.
Of the many versions of the *Requiem*, this is probably the most widely loved. In comparison with the large-scale masterpieces of Verdi, Brahms and Berlioz, Fauré’s setting seems gentle and unassuming, yet it is this very quality of understatement which contributes so eloquently to the work’s universal appeal. Whether the *Requiem* is performed in one of its orchestral versions or simply with organ accompaniment, it is impossible not to be moved by the ethereal beauty of this humble masterpiece.
Tonight we perform a new arrangement for strings, organ, choir and soloists by composer Michael Higgins.
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**Michael Higgins (Organ)** studied piano with Margaret Newman at the Birmingham Conservatoire, and at the Royal Academy of Music, London, with Iain Leidingham and Julian Drake. He was awarded the Joseph Weinigarten Memorial Trust Scholarship, and completed his studies with Kálmán Dávid at the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music, Budapest.
Regularly performing throughout the United Kingdom, Europe and further afield, he has given concerto performances with the New London Soloists Orchestra at St Martin-in-the-Fields and worked with the London Youth Choir of Christopher Tin conducted by Daniel Barenboim and Gustavo Dudamel (BBC Proms). In 2012, he toured New Zealand supported by the British Council which enabled him to give recitals and lead workshops in schools damaged by the earthquakes in Christchurch. Michael has appeared on BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 5 Live, and on the television version of ‘It Takes a Choir’ for USA television, as well as recording the album ‘Voices’ released on the Decca label. He also appeared on the Queen’s Christmas Message accompanying the Military Wives Choir filmed at Buckingham Palace.
Recordings include 'Waves' with flautist Averil Williams (Fine Arts Music), 'Hugh Benham: A Triumph Song' (Convivium Records) and he was producer for a disc of choral music by Jonathan Dove released by Naxos. A recording of his arrangement of Faure's 'Requiem' for string quintet has recently been released by Convivium Records.
Michael studied organ with Andrew Fletcher, was Organ Scholar at Birmingham Metropolitan Cathedral, and is now Director of Music at the Church of St John the Baptist, Wimbledon where he has founded two thriving choirs for adults and children. He accompanies the Wimbledon Choral Society and the National Children's Choir of Great Britain.
As a composer and arranger he has answered a number of commissions including songs for a set of educational books published in Singapore, arrangements for various projects with Gareth Malone including 'Voices', the Children BRIT awards, BBC Children in Need and the Royal Variety Performance. Many of his choral and organ works are published by Novello and Kevin Mayhew Publishers.
Originally from California, Elizabeth Welsberg (Soprano) studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy's highest award for performance.
On the concert platform, Elizabeth has appeared in the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh, and Three Choirs Festivals and with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Ivan Fischer, Emmanuelle Haim, Trevor Pinnock, Hans Bickel, Paul van Kranmer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London's Handel House Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Poissy with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Mendelssohn Elijah in the Royal Albert Hall with the RPO, Galatea (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St. Matthew Passion with the Monteverdi Choir in the Bridgewater Hall with Kraemer, scenes from Purcell Fairy Queen with Harry Bicket and The English Concert in Cadogan Hall, Bach B Minor Mass in the Three Choirs Festival, the title role in Handel Teodora, a concert for the Belmont Ensemble, Haydn Creation, Mass for Paul McCreesh in Wroclaw, Poland, Bach St. Matthew Passion with Finzi String Quartet, Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the QEH, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Tewkesbury, Bach St. John's Requiem in Southwark Cathedral, and Dafne (Apollo e Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent opera work includes Venus and Adonis for Translation Opera at Wilton's Music Hall, Fidelio in Purcell Dido and Aeneas for the Temple Festival, and Monteverdi Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haim at Opéra de Lille, Théâtre du Châtelet and
Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
Philip Tebb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar to the Cathedral, and at the Royal Academy of Music under Benjamin Britten International Opera School with Michael Smythe. His studies at RCM were generously supported by the Anne Clayton Award, Stanley Picker Trust Award, the Audrey Sacher Award and the Josephine Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Derrius in Gluck’s Alceste; the Nightingale in Janáček’s Cunning Little Vixen; Nicanor in Handel Alcina (as part of the London Handel Festival); Father Trulove in Stravinsky The Rake’s Progress and Antonio in Mozart Le Nozze di Figaro. Professional stage roles have included covering the role of Peter Quince in Britten’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream for Gauntlett Opera and singing the role of Schauhaus in Puccini La Bohème for Wedmore Opera and appearing in a production of Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is in great demand as an oratorio soloist. Appearances last year included Bach Matthäus Passion (Christus) and St John with Jesus College Chapel Choirs and the St John’s College Choir; Bach Magnificat Oratorio with Colchester; Brahms Ein Deutsches Requiem with Henley Choral Society and Lewisham Choral Society; Handel Dido and Aeneas; Handel Te Deum with St Ives’s Choral Society; Handel Israel in Egypt with Bedford Choral Society; Handel Messiah with Middle Hospital Chapel Choir and Forest School Choral Society; Handel Samson with St Neots Choral Society; Haydn Nelson Mass with Barts Chamber Choir and Southall Choral Society; Mendelssohn Elijah with West Herts Choral Society, Mendelssohn Minor Mass with Barts Choir and Scarlatti Missa della Santa Cecilia with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed: Fauré Requiem; Handel Acis and Galatea (Polyphemus); Handel Messiah; Handel Theodora (Valeria); Mozart Coronation Mass; Mozart Requiem and Mozart Vesparae solemnies de confessore.
Peter G Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a “Baroque specialist” and by the London Evening Standard as “An Internationally respected conductor”.
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken master classes with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoire's most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queen's Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macau Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Ceske Budejovice, Filharmonia Krakowska, Slovak National Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midlands Sinfonia. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted the Chamber Orchestra at St Paul's Cathedral in Melbourne, Australia and he has been invited to return to perform there again in 2015.
A former choral scholar, he has conducted the BBC Singers in concerts in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the Enigma Chamber Choir, the Tallis Scholars Choir, the Joyful Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir, the Choir of St George's, St Martin's Voices, the Codina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chamber Arts Chorus, Sevenoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Barla Chamber Choir.
He has conducted at London's premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John's Smith Square, St James's Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyton in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over 400 concerts at the famous Temple Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall, until recently they were regular performers at London's Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane's Church, St Paul's Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James's Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northamptonshire.
Belmont has strong links with Classic FM which has included giving the station's first ever Christmas Day Concert. Since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton's Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Roald Dahl, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the UK and "the orchestra's playing is light, playful and precise". Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi's Four Seasons and Mozart's two Sinfonia Concertante.
The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensemble members, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
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The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the diversity of its engagements. Based in the City, local appearances have included John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Alium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields, presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues, including the James Place Chapel and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Barber Institute Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Hertford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir’s performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover an equally diverse selection of non-concerto productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s 1492, *Conquest* of Paradise with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg’s *Band of Brothers*, and numerous albums including the *Era* series with French composer Eric Lewi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2005 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestra programme ‘*Pi’n’O*’ at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally issued by Sony in Greece, has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download online as an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of one of great Iberian work, the *Te Deum* by Teixeira, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a Friends of the ECC scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
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Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Friday 12 June
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No 29 in A
Handel - Water Music Suite in F, Arrival of the Queen of Sheba, Vivaldi - Summer
Saturday 20 June
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus, Handel - Zadok the Priest, Hallelujah Chorus
Thursday 25 June
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Oboe Concerto in A Min, Handel - Concerto Grosso in A
Saturday 4 July
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto For Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Saturday 11 July
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 24 July
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min
Thursday 30 July
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 3, Serenata Notturna
Vivaldi - Spring, Pachebel - Canon, Bach - Air on the G String, Purcell - Chaconne
Saturday 8 August
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto For Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Tuesday 18 August
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smiff.org
Choral Mattins for Trinity Sunday
at St James Garlickhythe
The Holy Trinity, by Andrei Rublev, c.1400
For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.
1 John 5.7
Welcome to St James Garlickhythe
Services at St James Garlickhythe are drawn from the Book of Common Prayer. The present version dates from 1662, and draws heavily on the first English Prayer Books of 1549 and 1552, under King Edward VI. In common with most churches, the order includes variations which date from the first books, the proposed reforms of 1928, and other times in the Church of England’s history since 1662. The order is consistent with the Church of England’s Common Worship 2000. This booklet is written so that you can follow the service as it is conducted in this church.
In this order of service, words printed in **bold standard** type are to be said by all present.
Directions, including those concerning posture - sitting, kneeling, standing - are given in *italics*. It is a good practice to remind ourselves that we are in the presence of our Maker by adopting them. However, they are not intended to cause pain, or discomfort, to anyone for whom these changes of position might be physically difficult.
*A prayer which may be used privately before the service.*
O Lord, open thou my lips to bless thy holy name:
cleanse also my heart from all vain, froward and wandering thoughts:
enlighten my understanding, enkindle my affections,
that I may be able worthily, attentively, and devoutly to offer this Service, and may be counted worthy to be heard
in the presence of thy divine Majesty.
Through Jesus Christ our Lord.
Amen.
Immediately prior to the Service, the Priest-in-Charge, the Reverend Guy Treweek, will welcome the congregation to St James Garlickhythe and give some brief notices.
Organ voluntary
Please stand as the English Chamber Choir sing the Doxology to a setting by Alan Ridout, during which the verger, churchwardens and ministers process to the Chancel. Once the procession has finished, please feel free to sit.
Praise God, from whom all blessings flow;
Praise him, all creatures here below;
Praise him above, ye heavenly host;
Praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen.
Words by Thomas Ken (1674)
Welcome
The minister welcomes the congregation, after which please stand to sing the OPENING HYMN.
Hymn No. 202: Holy, holy, holy! Lord God Almighty!
Introduction
O Lord, correct me, but with judgement; not in thine anger, lest thou bring me to nothing.
Jeremiah 10.24, Psalm 6.1
Dearly beloved brethren, the Scripture moveth us in sundry places to acknowledge and confess our manifold sins and wickedness; and that we should not dissemble nor cloke them before the face of Almighty God our heavenly Father; but confess them with an humble, lowly, penitent, and obedient heart; to the end that we may obtain forgiveness of the same, by his infinite goodness and mercy. And although we ought at all times humbly to acknowledge our sins before God; yet ought we most chiefly so to do, when we assemble and meet together to render thanks for the great benefits that we have received at his hands, to set forth his most worthy praise, to hear his most holy Word, and to ask those things which are requisite and necessary, as well for the body as the soul. Wherefore I pray and beseech you, as many as are here present, to
accompany me with a pure heart, and humble voice, unto the throne of the heavenly grace, saying after me:
Confession
Kneel or sit.
Almighty and most merciful Father; We have erred and strayed from thy ways like lost sheep. We have followed too much the devices and desires of our own hearts. We have offended against thy holy laws. We have left undone those things which we ought to have done; And we have done those things which we ought not to have done; And there is no health in us: But thou, O Lord, have mercy upon us, miserable offenders. Spare thou them, O God, which confess their faults. Restore thou them that are penitent; according to thy promises declared unto mankind in Christ Jesu our Lord: And grant, O most merciful Father, for his sake; That we may hereafter live a godly, righteous, and sober life, To the glory of thy holy Name. Amen.
The Priest stands and says the words of Absolution or Remission of sins.
Almighty God, the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who desireth not the death of a sinner, but rather that he may turn from his wickedness, and live; and hath given power, and commandment, to his Ministers, to declare and pronounce to his people, being penitent, the Absolution and Remission of their sins: He pardoneth and absolveth all them that truly repent, and unfeignedly believe his holy Gospel. Wherefore let us beseech him to grant us true repentance, and his Holy Spirit, that those things may please him, which we do at this present; and that the rest of our life hereafter may be pure, and holy; so that at the last we may come to his eternal joy; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
The Lord's Prayer
Kneel or sit.
Our Father which art in heaven; Hallowed be thy Name, Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done; In earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us; And lead us not into temptation; But deliver
us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, The power, and the glory, For ever and ever. Amen.
The Preces
The Minister invites all present to join in the praise of God. The choir sing the Preces to a setting by Aylerward.
Minister O Lord, open thou our lips.
Choir And our mouth shall shew forth thy praise.
Minister O God, make speed to save us.
Choir O Lord, make haste to help us.
All stand.
Minister Glory be to the Father, and to the Son:
and to the Holy Ghost;
Choir As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be:
world without end. Amen.
Minister Praise ye the Lord.
Choir The Lord’s Name be praised.
Venite, exultemus Domino
Remain standing to sing Psalm 95, the Venite. As is usually the case with the Canticles, the name is its first word in Latin. The Venite has been used as a hymn with which to begin worship for many centuries.
O come, let us sing unto the Lord: let us heartily rejoice in the strength of our salvation.
Let us come before his presence with thanksgiving; and shew ourselves glad in him with psalms.
For the Lord is a great God: and a great King above all gods.
In his hand are all the corners of the earth: and the strength of the hills is his also.
The sea is his, and he made it: and his hands prepared the dry land.
O come, let us worship, and fall down: and kneel before the Lord our Maker.
For he is the Lord our God: and we are the people of his pasture, and the sheep of his hand.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son: and to the Holy Ghost;
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: world without end. Amen.
The Psalm
Remain standing to sing the psalm set for the day, Psalm 33.1-12.
Rejoice in the Lord O ye righteous: for it becometh well the just to be thankful.
Praise the Lord with harp: sing praises unto him with the lute, and instrument of ten strings.
Sing unto the Lord a new song: sing praises lustily unto him with a good courage.
For the word of the Lord is true: and all his works are faithful.
He loveth righteousness and judgement: the earth is full of the goodness of the Lord.
By the word of the Lord were the heavens made: and all the hosts of them by the breath of his mouth.
He gathereth the waters of the sea together, as it were up'on an heap: and layeth up the deep, as in a treasure house.
Let all the earth fear the Lord: stand in awe of him, all ye that dwell in the world.
For he spake, and it was done: he commanded and it stood fast.
The Lord bringeth the counsel of the heathen to nought: and maketh the devices of the people to be of none effect, and casteth out the counsels of princes.
The counsel of the Lord shall endure for ever: and the thoughts of his heart from generation to generation.
Blessed are the people, whose God is the Lord Jehovah: and blessed are the folk, that he hath chosen to him to be his inheritance.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son: and to the Holy Ghost;
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: world without end. Amen.
First Lesson
Sit for a reading from the Old Testament. This is the book of the holy writings of the Jews, written in Hebrew. These were the Scriptures at the time of Jesus, and to him and his disciples.
Proverbs 8.1-4, 22-31
Doth not wisdom cry?
and understanding put forth her voice?
She standeth in the top of high places,
by the way in the places of the paths.
She crieth at the gates, at the entry of the city,
at the coming in at the doors.
Unto you, O men, I call;
and my voice is to the sons of man.
The Lord possessed me in the beginning of his way,
before his works of old.
I was set up from everlasting,
from the beginning, or ever the earth was.
When there were no depths, I was brought forth;
when there were no fountains abounding with water.
Before the mountains were settled,
before the hills was I brought forth:
while as yet he had not made the earth, nor the fields,
nor the highest part of the dust of the world.
When he prepared the heavens, I was there:
when he set a compass upon the face of the depth:
when he established the clouds above:
when he strengthened the fountains of the deep:
when he gave to the sea his decree,
that the waters should not pass his commandment:
when he appointed the foundations of the earth:
then I was by him, as one brought up with him:
and I was daily his delight, rejoicing always before him;
rejoicing in the habitable part of his earth;
and my delights were with the sons of men.
Te Deum Laudamus
Please remain seated as the choir sing the Te Deum laudamus to a setting in B flat by Stanford.
The Te Deum is an ancient hymn of praise to God, composed in the Fourth century, and in continuous use ever since.
We praise thee, O God: we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.
All the earth doth worship thee: the Father everlasting,
To thee all Angels cry aloud: the heavens, and all the powers therein.
To thee Cherubim and Seraphim: continually do cry,
Holy, Holy, Holy: Lord God of Sabaoth;
Heaven and earth are full of the Majesty: of thy glory.
The glorious company of the Apostles: praise thee.
The goodly fellowship of the Prophets: praise thee.
The noble army of Martyrs: praise thee.
The holy Church throughout all the world: doth acknowledge thee;
The Father: of an infinite Majesty:
Thine honourable, true: and only Son;
Also the Holy Ghost: the Comforter.
Thou art the King of Glory: O Christ.
Thou art the everlasting Son: of the Father.
When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man:
thou didst not abhor the Virgin’s womb.
When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death:
thou didst open the kingdom of heaven to all believers.
Thou sittest at the right hand of God: in the glory of the Father.
We believe that thou shalt come: to be our Judge.
We therefore pray thee, help thy servants:
whom thou hast redeemed with thy precious blood.
Make them to be numbered with thy Saints: in glory everlasting.
O Lord, save thy people: and bless thine heritage.
Govern them: and lift them up for ever.
Day by day: we magnify thee;
And we worship thy Name: ever world without end.
Vouchsafe, O Lord: to keep us this day without sin.
O Lord, have mercy upon us: have mercy upon us.
O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us: as our trust is in thee.
O Lord, in thee have I trusted: let me never be confounded.
Second Lesson
Sit for a reading from the New Testament. These are the books and letters collected by the early church in the first two centuries of its existence, and bound together for use in worship, for study and to instruct new Christians.
2 Corinthians 13.5-end
Examine yourselves, whether ye be in the faith; prove your own selves. Know ye not your own selves, how that Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates? But I trust that ye shall know that we are not reprobates. Now I pray to God that ye do no evil; not that we should appear approved, but that ye should do that which is honest, though we be as reprobates. For we can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth. For we are glad, when we are weak, and ye are strong: and this also we wish, even your perfection. Therefore I write these things being absent, lest being present I should use sharpness, according to the power which the Lord hath given me to edification, and not to destruction. Finally, brethren, farewell. Be perfect, be of good comfort, be of one mind, live in peace; and the God of love and peace shall be with you. Greet one another with an holy kiss. All the saints salute you. The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Ghost, be with you all. Amen.
Jubilate Deo
Stand to sing Psalm 100, the Jubilate Deo, a song of joy & praise to God.
O be joyful in the Lord | all ye | lands: serve the Lord with gladness,
and come before his | presence | with a | song.
Be ye sure that the Lord | he is | God: it is he that hath made us and
not we ourselves, we are his | people | and the | sheep of his | pasture.
O go your way into his gates with thanksgiving, and into his | courts
with | praise: be thankful unto him and | speak good | of his | Name.
For the Lord is gracious, his mercy is ever lasting: and his truth endureth from generation to generation.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son: and to the Holy Ghost;
As it was in the beginning, is now, and shall be world without end. Amen.
The Creed
Remain standing to say the Quicunque vult, commonly called the Creed of St Athanasius. This is one of the three fundamental statements of Christian faith agreed by the universal Church, and is specifically required and appropriate for use on Trinity Sunday.
We say the Creed by alternate verses, the Minister commencing.
Whosoever will be saved: before all things it is necessary that he hold the Catholick Faith.
Which Faith except every one do keep whole and undefiled: without doubt he shall perish everlastingly.
And the Catholick Faith is this: That we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity;
Neither confounding the Persons: nor dividing the Substance.
For there is one Person of the Father, another of the Son: and another of the Holy Ghost.
But the Godhead of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, is all one: the Glory equal, the Majesty co-eternal.
Such as the Father is, such is the Son: and such is the Holy Ghost.
The Father uncreate, the Son uncreate: and the Holy Ghost uncreate.
The Father incomprehensible, the Son incomprehensible: and the Holy Ghost incomprehensible.
The Father eternal, the Son eternal: and the Holy Ghost eternal.
And yet they are not three eternals: but one eternal.
As also there are not three incomprehensibles, nor three uncreated: but one uncreated, and one incomprehensible.
So likewise the Father is Almighty, the Son Almighty: and the Holy Ghost Almighty.
And yet they are not three Almighties: but one Almighty.
So the Father is God, the Son is God: and the Holy Ghost is God.
And yet they are not three Gods: but one God.
So likewise the Father is Lord, the Son Lord: and the Holy Ghost Lord.
And yet not three Lords: but one Lord.
For like as we are compelled by the Christian verity: to acknowledge every Person by himself to be God and Lord;
So are we forbidden by the Catholick Religion: to say there be three Gods, or three Lords.
The Father is made of none: neither created, nor begotten.
The Son is of the Father alone: not made, nor created, but begotten.
The Holy Ghost is of the Father and of the Son: neither made, nor created, nor begotten, but proceeding.
So there is one Father, not three Fathers; one Son, not three Sons: one Holy Ghost, not three Holy Ghosts.
And in this Trinity none is afore, or after other: none is greater, or less than another;
But the whole three Persons are co-eternal together, and co-equal.
So that in all things, as is aforesaid: the Unity in Trinity, and the Trinity in Unity is to be worshipped.
He therefore that will be saved: must thus think of the Trinity.
Furthermore it is necessary to everlasting salvation: that he also believe rightly the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ.
For the right Faith is that we believe and confess: that our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is God and Man;
God, of the Substance of the Father, begotten before the worlds: and Man, of the Substance of his Mother, born in the world;
Perfect God, and Perfect Man: of a reasonable soul and human flesh subsisting:
Equal to the Father, as touching his Godhead: and inferior to the Father, as touching his Manhood.
Who although he be God and Man: yet he is not two, but one Christ;
One, not by conversion of the Godhead into flesh: but by taking of the Manhood into God;
One altogether, not by confusion of Substance: but by unity of Person.
For as the reasonable soul and flesh is one man: so God and Man is one Christ.
Who suffered for our salvation: descended into hell, rose again the third day from the dead.
He ascended into heaven, he sitteth on the right hand of the Father, God Almighty: from whence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.
At whose coming all men shall rise again with their bodies: and shall give account for their own works.
And they that have done good shall go into life everlasting: and they that have done evil into everlasting fire.
This is the Catholick Faith: which except a man believe faithfully, he cannot be saved.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son: and to the Holy Ghost;
As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be: world without end. Amen.
The Lesser Litany
The minister invites the Congregation to join him in prayer.
Minister The Lord be with you.
Answer And with thy spirit.
Kneel or sit.
Minister Let us pray.
The Kyrie Eleison, from the Greek words of the first line. This is one of the first recorded Christian prayers.
Minister Lord, have mercy upon us.
Answer Christ, have mercy upon us.
Minister Lord, have mercy upon us.
The congregation says.
Our Father which art in heaven; Hallowed be thy Name, Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done; In earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us; And lead us not into temptation; But deliver us from evil. Amen.
The choir sing the Responses to a setting by Ayleward.
Minister O Lord, shew thy mercy upon us.
Choir And grant us thy salvation.
Minister O Lord, save the Queen.
Choir And mercifully hear us when we call upon thee.
Minister Endue thy Ministers with righteousness.
Choir And make thy chosen people joyful.
Minister O Lord, save thy people.
Choir And bless thine inheritance.
Minister Give peace in our time, O Lord.
Choir Because there is none other that fighteth for us,
but only thou, O God.
Minister O God, make clean our hearts within us
Choir And take not thy Holy Spirit from us.
The collects follow. These are prayers designed to “collect” or focus our thoughts as we pray.
**The Collect for Trinity Sunday**
Almighty and everlasting God, who hast given unto us thy servants grace, by the confession of a true faith to acknowledge the glory of the eternal Trinity, and in the power of the Divine Majesty to worship the Unity: We beseech thee, that thou wouldest keep us stedfast in this faith, and evermore defend us from all adversities, who livest and reignest, one God, world without end. **Amen.**
**The Second Collect, for Peace**
O God, who art the author of peace and lover of concord, in knowledge of whom standeth our eternal life, whose service is perfect freedom; Defend us thy humble servants in all assaults of our enemies; that we, surely trusting in thy defence, may not fear the power of any adversaries, through the might of Jesus Christ our Lord. **Amen.**
**The Third Collect, for Grace**
O Lord, our heavenly Father, Almighty and everlasting God, who hast safely brought us to the beginning of this day; Defend us in the same with thy mighty power; and grant that this day we fall into no sin,
neither run into any kind of danger; but that all our doings may be ordered by thy governance, to do always that is righteous in thy sight; through Jesus Christ our Lord. **Amen.**
*Sit whilst the choir sing the Anthem, "The Cherubic Hymn" to a setting by Tchaikovsky. The "Херувимов" has been used in orthodox worship since at least the sixth century.*
Иже Херувимы тайно образующе,
и животворящей Троицы трисвятую певень припѣвающе.
Всякое низь житейское опложихъ поменіе. [Аминь.]
Яко да Царя всѣхъ поднимемь,
Ангельскими невидимо дори-послама чиньми. Аллилуйя.
We, who mystically represent the Cherubim,
And chant the thrice-holy hymn to the Life-giving Trinity,
Let us set aside the cares of life
That we may receive the King of all,
Who comes invisibly escorted by the Divine Hosts. Alleluia.
**Intercessions**
*Kneel or sit.* These are prayers for ourselves and the world, seeking God’s mercy for those in need, and giving thanks for blessings received. Most of them end with the words “through Jesus Christ our Lord”, to which all reply, “Amen.”
The prayers end with *The Grace*, 2 Corinthians 13.13.
The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Ghost, be with us all evermore. **Amen.**
*Stand to sing the HYMN.*
**Hymn No. 392:** Bright the vision that delighted
*Sit.*
**Parish Notices**
**The Sermon**
Stand to sing the HYMN, during which a collection is taken.
Hymn No. 543: O praise ye the Lord
The Dismissal
Kneel or sit. The service ends with the Priest giving a blessing.
The peace of God, which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts and minds in the knowledge and love of God, and of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord: And the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you and remain with you always. Amen.
All stand whilst the verger, churchwardens & ministers depart.
Organ voluntary
Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g’mein by JS Bach
A Personal Prayer of Commitment
A prayer which may be used privately after the service.
Go before us O Lord in all our doings with your most gracious favour, and further us with your continual help, that in all our works begun, continued, and ended in you, we may glorify your holy name, and finally by your mercy attain eternal life, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
YOU ARE WARMLY INVITED TO STAY FOR REFRESHMENTS AFTER THE SERVICE AND JOIN THE PICNIC.
IF THIS IS YOUR FIRST TIME AT ST JAMES’, PLEASE DO INTRODUCE YOURSELF TO THE MINISTER OR ONE OF THE WELCOMERS.
The Old Granary Studio Concert Series 2015
President: Sir Nicholas Bacon Bt
Patron: Piers Lane AO
Martin Taylor
Alison Burns
Kammer Philharmonie
ECC with Rick Wakeman
Piers Lane
EUCO
Tasmin Little
Clare Hammond
Melvyn Tan
Four Wakemans Four Pianos
2015 at The Old Granary Studio
Founded in 2001 The Old Granary Studio is now firmly established as one of the most respected, This years programme is one of the most expansive offered starting with jazz legends and movir Piers Lane for a solo piano recital and accompanying violinist Tasmin Little in a programme of En pianos concert probably ever to be performed in the world, it will be themed with ‘prog rock’ fre you enjoy reading our brochure and we look forward to seeing you at the concerts.
We would like to thank all the ‘Friends of the Old Granary Studio Concerts Trust’ whose generous this please do enquire for further details. Also thanks to our patron Piers Lane, our president Sir H
Saturday 25th April - 7:30pm
Martin Taylor - Jazz
Widely considered to be the world’s foremost exponent of solo jazz and fingerstyle guitar playing, Martin possesses an inimitable style that has earned him global acclaim from fellow musicians, fans and critics alike.
Ticket Price £20
Saturday 16th May - 7:30pm
Alison Burns - Jazz Trio
Alison Burns - Vocals
Dave Newton - Piano & Dave Green - Bass
An evening of smokey jazz vocal classics from The Great American Songbook as well as little-known gems from the likes of Peggy Lee, Julie London and others.
Ticket Price £18
Sunday 31st May - 3.00pm
Kammer Philharmonie - Chamber Concert
Gillièrè String Octet op. 5 in D Major
Hummel Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra in E flat Major
Wolf Italein Serenade Albinoni Adagio in G Minor for String Orchestra
Nielson Little Sweet for Strings op.1
Ticket Price £20
Supported by the Friends of The Old Granary Studio
inpirational and friendly venues of it’s kind.
Going on through a journey of classical masterpieces where we are joined twice by our patron, English violin music. To conclude with, we are delighted to present one of the most intriguing four from eight hands of the Wakeman family, this performance is available for two nights. We hope your contributions have helped towards so many of the concerts. If you would like to be a part of Nicholas Bacon and our friends and family who help make it all possible.
Saturday 6th June - 7:30pm
English Chamber Choir & Rick Wakeman
Brahms - Requiem op. 45
Wakeman - New commission choral work and a potpourri of Wakeman gems
Ticket Price £25
Supported by the Friends of The Old Granary Studio
Saturday 20th June - 7:30pm
Piers Lane - Piano Recital
Mozart - Sonata in B flat Major K.333
Beethoven - Sonata in F Minor op. 57 Appassionata
Chopin - The Four Scherzi
Ticket Price £20
Monday 13th July - 7:30pm
EUCO Chamber Orchestra
Director: Hans-Peter Hofmann
Piano Soloist: Maria Marchant
Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Oboes in D Minor (RV535)
Mozart - Piano Concerto No.12 K.414
Sibelius - Romance for Strings
Haydn - Symphony No.64 in A Major
Ticket Price £22
Supported by the Friends of The Old Granary Studio
Sunday 20th September - 3:00pm
Tasmin Little & Piers Lane
Bliss - Sonata for Piano and Violin
Vaughan Williams - Sonata in A Minor
Ireland - 'The Lark Ascending'
Ireland - Sonata No. 1 in D Major
Ticket Price £22
Supported by the Friends of The Old Granary Studio
Saturday 24th October - 7:30pm
Clare Hammond - Piano Recital
Bach - Toccata in D Minor BWV 913
Beethoven - Sonata No. 4 in E flat Major op. 7
Mendelssohn - Andante and Rondo Capriccioso op. 14
Sibelius - The Trees op. 75
Ravel - Sonatine
Scriabin - Sonata No. 5 op. 53
Ticket Price £18
Sunday 1st November - 3:00pm
Melvyn Tan - Piano Recital
Beethoven - Piano Sonata No. 30 op. 109
Beethoven - Bagatelles op. 126
Czerny Funeral March on the death of Beethoven
Liszt - Sonata in B Minor
Ticket Price £20
Supported by the Friends of The Old Granary Studio
Monday 7th and Tuesday 8th December - 7:30pm
Four Wakemans Four Pianos
Rick and family unite for a very special ‘acoustic’ set in a four piano concert performed on the Old Granary’s fleet of Steinway model ‘D’ grand pianos. A masterful collaboration with family members, Jemma, Oliver and Adam joining dad Rick in a mix of family favourites especially arranged for four pianos. Due to commitments this musical force has only ever happened once before and is very unlikely to ever happen again, so it truly will be a unique performance!
Ticket Price £33
THE OLD GRANARY STUDIO
PRIORY FARM, MAYPOLE GREEN, TOFT MONKS, BECCLES, SUFFOLK, NR34 0EZ
WWW.OLDGRANARYSTUDIO.CO.UK TEL: 01502 679088
PLEASE USE THIS INFORMATION FOR YOUR NAVIGATION DEVICES
Concert Series 2015
| Artist | Date |
|-------------------------------|--------------------|
| Martin Taylor | Saturday 25th April|
| Alison Burns | Saturday 16th May |
| Kammer Philharmonie | Sunday 31st May |
| ECC with Rick Wakeman | Saturday 6th June |
| Piers Lane | Saturday 20th June |
| EUCO | Monday 13th July |
| Tasmin Little & Piers Lane | Sunday 20th September |
| Clare Hammond | Saturday 24th October |
| Melvyn Tan | Sunday 1st November |
| Four Wakemans Four Pianos | Monday 7th & Tuesday 8th December |
CONCERT SERIES 2015
Patron: Piers Lane AO
President: Sir Nicholas Bacon Bt
English Chamber Choir
Conductor - Guy Protheroe
Soloists
Zoe Triggs - Soprano & Rob Scales - Baritone
Piano Duet
Rebecca Taylor & Roger Carpenter
with special guest
Rick Wakeman
Programme £1
Programme
Johannes Brahms (1833 - 1897)
‘A German Requiem’
(For Soloists, Chorus and Piano, Four Hands)
See separate programme notes
Interval
Rick and the English Chamber Choir entertain you with some of their favourite numbers, including ‘Noah’
This afternoon’s concert is supported by The Friends of The Old Granary Studio
The English Chamber Choir is based in the City of London, where it rehearses regularly at the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, near Blackfriars. Locally it has performed Tallis’ 40-part motet Spem in alium at the personal invitation of the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House, sung in the premiere of a work by John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral, and given concerts in the Barbican. Elsewhere in London it appears regularly with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields, at the South Bank, St John’s Smith Square and several other churches and prominent music venues. It has also sung for HM The Queen at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. The Choir celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2012 and also has a long history of involvement with commercial music; it sang in the first performance and the recording of Rick Wakeman’s Journey to the Centre of the Earth at the Royal Festival Hall in January 1974, and in May 2014 completed the 40th anniversary UK tour including two appearances at the Royal Albert Hall. It has also worked with Vangelis, Eric Levi (the Era project) and many other international artists. It has numerous radio and TV credits, which include a regular spot on BBC Radio 4’s Broadcasting House programme the Sunday before Christmas. Last month it appeared at the Royal Albert Hall in a concert marking the 70th anniversary of VE day featuring Catherine Jenkins and the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra broadcast live on Classic FM. Further afield the Choir has toured in Belgium
and Switzerland, and appeared in Plowdiv (Bulgaria) and the Megaron, Athens Concert Hall. Future plans include a visit to the South of France next month, a return to JW3 (the Jewish cultural centre in Hampstead where we performed Handel’s *Israel in Egypt* last year) with a Jewish-American Songbook programme, a concert with the Belmont Ensemble in Chelmsford Cathedral and a programme entitled *Misere* (featuring the famous setting by Allegri) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in September and a concert in the chapel of Hertford College, Oxford as part of the William Tyndale Society’s international conference in October.
**ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR Personnel**
**Sopranos:**
- Marianne Aston
- Nicky Archer
- Christine Coleman
- Lizzie Kingsmill
- Ann Manly
- Stella Redburn
- Katie Thorpe
- Zoe Triggs
**Altos:**
- Alison Edwards
- Peggy Hannington
- Catharine Johns
- Helena Odendaal
- Jay Venn
**Tenors:**
- Francois Boucard
- Roger Carpenter
- Martin Douglas
- Bob Moffat
- Gerry O’Beirne
- Rob Scales
**Basses:**
- Simon Archer
- Tim Johns
- David Jordan
- Nick Landauer
- David Shields
- Andrew Wightman
**General credits:**
- Programme notes by Ann Manly
- Patrons: The Very Reverend Dr Ivan Moody, Alderman and Sherriff Dr Andrew Parmley and Rick Wakeman.
For all information about the choir and future performances, please visit: [www.englishchamberchoir.com](http://www.englishchamberchoir.com)
Welcome to our 2015 concert season
Full details of the concerts can be found in our brochure and also on our website. Please do not hesitate to take extra brochures away and circulate to contacts where possible. If you are new to our concerts please sign the visitors book to be added to our mailing list and to be informed of future events.
If you are familiar with all of the activities here, and wish to play a more active role perhaps you would also like to join the ‘Friends of the Old Granary Studio Concerts Trust’, whose annual subscriptions and fundraising have and will continue to expand the range of future and exciting programmes. Please do not hesitate to ask for details.
Thank you for coming, and we look forward to seeing you again soon.
Jill & Andrew Giller
Forthcoming Concerts 2015
Tickets currently available for all
Saturday 20th June 7.30pm - Piers Lane - piano. £20
Monday 13th July 7.30pm - EUCO incl. Mozart Piano Concerto No. 12. £22
Sunday 20th September 3.00pm - Tasmin Little and Piers Lane. £22
Saturday 24th October 7.30pm - Clare Hammond - piano. £18
Sunday 1st November 3.00pm - Melvyn Tan - piano. £20
Monday 7th and Tuesday 8th December 7.30pm - Four Wakemans
Four Pianos! £33
Tickets are selling well for all concerts, please do book early to ensure a seat!
Light meals served before the concerts courses priced from £5. Please book your places and the meals are payable on the day.
Tel. 01502 679088 ~ e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
The Old Granary Studio, Priory Farm, Maypole Green
Toft Monks, Beccles, Suffolk, NR34 0EZ
www.oldgranarystudio.co.uk ~ www.gillerpianos.co.uk
I Chorus
Selig sind die da Leid tragen,
denn sie sollen getröstet werden.
Die mit Tränen säen, werden mit Freuden ernten.
Sie gehen him und weinen und tragen edlen Samen,
und kommen mit Freuden und bringen ihre Garben.
II Chorus
Denn alles Fleisch es ist wie Grae und alle Herrlichkeit
des Menschen wie des Graes blumen.
Das Gras ist verdorret und die blume abgefallen.
So seid nun geduldig, lieben Brüder,
bis auf die Zukunft des Herrn.
Siehe, ein Ackermann wartet auf die köstliche Frucht der
Erde und ist geduldig darüber,
bis er empfahre den Morgenregen und Abendregen.
Aber des Herrn Wort bleibtet in Ewigkeit.
Die Erlöseten des Herrn werden wieder kommen,
und gen Zion kommen mit Jauchzen;
ewige Freude wird über ihrem Haupte sein;
Freude und Wonne werden sie ergreifen
und Schmerz und Seufzen wird weg müssen.
III Baritone & Chorus
Herr, lehre doch mich, dass ein Ende mit mir haben muss,
und mein Leben ein Ziel hat, und ich davon miss.
Siehe, meine Tage sind einer Hand breit für dir,
und mein Leben ist wie nichts vor dir.
Ach, wie gar nichts sind alle Menschen,
die doch so sicher leben.
Sie gehen daher wie ein Schemen, und machen ihnen viel
vergebliche Unruhe;
sie sammeln und wissen nicht wer es kriegen wird.
Nun Herr, weiss soll ich mich trösten? Ich hoffe auf dich.
Der Gerechten Seelen sind in Gottes Hand
und keine Qual rühret sie an.
IV Chorus
Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen, Herr Zebaoth!
Meine Seele verlanget und sehnet sich
nach den Vorhöfen des Herrn;
mein Leib und Seele freuen sich in dem lebendigen Gott.
Wohl denen, die in deinem Hause wohnen,
die loben dich immerdar.
Blessed are they that mourn,
for they shall be comforted.
Matthew V, v4
They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.
He that goeth forth and weepeth, bearing precious seed,
shall doubtless come again, with rejoicing,
bringing his sheaves with him.
Psalm 126, vv5-6
For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory
of man as the flower of grass.
The grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away.
1 Peter I v24
Be patient, therefore, brethren,
unto the coming of the Lord.
Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit
of the earth, and hath long patience for it,
until he receive the early and later rain.
James V, v7
But the word of the Lord endureth for ever.
1 Peter I v25
And the ransomed of the Lord shall return,
and come to Zion with songs
and everlasting joy upon their heads;
they shall obtain joy and gladness,
and sorrow and sighing shall flee away.
Isaiah XXXV v10
Lord, make me to know mine end, and the measure of my days,
what it is: that I may know how frail I am.
Behold, thou hast made my days as an handbreadth,
and mine age is as nothing before thee.
Surely every man
walketh in a vain show:
surely they are disquieted in vain;
he heapeth up riches,
and knoweth not who shall gather them.
And now, Lord, what wait I for? My hope is in thee.
Psalm 39 vv4-7
But the souls of the righteous are in the hand of God,
and there shall no torment touch them.
Song of Solomon III, v1
How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord of hosts!
My soul longeth, yea, even fainteth
for the courts of the Lord,
my heart and my flesh crieth out for the living God.
Blessed are they that dwell in thy house;
they will still be praising thee.
Psalm 84, vv1-2.4
V Soprano & Chorus
Ihr habt nun Traurigkeit aber ich will euch wieder sehen
und euer Herz soll sich freuen
und eure Freude soll niemand von euch nehmen.
Sehet mich an ich habe eine kleine Zeit Mühe und Arbeit
gehabt und habe grossen Trost funden.
Ich will euch trösten, wie Einen seine Mutter tröstet.
VI Baritone & Chorus
Denn wir haben hier keine bleibende Statt,
sondern die zukünftige suchen wir.
Siehe, ich sage euch ein Geheimnis.
Wir werden nicht alle entschlafen,
wir werden aber alle verwandelt werden;
und dasselbigen plötzlich, in einem Augenblick,
zu der Zeit der letzten Posaune
Denn es wird die Posaune schallen,
und die Toten werden aufstehen unverweslich,
und wir werden verwandelt werden.
Dann wird erfüllt das Wort, das geschrieben steht.
Der Tod ist verschlungen in den Sieg.
Tod, wo ist dein Stachel? Hölle, wo ist dein Sieg?
Herr, du bist würdig zu nehmen Preis und Ehre und
Kraft, denn du hast all Dinge geschaffen, und durch
deinen Willen haben, sie das Wesen und sind geschaffen.
VII
Selig sind die Toten, die in dem Herrn sterben, von nun
an. Ja, der Geist spricht, dass sie ruhen von ihrer Arbeit,
denn ihre Werke folgen ihnen nach.
And ye now therefore have sorrow, but I will see you again,
and your heart shall rejoice,
and your joy no man taketh from you.
Ye see how for a little while I labour and toil,
yet have I found much rest.
As one whom his mother comforteth, so will I comfort you
For here have we no continuing city,
but we seek one to come.
Behold, I shew you a mystery;
We shall not all sleep,
but we shall all be changed.
In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye,
at the last trump;
for the trumpet shall sound,
and the dead shall be raised incorruptible,
and we shall be changed. Then shall be brought to pass the saying
that is written:
Death is swallowed up in victory.
O death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?
Thou art worthy, O Lord, to receive glory and honor and power,
for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure
they are and were created.
Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord from henceforth: Yea,
saith the Spirit, that they may rest from their labours; and their
works do follow them.
Ein Deutsches Requiem is not a ‘Requiem’ in the traditional liturgical sense of a setting of the Requiem Mass. Brahms himself was more of an agnostic, and chose to create a work which would hopefully provide as much comfort to the living as it would redemption to the deceased. He selected the texts himself from the German of Luther’s Bible and arranged them “to present in successive and ascending ideas of sorrow consol’d, death overcome, death vanquisht”. He also gave the work the title of ‘German Requiem’ to distinguish it from the ‘Roman Catholic’ liturgy of the Mass for the Dead. The conductor Karl Reinthaler complained that “the central point about which all else turns is missing – namely, redemption through the death of the Lord.” In today’s multicultural climate the omission of any reference to a specific creed probably makes the work more accessible, expressing universal sentiments which can be appreciated by all.
Brahms sketched his first ideas for the work as early as 1857, when he was only twenty-five, but put them aside and only resumed work following the death of his mother in 1865. The work was completed in 1868, although the fifth movement, with soprano solo, was only added after the first performance. This fifth movement completes the symmetrical arch-like structure of the Requiem. The first and last movements are mirrored by the only uses of the tonic key - F major; both the words and the music of the opening recur at the end, completing the cycle. Similarly the second and sixth movements balance each other: they are both concerned with the transience of life on earth; they both open with a slow march theme and close with triumphant fugues. The solo baritone of the third movement is mirrored by the solo soprano of the fifth, leaving the fourth movement as the centrepiece, in the remotest key (E flat major). It is the only movement not concerned with death and bereavement: instead it is an idyllic contemplation of life beyond death, in the company of the blessed.
Brahms’ original conception of this 70-minute contemplation was as a work for soloists, chorus and orchestra, not dissimilar to the oratorios of Mendelssohn or, for that matter, Mozart’s Requiem. While it has become famous in its orchestral form, performed by choral societies the world over, until relatively recently it remained outside the scope of smaller choirs without an affordable orchestra at their disposal. As it happens, Brahms had the same problem. When he completed it in the 1860s he was not particularly well known outside Vienna, where he had settled, but there it was customary for the latest international orchestral compositions to be promulgated by means of piano or piano duet arrangements.
Biographies
Guy Protheroe - Conductor
Was born in Worcester where (before he arrived) his parents were briefly next-door neighbours of Elgar! He began his musical education as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral and was a music scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford. After post-graduate studies at the Guildhall School of Music he formed his own contemporary music group, Spectrum, with whom he toured Europe and the USA and made a number of award-winning recordings, became chorus-master and shortly afterwards conductor of the English Chamber Choir, and worked extensively in the commercial music business as musical director to a whole host of artists including The Who, Black Sabbath, Tangerine Dream, Vangelis, Eric Levi and Rick Wakeman. He was chorus-master for the first performance of Journey to the Centre of the Earth in 1974, recently conducted the 40th anniversary UK tour of the same album, followed by more performances in Argentina and Brazil. When not conducting he also sings baritone, until recently as a member of the Chapel Choir of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, but he has also featured on a number of film soundtracks as ‘the monk singing plainsong (but without the tonsure)’. He was seen extensively on TV last year directing the ‘Singing Dictionary’ series of commercials for ‘Three’ Telecom. He has appeared as guest conductor with many ensembles, orchestras and choirs including, more recently, Cappella Romana, the elite chamber choir specialising in Orthodox music and based on the west coast of the US in Portland and the Orion Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. He has also conducted in Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Tunisia and Switzerland. He is also one of the UK’s leading forensic experts on issues relating to music copyright.
Roger Carpenter - Piano
Roger read maths at Manchester University and is currently head of the IT Department at Tiffin Girls’ School, Kingston. He has sung with the ECC as a tenor for many years and has also frequently exchanged his seat in the Choir for a piano stool. He has played with our former accompanist Ian Curror in Brahms Liebeslieder Walzer and James’ Sellars Kissing Songs, and like Peter Adderley before him played the Rossini Petite Messe Solonnelle. He is probably most familiar to our regular audience members as the resident pianist for post-concert cabarets, accompanying everything from Edith Piaf to Noel Coward – with or without the music and in any key the singers care to choose. He has also sung in and directed a number of musicals, worked on vocal education projects in the Borough of Hounslow, accompanied a number of other small groups and solo recitals, sung in several cathedrals with visiting choirs and recorded a number of contemporary pieces with the Vasari Singers. Equally at home with classical music or songs from the shows, he illustrates the kind of eclectic abilities which are so much a part of the ECC’s existence.
Rebecca Taylor - Piano
Born and educated in North Yorkshire, Rebecca read music as Organ Scholar at Lincoln College, Oxford, studying with David Sanger. As both an organist and choral conductor she has broadcast live on BBC Radio 3 & 4, made CD recordings and performed in the UK and abroad in venues such as Westminster Abbey, St George’s Chapel Windsor, York Minster, Christ Church Dublin, St Marks Venice. She has performed at numerous venues throughout the UK and Europe, including St Martins-in-the-Field, The Concertgebouw Amsterdam, Macedonia Opera House & Real Academia de Bellas Artes Madrid. Rebecca has been a member of the Europeran Union Youth Orchestra for two Summer Tours, working most recently with Thomas Sondergård. During this time she performed and broadcast throughout Europe, including Italy, the Netherlands, Germany & Macedonia. During her studies for an MA in piano accompaniment at the Royal Academy of Music with Michael Dussek and Carole Presland, Rebecca was also a member of the prestigious Academy Song Circle. She achieved a distinction in her LRAM diploma and was a prizewinner in the Rex Stephens Lieder Prize, a finalist in the Richard Lewis Song Competition and was highly commended in both the Major van Someren-Godfrey English Song Prize and the Scott Huxley Piano Accompaniment Competition. She recently won the Maureen Lehane Accompanist Prize at the Wigmore Hall. As part of her regular duo partnership she performed in the final of the Welsh Singers Competition at St David’s Hall Cardiff and was also part of the successful duo at the Three Choirs Festival Competitive Masterclass, winning a full song recital with Emily Garland (soprano) in the 2015 festival. As part of the Musique Cordiale Festival she accompanied Andrew Staples for his song recital before acting as accompanist for Michael Chance’s Summer Academy. She is also Artistic Director of the SPECR Concert Series.
The English Chamber Choir and Rick Wakeman
They first worked together in 1973, taking part in live shows of the rock-opera *Tommy* with The Who at the Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park. Rick was one of the additional keyboard players situated alongside the Choir on the risers at the back of the platform, and the spirit of camaraderie which developed between players and singers during those evenings continues to this day! Rick invited the Choir to perform and record *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* in 1974, at first in the Royal Festival Hall but also subsequently at Crystal Palace Concert Bowl, where we were treated to the spectacle of inflatable monsters rearing up out of the lake. Such theatrical gestures were continued with *King Arthur on Ice* at the Wembley Arena, which has gone down in music folklore as possibly the most extravagant musical spectacle ever. When the combination of recession and punk put paid to such lavish productions, the Choir continued to collaborate with Rick both on recordings and live performances including *The Wizard and the Forest of All Dreams* and *The New Gospels*. In recent years there has been something of a revival of ‘prog rock’ in all its glory, and in May 2009 Rick achieved a long-cherished ambition – playing his first solo album *Six Wives of Henry VIII* live in front of Hampton Court Palace. The ECC were there, along with a symphony orchestra, rock band, and a glittering array of capes for the keyboard wizard once described as the ‘Caped Crusader’ (nowadays more familiarly and affectionately referred to as ‘grumpy old man’!).
When the Choir celebrated its 25th anniversary in 1997, it set out to devise a concert which would embrace the various facets of its performing existence. Past members joined in performances of English choral classics like Bax’s *Mater ora filium* and the spirituals from Tippett’s *A Child of Our Time* while the current membership decided to show off by performing Handel’s *Dixit Dominus* and a new work especially written for the occasion by Rick Wakeman. Now Handel and Rick have certain characteristics in common – they both write a lot of notes (and on occasion words too) and both make virtuosic demands of their instrumentalists, in particular string players. The Choir has a long tradition of performing baroque and classical repertoire with its own orchestra, the English Players, using ‘authentic’ instruments of the period, on this occasion the string players needed for the Handel were chosen from amongst those who were known to play both modern and period instruments on a regular basis. The brief given to Rick was for a 15-20 minute work for the choir (including solos from within if required), himself on a keyboard set-up of his own choosing, and optional string parts. In the event, Rick ended up sketching out the string parts on a plane journey from Tenerife; whether he was affected by the altitude or what, the viola parts in particular turned out to be pretty stratospheric! Although this probably wasn’t intended as yet another viola joke, the assembled musicians at the rehearsal were treated to the spectacle of a handful of eminent baroque viola players ruefully scraping the dust from the top section of their fingerboards, which they probably hadn’t been acquainted with since they left college! But it all came together in a great and exciting performance.
The Choir, however, gives many concerts in smaller venues where both string bands and large keyboard set-ups are just not economically or spatially viable. So Rick made us our first ‘Karaoke’ track, incorporating elements of himself and the strings, and we gave several more performances in that format. There is a solo line, sung by a member of the Choir, which represents the voice of God. Now in all other pieces of music where God is heard (or Jesus in the case of, say, the Bach Passions) the composer invariably writes for a bass voice. Not so for Rick - God is a tenor! (Rick himself mentioned this on Classic fm a while back and invited any listeners who knew of other examples to write in – so far no-one has challenged him so this is the only instance where God is lifted up from his bass domain.)
In recent years Rick has increasingly appeared in concert playing a grand piano rather than a bank of keyboards and synthesizers. Over the past seven years or so he has devised (together with Guy Protheroe as his MD) a programme of numbers for solo piano, orchestra and chorus (known affectionately as “p’n’o” – piano and orchestra) which they have performed together in Europe and South America (and also in London, with ECC, at Cadogan Hall). Out of this format, came the idea of reviving *Noah*, using the original karaoke track but with Rick embellishing the whole work with a live piano part – rather like a baroque *obbligato*. The first performance in this new configuration was in a concert at St James’ Piccadilly in 2011, and, as Rick pointed out at the time, as he hadn’t performed this piece with us since its premiere it was a very special occasion for him as he had to get the music out… and learn it! Presumably there has been a further element of revision in recent weeks! The score follows the traditional biblical story which we presume everybody knows (and if you don’t you can always follow the words…)
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FOGSCT
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High Green
Brooke
Norfolk NR15 1JE
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MURIEL MANLY
16 June 1921 — 23 May 2015
West Chapel
Golders Green Crematorium
Monday 8 June 2015
at 4pm
ORDER OF SERVICE
Before the service:
Walford Davies: Solemn Melody
Please stand
Henry Purcell: Thou knowest, Lord, the secrets of our hearts
WELCOME
HYMN
Praise my soul, the King of heaven,
To his feet thy tribute bring;
Ransomed, healed, restored, forgiven,
Who like me his praise should sing?
Alleluia, Alleluia!
Praise the everlasting King.
Praise him for his grace and favour
To our fathers in distress;
Praise him still the same as ever,
Slow to chide, and swift to bless.
Alleluia, Alleluia!
Glorious in his faithfulness.
Father-like, he tends and spares us,
Well our feeble frame he knows,
In his hands he gently bears us,
Rescues us from all our foes.
Alleluia, Alleluia!
Widely as his mercy flows.
Angels help us to adore him;
Ye behold him face to face:
Sun and moon bow down before him,
Dwellers all in time and space.
Alleluia, Alleluia,
Praise with us the God of grace.
THE LESSON
1 Corinthians, XIII
read by
The Revd David Hunt
Though I spake with the tongues of men and angels, and yet had no love, I were even as sounding brass; or as a tinkling cymbal. And though I could prophesy, and understood all secrets, and all knowledge: yea, if I had all faith so that I could move mountains out of their places, and yet had no love, I were nothing. And though I bestowed all my goods to feed the poor, and though I gave my body even that I burned, and yet had no love, it profiteth me nothing.
Love suffereth long, and is courteous. Love enviieth not. Love doth not frowardly, swelleth not, dealeth not dishonestly, seeketh not her own, is not provoked to anger, thinketh not evil, rejoiceth not in iniquity; but rejoiceth in the truth, suffereth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth in all things. Though that prophesying fail, or tongues shall cease, or knowledge vanish away, yet love falleth never away.
For our knowledge is imperfect, and our prophesying is imperfect. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is imperfect shall be done away. When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I imagined as a child. But as soon as I was a man, I put away childishness. Now we see in a glass even in a dark speaking: but then shall we see face to face. Now I know imperfectly: but then shall I know even as I am known. Now abideth faith, hope, and love, even these three: but the chief of these is love.
Taken from William Tyndale’s translation of the Bible 1536
ARIA
G.F. Handel: I know that my redeemer liveth from Messiah
sung by Ann Manly with Richard Hunt violin
I know that my redeemer liveth, and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth; and though worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh shall I see God. For now is Christ risen from the dead, the first fruits of them that sleep.
Job XIX, vv 25-26; 1 Corinthians XV, v20
READING
Jonathan Davis
If I should go before the rest of you
Break not a flower nor inscribe a stone,
Nor when I’m gone speak in a Sunday voice
But be the usual selves that I have known.
Weep if you must, Farting is hell,
But Life goes on, So sing as well.
Joyce Grenfell
ANTHEM
John Rutter: The Lord bless you and keep you.
The Lord bless you and keep you: the Lord make his face to shine upon you and be gracious unto you. The Lord lift up the light of his countenance upon you and give you peace. Amen.
TRIBUTES
David Hunt, Lucy and Jonny Protheroe
SOLO AND CHOIR
Edward German: The Yeoman of England (from Merrie England)
sung by Ken Wharfe baritone
The congregation is invited to join in the final (second) chorus
And Nations to Eastward, and Nations to Westward,
As foeman may curse them, the Yeomen of England!
No other land can nurse them, but their Motherland old England!
And on her broad bosom shall they ever thrive.
THE PRAYERS
HYMN
Dear Lord and Father of mankind,
Forgive our foolish ways!
Re-clothe us in our rightful mind,
In purer lives thy service find,
In deeper reverence praise.
In simple trust like theirs who heard,
Beside the Syrian sea,
The gracious calling of the Lord,
Let us, like them, without a word
Rise up and follow thee,
O Sabbath rest by Galilee!
O calm of hills above,
Where Jesus knelt to share with thee
The silence of eternity,
Interpreted by love!
Drop thy still dews of quietness,
Till all our strivings cease;
Take from our souls the strain and stress,
And let our ordered lives confess
The beauty of thy peace.
Breathe through the heats of our desire
Thy coolness and thy balm;
Let sense be dumb, let flesh retire;
Speak through the earthquake, wind, and fire,
O still small voice of calm.
THE COMMENDATION
THE COMMITTAL
NUNC DIMITTIS
from Charles Villiers Stanford: Service in G
sung by Guy Protheroe
Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace: according to thy word.
For mine eyes have seen thy salvation, which thou hast prepared before the face of all people.
To be a light to lighten the gentiles; and to be the glory of thy people Israel.
Glory be to the father, and to the son, and to the holy ghost; as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be. World without end. Amen
THE BLESSING
VOLUNTARY
Henry Purcell/Jeremiah Clarke: Trumpet Voluntary
played by Ted Hobart
Everyone is invited to pay their last respects to Muriel
as they leave the chapel
Our thanks to
The Revd Aidan Platten
The English Chamber Choir
conducted by Guy Protheroe
Freddie Brown organ
There is a retiring collection for the Compton Lodge Amenity Fund
All are welcome after the service at 6 Stede’s Mews North - if you need a lift please make your way to the car park where there will be transport available.
Muriel as Bessie Throgmorton
in Lloyds Bank Operatic Society’s production of
Merrie England
at the Scala Theatre, Tottenham Court Road
in 1947.
English Chamber Choir
Forthcoming Concerts and Services – as at 17 June
Saturday 20 June 7.30pm St Martin-in-the-Fields with the Belmont Ensemble
Mozart Requiem Ave Verum Handel – Zadok the Priest, The King Shall Rejoice; Hallelujah and Worthy is the Lamb from Messiah
Sunday 28 June 10.30am St James Garlickhythe Communion – Fourth Sunday after Trinity
TBC Pitoni – Cantate Domino TBC TBC Leighton in D Palestrina – Tu es Petrus TBC TBC Byrd – Sing Joyfully
Sunday 5th July 8:00pm JW3, 341–351 Finchley Road, NW3
A Jewish American Songbook – Bernstein, Gershwin, Loewe, Sondheim,
Saturday 11 July 7.30pm St Martin-in-the-Fields with the Belmont Ensemble
Faure Requiem – Cantique de Jean Racine Bach Lobet den Herrn, Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring, Handel Let Thy Hand Be Strengthened, Mozart – Ave Verum
• TUESDAY 21 JULY – LAST REHEARSAL BEFORE SUMMER BREAK
Friday 25 July time TBC La Grange de Piquet, Bedouin, Vaucluse, France
Based on JW3 Bernstein, Gershwin, Loewe, Sondheim, and Cole Porter?
Saturday 25 July time TBC Domaine du Mouchon, Seguret, Vaucluse, France
Rachmaninov, Ivan Moody, Theodorakis, Tchaikovsky, Tavener, Gardner, Saint-Saens
Sunday 26 July 9.30am Church of St Denis, Seguret, France
Haydn Missa Brevis in F – Jungendmesse plus tbc
• TUESDAY 1 SEPT – REHEARSALS RECOMMENCE
Saturday 5 September – 7pm (NB time) Chelmsford Cathedral with the Belmont Ensemble
Bach – Jesu, Joy; Lobet den Herrn, Handel – Let Thy Hand be Strengthened
Wednesday 16 September TBC O2 Arena with Orion Orchestra and RW
Probable concert celebrating HM The Queen as longest reigning monarch
Handel, Zadok Wakeman Merlin + tbc
Saturday 19 September – St Martin-in-the-Fields NB at 6pm – note time
Allegri Miserere – Victoria – O Quam Gloriosum, O Magnum Mysterium Tallis – O Nata Lux Byrd – Laudibus in Sanctis MacMillan – O Radiant Dawn, Miserere
Friday 25 September 7.30pm St Martin-in-the-Fields with the Belmont Ensemble
Faure Requiem Cantique de Jean Racine Mozart Ave Verum Bach Jesu Joy, Lobet den Herrn, Handel Let Thy Hand be Strengthened
Saturday 3 October – Hertford College, Oxford NB at 8.30pm – note time
Concert of mainly 16th Century music for the William Tyndale Society 20th anniversary conference.
Saturday 17 October 7.30pm St Martin-in-the-Fields with the Belmont Ensemble
Mozart Requiem Haydn Nelson Mass Arne Rule Britannia
Sunday 25 October 10.30am St James Garlickhythe Matins
Phillip Moore Behold, now praise the Lord Responses Rose Te Deum Vaughan Williams in G
Brahms How lovely are thy dwellings
TBC Friday 30 October The Gliderdrome Boston, Lincs NB Time 9pm – 11pm?
Possible – Wakemanfest 2015 tbc tbc Wakeman – Noah
Saturday 20 June at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Rebekah Gilbert
Tenor - Peter Davoren Bass - Philip Tebb
Handel - Coronation Anthem 'Zadok the Priest'
Handel - Opera Aria 'Piangero la sorte mia' from 'Giulio Cesare'
Handel - Coronation Anthem 'The King Shall Rejoice'
Handel - Opera Aria 'Tornami a Vagheggiar' from 'Alcina'
Handel - Hallelujah Chorus, Worthy is The Lamb, Amen from 'Messiah'
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Mozart - Requiem
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The interval lasts 20 minutes. A bell will be rung 5 minutes and 2 minutes before the end of the interval.
Once the concert starts, the auditorium will close to bar the pieces.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt is normally open during the interval.
The Neville Marriner Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops. Please call 020 7766 1138 for further information.
For more information about St Martin's please visit our website: www.smif.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
www.belmontensemble.com
Handel (1685 - 1759) – Coronation Anthem ‘Zadok the Priest’
Zadok the Priest – And all the people rejoic’d – God save the King
Though born in Germany, Handel visited England many times, and eventually settled here, becoming a naturalised British subject. He was a prolific composer in all the main forms of his day, both choral and instrumental - opera, oratorio, anthems, suites, concertos, sonatas, etc.
In June 1727 the King, George I, died suddenly, and was succeeded by his son, George II. Handel had taken up his British citizenship that year, and was asked to write a series of Coronation Anthems for the occasion. It was almost certainly through the influence of the new King and Queen that Handel, in preference to Maurice Green (who had just succeeded to the most senior position in the Chapel Royal) was chosen to compose fresh settings for the Coronation.
The choice of texts was well established, and had been first used at the Coronation of Charles I, one hundred years earlier.
‘Let thy hand be Strengthened’ seems to have been for the early ‘recognition’ part of the service and is taken from Psalm 89. ‘My heart is inditing’ was written for the Queen’s Coronation and ‘The King shall Rejoice’ (Psalm 21) for the King’s Coronation itself.
The ceremony took place on 11 October 1727 in Westminster Abbey. The performance at the coronation was by large forces - an orchestra of 160 players, and a choir of about 50. Unfortunately the performance was not good, being let down by poor organisation. The officiating Archbishop of Canterbury recorded on his Order of Service “The anthems in confusion: all irregular in the music”.
Later on Handel incorporated nearly all the music from the Anthems into his oratorios ‘Deborah’ and ‘Esther’, which brought them before a wider public, and in descent performances.
The text of the anthem ‘Zadok the Priest’ refers to the coronation of King Solomon, famed for his wisdom – a highly appropriate commission for the new monarch; this anthem was intended for the Anointing. ‘Zadok the Priest’ has been sung at every English Coronation since its original appearance in 1727.
Handel – Opera Aria ‘Piangerò la sorte mia’ (from Giulio Cesare)
Giulio Cesare was first performed in London on February 20, 1724. The opera was an immediate success. Handel revived it (with changes) in 1725, 1730, and 1732; it was also performed in Paris, Hamburg, and Brunswick. Like many other works in the opera seria genre, Giulio Cesare fell into oblivion in the 19th century.
The roles of Cesare and Cleopatra, sung by the castrato Senesino and famous soprano Francesca Cuzzoni respectively, and which encompass eight arias and two recitatives accompagnati each, totally dispose of the vocal capabilities of the singers. Cornelia and Sesto are more static because they are completely taken by their
primary emotions, she with pain because of her husband's death and constantly constrained to defend herself from Achilla and Tolomeo, and he consumed by vengeance for his father's death.
**Handel - Coronation Anthem 'The King Shall Rejoice'**
*The King shall rejoice – Exceeding glad shall he be – Glory and Worship
Thou hast prevented – Alleluia*
**Handel - Opera Aria 'Tornami a vagheggiar' (from Alcina)**
Alcina was composed for Handel's first season at the Covent Garden Theatre, London in 1732, immediately after the success of his composer's other works in the opera seria genre; it fell into obscurity after a revival in Brunswick in 1738 it was not performed again until a production in Leipzig in 1928.
The background of the opera comes from the poem Orlando Furioso. The heroic knight Ruggiero is destined to a short but glorious life, and a benevolent magician is always whisking him away from the arms of his fiancée, Bradamante. Bradamante is not the type to put up with the constant disappearance of her lover, and she spends vast portions of the poem in full pursuit chasing after him. Just before the opera begins she has given him an amulet which is only to have her flying horse (a hippogriff) take a fancy to Ruggiero and fly off with him.
Ruggiero and the hippogriff land on an island in the middle of the ocean. As the hippogriff begins to eat the leaves of a myrtle bush, Ruggiero is startled to hear the bush begin to speak. The bush reveals that it was once a living soul named Sir Astolfo, and the island belongs to the sister sorceresses Alcina and Morgana. The beautiful Alcina seduces every knight that lands on her isle, but soon tires of her lovers and changes them into stones, animals, plants, or anything that strikes her fancy. Despite Astolfo's warning, Ruggiero strides off to meet this sorceress — and falls under her spell.
**Handel - Hallelujah Chorus. Worthy is The Lamb, Amen (Messiah)**
Born in Halle, the son of a barber-surgeon, in 1697 Handel became assistant organist in the Domkirche and studied law at the town's university. Leaving in 1703 he joined Hamburg's opera company, composing his first opera *Almira* two years later. After four years in Italy he was appointed Kapellmeister by the Elector of Hanover (later King George I of England) before settling in London.
The first we know of 'Messiah' is a reference from a letter of Charles Jennens, Handel's librettist, to Edward Holdsworth dated 10 July 1741: "Handel says he will do nothing next winter, but I hope I shall persuade him to set another Scripture collection I have made for him, and perform it for his own benefit in Passion Week. I hope he will lay out his whole Genius and Skill upon it, that our Composition may excel all his former Compositions, as the Subject excells every other Subject. The Subject is Messiah."
Handel was indeed "perswaded" and began the composition of Messiah at his London home in Brook Street on 22 August, completing more than 250 pages of the original autograph by 14 September.
The creation of this work in only three weeks is an impressive achievement, but it does fit in with Handel's normal habits of composition: it was not unusual for him to write a couple of new oratorios or operas every year in a concentrated bursts of activity in preparation for his next season of theatre performances.
A fortnight after completing Messiah he began work on Samson and completed a second score of similar length in a month, finishing on 29 October.
**Mozart (1756 - 1791) – Ave Verum Corpus**
This short work was composed in Vienna on 17th and 18th June 1791, six months before Mozart died, and only a few weeks before the commission of the 'Requiem' was received.
The work is scored for a four-part choir, with either Strings or Organ accompaniment. The Latin words translate as follows: Jesu, Lamb of God, Redeemer, Born of the Virgin Mary, who upon the cross hast man's salvation won. From whose side, which man pierced, flowed the water and the blood. By the sacred body broken in life and death, our food:
**Mozart (1756 – 1791) – Requiem**
| INTROITUS - | Requiem aeternam |
| KYRIE | |
| SEQUENTIA - | Dies Irae, Tuba Mirum, Rex Tremendae, Recordare, Confutatis, Lacrymosa |
| OFFERTORIUM - | Domine Jesu, Hostias |
| SANCTUS | |
| BENEDICTUS | |
| AGNUS DEI | |
| COMMUNIC - | Lux Aeterna |
It is generally thought that by July 1791 Mozart had sunk irretrievably into the abyss of poverty and despair. In fact, that summer found him busy and happy. His usually troubled finances were relatively stable and opera commissions were coming in as fast as he could handle them. His old friend Emanuel Schikaneder had recently engaged him for *Die Zauberflöte* and some time around the middle of July a commission came from Prague, for a new opera *La Clemenza di Tito* for festivities at the coronation in September of Leopold II of Bohemia.
Another commission for a 'Requiem Mass' also arrived that summer. Its source was Count Franz Walsegg-Stuppach, a music-loving nobleman recently widowed. Walsegg was in the habit of commissioning works from various composers,
recopying the parts in his own hand, and giving private performances at which he would ask listeners to guess the identity of the composer. Walserg presumably commissioned the 'Requiem' in memory of his late wife; although he sought to conceal from Mozart his role in the undertaking, there is no evidence that he planned to pass off the work as his own composition.
Work did not start on the commission until mid September 1791 as Mozart was still working on 'Die Zauberflöte' and the 'Clarinet Concerto' for Stadler. In November Mozart began to complain of feeling unwell while composing a cantata for his Masonic Lodge; he was still unable to find time for the 'Requiem'. His final illness set in on 20th November.
At the time of Mozart's death on 5th December 1791 only the Introit was fully orchestrated. The Credo was essentially complete, except for some minor scoring. Five of the six sections of the Sequenzia and both of the Offertorium has been outlined - all vocal parts were written out, and there was a detailed figured bass and scattered indications of instrumentation. Of the final part of the Sequenzia - the Lacrymosa, the emotional and structural crux of the whole work, Mozart had set down only the first 8 bars.
Before his death, Mozart had certainly discussed the work with Sussmayer, his assistant, and after much persuasion Constanze Mozart finally agreed that Sussmayer should be allowed to complete the work based on the sketches which had been left.
---
Originally from California, Elizabeth Weisberg (Soprano) studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy's highest award for performance.
On the concert platform, Elizabeth has appeared in the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh, and Three Choirs Festivals and with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Ivan Fischer, Emmanuel Hahn, Trevor Pinnock, Harry Bicket, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London's Handel House Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St. Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Poissy with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Mendelssohn Elijah in the Royal Albert Hall with the RPO, Galatea (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St. Matthew Passion with the Manchester Camerata in the Bridgewater Hall with Kraemer, scenes from Purcell Fairy Queen with Harry Bicket and The English Concert at Cadogan Hall, Bach B Minor Mass in the Three Chors Festival, the title role in Handel Theodora in concert for The Belmont Ensemble,
Haydn Creation Mass for Paul McCreesh in Wrodaw, Poland, Bach St. Matthew Passion with Fischer and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the QEII, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Tewkesbury Abbey, Brahms Requiem in Southwark Cathedral, and Dafnis (Apollo e Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent operatic work includes Venus and Adonis for Inspiration Opera at Wilton's Music Hall, Finzi White Lady, Purcell Dido and Aeneas for the Temple Festival, and Monteverdi Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haïm at Opéra de Lille, Théâtre du Châtelet and Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St. Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
Rebekah Gilbert (Mezzo-Soprano) graduated with honours from the Royal Academy of Music in 1985, and City University with an MA in management the following year. She worked professionally extensively through the 1990s with Belmont Ensemble, including Classic FM’s first Christmas evening broadcast, recorded live at St Martin’s, and the Covent Garden Festival.
Rebekah has had an eclectic career since then. She joined the civil service briefly, setting up a new quango at DCMS promoting best practice in the arts nationwide. She worked as the senior aide to the leader of a political party at the newly formed Greater London Authority, setting up new networks and media contacts; spent six years at the House of Commons where she went from Lord of Stairs to a cabinet-level MP; was headhunted to become a headhunter for senior executive positions in Los Angeles, Paris and the UK, where she also worked as a coach and facilitator developing senior teams and their business plans, and gained her Doctorate in this field; Rebekah has been the project manager to build a new specialist school in Sussex, where, when opened, she was assistant principal developing links with local and national businesses so that every student had permanent work placements throughout their study, and gave a keynote speech on this in Salford in 2012 for the Studio Schools Network annual meeting; currently she is developing her own practice in clinical sports and remedial massage in Sussex, having studied at the renown London School of Sports Massage for the Professional Diploma.
Musically, Rebekah works as a professional soloist, both classical and event entertainer, and has made a full-time Bay Crew with Rye Bay Ensemble performing classical pops and popular classics around the South Coast. Rebekah works regularly with the Occasional Consort as chorister, soloist & conductor. She has recorded at Abbey Road Studios, and was a soloist on the Palm D’Or winning film, Peter, debuted at BAFTA, London. Rebekah lives on a boat and is a novice sailor.
Peter Davoren (Tenor) was awarded the Dr Ralph Kohn Scholarship to study at the Royal Academy of Music under the tutelage of Neil Mackie. During his time at the Academy, he was a member of Song Circle, performing at the Oxford Lieder Festival and Wigmore Hall, as well as collaborating with Michael Chance, Roger Vignoles,
and Dame Felicity Lott. He was a finalist in the Richard Lewis competition, and had participated in public masterclasses with Angelika Kirchschager and Dennis O’Neill.
Past engagements include Nemorino (L’elisir d’amore) Le Journaliste [Les Mamelles des Tresseas] and Florville (Il signor Bruachino) [Dutch National Opera Academy], Goro (Madama Butterfly) and Poisson (Adriana Lecouvreur) [Opera Holland Park], Ramon (La Navarraise) [Wexford Festival Opera] and Tito (La clemenza di Titio) [Teatro Manoel, Malta].
Future engagements include Ottavio (Don Giovanni) [Opus Opera] and the Song Vendor (Il Tabarro) [Opera Holland Park] as well as collaborations with the Monteverdi Choir.
Philip Tebb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar at the Cathedral, and at the Royal College of Music on the Benjamin Britten International Opera School with Russell Saunders. His studies at RCM were generously supported by the Anne Maitland Evans, Stanford Piggott Trust Fund, the Audrey Sacher Award and the Josephine Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Demetrius in Britten A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Harasta in Janacek The Cunning Little Vixen; Nicandro in Handel Atalanta (as part of the London Handel Festival); Father Trebon in Stravinsky The Rake’s Progress and Antonio in Mozart Le Nozze di Figaro. Professional stage work includes covering the role of Papageno in Britten A Midsummer Night’s Dream for Garsington Opera, singing the role of Schaunard in Puccini La Boheme for Wetmore Opera and appearing in a production of Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is in great demand as an oratorio soloist. Appearances last year included: Bach Matthaus Passion (Caiusius and Arias) with Jesus College Chapel Choirs and the Saraband Consort; Bach Weihnachtsoratorium with Cor Dyfed; Brahms Ein Deutsches Requiem with Henry Choral Society and Lewes Choral Society; Handel Dettingen Te Deum with St Ives Choral Society; Handel Israel in Egypt with Bedford Choral Society; Handel Messiah with Royal Hospital Chelsea Chapel Choir and Forest School Choral Society; Handel Samson with St Neots Choral Society; Haydn Nelson Mass with Barts Choir and Fulham Choral Society; Mendelssohn Elijah with Bridgwater Choral Society; Mozart C Minor Mass with Barts Choir and Scariatti Missa della Santa Cecilia with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed Fauré Requiem; Handel Acis and Galatea (Polyphemus); Handel Messiah; Handel Theodora (Valens); Mozart Coronation Mass; Mozart Requiem and Mozart Vesperae solennes de confessore.
Peter G Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a “Baroque specialist” and by the London Evening Standard as “An Internationally respected conductor”.
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at
St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoire's most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queens Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra, the Guatemalan National Symphony Orchestra, the Prague City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Ceske Budjedovice, Filharmonie Hradek Kralove, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midlands Sinfonia. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra of St Paul's Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in November 2015.
A former choral scholar, has conducted the BBC Singers in a spot in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Choirs, English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the Joyful Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir and Choral Scholars, St Martin's Voices, the Codina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chameleon Arts Chorus, Severoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Luminis and Bach Choir. His concerts have been conducted at London's premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John's Smith Square, St James's Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over five hundred of these famous 'Baroque Square' Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London’s Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane’s Church, St Paul’s Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James’s Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the station’s first ever Christmas Day Concert, since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton’s Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Roald Dahl, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the USA “The orchestra’s playing is light, playful and precise”. Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi’s Four Seasons and Mozart’s two Sinfonia Concertante. The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensemble members, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.belmontensemble.com
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the diversity of its engagements. Based in the City, local appearances have included John Taverner in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Alium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues, including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield, recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Hertford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir’s live performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover a similarly diverse selection of music commissioned by the Choir, featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s ‘1492: Conquest of Paradise’ with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg’s *Band of Brothers*, and numerous albums including the *Era* series with French composer Eric Levi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestra programme ‘PnO’ at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally issued by Sony Classical has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another great Iberian work, the *Te Deum* by Teixeira, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a ‘Friends of the ECC’ scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
email@example.com
www.englishchamberchoir.com
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Thursday 25 June
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Oboe Concerto in A Min, Handel - Concerto Grosso in A
Saturday 4 July
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto For Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Saturday 11 July
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 24 July
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min
Thursday 30 July
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 3, Serenata Notturna
Vivaldi - Spring, Pachelbel - Canon, Bach - Air on the G String, Purcell - Chaconne
Saturday 8 August
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto For Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Tuesday 18 August
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Thursday 27 August
Bach - Concerto for Oboe and Violin, Jesu Joy of Man's Desiring
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min
Saturday 5 September at 7pm (email: firstname.lastname@example.org for further details)
Concert in Chelmsford Cathedral : With The English Chamber Choir
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons, Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor
Bach - Air on the G String, Handel - Let thy hand be Strengthened
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smift.org
Pew Sheet
St Peter the Apostle
28th June 2015
www.stjamesgarlickhythe.org
TODAY'S SERVICE
as for all services at St James', is according to the Book of Common Prayer (1662), with some minor variations in line with the revisions to the BCP proposed in 1928. The order of this 'customary practice' (together with explanatory notes) is set out in the white booklets available from the Welcomers' Table.
Should you prefer to use the blue Prayer-Book itself, the Communion service starts on page 236.
The Collect of the Day, Epistle & Gospel readings are included in this Pew Sheet for convenience (see right).
MUSIC
Organist: Andrew Parmley
Choir: English Chamber Choir
Setting: Missabrevis in F by Jugendmesse
HYMNS
At today's service we will sing hymn numbers:
1, 318 & 20
INTROIT
(sung as the verger, wardens & ministers enter)
Cantate Domino by Pitoni
Cantate Domino canticum novum;
laus ejus in ecclesia sanctorum.
Laetetur Israel in eo qui fecit eum.
Et filii Sion exsultent in rege suo.
Sing to the Lord a new Song, Let his Praise be in the church of Saints. Let Israel Rejoice him that made him; and let the children of Sion be joyful in their king
Psalm 149
GRADUAL
(sung between the Epistle and Gospel readings)
Give us the wings of faith by Bullcock
Give us the wings of faith to rise. Within the veil, and see,
The Saints above, how great their joys. How bright their glories be.
We ask them, whence their victory came.
They with one united breath Ascribe their conquest to the Lamb; their triumph to His death.
They marked the footsteps that He trod, His zeal inspired their breasts: And following their incarnate God, They reached the promised rest.
**EPISTLE**
Acts 12.1-11
About that time Herod the king stretched forth his hands to vex certain of the Church. And he killed James the brother of John with the sword. And because he saw it pleased the Jews, he proceeded further to take Peter also. (Then were the days of unleavened bread.)
And when he had apprehended him, he put him in prison, and delivered him to four quaternions of soldiers to keep him, intending after Easter to bring him forth to the people. Peter therefore was kept in prison; but prayer was made without ceasing of the Church unto God for him. And when Herod would have brought him forth, the same night Peter was sleeping between two soldiers, bound with two chains; and the keepers before the door of the prison. And behold, the angel of the Lord came unto him, and a light shined in the prison; and he smote Peter on the side, and raised him up, saying, Arise up quickly. And his chains fell off from his hands. And the angel said unto him, Gird thyself, and bind on thy sandals: and so he did. And he saith unto him, Cast thy girdle about thee, and follow me. And he went out and followed him; and wist not that it was true which was done by the angel: but thought he saw a vision.
When they were past the first and the second ward, they came unto the iron gate that leadeth unto the city, which opened to them of his own accord; and they went out, and passed on through one street, and forthwith the angel departed from him. And when Peter was come to himself, he said, Now I know of a surety, that the Lord hath sent his angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation of the people of the Jews.
**GOSPEL**
St Matthew 16.13-19
When Jesus came into the coasts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, Whom do men say that I, the Son of man, am? And they said, Some say that thou art John the Baptist, some Elias, and others Jeremias, or one of the prophets.
But who say ye that I am? And Simon Peter answered and said, Thou art Christ, the Son of the living God. And Jesus answered and said unto him, Blessed art thou, Simon Bar-jona: for flesh and blood hath not revealed it unto thee, but my Father which is in heaven. And I say also unto thee, that thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.
Front image: Crucifixion of St Peter, by Caravaggio 1600-1601
This week
Preacher: Robin Sherlock
Epistle: Francis Barber
NEXT WEEK: The Fifth Sunday after Trinity
Parish Notices
Patronal Festival: St James the Apostle
Hold the day - Sunday 26th July. This will be Guy's last service at St James with the Archdeacon of London, Preb Nicky Trewick presiding. All invited welcome. A catered lunch will follow the service. Tickets are £12 each and are now available. Please see one of the churchwardens or visit www.eventbrite.co.uk
William Wilberforce day: Outdoor event
An outdoor event will be held in Ireland Yard on Wednesday 1st July. Stalls with cakes, coffee, jewellery and more! Free entry, all welcome 11a.m.-3 p.m.
City of London Festival
Performances are scheduled at St James and St Andrew's over the next few weeks. Please see the notice board for details.
St Ann's Day Open Air Holy Communion
An open air communion service will be celebrated at 12.30 in St Ann Blackfriars Churchyard (off Church Entry EC4) on Wednesday 29th July. Speak to the Vicar if you'd like more details. All welcome!
Priest-in-Charge: Rev. Guy Trewick
020 7548 7546
email@example.com
Parish Reader: Robin Sherlock, firstname.lastname@example.org
Starred Warden: Prof Jonathan Rawlings, email@example.com
Organist: Abboton, Dr Andrew Parry, firstname.lastname@example.org
Parish Office:
St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe Church
St Andrew Street, EC4V 5DE.
Tel: 020 7329 5555
email@example.com
Wardens: Lyn Stone, Jonathan Rawlings, Bill Fraser, Geoffrey Brown, Gordon Haines.
Ivy House Music & Dance
A Jewish-American Songbook
English Chamber Choir
Patrons: The Very Reverend Dr Ivan Moody, Alderman and Sheriff Dr Andrew Parmley, Rick Wakeman
Guy Protheroe conductor
ECC Instrumental Trio
Freddie Brown piano
Anthony Friend clarinet
Adam Precious double bass
Freddie Brown, Roger Carpenter piano accompanists
Singers: Nicky Archer, Simon Archer, Marianne Aston, Francois Boucard, Deborah Bowen, Sarah Brear, Roger Carpenter, Martin Douglas, Margaret Driver, Alison Edwards, Beth Evans, Emily Ford, Kate Greenspon, Peggy Hannington, Margaret Jackson-Roberts, David Jordan, Nick Landauer, David Lowe, Ann Manly, Stella Redburn, Rob Scales, David Shields, Patrick Talbot, Neil Thornton, Zoe Triggs, Jay Venn, Ken Wharfe, David Wheeler, Andrew Wightman.
JW3
241-251 Finchley Road, London NW3 6ET
Sunday 5 July 2015 at 8pm
The ECC Trio will play a selection of popular Broadway numbers as the audience take their seats before the concert and after the interval.
GEORGE AND IRA GERSHWIN
S’Wonderful arr. David Blackwell
Summertime arr. Roderick Williams
Zoe Triggs
I got rhythm arr. Christopher Clapham
Marianne Aston
JERRY BOCK AND SHELDON HARNICK
from Fiddler on the Roof
Fiddler on the roof
Sunrise, sunset
If I were a rich man
ECC Trio
STEPHEN SONDHEIM
Sorry, grateful from Company
Ken Wharfe
Could I leave you from Follies
Beth Evans
There are giants in the sky from Into the Woods
Andrew Wightman
Comedy tonight from A funny thing happened on the way to the forum
HARRY WARREN AND AL DUBIN
You’re getting to be a habit with me
from 42nd street
JEROME KERN AND DOROTHY FIELDS
The way you look tonight arr. Jeremy Birchall
Sarah Brear, Michael Roskell, Rob Scales, Guy Protheroe, Neil Thornton
FREDERICK LOWE AND ALAN JAY LERNER
from Gigi
Thank heavens for little girls
David Wheeler
Gigi
Simon Archer
Ah yes, I remember it well
Ann Manly and David Wheeler
The night they invented champagne
INTERVAL
JEROME KERN AND OTTO HARBACH
Smoke gets in your eyes
Nicky Archer, Michael Roskell
RICHARD RODGERS AND OSCAR HAMMERSTEIN II
Hello Young Lovers from The King and I
Beth Evans
FREDERICK LOWE AND ALAN JAY LERNER
from My Fair Lady
On the street where you live
Michael Roskell
Show me
Kate Greenspon
Let a woman in your life
David Wheeler
JEROME KERN AND OSCAR HAMMERSTEIN II
Can’t help lovin’ dat man from Showboat
arr. Nicholas Hare
IRVING BERLIN
Blue Skies arr. Renée Craig
GEORGE AND IRA GERSHWIN
Embraceable You arr. Kirby Shaw
Marianne Aston, Zoe Triggs, Alison Edwards, Peggy Hannington
TOM LEHRER
The Masochism Tango
Jay Venn
STEPHEN SONDHEIM
You must meet my wife from A Little Night Music
Guy Protheroe
The little things you do together from Company
Ann Manly, Guy Protheroe
LEONARD BERNSTEIN AND STEPHEN SONDHEIM
from West Side Story
Tonight
I feel pretty
Kate Greenspon
One hand, one heart
Maria
David Shields
America
Deborah Bowen, Jay Venn, Patrick Talbot, Nick Landauer
A selection of Choir CDs will be available to purchase during the interval or after the concert.
The ‘Great American Songbook’ is the term applied to the corpus of songs composed for stage or screen in the first half of the 20th century. Its cut-off point has been defined as either 1950 or the advent of rock’n’roll a few years later.
Our ‘Jewish-American Songbook’ differs from the original compilation in two respects. First, it covers music written throughout the 20th century and beyond, and secondly, we have concentrated on those writing partnerships where at least one half of the pair comes from a Jewish background. As it happens, this covers pretty much all of the American popular musical establishment – the only famous songwriter who is missing on account of not being Jewish is one Cole Porter!
Our programme contrasts arrangements for full choir of some well-loved standards with solos, duets, and some smaller ensembles reflecting the American ‘barbershop’ tradition – for both male and female voices. Plus we have some instrumental interludes from our trio which features the clarinet – one of the classic sounds of the Klezmer tradition which has run alongside other traditions of American popular music.
The English Chamber Choir has a long tradition of performing post-concert cabaret entertainments, and tonight we are drawing on some of our own well-loved ‘standards’ from our repertoire, together with some new material.
We will be introducing most of the individual items as we go along this evening, so here are just a few guidelines as to what to look out for.
We begin with a set of three pieces by the Gershwin Brothers in choral arrangements, followed by an instrumental set featuring *Fiddler on the Roof*.
We then come to the first of two sets by probably the most revered lyricist of them all, Stephen Sondheim. The first set features three solo songs and an ensemble; the second, at the end of the show, starts with Sondheim and moves into perhaps the most amazing musical to come from New York – Sondheim and Leonard Bernstein’s *West Side Story*.
In between we have numbers from other great partnerships – Lerner and Loewe are represented by selections from *My Fair Lady* and *Gigi*, Rogers and Hammerstein with *The King and I*, and individual songs from Jerome Kern, Irving Berlin and a few others. And then of course, just to complete the picture, we have the irascible wit of the Harvard maths professor Tom Lehrer.
*Programme notes by Ann Manly.*
The English Chamber Choir is based in the City of London, where it rehearses regularly at the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, near Blackfriars. Locally it has performed Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in alium* at the personal invitation of the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House, sung in the premiere of a work by John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral, and given concerts in the Barbican. Elsewhere in London it appears regularly with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields, at the South Bank, St John’s Smith Square and several other churches and prominent music venues. It has also sung for HM The Queen at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. The Choir also sang at the premiere of singing Handel’s oratorio *Israel in Egypt*. The Choir celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2012 and also has a long history of involvement with commercial music; it sang in the first performance and the recording of Rick Wakeman’s *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* at the Royal Festival Hall in January 1974, and in May 2014 completed the 40th anniversary UK tour including two appearances at the Royal Albert Hall. It has also worked with Vangelis, Eric Levi (the *Ero project*) and many other international artists. It has numerous radio and TV credits, which include a regular spot on BBC Radio 4’s *Broadcasting House* programme the Sunday before Christmas. In May it appeared at the Royal Albert Hall in a concert marking the 70th anniversary of VE Day featuring Katherine Jenkins and the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra broadcast live on Classic FM. Further afield the Choir has toured in Belgium and Switzerland, and appeared in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) and in Megara, Athens, Albert Hall. Future plans include a visit to the South of France later this month, a concert with the Belmont Ensemble in Chelmsford Cathedral, a programme entitled *Missaere* (featuring the famous setting by Allegri) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in September and a concert in the chapel of Hertford College, Oxford as part of the William Tyndale Society’s international conference in October.
Guy Pratheroe was born in Worcester where (before he arrived) his parents were briefly next-door neighbours of Elgar! He began his musical education as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral and was a music scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford. After post-graduate studies at the Guildhall School of Music he formed his own contemporary music group, Spectrum, with whom he toured Europe and the USA and made a number of award-winning recordings, became chorus-master and shortly afterwards conductor of the English Chamber Choir, and worked extensively in the commercial music business as musical director to a whole host of artists including The Who, Black Sabbath, Tangerine Dream, Vangelis, Eric Levi and Rick Wakeman. He was chorus-master for the first performance of Wakeman’s *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* in 1974, and recently conducted the 40th anniversary UK tour of the same album, followed by performances in Argentina and Brazil. When not conducting he also sings baritone, until recently as a member of the Chapel Choir of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, but he has also featured on a number of film soundtracks as ‘the monk singing prayers’ (but without the beard!). He was seen extensively on TV last year directing the ‘Singing Dictionary’ series of commercials for Thirti Telicom. He has appeared as guest conductor with many ensembles, orchestras and choirs including, recently, Capella Romana, the elite chamber choir specialising in Orffian music and based on the west coast of the US in Portland and the Orion Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. He has conducted in Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Tunisia and Switzerland. He is also one of the UK’s leading forensic experts on issues relating to music copyright.
Freddie Brown recently graduated with distinction from the Royal Academy of Music in London. Previously, he read music at St Catharine’s College, Cambridge, where he was also organ scholar, and graduated in July 2011 with a first-class degree and the Peter le Huray prize for academic achievement. He performs widely as a chamber musician and accompanist. Over the past year he has appeared in venues including St John’s Smith Square, St Martin-in-the-Fields, the Wigmore Hall, The Fondazione Cini in Venice and Cornwall’s St Endellion Summer Festival. An experienced partner of singers, he has won prizes for song accompaniment in the Joan Chissell Lieder competition, the Thelma King award and the RAM Club Prize as well as holding the Henry Dixon and Pitt-Rivers awards at the Academy. He has appeared as an accompanist in masterclasses with Olaf Bar (at the Wigmore Hall), Helmut Deutsch, Dennis O’Neill, Simon Keenlyside and the late Sir John Shirley-Quirk. Also an active continuo player, he regularly performs in the Academy’s Kuhn Foundation Bach Concertos. While a student at the Academy he recorded with the Royal Academy Scholars Ensemble in a disc of chamber arrangements of works by Mahler, Zemlinsky, Busoni and Wagner under the direction of Trevor Pinnock. As well as working with the English Chamber Choir, he is assistant conductor of Twickenham Choral Society. He returned to the Royal Academy of Music in 2014 to take up a junior fellowship with the opera department.
Roger Carpenter read maths at Manchester University and is currently head of the IT Department at Tiffin Girls’ School, Kingston. He has sung with the ECC as a tenor for many years and has also frequently exchanged his seat in the Choir for a piano stool. He is probably most familiar to ECC regular audience members as the resident pianist for post-concert cabarets, accompanying everything from Edith Piaf to Noel Coward – with or without the music and in any key the singers care to choose. He has also sung in and directed a number of musicals, worked on vocal education projects in the Borough of Hounslow, accompanied several other small groups and solo recitals and recorded a number of contemporary pieces with the Vasari Singers. Equally at home with classical music or songs from the shows, he illustrates the kind of eclectic abilities which are so much a part of the ECC’s existence.
Anthony Friend is a clarinettist with diverse musical interests, active as a solo, chamber and orchestral musician. He has played under conductors such as Semyon Bychkov, Edward Gardner, Yan Pascal Tortelier, Leif Segerstam and Tamás Vásáry. Anthony regularly performs new works and twentieth-century repertoire. He played Terry Riley’s *In C* at King’s Place with Karita and Marielle Labeaue, and, as part of a side-by-side scheme, performed Messiaen’s last completed work *Éclairs sur l’au-delà* with the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Thierry Fischer in the Barbican, which was broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He is co-founder of Filthy Lucre, an immersive, mixed-genre new music night which moves from concert halls to pubs. His interest in new music extends to composition, which he studied with Robin Holloway whilst reading for a BA in Music at Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge. Whilst at Cambridge he studied clarinet with Michael Whight and David Campbell, and studied modern composition with Maurice at the Royal Academy of Music under the tutelage of Chris Richards, Angela Malsbury, Lorenzo Basso and Chi-Yi Wu.
Adam Precious was a product of the Leicestershire County School of Music in its heyday. Working with the likes of Tippett, Pears, Kyung Wha Chung, Philip Fowke, Humphrey Brian and Campoli, he appeared on television with the youth orchestra, made records and toured Europe. He left school at 16 to become part of the first in-take of the new Royal Northern College of Music; studying with Adrian Beers, and 5 years later was in the first year of The National Centre for Orchestral Studies on a BBC Bursary, studying with Gerald Drucker. Adam Precious has had a long association with London’s major symphony and chamber orchestras, touring the world extensively. His freelance commitments include film and television work, contemporary music groups and chamber music.
For more information please visit: www.englishchamberchoir.com
IF YOU ARE NOT COMING TO FRANCE YOU CAN SKIP THIS ONE
IF YOU ARE, PLEASE NOTE THERE IS QUITE A LOT OF INFORMATION HERE PLUS MUSIC LISTS SO YOU WILL NEED TO SCROLL DOWN!
LOGISTICS
OK, I seem to have nearly all the information I need regarding when you’re all arriving. I’m rather less sure as to when everyone is leaving! Of course there are no plans to throw any of you out, but there are still the logistics of getting you back to Avignon or Marseilles or whatever, plus we do have other friends arriving on Monday for a couple of days (that’s fine, I’m fairly certain I have enough beds).
The people I don’t currently have return information for are Sarah B, Alison, Jay, Johns, Talbots, Moffats, Katie T, Jess and Maxime. I realise that several of you are with own cars etc so it’s not crucial, but it would be useful to know for how long you wish to be fed!
I also don’t have an arrival time for Martin on Saturday.
It appears that we have Margaret, Peggy, Jay, Zoe, David W and Dorothy all arriving on the Eurostar on Thursday afternoon – i.e. six of you – which means that it would make sense if we collect you all in the Espace. (You may need to nurse the odd bit of luggage as the car seats seven, including the driver). If anyone else is on that train, can you let me know asap as we will need a second car.
I realise there are a few others who need lifts and I am on the case. I will hopefully take the opportunity to speak to some of you this evening.
TIMETABLE
I now have an outline plan for the week. We will need to firm up some timings etc, but this will give you some idea of what is happening when, and what free time you have to go exploring, wine-tasting etc.
WEDNESDAY 22 – first arrivals.
Lunch will be available at les troncs. I was thinking that maybe we could go out for dinner somewhere that evening, we can discuss this amongst those of you who will be around and decided where to go.
THURSDAY 23
Simon’s birthday. We will host barbecue in the evening and Simon and Nicly have kindly offered to provide the wine.
FRIDAY 24
Soirée in Bedouin. I don’t have the starting time for this, despite having e-mailed. If it’s early-ish then it might make sense for some of the Friday arrivals to go straight there. French performances tend to either be early-ish so people have dinner afterwards, or rather later. I’m thinking that it would work better if we went for later as it would give more time for those arriving Friday afternoon. But for now it’s watch if this space.
SATURDAY 25
Rehearse at Church in Seguret at 10am sharp. Head up the hill to Mourchon at 10.30 and hopefully escape by 12 – 12.30 so you can head off and get lunch in Vaison or other places nearby.
Mourchon serves aperitifs at 6pm and concert in one continuous run at 7pm. There is a plan to go to the Côté Terrasse down the hill in Seguret for dinner afterwards. This is not mandatory so if you want to go off and do your own thing then that’s fine, but it’s a nice place and it would make a change from les troncs! They are happy to give us a big table. It would be useful to know your views on this for numbers.
SUNDAY 26
Church Service in Seguret at 9.30. Lunch back at les troncs, followed by general chilling out, dipping in the pool, table tennis, boules etc etc. Or you are welcome to go off exploring. No formal plans for Sunday evening.
MONDAY 27
For those still around I was thinking we might go to les florets for lunch. It is in our opinion and many others the best local restaurant (and indeed could be an option for Wednesday evening) but it is on the pricey side, and the lunch menu is a lot cheaper than the evening ones. We could also walk/drive up to the ‘Belvedere’ in the Dentelles afterwards. We have our friends Clifford and Elaine Bartlett and their son and daughter arriving later on Monday so we were thinking of hosting dinner chez us, to which anyone still around will be very welcome.
Please note that wherever you are staying, it will be open house at les troncs for the duration of your visit. There will be a continuous supply of charcuterie, cheese, salad, bread, patisserie, fruit and of course wine available for those who are around at lunchtimes or who by any chance end up missing dinner. Our music room will be available for rehearsals for cabaret numbers (nb. Rog is arriving around 5-6pm on Thursday) or even brushing up the Gardner and Lauridsen! You are welcome to splash in the pool and play games, or just chill out and read a book (we have hundreds!). Please note the pool is one of those kidney-shaped ones which is designed more for a cooling plunge accompanied by a gin and tonic than for serious lengths. If you want to do the serious stuff you can probably team up with someone staying at the Martinet and swim there.
So, to summarise, the fixed points are:
Barbecue Thursday evening (optional)
Rehearsal and Soirée at Bedouin from sometime Friday afternoon onwards.
Rehearsal Saturday morning in Seguret
Concert from 6pm Saturday evening
Church service 9.30 Sunday morning.
So if you want to go off exploring there will be plenty of opportunities and we can provide you with loads of information and suggestions. Our Espace is insured any driver so if a group who don’t already have a car want to get together and go somewhere I’m sure we could make it available (unless it’s being used to collect anyone). Plus there are quite a few cars amongst us. We will have our BMW too but it’s only UK named drivers i.e. us.
Music list below
MUSIC
Soirée
We can repeat the following items from JW3. If anyone doesn’t want to sing something listed, let me know
All the pink book stuff
Both the Barbershop groups (will need dep's for Neil and Michael)
Gigi set
Hello Young Lovers
Masochism tango
Revised Sondheim set: Could I leave you; You must meet my wife; The little things; Comedy tonight
If anyone else wants to offer anything, please let me know, there is some space. Tim and Nicky and myself have some potential numbers.
Mourchon
Tchaikovsky Kvalitye
Theodorakis Troparion
Rachmaninov Bogoroditse
Tavener Song for Athene
Saint-Saens Calme de nuit; Les fleurs et les arbres
Gardner. 5 Philanders
Lauridsen: Chansons des roses
Over the rainbow
Church
Haydn Jugendmesse
If ye lve me
Tchaikovsky Cherubic Hymn
Mozart Ave Verum
Bach Lobet den Herrn
I am checking dress code with the promoters. Details to follow.
That's all for now. Thanks for reading it!
Cheers
Ann
Saturday 11 July at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson Organ - Michael Higgins
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Bass - Philip Tebb
Bach - Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden'
Bach - Air on the G String
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
Mozart - Church Sonata in D
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Handel - Coronation Anthem 'Let they Hand be Strengthened'
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Faure - Cantique de Jean Racine
Faure - Pavane
Faure - Requiem
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The interval lasts 20 minutes. A bell will sound to indicate when the interval is over and to signal the end of the interval.
Once the concert starts again admittance will only be between pieces.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt is normally open during the interval.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions - Tel: 020 7768 1165
The Neville Marriner Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops - Tel: 020 7768 1136
For more information about St Martin's please visit our website: www.smif.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
www.belmontensemble.com
Bach (1685 - 1759) - Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle heiden'
Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden (Praise the Lord), BWV 230, is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach. It draws its text from Psalm 117 verses 1-2.
Bach wrote six surviving complete motets. Bach's first biographer, Forkel, refers to "many single- and double-choir motets", implying that there are many others, though only six complete ones and a few scattered movements survive today.
This work was first published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1821 rather early as a publication of Bach's works go, too early to have been part of the Mendelssohn revival; the publisher claimed that the manuscript was in Bach's hand. Still, it could have been a copy made by Bach of another unknown work.
The fact that the vocal writing is unusually virtuosic for the choral parts, even as Bach goes, has lead Bach scholars to claim that the work is really more instrumental in character, and thus not really Bach-like. This is particularly true of the many leaping passages - even when the voice leaps through a triad, this is not as idiomatic for a voice as it is for any instrument; the voice prefers stepwise writing.
The text translates as 'Praise the Lord all Nations, and Praise him all peoples. For his grace and truth rule over us for ever'.
Bach – Air on the G String
The four Ouvertures or orchestral suites are masterly examples of Bach's favourite type of Baroque composition, and contain some of his most exuberant and attractive music. The Third and Fourth Suites, which have trumpets and drums added to some movements, were undoubtedly intended for performance out of doors. The popular Air is taken from the Third Suite in D.
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring is the most common English title of the 10th and last movement of the cantata Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147 ("Heart and Mouth and Deed and Life"), composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1716 and 1723. Written during his first year in Leipzig, Germany, this chorale movement is one of Bach's most enduring works.
Much of the music of Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben comes from Bach's Weimar period. This earlier version (BWV 147a, composed 1716) lacked the recitatives, but included the opening chorus and the four arias incorporated into the later version. For Leipzig (composed 1723), Bach added three recitatives and the celebrated chorale movement which concludes each of the two parts.
Although it is the 32nd surviving cantata that Bach composed, it was assigned the number BWV 147 in the complete catalogue of his works. Bach wrote a total of 200
cantatas during his time in Leipzig, largely to meet the Leipzig Churches' demand for about 58 different cantatas each year.
Contrary to the common assumption, the violinist and composer Johann Schop, not Bach, composed the movement's underlying chorale melody, Werde munter, mein Gemüthe; Bach's contribution was to harmonize and orchestrate it.
**Mozart (1756 - 1791) – Church Sonata in D (Allegro)**
The *Church Sonatas*, which Mozart refers to in a 1776 letter to his Italian champion Padre Martini, were played as part of the Mass between the reading (or chanting) of the Epistle and the Gospel in services at Salzburg Cathedral, although similar sorts of pieces occasionally occurred at other venues in Catholic Europe.
None of the subsequent organists or composers at Salzburg Cathedral cultivated the genre. In 1783, a few years after Mozart had left for Vienna, Archbishop Hieronymus of Salzburg decreed that the *Church Sonatas* be replaced by vocal *Gradualia* and a new output of choral composition took the place of the *Sonatas*.
**Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus**
This short work was composed in Vienna on 17th and 18th June 1791, six months before Mozart died, and only a few weeks before the commission of the 'Requiem' was received.
This work is scored for a four-part choir, with either Strings or Organ accompaniment. The Latin words translate as follows: 'Jesu, Lamb of God, Redeemer, Born of the Virgin Mary, who upon the cross hast man's salvation won. From whose side, which man pierced, flowed the water and the blood. By the sacred body broken in life and death, our food'.
**Mozart – Salzburg Symphony No 2 in Bb**
*Allegro - Andante - Rondo*
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the Austrian composer, violinist, organist and conductor was born in Salzburg in 1756, the son of the Kapellmeister to the Prince Archbishop of Salzburg. Mozart showed exceptional musical talent as a child, playing the klavier at three and composing by the age of five.
This symphony, or divertimento comes from a set of three written in early 1772 in Salzburg, originally for string quartet.
Handel (1685 - 1759) - Coronation Anthem 'Let Thy Hand be Strengthened'
Let thy Hand be Strengthened – Let justice and judgement - Alleluia
Though born in Germany, Handel visited England many times, and eventually settled here, becoming a naturalised British subject. He was a prolific composer in all the main forms of his day, both choral and instrumental - opera, oratorio, anthems, suites, concertos, sonatas, etc.
In June 1727 the King, George I, died suddenly, and was succeeded by his son, George II. Handel had taken up his British citizenship that year, and was asked to write a series of Coronation Anthems for the occasion. It was almost certainly through the influence of the new King and Queen that Handel, in preference to Maurice Green (who had just succeeded to the most senior position in the Chapel Royal) was chosen to compose fresh settings for the Coronation.
The choice of texts was well established, and had been first used at the Coronation of Charles I, one hundred years earlier. The text of the anthem 'Zadok the Priest' refers to the story of King Solomon, famed for his wisdom - a highly flattering comparison for the new monarch; this anthem was intended for the Anointing. 'Let thy hand be Strengthened' seems to have been for the early 'recognition' part of the service and is taken from Psalm 89. 'My heart is inditing' was written for the Queen's Coronation and 'The King shall Rejoice' (Psalm 21) for the King's Coronation itself.
The ceremony took place on 11 October 1727 in Westminster Abbey. The performance at the coronation was by large forces - an orchestra of 160 players, and a choir of about 50. Unfortunately the performance was not good, being let down by poor organisation. The officiating Archbishop of Canterbury recorded on his Order of Service "The anthems in confusion: all irregular in the music".
Later on Handel incorporated nearly all the music from the Anthems into his oratorios 'Deborah' and 'Esther', which brought them before a wider public, and in descent performances 'Zadok the Priest' has been sung at every English Coronation since its original appearance in 1727.
Fauré (1845 – 1924) – Cantique de Jean Racine
Perhaps because he was already renowned as an outstanding organist and teacher, Fauré only slowly gained recognition as a composer. Although he wrote several works requiring a full orchestra, much of his talent lay within the more intimate musical forms - songs, piano music and chamber music. His somewhat austere style and highly individual, impressionistic harmonic language contrasts markedly with the music of the Austro-German tradition which dominated European music from the time of Beethoven until well into the twentieth century.
The subtlety of Fauré's music, and his concentration on the small-scale, led many to criticise him for lacking depth, a judgement based on the mistaken premise that the bigger and bolder a composer's music, the more worthwhile it must be. Fauré deliberately avoided the grander kind of orchestral music that could easily have
brought him fame and fortune. He preferred instead to embrace an elegant and subtle musical language that has won him increasing numbers of admirers.
The *Cantique* is a setting of words by the 17th century dramatist and poet Jean Racine. It was Fauré’s first significant composition, written in 1865 whilst he was in his final year at the École Niedermeyer, the ‘École de musique religieuse et classique’. He submitted it for the music competition prize, and won, though it was only published fifteen years later, with a full orchestral version following in 1905. Fauré went on to write a good deal of religious music – most notably the *Requiem*, written in 1888 – but of the shorter sacred pieces it is the *Cantique* that has particularly captured the affections of choirs and audiences.
**Fauré – Pavane**
The Pavane dates from 1887, the same year as the Requiem. It is dedicated to the Countess Greffulhe, a patron of Parisian society of the time. Originally written for orchestra alone, choral parts were added to a rather trivial text written by the Countess’ cousin. It is not wholly clear how happy Fauré was at the addition of the chorus; despite praising it in a letter to his patron, his politeness may have been overriding his musical judgement!
It is rarely performed with the chorus nowadays, which adds rather too much formality and weight to what is essentially a light essay in nostalgia. As Fauré deprecatingly remarked, the work is “elegant … but not otherwise important.” Interestingly, there is a link with Stravinsky through the impresario Diaghilev: the Pavane was danced as a ballet in 1917 by Diaghilev’s influential Ballet Russe company, who, in the previous five years, had given the premieres of all Stravinsky’s great ballets.
**Fauré – Requiem**
*Introit et Kyrie – Offertoire – Sanctus – Pie Jesu – Agnus Dei*
*Libera me – In Paradisum*
From the age of nine Fauré studied music at the École Niedermeyer, the ‘École de musique religieuse et classique’, where Saint-Saëns was a member of staff. Saint-Saëns was regarded as a progressive teacher, introducing his pupils not only to the music of Bach and Mozart but also to controversial composers such as Wagner and Liszt. Unlike most major French composers, Fauré did not attend the Paris Conservatoire but continued his studies with Saint-Saëns, who greatly encouraged him by putting work his way and helping him to get his music published. The two became lifelong friends and Fauré later said that he owed everything to Saint-Saëns.
Fauré was a fine organist and in 1896 was appointed to the prestigious Madeleine church in Paris. He was also an excellent teacher, and perhaps because of his renowned expertise as organist and teacher only slowly gained recognition as a composer. He eventually became professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire, and its Director from 1905 to 1920.
The *Requiem* was composed in 1888, when Fauré was in his forties, quite probably in response to the recent death of his father. Shortly after its first performance, Fauré's mother also died, giving the work an added poignancy.
In 1900, under some pressure from his publishers, he reluctantly agreed to the release of a revised version containing additional orchestral parts designed to broaden the work's appeal. Nowadays it is such a firm favourite that it comes as a surprise to learn that it did not gain widespread popularity until the nineteen fifties. In its sequence of movements the *Requiem* departs significantly from the standard liturgical text. Fauré included two new sections, the lyrical *Pie Jesu* and the transcendent *In Paradisum*, with its soaring vocal line and murmuring harp accompaniment. The *Lamentation* and the *Agnus Dei* allow the composer for most composers an opportunity to exploit to the full the dramatic possibilities of all the available choral and orchestral forces. Consequently the prevailing mood is one of peacefulness and serenity, and the work has often been described, quite justly, as a Requiem without the Last Judgement.
Of the many settings of the *Requiem*, this is probably the most widely loved. In comparison with the large-scale masterpieces of Verdi, Brahms and Berlioz, Fauré's setting seems gentle and intimate; yet it has the quality of universal appeal which contributes so eloquently to the work's universal appeal. Whether the *Requiem* is performed in one of its orchestral versions or simply with organ accompaniment, it is impossible not to be moved by the ethereal beauty of this humble masterpiece.
Tonight we perform a new arrangement for strings, organ, choir and soloists by composer Michael Higgins.
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**Michael Higgins (Organ)** studied piano with Margaret Newman at the Birmingham Conservatoire and at the Royal Academy of Music, London, with Iain Leitchingham and Julian Draper. He was awarded the Joseph Weingarten Memorial Trust Scholarship and completed his studies with Kálmán Dárlí at the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music, Budapest.
Regularly performing throughout the United Kingdom, Europe and further afield, he has given concerto performances with the New London Soloists Orchestra at St Martin in the Fields and worked with the National Youth Choir of Great Britain conducted by Daniel Barenboim and Gustavo Dudamel (BBC Proms). In 2012, he toured New Zealand supporting the British Council which enabled him to give recitals and lead workshops in schools, churches and the arts centres in Christchurch. Michael regularly collaborates with Gareth Malone and has filmed a new season of 'It Takes a Choir' for USA television, as well as recording the album 'Voices' released on the Decca label. He also appeared on the Queen's Christmas Message accompanying the Military Wives Choir filmed at Buckingham Palace.
Recordings include 'Waves' with flautist Averil Williams (Fine Arts Music), 'Hugh Benham: A Triumph Song' (Convivium Records) and he was producer for a disc of choral music by Jonathan Dove released by Naxos. A recording of his arrangement of Faure's 'Requiem' for string quintet has recently been released by Convivium Records.
Michael studied organ with Andrew Fletcher, was Organ Scholar at Birmingham Metropolitan Cathedral, and is now Director of Music at the Church of St John the Baptist, Wimbledon, where he has founded two thriving choirs for adults and children. He accompanies the Wimbledon Choral Society and the National Children's Choir of Great Britain.
As a composer and arranger he has answered a number of commissions including songs for a set of educational books published in Singapore, arrangements for various projects with Gareth Malone including 'Voices', the Classic BRIT awards, BBC Children in Need and the Royal Variety Performance. Many of his choral and organ works are published by Novello and Kevin Mayhew Publishers.
Originally from California, Elizabeth Weisberg (Soprano) studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy's highest award for performance.
On the concert platform Elizabeth has appeared in the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh, and Three Choirs Festivals and with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Ivan Fischer, Emmanuelle Haim, Trevor Pinnock, Harry Bicket, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London's Handel House Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St. Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Poissy with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment; Mendelssohn Elijah in the Royal Albert Hall with the RPO, Galatea (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St Matthew Passion with the Manchester Camerata in the Bridgewater Hall, Nicholas Kraemer, scenes from Purcell Fairy Queen with Harry Bicket and The English Concert in Covent Garden, and Missa Miserere in the Three Choirs Festival, the title role in Handel Theodora in concert for The Belmont Ensemble, Haydn Creation Mass for Paul McCreesh in Wroclaw, Poland, Bach St Matthew Passacaglia with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the QEH, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Gloucester Abbey, Brahms Requiem in Southwark Cathedral, and Dafnis & Apollo e Dafne with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent opera work includes Venus and Adonis for Transition Opera at Wilton's Music Hall, First Witch in Purcell Dido and Aeneas for the Temple Festival, and Monteverdi Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haim at Opéra de Lille, Théâtre du Châtelet and
Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
Philip Tebb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar at the Cathedral, and at the Royal College of Music on the Benjamin Britten International Opera School. His Russian Studies degree has been generously supported by the Anne Galloway Award, Stanley Picker Trust Award, the Audrey Sacher Award and the Josephine Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Demetrius in Britten A Midsummer Night's Dream; Harasta in Janacek The Cunning Little Vixen; Nicandro in Handel Alcina (as part of the London Handel Festival); Father Trueman in Stravinsky Rake's Progress and the title role in Mozart's Don Giovanni. Professional stage work includes covering the role of Peck Quince in Britten A Midsummer Night's Dream for Garsington Opera, singing the role of Schumann in Puccini La Bohème for Wedmore Opera and appearing in a production of Webster's The Duchess of Malfi at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is in great demand as an oratorio soloist. Appearances last year included: Bach Matheus Passion (Christus and Arias) with Jesus College Chapel Choirs and the Sarabande Consort; Bach Weihnachts Oratorium with Cor Dyfed; Haydn Ein Deutsches Requiem with Henley Choral Society and Loughborough Choral Society; Handel Dettingen Te Deum with St Ives's Choral Society; Handel Israel in Egypt with Bedford Choral Society; Handel Messiah with Royal Hospital Chelsea Chapel Choir and Forest School Choral Society; Handel Samson with St Neots Choral Society; Haydn Nelson Mass with Barts Choral Choir and Marlshull Choral Society; Mendelssohn Elijah with Bridgwater Choral Society; Mozart C Minor Mass with Barts Choir and Mozart Missa della Santa Cecilia with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed: Fauré Requiem; Handel Acis and Galatea (Polyphemus); Handel Messiah; Handel Theodora (Valeria); Mozart Coronation Mass; Mozart Requiem and Mozart Vesperae solennes de confessore.
Peter G Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a "Baroque specialist" and by the London Evening Standard as "An Internationally respected conductor".
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoires most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queens Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macedonian National Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Ceske Budejovice, Filharmonie Hradec Kralove, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midlands Sinfonia. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St. Paul's Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and he has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in 2014.
A former choral scholar, has conducted the BBC Singers in concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the Full Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir and Choral Scholars, St Martin's Voices, the Codrington Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chameleon Arts Chorus, Sevenoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Barts Chamber Choir.
He has conducted at London’s premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John’s Smith Square, St James’s Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over 600 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London’s Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane’s Church, St Paul’s Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James’s Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the stations first ever Christmas Day Concert, since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton’s Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Roald Dahl, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the USA “The orchestra’s playing is light, playful and precise”. Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi’s Four Seasons and Mozart’s two Sinfonia Concertante.
The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensemble members past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE as well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.belmontensemble.com
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the diversity of its engagements. Based in the City, local appearances have included John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Allum* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues, including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Hertford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir’s live performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover an equally wide selection of both commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s *1492*, *The Last Temptation of Christ* with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg’s *Band of Brothers*, and numerous albums including the *Era* series with French composer Eric Levi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestra programme *P’n’O* at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally released by Sony in Greece has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download. It is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another great Iberian work, the *Te Deum* by Teixeira, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a ‘Friends of the ECC’ scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
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www.englishchamberchoir.com
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Friday 24 July
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min
Thursday 30 July
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 3, Serenata Notturna
Vivaldi - Spring, Pachelbel - Canon, Bach - Air on the G String, Purcell - Chaconne
Saturday 8 August
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto For Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Tuesday 18 August
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Thursday 27 August
Bach - Concerto for Oboe and Violin, Jesu Joy of Man's Desiring
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Min
Saturday 5 September at 7pm (email: firstname.lastname@example.org for further details)
Concert in Chelmsford Cathedral : With The English Chamber Choir
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons, Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor
Bach - Air on the G String, Handel - Let thy hand be Strengthened
Saturday 19 September
6pm - Allegri - Miserere : Performed by The English Chamber Choir
8pm - Vivaldi - The Four Seasons plus Bach, Mozart and Handel
Friday 25 September
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Thursday 8 October
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer from 'The Four Seasons'
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Two Violins, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smitf.org
Announcement of new Priest in Charge
Dear Friends
I am delighted to announce that the Venerable Luke Miller, who will be my successor as Archdeacon of London from January 2016, has accepted the invitation of the Bishop of London to become the Priest in Charge of St Andrew by the Wardrobe. He will succeed the Revd Guy Treweek, who leaves at the end of July, and move in to the Rectory during August. Fr Luke is presently Archdeacon of Hampstead and you can read more about him here: http://www.london.anglican.org/directory/luke-miller/
These are exciting times for St Andrew by the Wardrobe and for Fr Luke, who will build on the foundations laid by Guy Treweek as we continue together to build God’s Kingdom and proclaim the Good News of Jesus Christ.
I will be preaching for Guy at St James Garlickhythe on their Patronal festival next Sunday, 26th July, and on behalf of us all will be thanking him for all that he has done during his five years of ministry here in the City. Please pray for Guy and Rachel as
new opportunities for public ministry open for them, and also for Luke, Jacqui and family as they move in to the Square Mile.
With best wishes
Nick
The Venerable Nick Mercer | Vicar General for the London College of Bishops
Archdeacon of London
The Venerable Luke Miller
Current Archdeacon of Hampstead
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WHAT LARKS.
The English-Chamber de l'Ateliers 84 Art Group
présentent
THE ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
dans une soirée de COMEDIE MUSICALE
choeurs, duos, trios...des oeuvres des compositeurs
GEORGE GERSHWIN,
COLE PORTER,
STEPHEN SONDHEIM,
LEONARD BERNSTEIN
VENDREDI 24 JUILLET, 2015 à 20 h 00
Participation aux frais 15€ Apéritif avec les artistes
LA GRANGE DE PIQUET 79 Chemin Van Ouest BEDOIN
Réservations;
email@example.com ou 06 17 43 23 08
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
GUY PROTHEROE conductor ROGER CARPENTER piano
STEPHEN SONDHEIM
Comedy tonight from A funny thing happened on the way to the forum
GEORGE AND IRA GERSHWIN
S’Wonderful arr. David Blackwell
Summertime arr. Roderick Williams
Zoe Triggs
I got rhythm arr. Christopher Clapham
Marianne Aston
HARRY WARREN AND AL DUBIN
You’re getting to be a habit with me from 42nd street
JEROME KERN AND DOROTHY FIELDS
The way you look tonight arr. Jeremy Birchall
Sarah Brear, Roger Carpenter, Rob Scales, Guy Protheroe, David Lowe
FRANCIS POULENC
Les chemins d’amour
Beth Evans
FREDERICK LOWE AND ALAN JAY LERNER
from Gigi
Thank heavens for little girls
David Wheeler
Gigi
Simon Archer
Ah yes, I remember it well
Ann Manly and David Wheeler
The night they invented champagne
JEROME KERN AND OTTO HARBACH
Smoke gets in your eyes
Nicky Archer, Simon Archer
IVOR NOVELLO
Waltz of my heart
Stella Redburn
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART
Voyagers’ Chorus from Idomeno
Beth Evans
FREDERICK LOWE AND ALAN JAY LERNER
from My Fair Lady
Wouldn’t it be loverly
Marianne Aston
Let a woman in your life
David Wheeler
JEROME KERN AND OSCAR HAMMERSTEIN II
Can’t help lovin’ dat man from Showboat
arr. Nicholas Hare
IRVING BERLIN
Blue Skies arr. Renée Craig
GEORGE AND IRA GERSHWIN
Embraceable You arr. Kirby Shaw
Marianne Aston, Zoe Triggs, Alison Edwards, Peggy Hannington
CHARLES TRENET
Débit de l’eau, débit de lait
Rob Scales
TOM LEHRER
The Masochism Tango
Jay Venn
STEPHEN SONDHEIM AND MARY RODGERS
The boy from Tacarimba
Beth Evans
STEPHEN SONDHEIM
The little things you do together from Company
Ann Manly, Guy Protheroe
CLAUDE FRANCOIS AND JACQUES REVAUX
The unofficial version
Karen Bloomfield, Jay Venn
LEONARD BERNSTEIN AND STEPHEN SONDHEIM
from West Side Story
Tonight
I feel pretty
Alice Bloomfield
One hand, one heart
Maria
David Shields
America
Ann Manly, Jay Venn, Patrick Talbot, Simon Archer
Singers: Nicky Archer, Simon Archer, Marianne Aston, Celia Bangham, Alice Bloomfield, Karen Bloomfield, Francois Boucard, Sarah Brear, Roger Carpenter, Margaret Driver, Alison Edwards, Beth Evans, Peggy Hannington, Katharine Johns, Tim Johns, David Lowe, Ann Manly, Robert Moffat, Stella Redburn, Rob Scales, Patrick Talbot, Katie Thorpe, Zoe Triggs, Jay Venn, David Wheeler.
The English Chamber Choir is based in the City of London, where it rehearses regularly at the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, near Blackfriars. Locally it has performed Tallis’ 40-part motet Spem in alium at the personal invitation of the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House, sung in the premiere of a work by John Taverner in St Paul’s Cathedral, and given concerts in the Barbican. Elsewhere in London it appears regularly with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields, at the South Bank, St John’s Smith Square and several other churches and prominent music venues. It has also sung for HM The Queen at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. The Choir celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2012 and also has a long history of involvement with commercial music; it sang in the first performance and the recording of Rick Wakeman’s Journey to the Centre of the Earth at the Royal Festival Hall in January 1974, and in May 2014 completed the 40th anniversary UK tour including two appearances at the Royal Albert Hall. It has also worked with Vangelis, Eric Levi (the Era project) and many other international artists. It has numerous radio and TV credits, which include a regular spot on BBC Radio 4’s Broadcasting House programme the Sunday before Christmas. In May it appeared at the Royal Albert Hall in a concert marking the 70th anniversary of VE Day featuring Katherine Jenkins and the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra broadcast live on Classic FM. Further afield the Choir has toured in Belgium and Switzerland, and appeared in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) and the Megaron, Athens Concert Hall. Tonight marks the first appearance of the Choir in France, and it will singing a very different programme tomorrow evening at the Domaine de Mourchon and also Mass in the Church in Seguret on Sunday morning.
Guy Protheroe was born in Worcester where (before he arrived) his parents were briefly next-door neighbours of Elgar! He began his musical education as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral and was a music scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford. After post-graduate studies at the Guildhall School of Music he formed his own contemporary music group, Spectrum, with whom he toured Europe and the USA and made a number of award-winning recordings, became chorus-master and shortly afterwards conductor of the English Chamber Choir, and worked extensively in the commercial music business as musical director to a whole host of artists including The Who, Black Sabbath, Tangerine Dream, Vangelis, Eric Levi and Rick Wakeman. He was chorus-master for the first performance of Wakeman’s Journey to the Centre of the Earth in 1974, and recently conducted the 40th anniversary UK tour of the same album, followed by performances in Argentina and Brazil. When not conducting he also sings baritone, until recently as a member of the Chapel Choir of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, but he has also featured on a number of film soundtracks as ‘the monk singing plainsong (but without the tonsure)’. He was seen extensively on TV last year directing the ‘Singing Dictionary’ series of commercials for ‘Three’ Telecom. He has appeared as guest conductor with many ensembles, orchestras and choirs including, recently, Cappella Romana, the elite chamber choir specialising in Orthodox music and based on the west coast of the US in Portland and the Orion Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. He has conducted in Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Tunisia and Switzerland. He is also one of the UK’s leading forensic experts on issues relating to music copyright.
Roger Carpenter read maths at Manchester University and is currently head of the IT Department at Tiffin Girls’ School, Kingston. He has sung with the ECC as a tenor for many years and has also frequently exchanged his seat in the Choir for a piano stool. He is probably most familiar to ECC regular audience members as the resident pianist for post-concert cabarets, accompanying everything from Edith Piaf to Noel Coward - with or without the music and in any key the singers care to choose. He has also sung in and directed a number of musicals, worked on vocal education projects in the Borough of Hounslow, accompanied several other small groups and solo recitals and recorded a number of contemporary pieces with the Vasari Singers. Equally at home with classical music or songs from the shows, he illustrates the kind of eclectic abilities which are so much a part of the ECC’s existence.
For more information please visit: www.englishchamberchoir.com
Music at Mourchon – Summer 2015
26th June 2015
Ruth Phillips et amies. Local resident and cellist, Ruth Phillips, will be playing a series of chamber concerts in the area with two of her international colleagues. Performing Bach and Mozart on the lawn at Mas de Mourchon this promises to be a mid-summer highlight.
Tickets 10€, limited places, book in advance here
13th July 2015
The annual Mourchon Picnic is gathering momentum from year to year. On this year’s programme there is jazz, tzigane and chanson française. The microphone will be open to any well-prepared wanabee’s so if you want your 15 minutes of fame (or just a guaranteed seat) get here in good time.
No charge, limited places, more details to follow…
25th July 2015
We are delighted to be hosting the English Chamber Choir in our cellar for a mixed programme of classic and contemporary song. After coming to Mourchon for a wine tasting, conductor Guy Protheroe was intrigued by the acoustics in our stainless steel fermentation cuverie. We suggested he bring his choir down to sound it out and happily he agreed.
Tickets 10€, limited places, book in advance here
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org / Phone: +33 (0)4 90 46 70 30
L'ÉCHO DE SAINT QUENIN
Buisson, Faucon, Puyméras, Rasteau, Roaix, Séguret, Sablet, Saint-Romain-en-Viennois,
Saint Roman de Malègrede, Saint-Marcellin-les-Vaison, Vaison-La-Romaine, Villedieu.
Secteur Interparoissial de Vaison-La-Romaine
Curé : Père Dominique VALLON : 04 90 36 05 65
Vicaire : Père Emmanuel KINDA : 04 90 36 05 65
Prêtres auxiliaires :
Père Raymond DOUMAS : 04 90 28 96 83
Père Achille VAN VOSSEL : 04 90 65 80 59
Presbytère de Vaison-La-Romaine
27, avenue Jules Ferry - 84110 VAISON LA ROMAINE
☎ : 04 90 36 05 65
✉ : email@example.com
Permanences paroissiales
Du Lundi au Samedi, de 9h00 à 12h00.
En dehors de ces heures, merci de prendre rendez-vous
Vie Paroissiale du 26 juillet au 02 août 2015
Samedi 25 juillet : Saint Jacques
11h00 VAISON : BAPTÊME de Keanu JARRY-WILLIAMS
14h00 VAISON : BAPTÊME de Timéo DEBARD
18h30 VAISON : MESSE, intentions : Marie-Madeleine LAMMERT, Dr Etienne DAILLET
suivie de l’ADORATION (19h30-20h30)
Dimanche 26 juillet : 17ème DIMANCHE DU TEMPS ORDINAIRE
09h30 SEGURET : MESSE animée par l’English Chamber Choir, intention : Jeanne ROUX
10h00 SAINT ROMAIN : SAINTE ANNE : PROCESSION et MESSE, intention : Bernard NALESSO
10h30 VAISON : MESSE, intentions : Etienne DAILLET, Leandra JANET
suivie du BAPTÊME de Emma LOPEZ
11h00 VILLEDIEU : MESSE et BAPTÊME de Emilie MACABET
Mardi 28 juillet :
09h30 VAISON : MESSE à la Chapelle de l'Hôpital,
CONFessions (09h00-09h30)
Mercredi 29 juillet : Sainte Marthe
18h30 VAISON : MESSE à la Chapelle de l'Hôpital,
intention particulière
Jeudi 30 juillet :
18h30 VAISON : MESSE à la Chapelle de l'Hôpital
Vendredi 31 juillet : Saint Ignace de Loyola
09h30 VAISON : MESSE à la Chapelle de l'Hôpital, suivie de l’ADORATION (10h00-11h00)
Samedi 1er août : Saint Alphonse Marie de Liguori
15h00 VILLEDIEU : MARIAGE de Hugues JACOB et Florence SIROP
17h00 VILLEDIEU : MESSE du Chapitre d’été de la Confrérie Saint Vincent de VILLEDIEU
18h30 VAISON : MESSE, suivie de l’ADORATION (19h30-20h30)
Dimanche 2 août : 18ème DIMANCHE DU TEMPS ORDINAIRE
09h30 SABLET : MESSE
09h30 PUYMÉRAS : MESSE
10h30 VAISON : MESSE
11h00 BUISSON : MESSE à la Chapelle Saint Pierre aux Liens
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* Alors Jésus prit les pains, et, après avoir rendu grâce, les leur distribua. *
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Corps au repos et spiritualité
Le P. Michel Rondet, nous invite à découvrir qu’une fois au repos, le corps se révèle riche de potentialités spirituelles.
Et si une fois dans l’année, nous mettions aussi notre corps au repos ?
Soumis toute l’année à des rythmes qui ne sont pas les siens, étourdi de bruits, malmené par la malbouffe, stressé par le manque de sommeil notre corps aspire à retrouver sa liberté, son harmonie, sa beauté. Dieu, qui nous l’a confié, attend de nous que nous en prenions enfin un vrai souci. Et ce peut bien être là notre premier devoir de vacances. Une tâche qui demandera attention et délicatesse et qui, loin de nous replier sur un souci narcissique, nous ouvrira à des relations ouvertes et franches. À condition bien sûr de ne pas substituer un stress à un autre, en soumettant notre corps à un rythme de loisirs effrénés dominés par le souci de la performance.
Dans notre corps, toute notre personne
Commençons par écouter notre corps et par le laisser vivre, respirer, dormir, bouger, à son rythme. Tel qu’il est, il est le don de Dieu qui nous personnalise et nous situe dans le monde, comme le corps de Jésus né de Marie a incarné le Verbe de Dieu dans notre histoire. Nous ne pouvons pas imaginer que Jésus n’ait pas aimé ce corps qui allait lui permettre d’exprimer son amour pour le Père et pour ses frères. C’est à travers lui qu’il a pu traduire sa tendresse reconnaissante pour Marie et pour Joseph, son affection pour le disciple qu’il aimait, pour Marthe, Marie, Lazare et tant d’autres, sa sollicitude attentive pour les foules sans bergers. Alors sachons, nous aussi, aimer et reconnaître ce don de Dieu qui nous donne un visage parmi nos frères. François d’Assise, au terme de sa vie, se reprochait comme une faute grave d’avoir méprisé ce don de Dieu.
Notre corps nous situe dans l’espace et dans le temps à la place où nous sommes appelés à grandir. N’oublions pas que notre croissance humaine se réalise à travers lui. Si nous voulons profiter de ce temps de vacances pour devenir plus homme ou femme, tout ce que nous ferons pour l’assouplir, le fortifier, l’harmoniser nous aidera à nous sentir responsables de nous-mêmes et de notre progrès humain. En accueillant et en épauissant notre corps, c’est notre personnalité tout entière que nous engageons sur une voie de progrès. Sachons le faire avec sagesse et constance.
(à suivre...)
Rentrée paroissiale :
Elle aura lieu, cette année le Dimanche 6 septembre à Vaison. D’autres informations suivront... Retenez bien la date !
CHŒURS LAUREATS
CATHÉDRALE NOTRE DAME DE NAZARETH
Dimanche 26 juillet : 21h00 : Sofia Vokalensemble de STOCKHOLM
Lundi 27 juillet : 21h00 : Chœur féminin de l’Université de TARTU (Estonie)
Mercredi 29 juillet : 21h00 : New Dublin Voices de DUBLIN
DEFUNTS DE LA SEMAINE :
A VAISON : Léandra JANET
Les Amis de la Chapelle Saint LAURENT
et la paroisse de VILLEDIEU
vous invitent à un concert exceptionnel en l’Eglise de VILLEDIEU
Nathalie GAUDEFROY Soprano, Claude POLETTI Orgue
samedi 15 août à 18h
« Hommage à la Vierge » : Mozart, St Saens, Fauré
pour la rénovation de la Chapelle St LAURENT
Charity Gala Concert with Belmont Ensemble of London & English Chamber Choir
Chelmsford Cathedral, Saturday 5th September 2015
In aid of Essex Clergy Charity
Reg No: 239238
THE ESSEX CLERGY CHARITY
Clergy give a great deal - but sometimes they are the ones who need to be on the receiving end. It can be hard to cope with personal difficulties when you live and work at the heart of the community.
Fortunately, help is at hand: the Essex Clergy Charity offers an immediate response to the needs of hard-pressed clergy and their dependants. Our Essex is the Essex of 1747, which means we cover the whole of the Diocese of the Diocese of Chelmsford.
Our reach is very broad - the single as well as the married, the self-financing as well as those on the Church Commissioners' payroll. Retired clergy & clergy widow(er)s also receive help, and substantial assistance is given to the holiday grant funds administered by the Archdeacons. In cases of pressing financial need we have been known to respond within a matter of minutes, because we travel light and are not burdened by yards of red tape. Thank you for supporting this wonderful work through your attendance this evening! Further details are on the web: www.essexclergycharity.org.uk
MANY THANKS
To all those who have made this Concert possible by their donations, which has enabled us to cover part of the cost of staging this event.
Particularly our main Sponsors:
Hunnaball Funeral Directors
Felsted School
Mr Colin Bennett
And the many donations from Essex Churches and individuals.
Chelmsford Cathedral Mothers Union for helping with the Food & wine.
And most of all thank you all for coming to support this concert!
Any donations to the Charity will be gratefully received to help us support our Clergy in the Diocese of Chelmsford.
Nigel Dyson, Lay Governor, Essex Clergy Charity.
PROGRAMME
Bach (1685-1750)
Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle heiden'
Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden (Praise the Lord), BWV 230, is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach. It draws its text from Psalm 117 verses 1-2.
Bach wrote six surviving complete motets. Bach's first biographer, Forkel, refers to "many single - and double-choir motets", implying that there are many others, though only six complete ones and a few scattered movements survive today.
The text translates as: Praise the Lord all Nations, and Praise him all peoples. For his grace and truth rule over us for ever'.
Handel (1685-1759)
Arrival of the Queen of Sheba
Born in Halle, the son of a barber-surgeon, in 1697 Handel became assistant organist in the Domkirche and studied law at the town's university. Leaving in 1703 he joined Hamburg's opera company, composing his first opera Almira two years later. After four years in Italy he was appointed Kapellmeister by the Elector of Hanover, then King George I of England before settling in London. Having written a number of operas, Handel turned to the oratorio, composing Solomon for its first performance at Covent Garden Theatre in 1749. This short sinfonia opens Act III of the oratorio and heralds the arrival of the Queen at the court of King Solomon where she believes she can gain wisdom.
Bach
Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring is the most common English title of the 10th and last movement of the cantata Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147 ("Heart and Mouth and Deed and Life"), composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1716 and 1723. Written during his first year in Leipzig, Germany, this chorale movement is one of Bach's most enduring works.
Vivaldi (1678-1741)
Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor
Allegro non molto - Adagio - Allegro molto
Vivaldi was composing at a time which saw the rise of the virtuoso performer (usually the composer) - concertos provided the perfect vehicle for technical display, as aptly demonstrated in this work. He was also an impresario in Venice, composing nearly 100 operas of which over 50 have been lost. In 1741 he decided to travel to Vienna (possibly in search of a court appointment), but died there and, like Mozart, was buried in a pauper's grave.
Bach
Air on the G String
The four Ouvertures or orchestral suites are masterly examples of Bach's favourite type of Baroque composition, and contain some of his most exuberant and attractive music. The Third and Fourth Suites, which have crumpets and drums added to some movements, were undoubtedly intended for performance out of doors. The popular Air is taken from the Third Suite in D.
Handel
Coronation Anthem - 'Let Thy Hand be Strengthened'
Let thy Hand be Strengthened Let justice and judgement - Alleluia
Though born in Germany, Handel visited England many times, and eventually settled here, becoming a naturalised British subject. He was a prolific composer in all the main forms of his day, both choral and instrumental - opera, oratorio, anthems, suites, concertos, sonatas, etc.
In June 1727 the King, George I, died suddenly and was succeeded by his son, George II. Handel had taken up his British citizenship at this date, and was asked to compose a series of Coronation anthems for the occasion. It is almost certain that through the influence of the new King and Queen that Handel, in preference to Maurice Green (who had just succeeded to the most senior position in the Chapel Royal) was chosen to compose fresh settings for the Coronation.
'Let thy hand be Strengthened' seems to have been for the early 'recognition' part of the service and is taken from Isaiah 41:10.
The ceremony took place on 11 October 1727 in Westminster Abbey. The performance at the coronation was by large forces - an orchestra of 160 players, and a choir of about 50. Unfortunately the performance was not good, being let down by poor organisation. The officiating Archbishop of Canterbury recorded on his Order of Service "The anthems in confusion: all irregular in the music".
- INTERVAL OF 30 MINUTES -
Complimentary wine, soft drinks and canapés will be served
Vivaldi
The Four Seasons (Le Quattro Stagioni)
The first four concertos of his op.8 (published in 1725) are known as The Four Seasons. Each depicts a season and follows the traditional fast-slow-fast pattern. Vivaldi supplied a prefatory poem for each Season:
Concerto No 1 in E Major ‘Spring’ (La primavera) RV 269 Allegro - Largo - Allegro
Spring has come with joyfully singing birds; the earth is with cheerful men and fair damsels at the breach of zephyrs and swift, sweet murmuring. But now the sky is clouded in black and the thunder and lightning announce themselves when they die away, the birds turn aethen to their sweet song. Then on the pleasant flower-strewn meadow, to the gentle rustle of the leaves and branches, the goat-herd rests, his faithful dog at his side. To the rustic bagpipe’s gay sound, nymph and shepherd dance beneath the fair spring sky in all its glory.
Concerto No 2 in G Minor ‘Summer’ (L’estate) RV 315 Allegro non molto - Adagio - Presto
In the torrid heat of the blazing sun, man and beast alike languish, and even the pine trees stretch the cuckoo out of his voice, and soon after the twittering of the finches joins his song. Sweet sounds blow, but then the fierce storm (the unmerciful shepherd) wets the air with its fast and harsh, menacing gusts; he rouses his weary limbs from rest in fear of the lightning, the fierce thunder and the angry swarms of gnats and flies. Alas! His fears are justified, the furious thunder irradiates the heavens, blowing down the trees and flattening the crops.
Concerto No 3 in F Major ‘Autumn’ (L’autunno) RV 293 Allegro - Adagio molto - Allegro
The peasant celebrates with song and dance his joy in a fine harvest and with generous draughts of Bachus’s cup his effervescent sleep. Song and dance done; the gentle, pleasant air and the season invite him to enjoy the delights of sweet repose. At first, when the huntsman sets out with horns, guns and dogs, putting his prey to flight and following its tracks; terrified and exhausted by the great clamour of guns and dogs, wounded and afraid, the prey tries to flee but is caught.
Concerto No 4 in F Minor ‘Winter’ (L’inverno) RV 297 Allegro non molto - Largo - Allegro
To shiver icily in the freezing dark in the teeth of a cruel wind, to stamp your feet all the time, so chilled that your teeth chatter; to remain in quiet concentration by the fireplace while outside the rain pours in torrents and the snow lies with the dead in fear of falling snow; to walk with care; then to step forth strongly, fall to the ground, and bravely run boldly on the ice until it cracks and breaks; to listen as from the iron portals rush winds from south and north and all the winds in the contest.
Helen Davies (Leader/Violin) began studying the violin at the age of five with her father Adrian.
She attended the East Sussex Preparatory Course in Music between 1990 and 1992, performing Mozart’s Violin Concerto No.5 and the Haydn’s Violin Concerto both in her country and in France.
In 1992 she was awarded a scholarship to study at the Royal Academy of Music under Erich Gruberow. On completing her degree course she was awarded the May Graham Scholarship and the Poulett Scholarship towards postgraduate studies at the RAM. She graduated in July 1997, attaining her Certificate of Advanced Studies with Merit. Helen also attended the Fifth and Sixth International Chamber Music courses in Kazsthtely, Hungary, studying with professors Joseph Seiger, Nelly Sorogi-Wunderlich and Gerda Manz.
She was awarded a prestigious Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship which enabled her to spend two months in New York, studying with eminent violin professors and observing and researching their teaching methods, particularly with regard to children. Helen has recently recorded ‘Winter’ from ‘Four Seasons’ with the Camerata Ensemble for the MBR label. She continues to work as a freelance soloist and chamber musician and is principal member of the Trafalgar Sinfonia and Corelli Ensemble as well as her duo partnership with pianist Daniel Smith.
She is founder member of the Guiliani String Quartet who are this years’ recipients of the Bulldog Scholarship from Trinity College of Music, and she also tutors violin and viola at Trinity School, Croydon.
Pippa Harris (Violin) began studying the violin at the age of 7. She has learnt with several teachers, including her mother Jenny John Francis and the late Arthur Leavins. She went on to study at the Royal College of Music for four years with Izhak Perlman, where she lead the RCM Camerata and the Jazz orchestra, including a tour with Herbie Fowler Zang.
Since leaving college, Pippa discovered her love for travel, and has played extensively throughout Europe, particularly in Portugal with the Portuguese Symphony Orchestra and the Metropolitan and in Spain with the Granada Symphony Orchestra.
In London she has a busy and diverse career, dividing her time between performing and teaching. She has played in all the major concert venues in London, ranging from the Royal Albert Hall with Sir Paul McCartney and Sting, to playing in the orchestra for Les Miserables. She is also a member of pop-fusion band Tonic Fold, who have just finished recording their third album.
Pippa also plays viola and regularly swaps between the two in various ensembles, quartets and a recent quintet tour of France. She enjoys teaching and coaching for Bromley Youth Music Trust, where she also made her conducting debut last year.
Peter G Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a “Baroque specialist” and by the London Evening Standard as “An internationally respected conductor”.
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatory’s most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queens Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3; He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphonic Orchestra, the Guatemalan City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonia Clujul Bucuresti, the Filharmonia Lublin, Krakow, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midlands Sinfonia. He has also conducted the Munich University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St Paul’s Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in November 2015.
A former choral scholar, he conducted the BBC Singers in concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the joyful Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir and Choral Scholars, St Martin’s Voices, the Codina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chameleon Arts Chorus, Sevenoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Barts Chamber Choir.
He has conducted at London’s premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John’s Smith Square, St James’s Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over 650 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at the Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London's Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane's Church, St Paul's Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James's Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the stations first ever Christmas Day Concert, plus then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton's Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Roald Dahl, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the USA "The ensemble's playing is simply playful and unique". Belmont Recordings was quickly established, issuing more CDs including Vivaldi's Four Seasons and Mozart's Prague Sinfonia Concertante. The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music-it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensemble members, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
firstname.lastname@example.org • www.belmontensemble.com
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director - Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the diversity of its engagements. Based in the City, local performances have included John Tavener in St Paul's Cathedral and Tallis' 40-part motet Spem in Alium at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank, as well as at Cadogan Hall and at Cadogan Hall and St Paul's Cathedral.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues, including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Hertford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made successful visits to Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Switzerland.
While the Choir's live performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover an equally diverse selection of more commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott's 1492, Conquest of Paradise with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg's Band of Brothers and numerous albums including the Era series with French composer Eric Levi which has sold several million copies worldwide.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing Six Wives of Henry VIII with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestra programme 'P'n'Q' at Cadogan Hall. The CD The Byzantine Legacy originally issued by Sony in Greece, has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Choir's website.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another great Iberian work, the Te Deum by Teixiera, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a 'Friends of the ECC' scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John's, Smith Square.
email@example.com • www.englishchamberchoir.com
Here are the details for the Wakeman recording on Monday.
Metropolis Studios, The Power House, 70 Chiswick High Road, London W4 ISY
Nearest tube: Stamford Brook or Turnham Green
We start at 5pm. We are booked until 8pm but should be able to finish early. However, do bear in mind that getting recordings finished is not only a matter of our singing well – there can be technical hitches which take up time – but hopefully all will go smoothly. There are two tracks and we are backing Emmie Bartlett, who is a 15-year-old discovery tipped to be the next Ms Jenkins (although I don’t think she’ll be there as she has done her tracks already).
I think I have replied individually to those who have asked if they are still wanted but just in case anyone is in any doubt, I’m very happy to have everyone who can do it. More the merrier!
See you there
All best
Ann
Requiem Mass For
Winifred Jean Dwyer
31st December 1929 - 30th August 2015
St Michael's Catholic Church, Sonning Common
Friday 18th September 2015
11.15 am
Order of Service
Entrance Procession
Hymn
Lord of all hopefulness, Lord of all joy,
Whose trust, ever childlike, no cares could destroy,
Be there at our waking, and give us, we pray,
Your bliss in our hearts, Lord, at the break of the day.
Lord of all eagerness, Lord of all faith,
Whose strong hands were skilled at the plane and the lathe,
Be there at our labours, and give us, we pray,
Your strength in our hearts, Lord, at the noon of the day.
Lord of all kindliness, Lord of all grace,
Your hands swift to welcome, your arms to embrace,
Be there at our homing, and give us, we pray,
Your love in our hearts, Lord, at the eve of the day.
Lord of all gentleness, Lord of all calm,
Whose voice is contentment, whose presence is balm,
Be there at our sleeping, and give us, we pray,
Your peace in our hearts, Lord, at the end of the day.
Introduction and Opening Prayers
We do not proclaim ourselves; we proclaim Jesus Christ as Lord and ourselves as your slaves for Jesus’ sake. For it is the God who said, “Let light shine out of darkness,” who has shone in our hearts to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ.
But we have this treasure in clay jars, so that it may be made clear that this extraordinary power belongs to God and does not come from us. We are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not driven to despair; persecuted, but not forsaken; struck down, but not destroyed; always carrying in the body the death of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may also be made visible in our bodies. For while we live, we are always being given up to death for Jesus’ sake, so that the life of Jesus may be made visible in our mortal flesh. So death is at work in us, but life in you.
But just as we have the same spirit of faith that is in accordance with scripture—“I believed, and so I spoke”—we also believe, and so we speak, because we know that the one who raised the Lord Jesus will raise us also with Jesus, and will bring us with you into his presence. Yes, everything is for your sake, so that grace, as it extends to more and more people, may increase thanksgiving, to the glory of God.
So we do not lose heart. Even though our outer nature is wasting away, our inner nature is being renewed day by day. For this slight momentary affliction is preparing us for an eternal weight of glory beyond all measure, because we look not at what can be seen but at what cannot be seen; for what can be seen is temporary, but what cannot be seen is eternal.
The Word of the Lord
Response: Thanks be to God
Hymn
The Lord’s my Shepherd, I’ll not want;
He makes me down to lie
In pastures green; He leadeth me
The quiet waters by.
My soul He doth restore again,
And me to walk doth make
Within the paths of righteousness,
E’en for His own name’s sake.
Yea, though I walk in death’s dark vale,
Yet will I fear no ill;
For Thou art with me, and Thy rod
And staff my comfort still.
Goodness and mercy all my life
Shall surely follow me;
And in God’s house forevermore,
My dwelling place shall be.
Gospel
John 1 vv 1-5; 14
read by Deacon Francis Andrews
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. All things came into being through him, and without him not one thing came into being. What has come into being in him was life, and the life was the light of all people. The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness did not overcome it. And the Word became flesh and lived among us, and we have seen his glory, the glory as of a father’s only son, full of grace and truth.
The Gospel of the Lord
Response: Praise to you, Lord, Jesus Christ
Homily
Deacon Francis Andrews
Intercessions
Deacon Francis Andrews
Offertory
Music
O Quam Gloriosum (Victoria)
English Chamber Choir
Eucharistic Prayer
The Lord’s Prayer
Our Father, who art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name:
thy kingdom come;
thy will be done;
on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread.
And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive those who trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation;
but deliver us from evil.
Amen.
Holy Communion
Music
Ave Verum Corpus (Byrd)
English Chamber Choir
Hymn
O Lord my God, when I in awesome wonder
Consider all the works thy hands have made
I see the stars, I hear the mighty thunder
Thy power throughout the universe displayed
Then sings my soul, my Savior God, to thee:
How great thou art! How great thou art!
Then sings my soul, my Savior God, to thee:
How great thou art! How great thou art!
When through the woods and forest glades I wander
And hear the birds sing sweetly in the trees
When I look down from lofty mountain grandeur
And hear the brook and feel the gentle breeze
Then sings my soul, my Savior God, to thee:
How great thou art! How great thou art!
Then sings my soul, my Savior God, to thee:
How great thou art! How great thou art!
When Christ shall come with shout of acclamation
And take me home, what joy shall fill my heart!
Then shall I bow in humble adoration
And there proclaim, “My God, how great thou art!”
Then sings my soul, my Savior God, to thee:
How great thou art! How great thou art!
Then sings my soul, my Savior God, to thee:
How great thou art! How great thou art!
Tributes
Vicky Holloway, Howard Haines
Final Commendation
Music
Nunc Dimittis from the ‘Short’ Evening Service (Tallis)
English Chamber Choir
Recessional Hymn
Love divine, all loves excelling,
Joy of heaven, to earth come down,
Fix in us thy humble dwelling,
All thy faithful mercies crown.
Jesus, thou art all compassion,
Pure, unbounded love thou art;
Visit us with thy salvation;
Enter every trembling heart.
Come, Almighty, to deliver,
Let us all thy life receive;
Suddenly return, and never,
Nevermore thy temples leave.
Thee we would be always blessing,
Serve thee as thy hosts above,
Pray and praise thee without ceasing,
Glory in thy perfect love.
Finish, then, thy new creation;
Pure and spotless let us be;
Let us see thy great salvation
Perfectly restored in thee:
Changed from glory into glory,
Till in heaven we take our place,
Till we cast our crowns before thee,
Lost in wonder, love and praise.
Recessional Music
Organist, Graham Ireland
PROGRAMME
THOMAS TALLIS (c.1505-1585)
O nata lux
JAMES MACMILLAN (b.1959)
O radiant dawn
TOMAS LUIS DE VICTORIA (c.1548-1611)
O quam gloriosum
GREGORIO ALLEGRI (c.1582-1652)
Miserere mei, Deus
Katie Thorpe, Jess Daggers sopranos
Michael Sullivan counter-tenor Andrew Wightman baritone
VICTORIA
O quam gloriosum est Magnum Mystérium
JAMES MACMILLAN (b.1959)
Miserere
Sarah Manousos, Stella Redburn, Zoe Triggs
Nicky Archer, Jess Daggers, Katie Thorpe soprano semi-chorus
Roger Carpenter tenor Tim Johns baritone
Sarah Manousos soprano Sarah Brear alto
WILLIAM BYRD (c.1540-1623)
Laudibus in sanctis
GUY PROTHEROE conductor
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
This programme takes its title from Psalm 51 Miserere mei, Deus (Have mercy upon me, O God). It is one of seven ‘penitential psalms’ which together are an expression of sorrow for sin, and often associated with the season of Lent. The everyday use of the Miserere dates back to the earliest years of the Christian Church, when it was recited daily at the end of morning service. Probably the most well known, indeed famous, setting of the Miserere is that of Gregorio Allegri, dating from the 1630s and written for use in the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Tonight we include this familiar work together with another setting of the same text by the contemporary Scottish composer James MacMillan. The original psalm text moves from the depths of despair to a mood of positive hope, and it is this optimism which also inspires much of the music in the rest of the programme.
Thomas Tallis was one of a handful of English composers whose lives spanned the turbulent years of the Reformation. He began his career setting the Latin texts of the Roman Church, provided vernacular settings for the early years of the Church of England, switched back to the Roman liturgy for the reign of Mary Tudor and ended as one of the greatest composers of the reign of Elizabeth I, sharing a publishing monopoly with his younger colleague William Byrd. His *O nata lux* sets a couple of verses from a 10th-century anonymous Latin text: ‘O light of light, Jesus, redeemer of the world, grant us to be members of thy blessed body’. There is also a sequence of antiphons used during the last seven days of Advent, known as the ‘O’ antiphons, as all of their texts begin with the interjection ‘O’. Curiously, *O nata lux* isn’t one of them, but *O Oriens* (which translates as *O radiant dawn*) is. The Scottish composer James MacMillan was inspired by Tallis’ hymn and quotes its opening phrase as the opening of *O radiant dawn*. Both pieces represent the coming of light which symbolises the forthcoming birth of the saviour Jesus Christ. Given the link between them, these two pieces will be performed this evening without a break.
Tomas Luis de Victoria was born near Avila (north-west of Madrid), and was a boy chorister at Avila Cathedral. His talents were acknowledged in 1565 by King Philip II of Spain, who awarded him a scholarship to study in Rome. Victoria enrolled at the Collegium Germanicum, established a few years earlier by St Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and also worked at the Collegio Romano, another prominent Jesuit institution. Consequently, he was immersed in the Counter-Reformation movement which followed the Council of Trent (concluded in 1563), and found himself working in Rome at a time when the city was attracting eminent singers, musicians and clerics from all over Europe. He was ordained priest in 1575 and remained in Rome until 1583, when he returned to Spain to serve as Maestro di Cappella to the Dowager Empress Maria of Austria (sister of Philip II).
In terms of musical language, Victoria could be described as standing at a crossroads of musical styles. Geographically, he brings an element of Iberian passion to the intensely pure Italian musical language cultivated by Palestrina. He does not observe all the latter’s grammatical rules regarding non-use of dissonance and uncommon intervals and he also writes some passages where all the parts move together in the same rhythm as opposed to intertwining in a web of contrasting voices which follow and imitate each other. This chordal style is of course a precursor of the ‘baroque’ style which was to develop a few years later in the works of Monteverdi and his contemporaries.
*O quam gloriosum* is a motet for All Saints Day, first published in Victoria’s first book of motets in 1572, and he later used it as the basis of a mass setting. It is one of his most frequently performed pieces.
| Latin | English |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| O quam gloriosum est regnum, in quo cum Christo gaudent, omnes Sancti. | O how glorious is the kingdom, in which all the saints rejoice with Christ. |
| Amicti stolis albis, sequuntur Agnum quocumque ierit. | Clad in robes of white they follow the Lamb wherever he goes. |
The setting of Psalm 51 *Miserere mei, Deus* by the Italian composer Gregorio Allegri dates from the 1630s and was written for use in the Sistine Chapel in Rome. The cloak of secrecy which surrounded the performance traditions of the Chapel Choir (particularly in respect of the ornamentation which was added ‘live’ and not written down) has led to a number of myths and legends, the most enduring of which is that Mozart, aged 14, visited Rome, heard the work being sung in the Sistine Chapel and wrote it down from memory. He later passed a copy of his transcription to the English musical historian Charles Burney, who published it in the 1770s. Once the work was published it no longer made sense for the Vatican to ban performances elsewhere (a classic case of releasing the stable door once the horse had bolted). Apparently Mozart was subsequently summoned to Rome where he feared being excommunicated by Pope Clement XIV, only to be granted an audience in which the Pope praised his musical genius. Later transcriptions were made by other famous composers including Mendelssohn and Liszt, and in recent years there has been a revival of scholarship concerning the original composition and its various embellishments. There have been performances where indeed there are no High Cs at all (which are equally fascinating but have also been compared to Handel’s *Messiah* without the *Hallelujah* Chorus, although there is every likelihood that Handel himself may well have cut the famous chorus from time to time, along with most of the other movements which generally came and went according to who was around to perform them!). Tonight we are singing the familiar version, so there are plenty of high Cs to look forward to. Allegri envisaged his setting being sung at the final *Tenebrae* service as the last candle was extinguished (or possibly hidden from view). The verses are sung alternately by a full chorus and a solo quartet, interspersed with plainsong passages.
*Miserere mei, Deus,*
secundum magnum misericordiam tuam.
Et secundum multitudinem miserationum tuarum: dele iniquitatem meam:
Amplius lava me ab iniquitate mea:
et a peccato meo munda me.
Quoniam iniquitatem meam ego cognosco:
et peccatum meum contra me est semper.
Tibi soli peccavi, et malum coram te feci:
ut justificeris in sermonibus tuis, et vincas cum judicaris.
Ecce enim in iniquitatibus conceptus sum:
et in peccatis concepit me mater mea.
Ecce enim veritatem dilexisti: inverta et occulta sapientiae tuae manifestasti mihi.
Asperges me hyssopo et mundabor:
lavabis me, et super nivem dealabor.
Auditui meo dabis gaudium et laetitiam:
et exsultabunt ossa humiliata.
Averte faciem tuam a peccatis meis:
et omnes iniquitates meas dele.
Cor mundum crea in me, Deus:
et spiritum rectum innova in visceribus meis.
Ne proijicias me a facie tua:
et spiritum sanctum tuum ne auferas a me.
Redde mihi laetitiam salutaris tui:
et spiritu principali confirma me.
*Have mercy upon me, O God,*
*after thy great goodness:*
*According to the multitude of thy mercies*
*do away mine offences.*
*Wash me throughly from my wickedness:*
*and cleanse me from my sin.*
*For I acknowledge my faults:*
*and my sin is ever before me.*
*Against thee only have I sinned, and done this evil in*
*thy sight: that thou mightest be justified in thy saying,*
*and clear when thou art judged.*
*Behold, I was shapen in wickedness:*
*and in sin hath my mother conceived me.*
*But lo, thou requirest truth in the inward parts:*
*and shall make me to understand wisdom secretly.*
*Thou shalt purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean:*
*thou shalt wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.*
*Thou shalt make me hear of joy and gladness:*
*that the bones which thou hast broken may rejoice,*
*Turn thy face from my sins:*
*and put out all my misdeeds.*
*Make me a clean heart, O God:*
*and renew a right spirit within me.*
*Cast me not away from thy presence:*
*and take not thy holy Spirit from me.*
*O give me the comfort of thy help again:*
*and establish me with thy free Spirit.*
Docebo iniquos vias tuas:
et impii ad te covertentur
Libera me de sanguinibus, Deus,
Deus salutis meae:
et exsultabit lingua mea justitiam tuam.
Domine, labia mea aperies:
et os meum annuntiabit laudem tuam.
Quoniam si voluisses sacrificium:
dedisset utique: holocaustis non delectaberis
Sacrificium Deo spiritus contribulatus: cor
contritum, et humiliatum, Deus, non despicies.
Benigne fac, Domine, in bona voluntate tua Sion:
ut aedificentur muri Jerusalem.
Tunc acceptabis sacrificium justitiae,
oblationes, et holocausta:
tunc imponent super altare tuum vitulos.
*O magnum mysterium* appeared in Victoria’s first published anthology in 1572. It thus dates from his years in Rome and clearly shows the influence of Palestrina. The text is the responsory for Christmas Day and the motet ends with a series of joyful *Alleluias*.
| O magnum mysterium | *O great mystery* |
|---------------------|-------------------|
| et admirabile sacramentum, | and wondrous sacrament, |
| ut animalia viderent Dominum natum | that animals should see the Lord newborn, |
| jacentem in praesepio | lying in a manger. |
| O beata Virgo, cujus viscera meruerunt | *O blessed Virgin, whose womb was worthy to bear the Lord Christ Jesus.* |
| portare Dominum Jesum Christum, Alleluia | *Alleluia* |
James MacMillan composed his setting of the *Miserere* in response to a commission from the Flanders Festival, where it was first performed in Antwerp by The Sixteen in August 2009. It is dedicated to Harry Christophers who, interestingly in the light of this evening’s programme, regards James Macmillan as one of a trio of great composers of liturgical music - the other two being Victoria and Poulenc! The *Miserere* is a steady progress from guilt and sin to hope and optimism, which MacMillan brilliantly captures. Beginning with lower voices in sombre mood, the texture brightens at ‘misericordia’ (forgiveness). The sopranos sing in a style marked ‘keening’ (a style of lament associated with mourning which is traditional in Celtic cultures among others) and their melody is taken up by the rest of the voices. After four lines of plainsong the dark music of the opening returns, followed by a return of the keening melody and then the plainsong, now sung by each of the voices in turn while a solo voice sings wordlessly above it. The opening sequence is then transformed into a warm major tonality before it fades away, completing this intensely moving spiritual journey. (*The text of this work is identical to that set by Allegri, so please see above for the text and translation.*)
William Byrd, together with Thomas Tallis, is one of the foremost composers of Elizabethan England, where together they held a monopoly on music publishing for many years. A covert Catholic, Byrd wrote Masses for private use and also continued to compose settings in Latin alongside his many compositions for the newly-established Church of England. As promised earlier we end our musical journey tonight on a cheerful note, with the words of Psalm 150. The Latin text which Byrd sets is a paraphrase in Latin elegiac verses, so differs slightly from the usual Biblical and Prayer Book versions.
Laudibus in sanctis Dominum
celebrate supremum:
Firmamenta sonent inclita facta Dei,
Inclita facta Dei cantate, sacraque potentis:
Voce potestatem saepe sonate manus.
Magnificum Domini cantet tuba martia nomen:
Pieria Domino concelebrate lira.
Lauda Dei resonent resonantia tympana summi:
Alta sacri resonent organa laude Dei.
Hunc arguta canant tenui psalteria corda,
Hunc agili laudet laeta chorea pede.
Concava divinas effundant cymbala laudes,
Cymbala dulcisona laude repleta Dei,
Omne quod aethereis in mundo vescitur auris
Halleluia canat tempus in omne Deo.
O praise God in his holiness:
praise him in the firmament of his power.
Praise him in his noble acts:
praise him according to his excellent greatness.
Praise him in the sound of the trumpet,
praise him upon the lute and harp.
Let resounding timbrels ring to the praise
of the most high God:
Lofty organs peal to the praise of the holy God.
Praise him in the cymbals and dances:
praise him upon the strings and pipe.
Praise him upon the well-tuned cymbals:
praise him upon the loud cymbals.
Let every thing that hath breath:
Praise the Lord.
Programme notes by Ann Manly
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Sopranos:
Nicky Archer
Marianne Aston
Jess Daggers
Kate Greenspon
Helen Huxtable
Elizabeth Kingsmill
Ann Manly
Sarah Manousos
Debbie O’Connor
Stella Redburn
Katie Thorpe
Zoe Triggs
Rhian Wood
Altos:
Karen Bloomfield
Sarah Brear
Margaret Driver
Alison Edwards
Carina Einarson
Peggy Hannington
Michael Sullivan
Jay Venn
David Wheeler
Tenors:
Francois Boucard
Roger Carpenter
Martin Douglas
Margaret Jackson-Roberts
Robert Moffat
Rob Scales
Patrick Talbot
Basses:
Simon Archer
Tim Johns
David Jordan
Hugh Joslin
David Lowe
Neil Thornton
Chris Turner
Ken Wharfe
Andrew Wightman
Patrons
The Very Reverend Dr Ivan Moody · Alderman and Sherriff Dr Andrew Parmley
Rick Wakeman
The ECC is a Company Limited by Guarantee registered in England No.8198937
Charity number 1153396.
For further information visit our website
www.englishchamberchoir.com
ST MARTIN-IN-THE-FIELDS
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church.
Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches.
Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
Once the concert starts admittance will only be between pieces.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt will be open after this concert.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions. Tel: 020 7766 1158
The Neville Marriner Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops. Tel: 020 7766 1136
For more information about St Martin’s please visit our website: www.smiff.org
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
The English Chamber Choir is based in the City of London, where it rehearses regularly at the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, near Blackfriars. Locally it has performed Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in alium* at the personal invitation of the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House, sung in the premiere of a work by John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral, and given concerts in the Barbican. Elsewhere in London it appears regularly with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields, at the South Bank, St John’s Smith Square, the Jewish cultural centre JW3 and several other churches and prominent music venues. It has also sung for HM The Queen at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. The Choir celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2012 and also has a long history of involvement with commercial music; it sang in the first performance and the recording of Rick Wakeman’s *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* at the Royal Festival Hall in January 1974, and in May 2014 completed the 40th anniversary UK tour including two appearances at the Royal Albert Hall. It has also worked with Vangelis, Eric Levi (the *Era* project) and many other international artists. It has numerous radio and TV credits, which include a regular spot on BBC Radio 4’s *Broadcasting House* programme the Sunday before Christmas. Further afield the Choir has toured in Belgium and Switzerland, and appeared in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) and the Megaron, Athens Concert Hall. This summer it sang concerts in the South of France for the first time. Apart from several appearances with the Belmont Ensemble this autumn, the Choir will also be singing in Hertford College, Oxford and at the Queen’s Chapel of the Savoy.
GUY PROTHEROE
Guy Protheroe was born in Worcester where (before he arrived) his parents were briefly next-door neighbours of Elgar! He began his musical education as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral and was a music scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford. After post-graduate studies at the Guildhall School of Music he formed his own contemporary music group, Spectrum, with whom he toured Europe and the USA and made a number of award-winning recordings, became chorus-master and shortly afterwards conductor of the English Chamber Choir, and worked extensively in the commercial music business as musical director to a whole host of artists including The Who, Black Sabbath, Tangerine Dream, Vangelis, Eric Levi and Rick Wakeman. He was chorus-master for the first performance of *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* in 1974, and in 2014 conducted the 40th anniversary UK tour of the same album, and performances in Argentina and Brazil. When not conducting he also sings baritone, and has also featured on a number of film soundtracks as ‘the monk singing plainsong (but without the tonsure)’. He was seen extensively on TV last year directing the ‘Singing Dictionary’ series of commercials for ‘Three’ Telecom. He has appeared as guest conductor with many ensembles, orchestras and choirs including, more recently, Cappella Romana, the elite chamber choir specialising in Orthodox music and based on the west coast of the US in Portland and the Orion Orchestra at the Queen Elizabeth Hall. He has also conducted in Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Tunisia and Switzerland, and he is one of the UK’s leading forensic experts on issues relating to music copyright.
Friday 25 September at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson Organ - Michael Higgins
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Bass - Philip Tebb
Bach - Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden'
Bach - Air on the G String
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
Mozart - Church Sonata in D
Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Handel - Coronation Anthem 'Let they Hand be Strengthened'
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Faure - Cantique de Jean Racine
Faure - Pavane
Faure - Requiem
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The interval lasts 20 minutes. A bell will be rung 5 minutes and 12 minutes before the end of the interval.
Once the second half of the programme has started there will not be between pieces.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt is normally open during the interval.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions - Tel: 020 7789 1165
The Neville Marriner Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops - Tel: 020 7789 1136
For more information about St Martin’s please visit our website: www.smff.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
www.belmontensemble.com
Bach (1685 - 1759) - Motet 'Lobet den Herrn, Alle heiden'
Lobet den Herrn, Alle Heiden (Praise the Lord), BWV 230, is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach. It draws its text from Psalm 117 verses 1-2.
Bach wrote six surviving complete motets. Bach's first biographer, Forkel, refers to "many single- and double-choir motets", implying that there are many others, though only six complete ones and a few scattered movements survive today.
This work was first published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1821, rather early as a publication of Bach's works go, too early to have been part of the Mendelssohn revival; the publisher claimed that the manuscript was in Bach's hand. Still, it could have been a copy made by Bach of another unknown work.
The fact that the vocal writing is unusually virtuosic for the choral parts, even as Bach goes, has lead Bach scholars to claim that the work is really more instrumental in character, and thus not really Bach-like. This is particularly true of the many leaping passages - even when the voice leaps through a triad, this is not as idiomatic for a voice as it is for any instrument; the voice prefers stepwise writing.
The text translates as 'Praise the Lord all Nations, and Praise him all peoples. For his grace and truth rule over us for ever'.
Bach – Air on the G String
The four Ouvertures or orchestral suites are masterly examples of Bach's favourite type of Baroque composition, and contain some of his most exuberant and attractive music. The Third and Fourth Suites, which have trumpets and drums added to some movements, were undoubtedly intended for performance out of doors. The popular Air is taken from the Third Suite in D.
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring
Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring is the most common English title of the 10th and last movement of the cantata Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, BWV 147 ("Heart and Mouth and Deed and Life"), composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in 1716 and 1723. When during his first years in Leipzig, Germany, this chorale movement is one of Bach's most enduring works.
Much of the music of Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben comes from Bach's Weimar period. This earlier version (BWV 147a, composed 1716) lacked the recitatives, but included the opening chorus and the four arias incorporated into the later version. For Leipzig (composed 1723), Bach added three recitatives and the celebrated chorale movement which concludes each of the two parts.
Although it is the 32nd surviving cantata that Bach composed, it was assigned the number BWV 147 in the complete catalogue of his works. Bach wrote a total of 200
cantatas during his time in Leipzig, largely to meet the Leipzig Churches' demand for about 58 different cantatas each year.
Contrary to the common assumption, the violinist and composer Johann Schop, not Bach, composed the movement's underlying chorale melody, Werde munter, mein Gemüthe, Bach's contribution was to harmonize and orchestrate it.
**Mozart (1756 - 1791) – Church Sonata in D (Allegro)**
The *Church Sonatas*, which Mozart refers to in a 1776 letter to his Italian champion Padre Martini, were played as part of the Mass between the reading (or chanting) of the Epistle and the Gospel in services at Salzburg Cathedral, although similar sorts of pieces occasionally occurred at other venues in Catholic Europe.
None of the subsequent organists or composers at Salzburg Cathedral cultivated the genre. In 1783, a few years after Mozart had left for Vienna, Archbishop Hieronymus of Salzburg decreed that the *Church Sonatas* be replaced by vocal *Gradualia* and a new output of choral composition took the place of the *Sonatas*.
**Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus**
This short work was composed in Vienna on 17th and 18th June 1791, six months before Mozart died, and only a few weeks before the commission of the 'Requiem' was received.
The work is scored for a four-part choir, with either Strings or Organ accompaniment. The Latin words translate as follows: 'Jesu, Lamb of God, Redeemer, Born of the Virgin Mary, who upon the cross hast man's salvation won. From whose side, which man pierced, flowed the water and the blood. By the sacred body broken in life and death, our food'.
**Mozart – Salzburg Symphony No 2 in Bb**
Allegro - Andante - Rondo
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the Austrian composer, violinist, organist and conductor was born in Salzburg in 1756, the son of the Kapellmeister to the Prince Archbishop of Salzburg. Mozart showed exceptional musical talent as a child, playing the klavier at three and composing by the age of five.
This symphony, or divertimento comes from a set of three written in early 1772 in Salzburg, originally for string quartet.
Handel (1685 - 1759) – Coronation Anthem ‘Let Thy Hand be Strengthened’
Let thy Hand be Strengthened – Let justice and judgement - Alleluia
Though born in Germany, Handel visited England many times, and eventually settled here, becoming a naturalised British subject. He was a prolific composer in all the main forms of his day, both choral and instrumental – opera, oratorio, anthems, suites, concertos, sonatas, etc.
In June 1727 the King, George I, died suddenly, and was succeeded by his son, George II. Handel had taken up his British citizenship that year, and was asked to write a series of Coronation Anthems for the occasion. It was almost certainly through the influence of the new King and Queen that Handel, in preference to Maurice Greene (who had just succeeded to the most senior position in the Chapel Royal) was chosen to compose fresh settings for the Coronation.
The choice of texts was well established, and had been first used at the Coronation of Charles II one hundred years earlier. The text of this anthem ‘Zadok the Priest’ refers to the coronation of King Solomon, famed for his wisdom – a highly flattering comparison for the new monarch; this anthem was intended for the Anointing. ‘Let thy hand be Strengthened’ seems to have been for the early ‘recognition’ part of the service and is taken from Psalm 89. ‘My heart is inditing’ was written for the Queen’s Coronation and ‘The King shall Rejoice’ (Psalm 21) for the King’s Coronation itself.
The ceremony took place on 11 October 1727 in Westminster Abbey. The performance at the coronation was by large forces - an orchestra of 160 players, and a choir of about 50. Unfortunately the performance was not very good, being let down by poor orchestral playing. The officiating Archbishop of Canterbury recorded on his Order of Service “The anthems in confusion: all irregular in the music”.
Later on Handel incorporated nearly all the music from the Anthems into his oratorios ‘Deborah’ and ‘Esther’, which brought them before a wider public, and in descent performances. ‘Zadok the Priest’ has been sung at every English Coronation since its original appearance in 1727.
Fauré (1845 – 1924) – Cantique de Jean Racine
Perhaps because he was already renowned as an outstanding organist and teacher, Fauré only slowly gained recognition as a composer. Although he wrote several works involving a full orchestra, his particular talent lay within the more intimate musical forms – songs, piano music and chamber music. His somewhat austere style and highly individual, impressionistic harmonic language contrasts markedly with the music of the Austro-German tradition which dominated European music from the time of Beethoven until well into the twentieth century.
The subtlety of Fauré’s music, and his concentration on the small scale, led many to criticise him for lacking depth, a judgement based on the mistaken premise that the bigger and bolder a composer’s music the more worthwhile it must be. Fauré deliberately avoided the grander kind of orchestral music that could easily have
brought him fame and fortune. He preferred instead to embrace an elegant and subtle musical language that has won him increasing numbers of admirers.
The *Cantique* is a setting of words by the 17th century dramatist and poet Jean Racine. It was Fauré's first significant composition, written in 1865 whilst he was in his final year at the École Niedermeyer, the 'École de musique religieuse et classique'. He submitted the piece for the composition prize, and won which it was only published eleven years later, with a full orchestral version following in 1906. Fauré went on to write a good deal of religious music – most notably the *Requiem*, written in 1888 – but of the shorter sacred pieces it is the *Cantique* that has particularly captured the affections of choirs and audiences.
**Fauré – Pavane**
The *Pavane* dates from 1887, the same year as the *Requiem*. It is dedicated to the Countess Greffulhe, a patron of Parisian society of the time. Originally written for orchestra alone, chorus parts were added to a rather trivial text written by the Countess' cousin. It is not wholly clear how happy Fauré was at the addition of the chorus, despite praising it in a letter to his patron, his politeness may have been overriding his musical judgement!
It is rarely performed with the chorus nowadays, which adds rather too much formality and weight to what is essentially a light essay in nostalgia. As Faure deprecatingly remarked, the work is "elegant ... but not otherwise important." Interestingly, there is a link with Stravinsky through the impresario Diaghilev, the *Pavane* was danced as a ballet in 1917 by Diaghilev's influential Ballet Russe company, who, in the previous five years, had given the premieres of all Stravinsky's great ballets.
**Fauré – Requiem**
*Introit et Kyrie – Offertorio – Sanctus – Pie Jesu – Agnus Dei*
*Libera me – In Paradisum*
From the age of nine Fauré studied music at the École Niedermeyer, the École de musique religieuse et classique. The great Saint-Saëns was a member of staff. Saint-Saëns was regarded as a progressive teacher, introducing his pupils not only to the music of Bach and Mozart but also to controversial composers such as Wagner and Liszt. Unlike most major French composers, Fauré did not attend the Paris Conservatoire but cut his musical studies with Saint-Saëns, who greatly encouraged him by putting him his way and helping him to find his musical voice. The two became lifelong friends and Fauré later said that he owed everything to Saint-Saëns.
Fauré was a fine organist and in 1898 was appointed to the prestigious Madeleine church in Paris. He was also an excellent teacher, and perhaps because of his renowned expertise as organist and teacher only slowly gained recognition as a composer. He eventually became professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire, and its Director from 1905 to 1920.
The *Requiem* was composed in 1886, when Fauré was in his forties, quite probably in response to the recent death of his father. Shortly after its first performance, Fauré’s mother also died, giving the work an added poignancy.
In 1900, under some pressure from his publishers, he reluctantly agreed to the release of a revised version with additional instrumental parts designed to broaden the appeal. Nowadays it is such a firm favourite that it comes as a surprise to learn that it did not gain widespread popularity until the nineteen-fifties. In its sequence of movements the *Requiem* departs significantly from the standard liturgical text: Fauré included two new sections, the lyrical *Pie Jesu* and the transcendent *In Paradisum*, with their soaring vocal lines and murmuring harp accompaniment. This has opened the way for and Tuba Mira, for avant-garde composers an opportunity to exploit to the full the dramatic possibilities of all the available choral and orchestral forces. Consequently the prevailing mood is one of peacefulness and serenity, and the work has often been described, quite justly, as a Requiem without the Last Judgement.
Of the many settings of the *Requiem*, this is probably the most widely loved. In comparison with the elaborate masterpieces of Verdi, Brahms and Berlioz, Fauré’s setting seems gentle and unassuming, yet it is this very quality of understatement which contributes so eloquently to the work’s universal appeal. Whether the *Requiem* is performed in one of its orchestral versions or simply with organ accompaniment, it is impossible not to be moved by the ethereal beauty of this humble masterpiece.
Tonight we perform a new arrangement for strings, organ, choir and soloists by composer Michael Higgins.
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**Michael Higgins (Organ)** studied piano with Margaret Newman at the Birmingham Conservatoire, and at the Royal Academy of Music, London, with Iain Leitham and Julius Drake. He was awarded the Joseph Weingarten Memorial Trust Scholarship and completed his studies with Kálmán Dráfi at the Liszt Ferenc Academy of Music, Budapest.
Regularly performing throughout the United Kingdom, Europe and further afield, he has given concerto performances with the New London Soloists Orchestra at St Martin in the Fields and worked with the National Youth Choir of Great Britain conducted by Daniel Barenboim and Gustavo Dudamel (BBC Proms). In 2012, he toured New Zealand supported by the British Council where he gave recitals and lead workshops in schools damaged by the earthquakes in Christchurch. Michael regularly collaborates with Gareth Malone and has filmed a new season of ‘It Takes a Choir’ for USA television, as well as recording the album ‘Voices’ released on the Decca label. He also appeared on the Queen’s Christmas Message accompanying the Military Wives Choir filmed at Buckingham Palace.
Recordings include 'Waves' with flautist Averil Williams (Fine Arts Music), 'Hugh Benham: A Triumph Song' (Convivium Records) and he was producer for a disc of choral music by Jonathan Dove released by Naxos. A recording of his arrangement of Faure's 'Requiem' for string quintet has recently been released by Convivium Records.
Michael studied organ with Andrew Fletcher, was Organ Scholar at Birmingham Metropolitan Cathedral, and is now Director of Music at the Church of St John the Baptist, Wimbledon where he has founded two thriving choirs for adults and children. He accompanies the Wimbledon Choral Society and the National Children's Choir of Great Britain.
As a composer and arranger he has answered a number of commissions including songs for a set of educational books published in Singapore, arrangements for various projects with Gareth Malone including 'Voices', the Classic BRIT awards, BBC Children in Need and the Royal Variety Performance. Many of his choral and organ works are published by Novello and Kevin Mayhew Publishers.
Originally from California, Elizabeth Weisberg (Soprano) studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy's highest award for performance.
On the concert platform, Elizabeth has appeared in the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh and Theatre Chorale festivals and with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Iván Fischer, Emmanuelle Haïm, Trevor Pinnock, Harry Bicket, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London's Handel House Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Poole with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Mendelssohn Elijah in the Royal Albert Hall with the RPO, Galatea (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St Matthew Passion with the Manchester Camerata in the Bridgewater Hall, and with Kraemer, scenes from Purcell's Dido and Aeneas with Harry Bicket and The English Concert at Cadogan Hall, Bach B Minor Mass in the Temple Church Festival, the title role in Handel Theodora in concert for The Belmont Ensemble, Haydn Creation Mass for Paul McCreesh in Wrocław, Poland, Bach St Matthew Passion with Fletcher and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the QEII, Bach B Minor Mass for the Temple Church Festival, Brahms Requiem in Southwark Cathedral, and Dafne (Apollo e Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent opera work includes Venus and Adonis for Transition Opera at Wilton's Music Hall, First Witch in Purcell Dido and Aeneas for the Temple Festival, and Monteverdi Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haïm at Opéra de Lille, Théâtre du Châtelet and
Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
Philip Tebb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar at the Cathedral, and at the Royal College of Music on the Benjamin Britten International Opera School with Russell Smythe. His studies at RCM were generously supported by the Anne Clayton Award, Stanley Picker Trust Award, the Audrey Sacher Award and the Josephine Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Demetrius in Britten A Midsummer Night's Dream; Harlequin in Britten The Cunning Little Vixen; Nicolas in Humperdinck Hansel and Gretel at the London Handel Festival; Father Time in Stravinsky The Rake's Progress and Antonio in Mozart Le Nozze di Figaro. Professional stage work includes covering the role of Peter Quince in Britten A Midsummer Night's Dream for Garsington Opera, singing the role of Schaurard in Puccini La Bohème for Wedmore Opera and appearing in a production of Webster's The Duchess of Malfi at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is in great demand as an oratorio soloist. Appearances last year included: Bach Matthäus Passion; Christus and Crucifixus with the Colwyn Chapel Choirs and the Swannand Consort; Bach Weihnachts Oratorium with Cor Dyfed; Brahms Ein Deutsches Requiem with Henley Choral Society and Lewisham Choral Society; Handel Dettingen Te Deum with St Ives Choral Society; Handel Israel in Egypt with Bedford Choral Society; Handel Messiah with Royal Hospital Chelsea Chapel Choir and Fortnum & Mason Choral Society; Haydn Stabat Mater with St Albans Choral Society; Haydn Nelson Mass with Barts Chamber Choir and Spinnul Choral Society; Mendelssohn Elijah with Bridgwater Choral Society, Mozart C Minor Mass with Barts Choir and Scarlatti Missa della Santa Cecilia with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed: Fauré Requiem; Handel Acis and Galatea (Polyphemus); Handel Messiah; Handel Theodora (Valens); Mozart Coronation Mass; Mozart Requiem and Mozart Vesperae solennies de confessore.
Peter G Dyson is an outstanding English Conductor, described by The Times as a "Baroque specialist" and by the London Evening Standard as "An Internationally respected conductor".
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoires most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queens Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Ceske Budjovice, Filharmonie Hradek Kralove and the Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midlands Sinfonia. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St. Paul’s Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and he has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in 2015.
A former choral scholar, has conducted the BBC Singers in concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the Juilliard Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields’ Choir and Choral School, St Martin’s Voices, the Codina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chameleon Arts Chorus, Sevenoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Barts Chamber Choir.
He has conducted at London’s premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John’s Smith Square, St James’s Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over 800 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London’s Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane’s Church, St Paul’s Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James’s Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the stations first ever Christmas Day Concert, since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton’s Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Roald Dahl, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the USA “The orchestra’s playing is light, playful and precise.” Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi’s Four Seasons and Mozart’s two Sinfonia Concertante.
The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Belmont Ensemble members, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
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www.belmontensemble.com
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the quality of its ensemble singing. Based in the City, local appearances have included John Taverner’s *Ave Maria* at St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Alium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues, including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield, recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals and Hertford College Oxford. Abroad in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir’s live performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover an equally diverse selection of more commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s 1992, *Conquest of Paradise* with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg’s *Band of Brothers*, and numerous albums including the *Era* series with French composer Eric Levi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestra programme at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally issued by Sony in Greece has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another great Iberian work, the *Te Deum* by Teixeira, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a ‘Friends of the ECC’ scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
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Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Thursday 8 October
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer from 'The Four Seasons'
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Two Violins, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Saturday 17 October
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Haydn - Nelson Mass, Handel - Hallelujah Chorus, Arne - Rule Britannia
Friday 30 October
Handel - Royal Fireworks Music
Handel - Water Music Suite in F, Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Trumpets, Summer
Tuesday 24 November
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 18 and Saturday 19 December
Handel - Messiah : With The English Chamber Choir
Saturday 19 December at 4pm
Christmas With The English Chamber Choir - Favourite Christmas Carols
Saturday 9 January
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Pachelbel - Canon, Bach - Air on the G String
Saturday 16 January
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Handel - Zadok the Priest, Hallelujah Chorus, Gloria, Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Friday 22 January
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 14 in E flat
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Bach - Air on the G String
Thursday 25 February
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer, Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smiff.org
9th International Tyndale Conference
The Chapel of Hertford College, Oxford
Saturday 3 October 2015
English Chamber Choir
Guy Protheroe
conductor
MUSIC OF TYNDALE’S TIME
with some contemporary interpretations
THOMAS TALLIS (c.1505-1585)
O nata lux
JAMES MACMILLAN (b.1959)
O radiant dawn
ANTONIUS DIVITIS (c.1470-c.1530)
Gloria from Missa Gaude Barbara
Verse: Peggy Hannington, Jess Daggers, Michael Roskell, David Lowe
MATTHEUS PIPELARE (c.1450-1515)
Credo de Sancto Johanne Evangelista
Verse: Sarah Manousos, Jess Daggers, Michael Roskell, David Lowe, Neil Thornton
JOHN SHEPPARD (1515-1558)
Media vita in morte sumus
Verses: David Wheeler, Michael Roskell, Chris Turner, Neil Thornton
Sarah Manousos, Jess Daggers, Sarah Brear, Jay Venn, David Lowe
THOMAS TALLIS
Third Tune from Nine Tunes for Archbishop Parker’s Psalter
BOB CHILCOTT (b.1955)
Tallis Canon
JOHN TAVERNER (c.1490-1545)
Dum transisset Sabbatum
Tonight’s programme explores the soundworld within which William Tyndale would have lived and prayed. And by way of contrast we are including a couple of recent pieces which have been written as companions to pieces by Thomas Tallis who, probably more than anyone else, was the composer whose Latin compositions Tyndale would have known, and whose English settings were among the first to use his translations as they appeared in the Book of Common Prayer.
The Tudor dynasty in England lasted from 1485 to 1603. By the time Henry VI, the first Tudor monarch, came to the throne, the ‘Renaissance’ movement which started in Italy with the revisiting of its classical heritage, was a well-established musical phenomenon. England, however, happens to be an island, and as such, not for the first time, lagged somewhat behind these new continental directions. Instead, it experienced a late flowering of a musical style and language which had evolved throughout the Medieval era. The works by Sheppard and Tallis in this evening’s programme present a part of the apogee of a tradition which was to be cruelly torn apart by the political forces of religious reform just a few years later.
Of course the bottom line is that we don’t know exactly which pieces of music Tyndale would have encountered. We have yet to discover a ‘Tudor equivalent of Desert Island Discs’, which would provide a useful insight. We don’t even know where he was living for much of the 1520s, and composers were a pretty itinerant bunch too – moving around between Courts, Chapels, Universities and any other institutions which offered them lucrative positions along with international prestige. And it is far from clear to what extent a composer’s work would continue to be performed in an establishment from which he had moved on, or of course after his death. The upside of our researches, however, is that we have some really wonderful music with which to entertain you.
As just mentioned, Thomas Tallis plays an particularly important role in this turbulent period of history. His early Latin works would have been composed in Tyndale’s lifetime; those in English would have been rather later, after Tyndale’s untimely death. Tallis somehow managed to ingratiate himself with successive Tudor monarchs, writing for Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I and managing to stay out of trouble - no mean feat. His *O nata lux* set a couple of verses from a 10th-century anonymous Latin text: ‘O light of light, Jesus, redeemer of the world, grant us to be members of thy blessed body.’ There is also a sequence of antiphons used during the last seven days of Advent, known as the ‘O’ antiphons, as all of their texts begin with the interjection ‘O’. Curiously *O nata lux* isn’t one of them, but *O Oriens* (which translates as *O radiant dawn*) is. The Scottish composer James MacMillan is widely regarded as one of the foremost composers of his generation. He was inspired by Tallis’ hymn and quotes its opening phrase as the opening of *O radiant dawn*. Both pieces represent the coming of light which symbolises the forthcoming birth of the saviour Jesus Christ. Given the link between them, these two pieces will be performed this evening without a break.
The most famous Flemish composer at the turn of the 16th century was undoubtedly Josquin des Près. There are, however, numerous other musicians who flourished in the Courts and Chapels of France, Burgundy and the Low Countries whose compositions are now being re-discovered and re-appraised. Composers from Northern Europe also enjoyed a considerable vogue at the Papal Courts of Leo X and Clement VII (both members of the Medici family) in Rome, and consequently much of their music has been preserved in Italian sources. Both Antonius Divitis and Matthaeus Pipelare worked in and around the Antwerp area and it is highly probable that Tyndale would have been familiar with their music, particularly settings of the Mass. Divitis was born in Louvain and also worked in Bruges and Mechelen. He was ordained priest in 1501 and entered the service of Philippe le Beau, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy and King of Castile. Consequently he spent some years visiting Spain and after a period in the service of Francois I of France it would appear that he moved to Italy, spending time at the Papal Court. He died around 1530. His extant works include three Masses; the *Gloria* performed today is from his *Missa Grande Barbara*. The Flemish composers, while retaining the polyphonic style, tended to opt for shorter phrases which are well suited to imitation between voices, and in his *Credo de Sancto Johanne Evangelista*, Pipelare also resorts to simpler homophonic (i.e. all voices moving in parallel) sections by way of contrast. Pipelare also came from Louvain and after working in Antwerp became choir director of the Illustrious Confraternity of Our Lady at ’s-Hertogenbosch. This *Credo* is so called because it incorporates in the tenor line the plainsong antiphon *Oecurit bona iohannis* which, in addition to describing the return from exile of John the Baptist, also incorporates the words of another Mass movement, the Benedictus: ‘When the blessed John returned from exile, there came running to meet him all the people, men and women alike, crying and saying: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord’.
It was no doubt a consequence of not only the English Reformation but also the brief Puritan rule in England a century later that the manuscripts of music written for the Roman Latin rite (for its ‘Sarum’ English variant) remained fairly firmly gathering dust in University and Cathedral libraries for nearly 400 years. John Sheppard was organist and *infirmator choriistarum* (master of the choristers) at Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1543-1548, after which he moved on to be a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. It was another Fellow of Magdalen, David Wulstan, who in the 1960s began to transcribe and edit many of the works of Sheppard and his contemporaries, and caused shock-waves among the early music establishment with his performance theories. Using several sets of information – pitches of organ pipes, clef conventions, records of singers in various collegiate institutions and so on – he concluded that much of this music was sung at a pitch that today would be rather higher than written.
Media vita in morte sumus translates as “In the midst of life we are in death”. Although the author of this text is unknown, it was later incorporated into the Book of Common Prayer as one of a series of ‘funeral sentences’.
In the 16th century of course, average life expectancy was considerably less than now. But the chance of early mortality was always a dreaded reality. As Benjamin Franklin wryly observed “In this world nothing is certain but death and taxes.” The uncertainty comes from the lack of advance warning as to when death may occur. For many who now live to a ripe old age, deterioration of body and/or mind may serve to presage this final event, but for others life may be ended with a bolt out of the blue – which is what happened to so many Englishmen when they were sent ‘over the top’ from the trenches in the Great War. In Sheppard’s and Tyndale’s time there were no howitzers or tanks – and no antibiotics, antiseptics or advanced surgical techniques. Life expectancy was correspondingly shorter, but the principal causes of sudden death were from pestilence, plague or, in the case of women, childbirth; previously healthy citizens could disappear within hours, often leaving their families destitute, both materially and emotionally. Sheppard himself died in his early 40s from influenza, so it’s believed. What this time does share with the early 21st century, however, is the manifestation of extreme fundamentalist religious belief, and the consequent bloodshed carried out in the name of God. The English population of the 1530s would have known very little of Islam or even Orthodox Judaism, but they would have been all too familiar with the tide of Reformation which was sweeping across Northern Europe, bringing its own bloodshed in the name of the Christian God. In his own lifetime Sheppard would have witnessed the martyrdom of several leading English churchmen, not to mention the execution of at least two English Queens on politico-religious grounds. [Anne Boleyn and Lady Jane Grey: Mary Queen of Scots was later.] Tyndale may not have actually heard a performance of Media vita but in the midst of his short life, when he thought that the spread of the Reformation would guarantee his work and protect him, he was put to death in the most grisly manner.
When both Sheppard and Tallis began their musical careers, the style of composition prevalent in England was that of the Roman Catholic Church, although the English had devised their own version of the Latin liturgy which was known as the ‘Sarum’ rite (Sarum is the Latin name for Salisbury). The words were in Latin, and were set to long ‘melismatic’ phrases (stretching each syllable over several consecutive notes or even phrases). Originally the Latin texts would have been set to a single melody, known as its ‘plainsong’ (or ‘cantus firmus’). Over time, lines were added above and beneath this original melody, which itself came to be known as the ‘tenor’ (from the Latin tenere ‘to hold’). The result is rather like a tapestry or embroidery, with the tenor as the canvas and the other voices weaving elaborate and colourful threads onto it. The singers, priests and laity would have been familiar with the texts already so there was no need for the words to be audible. One of the ‘reforms’ of the Church of England, however, was the insistence that the words, now in English, should be clearly distinguished and set with just one musical note per syllable. Both Sheppard and Tallis later wrote in this style too, but it was to be some while before the post-reformation English style reached the maturity and confidence of its pre-reformation equivalent. Sheppard’s Media vita is certainly one of the crowning achievements of the epoque. Written in six voice parts and lasting over twenty minutes, it employs a wide range both for the voices and of expression, including daring harmonies and extreme dissonances. It was sung on the last three Sundays in Lent. The form of Media vita is known as a respond. This primarily indicates a series of contrasting sections, with the full choral sections interspersed with either plainsong or ‘verse’ sections, sung by smaller groups of singers usually one to a part. The work begins with a fall section which consists of four parts (A-B-C-D) sung consecutively. Then comes the Nunc dimittis chant and a verse section. This is answered by the full choir again, except that this time they begin with section B, followed by C and D. Then comes another verse, followed by a repeat of just C and D, then the final verse and the whole thing is rounded off with a final repeat of D. So if towards the end of the piece you are finding the music quite familiar, you are hearing it for the third or fourth time!
In 1567 Tallis contributed nine tunes to Archbishop Parker’s Psalter, a collection of vernacular metrical psalm settings then being compiled for the first Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Matthew Parker. The third tune, Why fum’th in fight, which is also in the third or ‘Phrygian’ mode, has become well known as it forms the basis of Vaughan Williams’ Fantasia on a theme of Thomas Tallis for string orchestra. The eighth tune, God grant with grace, is known as Tallis’ Canon, and has been given a new twist by the composer Bob Chilcott. Chilcott began his musical career as a boy treble and later choral scholar at King’s College Cambridge and then sang for twelve years with the King’s Singers. He now composes full-time and is an active promoter of choral music world-wide.
Of all the music sung today, our final piece is the one which William Tyndale was most likely to have known well. John Taverner was one of the most prominent composers of the reign of Henry VIII and he was organist at Cardinal Wolsey’s Collegiate Foundation in Oxford, Cardinal College, later to become Christ Church. Like Sheppard’s Media vita, Dum transisset Sabbatum is a respond. This time there are three choral sections interspersed with plainsong verses, giving the pattern A-B-C — plainsong — B-C — plainsong — C. It is the third respond at Mattins on Easter Day and tells of Mary Magdalen’s visit to the tomb to anoint Jesus.
Programme notes by Ann Manly
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
The English Chamber Choir is based in the City of London, where it rehearses regularly at the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, near Blackfriars. Locally it has performed Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in alium* at the personal invitation of the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House, sung in the premiere of a work by John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral, and given concerts in the Barbican. Elsewhere in London it appears regularly with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields, at the South Bank, St John’s Smith Square and several other churches and prominent music venues. It has also sung for HM The Queen at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. The Choir celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2012 and also has a long history of involvement with commercial music: it sang in the first performance and the recording of Rick Wakeman’s *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* at the Royal Festival Hall in January 1974, and in May 2014 completed the 40th anniversary UK tour including two appearances at the Royal Albert Hall. It has also worked with Vangelis, Eric Levi (the *Era* project) and many other international artists. It has numerous radio and TV credits, which include a regular spot on BBC Radio 4’s *Broadcasting House* programme the Sunday before Christmas. Further afield the Choir has toured in Belgium and Switzerland, and appeared in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) and the Megaron, Athens Concert Hall. This summer it sang concerts in the South of France for the first time. Apart from several appearances with the Belmont Ensemble this autumn, the Choir will also be presenting an extended Tyndale programme at the Queen’s Chapel of the Savoy on 25 November.
GUY PROTHEROE
Guy Protheroe was born in Worcester where (before he arrived) his parents were briefly next-door neighbours of Elgar! He began his musical education as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral and was a music scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford. After post-graduate studies at the Guildhall School of Music, he formed his own contemporary music group, Spectrum, with whom he toured Europe and the USA and made a number of award-winning recordings, became chorus-master and shortly afterwards conductor of the English Chamber Choir, and worked extensively in the commercial music business as musical director to a whole host of artists including The Who, Black Sabbath, Tangerine Dream, Vangelis, Eric Levi and Rick Wakeman. He was chorus-master for the first performance of Journey to the Centre of the Earth in 1974, and last year conducted the 40th anniversary UK tour of the same album and more performances in Argentina and Brazil. When not conducting he also sings baritone, until recently as a member of the Chapel Choir of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, and he has also featured on a number of film soundtracks as ‘the monk singing plainsong (but without the tonsure)’. He was seen extensively on TV a few months ago directing the ‘Singing Dictionary’ series of commercials for ‘Three’ Telecom. He has appeared as guest conductor with many ensembles, orchestras and choirs including, most recently, Cappella Romana, the elite chamber choir specialising in Orthodox music and based on the west coast of the US in Portland. He has also conducted in Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Tunisia. He is also one of the UK’s leading forensic experts on issues relating to music copyright.
TONIGHT’S SINGERS
**Sopranos:**
Nicky Archer
Marianne Aston
Jess Daggers
Rachel Haywood
Ann Manly
Sarah Manousos
Debbie O’Connor
Zoe Triggs
**Altos:**
Sarah Brear
Margaret Driver
Peggy Hannington
Jenny Rowley
Jay Vann
David Wheeler
**Tenors:**
Martin Douglas
Margaret Jackson-Roberts
Robert Moffat
Michael Roskell
Rob Scales
**Basses:**
Simon Archer
David Jordan
Nick Landauer
David Lowe
Neil Thornton
Chris Turner
The ECC is a Company Limited by Guarantee registered in England No.8198937 Charity number 1153396.
www.englishchamberchoir.com
MEDIA VITA IN MORTE SUMUS.
Quem quaerimus adiutorem nisi te, Domine,
qui pro peccatis nostris iuste irasceris?
Sancte Deus, Sancte fortis,
Sancte et misericors Salvator,
amarae morti ne tradas nos.
NUNC DIMITITIS SERVUM TUUM DOMINE:
secundum verbum tuum in pace.
Quia viderunt oculi mei: salutare tuum.
Quod parasti: ante faciem omnium populorum.
Lumen ad revelationem gentium;
et gloriam plebis tuae Israel.
Gloria Patri et Filio; et Spiritui Sancto.
Sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper:
et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.
Ne proicias nos in tempore senectutis;
cum defecerit virtus nostra
ne derelinquas nos Domine.
Sancte Deus, Sancte fortis...
Noli claudere aures tuas ad preces nostras.
Sancte fortis...
Qui cognoscis occulta cordis,
parce peccatis nostris.
Sancta et misericors Salvator...
DUM TRANSISSET SABBATUM MARIA MAGDALENE
et Maria Jacobi et Salome emerunt aromata
ut venientes ungerent Jesum.
Alleluya
Et valde mana una Sabbatorum veniunt
ad monumentum, orto iam sole, ut venientes
ungerent Jesum
Alleluya
GLORIA PATRI ET FILIO ET SPIRITUI SANCTO
Alleluya
In the midst of life we are in death.
Whom can we seek as our helper but you, Lord,
who on account of our sins are justly angry?
Holy God, Holy and mighty,
Holy and merciful Saviour,
deliver us not to the bitterness of death.
Lord, now lettest now thy servant depart in peace,
according to thy word.
For mine eyes have seen thy salvation; which thou
has prepared before the face of all people.
To be a light to lighten the gentiles, and to be the
glory of thy people Israel.
Glory be to the Father and to the Son, and to the
Holy Ghost; As it was in the beginning, is now and
ever shall be, world without end. Amen.
Do not cast us away in our old age;
when our strength fails us
do not abandon us, Lord.
Holy God, Holy and mighty...
Do not close your ears to our prayers.
Holy and mighty...
You who know the secrets of our hearts,
forgive us our sins.
Holy and merciful saviour...
When the Sabbath was over, Mary of Magdala
and Mary mother of James and Salome brought
spices with which to go and anoint Jesus.
Alleluya.
And very early in the morning, on the first day of
the week, they went to the tomb, just as the sun
was rising, to go and anoint Jesus.
Alleluya
Gloria be to the Father and to the Son and to the
Holy Ghost.
Alleluya
Saturday 17 October at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Tenor - Peter Davoren Bass - Philip Tebb
Handel - Hallelujah Chorus from 'Messiah'
Arne - Rule Britannia
Haydn - 'Nelson' Mass
- INTERVAL OF 20 MINUTES -
Mozart - Requiem
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography, video and/or video recording is not permitted.
The interval lasts 20 minutes. A bell will be rung 5 minutes and 2 minutes before the end of the interval. Once the concert starts again admittance will only be between pauses.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt is normally open during the interval. The Cafe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions. Tel: 020 7796 1165
The Neville Martine Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops. Tel: 020 7796 1136
For more information about St Martin's please visit our website: www.smft.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
www.belmontensemble.com
Handel (1685 - 1759) - Hallelujah Chorus (Messiah)
Born in Halle, the son of a barber-surgeon, in 1697 Handel became assistant organist in the Domkirche and studied law at the town's university. Leaving in 1703 he joined Hamburg's opera company, composing his first opera Almira two years later. After four years in Italy he was appointed Kapellmeister by the Elector of Hanover (later King George I of England) before settling in London.
The first we know of 'Messiah' is a reference from a letter of Charles Jennens, Handel's librettist, to Edward Holdsworth dated 10 July 1741: "Handel says he will do nothing next winter, but I hope I shall perswade him to set another Scripture collection I have made for him, and perform it for his own benefit in Passion Week. I hope he will lay out his whole Genius and Skill upon it, that our Composition may excell all his former Compositions, as the Subject excells every other Subject. The Subject is Messiah."
Handel was indeed "perswaded" and began the composition of Messiah at his London home in Brook Street on 22 August, completing more than 250 pages of the original autograph by 14 September.
The creation of this work in only three weeks is an impressive achievement, but it does fit in with Handel's normal habits of composition: it was not unusual for him for him to write a couple of new oratorios or operas every year in a concentrated bursts of activity in preparation for his next season of theatre performances.
A fortnight after completing Messiah he began work on Samson and completed a second score of similar length in a month, finishing on 29 October.
Arne (1710 – 1778) – Rule Britannia
This popular British national air was originally included in Alfred, a masque about Alfred the Great co-written by Thomson and David Mallet and first performed at Cliveden, country home of Frederick, Prince of Wales (the eldest son of George II and father of the future George III, as well as the great-grandfather of Queen Victoria), on 1 August 1740, to commemorate the accession of George II and the third birthday of the Princess Augusta.
Frederick, a German prince who arrived in England as an adult and was on very bad terms with his father, was making considerable efforts to ingratiate himself and build a following among his subjects-to-be (which came to naught, as he died before his father and never became king). A masque linking the prince with both the medieval hero-king Alfred the Great's victories over the Vikings and with the contemporary issue of building British sea power went well with his political plans and aspirations.
Thomson was a Scottish poet and playwright, who spent most of his adult life in England and hoped to make his fortune at Court. He had an interest in helping foster a
British identity, including and transcending the older English, Irish, Welsh and Scottish identities.
Thompson had written *The Tragedy of Sophonisba* (1730), based on the historical figure of Sophonisba - a proud princess of Carthage, a major sea-power of the ancient world, who had committed suicide rather than submit to slavery at the hands of the Romans. This might have some bearing on the song's famous refrain "Britons never, never, never will be slaves!"
In 1751, Mallet altered the lyrics, omitting three of the original six stanzas and adding three others, written by Lord Bolingbroke. This version known as "Married To A Mermaid" became extremely popular when Mallet produced his masque of Britannia at Drury Lane Theatre in 1755.
**Haydn (1732 – 1809) – 'Nelson' Mass**
*Kyrie – Gloria – Credo – Sanctus – Agnus Dei*
The 'Missa in Angustiis' (Mass for troubled times) or 'Nelson' Mass is one of fourteen masses written by Joseph Haydn. It is one of the six masses written near the end of his life which are now seen as a culmination of Haydn's liturgical composition.
Haydn's chief biographer, H. C. Robbins Landon, has written that this mass "is arguably Haydn's greatest single composition."
Though in 1798, when he wrote this Mass, Haydn's reputation was at its peak, his world was in turmoil. Napoleon had won four major battles with Austria in less than a year. The previous year, in early 1797, his armies had crossed the Alps and threatened Vienna itself. In May of 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt to destroy Britain's trade routes to the East.
The summer of 1798 was therefore a terrifying time for Austria, and when Haydn finished this Mass, his own title, in the catalogue of the work, was "Missa in Angustiis" or 'Mass in Time of Distress'. What Haydn did not know when he wrote the Mass — but what he and his audience heard (perhaps on the very day of the first performance 15th September) was that on 1st August, Napoleon had been dealt a stunning defeat in the Battle of the Nile by British forces led by Admiral Horatio Nelson. Because of this connection, the Mass gradually acquired the nickname 'Lord Nelson' Mass. The title became indelible when in 1802, Lord Nelson himself visited the Palais Esterhazy, accompanied by his British mistress, Lady Hamilton, and may have heard the Mass performed.
For Haydn, however, writing the Mass in the late summer of 1798, the mood in Eisenstadt was one of foreboding, to the point of terror, and this is what we hear as the great work opens: Haydn chose to write the opening measures in the key of D minor. During the course of the composition the mood shifts as the predominant, and
concluding tonality is D major. In 1788, Haydn had attended the first Vienna performance of Mozart's opera Don Giovanni. From contemporary accounts, we know it made a great impression on him, and in Don Giovanni, the most memorable scene portrays the unrepentant anti-hero being dragged down to the underworld. Here, according to Landon, the listener hears, "perhaps the first time in music history, the presence of real fear, nay terror." This music is all in D minor. It is easy to imagine that when Haydn, ten years later, wished to evoke this emotion in his music, his ears were still ringing with Giovanni's terrible D-minor fate.
**Mozart (1756 – 1791) – Requiem**
| INTROITUS | Requiem aeternam |
|-----------|------------------|
| KYRIE | |
| SEQUENTIA | Dies Irae, Tuba Mirum, Rex Tremendae, Recordare, Confutatis, Lacrymosa |
| OFFERTORIUM | Domine Jesu, Hostias |
| SANCTUS | |
| BENEDICTUS | |
| AGNUS DEI | |
| COMMUNIO | Lux Aeterna |
It is generally thought that by July 1791 Mozart had sunk irretrievably into the abyss of poverty and despair. In fact, that summer found him busy and happy. His usually troubled finances were relatively stable and opera commissions were coming in as fast as he could handle them. His old friend Emanuel Schickander had recently engaged him for 'Die Zauberflöte' and some time around the middle of July a commission came from Prague, for what became 'La Clemenza di Tito' for festivities at the coronation in September of Leopold II of Bohemia.
Another commission for a 'Requiem Mass' also arrived that summer. Its' source was Count Franz Walsegg-Stupach, a most curious nobleman recently widowed. Walsegg was in the habit of commissioning works from various composers, writing parts in his own name and giving private performances at which he would ask listeners to guess the identity of the composer. Walsegg presumably commissioned the 'Requiem' in memory of his late wife; although he sought to conceal from Mozart his role in the undertaking, there is no evidence that he planned to pass off the work as his own composition.
Work did not start on the commission until mid September 1791 as Mozart was still working on 'Die Zauberflöte' and the 'Clarinet Concerto' for Stadler. In November Mozart began to complain of feeling unwell while composing a cantata for his Masonic Lodge, he was still unable to find time for the 'Requiem'. His final illness set in on 20th November.
At the time of Mozart's death on 5th December 1791, only the Introit was fully orchestrated. The Kyrie was essentially complete, except for some minor scoring. Five
of the six sections of the *Sequentia* and both of the *Offertorium* has been outlined - all vocal parts were written out, and there was a detailed figured bass and scattered indications of instrumentation. Of the final part of the *Sequentia* - the *Lacrymosa*, the emotional and structural crux of the whole work, Mozart had set down only the first 8 bars.
Before his death Mozart had certainly discussed the work with Sussmayer, his assistant, and after much persuasion Constanze Mozart finally agreed that Sussmayer should be allowed to complete the work based on the sketches which had been left.
---
Originally from California, **Elizabeth Weisberg (Soprano)** studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy's highest award for performance.
On the concert platform Elizabeth has appeared in the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh, and Three Choirs Festivals and with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Ivan Fischer, Emmanuelle Haim, Trevor Pinnock, Hans Bicket, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London’s Handel House Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St. Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Poissy with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Mendelssohn Elijah in the Royal Albert Hall with the RPO, Galatea (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St. Matthew Passion with the Mandolin Camerata in the Royal Albert Hall, with Kraemer, Arias from Purcell’s Dido and Queen with Harp Consort and The English Concert at Cadogan Hall, Bach B Minor Mass in the Three Choirs Festival, the title role in Handel Theodora in concert for The Belmont Ensemble, Haydn Creation Mass for Paul McCreesh in Wroclaw, Poland, Bach St. Matthew Passion with Fischer and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the QEII, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Tewkesbury Abbey, Brahms Requiem in Southwark Cathedral, and Dafne (Apollo e Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent opera work includes Venus and Adonis for Transition Opera at Wilton’s Music Hall, First Witch in Purcell Dido and Aeneas for the Temple Festival, and Monteverdi Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haim at Opéra de Lille, Théâtre du Châtelet and Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St. Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields.
Clara Hendrick (Mezzo-Soprano) studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, Strasbourg Opera Studio and ENO Opera Works. Roles include Hansel, Hansel & Gretel (Iford Opera); Phoebe, Yeomen of the Guard (Buxton); Hermia (cover), A Midsummer Night's Dream (Garsington); Irene, Theodora (St Martin-in-the-Fields); Popova, The Bear (Rosemary Branch); Annio, La Clemenza di Tito (Rosslyn Hill); Cherubino, Le nozze di Figaro, Charlotte, Werther, Rosina, Il barbiere di Siviglia and Lazuli, L'Étoile (Strasbourg Opera Studio) and created the role of Margarida in Julian Phillips' The Yellow Sofa (Glyndebourne Opera). As a solo recitalist artist, Clara has worked with the LSO, recording the title track of the Oscar-nominated film, Incendies.
Regular oratorio and recital engagements include Handel's Messiah at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, Vivaldi's Gloria and Magnificat at St Martin-in-the-Fields and Schumann's Liederkreis op.39, Oxford Lieder Festival. Other recent engagements have included Frasquiniella for Garsington's production of La Pétrichole, a recital at Lille Opera House for Emmanuelle Haim, Handel's Dixit Dominus at St Martin-in-the-Fields and the title role in Handel's Susanna with Christian Curryn for Iford Festival Opera.
Peter Davoren (Tenor) was awarded the Dr Ralph Kohn Scholarship to study at the Royal Academy of Music under the tutelage of Neil Mackie. During his time at the Academy, he was a member of Song Circle, performing at the Oxford Lieder Festival and Wigmore Hall, as well as collaborating with Michael Chance, Roger Vignoles, and Dame Felicity Lott. He was a finalist in the Richard Lewis competition, and had participated in public masterclasses with Angelika Kirchschager and Dennis O'Neill.
Past engagements include Nemorino (L'elisir d'amore), Le Journaliste (Les Mamelles des Tiresias) and Florville (Il signor Bruschino) [Dutch National Opera Academy], Goro (Madama Butterfly) and Poisson (Adriana Lecouvreur) [Opera Holland Park], Ramon (La Navarraise) [Wexford Festival Opera] and Tito (La clemenza di Tito) [Teatru Manoel, Malta].
Future engagements include Ottavio (Don Giovanni) [Opus Opera] and the Song Vendor (Il Tabarro) [Opera Holland Park] as well as collaborations with the Monteverdi Choir.
Philip Tebb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar at the Cathedral, and at the Royal College of Music, where the Benjamin Britten International Opera Scholar Award was won. His studies at RCM were generously supported by the Anne Clayton Award, Stanley Picker Trust Award, the August Sacher Award and the Josephine Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Demetrius in Britten A Midsummer Night's Dream; Harasta in Janacek The Cunning Little Vixen; Nicandro in Handel Alatana (as part of the London Handel Festival); Father Trulove in Stravinsky The Rake's Progress and Antonio in Mozart Le Nozze di Figaro. Professional stage work includes covering the role of Peter Quince in Britten A Midsummer Night's Dream for Garsington Opera, singing the role of Schaunard in Puccini La Bohème for Wedmore
Opera and appearing in a production of Webster’s *The Duchess of Malfi* at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is in great demand as an oratorio soloist. Appearances last year included: Bach *Matthaus Passion* (Christus and Arias) with Jesus College Chapel Choir and the Saraband Consort; Bach *Weihnachts Oratorium* with Cor Dyfed; Brahms *Ein Deutsches Requiem* with Henley Choral Society and Lewisham Choral Society; Handel *Dettingen Te Deum* with St Ives’s Choral Society; Handel *Israel in Egypt* with Bedford Choral Society; Handel *Messiah* with Royal Hospital Chelsea Chapel Choir and Forest School Choral Society; Handel *Stuart* with St Neots Choral Society; Haydn *Nelson Mass* with Barts Chamber Choir and Solihull Choral Society; Mendelssohn *Elijah* with Bridgewater Choral Society; Mozart C Minor *Mass* with Barts Choir and Scarlatti *Missa della Santa Cecilia* with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed: Fauré *Requiem*; Handel *Acis and Galatea* (Polyphemus); Handel *Messiah*; Handel *Theodora* (Valens); Mozart *Coronation Mass*; Mozart *Requiem* and Mozart *Vesperae solennes de confessore*.
**Peter G Dyson** is an outstanding English Conductor, described by *The Times* as a ‘Baroque specialist’ and by the London *Evening Standard* as “An internationally respected conductor”.
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 650 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Fior, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoires most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queen’s Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Ceske Budjedovice, Filharmonie Hradek Kralove, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Midlands Sinfonia. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra at the Mozarteum in Salzburg.
In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St Paul’s Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and has been invited to return to conduct in Melbourne in November 2015.
A former choral scholar, has conducted the BBC Singers in concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the Joyful Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir and Choral Scholars, St Martin's Voices, the Codina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chameleon Arts Chorus, Sevenoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Barts Chamber Choir.
He has conducted at London's premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John's Smith Square, St James's Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s.
They have now given over 650 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall, until recently they were regular performers at London's Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane's Church, St Paul's Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James's Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the diversity of its engagements. Based in the City, local appearances have included John Taverner in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Alium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues, including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Hertford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir’s live performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover an equally diverse selection of more commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s 1492, *Conquest of Paradise* with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg’s *Band of Brothers*, and numerous albums including the *Era* series with French composer Eric Levi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied him in his solo piano and orchestra programme (*P)O* at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Mass*, originally issued by Sony in Greece, has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another great Iberian work, the *Te Deum* by Teixiera, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a ‘Friends of the ECC’ scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.englishchamberchoir.com
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Friday 30 October
Handel - Royal Fireworks Music
Handel - Water Music Suite in F, Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Trumpets, Summer
Tuesday 24 November
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 12
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Salzburg Symphony No 2
Friday 18 and Saturday 19 December
Handel - Messiah : With The English Chamber Choir
Saturday 19 December at 4pm
Christmas With The English Chamber Choir - Favourite Christmas Carols
Saturday 9 January
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Pachelbel - Canon, Bach - Air on the G String
Saturday 16 January
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Handel - Zadok the Priest, Hallelujah Chorus, Gloria, Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Friday 22 January
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 14 in E flat
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Bach - Air on the G String
Thursday 25 February
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer from 'The Four Seasons'
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Friday 11 March
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor, Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Minor
Friday 18 March
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smif.org
As promised, here is an update to the Christmas calendar, plus a form for you to return. Please do read it all carefully as this year it is a bit of a jigsaw!
Please note the following:
- The additional dates are Monday 30 November and Wednesday 2 December for the Royal Collection and 16 December for the Tyndale Carol Service
- There are two occasions for which it would be good to have a ‘full choir’ – these are the Parish Carol service on Tuesday 8 December and the St Martin’s Carols on 19 December. They are both showcases for us and do take into account that St Andrew’s is ‘under new management’. The repertoire for these will be the main focus of our Tuesday rehearsals.
- We also need to be quorate for the Messiahs, including regular extras.
- The remaining appearances (Red Cross, Royal Collection, Homestart and Tyndale) all require smaller forces. The numbers are listed below. And you will see, the first Royal Collection evening overlaps with the Red Cross. If we can share these around, then it should not be necessary for anyone other than possibly Guy and myself, to be out singing four nights running (the intervening evening being our usual Tuesday rehearsal on 1st December!). We need to come up with a matrix within which we can allocate everyone to one or two appearances, possibly best based on the logistics of who can get where when. So if you can indicate your preferences in the ‘comments’ box on the form, I will do my best to get this sorted. Obviously it is more straightforward for me if there is a ‘core’ who can do both slots for Red Cross and Royal Collection, so don’t feel you can only do one or the other – both is fine (and you can shop between-times). Once that first week is over, things are rather quieter!
- If any of our regular extras would like to take advantage of the shopping opportunities, and have a good working knowledge of all the usual 100 Carols stuff etc, then I would be happy to invite them space permitting. This might work well on 30 November when we have two simultaneous gigs!
- Please note that for the sake of chronological completeness I have included our Savoy concert on 25 November on the form – it’s also an opportunity for me to catch up with any of you who have had changes in your availability.
- Please send this back asap. The sooner I can start mapping something, the sooner I can let you all know what will work and we can all get our diaries sorted.
- I don’t know yet whether anything is happening at Compton Lodge so will deal with that separately. It will be a very small group whatever happens.
Sunday 22 November
WATER RATS BALL
Grosvenor House Hotel
Timings to be advised
Monday 30 November
RED CROSS CHRISTMAS MARKET AT THE GUILDHALL (that's the Guildhall proper, not the school of music)
We have two slots, 5.30-6.15 and 7.30-8.15. This means there is an excellent shopping opportunity between the two (and they do have lots of good stuff)!
We can have two differing teams for the two slots as long as we keep the balance right. We need about a dozen singers in order to be heard!
Monday 30 November
Royal Collection Carols at Queen’s Gallery Shop
Gather at 5.30, first set is approx 5.45-6.30. Then about 6.50 to 7.30. 8-12 singers needed
Wednesday 2 December
Royal Collection Carols, as above
Thursday 3 December
BARNES BRANCH OF HOMESTART CAROL SERVICE
St Mary’s Church, Barnes. Time of rehearsal etc to follow but will be late afternoon/early evening.
Please note that we have been asked to provide preferably 16 singers but a maximum of 20 – otherwise we start taking up spaces that can be sold!
Tuesday 8 December
ST ANDREWS PARISH CAROL SERVICE (WITH CASTLE BAYNARD WARD CLUB)
Not sure at present whether this will be 6pm or 6.30.
There is a request that we do a full traditional 9 lessons and carols so there will be an opportunity to do some new repertoire
Wednesday 16 December
TYNDALE SOCIETY CAROL SERVICE
St Mary Abchurch 12 for 12.30
Friday 18 and Saturday 19 December
MESSIAH AT ST MARTIN’S
Rehearsal on Friday tbc but probably around 5pm (I’m writing this on a plane so can’t check on-line!)
Performance 7.30. No rehearsal for Saturday performance which is also 7.30
Saturday 19 December
CAROLS WITH THE ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
At St Martin’s 4pm performance – rehearsal 2.30
I think that’s all for now. Obviously music lists, final timings and dress codes will follow. I look forward to hearing from you all very soon!
All best
Ann
Please find below some information about concerts in 2016. I am not asking you to send back availabilities at the moment, but please put everything in your diaries and try and keep these dates free for ECC whenever possible.
We have currently two confirmed 'own programmes' between now and Easter, although both are for other promoters (which means we are getting paid for doing stuff of our own choosing!). The programme for 27 February has yet to be finalised but will be a broad cross-section of mainly new repertoire. We are also likely to be doing a short programme for a 'Suited and Booted' fundraiser in the Middle Temple Hall (lovely venue) which may be a weekday evening late January-early February but we don't have the actual date yet. That will probably be a classical *a cappella* set and some cabaret stuff.
Saturday 27 February, Rudolph Steiner House, 35 Park Road, NW1 6XT
'Music across centuries and continents' – part of the International Concert Series. If you go to http://www.rsh.anth.org.uk/pages/concerts.php you will see the concerts they have listed for the rest of this year, which gives you some idea of the kind of programmes we will be part of.
Wednesday 9 March, St Mary's Church, Barnes SW13, Barnes Festival
Concert with period band to include Handel: *Dixit Dominus* and Bach; *Singet dem Herrn*.
I haven't heard from Gavin Roberts at St Marylebone yet but I am presuming we are more than likely doing Stainer's Crucifixion on Good Friday as usual.
This, plus the St Martin's dates below, should give you everything up to and including Easter. Own promotions etc after Easter are still in the pipeline and dates will follow. Meanwhile, the St Martin's dates go up to the summer break.
Saturday 16 January, St Martin's, Mozart Requiem etc
Friday 18 March, St Martin's, Fauré Requiem etc
Monday 28 March (Easter Monday) St Martin's, Messiah
Thursday 21 April, St Martin's, Concert for 90th birthday of HM The Queen
Saturday 14 May, St Martin's, Belmont 25th anniversary concert, Mozart Requiem
Saturday 18 June, St Martin's, Mozart Requiem
All best
St James Garlickhythe
Garlick Hill, London, EC4V 2AL
Matins
25th October 2015
The Twenty-First Sunday after Trinity
10.30 a.m.
Preacher: Robin Sherlock (Lay Reader)
Choir: English Chamber Choir
Organist: Alderman Dr Andrew Parmley
Introit
Behold, now praise the Lord (Philip Moore)
Hymn No. 331
We pray thee, heavenly Father (Dies Domenica)
Priest: Sentence BCP p. 1
Introduction BCP p. 2
General Confession BCP p. 3
Absolution BCP p. 3
The Lord’s Prayer BCP p. 4
Preces & Responses - sung by choir BCP p. 4
(Bernard Rose)
Vente, verses 1-7 – sung by all BCP p. 5
Psalm 119, vv 133-40 – sung by choir BCP p. 474
The First Lesson
Isaiah 59: 9-20
Te Deum Laudamus -- sung by choir
-(Vaughan Williams in G)
The Second Lesson
St Luke 14: 1-14
Jubilate Deo (Psalm 100) – sung by all *BCP p. 473*
The Creed – said by all *BCP p. 11/12*
The Lesser Litany – said by all *BCP p. 12*
The Lord’s Prayer – said by all *BCP p. 12*
Versicles and Responses – sung by choir *BCP p. 12/13*
*(Bernard Rose)*
The Collects
The Anthem
How lovely are thy dwellings *(Johann Brahms)*
The Prayers
Hymn No. 279
And now, O Father, mindful of the love *(Unde et Memores)*
NOTICES AND SERMON
Final Hymn, No. 549
Onward, Christian soldiers *(St Gertrude)*
*[A collection will be taken during the singing of this hymn]*
Blessing
Voluntary
Fugue in B minor, BWV 544 *(J S Bach)*
NOTICES
Thank you for attending our service this morning. You are very welcome to join us after the service for a short reception at the back of the church.
We are very grateful to Robin Sherlock for taking our service this morning and we also thank the English Chamber Choir for their beautiful music.
Next Sunday (1st November) we shall celebrate Holy Communion at 10.30. The priest will be The Reverend Ray Pentland and the music will be provided by our own St James choir.
The following week we shall mark Remembrance Day with a service of Matins again with the St James choir.
PARISH DIRECTORY
Website www.stjamesgarlickhythe.org
Parish Administrator 020 7329 3632
Hon. Curate Revd Ray Pentland
Reader Robin Sherlock
Church Wardens Geoffrey Brown
Alderman Gordon Haines
Deputy William Fraser, OBE
Prof Jonathan Rawlings
Lynette Stone, CBE
PCC Secretary Joanne Moss
All Souls’ Requiem
ALL SOULS' REQUIEM
Introit: *Requiem aeternam* from the Requiem by Gabriel Fauré
**The Lord's Prayer**
OUR Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy Name,
Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, in earth as it is in
heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; And forgive us our
trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us; And
lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. Amen.
**The Collect for Purity**
ALMIGHTY God, unto whom all hearts be open, all desires
known, and from whom no secrets are hid: Cleanse the
thoughts of our hearts by the inspiration of thy Holy Spirit,
that we may perfectly love thee, and worthily magnify thy
holy Name; through Christ our Lord. Amen.
**The Commandments**
**Priest** GOD spake these words, and said; I am the Lord thy God:
Thou shalt have none other gods but me.
**All** Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to
keep this law.
**Priest** Thou shalt not make to thyself any graven image, nor the
likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or in the earth
beneath, or in the water under the earth. Thou shalt not
bow down to them, nor worship them. For I the Lord thy
God am a jealous God, and visit the sins of the fathers upon
the children unto the third and fourth generation of them
that hate me, and shew mercy unto thousands in them that
love me and keep my commandments.
**All** Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to
keep this law.
Priest Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain: for the Lord will not hold him guiltless, that taketh his Name in vain.
All Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to keep this law.
Priest Remember that thou keep holy the Sabbath day. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all that thou hast to do; but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God. In it thou shalt do no manner of work, thou, and thy son, and thy daughter, thy man-servant, and thy maid-servant, thy cattle, and the stranger that is within thy gates. For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the Lord blessed the seventh day, and hallowed it.
All Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to keep this law.
Priest Honour thy father and thy mother; that thy days may be long in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee.
All Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to keep this law.
Priest Thou shalt do no murder.
All Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to keep this law.
Priest Thou shalt not commit adultery.
All Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to keep this law.
Priest Thou shalt not steal.
All Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to keep this law.
Priest Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.
All Lord, have mercy upon us, and incline our hearts to keep this law.
Priest Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbour’s wife, nor his servant, nor his maid, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is his.
All Lord, have mercy upon us, and write all these thy laws in our hearts, we beseech thee.
The Collects
Let us pray.
ALMIGHTY God, whose kingdom is ever-lasting, and power infinite: Have mercy upon the whole Church; and so rule the heart of thy chosen servant ELIZABETH, our Queen and Governor, that she (knowing whose minister she is) may above all things seek thy honour and glory: and that we and all her subjects (duly considering whose authority she hath) may faithfully serve, honour, and humbly obey her, in thee, and for thee, according to thy blessed Word and ordinance; through Jesus Christ our Lord, who with thee and the Holy Ghost liveth and reigneth, ever one God, world without end. Amen.
Almighty and Eternal God, our maker and redeemer, grant us, with all the faithful departed, the sure benefits of thy Son’s saving passion and glorious resurrection that, in the last day, when all things are gathered up in Christ, we may with them enjoy the fullness of thy promises; through Jesus Christ your Son our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee and the Holy Ghost one God, now and for ever.
Epistle
1 Peter 1:3-9
Thanks be to God.
Gospel
John 6:37-40
Priest The Lord be with you
All And with thy Spirit
A reading from the Holy Gospel according to John
Glory be to thee O Lord
Priest The Gospel of the Lord
All Praise be to thee O Christ
Brief Homily
Offertory
Blessed be the man that provideth for the sick and needy:
the Lord shall deliver him in the time of trouble. Psalms 41.
Offertory Hymn
Jesus, Son of Mary, fount of life alone,
here we hail thee present on thine altar-throne.
Humbly we adore thee, Lord of endless might,
in the mystic symbols veiled from earthly sight.
Think, O Lord, in mercy on the souls of those
who, in faith gone from us, now in death repose.
Here 'mid stress and conflict toils can never cease;
there, the warfare ended, bid them rest in peace.
Often were they wounded in the deadly strife;
heal them, good Physician, with the balm of life.
Every taint of evil, frailty and decay,
good and gracious Saviour, cleanse and purge away.
Rest eternal grant unto them, after weary fight;
shed on them the radiance of thy heavenly light.
Lead them onward, upward, to the holy place,
where thy saints made perfect gaze upon thy face.
Words: Edmund S. Palmer (1856-1931)
Music: Dun Aluinn, trad Irish
The Reading of lists of the Dead
Invitation to Confession
YE that do truly and earnestly repent you of your sins, and
are in love and charity with your neighbours, and intend to
lead a new life, following the commandments of God, and
walking from henceforth in his holy ways: Draw near with
faith, and take this holy Sacrament to your comfort; and
make your humble confession to Almighty God, meekly
kneeling upon your knees.
Confession
ALMIGHTY God, Father of our Lord Jesus Christ,
Maker of all things, Judge of all men: We
acknowledge and bewail our manifold sins and
wickedness, Which we from time to time most
grievously have committed, By thought, word, and
deed, Against thy Divine Majesty, Provoking most
justly thy wrath and indignation against us. We do
earnestly repent, And are heartily sorry for these
our misdoings; The remembrance of them is
grievous unto us; The burden of them is intolerable.
Have mercy upon us, Have mercy upon us, most
merciful Father; For thy Son our Lord Jesus Christ's
sake, Forgive us all that is past; And grant that we
may ever hereafter Serve and please thee In new-
ness of life, To the honour and glory of thy Name;
Through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Absolution
ALMIGHTY God, our heavenly Father, who of his great mercy hath promised forgiveness of sins to all them that with hearty repentance and true faith turn unto him; Have mercy upon you; pardon and deliver you from all your sins; confirm and strengthen you in all goodness; and bring you to everlasting life; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
The Comfortable Words
Hear what comfortable words our Saviour Christ saith unto all that truly turn to him.
COME unto me all that travail and are heavy laden, and I will refresh you. St Matthew 11.28
So God loved the world, that he gave his only-begotten Son, to the end that all that believe in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. St John 3.16
Hear also what Saint Paul saith.
This is a true saying, and worthy of all men to be received, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners.
I St Timothy 1.15
Hear also what Saint John saith.
If any man sin, we have an Advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous; and he is the propitiation for our sins.
I St John 2.1
Preface
Priest Lift up your hearts.
All We lift them up unto the Lord.
Priest Let us give thanks unto our Lord God.
All It is meet and right so to do.
IT is very meet, right, and our bounden duty, that we should at all times, and in all places, give thanks unto thee, O Lord,
*Holy Father, Almighty, Everlasting God.
BUT chiefly are we bound to praise thee for the glorious Resurrection of thy Son Jesus Christ our Lord: for he is the very Paschal Lamb, which was offered for us, and hath taken away the sin of the world; who by his death hath destroyed death, and by his rising to life again hath restored to us everlasting life.
THEREFORE with Angels and Archangels, and with all the company of heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious Name; evermore praising thee, and saying: Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of hosts, heaven and earth are full of thy glory: Glory be to thee, O Lord most High. Amen.
Prayer of Humble Access
WE do not presume to come to this thy Table, O merciful Lord, trusting in our own righteousness, but in thy manifold and great mercies. We are not worthy so much as to gather up the crumbs under thy Table. But thou art the same Lord, whose property is always to have mercy: Grant us therefore, gracious Lord, so to eat the flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ, and to drink his blood, that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his body, and our souls washed through his most precious blood, and that we may evermore dwell in him, and he in us. Amen.
The Prayer of Consecration
ALMIGHTY God, our heavenly Father, who of thy tender mercy didst give thine only Son Jesus Christ to suffer death upon the Cross for our redemption; who made there (by his one oblation of himself once offered) a full, perfect, and sufficient sacrifice, oblation, and satisfaction, for the sins of the whole world; and did institute, and in his holy Gospel command us to continue, a perpetual memory of that his precious death, until his coming again: Hear us, O merciful
Father, we most humbly beseech thee; and grant that we receiving these thy creatures of bread and wine, according to thy Son our Saviour Jesus Christ's holy institution, in remembrance of his death and passion, may be partakers of his most blessed Body and Blood: who, in the same night that he was betrayed, took Bread; and, when he had given thanks, he brake it, and gave it to his disciples, saying, Take, eat; this is my Body which is given for you: Do this in remembrance of me. Likewise after supper he took the Cup; and, when he had given thanks, he gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of this; for this is my Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for you and for many for the remission of sins: Do this, as oft as ye shall drink it, in remembrance of me.
O LORD and heavenly Father, we thy humble servants entirely desire thy fatherly goodness mercifully to accept this our sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving; most humbly beseeching thee to grant, that by the merits and death of thy Son Jesus Christ, and through faith in his blood, we and all thy whole Church may obtain remission of our sins, and all other benefits of his passion. And here we offer and present unto thee, O Lord, ourselves, our souls and bodies, to be a reasonable, holy, and lively sacrifice unto thee; humbly beseeching thee, that all we, who are partakers of this holy Communion, may be fulfilled with thy grace and heavenly benediction. And although we be unworthy, through our manifold sins, to offer unto thee any sacrifice, yet we beseech thee to accept this our bounden duty and service; not weighing our merits, but pardoning our offences, through Jesus Christ our Lord; by whom, and with whom, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, all honour and glory be unto thee, O Father Almighty, world without end. Amen.
Giving of Communion
During the distribution of Holy Communion, Agnus dei from the Requiem by Gabriel Fauré
The Lord's Prayer
OUR Father, which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy Name, Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, in earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us; And lead us not into temptation, But deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, For ever and ever. Amen.
Prayer of Thanksgiving
ALMIGHTY and everliving God, we most heartily thank thee, for that thou dost vouchsafe to feed us, who have duly received these holy mysteries, with the spiritual food of the most precious Body and Blood of thy Son our Saviour Jesus Christ; and dost assure us thereby of thy favour and goodness towards us; and that we are very members incorporate in the mystical body of thy Son, which is the blessed company of all faithful people; and are also heirs through hope of thy everlasting kingdom, by the merits of the most precious death and passion of thy dear Son. And we most humbly beseech thee, O heavenly Father, so to assist us with thy grace, that we may continue in that holy fellowship, and do all such good works as thou hast prepared for us to walk in; through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom, with thee and the Holy Ghost, be all honour and glory, world without end. Amen.
Gloria in Excelsis
Gloria from the Coronation Mass by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
The Blessing
THE peace of God, which passeth all understanding, keep your hearts and minds in the knowledge and love of God, and of his Son Jesus Christ our Lord: And the blessing of God Almighty, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, be amongst you and remain with you always. Amen.
Recessional Hymn
Thine be the glory, risen, conquering Son;
endless is the victory, thou o'er death hast won;
angels in bright raiment rolled the stone away,
kept the folded grave clothes where thy body lay.
Refrain:
Thine be the glory, risen conquering Son,
Endless is the vict'ry, thou o'er death hast won.
Lo! Jesus meets us, risen from the tomb;
Lovingly he greets us, scatters fear and gloom;
let the Church with gladness, hymns of triumph sing;
for her Lord now liveth, death hath lost its sting. Refrain
No more we doubt thee, glorious Prince of life;
life is naught without thee; aid us in our strife;
make us more than conquerors, through thy deathless love:
bring us safe through Jordan to thy home above. Refrain
Words: Edmond Budry (1854-1932), trans. Richard Hayle (1875-1939)
Music: Maccabeus (adapted from the oratorio by Georg Friedrich Handel (1685-1759)
The Queen’s Chapel
of the Savoy
Savoy Hill
London WC2R 0DA
Wednesday
25 November 2015
7.00pm
music from
the 16th century
to the present day
Tyndale — his life and legacy
Tickets: £15 (concessions £10)
on the door or from www.englishchamberchoir.com
Programme
John Taverner Dum transisset sabbatum
Antonius Divitis Gloria from Missa Gaude Barbara
Mattheus Pipelare Credo de Sancto Johanne Evangelista
Josquin des Près Planxit autem David John Sheppard Verbum caro
INTERVAL
Thomas Tallis If ye love me Robert Parsons Magnificat
Thomas Tomkins When David heard that Absolom was slain
Orlando Gibbons This is the record of John
Henry Purcell Rejoice in the Lord alway
Samuel Sebastian Wesley Blessed be the God and Father
John Ireland Greater Love Kenneth Leighton The Lord’s Prayer
Arvo Pärt The Beatitudes
The turbulent times of the Tudors have recently proved to be a fertile source of material for popular historians: We have Richard III (whose death made way for the Tudor monarchs) discovered in a Leicester car-park, Hilary Mantel’s portrayal of Henry VIII and his chancellor Thomas Cromwell in *Wolf Hall*, and a bountiful array of biographies, historical novels and tv documentaries covering everything and everyone from scheming ladies at court to what really happened to the Spanish Armada (and what Elizabeth I was wearing at the time).
In this programme we offer a musical snapshot of the life and times of William Tyndale (1494-1536), priest, scholar and first acknowledged translator of the Bible into English. Today it seems obvious that the Bible should be available to all, and in any language, but things were very different in the 1520s and 30s. It is a curious mixture of events that Henry VIII founding a new Church in England and the ‘Reformation’ are one and the same thing. They are not. Like many kings of his time, Henry was obsessed with his succession, and it was his wish to divorce Katharine of Aragon and re-marry in the hope of fathering a son with another wife that led to his quarrel with the Pope and his breakaway Church. But Henry still saw himself as ‘defender of the faith’, and therefore the only predilection of Catholicism and Catholic worship was still essentially in Latin, the preserve of the clergy, and anything else was seen as at best subversive and at worst heretical. The Reformation, both in England and in Northern Europe, followed a few years later. So Tyndale worked largely in Germany and latterly north in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire, but in Antwerp where, in 1525, he published the first translation of the New Testament. He then turned to the Old Testament, most of which remained to be done. In 1535 he was betrayed by a fellow Englishman, imprisoned by the Imperial authorities in the Castle in Vilvoorde and subsequently executed there in 1536. Just three years later Henry placed a copy of his own ‘Great Bible’ in every church in the land. Much of this volume was Tyndale’s work, which also later formed the basis for the Book of Common Prayer and the King James Bible of 1611.
It is not even known where Tyndale spent much of his life, so successful was he at hiding; and the composers of his time were equally adept at moving from one Court or Chapel to another. But they did leave our own name on the music-world which Tyndale would have encountered as he worshipped, be it in Oxford or Antwerp. It is largely conjecture, but based principally on geographical evidence - who was where and when. The second part looks at the impact of Tyndale’s translations on the work of subsequent generations of composers – starting with those writing in the early days of the English Reformation, and moving via the extravagant days of the Restoration and the long reign of Queen Victoria to the present day – where we celebrate the 80th birthday of Arvo Pärt this year.
Booking information
Tickets: £15 (concessions £10)
available in advance from http://www.englishchamberchoir.com
or http://www.wegotickets.com/englishchamberchoir or (availability permitting) on the door.
Licensed refreshments will be available before the concert (from 6.30pm)
and during the interval.
*Information correct at time of going to press. ECC reserves right to amend programme as necessary*
www.englishchamberchoir.com
Welcome to the English Chamber Choir’s November Newsletter – the first we have produced for some while. Why, you may well ask, a newsletter now? Well, we have a busy Christmas season ahead of us, and this year there are more opportunities for our friends to come and join us as more of our performances are open to the public and, while the traditional concept of newsletters has in recent times been often superceded by placing news on websites and social media, we are about to refurbish our website and also establish a presence on Facebook and Twitter, and while that takes place there may be times when web access is limited, so at least you have the details of where to find us between now and the New Year. It’s also an opportunity to highlight our associations with other organisations and venues, some of which go back a very long way.
To get into festive mood, you can watch us singing ‘Have yourself a merry little Christmas’ in our ‘home’ church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe on YouTube. Just type English Chamber Choir.
New faces at St Andrew’s
When the Revd Guy Treweek came to St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe in 2011, accompanied by his wife Rachel, it was widely predicted that, should women bishops become a reality, Rachel would be one of the first to rise to high office. The odds on her becoming the first woman to sit amongst the Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords were probably not too long, but that never came to fruition. While initially Guy might have hoped to retain a role in the parish at St Andrew’s, he has now opted for early vocation supporting his wife in her diocese. There is clearly a need for a new job description – ‘Bishop’s husband’ – it’s uncharted territory, but whatever it is, we wish Guy and Rachel every success in their new roles and we are only sad that their time at St Andrew’s was relatively short. We welcome the Venerable Luke Miller as our new priest-in-charge – a role he will be combining with that of Archdeacon of London (based at St Paul’s Cathedral) from January 2016. The annual Parish Carol Service, once again shared with the Castle Baynard Ward Club, is on Tuesday 8 December at 6.30pm. This year we will be doing the full traditional 9 Lessons and Carols. Do please come and join us – as it’s a service you don’t need a ticket and there will be refreshments afterwards!
Why Tyndale?
Our next concert, on 25 November, is probably the last opportunity this year for many of you to enjoy a programme of wonderful music which is not associated with Christmas (with the possible exception of Sheppard’s Verbum caro which translates as ‘In the beginning was the word’). But why a programme featuring William Tyndale, and why at this time? The Choir’s association with Tyndale goes back over many years and is another of the golden threads that are woven into the fabric of the Choir’s existence. William Tyndale was one of the first translators of the Bible into English, and many of his words found their way into the King James Bible of 1611 (and are thus familiar to millions who have probably never heard of the person who created them). The William Tyndale Society was created in 1995 to promote a greater knowledge and understanding of the importance of the contribution made by Tyndale to the English Reformation by his Biblical translations and theological writings, and to encourage relevant research and study. The Society pursues its aims largely through publications and events – and those events have included a number of performances by the English Chamber Choir. The connection came about, as so often happens, through personal connections. Mary Clow, chairman of the Society, became a close friend of the Protheroes as both families shared having children at the same school and houses in the same village in Greece. Mary invited us to give a concert as part of their international conference in Hertford College, Oxford (where Tyndale himself studied) in 2002 and the connection has continued ever since. In 2008 we went to the conference in Antwerp, where we gave our first concert there, singing evensong in Antwerp Cathedral. This latter occasion was unique in as much as the Catholic Archbishop of Antwerp handed over his throne to the Anglican Bishop of Europe for the conduct of a service in memory of ‘one of another faith’. (Tyndale was arrested in Antwerp and put to death by the Imperial authorities there – not by Henry VIII or the Church of England, although English spies are suspected of having compounded his fate.) Not only was the Evensong an ecumenical event of significant proportions, it was attended by practically the whole English-speaking congregation of Belgium and Holland, so there we were, singing the usually quite intimate service of Evensong to a packed Cathedral of over 1,200 people.
This year the Society held another conference in Oxford, where we sang on 3 October. The programmes which we have devised for these performances have explored various strands of Tyndale’s work and legacy. Of course the most obvious one is settings of the words which have come down to us exactly as he translated them (which include familiar passages like *The Lord bless you and keep you* and large portions of *Messiah*). But we have also explored related areas such as the development of metrical psalms in the vernacular (not only English, but French and German too) and the music with which Tyndale would have been familiar during his own lifetime. This year’s programme in Oxford was a mixture of Tyndale’s sound-world and later settings of his words, and we thought it would be a great opportunity to bring this lovely sequence of music to London. The programme at the Savoy Chapel on 25 November is an extended version in two parts: there is music from Tyndale’s time which has only been recently rediscovered alongside recent favourites from Purcell to Part. We also traditionally provide the music for the Tyndale Society’s annual carol service, which is held at Mary Abchurch, just off Cannon Street. This is a lunch-time event so we tend to be a smaller group of those who can escape from their desks; but for those who can make it, it tends to be one of our most popular outings – combining the simplicity of traditional carols with an intimate setting and a wonderfully friendly and appreciative congregation. I’m sure the Tyndale Society would be happy to welcome any friends of the ECC who happen to be passing on Wednesday 16 December at 12.30pm.
**A renewed association with Home-Start**
We are delighted to be singing at the annual carol service of the Richmond Branch of Home-Start, the leading family support charity (not to be confused with the service offered by the AA to those with flat batteries!). The Choir’s association with Home-Start goes back to the 1990s when for several years we sang at the carol concert which the Home-Start national headquarters held at The Guards’ Chapel in London. We have fond memories of those evenings which were invariably attended by a member of the Royal Family (including HM The Queen), with news presenter Alistair Stewart in charge of the proceedings and a glittering array of readers which included Judi Dench, Laurie Lee, Emma Thompson and many others, plus a Guards Band in the organ loft. Our association sadly ended when the event moved away from the Guards’ Chapel. So when one of our singers asked a few months ago if we would like to help with the local branch of Home-Start of which his wife was a committee member, we jumped at the opportunity to renew our association. Obviously this is a local rather than a national event, but Richmond has a thriving community which includes many celebrities, so those taking part include chef Heston Blumenthal (*pictured left*), child actor Samuel Joslin, poet Roger McGough, impressionist Alistair McGowan and presenter Jamie Theakston. It is at St Mary’s Church, Barnes at 7pm on Thursday 3 December and you can find all the details at www.homestart-richmond.org.uk.
*Right: Guy Protheroe with HM The Queen at the Guards Chapel in 1997.*
---
**Come to St Martin-in-the-Fields — but book now!**
We currently sing about a dozen concerts a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields. Three of these traditionally take place the weekend before Christmas: two performances of Handel’s *Messiah* on the evenings of Friday 18 and Saturday 19 December at 7.30pm, and an afternoon concert ‘Carols with the English Chamber Choir’ which is at 4pm also on Saturday 19. The Carols started as an experiment a few years ago, with the aim of encouraging some foot-weary shoppers to take a break for an hour or so. It has now become something of an institution for us, and is always over-subscribed. This year, for the first time, the seating is reserved, which will thankfully avoid the dreaded scrum at 4.30 which used to be reminiscent of the easyJet queues before they too introduced numbered seats! But this does mean if you want to come and be able to see us rather than just hear us, you need to book now! The seats in the nave are going fast – and the same applies to the *Messiahs*.
**Behind closed doors…**
In addition to the Christmas events listed above, the Choir is still busy singing for private functions and our appearances this season include the Guildhall (Corporation of London), the Queen’s Gallery (Buckingham Palace), and Middle Temple Hall. We continue to welcome enquiries from companies and organisations who would like music for their festivities.
[www.englishchamberchoir.com](http://www.englishchamberchoir.com)
English Chamber Choir
Guy Protheroe
conductor
Freddie Brown
organ
The Queen’s Chapel
of the Savoy
Savoy Hill
London WC2R 0DA
Wednesday
25 November 2015
7.00pm
"If God spare my life, ere many years I will cause a boy who drives the plough to know more of the scriptures than you do."
William Tyndale (1494-1536)
TYNDALE — his life and legacy
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Patrons
The Very Reverend Dr Ivan Moody · Alderman Dr Andrew Parmley · Rick Wakeman
The ECC is a Company Limited by Guarantee registered in England No.8198937 Charity number 1153396.
www.englishchamberchoir.com
PROGRAMME
JOHN TAVERNER (c.1490-1545)
Dum transisset Sabbatum
ANTONIUS DIVITIS (c.1470-c.1530)
Gloria from Missa Gaude Barbara
Verse: Katie Thorpe, Peggy Hannington, Michael Roskell, David Lowe
MATTHEUS PIPELARE (c.1450-1515)
Credo de Sancto Johanne Evangelista
Verse: Sarah Manousos, Jess Daggers, Michael Roskell, David Lowe, Neil Thornton
JOSQUIN DES PREZ (c.1450-1521)
Planxit autem David
JOHN SHEPPARD (1515-1558)
Verbum caro
INTERVAL
wine and soft drinks will be served
THOMAS TALLIS (c.1505-1585)
If ye love me
ROBERT PARSONS (1535-1572)
Magnificat from First Great Service
THOMAS TOMKINS (1572-1656)
When David heard
ORLANDO GIBBONS (1583-1625)
This is the record of John
Verse: David Wheeler
HENRY PURCELL (1659-1695)
Rejoice in the Lord alway
Verse: Michael Sullivan, Martin Douglas, Tim Johns
SAMUEL SEBASTIAN WESLEY (1810-1876)
Blessed be the God and Father
Verse: Zoe Triggs
JOHN IRELAND (1879-1962)
Greater love
Verse: Nicky Archer, Ken Wharfe
KENNETH LEIGHTON (1929-1988)
The Lord’s Prayer
ARVO PÄRT (B.1935)
The Beatitudes
TONIGHT’S SINGERS
Sopranos:
Miriam Ahamat
Nicky Archer
Marianne Aston
Deborah Bowen
Emily Ford
Jocey Hurdall
Ann Manly
Sarah Manousos
Stella Redburn
Katie Thorpe
Zoe Triggs
Altos:
Sarah Brear
Jess Daggers
Margaret Driver
Peggy Hannington
Debbie O’Connor
Jenny Rowley
Michael Sullivan
Jay Venn
David Wheeler
Tenors:
François Boucard
Roger Carpenter
Martin Douglas
Margaret Jackson-Roberts
Robert Moffat
Stephen Pritchard
Michael Roskell
Rob Scales
Patrick Talbot
Basses:
Simon Archer
David Elliot
Tim Johns
David Jordan
Hugh Joelin
Nick Landauer
David Lowe
David Shield
Neil Thornton
Chris Turner
Ken Wharfe
Andrew Wightman
Tonight’s programme is very much a concert of two halves. The first explores the soundworld within which William Tyndale would have lived and prayed; the second is a sequence of settings of Tyndale’s own words, as they later appeared in the Book of Common Prayer or the King James Bible.
The Tudor dynasty in England lasted from 1485 to 1603. By the time Henry VI, the first Tudor monarch, came to the throne, the ‘Renaissance’ movement which started in Italy with the revisiting of its classical heritage, was a well-established musical phenomenon. England, however, happens to be an island, and as such, not for the first time, lagged somewhat behind these new continental directions. Instead, it experienced a late flowering of a musical style and language which had evolved throughout the Medieval era.
When both Taverner and Sheppard began their musical careers, the style of composition prevalent in England was that of the Roman Catholic Church, although the English had devised their own version of the Latin liturgy which was known as the ‘Sarum’ rite (Sarum is the Latin name for Salisbury). The words were in Latin, and were set to long ‘melismatic’ phrases (stretching each syllable over several consecutive notes or even phrases). Originally the Latin texts would have been set to a single melody, known as its ‘plainsong’ (or ‘cantus firmus’). Over time, lines were added above and beneath this original melody, which itself came to be known as the ‘tenor’ (from the Latin tenere ‘to hold’). The result is rather like a tapestry or embroidery, with the tenor as the canvas and the other voices weaving elaborate and colourful threads onto it. The singers, priests and laity would have been familiar with the texts already so there was no need for the words to be audible. One of the ‘reforms’ of the Church of England, however, was the insistence that the words, now in English, should be clearly distinguished and set with just one musical note per syllable. Sheppard later wrote in this style too, but it was to be some while before the post-reformation English style reached the maturity and confidence of its pre-reformation equivalent.
Of course the bottom line is that we don’t know exactly which pieces of music Tyndale would have encountered. We have yet to discover a Tudor equivalent of Desert Island Discs, which would provide a useful insight. We don’t even know where he was living for much of the 1520s, and composers were a pretty itinerant bunch too — moving around between Courts, Chapels, Universities and any other institutions which offered them lucrative positions along with international prestige. And it is far from clear to what extent a composer’s work would continue to be performed in an establishment from which he had moved on, or of course after his death. The upside of our researches, however, is that we have some really wonderful music with which to entertain you.
Our first piece this evening is the one which William Tyndale was most likely to have known well. John Taverner was one of the most prominent composers of the reign of Henry VIII and he was organist at Cardinal Wolsey’s Collegiate Foundation in Oxford, Cardinal College, later to become Christ Church. Like Sheppard’s Verbum caro which comes later, Dum transisset Sabbatum is a respond. There are three choral sections interspersed with plainsong verses, giving the pattern A-B-C — plainsong — B-C — plainsong — C. It is the third respond at Mattins on Easter Day and tells of Mary Magdalen’s visit to the tomb to anoint Jesus.
Dum transisset Sabbatum Maria Magdalene et Maria Jacobi et Salome emerunt aromata ut venientes ungerent Jesum. Alleluja
When the Sabbath was over, Mary of Magdala and Mary mother of James and Salome brought spices with which to go and anoint Jesus. Alleluya.
Et valde mana una Sabbatorum veniunt ad monumentum, orto iam sole, ut venientes ungerent Jesum. Alleluja
And very early in the morning, on the first day of the week, they went to the tomb, just as the sun was rising, to go and anoint Jesus. Alleluya.
Gloria Patri et Filio et Spiritui Sancto
Gloria be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Ghost.
Alleluja
Alleluja
The most famous Flemish composer at the turn of the 16th century was undoubtedly Josquin des Prez. There are, however, numerous other musicians who flourished in the Courts and Chapels of France, Burgundy and the Low Countries whose compositions are now being re-discovered and re-appraised. Composers from Northern Europe also enjoyed a considerable vogue at the Papal Courts of Leo X and Clement VII (both members of the Medici family) in Rome, and consequently much of their music has been preserved in Italian sources. Both Antonius Divitis and Mattheus Pipelare worked in and around the Antwerp area and it is highly probable that Tyndale would have been familiar with their music, particularly settings of the Mass. Divitis was born in Louvain and also worked in Bruges and Mechelen. He was ordained priest in 1501 and entered the service of Philippe le Beau, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy and King of Castile. Consequently he spent some years visiting Spain and after a period in the service of Francois I of France it would appear that he moved to Italy, spending time at the Papal Court. He died around 1530. His extant works include three Masses; the Gloria performed today is from his Missa Gaude Barbara.
The Flemish composers, while retaining the polyphonic style, tended to opt for shorter phrases which are well suited to imitation between voices, and in his *Credo de Sancto Johanne Evangelista*, Pipelare also resorts to simpler homophonic (i.e. all voices moving in parallel) sections by way of contrast. Pipelare also came from Louvain and after working in Antwerp became choir director of the Illustrious Confraternity of Our Lady at s’Hertogenbosch. This *Credo* is so called because it incorporates in the tenor line the plainsong antiphon *Occurrit beato iohanni* which, in addition to describing the return from exile of John the Baptist, also incorporates the words of another Mass movement, the Benedictus: ‘When the blessed John returned from exile, there came running to meet him all the people, men and women alike, crying and saying: Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord’.
As with Tyndale himself, biographical information about Josquin des Prez is at best pretty sketchy. He was born in the Duchy of Burgundy, although whether in modern-day Belgium or France is not established. There is a good possibility he spent his early career in St Quentin, followed by spells in Aix-en-Provence, Milan, Rome, Ferrara and eventually a relatively lengthy period of retirement in his home region of Condé-sur-l’Escaut, southeast of Lille. During his travels his fame became such that many other composers passed off their compositions as being by Josquin. His music has come down to us in manuscript collections which were compiled by copyists and he was the darling of the first printing houses — Petrucci published a volume of his masses in Venice in 1502. Apparently the only surviving work which may be in his own hand is a graffito on the wall of the Sistine Chapel!
*Planxit autem David* is one of two laments by King David to be sung this evening - the second comes in part two. According to the Book of Samuel, David slew Goliath, chief of the Philistines, during a stand-off between the Philistines and the Israelite army of King Saul. Saul’s son Jonathan has also been fighting on his father’s side and he and David form a covenant. Saul continues to pursue David, on and off, but eventually the two men are reconciled and David and Jonathan renew their covenant. However, Jonathan is slain by the Philistines along with two of his brothers, and Saul commits suicide. As with the two Flemish mass movements you have just heard, Josquin makes use of both chordal and imitative writing, and in doing so creates several examples of the early use of word-painting in music. Much of the piece is set relatively low in the four voice parts and this leads to some wonderfully sonorous passages, as at ‘Incliti Israel...’ while the imitative counterpoint is used to great effect to portray the arrows of Jonathan at ‘Sagitta Jonathae...’.
*Planxit autem David planctu huiuscemodi super Saul et Ionathan, filium eius. Considera, Israel, pro his qui mortui sunt super excelsa tua vulnerati. Incliti, Israel, super montes tuos interfecti sunt: quomodo ceciderunt forties in praelio? Nolite annuntiare in Geth, neque annuntietis in conpetis Ascalonis: ne forte laentetur filiae Philistiium, ne exultent filiae incircumcisorum.*
And David lamented with this lamentation over Saul and over Jonathan his son: ‘Think, O Israel, upon those who have died, wounded on your hills. Your illustrious men, O Israel, were slain on your mountains: how are the mighty fallen in battle! Tell it not in Geth, proclaim it not at the crossroads of Askelon, lest the daughters of the Philistines rejoice, lest the daughters of the uncircumcised triumph.
You mountains of Gilboa, let no dew nor rain come upon you, and may there be no fields of firstfruits, for it was there that the shield of the mighty was thrown away and the shield of Saul, as if he had not been anointed with oil. From the blood of the slain, from the fat of the strong the arrow of Jonathan never turned back, and the sword of Saul never returned empty.
*Saul et Ionathas amabiles et decori in vita sua, in morte quoque non sunt divisii: aquilis velociores, leoniibus fortiores.*
*Sfiliae Israel, super Saul flete, qui vos vestibat cocino in deliciis suis, qui praebebat ornamenta aurea cultui vestro. Quomodo ceciderunt forties in praelio? Ionathas in excelsis tuis occisus est. Doleo super te, frater mi Ionathan, decore nimis, et amabilis valde super amorem mulierum. Sicul mater amat unicum filium suum, sic ego te diligebam. Quomodo ceciderunt robusti, et perierunt arma bellica?*
*Saul and Jonathan were lovable and pleasant in their lives: in death also they were not divided. They were swifter than eagles, stronger than lions. Daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet for your pleasure and put golden ornaments on your clothing. How are the mighty fallen in battle! Jonathan was slain on your mountains. I grieve for you, my brother Jonathan, beautiful beyond measure, and lovable above the love of women. As a mother loves her only son, so I have loved you. How are the mighty fallen and weapons of war perished!*
It was no doubt a consequence of not only the English Reformation but also the brief Puritan rule in England a century later that the manuscripts of music written for the Roman Latin rite (or its ‘Sarum’ English variant) remained fairly firmly gathering dust in University and Cathedral libraries for nearly 400 years. John Sheppard was organist and *informator choristarum* (master of the choristers) at Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1543-1548, after which he moved on to be a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. It was another Fellow of Magdalen, David Wulstan, who in the 1960s began to transcribe and edit many of the works of Sheppard and his contemporaries, and caused shock-waves among the early music establishment with his performance theories. Using several sets of information – pitches of organ pipes, clef conventions, records of singers in various collegiate institutions and so on – he concluded that much of this music was sung at a pitch that today would be rather higher than written. This results in a wonderful aethereal quality with the top treble line floating into space. Like *Dum transisset*, *Verbum caro* is a respond – the ninth respond at Mattins on Christmas Day and it sets the famous words from the opening of St John’s Gospel, translated by Tyndale as “And the word was made flesh and dwelt among us, and we saw the glory of it, as the glory of the only begotten son of the father, which word was full of grace and verity.” The repeating pattern is the same as *Dum transisset*: A-B-C — plainsong — B-C — plainsong — C.
William Tyndale was burnt at the stake for bringing knowledge of the Bible directly to the people, without the need for the intervention of the Clergy. The Catholic Church, which derived much of its great wealth from precisely such intervention, was therefore at pains to ensure that it preserved its monopoly over such knowledge and the simplest way of getting rid of troublesome translators was to condemn them as heretics. It is a common misconception that Henry VIII’s founding of the Church of England and the ‘Reformation’ are one and the same thing. They are not. Like many kings of his time, Henry was obsessed with his succession, and it was his wish to divorce Katharine of Aragon and re-marry in the hope of fathering a son with another wife that led to his quarrel with the Pope and his breakaway Church. But Henry still saw himself as ‘defender of the faith’ and that faith was still predominantly Catholic. And Catholic worship was still essentially in Latin, the preserve of the clergy, and anything else was seen as at best subversive and at worst heretical. The Reformation actually began with Martin Luther in Germany, and it was only much later in Henry’s reign that its shockwaves were felt across the English Channel. However, one of the guiding principles of the Reformation, as opposed to Henry’s English Catholic church, was that of worship in the vernacular; within three years of Tyndale’s grisly death, Henry placed a copy of his own ‘Great Bible’ in English in every church in the land and during the short reign of his son Edward VI, two editions appeared of the Book of Common Prayer - still the essential compendium of the liturgy of the Church of England. Compiled by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, the Prayer Book texts drew heavily on re-translations from German sources, but still many of the canticles and the New Testament readings which are appointed to be read in accordance with the church calendar reflect the spirit of Tyndale.
Along with services in English came the requirement, imposed by the Church of England authorities, that the English words should be clearly intelligible when sung. Out went the wonderfully long melismas of the Latin responds heard tonight in Part I, and in came the syllabic settings we are about to hear. If not exactly one syllable per note, they are not far off; the place where there is possibly a bit of licence being when it comes to the cadence at the end of a phrase.
The composer Thomas Tallis plays an particularly important role in this turbulent period of history. His early Latin works would have been composed in Tyndale’s lifetime; those in English would have been rather later. Tallis somehow managed to ingratiate himself with successive Tudor monarchs, writing for Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I and managing to stay out of trouble - no mean feat. He continued to compose in both Latin and English and managed to acquire, together with William Byrd, a publishing monopoly under Elizabeth which guaranteed that his music spread far and wide. *If ye love me* is a prime example of how well syllabic underlay can work. The text is taken from St John’s Gospel (Chapter 14, verses 15-17) and what Tallis sets is essentially pure Tyndale: “If ye love me, keep my commandments, and I will pray the Father and he shall give you another comforter. That he may bide with you forever, e’en the spirit of truth.” This short piece happened to acquire a particular significance for the English Chamber Choir and its long association with the William Tyndale Society. In 2008 we went to the Society’s international conference in Antwerp where we not only gave a concert but also sang evensong in Antwerp Cathedral. This latter occasion was unique in as much as the Catholic Archbishop of Antwerp handed over his throne to the Anglican Bishop of Europe for the conduct of a service in memory of ‘one of another faith’. Not only was the Evensong an ecumenical event of significant proportions, it was attended by practically the whole English-speaking congregation of Belgium and Holland, so there we were, singing the usually quite intimate service of Evensong to a packed cathedral of over 1,200 people. Earlier that week a local radio station had asked for a short piece they could use as a ‘trail’ for the conference, and we sent them our recording of *If ye love me*. They played it so much it became something of a mantra for the conference and our visit and we have sung it at every performance associated with Tyndale ever since.
As it happens, the two evensong canticles, the *Magnificat* and the *Nunc dimittis*, as included in the Prayer Book, are also as Tyndale translated them. Robert Parsons, like Tallis, began his career setting Latin texts and is probably best-known today for those settings. His First Great Service, however, is a good example not only of syllabic word setting but of the antiphonal use of two choirs - an early example of the interchange between *Decani* and *Cantoris* (the right- and left-hand sides of the choir stalls as found in English Cathedrals and Collegiate foundations).
Both Thomas Tomkins and Orlando Gibbons come from the generation after Tallis and Parsons. Tomkins was born in Pembrokeshire but his family subsequently moved to Tyndale’s native Gloucestershire; he became a boy chorister at the Chapel Royal and then obtained the degree of B.Mus from Magdalen College, Oxford. He was for many years organist of Worcester Cathedral, a post he combined from around 1603 with that of Gentleman Extraordinary of the Chapel Royal. This was an honorary post but in 1621 he became a full-time Gentleman Ordinary under his friend and senior organist, Orlando Gibbons. Worcester was badly desecrated during the civil war and Tomkins suffered not only the loss of his first wife but his house was destroyed by a direct hit from cannon and it is probable that a number of his musical manuscripts were destroyed too. He lived to a great age for such times, and in 1654, when he was 81 and in serious financial difficulties, his son Nathaniel married a wealthy widow and he was able to spend his last years with them in the village of Martin Hussingtree outside Worcester. *When David heard* is the second of David’s laments to be heard this evening. This time the victim is his beloved son, Absolom, and the text is taken from the Second Book of Samuel, chapter 18, verse 33: “ When David heard that Absolom was slain, he went up to his chamber over the gate and wept. And thus he said: O my son, my son, Absolom my son.” As with the Josquin lament heard earlier, this setting is full of poignant, expressive grief, rising and falling until it seems as if David himself is exhausted by his emotional outpouring.
One development which arose out of the Reformation ideal of comprehensible word-setting was the ‘verse anthem’. Here there is a solo line for much of the time, accompanied by either organ or a consort of viols, with the chorus joining in at appropriate moments. While both Tomkins and Gibbons are the acknowledged masters of this technique in the first half of the sixteenth century, they were succeeded a few decades later by Henry Purcell, who expanded the form to include the string orchestra which Charles II had introduced into the chapel Royal following his exile in France where he would have been familiar with Louis XIV’s ‘Vingt-quatre violons du roi’. *This is the record of John* sets verse 19 of the first chapter of St John’s Gospel - words which follow the better-known Gospel reading for Christmas Day (“In the beginning was the word...”). “This is the record of John: when the Jews sent priests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him Who art thou? And he confessed and denied not, and said plainly, I am not the Christ. And they asked him: what then? art thou Elias? And he said I am not. Art thou the prophet, And he answered no. Then said they unto him, what art thou that we may give an answer to them that sent us? What sayest thou of thyself? And he said, I am the voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, make straight the way of the Lord.”
Henry Purcell was born in Westminster. His father, also named Henry, and his uncle, Thomas, were both Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal and the young Henry became a boy chorister there until his voice broke in 1673. He was a pupil at Westminster School and in 1679 succeeded his friend and teacher, John Blow, as organist of Westminster Abbey - a post he continued to hold concurrently with that of Organist of the Chapel Royal from 1682. He was a prolific composer of both sacred and secular works: he was frequently called upon to produce music for royal occasions including coronations and funerals, and birthday odes at Court, and also wrote extensively for the stage. His short opera *Diad and Aeneas* has become famous as the first English opera (although that distinction should probably go to Blow’s *Venus and Adonis*). His sudden death at the age of thirty-six left England without a native composer of similar stature until Sir Edward Elgar nearly two centuries later (although of course the gap was filled for a while by one German immigrant, George Frederick Handel). *Rejoice in the Lord alway* was written around 1682 and is also known as the ‘bell anthem’ due to the falling scales of its instrumental introduction. The text is from St Paul’s Epistle to the Philippians (Chapter 4, verses 4-7): “Rejoice in the Lord alway, and again I say, rejoice. Let your moderation be known unto all men. The Lord is at hand. Be careful for nothing, but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your request be made known unto God. And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Jesus Christ our Lord.” As with all the words set in this second part of the programme, this translation is essentially Tyndale’s work, with the occasional modification on its inclusion in the King James Bible.
Samuel Sebastian Wesley was the son of the composer Samuel Wesley and grandson of Charles Wesley. Charles was the brother of John Wesley, founder of the Methodist movement, but he remained an ordained priest of the Church of England and is today remembered for his hymns - he wrote over 6,000! Samuel named his son Samuel Sebastian in recognition of his admiration for the music of J. S. Bach. The young S.S.Wesley also began his musical education as a chorister at the Chapel Royal. He then embarked on a long and successful career as a cathedral organist. Starting in Hereford, he moved to Exeter, then Leeds (to the Parish Church), Winchester and Gloucester. He wrote almost exclusively for the Church of England, producing many well-known anthems and also service settings. He was one of the last composers to use the by now traditional verse anthem format and *Blessed be the God and Father* is a fine example of his treatment of the form. It was written during Wesley’s time at Hereford for performance on Easter Day. Apparently the Choir consisted of just the trebles and a lone bass as all the other choir members were clerics with livings elsewhere which they needed to attend. This may explain why he chose to set an extended section for treble solo answered by treble chorus. There is also an interesting instruction at the head of the following recitative section specifying it should be sung in unison by altos, tenors and basses - confirming the tradition in cathedral choirs of having male counter-tenors on the alto line who could drop down into the baritone range to give added support. A massive dominant seventh chord (the sort of thing which gives Victorian music a bad name) leads into an exuberant final section which was memorably described by Arthur Hutchings as ‘going up like a rocket and coming down like the stick a few seconds later.’
The text is taken from The first Epistle of St Peter (chapter 1, verses 3-5, 15-17, 22-25)
Blessed be the God and Father
of our Lord Jesus Christ,
which according to his abundant mercy
hath begotten us again unto a lively hope
by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead.
Love one another with a pure heart fervently.
See that ye move one another.
Being born again, not of corruptible seed,
but of incorruptible, by the word of God.
To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled,
that fadeth not away, reserved in heaven for you,
Who are kept by the power of God through faith
unto salvation ready to be revealed at the last time.
For all flesh is as grass, and all the glory of man
as the flower of grass.
The grass withereth
and the flower thereof falleth away.
But as he which hath called you is holy,
so be ye holy in all manner of conversation.
Pass the time of your sojourning here in fear.
But the word of the Lord endureth for ever.
Amen.
John Ireland is probably best known for his piano music. He entered the Royal College of Music to study piano,
with organ as a second study, and he latterly studied composition there under Charles Villiers Stanford. He was
appointed sub-organist at Holy Trinity Sloane Street and later became organist and choirmaster of St Luke’s
Church, Chelsea. In 1923 he returned to the Royal College where he became a respected teacher with pupils
including Benjamin Britten. He retired from teaching in 1953 and moved to Sussex, where he spent the rest of
his life living and composing in a converted windmill. Greater Love was written in 1912, while Ireland was at St
Luke’s. The words are a compilation of various biblical quotations.
Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the
floods drown it. Love is strong as death.
Song of Solomon 8 vv.6-7
Greater Love hath no man than this,
that a man lay down his life for his friends.
St John 15, v13
Who his own self bare our sins in his own body
on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should
live unto righteousness
1 Peter 2, v24
Ye are washed, ye are sanctified,
ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus
1 Corinthians 6, v11
Ye are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood,
a holy nation, that ye should shew forth
the praises of him who hath called you
out of darkness, into his marvellous light.
1 Peter 2, v9
I beseech you brethren, by the mercies of God
that ye present your bodies, a living sacrifice,
holy, acceptable unto God, which is your
reasonable service.
Romans 12, v1
Like Ireland Kenneth Leighton began his musical education as a pianist. He was also a boy chorister at Wakefield Cathedral. He read classics at Oxford, followed by a music degree, and spent most of his life in University employment at Leeds, Edinburgh, Oxford and finally back in Edinburgh as Reid Professor of Music. His Lord’s Prayer comes from a set of responses for Mattins and Evensong which are among the most popular in use in cathedrals and collegiate foundations today.
Arvo Pärt was born in Estonia, then part of the USSR. In 1980, after a prolonged struggle with the Soviet authorities he was allowed to emigrate with his family, first to Vienna and then to Berlin. Around the turn of the century he returned to Estonia and now divides his time between Berlin and Talinn. He has German citizenship, although many years ago he abandoned the German Lutheran Church to convert to the Russian Orthodox faith. He studied mediaeval and renaissance music and has also been inspired by Gregorian chant. His style is described as ‘mystical minimalism’ - a movement which also embraces the work of his contemporaries Gorecki and John Tavener. So we conclude tonight’s performance with music inspired by Tyndale’s soundworld, and also celebrate Pärt’s 80th birthday. The words come from the Gospel of St Matthew, chapter 5, vv 3-12.
Blessed are the poor in spirit:
for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven.
Blessed are they that mourn:
for they shall be comforted.
Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth
Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after
righteousness: for they shall be filled.
Blessed are the merciful:
for they shall obtain mercy.
Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.
Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be
called the children of God.
Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteoussness sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you, and
persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil
against you falsely, for my sake.
Rejoice and be exceeding glad: for great is your
reward in heaven: for so persecuted they the
prophets which were before you.
Editorial note: for reasons of space, we do not normally include the full texts of works which are sung in English. However, as much of tonight’s programme is ‘text-driven’ we thought it would be appropriate to print some of the words together with their biblical references. We have not, however, included the really familiar texts like the Lord’s Prayer and the Magnificat. Programme notes compiled by Ann Manly.
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
The English Chamber Choir is based in the City of London, where it rehearses regularly at the Church of St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe, near Blackfriars. Locally it has performed Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in alium* at the personal invitation of the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House, sung in the premiere of a work by John Taverner in St Paul’s Cathedral, and given concerts in the Barbican. Elsewhere in London it appears regularly with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields, at the South Bank, St John’s Smith Square and several other churches and prominent music venues. It has also sung for HM The Queen at Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle. The Choir celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2012 and also has a long history of involvement with commercial music; it sang in the first performance and the recording of Rick Wakeman’s *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* at the Royal Festival Hall in January 1974, and in May 2014 completed the 40th anniversary UK tour including two appearances at the Royal Albert Hall. It has also worked with Vangelis, Eric Levi (the *Era* project) and many other international artists. It has numerous radio and TV credits, which include a regular spot on BBC Radio 4’s *Broadcasting House* programme the Sunday before Christmas. Further afield the Choir has toured in Belgium and Switzerland, and appeared in Plovdiv (Bulgaria) and the Megaron, Athens Concert Hall. This summer it sang concerts in the South of France for the first time, and it sang a shorter version of tonight’s programme for the William Tyndale Society’s International Conference in Hertford College, Oxford in October. The Choir is about to embark on a busy season of Christmas music, including two performances of *Messiah* and its own carols at St Martin-in-the-Fields..
GUY PROTHEROE
Guy Protheroe was born in Worcester where (before he arrived) his parents were briefly next-door neighbours of Elgar! He began his musical education as a chorister at Caterbury Cathedral and was a music scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford. After post-graduate studies at the Guildhall School of Music, he formed his own contemporary music group, Spectrum, with whom he toured Europe and the USA and made a number of award-winning recordings, became chorus-master and shortly afterwards conductor of the English Chamber Choir, and worked extensively in the commercial music business as musical director to a whole host of artists including The Who, Black Sabbath, Tangerine Dream, Vangelis, Eric Levi and Rick Wakeman. He was chorus-master for the first performance of *Journey to the Centre of the Earth* in 1974, and last year conducted the 40th anniversary UK tour of the same album and more performances in Argentina and Brazil. When not conducting he also sings baritone, until recently as a member of the Chapel Choir of the Royal Hospital Chelsea, and he has also featured on a number of film soundtracks as ‘the monk singing plainsong (but without the tonsure)’. He was seen extensively on TV a few months ago directing the “Singing Dictionary” series of commercials for ‘Three’ Telecom. He has appeared as guest conductor with many ensembles, orchestras and choirs including, most recently, Cappella Romana, the elite chamber choir specialising in Orthodox music and based on the west coast of the US in Portland. He has also conducted in Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Tunisia. He is also one of the UK’s leading forensic experts on issues relating to music copyright.
FREDDIE BROWN
Freddie Brown recently graduated with distinction from the Royal Academy of Music in London. Previously, he read music at St Catharine’s College, Cambridge, where he was also organ scholar, and graduated in July 2011 with a first-class degree and the Peter le Huray prize for academic achievement. He performs widely as a chamber musician and accompanist. Over the past year he has appeared in venues including St John’s Smith Square, St Martin-in-the-Fields, the Wigmore Hall, The Fondazione Cini in Venice and Cornwall’s St Endellion Summer Festival. An experienced partner of singers, he has won prizes for song accompaniment in the Joan Chissell Lieder competition, the Thelma King award and the RAM Club Prize as well as holding the Henry Dixon and Pitt-Rivers awards at the Academy. Whilst a student at the Academy he recorded with the Royal Academy Soloists Ensemble in a disc of chamber arrangements of works by Mahler, Zemlinsky, Busoni and Wagner, under the direction of Trevor Pinnock, released in 2015. He recently appeared partnering violinist Mark Seow in a concert of works by F.S Kelly for the City of London Festival, which was broadcast on BBC Radio 3. As well as working with the English Chamber Choir, he holds the position of assistant conductor with Twickenham Choral Society. He returned to the Royal Academy of Music last year to take up a junior fellowship with the opera department.
Sung Eucharist
29th November 2015
Advent Sunday
St Andrew
10.30 a.m.
Preacher & Celebrant:
The Venerable Ray Pentland
Choir: English Chamber Choir
Organist: Alderman Dr Andrew Parmley
Setting: Stanford in C
THE EUCHARIST
MINISTRY OF THE WORD
Introit Hymn No. 24
Come, thou long-expected Jesus (Cross of Jesus)
Priest: The Lord be with you
R: And with thy spirit
Priest: Let us pray
Lord’s Prayer BCP p. 237
Collect for Purity
Kyrie eleison
Collect for the Queen BCP p. 239
Collect for the Day BCP p. 185
The Epistle: Rom. 13. 8 BCP p. 47
Gradual
I waited for the Lord (Felix Mendelssohn)
Gospel: St Matthew 21. 1 BCP p. 48
Creed – sung by all BCP p. 240
NOTICES AND SERMON
MINISTRY OF THE SACRAMENT
Offertory Sentence
Offertory Hymn No. 31
Lo! He comes with clouds descending (Helmsley)
Prayer for the Church BCP p. 244
Invitation & Confession BCP p. 251
Absolution, Comfortable Words BCP p. 252
THE EUCHARISTIC PRAYER
Priest: The Lord be with you
R: And with thy spirit
Sursum corda *BCP p.252*
Sanctus & Benedictus *BCP p.253*
Prayer of Humble Access *BCP p.255*
CONSECRATION
Priest: The peace of the Lord be always with you
R: And with thy spirit
Priest: Draw near and receive the body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for you, and his blood which was shed for you. Take this in remembrance that Christ died for you, and feed on him in your hearts, by faith, with thanksgiving.
COMMUNION
All baptized communicant Christians are welcome to receive Holy Communion at this service. Alternatively, please come forward for a Blessing. If you have difficulty kneeling, it is perfectly acceptable for you to remain standing to receive Holy Communion.
Agnus Dei
Motet
A Tender Shoot (Goldschmidt)
Priest: As our Saviour Christ hath commanded and taught us we are bold to say:
Lord’s Prayer *BCP p.257*
OBLATION
Blessing
Final Hymn, No. 27
Hark the glad sound! The savior comes (*Bristol*)
Voluntary
Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme, BWV 645 (*J S Bach*)
NOTICES
Thank you for attending our service this morning. You are all very welcome to join us after the service for a short reception at the back of the church.
We are very grateful to The Reverend John Cotton for taking our service this morning.
Next Sunday (29th November; Advent Sunday) we shall have Sung Eucharist at 10.30. The service will be taken by The Venerable Ray Pentland and the choir will be the English Chamber Choir.
Please make a note in your diary that we shall be celebrating our Sunday School with a brief prize giving celebration on Sunday 6th December (with prizes generously donated by the members of the Worshipful Company of Parish Clerks associated with our parish).
The annual Parish Carol Service will be on Sunday 13th December at 10.30 am when we shall welcome back Canon Roger Royle and members of the Vintry & Dowgate and Queenhithe Ward Clubs. Please note that there will not be a service on Sunday 27th December.
PARISH DIRECTORY
Website www.stjamesgarlickhythe.org
Parish Administrator 020 7329 3632
Hon. Curate The Venerable Ray Pentland
Reader Robin Sherlock
Church Wardens Geoffrey Brown
Alderman Gordon Haines
Deputy William Fraser, OBE
Prof Jonathan Rawlings
Lynette Stone, CBE
PCC Secretary Johanne Moss
Christmas Market 2015
The City’s original Christmas Market at Guildhall
30 Nov to 1 Dec 2015
Jewellery
Art & fashion
Home & garden
Gifts & books
Food & drink
over 100 stalls
designer fashion show
affordable art market
food and live music
Supporting
British Red Cross
redcross.org.uk/market facebook.com/londonchristmasmarket #lndxmasmkt
Bank 5 minutes St Paul's 7 minutes Moorgate 7 minutes
sponsored by
30 Opening night
Monday 30 November
5.30pm to 9.00pm
To be opened by the Civic Party
Guest of honour HRH Princess Alexandra
£35 including drinks and canapé reception
01 Market day
Tuesday 01 December
10.30am to 8.00pm £5 incl. complimentary glass of wine
12.00 to 2.30pm £15
2 course Christmas lunch
3.30 to 6.30pm £15
Champagne afternoon tea
6.00 to 7.30pm £10
Designer fashion show
A shopping experience with a difference. Enjoy FREE chocolate and coffee tastings, a basket making workshop, a fashion show from designers Orla Kiely, Kelly Simpkin and Daniel Blake. When you need a break, visit our Art Fair or enjoy an express beauty treatment in our relaxation station.
Visitors can venture into the largest medieval crypt in London for a spot of lunch or cream tea, or if you fancy something more festive visit the Urban Food Fest Christmas Food Market in the Guildhall Yard and enjoy a Gluhwein and Bratwurst.
Indulge in some guilt-free shopping as proceeds go towards the lifesaving work of the British Red Cross both in the UK and overseas.
Book tickets online or purchase on the door. Group discounts available. Information and online booking: redcross.org.uk/market Contact 020 7877 7606 or email email@example.com
The British Red Cross Society, incorporated by Royal Charter 1908, is a charity registered in England and Wales (220949), Scotland (SC037738) and Isle of Man (0762).
Entertainment schedule
Monday 30th November
17.30 – 17.45 Pikemen & Muskateers
17.30 – 21.00 Booking signing by Sir Nicholas Woolf
18.15 – 18.30 Speeches
17.30 – 18.15 Old Library, English Chamber Choir
17.30 – 18.15 Great Hall, Hackney Academy
18.30 – 19.15 Old Library, Hackney Academy
18.30 – 19.15 Great Hall, Stellae Cantores
19.30 – 20.15 Guildhall Yard, Indiabeats
19.30 – 20.15 Old Library, Stellae Cantores
19.30 – 20.15 Great Hall, English Chamber Choir
Tuesday 1st December
10.30 – 16.30 Book signing Nicholas Woolf
10.30 – 11.30 Basket Making workshop
11.30 – 12.00 Chocolate tasting workshop
12.00 – 12.45 Old Library, CLS (Brass)
12.00 – 12.45 Great Hall, CLS (Sax)
12.00 – 14.00 Guildhall Yard, Redbridge Music Lounge
13.00 – 14.30 Basket Making workshop
13.15 – 14.00 Old Library, CLS (Sax)
13.15 – 14.00 Great Hall, CLS (Brass)
14.30 – 15.00 Chocolate Tasting workshop
17.00 – 17.45 Old Library, CLSG (Strings)
17.00 – 17.45 Great Hall, Modality
17.00 – 20.00 Guildhall Yard, Redbridge Music Lounge
18.00 – 18.45 Old Library, Modality
18.00 – 19.00 – Designer Fashion Show
| Song | Page/Source |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Once in Royal David's City | 100C p260 |
| O Nata Lux (Thomas Tallis) | Separate Copy |
| O Radiant Dawn (James MacMillan) | Separate Copy |
| O come, all ye faithful | 100C p226 |
| Tomorrow shall be my dancing day (John Gardner) | Noel p224 |
| The first Nowell the angel did say | 100C p323 |
| Ave Maris Stella (Trad. Provencal arr. Ann Manly) | Separate Copy |
| Quem vidistis pastores (Francis Poulenc) | Separate Copy |
| O little town of Bethlehem | 100C p234 |
| The Holly and the Ivy (June Nixon) | Separate Copy |
| The Twelve Days of Christmas (arr. Andrew Carter) | Noel p231 |
| God rest ye merry, gentlemen | 100C p83 |
| Have yourself a merry little Christmas (Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane)| FTS p3 |
| I'm dreaming of a white Christmas (Irving Berlin) | Separate Copy |
| Jingle Bells (James Pierpoint - arranged by Ralph Allwood) | Noel p75 |
| Hark the herald angels sing | 100C 107 |
| Santa Claus is coming to town (Fred Coot and Haven Gillespie – arr. Peter Gritton) | FTS p29 |
Carol Service
St. Mary’s Church Barnes
Thursday 3rd December 2015
featuring members of The English Chamber Choir
Kindly sponsored by
Carter Jonas
Carol Service 2015: Welcome from the Chair
Welcome to our eighth Carol Service fundraising on behalf of Home-Start Richmond. Last year, the money raised at this wonderful event contributed to Home-Start supporting 500 young children in 257 families in Barnes and the surrounding areas of the borough of Richmond upon Thames. Families were affected by issues such as post-natal depression, disability, isolation, bereavement and multiple birth.
Research shows that families supported by Home-Start:
· are less isolated and more resilient
· show improved mental and physical health
· see improvements in children’s behaviour and well-being
· benefit up to three years after their volunteer has stopped visiting
‘I needed to know what I was going through was normal, to know that people cared; to know that there was help out there’
Mum supported by Home-Start
We are a cost-effective and efficient service - it takes only £1014 to provide home-visiting support to a family for a year, and £9.35 per child per week. We know that every penny raised tonight will help to give our local vulnerable children a better start in life. Thank you for your support – we hope you enjoy the evening.
Felicity Clarkson CBE
Chair of Home-Start Richmond upon Thames
Home-Start Richmond, Parkway House, Sheen Lane, East Sheen, SW14 8LS 020 8487 8500 www.homestart-richmond.org.uk
Registered Charity No: 1108975
Music before the Service
Chorale Prelude In Dulci Jubilo by J S Bach
OPENING WORDS - JENNY OPPENHEIMER
HOME-START RICHMOND TRUSTEE
All stand for the Procession
ONCE IN ROYAL DAVID'S CITY
Solo
Once in Royal David's city,
Stood a lowly cattle shed,
Where a mother laid her Baby,
In a manger for His bed:
Mary was that mother mild,
Jesus Christ, her little Child.
Choir
He came down to earth from Heaven,
Who is God and Lord of all,
And His shelter was a stable,
And His cradle was a stall:
With the poor, and mean, and lowly,
Lived on earth our Saviour holy.
All
And through all His wondrous childhood;
Day by day, like us, he grew;
He was little, weak and helpless,
Tears and smiles, like us He knew:
And He feeleth for our sadness,
And He shareth in our gladness.
And our eyes at least shall see Him
Through His own redeeming love;
For that Child so dear and gentle
Is our Lord in heaven above:
And He leads His children on.
To the place where He is gone.
Not in that poor lowly stable,
With the oxen standing by.
We shall see Him; but in heaven,
Set at God's right hand on high;
Where like stars his children crowned
All in white shall wait around.
WELCOME
The Rev'd Richard Sewell
Team Rector, St Mary's Church, Barnes
All stand to sing
THE FIRST NOWELL
The First Nowell the angel did say
Was to certain poor shepherds in fields as they lay;
In fields where they lay keeping their sheep,
On a cold winter's night that was so deep.
Refrain after each verse
Nowell, Nowell, Nowell, Nowell
Born is the King of Israel!
They look'ed up and saw a star,
Shining in the east, beyond them far,
And to the earth it gave great light,
And so it continued both day and night.
This star drew nigh to the north-west,
O'er Bethlehem it took its rest,
And there it did both stop and stay
Right over the place where Jesus lay.
Then enter'd in those wise men three,
Full rev'rently upon their knee,
And offer'd there in his presence,
Their gold and myrrh and frankincense.
Then let us all with one accord
Sing praises to our heav'nly Lord,
That hath made heav'n and earth of naught,
And with his blood mankind hath bought.
READING - The Prophet Foretells the Coming of the Saviour: Isaiah 9 verses 2 - 7
Read by JAMIE THEAKSTON
THE ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
The Lamb by John Tavener
All stand to sing
GOD REST YE MERRY, GENTLEMEN
God rest ye merry, gentlemen,
Let nothing you dismay
For Jesus Christ our Saviour
Was born upon this day,
To save us all from Satan's power
When we were gone astray:
Refrain after each verse
O tidings of comfort and joy,
comfort and joy!
O tidings of comfort and joy!
From God our Heav'nly Father
A blessed angel came,
And unto certain shepherds
Brought tidings of the same,
How that in Bethlehem was born
The Son of God by Name:
But when they came to Bethlehem
Whereat this infant lay,
They found him in a manger,
Where oxen feed on hay;
His Mother Mary kneeling down,
Unto the Lord did pray:
Now to the Lord sing praises,
All you within this place,
And with true love and brotherhood
Each other now embrace;
This holy tide of Christmas
All other doth deface:
READING - The Birth of Jesus: Luke 2 verses 1-7
Read by GERARD RING - Home-Start Richmond Trustee
THE ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
My Lord Has Come by Will Todd
READING - The Angel appears to the Shepherds:
Luke 2 verses 8-20
Read by LISA PEACOCK - Home-Start Richmond Trustee
THE ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
A Spotless Rose by Herbert Howells
READING - Alternative Santa
Written and read by ROGER MCGOUGH
ABOUT HOME-START - an Appeal by CAROLINE SHUFFREY
THE ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Have Yourself a Merry little Christmas by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane, arr. Peter Gritton
READING - The Knighting of the Sirloin of Beef by Charles II - Anon
Read by HESTON BLUMENTHAL
All stand to sing
O LITTLE TOWN OF BETHLEHEM
O Little Town of Bethlehem
How still we see thee lie
Above thy deep and dreamless sleep
The silent stars go by,
Yet in they dark streets shineth
The everlasting light
The hopes and fears of all the years
Are met in thee tonight.
O morning stars, together
Proclaim the holy birth,
And praises sing to God the King,
And peace to men on earth;
For Christ is born of Mary;
And, gathered all above,
While mortals sleep, the angels keep
Their watch of wond'ring love.
Choir
How silently, how silently
The wondrous gift is given!
So God imparts to human hearts
The blessings of His heaven.
No ear may hear His coming
But in this world of sin,
Where meek souls will receive him still,
The dear Christ enters in.
All
O holy Child of Bethlehem
Descend to us, we pray.
Cast out our sin and enter in
Be born to us today.
We hear the Christmas angels
The great glad tidings tell
O come to us, abide with us
Our Lord Emmanuel.
THE ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
White Christmas by Irving Berlin
Choir first, then All
I'm dreaming of a white Christmas
Just like the ones I used to know
Where the treetops glisten and the children listen
To hear sleigh bells in the snow.
I'm dreaming of a white Christmas,
with every Christmas card I write
May your days be merry and bright
And may all your Christmases be white.
READING - From Christmas in NW1 by Alan Bennett
Read by ALISTAIR MCGOWAN
THE ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
In Dulci Jubilo by Robert Pearsall
READING - The Word Became Flesh: John 1 verses 1 - 14
Read by SAMUEL JOSLIN
All stand to sing
HARK THE HERALD ANGELS SING
Hark the herald angels sing
'Glory to the newborn King!
Peace on earth and mercy mild
God and sinners reconciled'.
Joyful, all ye nations rise
Join the triumph of the skies
With th'angelic host proclaim:
'Christ is born in Bethlehem'.
Hark! The Herald angels sing
'Glory to the newborn King!
Christ by highest heaven adored
Christ the everlasting Lord!
Late in time behold Him come
Offspring of a Virgin's womb.
Veiled in flesh the Godhead see
Hail the incarnate Deity.
Pleased as man with man to dwell
Jesus, our Emmanuel.
Hark! The herald angels sing
'Glory to the newborn King!
Hail the heav'n-born Prince of Peace!
Hail the Son of Righteousness!
Light and life to all He brings
Ris'n with healing in His wings.
Mild He lays His glory by
Born that man no more may die;
Born to raise the sons of earth
Born to give them second birth.
Hark! The herald angels sing
'Glory to the newborn King!'
BLESSING by Rev’d Richard Sewell
Music after the Service
Chorale Prelude Wachet Auf by J S Bach
Have a wonderful Christmas
from Home-Start Richmond upon Thames
We are grateful for the support of:
Daniel Turner, Director of Music at St Mary's Church - organist
Rev'd Richard Sewell, Team Rector of St Mary's Church
Sally Copland - Crucifer
Members of The English Chamber Choir
www.englishchamberchoir.co.uk
Our readers:
Heston Blumenthal, Samuel Joslin, Roger McGough,
Alistair McGowan & Jamie Theakston
All the expenses of the event are covered by our sponsors.
Thanks to:
Focal Point and JCW Designs for printing
&feast and 2 Peas in a Pod for the Music Director
London Realty for the Wine
Avril Joslin for the Boy Treble
Daisy Binks for all the design work
Special thanks to our main sponsor:
Carter Jonas
As you leave, there will be a collection for those who wish.
Donations will be worth 25% more if you use the Gift Aid Envelope in the service sheet.
The Trustees and staff of Home-Start hope that after the Service you will join them for a glass of prosecco.
Castle Baynard Ward Club
Upholders’ Company and
St Andrew by the Wardrobe Parish
Advent and Carol Service
Tuesday 8 December 2015, 6.30pm
Please stand as the English Chamber Choir begin to sing the
PROCESSIONAL CAROL
Solo O come, O come, Emmanuel,
And ransom captive Israel,
That mourns in lonely exile here
Until the Son of God appear.
Refrain:
Rejoice! Rejoice!
Emmanuel shall come to thee, O Israel.
Choir O come, thou Rod of Jesse, free
Thine own from Satan's tyranny;
From depths of hell thy people save,
And give them victory over the grave. Refrain.
All O come, thou Dayspring, come and cheer
Our spirits by thine advent here;
Disperse the gloomy clouds of night,
And death's dark shadows put to flight. Refrain.
O come, thou Key of David, come,
And open wide our heavenly home;
Make safe the way that leads on high,
And close the path to misery. Refrain.
O come, O come, great Lord of might,
Who to thy tribes, on Sinai's height
In ancient times once gave the law,
In cloud, and majesty and awe. Refrain.
Words: Latin, twelfth century, trans. John Mason Neale (1818-1866)
Music: Veni Emmanuel (fifteenth century plainsong)
Please sit or kneel.
The Bidding Prayer
Led by Fr Luke Miller, Priest in Charge, St Andrew by the Wardrobe Church, and concluding with
All OUR FATHER, which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name, Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done, in earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, As we forgive them that trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation; But deliver us from evil. Amen.
Priest THE Almighty God bless us with his grace: Christ give us the joys of everlasting life: and unto the fellowship of the citizens above may the King of Angels bring us all.
All Amen.
Please sit
First Lesson
Genesis 3:8-15
God tells sinful Adam that he has lost the life of Paradise and that his seed will bruise the serpent’s head.
Read by Alderman Ian Luder, President, Castle Baynard Ward Club
CAROL sung by the Choir
The holly and the ivy
Words: English traditional
Music: French traditional carol arranged by June Nixon (b.1942)
Second Lesson
Genesis 22:15-18
God promises to faithful Abraham that in his seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed.
Read by Mrs Susan Nevard
Clerk, Worshipful Company of Upholders
Please stand
CAROL 100 C 194
It came upon the midnight clear,
That glorious song of old,
From angels bending near the earth
To touch their harps of gold:
"Peace on the earth, goodwill to men,
From heav'n's all-gracious King!"
The world in solemn stillness lay
To hear the angels sing.
Still through the cloven skies they come,
With peaceful wings unfurled;
And still their heav'nly music floats
O'er all the weary world:
Above its sad and lowly plains
They bend on hovering wing,
And ever o'er its Babel sounds
The blessed angels sing.
Yet with the woes of sin and strife
The world has suffered long;
Beneath the angel strain have rolled
Two thousand years of wrong;
And man, at war with man, hears not
The love-song which they bring:
O hush the noise, ye men of strife,
And hear the angels sing!
For lo! the days are hastening on,
By prophet bards foretold
When, with the ever circling years
Comes round the age of gold;
When peace shall over all the earth
Its ancient splendours fling,
And the whole world give back the song
Which now the angels sing.
Words: Edward Hamilton Sears (1810-1876)
Music: English traditional, adapted by Arthur S. Sullivan (1842-1900)
Please sit
Third Lesson
Isaiah 9:2-7
The prophet foretells the coming of the Saviour.
Read by Dr Martin Ounsted
The Mercers' Company
CAROL sung by the Choir
Alleluya, new work is come on hand
Words: 15th century
Music: Peter Wishart (1921-1984)
Fourth Lesson
Isaiah 11:1-9
The peace that Christ will bring is foreshown.
Read by Tony Lofts
Junior Warden, Worshipful Company of Upholders
CAROL sung by the Choir
Tomorrow shall be my dancing day
Words: English traditional
Music: John Gardner (1917-2011)
Fifth Lesson
St Luke 1:26-38
The angel Gabriel salutes the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Read by Deputy Angus Knowles-Cutler
Deputy Chairman, Castle Baynard Ward Club
Please stand
CAROL
The angel Gabriel from heaven came,
His wings as drifted snow, his eyes as flame;
"All hail," said he, "thou lowly maiden Mary,
Most highly favour'd lady," Gloria!
"For known a blessed Mother thou shalt be,
All generations laud and honour thee,
Thy Son shall be Emmanuel, by seers foretold,
Most highly favour'd lady," Gloria!
Solo Then gentle Mary meekly bowed her head,
"To me be as it pleaseth God," she said,
"My soul shall laud and magnify his holy name."
Most highly favour'd lady. Gloria!
Of her, Emmanuel, the Christ, was born
In Bethlehem, all on a Christmas morn,
And Christian folk throughout the world
will ever say:
"Most highly favour'd lady," Gloria!
Words: trans Sabine Baring-Gould (1834-1924)
Music: Basque carol
Please sit
CAROL sung by the Choir
Angelus ad virginem
14th-century Irish carol
Arr. David Willcocks
Sixth Lesson
St Luke 2:1-7
St Luke tells of the birth of Jesus.
Read by Mr David Thompson
Churchwarden, St Andrew by the Wardrobe Church
Please stand
CAROL
Once in royal David's city
Stood a lowly cattle shed,
Where a mother laid her baby
In a manger for his bed:
Mary was that mother mild,
Jesus Christ her little child.
He came down to earth from heaven
Who is God and Lord of all,
And his shelter was a stable,
And his cradle was a stall;
With the poor, and mean, and lowly,
Lived on earth our Saviour holy.
And, through all his wondrous childhood
He would honour and obey,
Love and watch the lowly maiden,
In whose gentle arms he lay;
Christian children all must be
Mild, obedient, good as he.
For he is our childhood's pattern,
Day by day like us he grew,
He was little, weak and helpless,
Tears and smiles like us he knew;
And he feeleth for our sadness,
And he shareth in our gladness.
And our eyes at last shall see him,
Through his own redeeming love,
For that child so dear and gentle
Is our Lord in heaven above;
And he leads his children on
To the place where he is gone.
Not in that poor lowly stable,
With the oxen standing by,
We shall see him; but in heaven,
Set at God's right hand on high;
When like stars his children crowned
All in white shall wait around.
Words: Cecil Frances Alexander (1818-1895)
Music: Henry John Gauntlett, (1805-1876)
Please sit
CAROL sung by the Choir
A babe is born
Words: 15th century
Music: William Mathias (1934-2012)
Seventh Lesson
St Luke 2:8-12
The shepherds go to the manger.
Read by Mrs Wynne Gilham
Master, Worshipful Company of Upholders
Please stand
CAROL
While shepherds watched their flocks by night,
All seated on the ground,
The angel of the Lord came down,
And glory shone around.
"Fear not," said he, (for mighty dread
Had seized their troubled mind);
"Glad tidings of great joy I bring
To you and all mankind.
"To you, in David's town, this day
Is born of David's line
A Saviour, who is Christ the Lord;
And this shall be the sign:
"The heavenly Babe you there shall find
To human view displayed,
All meanly wrapped in swathing bands,
And in a manger laid."
Thus spake the seraph, and forthwith
Appeared a shining throng
Of angels praising God, who thus
Addressed their joyful song:
"All glory be to God on high
And to the earth be peace;
Goodwill henceforth from heaven to men
Begin and never cease."
Words: Nahum Tate (1652-1715)
Music: Este's Psalter
Please sit.
CAROL sung by the Choir
My Lord has come
Music and words by Will Todd (b. 1970)
Eighth Lesson
St Matthew 2:1-12
The wise men are led by the star to Jesus.
Read by Michael Hudson CC
Chairman, Castle Baynard Ward Club
CAROL sung by the Choir
Verbum caro—The Gospel according to St John, Chapter 1
Music by John Sheppard (1515-1558)
Please stand
Ninth Lesson
St John 1:1-14
St John unfolds the great mystery of the Incarnation.
Read by Fr Luke Miller
CAROL
Hark! the herald-angels sing
Glory to the new-born King;
Peace on earth, and mercy mild,
God and sinners reconciled.
Joyful, all ye nations, rise,
Join the triumph of the skies,
With th'angelic host proclaim,
"Christ is born in Bethlehem."
Hark! the herald-angels sing
Glory to the new-born King.
Christ, by highest heav'n adored,
Christ, the everlasting Lord,
Late in time behold him come
Offspring of a virgin's womb:
Veiled in flesh the Godhead see:
Hail, th'incarnate Deity,
Pleased as man with man to dwell,
Jesus, our Emmanuel.
Hark! the herald-angels sing
Glory to the new-born King.
Hail, the heav'n-born Prince of Peace!
Hail, the Sun of Righteousness!
Light and life to all he brings,
Ris'n with healing in his wings;
Mild he lays his glory by,
Born that man no more may die,
Born to raise the sons of earth,
Born to give them second birth.
Hark! the herald-angels sing
Glory to the new-born King.
Wards: Charles Wesley (1707-1788)
Music: Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)
Please sit or kneel
Collect and Blessing
Led by Fr Luke Miller
RECESSIONAL CAROL
O come, all ye faithful
Joyful and triumphant,
O come ye, O come ye to Bethlehem;
Come and behold him
Born the King of angels:
Refrain:
O come, let us adore him,
O come, let us adore him,
O come, let us adore him,
Christ the Lord.
God of God,
Light of Light,
Lo! he abhors not the Virgin's womb;
Very God,
Begotten, not created: Refrain
See how the shepherds,
Summoned to his cradle,
Leaving their flocks, draw nigh with lowly fear
We too will thither
Bend our joyful footsteps: Refrain
Child, for us sinners
Poor and in the manger,
Fain we embrace thee, with awe and love;
Who would not love thee
Loving us so dearly? Refrain
Sing, choirs of angels,
Sing in exultation,
Sing, all ye citizens of heav’n above;
Glory to God
In the highest; Refrain
Words: John Francis Wade (c.1711-1786), trans. Frederick Oakeley (1802-1880), William Thomas Brooke (1848-1917) and others
Music: John Francis Wade (c.1711-1786)
A retiring collection is taken for the work of the Bishop of London’s Mission Fund, which supports mission work throughout the Diocese, aimed at reaching ‘beyond the walls of the church’ to increase its mission work in areas of social need as well as keeping pace with the needs of the growing church in London.
Our thanks for tonight’s music go to:
The English Chamber Choir, conducted by Guy Protheroe
and Frederick Brown, organist.
To David Wheeler for making the church look so beautifully festive.
And, to everyone who helped to make tonight’s carol service possible, especially Samantha Barber, Colin Burnham and Michael Heath.
Please do stay for mulled wine and hot mince pies and more festive music from the English Chamber Choir.
MERRY CHRISTMAS!
The Tyndale Society at St Mary’s Church
16 December, 2015
Hymn Once in Royal David’s City
(first verse solo, second verse choir)
Bidding Prayer
1st. Lesson Gen. 3. 8–15 Revd David Ireson
Hymn It Came Upon the Midnight Clear
Choir Adam lay ybounden Boris Ord
2nd. Lesson Isaiah 11 Nick Sanderson
Choir My Lord has come Will Todd
3rd. Lesson Luke 1, 26–33 Ray Rolinson
Choir Lully, lulla Kenneth Leighton
4th. Lesson Matthew 1, 18–21 Penny Graham
Choir The Holly and the Ivy arr. Walford Davies
5th. Lesson Luke 2, 8–20
Choir In dulci jubilo arr. Pearsall
6th. Lesson Matthew 2 8–12 Rochelle Givoni
Choir Silent Night arr. Jonathan Rathbone
7th. Lesson John 1, 1–14 Revd David Goodburn
Offertory Hymn Oh Come All Ye Faithful
Blessing
Hymn Hark the Herald Angels Sing
Here are the music lists for St Martin’s on the 19 and Tyndale on the 16. I have not included the congregational stuff as you all have that in the various volumes anyway. I am awaiting confirmation from the Tyndales but I don’t think they are likely to query our suggestions.
The purpose of this is to highlight the new pieces and things you might not have rehearsed yet, so that you know what to look at between now and next week.
There are pdfs attached of two pieces you won’t have seen as yet. The Jonathan Rathbone Silent Night is on Youtube sung by Tenebrae. If you want to print out your own copy that is entirely legit. ‘The most wonderful time of the year’ is currently a scan which is not legit for performance purposes. We are borrowing a set of proper copies from the Royal Household Choir but David needs them until 15 December so we have scanned it just so we can sing it through and you can look at it. If you do print it out for now, please destroy it in due course!
The other pieces which we haven’t done before are the Rutter Twelve Days of Christmas and the Leighton Lully, lulla, so please do look at those. They are in the books. And you should all by now have a copy of the Will Todd.
Just a final reminder, tomorrow is 5.30 rehearsal, 6.30 service, refreshments afterwards followed by a short rehearsal. We hope to be away not long after 9pm.
Looking ahead, please can you bring folders to St Martin’s. You won’t necessarily need to sing from them, but it will look neater if we can keep the copies in them and have just one black folder on the floor in front of us, as opposed to a heap of assorted music!
Thanks and see most of you tomorrow
Ann
ST MARTIN’S
Alleluya, Wishart (100 Carols)
Angelus ad virginem, arr Willicocks (100 Carols)
Ding dong (100 Carols)
In the bleak midwinter, Darke (100 carols)
My Lord has come, Will Todd
Silent night (arr. Jonathan Rathbone) pdf attached
Jingle Bells (Noel)
White Christmas (single copies available)
Twelve Days of Christmas, arr. Rutter (100 Carols)
Have yourself a merry little Christmas, arr. Gritton (Follow that star)
The most wonderful time of the year, pdf attached – see note below
TYNDALE
Adam lay ybounden, Boris Ord (Noel)
My Lord has come, Will Todd
Lully, Iulla, Kenneth Leighton (Noel)
The Holly and the Ivy, Walford Davis (100 Carols)
In dulci jubilo (100 carols)
Silent Night, arr Jonathan Rathbone, pdf attached
I know everyone is busy with seasonal festivities, but I would be grateful if you could find a moment to put the following dates in your diaries (you should have most of them already) and also fill in the form and send it back. If you don't yet have plans for Easter etc, could you at least let me know if you are around on 16 January. Guy and myself don't yet know where we are spending New Year but there is now a strong possibility that we may be in Prague recording Les Visiteurs 3 with Eric Levi in the first week of January so I would prefer to have a clear idea of who is singing at St Martin's before we are away.
SATURDAY 16 JANUARY – St Martin’s
Mozart: Requiem; Ave verum
Handel: Zadok, choruses from Messiah
Performance 7.30pm Rehearsal 4.30-6pm DJs/long black + red
MONDAY 25 JANUARY – Middle Temple Hall
Fundraising reception for ‘Suited and Booted’
We will be doing two 20-minute slots, one light classical repertoire and the other songs from shows etc. Exact timings to follow but will be after work. DJs/long black + red
SUNDAY 31 JANUARY – St James’ Garlickhythe
Mattins 10.30am, rehearsal 9.30
SATURDAY 27 FEBRUARY – Rudolf Steiner House, Park Road NW1
An Evening with the English Chamber Choir
We have been invited to take part in this international concert series by Gregers Brinch, a Danish composer resident here who is a friend of Hugh Joslin.
Programme is still being devised but is essentially an opportunity to do some new secular stuff
Songs by Dvorak and Debussy are likely, plus some earlier mardigals and chansons etc.
Times and dress code to follow.
SUNDAY 28 FEBRUARY – St James’ Garlickhythe
Holy Communion 10.30am rehearsal 9.30am
FRIDAY 18 MARCH – St Martin’s
Fauré: Requiem; Cantique de Jean Racine
Handel: Let thy hand be strengthened
Mozart: Ave verum
Bach: Lobet den Herrn; Jesu, joy of man’s desiring
Performance 7.30pm rehearsal 4.30-6.15pm, DJs/long black + red
PLEASE NOTE WE ARE NOT DOING STAINER’S CRUCIFIXION AT MARYLEBONE THIS YEAR
The new rector wants to use the Church Choir!
MONDAY 28 MARCH – St Martin’s
Handel: Messiah
Concert 7.30pm rehearsal 5-6pm DJs/long black
These are all the dates which are listed on the availability form. Please also note the following in your diaries and I will deal with availability after Christmas.
THURSDAY 21 APRIL – St Martin’s – Queen’s 90th birthday concert
WEDNESDAY 27 APRIL – potential concert featuring Steinberg’s Liturgy of the Passion (wonderful stuff!) for the Wednesday of Orthodox Holy Week.
We are still seeking a venue for this but please pencil it in meanwhile
SATURDAY 14 MAY – St Martin’s – Mozart Requiem etc
SUNDAY 22 MAY – St James Garlickhythe – morning service
SATURDAY 18 JUNE – St Martin’s – Mozart Requiem etc
SUNDAY 19 JUNE – O2 Centre – Rick Wakeman The Myths and Legends of King Arthur
SUNDAY 26 JUNE – St James Garlickhythe – morning service
I look forward to hearing from you.
All best
Ann
Friday 18 and Saturday 19 December at 7.30pm
BELMONT ENSEMBLE OF LONDON
ENGLISH CHAMBER CHOIR
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Tenor - Peter Davoren Bass - Philip Tebb
HANDEL
MESSIAH
Prout Edition
An Interval of 20 Minutes will follow Part One
Smoking and the consumption of food and drink are not allowed in the Church. Kindly switch off mobile phones and alarms on digital watches. Flash photography and audio or video recording are not permitted.
The interval lasts 20 minutes. A bell will be rung 5 minutes and 2 minutes before the end of the interval.
Once the concert starts again admittance will only be between pieces.
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt is normally open during the interval
The Cafe-in-the-Crypt can be hired for private functions. Tel: 020 7766 1165
The Neville Marriner Rehearsal Room is available for hire for rehearsals and workshops. Tel: 020 7766 1136
For more information about St Martin’s please visit our website: www.smifl.org
PROGRAMME £1.50
Belmont Ensemble Website has full concert listings: www.belmonterensemble.com
HANDEL – MESSIAH
Sinfony
Accompagnato Tenor Comfort ye my people
Air Tenor Ev’ry Valley
Chorus Tenor And the Glory of the Lord
Accompagnato Bass Thus saith the Lord
Air Alto But who may
Recitative Alto Behold, a virgin shall conceive
Air & Chorus Alto O thou that tellest good tidings
Accompagnato Bass For Behold Darkness
Chorus For unto us a child is born
Pifa Pastoral Symphony
Recitative Soprano There were shepherds
Accompagnato Soprano And to, in them
Recitative Soprano And the Angel said unto them
Accompagnato Soprano And suddenly there was
Chorus Glory of God
Air Soprano Rejoice Greatly
Recitative Alto Then shall the eyes of the blind
Air Sop/Alto He shall feed his flock
Chorus His yoke is easy, his burthen light
Interval
Chorus Behold the lamb of God
Air Alto He was despised
Chorus Surely he hath borne our griefs
Chorus And with his stripes
Chorus All we like sheep have gone
Accompagnato Tenor All they that see him
Chorus He trusted not
Accompagnato Tenor Thy rebuke has broken
Airiso Tenor Behold, and see
Accompagnato Tenor He was taken off out of the land
Air Tenor But thou didst not leave his soul
Air Soprano How beautiful are the feet
Air Bass Why do the nations
Chorus Hallelujah
Pause
Air Soprano I know that my redeemer liveth
Chorus Since by his power he death
Recitative Bass Behold, I tell you a mystery
Air Bass The Trumpet shall sound
Recitative Alto Then shall be brought to pass
Duet Alto/Tenor O death, where is thy sting?
Chorus But thanks, thanks be to God
Chorus Worthy is the Lamb – Amen
G F Handel (1685 - 1759) - Messiah
Born in Halle, the son of a barber-surgeon, in 1697 Handel became assistant organist in the Domkirche and studied law at the town's university. Leaving in 1703 he joined Hamburg's opera company, composing his first opera Almira two years later. After four years in Italy he was appointed Kapellmeister by the Elector of Hanover (later King George I of England) before settling in London.
The first we know of 'Messiah' is a reference from a letter of Charles Jennens, Handel's librettist, to Edward Holdsworth dated 10 July 1741: "Handel says he will do nothing next winter; but I hope I shall persuade him to set another Scripture collection I have made for him, and perform it for his own benefit in Passion Week. I hope he will lay out his whole Genius and Skill upon it, that our Composition may excel all his former Compositions, as the Subject excells every other Subject. The Subject is Messiah."
Handel was indeed "persuaded" and began the composition of Messiah at his London home in Brook Street on 22 August, completing more than 250 pages of the original autograph by 14 September. The creation of this work in less than six weeks is an impressive achievement, but it does fit in with Handel's normal habits of composition - it was not unusual for him for him to write a couple of new oratorios or operas every year in a concentrated burst of activity in preparation for his next season of oratorio performances. A fortnight after completing Messiah he began work on Samson and completed a second score of similar length in a month, finishing on 29 October.
By 18 November Handel was in Dublin, preparing for the only full season of oratorio performances that he gave outside London. Handel did not perform Samson at all in Dublin, and left Messiah until the very end of the season there. The first performance of Messiah took place at the New Musick-Hall, Fishamble Street, Dublin, on 13 April 1742. The proceeds from the performance were shared by the Society for Releasing Prisoners, the Charitable Infirmary and Mercer's Hospital, and it took place on the Tuesday before Easter... so, although Handel did not perform the work for his own benefit, he did follow the general intention of Jennens' original proposal.
Messiah was well received in Dublin. The level of interest shown by the "most Grand, Polite and crowded Audience" that attended the public rehearsal preceding the first performance was such that the charity organizers issued a request in the newspapers that for the performance the ladies of the audience should not wear hooped dresses, nor the men swords, in order to make more room.
700 people attended the first performance, in a hall that Handel himself had described as "a room for 600 persons", and a repeat performance was given three weeks later on 3 June - Handel's last performance in Dublin.
Handel wrote to Jennens with news of the oratorio's success, enclosing the enthusiastic praise of Bishop Elphin: "As Mr. Handel in his oratorio's greatly excells all other composers I am acquainted with. So in the famous one, called Messiah he seems to have excell'd himself. The whole thing is beyond any thing I had a notion
of till I read and heard it. It seems to be a Species of Musick different from any other, and this is particularly remarkable of it. That tho' the Composition is very Mastery & artificial, yet the Harmony is so great and open, as to please all who have ears and will hear, learned and unlearn'd."
In the absence of firm historical evidence, it is impossible to say whether Handel foresaw that Messiah would be written in Dublin when he originally composed the work. Perhaps even as late as August 1741 he had no firm plans for the Irish visit. There is a noticeable contrast between the resources needed for Messiah and Samson, the first being austerely scored for strings, trumpets and drums (to which Handel later added oboes and a bassoon) while the second demands more sumptuous a orchestral array.
Handel was 56 years old when he wrote Messiah, at an age when we would have expected him to be at the height of his career: Messiah, in fact, coincided with a major turning-point in his life. From 1733-4 he had enjoyed a successful decade for Handel; during those years the formation of a second Italian Opera Company in London had introduced an element of competition against his productions that utterly destroyed both companies. After nearly 30 years of success with Italian Operas in London, Handel found himself in increasing difficulties by 1735. He diversified his theatre seasons with a mixture of Italian and English works: operas, odes, serenades and oratorios. This shift was a gradual one, but the visit to Ireland was the decisive break. Handel gave no more Italian works in London. Messiah and Samson were the oratorio-type works that confirmed his path for the future.
Yet Messiah is an unusual oratorio. Unlike Samson wherein singers represent Samson, Delilah, Micah and so on, Messiah has no dramatic characters. Jennens may correctly be described as the librettist of Messiah, but he was the compiler rather than the originator of the libretto. With immense skill he put together and adapted a "scrapbook collection" of diverse biblical texts into a startlingly good dramatic and literary shape. Although the conventional operatic forms of aria and recitative are use, the story is told in narrative form, almost obliquely.
In terms of overall structure, Jennens provided Handel with a text that follows the normal conventions of his oratorios: a three-part libretto for a work that would run for about two and a half hours of music. Handel's charity concerts in Dublin began at 12 noon, his London theatre performances at 6.30pm.
Part one is concerned with prophecies and the Nativity; part two deals with the progression from Passiontide through Crucifixion, Resurrection, Ascension an Whitsun to the eventual triumph of god's kingdom celebrated in the "Hallelujah" chorus. Part three is entirely concerned with the commentary, mainly on the theme of resurrection.
Originally from California, **Elizabeth Weisberg (Soprano)** studied at Stanford University and the Royal Academy of Music in London where she received the Dip.RAM, the Academy's highest award for performance.
On the concert platform Elizabeth has appeared in the Chichester, Winchester, Aldeburgh, and Three Choirs Festivals and with conductors including Sir Charles Mackerras, Sir Mark Elder, Sir Roger Norrington, Iván Fischer, Emmanuelle Haim, Trevor Pinnock, Harry Bicket, Nicholas Kraemer, Christopher Robinson, Nicholas Cleobury, David Hill and John Rutter.
She has given recitals in The Oxford Lieder Festival, The National Portrait Gallery and London’s Handel House Museum, and frequently appears in concerts at St. Martin-in-the-Fields with the Trafalgar Sinfonia and the Belmont Ensemble.
Recent engagements have included Haydn Creation in Poesy with Sir Mark Elder and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, Mendelssohn Elijah in the Royal Albert Hall with the RPO, Galatea (Acis and Galatea) for Sir Charles Mackerras in Aldeburgh, Bach St. Matthew Passion with the Manchester Camerata in the Bridgewater Hall with Kraemer, scenes from Purcell’s Fairy Queen with Harry Bicket and The English Concert at Chiswick House, Bach B Minor Mass in the Three Choirs Festival, Messiah in Handel Theatrons in concert for The Belmont Ensemble, Haydn Creation Mass for Paul McCreesh in Wroclaw, Poland, Bach St. Matthew Passion with Fischer and the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment at the QEH, Bach B Minor Mass for the Three Choirs Festival in Tewkesbury Abbey, Brahms Requiem in Southwark Cathedral, and Dafne (Apollo e Dafne) with the International Baroque Orchestra in Oxford and London. Elizabeth has recently recorded a disc of Vivaldi with the New London Soloists and Ivor Setterfield.
Recent opera work includes Venus and Adonis for Transition Opera at Wilton’s Music Hall, First Witch in Purcell Dido and Aeneas for the Temple Festival and Monteverdi Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haim at Opéra de Lille, Théâtre du Châtelet and Opéra National du Rhin as well as Galatea (Handel Acis and Galatea) at St Martin-in-the-Fields in 2010. Forthcoming engagements include Handel Messiah in St. Thomas, Fifth Avenue, New York and several concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields
**Ciara Hendrick (Mezzo-Soprano)** studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, Strasbourg Opera Studio and ENO Opera Works. Roles include Hansel, Hansel & Gretel (Iford Opera); Phoebe, Yeoman of the Guard (Buxton); Hermia (cover), A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Garsington); Irene, Theodora (St Martin-in-the-Fields); Popova, The Bear (Rosemary Branch); Annio, La Clemenza di Tito (Rosslyn Hill); Cherubino, Le Nozze di Figaro; Cherubino, Werther (cover), Il battere di tamburi and Lazuli, L’Étoile (Strasbourg Opera Studio) and created the role of Mandraga in Julian Philips’ *The Yellow Sofa* (Glyndebourne Opera). As a solo recording artist, Ciara has worked with the LSO, recording the title track of the Oscar-nominated film, *Incendies*.
Regular oratorio and recital engagements include Handel’s Messiah at the Royal Hospital Chelsea, Vivaldi’s Gloria and Bach’s Magnificat at St Martin-in-the-Fields and Schumann’s Liederkreis op.39, Oxford Lieder Festival. Other recent engagements have included Frasquiniella for Garsington’s production of La Péricole, a recital at Lille Opera House for Emmanuelle Haim, Handel’s Dixit Dominus at St Martin-in-the-Fields and the title role in Handel’s Susanna with Christian Cumyn for Irold Festival Opera.
Peter Davoren (Tenor) was awarded the Dr Ralph Kohn Scholarship to study at the Royal Academy of Music under the tutelage of Neil Mackie. During his time at the Academy, he was a member of Song Circle, performing at the Oxford Lieder Festival and Wexford Hall; as well as collaborating with Michael Chance, Roger Vignoles and Dame Felicity Lott. He was a finalist in the Richard Lewis competition, and had participated in public masterclasses with Angelika Kirchschager and Dennis O’Neill.
Past engagements include Nemorino (L’elfeur d’amore) Le Journaliste (Les Mamelles des Tresseus) and Florville (Il signor Bruschino) [Dutch National Opera Academy] Goro (Madama Butterfly) and Poisson (Adriana Lecouvreur) [Opera Holland Park] Raoul (La Navarraise) [Wexford Festival Opera] and Tito (La clemenza di Tito) [Teatru Manoel, Malta].
Future engagements include Ottavio (Don Giovanni) [Opus Opera] and the Song Vendor (Il Tabarro) [Opera Holland Park] as well as collaborations with the Monteverdi Choir.
Philip Tebb (Bass) studied Music at Durham University, where he was a Choral Scholar at the Cathedral, and at the Royal College of Music on the Benjamin Britten International Opera School with Russell Smythe. His studies at RCM were generously supported by the Anne Clayton Award, Stanley Picker Trust Award, the Audrey Sacher Award and the Josephine Baker Trust. Roles at RCM included: Demetrius in Britten A Midsummer Night’s Dream; Marasta in Janacek The Cunning Little Vixen; Mandrin in Handel Alcina (as part of the London Handel Festival); Falstaff’s Grove in Stravinsky The Rake’s Progress; and Antonio in Mozart La Nozze di Figaro. Professional stage work includes covering the role of Peter Quince in Britten A Midsummer Night’s Dream for Garsington Opera, singing the role of Schaunard in Puccini La Bohème for Wedmore Opera and appearing in a production of Webster’s The Duchess of Malfi at the Royal Theatre, Northampton.
Philip is in great demand as an oratorio soloist. Appearances last year included: Bach Matthaus Passion (Christus and Arias) with Jesus College Chapel Choirs and the Saraband Consort; Bach Weihnachts Oratorium with Cor Dyfed; Brahms Ein Deutsches Requiem with Henley Choral Society and Lewisham Choral Society; Handel Dettingen Te Deum with St Ives’s Choral Society; Handel Israel in Egypt with Bedford Choral Society; Handel Messiah with Royal Hospital Chelsea Chapel Choir and Forest School Choral Society; Handel Samson with St Neots Choral Society; Haydn Nelson Mass with
Barts Chamber Choir and Solihull Choral Society; Mendelssohn *Elijah* with Bridgwater Choral Society; Mozart *C Minor Mass* with Barts Choir and Scarlatti *Missa della Santa Cecilia* with Aylesbury Choral Society.
For Peter G Dyson and the Belmont Ensemble Philip has performed: Fauré *Requiem*; Handel *Acis and Galatea* (Polyphemus); Handel *Messiah*; Handel *Theodora* (Valens); Mozart *Coronation Mass*; Mozart *Requiem* and Mozart *Vesperae solennes de confessore*.
**Peter G Dyson** is an outstanding English Conductor, described by *The Times* as a "Baroque specialist" and by the London Evening Standard as "An Internationally respected conductor".
Founder, Musical Director, and Manager of The Belmont Ensemble of London, it is his enterprise and vision that has seen the Orchestra perform over 600 concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields, more than any other orchestra in the history of the famous Church.
A graduate of the highly acclaimed Advanced Conducting Course at the Royal Academy of Music, Peter studied and has undertaken masterclasses with Colin Metters, Sir Colin Davis, Sir Simon Rattle, Leonard Slatkin, Sir Roger Norrington, Claus Peter Flor, George Hurst, and the pedagogue Ilya Musin from St Petersburg Conservatory.
Peter was elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music in 2000, an honour reserved for the Conservatoires most eminent graduates.
He has conducted the New Queens Hall Orchestra in London, including a live broadcast on BBC Radio 3. He has appeared with the Latvian Philharmonic Orchestra in Riga, the Guatemala National Symphony Orchestra in Guatemala City, the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra in Skopje, the Filharmonie Ceske Budjedovice, Filharmonie Hradek Kralove, South Bohemian Chamber Orchestra (Czech Republic) and the Marianda Simula. He has also conducted the Michigan University Symphony Orchestra and the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 2013 he conducted The Chamber Orchestra at St Paul's Cathedral, in Melbourne, Australia and returned to conduct in Melbourne in November 2015.
A former choral scholar, has conducted the BBC Singers in concert in for BBC Radio 3, and has worked with the Philharmonia Chorus, the English Chamber Choir, the Tallis Chamber Choir, the Joyful Company of Singers, the New London Singers, St Martin-in-the-Fields Choir and Choral Scholars, St Martin’s Voices, the Codina Singers, the Northampton Bach Choir, the Chameleon Arts Chorus, Sevenoaks Philharmonic Choir, Vox Cordis and Barts Chamber Choir. He has conducted at London’s premier venues including St Martin-in-the-Fields, Royal Festival Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, St John’s Smith Square, St James’s Piccadilly, The Banqueting House, and has broadcast on BBC Radio and TV, ITV, Channel 4 TV, Channel Five TV and Classic FM.
The Belmont Ensemble of London was founded by its Musical Director, Peter Dyson in 1991, winning instant critical acclaim. It is now one of the busiest and finest chamber orchestras in the capital.
The Belmont Ensemble was the pioneering force in establishing the famous series of baroque concerts at St Martin-in-the-Fields in the early 1990s. They have now given over 600 concerts at the famous Trafalgar Square Church where they are firmly established as the most popular of the principal orchestras, attracting large international audiences to their fortnightly concerts.
The Orchestra was originally established to enable exceptional music graduates the opportunity to bridge the gap between leaving conservatoire and finding full-time employment, within a professional environment.
Now a seasoned fixture on the London musical scene, the orchestra receives no subsidies or sponsorship, relying purely on enterprising programming and box office receipts.
In 1996 the Ensemble made their acclaimed debut at the Purcell Room, and in 1998 made their sold-out debut at Queen Elizabeth Hall; until recently they were regular performers at London’s Southbank Centre.
The Orchestra has appeared at The Banqueting House in Whitehall, St Clement Dane’s Church, St Paul’s Church Covent Garden, The Blackheath Halls and they have established an ongoing concert series at St James’s Church, Piccadilly.
As well as performing in the capital, the Ensemble has appeared at numerous Festivals and Music Societies around the country, from Somerset to Sussex and Ludlow to Northampton.
Belmont has close links with Classic FM, which has included giving the station's first ever Christmas Day Concert, since then Classic FM has broadcast many Belmont Ensemble concerts live from St Martin-in-the-Fields.
In 1994 The Orchestra recorded Walton’s Façade, and other works incorporating the poetry of John Betjeman and Roald Dahl, narrated by Benjamin Luxon CBE. This received critical acclaim in the USA “The orchestra’s playing is light, playful and precise.” Belmont Recordings was quickly established, releasing more CDs including Vivaldi’s Four Seasons and Mozart’s two Sinfonia Concertante. The Ensemble also appeared in a Channel 4 TV documentary, as well as the recent Channel Five TV series about St Martin-in-the-Fields.
The Belmont Ensemble is a highly flexible group with a dedicated core of string players for baroque music; it can adapt to encompass forces for large romantic concertos and choral works, to contemporary commissions.
Saturday 16 January at 7.30pm
MOZART REQUIEM By Candlelight
HANDEL - Zadok The Priest
HANDEL - Hallelujah Chorus, Worthy is The Lamb, Amen (Messiah)
MOZART - Salzburg Symphony No 1
MOZART - Ave Verum Corpus
HANDEL - Gloria
Belmont Ensemble of London English Chamber Choir
Conductor - Peter G Dyson
Soprano - Elizabeth Weisberg Mezzo-Soprano - Ciara Hendrick
Tenor - Peter Davoren Bass - Philip Tebb
Tickets: £9, £16, £22, £25, £29
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smiftf.org
Belmont Ensemble members, past and present, can be found playing in all of the leading British orchestras including The Philharmonia, LPO, LSO and RPO, CBSO, Britten Sinfonia, English Concert and OAE and well as The Royal Opera House and English National Opera Orchestras.
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.belmontensemble.com
The English Chamber Choir (Musical Director – Guy Protheroe) is one of the best-known and busiest groups of its size based in London. It prides itself on the breadth of its repertoire and the diversity of its engagements. Based in the City, local appearances have included John Tavener in St Paul’s Cathedral and Tallis’ 40-part motet *Spem in Alium* at the Mansion House. It has sung in all the main halls in the South Bank Centre and the Barbican and at Cadogan Hall and St John’s Smith Square.
It currently appears several times a year with the Belmont Ensemble at St Martin-in-the-Fields and presents its own recital programmes here and in several other London venues, including St James Piccadilly and St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe. Further afield recent concerts have included the Barber Institute in Birmingham, Norwich and Rochester Cathedrals, and Hertford College Oxford, while in Europe the Choir have made several visits to Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece and Switzerland.
While the Choir’s live performances are predominantly classical, its recording credits cover an equally diverse selection of more commercial productions. It has featured on iconic film soundtracks such as Ridley Scott’s 1492, *Conquest of Paradise* with Vangelis, television titles including Steven Spielberg’s *Band of Brothers*, and numerous albums including the *Era* series with French composer Eric Levi which has sold several million copies in Europe.
In May 2009 it appeared at Hampton Court Palace singing *Six Wives of Henry VIII* with Rick Wakeman, and a few weeks later accompanied Rick in his solo piano and orchestral programme *Pr’O* at Cadogan Hall. The CD *The Byzantine Legacy* originally issued by Sony in Greece, has recently been re-issued in the UK and is also available for download, as is an album of music inspired by the Byzantine Abbess Kassiani on the Naxos label.
The English Chamber Choir was formally constituted in 1972; its 40th anniversary celebrations in 2012 included a recently commissioned work from Ivan Moody and a revival of another great Iberian work, the *Te Deum* by Teixeira, both at the Brighton Festival, and the establishment of a ‘Friends of the ECC’ scheme which includes a number of informal concerts at St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe as well as a celebratory concert at St John’s, Smith Square.
email@example.com
www.englishchamberchoir.com
Belmont Ensemble
Concerts by Candlelight
Saturday 9 January
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Pachelbel - Canon, Bach - Air on the G String
Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor, Mozart - Salzburg Symphony No 2
Saturday 16 January
Mozart - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Handel - Zadok the Priest, Hallelujah Chorus, Gloria, Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Friday 22 January
Beethoven - 'Moonlight' Sonata, Mozart - Piano Concerto No 14 in E flat
Mozart - Eine Kleine Nachtmusik, Bach - Air on the G String
Thursday 25 February
Vivaldi - Spring and Summer from 'The Four Seasons'
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Friday 11 March
Bach - Brandenburg Concerto No 3, Concerto for Oboe and Violin
Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor, Handel - Oboe Concerto in G Minor
Friday 18 March
Faure - Requiem : With The English Chamber Choir
Bach - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring, Mozart - Ave Verum Corpus
Easter Monday 28 March
Handel - Messiah : With The English Chamber Choir
Friday 8 April
Vivaldi - The Four Seasons
Vivaldi - Concerto for Two Violins in A Minor, Bach - Air on the G String
Thursday 21 April
Celebrating H M The Queen's 90th Birthday : With The English Chamber Choir
Vivaldi - Gloria in D, Handel - Let the Bright Seraphim, Arne - Rule Britannia
Handel - Let thy Hand be Strengthened, Purcell - 'Fairy Queen' Suite
Full details at: www.belmontensemble.com
St Martin-in-the-Fields
Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 4JJ
Box Office: 020 7766 1100 Online: www.smitf.org
It came upon the midnight clear, a beacon in the night,
The hail, all conqu'ring Major Peake, perhaps dreams can come true,
And space station goes gliding by, reflecting beams of light.
The UK population watching now can hope to be a spaceship crew.
But let us not forget, my friends, as we review the case,
That Helen Sharman la-tion stands in si-lent won-der awed,
And most-ly for the glo-rious fact: they've got a Brit on board!
was in fact the first Brit-ton in space.
This is Major Tim to Ground Control. I'm having quite a day. And we blasted off and got up here okay. But these angels keep on getting in the way.
Verse 2
All.
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Fremont Siphon Sewer Project
Public Meeting
November 30, 2010
Meeting Agenda
- Introduction to King County WTD
- Wastewater systems in the Fremont/Queen Anne area
- Decision process for the Fremont Siphon Project
- Project Approaches and Alternatives
- Community Considerations
- How King County works with communities during construction
- Next steps
- Questions and comments
King County’s Wastewater Service Area
- About 350 miles of conveyance pipes
- 42 pump stations
- 4 treatment plants
- 4 CSO treatment facilities
Treatment Plants
A. Brightwater (online 2011)
B. Carkeek (CSO)
C. West Point
D. Alki (CSO)
E. Vashon
F. South
G. Carnation
H. Elliott West (CSO)
I. Henderson (CSO)
Seattle is a Combined Service Area
- Stormwater and wastewater are conveyed in the same pipes
- Relief points in the system—combined sewer overflows (CSOs) prevent flooding and backups
Wastewater conveyance in the project area
- Seattle Public Utilities collects most residential flow
- King County receives flow from SPU’s system
- Both SPU and King County have CSO facilities that discharge into the Ship Canal
Siphon Overview
- Located under the Lake Washington Ship Canal, west of the Fremont Bridge
- Pipes were constructed as the North Trunk Sewer from 1907-1913
- Siphon pipelines after almost 100 years of service need replacement
Photo courtesy of Seattle Municipal Archives
Fremont Siphon Service Area
- Service area of 60 square miles year round and an additional 54 square miles in the summer
- Siphon carries up to 220 million gallons per day, half the capacity of the West Point Treatment Plant
The Fremont Siphon is Installed in a Utility Corridor
QUEEN ANNE (pipe at lower elevation)
FREMONT (pipe at higher elevation)
Lake Washington Ship Canal
Sewer pipe (King County)
Water main (Seattle Public Utilities)
The Utility Corridor is a Concrete Tunnel
Current design
60" cast iron siphon (King County)
24" steel water main (Seattle Public Utilities)
48" cast iron siphon (King County)
Monitoring Our Pipes
King County is monitoring conditions during the Fremont Siphon project
- Monitoring the tunnel
- Monitoring water quality
- Performing visual inspections
Project Schedule
- Decision on recommended project - early 2011
- Project Design, Environmental Review, and Permitting - 2011 to 2014
- SEPA threshold determination and comment period after 30% design is completed
- Construction – Beginning late 2014; duration depends on project alternative
Project Approaches
- Rehabilitate the existing siphon pipes
- Replace the existing siphon pipes in the same location
- Establish a new pipeline crossing under the Ship Canal
Evaluation Criteria
- Land use and permitting
- Environmental
- Design and operations
- Community impacts
- Planning level cost
- Risk
- SPU water main considerations
Project Alternatives
- New pipes installed in twin microtunnels in a new crossing under the Ship Canal
- New pipes installed in a large tunnel in a new crossing under the Ship Canal
- Maintain current location using new pipes and a microtunnel bypass
- Maintain current location using existing pipes
Establishing a New Pipeline Crossing
New pipelines with equivalent hydraulic profile and capacity would be installed at a separate location under the Ship Canal using one of two methods.
Alternative: New Microtunnel Crossing
- King County has extensive experience with microtunneling
- The crossing is good length for this technique
- This option allows siphon to continue operating without bypass during construction
- Replicates existing pipes and maintains capacity
- Strategy needed for addressing potential tunneling risk
*Microtunneling is a remotely operated tunneling method*
Pipe sections are fed through the launch shaft
A slurry separation plant is used to process excavated soils from the microtunnel
New pipes installed in twin microtunnels in a new crossing under the Ship Canal
The information included on this map has been compiled from a variety of sources and is subject to change without notice. King County makes no representations or warranties, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the map or the information. This document is not intended for use as a survey product. King County shall not be held liable for any damages resulting from the use or misuse of the information contained herein. The use of this map or information on this map is prohibited except by written permission of King County.
Fremont Siphon Pipeline Replacement, Microtunnel Crossings
Community Considerations During Design
- Bike trails in project area
- Existing vegetation in project area
- Conditions for construction activities
Fremont side, near 2nd Ave
Queen Anne side, by West Ewing Mini Park
Alternative: New Large Tunnel Crossing
- This option allows siphon to continue operating without bypass during construction
- Replicates existing pipes and maintains capacity
- Method requires people to work inside the tunnel
- Strategy needed for addressing potential tunneling risk
“Hand-Mined” Tunnel
“Hand mined” tunnels, today (above) and in the early 1900’s (right)
New pipes installed in a large tunnel in a new crossing under the Ship Canal
The information included on this map has been compiled from a variety of sources and is subject to change without notice. King County makes no representations or warranties, express or implied, regarding the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the information. This document is not intended for use as a survey product. King County shall not be liable for any damages, including but not limited to direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages, lost revenues or lost profits resulting from the use or misuse of the information contained herein. The map may be reproduced for internal use only and may not be used by third parties without permission of King County.
File Name: Q:\WTD\Projects\Fremont_siphon\Projects\ fremont_siphon_alternativeCross - Sheet Cross
Alternative: Maintain Current Location Using New Pipes and a Microtunnel Bypass
- Microtunnel provides sewer bypass during construction
- New microtunnel provides flexibility for future capacity needs and redundancy
- Potential to reduce future flexibility of shared utility corridor
- Temporary community impacts similar to new crossing options
New pipes installed in existing tunnel while wastewater is diverted through a bypass
Temporary sewer bypass
New pipes (King County)
24" steel water main (Seattle Public Utilities)
The information included on this map has been obtained from a variety of sources and is subject to change without notice. King County makes no representations or warranties, express or implied, as to accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or right of use of any information provided in this project map prepared for use in a surveying project. King County shall not be liable for any general, special, indirect, incidental or consequential damages including, but not limited to, lost profits, lost savings, lost business, lost data, or other economic damages arising from the use of this map or information on this map is prohibited except by written permission of King County.
King County
Department of Natural Resources and Parks
Wastewater Treatment Division
Alternative 10
Fremont Siphon Pipeline Replacement in Existing Tunnel
Alternative: Maintain Current Location Using Existing Pipes
- Highest risk alternative
- Partial or full bypass may be required in construction emergency
- Multiple pipes laid on the bottom of the Ship Canal
- Pumps running 24/7 to convey flows
- Potential closure of Canal Street
- Shortest duration of all alternatives
- Reduces future flexibility of shared utility corridor
Maintaining Current Alignment Using Existing Pipes
Use concrete to encase wastewater pipes and maintain integrity for the next 50 years.
| Alternative | County Experience | Const. Risk | Temporary Impacts to Neighbors | Planning Level Cost to KC | Impacts to Shared Utilidor |
|-------------------------------------|-------------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|
| New Pipes in Twin Microtunnel | Experience with Microtunnel | Equivalent • *Microtunnel risk* | Equivalent | Equivalent | None |
| New Pipes in Large Tunnel | No experience with hand mining | Equivalent • *Tunnel risk* | Equivalent | Equivalent | None |
| New Pipes in Utilidor, with Bypass | Experience with Microtunnel | Equivalent • *Microtunnel risk* | Equivalent | 2nd Lowest | Potential |
| Reinforce Existing Pipes in Utilidor | No Experience | Highest • *Pipe failure costly* | Lowest • Without pipe failure | Lowest • Risk cost high | Certain • Access • Future use |
How we will work with you during the project
What we know: Project location is a densely populated urban area.
- Construction activities
- Truck and worker traffic
- Working hours
- Noise, light, dust
- Access-
- Local businesses and residences
- Services and deliveries
- Parks
- Bike trails
- Seattle Pacific University student activities
How we will keep in touch during design and construction
- Email notices to interested people and groups
- Public meetings
- Presentations to community groups
- One on one information exchange
- Web and newsletter updates
- Fliers and doorhangers
Community Input During Facility Design
- Project team provides updates at milestones during design
- Community feedback and information considered in facility design
- Local requirements and community concerns identified as project design proceeds
King County Continues Outreach Throughout Construction
- Preconstruction community meetings with the contractor
- Advance notice of work
- Neighborhood and community group briefings
Construction begins on 53rd Avenue Pump Station
Construction will begin in February on upgrades to the King County 53rd Avenue Pump Station in West Seattle. This underground wastewater facility, located on the west side of Alki Avenue Southwest at 53rd Avenue Southwest, is more than 50 years old and in need of repairs, new equipment and more underground space.
Upgrades will also help to reduce overflows to Puget Sound.
In recent decades population density has increased in many areas of West Seattle. Today there are more multifamily dwellings throughout the area, increasing the need for upgraded facilities. In addition, recent storms in the Pacific Northwest have underscored...
We Work to Minimize Construction Impacts
- Approved Traffic Control Plan
- Maintain emergency and local access
- Provide advance public and agency notice of traffic disruptions
Problem Solving During Construction
- Address access issues for residents, services, and deliveries
- Work with construction management team to address odor, noise, dust, and other concerns
Brightwater Project, Swamp Creek Connector, Kenmore
After Construction
- Restoration of project areas
- Address questions and concerns during operations
- Notification of maintenance activities
Boeing Creek Park, Shoreline - Underground Flow Control Structure
Keeping up to date on the Fremont Siphon Project
- Website: www.kingcounty.gov/environment/wtd/Construction/Seattle/FremontSiphon.aspx
- Phone: 206-263-7301
- Email: email@example.com
Questions?
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Science, technology, art: Their new place in the emerging India
Rustum Roy
The 10 November issue of *Current Science* carried, by coincidence, a succession of three articles\(^1\), each of which caught my attention. The tribute to Gene Garfield by Arunachalam; the Guest Editorial by Ganeshaiah; and the letter by Tiwari.
As another friend and admirer of Garfield’s major contribution to the metrics of science, I found Arunachalam’s collection of first rate articles a worthy tribute, indeed. That said, I believe it would have been very valuable to have had a paper in this set on the very considerable dangers associated with the very frequently improper use of such *SCI* (*Science Citation Index*) data. Comparisons of simple ‘numbers of citations’ are made all the time, even though in a good proportion of such cases they are highly misleading. One cannot compare citations in biochemistry with astrophysics because the citing universes differ by over an order of magnitude. The scientific merit of a paper published in *Current Science*, cannot be compared with the one published in *Science* by comparing the citations. The quality of a candidate for an assistant professorship in a standard teaching and research university cannot be well defined by citation counts. Yet we all know that this is what happens daily in a substantial percentage of cases. The selection of journals used by *SCI* or *WOS* (*Web of Science*) is skewed (albeit getting less so) against older literature – and against the more ‘foreign’ literature and the more ‘applied’ literature. In other words, I am saying that the warning label on ‘side-effects of citation counting!!! It would not get by the FDA!! But there are more technical issues.
I dealt with one 25 years ago\(^2\) when we still had to add up citations manually. We showed that *SCI* quality rankings are safer for groups (like a department) than an individual. And also it appeared that just counting papers was highly correlated with citations and a lot less work (in those days). But recently it is Cardona and Marx\(^3\) who have made the most detailed studies, illustrating many other interesting distortions of the typical citation process. I do not attempt to summarize their work because they must be read in the original. I refer only to one aspect which had earlier caught my attention\(^4\), and then confirmed in quantitative detail by Cardona and Marx. This is the world of, what these authors call, ‘Informal Citations’. This term refers to the use of a name (or a term) to refer to a procedure or method, which is so well known, that the author feels no need to give a citation, instead to simply give a label to a method or procedure. Probably the most cited paper in all of science so far will prove to be Kary Mullis ‘PCR’ paper (note: no reference given!). Yet tens of thousands of authors owe Mullis an enormous debt because they actually use his work, *which they acknowledge*, but do not formally cite by saying ‘using the PCR method’. This is an ‘informal citation’. Yet it is not counted by *SCI*. This is a serious error which can be corrected, but not easily because of the current self-imposed procedures.
Specifically relevant and interesting to many of *Current Science* readers is Cardona and Marx’s recent findings that the author most adversely affected by this ‘Informal (but not yet counted as it could be by *SCI*) Citations’ – is none other than C. V. Raman. The ratio of ‘Informal Cites’ to ‘Reference Cites’ is 95,669 to 1,152: that means that citation frequencies, impact factors, etc., have all been badly distorted (by a factor of nearly 100) in the case of C. V. Raman.
While Cardona and Marx also mention the matter of years of *active work* in evaluating the quality of a scientist’s output, I have also raised the desirability for the *WOS* and science managers to introduce simple normalization procedures to take care of the huge population explosion in papers with time. Since the reading time of scientists is conserved, the value of a paper must be evaluated in some relationship to the total number of papers published in that citing universe. Thus we could introduce the concept of citation deflation and quote the data in (say) ‘2006 (or 1990) citation units’. Or normalize them routinely as we do in all economics data.
Next, I turn to the letter by Tiwari responding to my previous letter urging that India *not* copy the structure of practices in the United States research funding agencies. The use (and misuse) of citations as a major metric of quality, as discussed above, is one of the many ways in which I urge India and the world NOT to follow simple-mindedly, certain ‘developed’ world practices. Tiwari has mistaken my intention by conflating all ‘science’ under one word.
There is and will always be the human push to ‘improve’ or change one’s living conditions and opportunities (hopefully) for the better. This is the *technological* imperative. Its power and its dangers have been catalogued in two dozen books starting with *The Technological Society* in 1955 by Jacques Ellul. (Regrettably the extensive work of Ellul is virtually unknown in India.) The science policy issue I have raised in the United States for three decades is: should *public* funds (in large amounts) be used for the benefit of the pure pleasure and curiosity of only a tiny community (of US scientists). This is the issue that is front and centre here also. It is obvious that 99.9% of the tax-paying public receives no (in the limit) benefit whatsoever from say, radio astronomy outside the solar system, or high energy physics. There are no ‘spin-offs from such fields’, albeit they are not all that spectacular in most undirected basic science research. Confusing ‘science’ with ‘technology’ or applications-driven science is impermissible for serious scientists or policy analysts. A simple slogan for guiding public-science funding could well be ‘Public funds for public good’. This, in no way, lessens the *value* of such interesting or fascinating basic science. Nor does it in any way restrict the access of scientists to many other kinds of resources – *private* resources.
For the record I remind the reader who is worried that the progress of science would be impaired, that from Newton and gravity, through Einstein and Bohr, and the quantum mechanics revolution, even the greatest scientists’ research activities were largely self-supported by their work as professors, or patent-adjudicators in Bern! Why not revert to sweat-equity in basic science?
And that is the segue to Ganeshaiah’s article on ‘Asymmetry between arts and sciences’. I agree with his endorsement of various individual scientists like B. G. L. Swamy’s success in India, in crossing the ‘blood-brain barrier’ – the divide bebetween the arts and sciences. Under my direction Penn State’s Materials Research Laboratory was the United States’ national champion of advocating interdisciplinarity of all kinds throughout the University, not only in materials, for three decades. That even included having an art museum within the laboratory, and annual national ‘Science in Art’ awards. The conclusions from the data on our experiences across some 30 years are in. The reductionist (left brain) approach of science (not of all scientists, but of most) is inherently mismatched with the wholist (right brain) approach of art and the public. W. H. Auden, a rare example of a great literary figure who knew of, and appreciated, science (his brother was in the Geological Society in India–Pakistan) spoke in our lab on this topic. So did (Lord) C. P. Snow, who is increasingly being proved to be right. There really are ‘Two Cultures’ – distinguished most clearly as left brain or right brain dominant cultures. Only a few individuals – for example, C. F. von Weizsacker, Carl Djerassi, or Roald Hoffmann – are willing and able to tunnel through the multi-electron volt band gap.
The gap imposed by science’s intrinsic reductionism is too fundamental to be erased. I taught it in my thermodynamics classes for 40 years. We preach that we must isolate our system from the outside world. We must be inherently reductionist in our work. But with some wonderful exceptions this reductionism and isolation often creeps into our personal, social and economic attitudes. In my informal surveys when giving plenary lectures at scientific meetings, I often conduct a hands-up study and find that, typically, only a few per cent of scientists in the US can even name their Senators – or what the House Science Committee is or does – thus demonstrating their ‘citizenship-illiteracy’. Yet they freely criticize the public and their politicians’ ‘scientific illiteracy’! Very few scientists are active in social reforms, marching for/or championing causes (Linus Pauling, Bertrand Russell, Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard were rare exceptions). Gandhi in his seven deadly sins lists ‘Science without humanity’. Is the modern science establishment innocent of this charge?
But it is with Ganeshaiah’s second asymmetry that I take more serious issue. We in science are a substantial drain on the public purse. Some of it is justified and indeed pays good dividends. The engineers and scientists doing applications-driven basic science are clearly legitimized. Such applied scientists can create new products and new sources of jobs/income for the nation. ‘Pure’ science, examples noted above, not so. Further, we have also a very oversimplified view of the economic and political value of science vs art – which in our PR goes like this: ‘Science creates wealth, Art absorbs it’. It is all wrong. Barbra Streisand speaking at Harvard’s Kennedy School some years ago compared the ROI (return on investment) to the US Treasury, of Science, Technology and Art. The denominator for public money for science and technology was probably about $150 billion/year then. For art it was <<$1 billion/year. Yet as she pointed out, American movies and music have spread more American values (for good and ill) and they have earned as many dollars for the US also. To calibrate ourselves take this example: How many single technological products have sold over say $1 billion. Yet Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Phantom of the Opera – in theater and movie ticket sales alone – has grossed over $3 billion. The short form of the equation is: Abstract pure science absorbs a substantial amount of public money; technology a modest amount; art, very little and applications-driven basic science, a good deal. Technology returns the most; art substantial amounts; ‘pure’-science, very little – to the public.
In his closing paragraph, Ganeshaiah strikes the note on which we deeply agree. Science as taught and practised is far too specialized and narrow and it has long since lost contact with society.
The very few leaders among research scientists and engineers, in the US, who toil in the vineyards of communicating the relevance of science to the public, including teaching it in K–12, like to show a short video of the detailed research data from a multimillion dollar research project carried out on the graduates of Harvard and MIT. The video provides (conclusively) the stunning evidence that over 90% of these graduates (in all fields including science and engineering) could not give the interviewer the correct answer to these three questions. (All data are available on video – A Private Universe, Pyramid Productions.)
- Why do we have winter and summer seasons? (Most said it was because the earth gets nearer or further from the sun!!!)
- Where does the mass of a large tree come from? (Many would not accept, even when prompted, the right answer of: photosynthesis from water and CO$_2$.)
- Can you light this bulb with a piece of copper wire and a battery (all provided)? (One MIT chemical engineering graduate allowed as how this should be an EE major’s territory!)
I recount this story – it is stunning to an audience of scientists when shown as the video clip – to make my most important point of all. Increasingly science is tempted to offer itself as a modern theology, to the world’s growing addiction to technology as its only religion.
The contemporary news media have become – not critics like Mary Shelley – but cheerleaders for the gross exaggerations emanating from unscrupulous corners, by scientists seeking funds under the latest buzzword.
Not since Jefferson and Franklin helped launch the American experiment has the top leadership of a major nation had such scientific competence right at the top – as we have in India. We need, I believe, a considerable effort to introduce the ultimate interdisciplinarity into the education of all college students. It should start with the education of our national science leadership into the now well developed realm of ‘science, technology and society (STS)’. This would help them know the actual place of science and separately, technology, in our complex globalized society.
Finally, India could establish a paradigm unlikely to be set in any other group of scientists/technologists; where a Gandhiji ‘seva’ motif is brought into the education and practice of all scientists, engineers and doctors.
1. Arunachalam, S., *Curr. Sci.*, 2005, **89**, 1450; Ganeshaih, K. N., *ibid*, 1451–1452; Tiwari, S. C., *ibid*, 1453.
2. Roy, R., Roy, N. R. and Johnson Jr. G. G., *Scientometrics*, 1983, **5**, 117–124.
3. Cardona, M. and Marx, W., George Placzek: a bibliometric study of his scientific production and impact, ARKIV-Physics, 2006.
4. Roy, R., *Phys. Today*, 2005, pp. 12–13.
*Rustum Roy is in the Pennsylvania State University, 102 MRL, University Park, PA 16802, USA. e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org*
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EXPOSICIÓN
ESPACIO GERMAN KRÜGER ESPANTOSO
ROBERTO HUARCAYA
VER POR CONTACTO. FOTOGRAMAS 2014-2024
Curaduría:
Alejandro León Cannock
ROLF ICPNA cultural
ROBERTO HUARCAYA
VER POR CONTACTO. FOTOGRAFÍAS
2014-2024
Curaduría:
Alejandro León Cannock
Del 2 de abril al 23 de junio del 2024
De martes a domingo de 10:00 a. m. a 7:00 p. m.
ROLF ICPNA cultural
En sus más de 30 años de trabajo dedicados a la fotografía, Roberto Huarcaya se ha caracterizado por una profunda curiosidad técnica, estética, conceptual y expositiva que lo ha llevado a explorar diversas técnicas de producción de imagen (fotografía, fotogramas, cianotipo), formatos fotográficos (cámara de placas, estenopeica, panorámica), regímenes visuales (documental, ficcional, experimental) y estrategias escenográficas (foto-instalación, foto-texto, foto-objeto). En tal sentido, desde sus primeros proyectos de los años 90’s como Nacimiento-muerte (1994), pasando por propuestas como Espacios soñados (2001) hasta series como Estenopeicas (2016), la obra de Huarcaya se presenta como una reflexión en acto, a través del hacer artístico, sobre las múltiples, heterogéneas y expandidas posibilidades que el medio fotográfico, liberado de sus restricciones representacionales, nos ofrece para pensar visualmente la complejidad del mundo que habitamos.
Estas exploraciones llevaron a Huarcaya hace una década a interesarse en una de las técnicas originales (entendido este término como inicio en el tiempo y esencia ontológica) de la fotografía: el fotograma. Prescindiendo de elementos accesorios en el proceso de producción de imagen, el fotograma conserva solamente aquellos imprescindibles para acceder a “lo fotográfico”: una fuente de luz, una superficie fotosensible, un objeto, revelador y fijador. En tal sentido, el fotograma es un proceso artesanal que se basa en un minimalismo tecnológico que va a contracorriente de las tendencias tecnófilas actuales. Esta técnica no es, por tanto, nueva. La lista de “fotógrámafos” que han experimentado con esta forma de “escritura con luz” (fotografía) es larga: desde pioneros como John Hershell y Anna Atkins, pasando por vanguardistas como László Moholy-Nagy y Man Ray, hasta contemporáneos como James Welling y Liz Deschenes. Los trabajos realizados por Huarcaya a lo largo de estos últimos diez años son herederos, entonces, de esta larga tradición.
Pero el interés que Huarcaya muestra por el fotograma no es meramente técnico o estético. Para hacer obra, Huarcaya busca técnicas que sean capaces de solucionar plásticamente necesidades conceptuales.
Como lo (de)muestra su trabajo anterior -Lima la de ayer, la de mañana (1991), Continuum (1994) o Campos de batalla (2010-2011)- sus propuestas expresan el intento de pensar artísticamente problemáticas urgentes de la existencia humana. En esta línea crítico-creativa, el impulso que lo ha llevado a incorporar el fotograma como medio de trabajo (en el doble sentido del término: canal de pensamiento y espacio vital) nació de la necesidad crítica y de la búsqueda creativa de abordar la problemática que anima su trabajo actual -la paradójica relación del animal humano con el resto de lo viviente- escapando a los cánones de representación que la ciencia racionalista y la imaginería perspectivista han puesto, a lo largo de la modernidad occidental, al servicio del pensamiento extractivista y de la sociedad capitalista.
Este ímpetu filosófico condujo entonces a Huarcaya a aproximarse al mundo a través de los fotogramas, una forma de percepción que no emana del programa tecnocientífico del aparato fotográfico que requiere ver la realidad a distancia, subrayando con ello la fractura entre sujeto y objeto, entre humano y mundo, que ha caracterizado a la cultura occidental, sino que, por el contrario, nos obliga a ir al encuentro de lo que percibimos, fundiéndonos en/con él. Este ver que prescinde del aparato fotográfico no es por tanto puramente óptico, sino que subraya más bien su dimensión háptica. Es un “ver por contacto”. Sin embargo, la forma de percibir el mundo que nos ofrecen los fotogramas no solo pretende ser un proceso de producción de imágenes en el que la proximidad, la interacción, la complicidad, la intimidad, la relación corporal, material, física, espacio-temporal, con aquello que se fotografía es fundamental, sino en el que este “ver por contacto” solo es posible si se realiza “con-tacto”. Es decir, reconociendo, respetando y considerando la idiosincrasia del otro con delicadeza y con cuidado. El “ver (por) con-tacto” no es otra cosa entonces que un ver/pensar empático. Y, por ello mismo, un cuestionamiento de la posición de poder que el fotógrafo y el aparato fotográfico han ocupado en estos casi 200 años en el proyecto imperial occidental.
La exposición Ver por contacto. Fotogramas 2014-2024 reúne una selección de las obras producidas a lo largo de la última década por Huarcaya, mostrando así la realización concreta dicho programa ético-estético. La exposición presenta un conjunto de fotogramas de gran formato (“monumentales”) realizados con distintas técnicas (cianotipo, marrón de Van Dyke,
etc.) en diferentes regiones del territorio peruano: desde las costas del Pacífico hasta los bosques de la Amazonia pasando por las montañas de los Andes. De tal manera, a medio camino entre la fotografía experimental, el land art y la instalación Ver por contacto. Fotogramas 2014-2024 propone una experiencia inmersiva que invita a los espectadores a fundirse en/con las imágenes y a hacer gracias a ello una experiencia personal, íntima, de dicha forma de “ver (por) con-tacto”.
Alejandro León Cannock
Curador
The image is an abstract painting with vibrant colors and dynamic brushstrokes. The predominant colors are green, yellow, and orange, creating a sense of energy and movement. The painting appears to be on a dark background, which makes the bright colors stand out even more. The strokes are thick and textured, giving the impression of depth and three-dimensionality. The overall effect is one of intensity and emotion, as if the artist has poured their feelings into the canvas.
Océanos 2
2019
Impresión digital mate (copia)
4.5 x 1.08 m
Padres danzantes de tijeras
2018
Papel fotosensible Foma (original)
10 x 2.2 m
Yawar Fiesta
2018
Papel fotosensible Foma (original)
2.45 x 2.2 m
The leaves are illuminated by sunlight, creating a striking contrast against the dark background. The image captures the intricate details and textures of the leaves, highlighting their natural beauty.
Deforestación
2018
Papel fotosensible Foma (original)
2,2 x 5 m
The exhibition is curated by Dr. Sarah H. Roesch, Assistant Professor of Art History at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Banda de músicos de Coyllurqui
2018
Papel fotosensible Foma (original)
7 x 2.1 m
Nuevas constelaciones
2020
Papel fotosensible Foma (original)
4,4 X 5 m
Océanos 4
2019
Impresión digital mate (copia)
4.5 x 1.08 m
The bloodstains on the floor are evidence of a violent crime that occurred in the house.
PoLución océanos roja 1
2019
Papel fotosensible Foma (original)
3,8 x 1,08 m
The author, sitting in front of a blue abstract painting, with his hands clasped under his chin and wearing a light-colored shirt and trousers.
Roberto Huarcaya (1959)
Lima, Perú
Fundador y director del Centro de la Imagen entre 1999 y el 2019. Ha realizado múltiples exposiciones en ferias y festivales a nivel internacional. Destacan sus recientes participaciones en el Festival de Vannes (Francia, 2022), en The Armory Show de Nueva York (USA, 2022), en el Direct Contact: Cameraless Photography Now en el Eskenazi Museum of Art en Indiana (USA, 2023), en el Festival Sans Frontière, (Francia, 2023), en Pinta Parc de Lima (Perú, 2023), en los Rencontres de la Photographie d’Arles (Francia, 2023) y en ParisPhoto (Francia, 2023). Ha sido elegido en el Concurso curatorial para representar al Perú en la Bienal de Arte de Venecia 2024. Su obra integra las colecciones de la Maison Européenne de la Photographie en París, Fine Arts Museum of Houston, MOLAA Museum of Latin American Art de California, CoCA Center on Contemporary Art de Seattle, Lehigh University Art Collection, Museo de Arte de Lima, Muac Museo Universitario de Arte Contemporáneo, México, entre otros. Ha sido coeditor de CDI, revista del Centro de la Imagen y de Sueño de la Razón, revista latinoamericana de fotografía. Fue codirector de Lima Photo, feria de galerías de fotografía de Lima, y de las dos Bienales de Fotografía de Lima (2012 y 2014).
ESPACIO GERMÁN KÜGER ESPANTOSO
Av. Angamos Oeste 160
De martes a domingo de 10:00 a. m. a 7:00 p. m.
cultural.icpna.edu.pe
/ICPNAcultural
|
U-Mamba-Net: A highly efficient Mamba-based U-net style network for noisy and reverberant speech separation
Shaoxiang Dang*, Tetsuya Matsumoto*, Yoshinori Takeuchi†, and Hiroaki Kudo*
* Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
† School of Informatics, Daido University, Nagoya, Japan
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Abstract—The topic of speech separation involves separating mixed speech with multiple overlapping speakers into several streams, with each stream containing speech from only one speaker. Many highly effective models have emerged and proliferated rapidly over time. However, the size and computational load of these models have also increased accordingly. This is a disaster for the community, as researchers need more time and computational resources to reproduce and compare existing models. In this paper, we propose U-mamba-Net, a lightweight Mamba-based U-style model for speech separation in complex environments. Mamba is a state space sequence model that incorporates feature selection capabilities. U-style network is a fully convolutional neural network whose symmetric contracting and expansive paths are able to learn multi-resolution features. In our work, Mamba serves as a feature filter, alternating with U-Net. We test the proposed model on Libri2mix. The results show that U-Mamba-Net achieves improved performance with quite low computational cost.
I. INTRODUCTION
Speech separation in complex environments is one of the most challenging branches of speech separation. Noise, reverberation, and other factors severely interfere with the desired signal, making it even more difficult to capture long-term dependencies, which has long been valued by the speech separation community [1].
In the endeavor to capture long-term dependencies, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are the first popular structure that demonstrates effectiveness on both time-frequency [2] and time-domain processing [3]. In time-domain separation, RNNs are typically used in conjunction with dual-path (DP) structure [3]. The DP structure assists the network in modeling global information, complementing the processing of local information. Later on, self-attention mechanism like Transformer [4], as an alternative to RNNs, that allows parallel computing is introduced into the DP structure [5]. As for drawbacks, the DP structure adds extra computational overhead, and the quadratic scaling of the self-attention mechanism in transformers also make training time-consuming and resource-intensive, which has been a growing consensus and concern in this community.
The cascaded multi-task learning (CMTL) methods advocates solving complex speech separation task structurally [1]. Concretely, it decomposes a complex task into simpler, sequential sub-tasks. Through progressive supervision, cascaded multi-task structure can achieve further improvements in performance. However, due to the stacking of sub-modules, CMTL cannot effectively control the size of the model. Worse still, there may be gradient conflicts between modules, which significantly limits the model’s capabilities [6].
In this work, we shed light on U-net, which though was developed for biomedical image segmentation [7]. The U-net architecture consists entirely of convolutional neural layers, making it compact in size and low in computational complexity. Demucs [8] and SuDoRMRF [9] are successful attempts at using the U-Net architecture for music sound separation and audio source separation, respectively. To address its inability to learn global relationships, we add a Mamba module after each U-Net block. Mamba is a selective structured state space sequence model [10]. Concretely, Mamba features high-order polynomial projection operators (HIPPO) initialization and input-dependent structure while maintain linear computational complexity. HIPPO initialization assists in decomposing signals into basis functions [11]. We conduct experiments in the simulated noisy and reverberant version of open-source public dataset Libri2mix [12]. According to performance comparison of proposed model and previous models, we find that U-Mamba-Net is not only able to performance better cross various metrics, but also achieve so with low computational resource.
II. PROPOSED U-MAMBA-NET
U-Mamba-Net consists of an encoder, U-Mamba blocks, and a decoder, similar to the prevailing structures used previously [13]. The encoder is a 1-dimensional convolutional layer that maps waveform to time-frequency like representation. U-Mamba blocks aim to learn features with high representational capability. A convolutional layer following U-Mamba blocks assists estimating masks for all sources. After applying the estimated masks to the representations of the mixed speech, the features of all sources are decoded by the 1-dimensional transposed convolutional layer, resulting in the final separated speeches. The overview is illustrated in Fig. 1.
A. U-Mamba blocks
Given the feature $X \in \mathbb{R}^{F \times T}$ of a noisy and reverberant mixed speech, the goal of the $B$ stacked U-mamba blocks is to estimate robust representation $M \in \mathbb{R}^{F \times T}$. Then, a convolutional layer helps to generate masks equal to the number of sources $S$. As the core part of our proposed model, one U-Mamba block mainly owns a U-net module and a Mamba module. The U-net module is composed of $L$ successive downsampling and upsampling layers, with each pair of sub-layers at corresponding depths connected by residual connections. Subsequently, the output of the U-net is fed into the Mamba module. The U-Mamba block outputs the estimated representations with another residual connection to the output of the U-net in this module. The detailed statement is presented in Algorithm 1.
B. Mamba
Mamba is an extension of state space models (SSMs) [14]. SSMs formulates a mapping from $x(t) \in \mathbb{R}^F$ to $y(t) \in \mathbb{R}^F$ via hidden state space $h(t) \in \mathbb{R}^N$:
$$h'(t) = Ah(t) + Bx(t)$$
$$y(t) = Ch(t) + Dx(t)$$
where $A \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N}, B \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times F}, C \in \mathbb{R}^{F \times N},$ and $D \in \mathbb{R}^{F \times F}$ are state matrices. $N$ is number of state space dimension.
Algorithm 1 An algorithm for $b$-th U-Mamba block
Input: $M_b$, $L$
Output: $M_{b+1}$
$D^{(0)} \leftarrow \text{PReLU(LN(BottleNeckConv}(M_b))\right)$
$\triangleright$ Bottle Neck Convolution
$l \leftarrow 1$
while $l \leq L$ do
$\triangleright$ Downsampling
$D^{(l)} \leftarrow \text{LN(Conv1D}(D^{(l-1)})\right)$
$l \leftarrow l + 1$
end while
$l \leftarrow L$
$U^{(L)} \leftarrow D^{(L)}$
while $l > 1$ do
$\triangleright$ Upsampling
$U^{(l-1)} \leftarrow \text{T-Conv1D}(U^{(l)}) + D^{(l-1)}$
$\triangleright$ Residual connection
$l \leftarrow l - 1$
end while
$M_b \leftarrow \text{PReLU}(U^{(0)})$
$M_{b+1} \leftarrow \text{Mamba}(M_b) + M_b$
$\triangleright$ Mamba module and residual connection
return $M_{b+1}$
Based on the continuous form above, its discrete form can be formulated by:
$$h_t = \overline{A}h_{t-1} + \overline{B}x_t$$
$$y_t = \overline{C}h_t + \overline{D}x_t$$
where $\overline{A}$ and $\overline{B}$ are discretized parameters, which are converted from $A$, $B$, and a step parameter $\Delta$ using bilinear method:
$$\overline{A} = (I - \frac{\Delta}{2} A)^{-1}(I + \frac{\Delta}{2} A)$$
$$\overline{B} = (I - \frac{\Delta}{2} A)^{-1}\Delta B$$
$$\overline{C} = C$$
$$\overline{D} = D$$
System in equations 3 and 4 can be rewritten as a convolutional form of structured kernel $\overline{K}$ and input $x$:
$$y = \overline{K} * x, \overline{K} = (\overline{C}\overline{B}, \overline{C}\overline{A}\overline{B}, \cdots, \overline{C}\overline{A}^{T-1}\overline{B})$$
Structured SSMs (S4) feature a HiPPO initialization instead of random initialization, which is confirmed to easier decompose representation into orthogonal polynomials.
Mamba improves S4 with a selective mechanism [10]. Concretely, it adds input-dependency into SSM matrices via parallel scan algorithm. Furthermore, state variables are kept in SRAM, which holds a fast and efficient GPU memory hierarchy. Mamba is illustrated in the right part of Fig. 1b.
### Table I
Reverberation configuration.
| Room | L (m) | W (m) | H (m) |
|------|-------|-------|-------|
| T60 | \( \mathcal{U}(5,10) \) | \( \mathcal{U}(5,10) \) | \( \mathcal{U}(3,4) \) |
| Receiver | L (m) | W (m) | H (m) | Dist. (m) | \( \theta \) |
|----------|-------|-------|-------|-----------|-------------|
| | \( \frac{L_{\text{room}}}{2} + \mathcal{U}(0.2,0.2) \) | \( \frac{W_{\text{room}}}{2} + \mathcal{U}(0.2,0.2) \) | \( \frac{H_{\text{room}}}{2} + \mathcal{U}(0.2,0.8) \) | \( \mathcal{U}(0.9,1.8) \) | \( \mathcal{U}(0.6,6.2) \) | \( \mathcal{U}(0,2\pi) \) |
### Table II
Hyperparameters of U-Mamba-Net.
| Encoder / Decoder | channel / window / hop | F / T / - | 128 / 41 / 20 |
|-------------------|------------------------|-----------|---------------|
| U-net | Input / output channel | - | 128 |
| Mamba | Input / output channel | - | 128 |
| U-net | Down / upsampling depths | L | 4 |
| U-Mamba | Number of repeat core | B | 16 |
| Sources | | S | 2 |
### III. Experiments
#### A. Datasets
We use open-source mixture dataset Libri2mix to conduct experiments [12]. Source audios are from Librispeech, ambient noises are sampled from WHAM! [15]. As for simulation of indoor surrounding, we exploit Pyacousticsroom toolkit to generate reverberant version of clean source [16]. The simulated mixture is produced by adding each reverberant source and ambient noise together in time domain. The configuration of indoor reverberation is shown in Table I. T60 represents the reverberation intensity, indicating the time required for the sound energy to decay by 60 dB. As a result, our training, validation, and test datasets owns 13900, 3000, 3000 samples, respectively. All the samples are in 8 kHz.
#### B. Network
The basic hyperparameters that we use are exhibited in Table II. For the ablation studies, we indicate different parameter while keeping the same alphabet symbols. Additionally, we evaluate several different upsampling methods. Besides T-Conv1D, we also investigate the nearest neighbor (NN) and linear upsampling techniques.
#### C. Training phase
We train the proposed model on GeForce 4070Ti Super with a batch size of 4 and initial learning rate of 0.00015. Each sample is randomly cut into 3-s long. Notably, we report the computational load based on the input utterance with this length. We set the maximum epoch at 120. As for objective function, we adopt permutation-invariant scale-invariant single-to-noise ratio (SI-SNR) [13], shown as follows:
\[
\mathcal{L} = - \max_{\pi \in \mathcal{P}} \frac{1}{I} \sum_i \text{SI-SNR}(\hat{s}_{\pi(i)}, s_i)
\]
where \( \pi \) is the best permutation mapping set that allow overall SI-SNR to achieve maximum [17].
### Table III
Main results.
| Methods | CMTL | SI-SNRi | SDRI | SIRi | #Param (M) | GMACs |
|-----------------------|------|---------|-------|-------|------------|-------|
| TasNet [22] | \( \times \) | 5.70 | 5.05 | 10.84 | 23.2 | 27.8 |
| SuDoRM-RF+ [9] | \( \times \) | 2.90 | 3.36 | 6.14 | 2.6 | 3.6 |
| SuDoRM-RF++ [9] | \( \times \) | 5.33 | 6.05 | 11.02 | 2.7 | 3.0 |
| Conv-TasNet [13] | \( \times \) | 6.87 | 7.31 | 15.2 | 5.3 | 18.7 |
| DPRNN [18] | \( \checkmark \) | 7.59 | 7.88 | 15.16 | 3.7 | 23.9 |
| DPRNN | \( \checkmark \) | 8.08 | 8.62 | 16.39 | 5.6 | 40.2 |
| U-Mamba-Net | \( \times \) | **8.50** | **8.62** | **17.67** | 4.4 | 2.5 |
#### D. Evaluation phase
SI-SNR improvement (SI-SNRi) is an extension of SI-SNR, it checks how much information get excluded from mixture, we use SI-SNR improvement (SI-SNRi). We use signal-to-interference ratio improvement (SIRi) for separation effectiveness [18]. At the perceptual aspect, we use short-time objective intelligibility (STOI) [18] and perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) [19]. For denoising performance, we use predicted rating of speech distortion (CSIG), predicted rating of background distortion (CBAK), and predicted rating of overall quality (COVL) [20]. Additionally, we present the model size and computational load in terms of Giga Multiply-Add Operations per Second (GMACs) [21].
### IV. Experimental Results
#### A. Main results
We compare the results of U-Mamba-Net with several previous models in Table III. In the implementation of CMTL using DPRNN, we adopt an Enhancement Priority Pipeline (EPP). We can observe that, firstly, the proposed U-mambanet achieves the best results cross major metrics. It is 0.92 dB better than DPRNN in SI-SNRi. Compared to CMTL, which uses DPRNN as sub modules, U-mamba-net is still 0.42dB higher. Moreover, U-Mamba-Net model size is 20% smaller than DPRNN (CMTL). Most importantly, its computational efficiency (measured in GMACs) is only one-sixteenth of that of DPRNN (CMTL) (2.5 vs. 40.2) and one-ninth of that of DRRNN (2.5 vs. 23.9). This strongly demonstrates the proposed model’s high efficiency and effectiveness.
#### B. Performance of perceptual quality and denoising effectiveness
### Table IV
Perceptual and denoising performance.
| Methods | CMTL | STOI | PESQ | CSIG | CBAK | COVL |
|-----------------------|------|------|------|------|------|------|
| SuDoRM-RF+ | \( \times \) | 65.92 | 1.52 | 2.37 | 1.61 | 1.84 |
| Conv-TasNet | \( \times \) | 69.61 | 1.60 | 2.58 | 1.76 | 2.00 |
| DPRNN | \( \times \) | 71.86 | 1.67 | 2.65 | 1.83 | 2.07 |
| DPRNN | \( \checkmark \) | 73.19 | 1.75 | 2.75 | 2.16 | 2.18 |
| U-Mamba-Net | \( \checkmark \) | **73.99** | **1.70** | **2.56** | **1.89** | **2.05** |
In this section, we compare the U-Mamba-Net with previous models in terms of perceptual quality and denoising performance in Table IV. In terms of the STOI metric, U-Mamba-Net consistently maintains its advantage, just as the results and
conclusions in the previous section. It also shows superiority in PESQ, CSIG, CBAK, and COVL when compared to all models except DPRNN (CMTL). However, DPRNN (CMTL) outperforms U-Mamba-Net in these metrics, particularly in CBAK. This indicates that a single-task model’s performance on specific sub-task is not as effective as that of a CMTL architecture incorporating additional processing modules. We believe the reason is that DPRNN (CMTL) can leverage additional information like noise-free mixture as intermediate label to supervised model in a step-by-step manner. This suggests that combining specialized modules in a multi-task framework can offer superior performance by addressing various aspects of the problem more comprehensively.
C. Ablation studies
To better understand the role of each parameter in the model, we design several ablation experiments. Their results are displayed in Table V. Firstly, the impact of feature dimensions on the model is most noticeable. As the feature dimension $F$ increases from 64 to 128 to 192, the separation performance significantly improves like in SI-SNRi from 7.12 dB to 8.50 dB to 8.85 dB, but the model size also increases accordingly. Increasing the number of U-mamba-Net blocks $R$ also enhances the model’s performance, although the improvement is not as pronounced. With 20 blocks, the model reaches an SI-SNRi score of 8.59 dB. Increasing the depth $L$ of the model has a negative effect on the test set. We speculate that for separation tasks, excessively low resolution may not be beneficial. Using NN and linear upsampling method though has a subtle improvement on the test set, we observe a decreased performance in the validation set during training. Therefore, upsampling methods are less critical than any other hyperparameters else.
D. Visualization
This section visualizes an example of separation results using DPRNN and U-Mamba-Net in Fig 2. First, from the spectrograms of the results, both DPRNN and U-Mamba-Net exhibit effective denoising and dereverberation, as evidenced by the clarity of the spectrograms of separations. Regarding the separation results, DPRNN exhibits more erroneous separations, where information originally belonging to one source is allocated to another source. This issue is highlighted by the red boxes in the figure. We believe this problem arises from the model’s less robust modeling of long-term dependencies. U-Mamba-Net also has some weaknesses. For instance, as shown in the white boxes, the generated speech spectrogram lines are not as clear as those produced by DPRNN. Even worse, when we listen to the separated speech, its perceptual quality remains relatively low, which is consistent with the STOI score indicated in the previous sections.
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, we proposed a lightweight U-Mamba-Net for noisy and reverberant speech separation. U-Mamba-Net not only demonstrates impressive separation capabilities but also maintains low computational load. In terms of SNR category metrics, it surpasses many previous models, demonstrating its overall robust separation capability. However, it still shows significant gaps in denoising and other specific metrics compared to CMTL.
| $F$ | $R$ | $L$ | Upsampling | SI-SNR | SI-SNRi | SDRi | SRTi | STOI (%) | PESQ | CSIG | CBAK | COVL | #Param (M) | GMACs |
|-----|-----|-----|------------|--------|---------|------|------|----------|------|------|------|------|-------------|-------|
| 64 | 16 | 4 | T-Conv1D | 1.29 | 7.12 | 7.59 | 14.64| 70.39 | 1.60 | 2.52 | 1.75 | 1.97 | 1.3 M | 0.7 |
| 128 | 12 | 4 | T-Conv1D | 2.31 | 8.14 | 8.39 | 16.31| 73.28 | 1.68 | 2.53 | 1.85 | 2.02 | 3.3 M | 1.9 |
| 128 | 16 | 4 | T-Conv1D | 2.67 | 8.50 | 8.62 | 17.67| 73.99 | 1.70 | 2.55 | 1.89 | 2.04 | 4.4 M | 2.5 |
| 128 | 20 | 4 | T-Conv1D | 2.76 | 8.59 | 8.70 | 17.44| 73.45 | 1.68 | 2.56 | 1.86 | 2.05 | 5.5 M | 3.1 |
| 128 | 18 | 4 | T-Conv1D | 2.59 | 8.42 | 8.52 | 17.39| 73.72 | 1.69 | 2.50 | 1.87 | 2.01 | 4.6 M | 2.5 |
| 128 | 16 | 4 | NN | 2.70 | 8.52 | 8.66 | 17.44| 73.99 | 1.70 | 2.56 | 1.89 | 2.05 | 4.4 M | 2.5 |
| 128 | 16 | 4 | Linear | 2.70 | 8.53 | 8.70 | 17.54| 74.06 | 1.71 | 2.55 | 1.89 | 2.05 | 4.4 M | 2.5 |
| 192 | 16 | 4 | T-Conv1D | 3.02 | 8.85 | 8.90 | 18.15| 74.87 | 1.74 | 2.64 | 1.93 | 2.11 | 9.7 M | 5.3 |
Fig. 2. Spectrogram of separation results. The sole spectrogram in the first row is source and receiver mixture. The second row are spectrograms in the second and third sound units. Third row are displaying the spectrograms of two separated results by DPRNN model. The last two are estimation of U-Mamba-Net. The red boxes highlight the places where DPRNN makes wrong separation but U-Mamba does not. The white box outlines the place where U-Mamba-Net performs worse. Because the fundamental frequencies and harmonics of U-Mamba-Net are not as clear as those of the DPRNN.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is supported by a fellowship of the Nagoya University CIBoG WISE program from MEXT.
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[7] O. Ronneberger, P. Fischer, and T. Brox, “U-net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation,” in Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention--MICCAI 2015: 18th international conference, Munich, Germany, October 5-9, 2015, proceedings, part III 18, Springer, 2015, pp. 234–241.
[8] A. Défosséz, N. Usunier, L. Bottou, and F. Bach, Demucs: Deep extractor for music sources with extra unlabeled data remixed, 2019, arXiv: 1909.01174 [cs, SD]. [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.01174
[9] E. Tzinis, Z. Wang, and P. Smaragdis, “Sudo rm -rf: Efficient networks for universal audio source separation,” in 2020 IEEE 30th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP), IEEE, Sep. 2020.
[10] A. Gu and T. Dao, “Mamba: Linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.00752, 2023.
[11] A. Gu, I. Johnson, A. Timalsina, A. Rudra, and C. Ré, “How to train your hippo: State space models with generalized orthogonal basis projections,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.12037, 2022.
[12] J. Cosentino, M. Pariente, S. Cornell, A. Deleforge, and E. Vincent, “Librimix: An open-source dataset for generalizable speech separation,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.11262, 2020.
[13] Y. Luo and N. Mesgarani, “Conv-TasNet: Surpassing ideal time-frequency magnitude masking for speech separation,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1256–1266, 2019.
[14] A. Gu, K. Goel, and C. Ré, “Efficiently modeling long sequences with structured state spaces,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.00396, 2021.
[15] G. Wichern, J. Antognini, M. Flynn, et al., “WHAM!!: Extending speech separation to noisy environments,” in 20th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, Interspeech 2019, Graz, Austria, September 15-19, 2019, ISCA, 2019, pp. 1368–1372.
[16] R. Scheibler, E. Bezzam, and I. Dokmanić, “Pyroomacoustics: A python package for audio room simulation and array processing algorithms,” in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, 2018, pp. 351–355.
[17] J. Le Roux, S. Wisdom, H. Erdogan, and J. R. Hershey, “SDR--half-baked or well done?” In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, 2019, pp. 626–630.
[18] E. Vincent, R. Gribonval, and C. Févotte, “Performance measurement in blind audio source separation,” IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1462–1469, 2006.
[19] C. H. Taal, R. C. Hendriks, R. Heusdens, and J. Jensen, “An algorithm for intelligibility prediction of time-frequency weighted noisy speech,” IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 2125–2136, 2011.
[20] Y. Hu and P. C. Loizou, “Evaluation of objective quality measures for speech enhancement,” IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 229–238, 2007.
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[22] Y. Luo and N. Mesgarani, “TasNet: Time-domain audio separation network for real-time, single-channel speech separation,” in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), IEEE, 2018, pp. 696–700.
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MARCEL WAVING — The Livest Topic Ever Discussed in Feminine Circles! See Next Two Pages.
$3.50—Popularly Priced
MARCEL WAVING—The liviest topic ever discussed in feminine circles! TORRID Electric Marcel Waver—the most wanted hairdressing appliance ever announced! A patented innovation of singular beauty. A Marcel Waving Iron EVERY WOMAN needs.
Pat. Feb. 12, 1924.
TORRID
ELECTRIC
Marcel Waving Iron
Originated and manufactured by the makers of the universally preferred WAVETTE and IVORY WAVETTE Electric Curling Irons.
So simple to operate that even the youngest beginner can readily obtain a perfect Marcel Wave.
Genuine NICHROME Heating Elements. Detachable Bake'ite Plug in handle. Ventilated, coil steel cooling rest. Two-piece, separable attachment plug. Extra-length connecting cord.
Wood handle, finished in dull black. All metal parts highly nickelied, buffed and polished. Packaged complete in exceedingly attractive box.
Special Offer—
To aid you capitalize an unprecedented demand at once, we will send a sample TORRID Marcel Waver, post prepaid. Simply fill out the coupon below. You can return the Iron, if it does not meet with approval. Otherwise, you can retain it—receiving the best discount—the same extreme low price at which your initial order will be billed.
TORRID Is Fully Guaranteed
The TORRID Electric Marcel Waving Iron is not an experiment. It is a device that has proved practical and efficient—not only under rigid, scientific tests but also in everyday use. It is guaranteed! You can accept it, with implicit confidence. Results will amaze you.
The IVORY TORRID Waver
IVORY TORRID—identical in design and construction—is fitted with a lustrous-white, enamel handle; a white silk connecting cord; a white button on the Curler Clamp; and Brown Bakelite plugs. This is a number which appeals to the woman who is seeking "the unusual". It retails at $4.50.
Below is shown the TORRID ELECTRIC MARCEL WAVING IRON, with Curler Clamp open. Note the Duplex Waving Rods, in which genuine NICHROME Heating Elements are incorporated. TORRID is a product of sterling quality, destined to establish new, high sales records.
Mail This Coupon Without Delay—Be First to "Cash In"
THE FRANK E. WOLCOTT MFG. CO., Hartford, Conn.
Please mail one Torrid Electric Marcel Waving Iron, post prepaid. It is understood that we have the privilege of returning sample if it does not meet with our approval.
Name ____________________________________________
Street ___________________________________________
City __________________ State ________________
It is also understood that if the Torrid Iron is not realized by us, you will receive best discount which applies to first initial price.
UNBEATABLE!
—a better washer than you have ever sold!
—a better sales proposition than you have ever had!
—more profits than you have ever realized on washers!
—less service than you have ever had to give—on washers!
The
SAVAGE WASHER & DRYER
BRINGS YOU ALL THIS!
The Washer for Today’s Competitive Selling!
SEND THE SAVAGE STORY
NAME ...............................................................
STREET ...............................................................
CITY ...............................................................
STATE ...............................................................
E.R.
5 Radio Winners!
QUICK TURN-OVER Means More Profits
The wise electrical dealer who is after extra profits will limit the number of radio items which he has on his shelves and pick the units which enjoy the quickest turnover.
There are dozens of rheostats, grid leaks, potentiometers, and switches on the market, but the Allen-Bradley line is a high-grade, nationally advertised line of radio products. Order and reorder small stocks of Allen-Bradley radio products and make the annual profit on your original investment a big portion of your yearly profit.
Learn more about the well-established, well-known and nationally advertised Allen-Bradley line of radio products. Use the Handy Coupon.
ALLEN-BRADLEY CO., 489 CLINTON ST., MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN
Send us more information about the 5 radio winners. We certainly want quicker turnover and bigger profits. Let us hear from you.
Name
Address
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
"Northern"
Products have that built-in quality that turns stock to sales
Stock merely means investment, sales mean recovering the investment and putting money in the bank. If you want to say "business is fine" and mean it, then you have only to get acquainted with "Northern". Its quality almost "speaks for itself" when displayed; that's why women look and then buy "Northern".
Get Northern products in your stock and add 100% quality merchandise. It's a good business move for you right now.
Northern Curler
The fact that women just naturally pick up a Northern Curler and say "that's just what I want", means you can't afford to be without it. Made in two sizes. Removable clamp. Either size furnished with or without detachable plug at handle. Specify when ordering.
This is another new "Northern" product. Built to "Northern" high standards. The finest low priced curling iron ever made. Stock this iron for quick sales.
"BEAUTY"
Can be sold for $1.00 or less.
Write today for prices and descriptive literature.
Northern Electric Company
2835 North Western Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
$7.00 RETAIL
Three-heat—12 x 15
$5.00—One Heat—10 x 13
New Values! For Volume Selling
Not only that but better pads—notwithstanding the fact that TORRID established the quality standard last season. They can be had, too, in fancy covers—of prime importance this year.
ELECTRIC HEATING PADS
will "set the pace" for Fall and Winter turnover, volume, profits. It is time now to cover your requirements. Investigate the TORRID line first. Superior in design and construction. Popular in price. Guaranteed!
Write for circular matter. Let us send samples for your inspection. Tie up with TORRID—the Pad that sells quickest!
If Your Jobber Can't Supply You, Write Us Direct
The FRANK E. WOLCOTT MFG.CO.
Hartford, Conn.
SOUTHWESTERN SALES AGENTS
The Folsom Company
Dallas, Texas
PACIFIC COAST AGENTS
Western Agencies, Inc.
San Francisco, Cal.
Turning stock once every week!
You can do it, too.
A well-known trade paper tells recently of a small radio store which sold nearly half a million dollars worth of goods during the past year—and 95% of this total represents the sale of parts.
The most significant fact about this startling performance was a weekly turnover of all stock. The proprietors of that store knew the fundamentals of retail success and applied them.
Na-ald Sockets play an important part in this type of successful store. They are so favorably known that they sell. Provision is made also for exceptional display. The Na-ald Socket Board is absolutely unique in its display appeal. It shows the five Na-ald Sockets and adapter in vivid detail against its mahogany finish.
The new Na-ald Display Container is the very last development in silent salesmen. It contains ten packed sockets, held attractively before the customers at the right display angle. It is a compact and convenient unit for the dealer to handle. It is a real, profitable decoration for any counter.
These display aids, added to the known quality of the merchandise they display, are two powerful reasons why Na-ald Sockets sell with amazing rapidity and yield the dealer as high as 1300% a year on his initial investment.
Write for detailed figures and our complete merchandising plan.
ALDEN MANUFACTURING CO.
Dept. W., Springfield, Mass.
Breaking Records
That's the report we get from the field on the new Automatic HYDRO-DISC.
Our salesmen are breaking records in sales—greater than any year we have ever known.
Retailers are breaking records moving Automatics—four cars since January 1st to one dealer in Minnesota.
Women are breaking records in speed and thoroughness of washing clothes with the Hydro-Disc.
Surging Suds
110 Times a Minute
The Hydro-Disc is really a remarkable improvement in washing machine agitation.
Traveling each way at a speed of fifty-five times a minute, it drives the water in a furious and continuous reverse whirlpool—outward, downward, inward and upward in the center through the clothes. The speed and thoroughness with which it cleanses soiled clothes is almost magical.
We Have a Plan to Help You
It is a plan for merchandising washing machines that has been extraordinarily successful. By applying it, we can even predict, with reasonable accuracy, how many machines will be sold within a given period.
Unusual washing results mean unusual sales and practically no demands for "service" after Automatics are sold. Our largest distributors will endorse this.
You will place yourself under no obligation whatever by writing or sending the coupon.
Automatic Electric Washer Co.
208 W. 3rd St., NEWTON, IA.
[Form]
Automatic Electric Washer Co.,
208 W. Third St., Newton, Iowa.
Gentlemen: Please send us your catalog and prices on the Automatic Line.
Name ...........................................
Firm Name .......................................
Town ........................................... State ............
Women Everywhere
are pleased with such remarkable results in cleansing clothes quickly. It is a fine machine to sell.
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING.
Hand in Hand with Sales and Profits!
Note the Exclusive BENJAMIN Features:
**Locatap**
No. 1080
A Swivel Two-Way; the cord goes straight to the appliance. Composition side outlet takes cap of standard attachment plug. Brass shell harmonizes with fixtures. Thread for lamp shade. Lamp hangs straight down.
**Localet**
No. 77
A Swivel Two-Way; the cord goes straight to the appliance. Two-piece molded Bakelite. For damp places, or wherever a very rugged plug is needed. Has thread for shade holder. Lamp hangs straight down.
**Duolet**
No. 122
Smallest and lightest Two-Way. Molded composition and brass shell. Indestructible. Has thread for shade holder. An unusually good general purpose plug.
**Benjamin Window Trim and "Show and Sell" Stands**
are making sales and profits for dealers everywhere. Write the Advertising Dept., 847 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, today for the big story on selling Benjamin Two-Way Plugs.
---
**BENJAMIN Two-Way Plugs**
You can sell your customer more double-socket service with Benjamin Two-Way Plugs than with any other available.
The exclusive Benjamin features place them in a class by themselves. Every wired home needs them—not only one, but three or more.
No matter what the need of the customer may be, there is a Benjamin Two-Way for the purpose.
Show your customers Benjamin Two-Way Plugs—they sell on sight, and our minimum assortment—maximum discount purchase plan makes every sale a long-profit maker for you.
**Here’s Your Margin on the Maximum Discount Plan**
| | List | Cost | Profit |
|----------------|--------|-------|--------|
| 2 Std. Pkgs. (20) No. 1080 | $15.00 | $9.90 | $5.10 |
| 1 Std. Pkg. (10) No. 77 | 7.50 | 4.95 | 2.55 |
| 2 Std. Pkgs. (20) No. 122 | 15.00 | 9.90 | 5.10 |
| 5 Assorted Std. Pkgs. | $37.50 | $24.75| $12.75 |
Window Trim and "Show and Sell" Stand—a Sure-Fire Aid to Quick Turnover Costs You Nothing.
Invest $24.75; Sell for $37.50;
Your Clear Gain $12.75
Sold only through Electrical Supply Jobbers and Regular Electrical Dealers
---
**BENJAMIN ELECTRIC MFG. CO.**
847 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago
247 W. 17th Street New York
580 Howard Street San Francisco
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
These are the Eveready Batteries for Summer Radio — Ideal for Portable and Semi-portable Receivers
Do your customers think of you as radio battery headquarters? Do they know that you can supply every radio battery need?
This desirable reputation can be yours if you stock—display—push—sell these Eveready light-weight batteries. Just right for compact sets for automobile and camp use.
“A” Battery No. 7111. The famous Eveready Dry Cell Radio “A” Battery. The longest-lived six-inch dry cell made for radio use. It astonishes the people who buy it by lasting longer than they expected. It amazes dealers who handle it by the quick growth in its sales. There’s money in it for you!
Eveready “B” Battery No. 763—for portable sets only. 22½ volts. Weight only 13 ounces. The smallest “B” Battery it is practical to make.
Eveready Vertical “B” Battery No. 764. Has more than twice the life of No. 763, and costs your customer only 40 cents more. Weight 2½ pounds. Sell it for economy on semi-portable sets.
Eveready “C” Battery No. 771. The triple use battery. Where battery weight must be at a minimum, use UV-199 tubes and these batteries as an “A” Battery for the filaments. Weight 14 ounces. Also may be used to build up a “B” Battery, or as a “C” Battery in audio frequency amplifiers.
Get your share of the summer battery business. Sell Eveready Radio Batteries—they last longer. Ask your jobber.
Manufactured and guaranteed by
National Carbon Company, Inc.
Headquarters for
Radio Battery Information
New York San Francisco
Canadian National Carbon Co., Limited
Toronto, Ontario
Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
Capture the Farm Business
The farm today presents an extremely profitable and rapidly growing field for electrical business. The Cullman Electric Pump Jack is the key to this field. It gives the farmer a reliable electric drive which he can attach to a pump already in service. It is designed for farm duty and is ideal for farm needs.
The Cullman Electric Pump Jack attached to windmill top pumps converts them into veritable pumping stations supplying water for every farm need. The steel gears running in oil and the patented power-saving load equalizer are exclusive Cullman features which multiply its efficiency and desirability for farm pumps.
These features make a hit with farmers and make the pump jack easy to sell.
Farmers are "from Missouri"
Farmers like to see what they buy. A demonstration is their idea of a good sales talk. We send a Cullman Electric Pump Jack to responsible dealers on sixty days' consignment. Write for our 60-day free demonstrator proposition and our liberal discounts for dealers.
CULLMAN WHEEL COMPANY
1361 ALTGELD ST.
CHICAGO, ILL.
Get Demonstrator 60 Days Free
MAIL THE COUPON
CULLMAN WHEEL CO.,
1361 Altgeld St., Chicago, Illinois.
I am interested in the Cullman Electric Pump Jack profits. Send your liberal discounts for dealers, your 30-day free trial proposition for users, your complete sales plan with 60-day free demonstration proposition.
NAME................................................................
ADDRESS..................................................................
Here’s that real opportunity to sell Big Value at unusually low price
No. B-53
ELECTRAHOT Radio Soldering Iron
Here’s one made especially for radio work, and can be profitably featured. Has two tips, easily interchangeable—one for fine work, one for heavier work. Light and convenient. Nichrome heating element, operates on A. C. or D. C. current. 6-ft. cord. Two-piece attachment plug. Guaranteed.
$2.00 LIST
No. E-60
ELECTRAHOT Radiant Heater
Get your order in now for fall delivery. Pure copper reflector 12½ inches diameter, highly polished and lacquered. Back and base finished in dark green baked enamel. Nichrome resistance wire used for element, operates on A. C. or D. C. 7-ft. cord. Two-piece attachment plug. Guaranteed.
$5.00 LIST
Stock these special numbers because they show their big value the minute they are inspected and yet are priced so low as to be doubly attractive. They’ll make your sales grow.
PERFECURL
Junior Curling Iron for Bobbed Hair
No. B-50
This Curler has all of the desirable features of the higher priced irons, including the more expensive Perfecurl Iron. Highly satisfactory in results. Has removable waver, two-piece attachment plug, six-foot flexible cord and a guaranteed heating element that operates on either A. C. or D. C. It positively will not overheat. This curler actually demands your immediate attention if you want to increase curler sales.
$1.00 LIST
Manufactured and Guaranteed by ELECTRAHOT APPLIANCES, Inc. 301-307 Fifth Av. So. Minneapolis, Minn.
Counter Display Case FREE
12 of Our Quality Flashlights
Each, including Case, Battery and Lamp, complete, as an introductory offer, prepaid, for $9.00
List price is $19.00
We’ve been making flashlights since 1908
Absolute guarantee with every sale
Your stock is in the case, handy to get at
The big flashlight season is on,—Boating, Automobile Tours, Camping Parties, etc. Put this display case on your counter. It will sell flashlights for you.
Buy This Sample Order From Us
Buy Your Quantity Stock From YOUR JOBBER
PROVIDENCE ELECTRIC MFG. CO.
23 Broad St., Providence, Rhode Island.
Here is my check or money order ($9.00) for your display counter case and one dozen of your Quality flashlights complete each with case, battery and lamp; your special introductory assortment offer with the guarantee, of my complete satisfaction, and every flashlight.
Name______________________________________________________
Street_____________________________________________________
City_______________________________________________________
It was
It is
It will be
The Leader
The Beaver Switch Plug was the first to be approved by the National Board of Fire Underwriters because the famous Beaver “Fingers” fit both round and flat terminals --clinches down on them in a tight, positive bull-dog grip which assures perfect contact.
The Beaver Switch Plug met with instantaneous success because it clearly told the user when current was on or off.
It continues to lead in sales and in service because high-class appliance manufacturers everywhere have adopted it as standard equipment.
When an electrical shop standardizes on Beaver it has definitely marked itself as a quality store.
Handsomely cartoned, it is a counter proposition. Ask your jobber for attractive Beaver discounts.
BEAVER MACHINE & TOOL CO., INC.
Main Office and Factory
625 North Third St., Newark, N. J.
BEAVER SWITCH PLUGS
Make your Salesroom a G-E Fan Headquarters
Now is the Time to clear the decks for another big G-E Fan selling season
Tie in with the magazine and newspaper advertising that is telling the consumer to look for the G-E Fan Girl in your store window. Make the window sell fans. Keep your G-E Fan window display material at work. Use the effective displays shown in the window display suggestion sheet.
This year's G-E Fan folders are real fan salesmen. Place them in a convenient pickup place in your store—send them out with packages and letters. Distribute the miniature catalog. See that every prospect for a small fan gets a copy of the G-E Whiz leaflet. It's filled with real sales making points.
Follow up every householder who has received the book "The Home of a Hundred Comforts." Put G-E Fan lantern slides to work for you in your movies. Make a store-to-store canvass. There is a wealth of business right at hand.
Familiarize every salesman with the low operating costs of the various sizes of G-E Fans. Let this, the most Complete Fan Campaign which ever backed a dealer, produce big profits for you—tie in your store and sales work.
Merchandise Department,
General Electric Company
Bridgeport, Conn.
MERCHANDISE DEPARTMENT
GENERAL ELECTRIC
48-55
Everybody Who Comes Into Your Store is a Prospect for an Electric Fan this Month
JULY and August are electric-fan months. Home makers want electric fans for dining rooms, kitchens, laundries, and bedrooms. Merchants want fans for their stores. Business and professional men want fans for their offices. Practically everybody who comes into your store is a prospect for an electric fan this month.
Hardware stores find electric fans among their best-moving lines in summer time. Drug stores sell fans as hot-weather necessities. Department stores, furniture stores, and house furnishing shops all report fans among their most popular numbers.
For, remember, fans earn both a speedy profit and the everlasting gratitude of comfortable customers.
Making Sales in Hot Weather Electrically!
Electrical Appliances Help Merchants Beat the "Summer Slump"
By John T. Bartlett and Lester E. Dunkin
One of the reasons why so many people are less inclined to buy during the summer months than during cooler weather is because retail merchants seem to expect it.
"Nothing doing during dog-days," said one dealer and then sat down in the rear of his store to figure out how he could keep as quiet as possible during the hot weather.
Another dealer took a look around his store. It struck him that the articles in his "electrical department" differed in a peculiar way from all the rest of the goods in his stock. All the other merchandise he carried was "static", in the sense that these goods couldn't do anything of or by themselves. The electrical articles, on the other hand, possessed a "dynamic" quality—that is, when connected with an electric circuit, they became operative and did things.
This gave him an idea. So he built a small shelf in his vestibule just outside his front door. On the shelf he placed a 10-inch electric fan of the oscillating type and ran the cord to a socket in his show window.
The shelf on which the fan was placed was high enough to clear the heads of people coming in and out and the angle of the fan was adjusted to point downward. As the fan oscillated from left to right the air current swept alternately out toward the street and back toward the door. Not only did people coming into the store
catch the breeze from the fan but those also felt it who passed by on the sidewalk within a few feet of the store entrance.
Making a Display a Public Benefit
One immediate result of this experiment was that customers would linger a moment or two in the entrance. Occasionally passers-by on the sidewalk would stop, take off their hats if they were men, and stand a few minutes where the fan could reach them.
Upon observing this the dealer had 5 or 6 placards made reading, "Buy an All-Day Breeze—$15;" "Put This Breeze in Your Office—$15," "Take This Delightful Breeze Home—$15;" and so forth. Then he grouped a number of fans in various styles and sizes in his window, placing price cards and other placards near them. As a result he sold out his entire stock of fans in a week and had to order more.
The reason electrical appliances have such wonderful sales possibilities as business stimulators is because they are "dynamic" merchandise. When set to work, they move, create energy, produce heat, cold, light. They do these things in summer as well as in winter. The service they render to the tired housekeeper in summer is if anything a greater boon to her than it is in winter.
Therefore, the time for the dealer to demonstrate his electrical appliances is all-the-year round, and particularly through the hot months of summer. Here are a number of helpful suggestions taken from the experience of dealers who are successfully "beating the summer slump:"
Electrical Goods Electrify Business
The University Pharmacy, of West LaFayette, Indiana, used a flash-light to attract the attention of the public to the store. "If they only realized how powerful they are," reasoned the merchant, "we couldn't sell them fast enough."
He arranged with the owner of the millinery store across from the drug store to place a window card announcing the price of some hats in the window. A flashlight was placed in the drug store window so the light would shine on the card. Beneath the card in the millinery window was another one stating that the light was coming from the drug store flash-light. A card in the drug store window told people to read the card on display across the street. The light from the flashlight was strong enough for the passing public to read the card in the millinery window easily at any time of the night.
Another merchant used a fan display. In one window he placed nothing but a good-sized thermometer and a small display card. The thermometer was placed so that the passing public could read it easily. The merchant took careful pains to have the small door to the display window closed. In the next window he placed another thermometer, a small display card and an electric fan. The fan was turned on and the small door was left open so the air could circulate. On each of the display cards was the striking question, "Is This What Your Thermometer Reads?"
"Curl Your Hair Here"
Another Indiana merchant created interest in his store with electric curling irons. It happened that a large dance was to be held in town on Saturday night, and also the churches had made a special drive for the following Sunday to be "Go-To-Church Day." For two days previous to Saturday, he ran special advertisements and announcements in the papers and before the public stating that ladies who would attend the dance or go to
church on "Go-To-Church Day," could get their hair curled free by coming to his store and using the electric curling irons.
At another time the dealer featured electric toasters. He felt that if the public could only eat some butter and toast it would not take long to clear out his supply of toasters and have a demand for more. The expense of furnishing the bread and butter free to the public seemed too large for a day's display of the toasters, so the merchant presented his plans to one of the local bakers and the local creamery. The result was that the bakery and the creamery agreed to furnish the bread and butter free, provided the merchant would let the public know whose bread and butter it was by placing small display cards near the toasters used for the display. For one whole day five extra workers were kept busy toasting the bread and spreading butter on it for the passing public. This was done free.
Later he made a similar demonstration of electric chafing dishes. With them he used fresh buns and eggs. The eggs were fried in the front display window and then made into sandwiches for the public.
**Attracting the Children**
Another merchant used as a feature a handy student electric lamp, that could be fastened with rubber clamps anywhere it might be needed. A practical demonstration of the many uses for the lamps would be the best selling point possible, but he could not afford to demonstrate it to each customer, so he decided on a window display. An extra cord attachment was necessary for the display, as there were not enough sockets to demonstrate the many uses. He had a demonstration of as many of the uses for the light as possible. A small doll's table was placed in the window. One of the lamps was placed on it. Near the table he put a doll's bed. One of the lamps was clamped to the head of it. A toy piano was next placed near the table and bed, and one of the lamps was clamped to it above the rack for the music. A lamp was clamped to a cord from the ceiling of the window, giving the effect of an inverted light. In the daytime the public could see the many uses of the lamps, and at night each of the lamps was turned on, making an unusual lighting display for the window.
In making displays of electrical appliances, whether in the form of counter displays, window displays or store demonstrations, it is always a good idea to watch the effect of these displays carefully. Sometimes a display seems to be a hundred per cent perfect, but for some reason or other it doesn't register with the public.
**Watch the Little Things—They're Important**
Little things—trifles—may turn a successful display into a failure, or vice versa.
One store—a leading electrical retailer of Boulder, Colorado—keeps an accurate record of its window displays. This checking system shows exactly how many people stop and look at the display at several different hours of the day.
I will describe first how a slight change in three different displays, greatly increased the percentage of people who stopped to look at them, and then explain
(Continued on page 54)
Look—A "Gift Shoppe" in a Hardware Store
That's How a Detroit Dealer Made a Big Success of His Electrical Goods
By D. G. Baird
THAT electrical appliances may be featured successfully as birthday, wedding, and anniversary gifts in a hardware store, has been demonstrated by the T. B. Rayl Company, Detroit, which is doing a business of between $25,000 and $35,000 a year in small electrical appliances alone, in spite of having been compelled to build up practically a new trade in the department in the last year and a half.
Rayl's success in pushing this line of merchandise has been due chiefly to stocking quality goods only, combining them with other goods that make acceptable gifts, and featuring a "Gift Shoppe" as a distinct division of the house furnishings department, which the company rearranged and made more attractive at the time the gift shoppe was introduced.
As C. H. Harris, manager of the department, points out, there is a definite and steady demand for practical goods that make acceptable gifts. Every day is someone's birthday, wedding day, or anniversary, and what to give
them as a suitable present is always a hard question for their friends to decide. The store that is prepared to offer helpful suggestions in this connection can, therefore, secure a good volume of business in gift goods, while at the same time building up permanent trade in allied lines. Furthermore, as the great majority of such gifts are presented to those who are just being married or else have been married one or more years, electrical household appliances are very appropriate and acceptable, as well as being practical and durable, and the price ranges are sufficiently wide to suit any purse.
Gift Idea Creates "Quality" Background
Electrical appliances are not featured separately in this department, but form a prominent part of the gift shoppe, which in turn is a division of the house furnishings department. There are several reasons for this. One is that, while electrical appliances are offered in wide variety and are very popular as gifts, many other things also make acceptable gifts and the purpose is to feature a gift shoppe rather than an electrical department. Another is that by making the gift shoppe a division of the house furnishings department, other lines are brought to the attention of those who visit the store for the purpose of purchasing a gift and when they are in need of these other things, it is hoped that they will come back to Rayl's for them. Still another, and very important, reason is that electrical appliances and other goods in the gift shoppe are logically house furnishings and are sold to others besides those who are seeking gift goods.
The gift shoppe is, however, featured as such, both in the store's advertising and on the floor. Almost every advertisement run in the daily papers carries some reference to the gift shoppe, goods suitable for gifts are displayed together in the most prominent place on the floor—immediately in front of the elevators—and display cards direct attention to birthday, wedding, and anniversary gift suggestions.
Making the Display "Suggestive"
Goods most suited for gift purposes are displayed in two large horseshoe cases, with island cases built inside the U's, on tables, and in a wall case at the elevator entrance. The wall case might be
---
**The Only Policy That Pays in the Long Run**
"We were doing a nice business in these lines (electrical) for some years," said J. A. Brown, general manager, "then we got some buyers or managers who thought the thing to do was to go after a larger volume by trying to compete with the cheaper stores round about us. They stocked the cheaper lines and featured bargain prices and the longer they did so, the less business they did. Finally we made a change and began to build the department by again featuring the best goods only. Now we don't carry anything but the best merchandise in that department. We have learned a lesson that we shall not soon forget, and that is that people come to a store of this character to buy good merchandise and if they don't find good merchandise here, they will go to the department stores, drug stores, ten cent stores, and others that make a specialty of bargain goods."
called the suggestion cabinet, as it is here that representative articles are grouped as birthday gift suggestions, wedding gift suggestions and anniversary gift suggestions, the displays are uncrowded and are attractively arranged, and neatly lettered cards direct attention to the gifts suggested for the different occasions. Handsome electrical appliances and silverware constitute the majority of articles shown in this case.
Silver tableware and stemware, carving sets, and miscellaneous table and kitchen utensils of the better kind are shown chiefly in the showcases, while electrical appliances are displayed on the showcases and on tables.
Table Appliances Most Popular
To enumerate the electrical appliances that are here featured as gifts would be equivalent to enumerating practically all the table and kitchen appliances made. Among the most popular sellers in this line, however, are percolators, samovars, chafing dishes, hot plates, waffle irons, boudoir lamps, torcherers, and curling irons. Among these are many very handsome sets and individual pieces that cost a considerable sum. Percolator sets, for example, consisting of percolator, tray, sugar bowl, and creamer, are priced as high as $67.50.
Adjoining the gift shoppe on one side are other tables and showcases where electrical goods such as irons, vibrators, cookers, lamps, curlers, fans and heaters in season, and the like are displayed.
On the other side, the department shades off into distinctly house furnishings goods such as aluminum ware, glass ware, china, bread and cake boxes, sanitary clothes baskets, and kitchen utensils.
Sells Quality Goods Only
Rayl's experience with this department illustrates the fact that a reputable hardware store cannot successfully compete with the bargain houses, but can build up an even better trade by stocking and pushing quality merchandise only.
"The electrical appliances, aluminum ware, and some other lines in that department are not doing as well as some others," J. A. Brown, general manager of the store, declared when questioned as to the success of the gift shoppe. "There is just one reason why this is true, though, and they are doing better and they are going to do better yet. We were doing a nice business in these lines for some years, then we got some buyers or managers who thought the thing to do was to go after a larger volume by
trying to compete with the cheap stores round about us. They stocked the cheaper lines and featured bargain prices and the longer they did so, the less business they did. Finally we made a change and began to build the department by again featuring the best goods only. Now we don't carry anything but the best merchandise in that department, whether it be electrical, aluminum ware, glass ware, or what not. We have learned a lesson that we shall not soon forget, and that is that people come to a store of this character to buy good merchandise and if they don't find good merchandise here, they will go to the department stores, drug stores, ten cent stores, and others that make a specialty of bargain goods.
Buying With the Gift Idea in Mind
"The gift shoppe is a mighty good thing and I am thinking seriously of moving it down on the first floor. That is the place for it and I have already suggested the change to Mr. Harris, who is in charge of the department, but he doesn't like the idea much because his rent there will be much higher and he isn't sure that he'll get enough additional business to justify him in assuming the burden of the higher rental for the main-floor space.
"Building up such a department is largely a matter of stocking a good variety of practical merchandise that is suitable for gift purposes, then pushing it steadily for a time, till the people become familiar with it. The longer the department is operated, the better it should do, because at first many people will know nothing of it and will not think of coming to a hardware store to buy gifts, except at Christmas time. Our gift shoppe so far this year has shown an increase of 11 per cent over the corresponding period of last year, and it is coming along steadily. It can be made to do better and we are going to see that it does do better."
Store Has "Bargain" Competition
Rayl's is located in the downtown retail shopping district and, as the management has learned from experience, has plenty of competition when it comes to bargain merchandise. There is a "25c to $1" store immediately across the street, all the department stores are within a few blocks, and many of the big drug stores nearby do a large business in popular-priced electrical appliances and aluminum ware. The store is departmentized and each department is charged its propor-
(Cont'd on p. 64)
Where to Find a Place For Your Electrical Department
How the Non-Electrical Dealer Can Have One and Make it Pay
THERE are a great many retail dealers—hardware merchants and others—who sell electrical appliances now and then, as they receive calls. But they do not have an "Electrical Department." The appliances are more or less scattered about the store. Some dealers would like to start an electrical department but they are not sure of how to go about it.
This article is written for such dealers. The information here given has been supplied by Robert E. Ely, of the Merchandising Service Division of the Westinghouse Lamp Company, of New York, who has personally drawn up plans for some 89 electrical stores and departments throughout the United States.
So many stores have "just growed." It is only within the last few years that the smaller stores have begun to "departmentize" by grouping associated "lines" together.
Advantages of "Departmentizing"
This is a pronounced trend in the direction of better merchandising. Hardware stores, drugists, house furnishing and general stores are doing it. It is a good thing, for it saves space in the store and helps the dealer serve his customers better and
quicker. It also gives the dealer more room to add new lines from time to time and add to his sales volume and increase his profits.
One can go into hundreds of stores even in the larger cities and find a lot of waste space. Sometimes a busy hardware store or drug store looks very much overcrowded when one first steps into it, but a careful look around shows that if the different kinds of merchandise were to be grouped together, there would be space to spare.
But there are still other stores—stores with an extra room just off the main store, like a stockroom, or a floor on the balcony, or a room on the second floor or in the basement—where extra space is available, space for which rental is paid and where the space is practically lying idle. It is to dealers who have extra space of this kind that this article is particularly directed.
A hardware dealer, or any other non-electrical merchant, could take such a room, even if it is located in his basement, and make it into an "Electrical Department" that would make a big addition to his business.
The logic of doing it can be explained in a few words. Stocking electrical appliances as they happen to be called for may easily become a money-losing experience. The dealer is apt to be always over-stocked on a few things and to be "out" of many things.
Offering a "Complete Electrical Service"
But a complete "electrical department" means a well-balanced stock. It means a "complete electrical service" on all electrical conveniences. The customer who would buy only a curling iron or a flash-light, and go elsewhere for her lamp bulbs and other household appliances, would buy all her electrical things in a department where they are all kept.
and displayed together.
For the proprietor of a store that has an extra room, therefore, we suggest that he install an electrical department. We will assume that you have a room, say 23 feet wide and 37 feet long. It may be in your basement. We suggest you put in a complete line of electrical appliances, including all the familiar cooking and heating devices, incandescent lamps, portable lamps, floor lamps, clothes washers, ironers, vacuum cleaners, fans, vibrators, heating pads, sockets, cords and all the rest.
Floor Plan and Instructions
The suggestions which follow for the installation and arrangement of such a department are made with a view to providing adequate facilities for the display and demonstration of electrical merchandise. Recommendations as to show cases, wall cases and general arrangement may be modified to suit local conditions.
In reading the description given, the reader is asked to refer to the accompanying floor plan in which all the fixtures and appliances are indicated.
Before fixtures are installed, convenience outlets must be placed around the walls to enable floor lamps, portable lamps, and other devices to be connected. Floor outlets should be provided for portable lamp and demonstration tables.
Wall and fixture finish: Woodwork, shelving and devices built to order ought to be of similar finish to new fixtures. Mahogany is a practical and effective finish, while silver gray is light and attractive. A cream color is recommended for ceiling and pearl gray for walls.
Fixtures. Certain fixtures may be purchased complete, while others can be built. The utility counter should be placed 2 feet in front of the lamp shelving. Illuminated showcases of the combination floor-and-wall type, 6 feet long, make for the most effective display. A 30 inch cir-
(Continued on page 68)
A special display stand for vacuum cleaners with a platform raised several inches from the floor and room at the top for the various attachments.
Beating Cheap Radio Competition With Quality Sets
How a Sporting Goods Merchant Successfully Merchandises Radio
By Lewis W. Britton
SOMETIMES ago a man walked into a sporting goods store on West Madison Street, Chicago, and looked over the various radio sets displayed on a raised platform in the center of the store. After a few minutes he said to one of the men in charge:
"I've got about a hundred dollars I'd like to put into a radio outfit. How much do you want for that set over there?"
"That set," said the dealer, "is a $200 outfit. I'll show it to you." And he started toward the set.
"Wait a minute," said the man. "All I've got is $100. If you haven't anything at that price, I won't trouble you. I can get a set for $100 somewhere else, because I've seen 'em advertised."
"Sure you can," agreed the dealer, "and you can get them for a whole lot less than that, if you'll look far enough. But you can get this set you're looking at for $100, and I'll tell you how."
The prospect showed interest and consented to look at the set indicated. It was a well-known set of standard quality. He listened to the salesman's demonstration with marked attention.
Then he said:
"But you told me the price of this set is $200. What did you mean when you said I could get..."
it for $100?"
Meeting the Price Argument With Terms
The salesman told him he meant what he said, and if the customer felt that the set was what he wanted, he could have it for $100 down and pay the balance in 2 or 3 payments later. This he agreed to and when the salesman asked him to fill out one of the store's credit application forms, he did it. The information he gave about himself showed that he was thoroughly responsible. He bought the set and made good on his payments.
On another occasion a man, none too well dressed, came into the store looking for a low-priced radio set. He said he'd seen an ad describing a set for $150 which it was claimed would give as good service as the higher priced sets.
The salesman showed him a set that came to something over $300. All the man had with him was $150 in cash. When the salesman told him he could have it by paying $150 down and the balance later if he would fill out the credit application form, he consented. He proved to be a cattle dealer from South Dakota who had just brought in a load of cattle which he had sold for over $8,000. While he was in the city he had happened to see a radio set advertised at $150, and as he only had about that amount of cash in his pocket, he thought he would like to take a radio set back with him.
The Customer's Satisfaction Comes First
By selling him a quality set at the regular price, the salesman made sure he would be satisfied when he got home with it. He must have been, for he made his payments as he had agreed to.
The two examples quoted illustrate the policy of The Haverford Company, of Chicago. The company sells bicycles, sporting goods, leather goods and radio.
"We were one of the first non-electrical stores in the city, outside of the music installment music houses, to undertake the selling of radio sets on credit," said L. J. Kellner, one of the members of the company.
"At the present time we are selling the biggest bulk of any radio dealer in Chicago because we aim to be just one step ahead of other stores in our merchandising policies. We were convinced that the public could be sold on the basis of confidence in what we had to offer. We have been in business a number of years and have an established reputation. Very well. The man who wanted a radio set wanted one that would give satisfactory service. Our argument was, therefore, that he should buy a set which, from
How The Haverford Company Meets Cheap Competition with Quality Merchandise
"The man who wants a radio set wants one that will give satisfactory service. Our argument was, therefore, that he should buy a set which, from the start, will give him just what he wants instead of allowing him to experiment with something cheaper. We were willing to accept as first payment on a good set just what he was ready to pay for a cheap set."
the start, would give him just what he wanted, instead of experimenting with something cheaper. We were willing to accept as first payment just what he was ready to pay for a cheaper set. The average person couldn't lay out the total cost of a good set; but being made familiar with the installment plan in other fields, we felt that he would be ready to accept it in the radio field. Results indicate that our reasoning was correct.
**Policy of Selling Sets vs. Parts**
"We believe in advertising, and use it in connection with radio. Inducements change—the public mind shifts its favor—and good advertising must always be in touch with the shifting of the public fancy. When the installment plan was an inducement which the public sought, we used it in our advertising and still use it. But our inducements change as public interest changes.
"We sell only sets. Now, the good set can be bought anywhere, for the same price as we sell it. That's an additional reason for good merchandising and for advertising—to keep before the public our reputation, our location, and the inducements we offer. We have, as you see, a number of different sets hooked up so that we can demonstrate them. The prospect is able to form his own opinion of each set—is able to picture just how it will minister to his entertainment at home.
"Why do we sell sets only? Well, our viewpoint on that matter is this: Parts must be sold on an intensely competitive basis, with all of the dangers that go along with such a basis. If you are selling parts only, your appeal can only be on a price basis. You are far too much influenced by what competitors are doing. You must be, in order to maintain a volume of sales.
**Service Important to Success**
"As I said before, in selling sets we feel that we are offering exactly what the prospect really wants, although the matter of price makes him feel that he cannot afford the set which will give him complete satisfaction. Our credit plan overcomes that objection in his mind, and our reputation, our convenient location and our merchandising policies become the basis upon which he buys.
"Service is absolutely necessary of course. We keep two men on service work all the time. But we do not stress that fact too much in our selling, so that when service is needed, and we render it promptly, it has a greater effect in making a favorable impression.
"Another important factor in our success is the fact that we believe in keeping a human being at the head of our adjustment department. We don't believe in running things strictly by the
book, and if our adjustment man does something in straightening out a claim which is, perhaps, a bit over-generous and not in accordance with the strictest rules of business, we do not make a fuss over it. The important thing is to keep the customer satisfied. If he does that, we consider that he is conserving the best interests of the business.
**Gives Personal Attention to Selling**
"I have a strong personal belief in the human touch in the selling organization. I know of places where there seems to be a feeling among the members of the firm that they must keep aloof—where they don't tell their sales people very much about their plans. I don't believe in that. I keep in close touch on the floor here and if there's anything I have that can contribute to a salesman's greater efficiency and success, I'm glad to pass it on to him. I'm not afraid that some day he will be the boss. More power to him."
The Haverford Cycle Company store is located on a street used largely by people going to and from the wholesale district, and to and from what is at present Chicago's largest railroad terminal. The store front is a double one, with an entrance in the center, and the store itself is of double width. In the center of the floor is a platform slightly raised, on which stand the various radio sets, ready for instant demonstration. Everything is conveniently arranged so that the customer may examine each set thoroughly and a courteous salesman is at hand to explain and demonstrate.
For many years the Haverford Cycle Company has been a distribution center for bicycles and leather goods, and in adding a radio department they have demonstrated the value of intensification of sales effort.
**Radio Increased Store Volume 100%**
"Since installing the radio department," said Mr. Kellner, in answer to a question on this subject, "we have increased our volume of business by 100%. Our overhead, on the other hand, increased only 20%.
"It is possible to secure a turnover once a day in the radio field. We are doing it. At times we are booked up three days in advance. We concentrate on 3 standard makes of sets."
Your interviewer, during the course of his visit to the store, had a glimpse of a policy which Mr. Kellner did not refer to himself. A man came in to ask for information. Something had gone wrong with his set and he wanted to check himself up before going ahead with what he proposed to do. Mr. Kellner told him that what he planned to do would be very expensive, and suggested an alternative. That kind of candid and sincere treatment of customers builds and maintains friends.
Radio is one of the greatest builders of store traffic that any dealer can install. The very nature of the commodity takes it out of the class of ordinary inert merchandise and lifts it to the plane of an entertainment feature for customers—something that appeals to taste and sentiment. But unlike ordinary methods of providing entertainment it is saleable—extremely so.
The important thing in selling radio, however, is to keep merchandise in very close step with local demand.
Saturday Crowns a Perfect Week for Nancy Jane
Her Summary of Electrical Benefits Shows Time, Work and Money Saved
(Continued from June)
WITH Saturday's dawning came the last day of Nancy Jane's record-keeping week so confidently inaugurated on Monday morning. The work-schedules made up for each day brought increased confidence in the value of every appliance. Nancy confirmed by practical experience her dealer's story that Electricity is an able ally and a friend in every home. It proved itself true to her.
A thoughtful little housekeeper it was who went about the miscellaneous Saturday tasks. As the day's plans worked out she realized that here at last was direct proof of her old-time argument that the value of household tools must not be judged by a time-saving rule alone. You see, Nancy always believed undue emphasis is placed on that point by everybody concerned and too little attention paid to other savings equally important. Only a slight saving could be noticed in the time required for baking or cleaning and the other pre-Sunday duties, but words could not measure the difference in her feelings toward her day's work.
After all just what had Electricity and electrical tools meant to her? She decided to tabulate her opinions, and on the next page following will be found the results.
## Saturday's Time-Table and the Summary for "Electrical Week"
| Time of Day | SATURDAY WITH ELECTRICITY | THE WEEK'S SUMMARY OF ELECTRICAL ADVANTAGES |
|-------------|---------------------------|--------------------------------------------|
| 7 to 8 | Breakfast becomes a routine affair with percolator and toaster always on the job. Children stack the dishes in electric dishwasher. | Saturday's tasks vary little in time or sequence even when electricity helps. But— |
| | | Electricity's value on Saturday shows up in convenience and pleasure. |
| 8 to 9 | Nancy accompanies John to the grocery store. Selects groceries personally—a wise woman. Home—refreshed by walk. | Electricity adds new interest to every routine task. |
| | | The electric egg beater will also mix cakes and batters. |
| 9 to 10 | Cleans pantry and refrigerator. Dusts floors with oil mop. | The electric iron saves many cleaning bills. |
| 10 to 11 | Bakes cakes and other Sunday delicacies. | The electric dishwasher saves time and roughened hands. |
| 11 to 12 | Makes mayonnaise with electric beater. Presses clothes for Sunday (electric iron again). Removes from linens stains made at Friday's party. Dries them with electric fan. | The electric fan and vibrator change a dreaded task into a happy event. |
| 12 to 1 | Luncheon. Morning and noon dishes washed together. Cleans vegetables for Sunday's dinner. | Many quiet hours with the children are due to electric servants. |
| 1 to 2 | "Tidies up" rooms upstairs. Washes two rebellious children's heads. Electric hair drier makes this a quick and jolly task. | Children welcome lessons in the everyday arts and sciences when the lessons are "electrified" with a new and thrilling interest. |
| 2 to 3 | Rest for all three—and quiet talks together. Dresses for afternoon. | Electrical shops offer many examples of the "wonders of science" made beautiful and interesting. |
| 3 to 4 | Downtown shopping for children. Looks at new lamps—her lighting fixtures are still inadequate. | Beforehand worry about supper preparations gives way to delighted interest. |
| 4 to 5 | Walks with children through electrical shop—a new interest and vision for all. | The pleasurable satisfaction of remaining seated throughout the meal. |
| 5 to 6 | Calls for John at his office. All four go home together. A radio concert at home. | Joy in real family cooperation. |
| 6 to 7 | Waffles on the electric waffle-iron for supper—a simple meal, but what a treat. Hot chocolate prepared on the grill and broiled bacon—um! | A growing feeling of dignity and pride in one's work as each week brings its improvements in home management. |
| 7 to 8 | Children and the electric dishwasher make short work of supper dishes. Mother and daddy dress for their "night out." | |
Now for the Crucial Test!
Time Saved. Had she actually saved any time, or not? Yes, at least 16 hours during the six days—an average of nearly 3 hours each day. For example, each week the ironer saved her 2 hours out of every 3 in ironing time, and the electric washer had cut wash hours in two.
Work. Was there any saving in work? How could she estimate the amount of muscular work that had been saved, except by her different feelings at the end of the day? Fatigue acts as a poison to the body, as surely as carbolic acid, and Nancy Jane had seen cleaning days in the past when she had almost wished she could find a quick way out of her misery. Now the electric cooker to prepare a heartening meal
(Continued on page 86)
Sixth and Final Poster in Nancy Jane Window Service
"Electrical Saturday" Now Ready for Dealers' Windows
WITH this month's number of ELECTRICAL RETAILING there goes out to every dealer who subscribed for the Nancy Jane Poster Service, the sixth and final poster in the series—that for "Electrical Saturday."
The subject matter for the sixth poster is presented on page 31, entitled "Saturday's Time-Table and the Summary for 'Electrical Week'." Dealers who were fortunate enough to subscribe for this service will now be enabled to display the concluding poster in their windows and complete the service promised to their customers when the first announcement was made in our February number.
Nancy Jane has been a success. As she makes her departing bow in these pages she leaves behind her a record that will continue to inspire sales of electrical appliances for months to come. Many dealers are preserving the Nancy Jane posters as a permanent display behind their counters. There is no better way to convert housekeepers to "Electrical Homemaking."
The "Home Electrical" for July, with its beautiful "Fan" cover, accompanies ELECTRICAL RETAILING this month. Additional quantities may be purchased at prices quoted below:
| Quantity | Price per Copy |
|-------------------|----------------|
| Less than 1,000 | 4 cts. |
| In lots of 1,000 | 3½ cts. |
| In lots of 5,000 | 3 cts. |
| In lots of 10,000 | 2½ cts. |
| In lots of 20,000 | 2 cts. |
These prices include mailing envelopes, Send in your order f. o. b., New York today.
Use "The Home Electrical" with the sixth Nancy Jane poster. Together, they constitute a sales-compelling advertising campaign for every dealer's store.
A Great Summer Market for Radio
No hospital or sickroom today is complete without a radio outfit—to bring the cheer of the outside world to the weary bedsides of those shut indoors. Hospital committees are buying radio sets, well-to-do patronesses are donating outfits, and patients’ own families are providing portable units. For sick rooms and wards, individual headphones serve best—since any patient who needs sleep or should not be disturbed, can have his headphones disconnected at will. For children’s wards, loud speakers give joy wholesale.
In hospitals, institutions, sickrooms, and invalids’ homes there is today a great market—and a great humane service—awaiting every dealer who sells radio.
The summer market for radio is limited only by the dealer’s enterprise. No matter where you live there are summer camps and vacation homes where children, school teachers, boy scouts, camp fire girls, military camps and other organizations are eagerly awaiting your coming to hook them up to the air for world news and entertainment.
Watch your local paper and follow your prospects!
Two Good Points to Remember
Some Customers Like to Buy This Way
IT'S a wise salesman who knows how to adjust himself to his customer's buying mood.
When a woman dashes into a store to buy a particular article, it is well to remember that she came in with one thing on her mind. It may be the purchase of an article involving no more than 25 or 30 cents. For the moment, the procuring of that article may be the one important thing in her housekeeping life that day.
So be as concerned about it as she is. Don't take her mind off the subject until the transaction is completed, even if in the end you have to tell her that you haven't got what she wants. Let her talk herself out. Then tactfully suggest something else. A good way to break up her rush to finish and be off is to make a little ceremony of recording the order. Taking great pains over a small purchase sometimes will make a hurried customer pause and try to think of other things she wants in order to make up a worth-while purchase. Her mood is a "utility" mood, her mind is apt to be concerned with things she needs, so let your suggestions be along that line—incandescent lamps, fuses, sockets, cords. Name over your electrical supplies as you write up her order.
In this way you will probably remind her of some things she had intended to buy elsewhere—things she does not know you handle.
When Selling Electrical Goods
But Others Prefer to Buy Like This
THEN there is the leisurely customer, who drops in to "look around." The things that attract her now, she does not see when she is in a hurry. Or, when first coming into the store, absorbed in the quest for a particular thing, she is blind to all else. But, after her errand is accomplished, and on her way out, her mood may suddenly change. Her mind, discharged of its responsibility, is open for suggestions.
Plan at least one table display near the front of the store made up of carefully chosen articles, such as an electric waffle-iron, a chafing dish, two or three percolators in different sizes and a few electric toilet accessories. Price tags and descriptive cards will intrigue the customer's interest. An excellent idea is to group the articles together under a placard announcing "Special Sale", or "Goods Recently Received."
It is important to remember that electrical devices are new to many people, especially women. They may be familiar with electric irons, percolators and fans, but there are devices they may never have seen—radiant heaters, electric grids, immersion heaters, kitchen mixing and grinding units, a sewing machine motor, heating pads and the like.
Women love to discover new things for themselves. Giving them an opportunity to browse around at their leisure results in frequent sales, especially if the labels on the articles are explanatory and suggestive.
We want Your Friendship too—
THERE is more to business than just the making and selling of a good product. To us, the biggest part of business is the making of friends—and holding them. In our belief it is the one way to permanent growth.
Skillful hands may build—good salesmanship may sell—but, unless there are hearts and the heart-interest of an organization back of it all, there can be no progress.
The desire to make lasting friends for Horton has actuated our men in the factory to more careful, conscientious craftsmanship. It is why HORTON Washers and Ironers are built well—to give years and years of faithful service.
Likewise, this spirit of friendly co-operation is in evidence among Horton dealers, jobbers and distributors. The letter from E. M. Fay on the opposite page reflects in a tangible way the results of "Horton spirit."
We want your friendship too—that we may demonstrate to you as we have to Mr. Fay and his organization that the Horton spirit builds something beyond an ordinary business relationship, and, phenomenal as it may seem almost automatically creates substantial business increases.
We hope to be permitted to discuss a friendly relationship with you—will you please write to us?
HORTON MANUFACTURING CO.
1114 Fry Street
Fort Wayne, Ind.
ELECTRIC WASHERS
Pioneers for 50 Years
Horton
AND IRONERS
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
THE HORTON LINE
Horton (3 Cup) Suction Washer No. 40
Retail price, $100.00 with copper tub; $105.00 with white vitreous enamel tub.
Horton Ironer from 30-Inch Roll
Retail price, $125.00 [45 cents heard]; $175.00 [eventually heard].
Horton Ironer
Retail price, 6-8 in $10.00 and 8-in $15.00 [45 cents heard]; 40-in $20.00 [eventually heard].
Horton Washer No. 33
The most popular electric or dolly type electric washer. Retail price $89.50.
The Famous Horton No. 32
Over 75,000 sold. In greater demand today than ever before. Retail price, $90.00.
Horton Power Washer No. 31
Similar to No. 32 without electric motor. Operated by hand or by gasoline or farm motor. Retail price, $47.50.
Horton Miracle Washer No. 22
The highest grade and operated washers on the market. $35.00.
Peeleless Water Power Washer No. 10
Requires only 24 lbs pressure. Trouble-proof—really does the work. Retail price, $25.00.
Horton Vacuum Washer No. 15
A vacuum type and power machine for the farm or home. Much less priced higher priced machines. Retail price, $30.00.
All above models slightly higher on extreme east and west.
ELECTRIC WASHERS
Pioneers for 50 Years
Horton AND IRONERS
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
TOLEDO
LIGHTING FITMENTS
Riddle-made
A highly competitive line with real merchandising features
Toledo Lighting Fitments open up a great field for the progressive dealer in residential lighting equipment. They have the prestige of the Riddle name and inherent worth at moderate prices that offer many sales opportunities in the field of moderate priced lighting equipment. Riddle production, by now much the largest in the residential lighting field, makes possible manufacturing economies that result in exceptional values.
Toledo Lighting Fitments are distributed through the jobbing trade, wired complete, individually cartoned, and stamped Riddle-Made. Full margin to dealers. Catalogue and name of nearest jobber upon request.
The Toledo Lighting Equipment Co.
No. 27 Broadway Toledo, Ohio
TOLEDO LIGHTING FITMENTS
Riddle-made
Plenty of Sales Punch in This Display
For a window display that combines beauty and selling power to an unusual degree, the one pictured above will give your August sales a powerful start. This is the third window designed by Mr. Johnson and described in his article on the opposite page.
Hair driers and curling irons are featured in this attractive trim, set off with a few beautiful table lamps, and ornamented with crepe paper decorations of flowers and butterflies.
Study the picture before reading Mr. Johnson's article.
A Sales-Making Idea for Your August Window
Curling Irons and Hair Driers Sell During the Bathing Season
By Robert O. Johnson
UNLESS a window display is attractive enough to make people want to look at it, it is of small value to the dealer. Next, after being attractive, it must be sales-provoking. If a window is merely beautiful and does not lead to sales, it is a failure from a merchandising point of view.
By beautiful, I mean a window must charm the eye. The eye delights in order and harmony. But order and harmony do not necessarily make sales. Sales result from the nature of the merchandise displayed and the facilities offered for making purchases. Timeliness and price are important considerations.
A successful window display is generally one which combines beauty and sales value in right proportion. Too much merchandise, too many price cards and signs, are as fatal to success in window trimming as too much zeal would be on the part of a salesman. Balance is the thing to keep in mind—balance and the customer.
Appealing to Women in August
To promote sales of electric appliances during August, I suggest a window display featuring curling irons and hair driers, supplemented with electric lamps for beauty of light and contrast. August is a season when curling irons and hair driers are in constant requisition on the part of womankind owing to warm weather, vacation activities, motoring, boating and bathing. These toilet accessories touch a vital point of interest with every woman at this season. Bringing her into the store for these articles will afford the dealer an opportunity to show her the electrical things that promote comfort, convenience and diversion in summer—fans, a traveling iron, flashlights, radio, and the like.
Among the well-known firms whose windows Mr. Johnson has charge of, are the Commonwealth Edison Company, the Central Electric Co., the Edison Electric Appliance Co., Alexander H. Revell & Co., of Chicago, and the Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois. He has eight men in his organization and is responsible for the care of 265 windows.—The Editor.
THIS is the third article in Mr. Johnson's series on "Sales - Compelling Window Displays for Retailers of Electrical Goods." The display described can be used in a window of any size. It can be set up in an hour and the total cost of the decorations amounts to but $1.25.
Before reading further, study the photograph on page 40. You may think, at first glance, it is
Figure 1. After you have arranged the crepe paper against the background, cover the floor. When the boxes have been covered, place them as shown.
too elaborate for your window, or too complicated for you to set up. Yet all you need to trim this window are 9 packages of crepe paper, 6 empty boxes, 2 signs, 10 or 12 price cards and the merchandise shown. It took me about an hour and three quarters to plan and set up this display. If the dealer will cover the boxes in advance and let one of his clerks cut out the butterflies in spare time, he could trim this window complete in a little more than an hour.
The Amount of Stock Required
The merchandise needed consists of 2 bridge lamps at $8 or $10 apiece; a table lamp (center) at $6 or $8; 3 small boudoir lamps which would range in price from $5 to $10 apiece; 1 hair drier, nickel finish, about $18.50; another hair drier, in white enamel, at $25; 2 "Flapper" curling irons and 4 curling irons with comb attachment, all at about $7.50 each. The wholesale value of the appliances would amount to about $90. As this display is not to be set up until the first day of August, you will have plenty of time between the date when this article appears and August 1st to order all the merchandise needed, if you do not happen to have the goods in stock.
Six boxes are required. These, as previously explained, may be empty wooden boxes or cardboard containers. Shipping cartons will do. If you still have the boxes used in the "wedding gift" and "fan" windows, use them in the present window. Refer to Figure 1 for the sizes of these boxes. Each one is marked in inches. There is a large center box about 25 by 12 by 7 inches; 2 long boxes, about 30 by 5 by 7 inches; 2 flat boxes, about 11 by 9 by 4 inches; and 1 small box about 8 by 9 by 5 inches. These sizes need not be exact. Any boxes you have of about these sizes will answer.
The color scheme for the August window is white and lavender. Buy 3 packages of Dennison's white crepe paper, 4 packages of lavender, and 2 packages of decorative butterfly crepe border paper. The white and lavender paper comes in packages 20 inches wide and 10 feet long, at 15 cents each—$1.05 for 7 packages. The butterfly paper comes in packages 5 inches wide and 10 feet long, at 10 cents each—20 cents for 2 packages. Total cost of crepe paper, $1.25. It can be secured at any local stationery or department store, or direct from the Dennison Mfg. Co., Framingham, Mass.
Trim the Background First
Cover all 6 boxes with white crepe paper. The boxes used in the "fan" window were white also. They should be recovered to make them look fresh and clean.
Begin trimming the window by first decorating the background or back wall.
Take one package of lavender paper and divide it equally into two pieces, each 5 feet long and 20 inches wide. Hang one piece at the left side of the background, gathering one end together at the top so the 5 foot length will just reach to the floor. Fasten it at the floor full width of paper. This will give the "drape" effect shown in the photograph. Also see "A" and "B" in Figure 1. Hang the other 5-foot strip of lavender paper on the right side of the background in the same manner.
Place another piece of lavender, full 20 inches wide, across the background from extreme left to extreme right. This will take almost all of the second package of lavender. Before pinning this piece in position, cut a strip 1 inch wide and 8 feet long off one edge. Ruffle both edges of this narrow strip and pin it in position, twisting it as you do so, across the background near the upper edge of the wide lavender strip. See "C" on Figure 1.
One edge of the wide strip, the upper, should be close to the top of the background or within a few inches of it. The lower edge would run across the center, or slightly above it. See letter "D" on Figure 1. The right and left ends, "E" and "F" should be tucked under the "drapes" A. and B. Fasten all the crepe paper against the background with pins.
After the background is trimmed and before the boxes are placed in the window, cover the floor with two 8-foot lengths of lavender paper. Lay one length across the back and the other length across the front, allowing the front piece to lap over the back piece. Ruffle the edge along
Figure 2. Refer to this floor plan when arranging the lamps and boxes. It will help you locate the electrical things in their correct positions.
the back of the window and the edge along the front near the glass. (Ruffling is done by stretching the edges.) Before finally laying the floor paper, cut 3 strips from the long edge, each strip to be about $1\frac{1}{2}$ inches wide and 10 feet long. These strips will be used as streamers ("G", "H", and "I") after the boxes are placed in position.
**Placing the Boxes**
Now you are ready to place the boxes in the window. Refer to Figure 2, the floor plan. The large center box is to go exactly in the center of the floor space, the back edge about 8 inches from the background. Lay the two long boxes, one on each side of the center box, diagonally, so they will each be about 5 inches from the center box and about 8 inches from the background. This will bring the other ends of the long boxes close to the sides of the window and somewhat near the front.
The two flat boxes are to be placed on the ends of the two long boxes. That is, each flat box stands on each long box at the end nearest to the big center box. The small box should be placed on the large center box. Do not put it exactly in the center, but slightly to the left of center and toward the back. Place it straight, not diagonal.
The streamers, of which there are 9, marked "G", "H" and "I" (one is directly behind the table lamp in the center) are to be made as follows:
Take the 3 long strips of lavender, $1\frac{1}{2}$ inches wide, cut from the floor pieces, and make 3 strips, 30 inches long, for the streamers marked "H" in Figure 1. Ruffle both edges. Pin one end of each strip on the background at the lower edge of the wide lavender piece. Put up the center one first, fastening it with a pin directly in the center, back of where the table lamp is to stand. Place the other 2 strips on each side of the center one, about 6 or 8 inches from it. Twist each strip 6 or 7 times and pin the lower ends to the large center box at the back edge, running each strip straight down, one in the center and one on each side.
**All Decorations Made of Crepe Paper**
Now cut 6 strips of the $1\frac{1}{2}$ inch pieces, each about 36 inches long. Pin 3 of them to the background at the left side (these are marked "G" on Figure 1) 6 or 8 inches apart. Ruffle both edges, twist the streamers once or twice and pin the three lower ends in a bunch to the left front corner of the large box. Do the same with the 3 streamers marked "I," fastening the lower ends to the right front corner of the box. Put a cut-out butterfly on each pin at the box corners, and one on each of the 9 pins on the background.
Take what is left of the $1\frac{1}{2}$ inch strips and run them around the upper sides of the two long boxes forming a border. Also put a piece around the right hand side of the small box under the center lamp.
One package of butterfly pa-
(Cont'd on p. 50)
A Newspaper Ad Will Help Your August Window
How to Lay Out an Ad on Hair Curlers and Driers
THE advertisement which appears below is a suggestion to dealers who are using the window display service described by Mr. Johnson in the preceding article.
The best way to make sure that your window display on hair curlers and driers will be brought to the attention of the people who live in your community, is to run an advertisement in your local newspaper featuring these articles and inviting readers to come and see your display.
The size of the ad illustrated is single-column wide by 5 inches long. It can be larger than this if you wish. First, make a rough layout in pencil of the size of the space, indicating the position of the cut or cuts. If you have no suitable cuts on hand, write at once to your jobber or manufacturer and ask them to send you one or two for use in a single column newspaper ad. They have them, and will be glad to send them to you.
It is suggested that this ad be run on the day your window display is put in your window, or as close to that day as possible. This should be the first of August.
Perhaps you will want to use an advertisement exactly like the one shown here. In that case, all you need do is cut out the illustration, or show it to the advertising man of your newspaper, ask him to copy it as closely as possible, putting in your name and address in place of "Hart's Drug Store, 41 Main Street." The border of the ad is one which most newspaper offices would have, or if they do not have the arrows, plain rule will do.
It is a good plan to select one each of your hair driers and curlers of a popular style and price, and feature these in the advertisement. The prices have been left blank in the copy above.
SPEAR & COMPANY is an old established furniture store located in New York City. It handles quality merchandise on credit. Last November the company put in a complete house furnishing and electric appliance department.
The electrical goods proved to be a profit-making line. Besides, it has drawn new customers to the store. When a customer comes in to buy an electrical appliance, she invariably buys other things—furniture and house furnishings. Should she come to buy furniture, she invariably buys something electrical also. The electrical department has proved a money maker for itself and for other merchandise.
Spear & Company handles electrical goods as quality merchandise. They make it easy for their customers to buy—credit. It costs the company a certain
amount of money to get a customer into the store. The electrical goods enable them to increase the amount of the average per customer sale—extra profit without extra cost.
Miss Abrams is the manager of the new department. She has had a long and successful experience in similar work with leading department stores. She said:
"Our selling methods are different from those of the department store. People go to department stores to shop. Every day crowds of people wander up and down the aisles with no definite buying aim. They walk in to 'have a look.' Five and ten cent stores, which are miniature department stores, and 'general stores' in small towns, are also patronized by 'shoppers.'
Store Uses Quality Appeal
The house furnishing department in a department store must attract the attention of the shopping crowd and get sales by means of specials, chiefly cut prices on well-known lines. Whereas, here we find it pays to feature quality rather than price.
"People come in here to buy rather than to shop. They often come in to buy some small item but before they go out we have sold them a worth-while order.
We can do this because we make it easy for our customers to buy.
"All the merchandise in this department is handled like the other departments in the store. It can all be bought on the time payment plan, and with no additional charge for carrying the account. Not only electric washers, cleaners, dishwashers and irons, but table and heating appliances can be bought on payments and at the cash price. And our cash price is the known, advertised cash price set by the manufacturer.
"It is the finest kind of an advertisement for this department and for Spear & Company, when a shopper has priced an article in a cash store and finds it here at the same price with the convenience of time payments.
"Electrical table appliances that are displayed just inside the street entrance are a big feature of the store. Comparative sales records show that two display tables of electrical table appliances produce a greater volume of sales in dollars and cents than any four tables of non-electrical merchandise. For instance, we sell as many electric percolators as we do percolators for gas stoves, and the electric percolators make an average sale of nearly ten dollars against less..."
than three dollars for the ordinary percolator."
Higher Priced Electrical Goods Sell Best
Only standard advertised makes are carried and there is an unusually large assortment of the high-priced items—large waffle irons, table stoves and "style" items, such as percolator sets.
"We do a big business on these more expensive goods," explained Miss Abrams; "as a woman fitting up her new home buys these electrical appliances for decoration as well as for use. An even more important factor is that when people buy on time they buy with less regard for the price and more regard for the appearance and quality of the merchandise."
Down one side of the store runs a series of enclosed display rooms completely equipped as a model kitchen with kitchen cabinets, ranges, electric dishwashers, etc., and a model laundry, which is entirely electric, with washer, clothes drier and ironer. A third room displays sewing machines, both foot-power and electric, and also electric sewing machine motors. This room is carpeted and can be used for demonstrating the electric vacuum cleaner. Over the door leading to the house furnishing department from the main furniture display room is a sign reading "Spears' Exhibit of Tested and Approved Home Appliances." Get that word "exhibit." When a salesman has sold an outfit of furniture he says to his customer, "Now before you go, you must see our interesting kitchen and home appliance exhibit."
The customer cannot help but be interested and after a thorough demonstration the salesman suggests that he send the washer, or cleaner, or ironer, to her home and just add the charge to her account. This method is producing results as is shown by the fact that two vacuum cleaners a day and three washers a week are the average. And these are all store sales. No outside salesmen are employed.
Street Floor Location Produces $2,000 a Week
"The furniture and carpet departments bring a great many sales in to us," said Miss Abrams; "and not only for cleaners and washers but for other appliances as well. Moreover, our electrical and house furnishing department is building a clientele of its own and opening accounts and making customers for the other departments. The separate entrance and our own show windows emphasize that. We figure that these windows and this street floor location, instead of the usual basement, are alone worth $2,000 a week in sales."
Two highly successful "dollar day" sales have been put on which were well advertised and which brought a great many people into the store. There were no cut prices but specials bought for the sale, which were striking values at a dollar. Also the offer to sell any electrical heating or table appliance for one dollar down made a great many sales. The interesting thing about these sales is that the average sale made to customers drawn to the store by dollar specials amounted to six dollars.
It should always be remembered that electrical appliances, made by reputable manufacturers, are "quality" merchandise, and if well displayed, invariably attract the finest class of store trade and create business for themselves and other lines.
Dealers Profit From "Home Electrical" Exhibits
If Your Town Puts On One Boost It for All It's Worth
EVERY store that has an electrical department has something to gain from a "Home Electrical" exhibit. Should a movement of this kind start in your town, take a hand in it, get behind it and use all your influence to put it over. Sometimes the local light and power company starts it, sometimes the local real estate board; but whoever initiates it, every dealer who has electrical merchandise to sell should lend a stalwart shoulder to make it a success.
Alex Schreiber, general contractor of San Diego, California, who was responsible for the latest "Home Electrical" exhibit held in that city, said:
"Whitney & Company is the name of a department store in this town—a 5-10-25 cent store—which used to have a small counter of electrical supplies. Mr. Whitney told me that after our last 'Home Electrical' display, he had to enlarge the space in his store allotted to electrical goods. This increased demand he attributed to the local exhibit, and added that it had enabled him to sell out a large stock of electrical merchandise."
Mr. Schreiber is chairman of the local committee that will
undertake the staging of another "Home Electrical" exhibit in San Diego this fall.
How "Electrical Home" Exhibit Helps Dealers With Electrical Lines
"While it is often hard to see any tangible results right at the very start," said Mr. Shreiber, "the results derived from the latest 'Home' have shown themselves without question. We did not at once sell the last 'Home Electrical' but lived in it ourselves. Recently we sold to a woman who at the time of purchase declared that she did not want electric heating. She asked me to remove the electric radiators. As I was busy I did not have time to do it for a week or so. When I went back to take out the radiators she was so completely satisfied with the heat from them that she gave me a check right away and kept the radiators.
"The homes that I have built since have all benefited from the last 'Home Electrical.' People ask for more convenience outlets and the local dealers report to me increased sales of electrical equipment, such as two-way sockets, and other accessories, showing that many people are trying to get the convenience of outlets from present installations. In the 'Home Electrical' just referred to, the woman who bought the place was not satisfied with the number of outlets we had put in it. And we thought that we had put in plenty. Shortly after she bought it, she had a number of additional outlets put in."
A Sales Making Idea for Your August Window
(Continued from page 44)
per, 5 inches wide, is to be used for a border around all the boxes except the very small one. Ruffle both edges. This border need not go completely around the boxes—only the sides and front. In the case of the 2 flat boxes the butterfly border should be attached from top to bottom.
Cut Out the Butterflies in Spare Time
Cut out about 30 butterflies in different sizes and pin them in various places on the background, on the lamp shades, on the drapes, and so forth. Crease the butterflies through the center so the wings will stand up.
Have your sign-painter make 2 large cards, one about 11 by 15 inches, reading "The Curling Iron for Marcel Waves. Fluffy Curls on Bobbed Heads. Very Convenient when Traveling;" and the other about 14 by 12 inches, reading, "Let us demonstrate to you how many purposes 'The Electric Drier' can be put to, other than drying hair." Provide 12 or 14 small price cards, about 5 by 3 inches in size, and place them near the articles with the prices lettered in large type.
Set the 2 bridge lamps in position on the floor behind each of the long boxes. Then place the center table lamp, the 3 boudoir lamps, and finally the hair driers and curling irons. The exact location of each piece is shown in the two diagrams, Figures 1 and 2.
The fourth article in Mr. Johnson's series will appear in the August number. It will give you complete instructions for making an attractive window display for September.
Bayberry Candles
Grandmother gathered them down on the shore,
Bayberries grew there almost to the door,
Moulded their wax into candles gray-green,
Lovely enough for the home of a queen.
Grandmother sewed and read psalms by their light,
Dreaming her dreams by the hearth-fire at night;
Now electricity lends its bright glow,
While grandma tunes in on the new radio.
—Gertrude Louis Small,
The (N. Y.) Sun.
A philosopher writing in the Canby, Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota News, says:
"Permanent waves are
Desired by the fair—
Men are contented
With permanent hair."
I'm always glad when Mother leaves
A little lamp at night
To burn beside my bed, because
It's such a friendly light.
I'm not perzactly 'fraid of course,
But still I like to see
How, when the Dark is chased away
My nightlamp winks at me.
—Edison Monthly.
Not Electric Waffles
He bought the cheapest groceries and thought it didn't matter.
His patient better half, not a protest did she utter:
But she fed him tainted waffles, and the effervescing batter
Made him bitter, and he beater her,
but he bought her better butter.
—The Viewpoint.
Speaking of a light diet, a scientist now claims that people can be kept alive a long time with electricity.—Follyology.
Agent—"When are you going to pay for that washing-machine I sold you?"
Mrs. Deerie—"Pay for it! Why, you said that in a short time it would pay for itself."
Blessings on thee little fan,
Pare blades whirling fast as can,
With thy merry whistling tune,
We'll be cool now pretty soon.
—(not) by Whittier.
Professor—"What is ordinarily used as a conductor of electricity?"
Senior—"Why, er-er—"
Professor—"Correct. Now tell me what is the unit of electric power?"
Senior—"The what, sir?"
Professor—"That will do; very good."
—Augwan.
"Don't you be turnin' at current on when they ain't no bulb t' ketch it. Fust thing you know you's gwine spill all de 'lectricity out on de floh an' maybe 'lectercute yohsef."
—Life.
Service—An Opportunity
BECAUSE electrical appliances require "service" is a reason why the non-electrical merchant should plan to handle them intelligently as well as a reason why they are a desirable line to handle. Phonographs, cameras and safety razors are profitable because buyers require records, films and blades.
Dealers who plan to supply "service" with their electrical items will hold customers and make them better customers. The "service" is a link that keeps customers coming. Don't be afraid of it. Cash in on it.
Live Stuff
Don't think of your store as just "a store." Think of it as a collection of stores. Each department is a little store by itself and if a department doesn't pay, it is a drag on the rest. Keep records on each department separately. Sometimes one or two departments support all the others.
Set a value on each part of your store and don't put a "dead" or losing department in a "live" part of the store.
The "Electrical Department" is a "live" department in more senses than one and it needs a "live" location where people can see it. If you haven't segregated your electrical goods into a separate department, do it at once.
Give It A Chance
Another reason why merchants who sell electrical goods should have a separate electrical department is that "departmentizing" is rapidly becoming an economic necessity.
The advantages of dividing a store into departments are: (a) It makes shopping easier for customers; (b) it insures a larger number of buyers, which makes for a larger sales volume; (c) it simplifies stock taking and selling; (d) it makes a store more orderly in appearance; and (e) it tells the merchant accurately which lines are profitable.
---
**Real "Selling Talk"**
A furniture store in Ohio bought one electric washing machine to put on the sidewalk outside its door as an "attention-getter." The motion and creamy suds caught the eyes of everyone who passed. Today this furniture man is selling a dozen washers a week, out of stock.
Electrical things are wonderful "attention-getters" because they have life and motion. But that isn't why they sell. An electric appliance "operating" in a dealer's store keeps saying to every woman who looks at it: "Take me home and let me work for you like this!" It's the kind of a "selling talk" that means something.
---
**Make 'Em Friendly**
One of the biggest mistakes a non-electrical dealer makes when he puts in electrical appliances to sell is to imagine that he has thereby provoked the ill-will of local dealer-contractors and the electric lighting company.
What he does is invite their good will, for every appliance he sells means more current for the lighting company and additional wiring opportunities for the contractor.
Every dealer who sells electrical appliances should seek at once the acquaintance of the other electrical men in his town. He will be surprised to find how friendly they are and eager to help and cooperate with him.
The "Silent Salesmen" on Your Counters
Containers and easels designed for counter use are real "silent salesmen." One type of display container carries the articles packed ready for delivery and plainly priced. The customer virtually sells himself. The counter easel presents the goods in a way to appeal to the customer through the senses of sight and touch, both of which are important elements in the process of selling. Pleasing colors, concise, convincing type matter, and tasteful arrangement are the qualities which make such helps worth while. The liberal plan by which these helps are furnished, permits of frequent changes of counter display.
Making Sales in Hot Weather—Electrically
(Continued from page 18)
how the checking system is handled.
The Public Service Company of Boulder desired to create interest in electrical appliances by showing how such appliances save time for the modern family and permit people to enjoy some of the good things of life. The show window of the store was accordingly filled with a number of electric appliances. Then, to visualize the "good things of life" some three dozen books, obligingly loaned by a nearby bookstore were placed about the window. Two window cards read:
"Time is the thing of which life is made. Do not waste it in useless drudgery."
"Keep up with the world. These labor-savers give you time to read the books you should."
Open Books Always Attract
The books were scattered about. Some were flat with the title side up. Others were partly open, standing on the opened end, the back up.
The books were a miscellaneous collection. Shortly after they were put in, someone remarked to Mr. Manring, who had arranged the window, that in one respect the display was lacking —there was no cookbook! So he put in a cookbook. But this was not the change which so radically affected results. That change was to pick out four of the books and place them open, fairly close to the glass. They were near enough so that the passer-by could satisfy a curiosity as to what was on the opened pages.
One of the books so opened, at a page of statistics, was what a growing boy could call "dry"—on the subject of conservation. Another was a book of fiction—opened well to the back, where the author began to lay the final cards on the table. A third was a joke book—instructions to the young bride on how to manage a husband. The fourth was Theodore Roosevelt's letters to his children.
There was an instant increase in the number of people stopped by the display. Before the change 23 per cent of the passing crowd stopped and looked. After the change 34 per cent stopped and looked.
Why Does an Iron Spin?
On another occasion, when the company set up a display of the larger appliances, such as an electric range, a sewing machine, a vacuum cleaner and a few other conveniences used in the kitchen,
(Continued on page 60)
A $400,000 Hoover Business!
Pittsburgh, Pa.—a Hoover "stronghold," with thirty active dealers—is the home of Brown-Dorrance Electric Co., who have sold $398,300 worth of Hoovers since 1916.
This total doesn't include 1924, with a goal of 1500 Hoovers—a volume of practically $100,000—that already shows signs of being achieved!
Hard work and an intelligent plan, supported by the national reputation of The Hoover and a liberal local advertising policy will do the same for you as it is doing for them.
The Hoover Franchise was never more attractive! We'll be glad to tell you about it, on request. No obligation!
THE HOOVER COMPANY, NORTH CANTON, OHIO
The oldest and largest maker of electric cleaners
The Hoover is also made in Canada, at Hamilton, Ontario
The HOOVER
It BEATS...as it Sweeps as it Cleans
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
The Masterpiece of Flashlights!
You Will Agree with Your Customers!
WHEN you show any of the YALE line to your customers, there is not much for you to say—just let them handle this superb Flashlight, feel its perfect balance, sense its wonderful proportions and beauty, and examine it minutely from every angle—you will agree with the customer that it is the Masterpiece of Flashlights.
For the occasional doubting Thomas—it may be necessary to point out one of the eight distinctive new type features, anyone of which, would even sell the "man from Missouri".
WHEN you add the YALE line to your class merchandise, not only will you handle a Quality Product, but you will be dealing with an organization made up of men who have been prominent as leaders in the Flashlight industry ever since its inception—and who have been responsible for nearly every improvement that has ever been brought out in connection with a flashlight.
One of the Eight New Yale Features
THE Contact Box is equipped with a three-way switch and positive locking device. When slide is pushed back it automatically locks and there is no possible way in which an electrical contact is made. If contact button is depressed no light is turned on—slide must be operated by user and brought forward to button before a flash contact can be obtained.
The slide pushed over the button provides a permanent contact—
YALE is the only line of Flashlights equipped with this selective type of contact.
The Plant Behind Yale Flashlights and Batteries
One Square Foot of Counter Space
THAT'S all you need—and the Yale Sales and Display Cabinet—to be fully equipped with a complete Flashlight and Battery Department. This cabinet is one of the most attractive counter displays ever offered to dealers. It will catch the eye of every customer that comes into your store and will immediately stimulate your Flashlight sales.
Yale Mono-Cells are all kept in the upper section and a simple testing device for the batteries is on either side, all in plain view of the customer.
Four roomy stock compartments in the rear of the cabinet insure the merchandise being kept neat and fresh. On the inside of the door are grooves to hold a price list.
The entire line of Flashlights is shown on the two side panels of the cabinet. The front panel is fitted with grooves in which four cards, one each for the seasons of the year, may be inserted.
Send for this Assortment No. 302 E
| Quan. | Catalog No. | Finish | Description | List Price Each | Dealers Price Each | Total N-t |
|-------|-------------|--------|------------------------------|-----------------|--------------------|-----------|
| 2 | 2001 | Fibre | 2 Cell Baby Regular | $1.25 | $0.66 | $1.32 |
| 2 | 2002 | Nickel | 2 Cell Baby Regular | 1.45 | .80 | 1.60 |
| 2 | 2003 | Fibre | 2 Cell Baby Miner | 1.45 | .80 | 1.60 |
| 2 | 2004 | Nickel | 2 Cell Baby Miner | .70 | .93 | 1.86 |
| 2 | 2101 | Fibre | 2 Cell Regular | 1.50 | .83 | 1.66 |
| 2 | 2102 | Nickel | 2 Cell Regular | 1.75 | .96 | 1.92 |
| 2 | 2103 | Fibre | 2 Cell Regular | 1.90 | 1.04 | 2.08 |
| 2 | 3101 | Fibre | 3 Cell Regular | 1.75 | .96 | 1.92 |
| 2 | 3201 | Fibre | 3 Cell Spotlight | 3.00 | 1.65 | 3.30 |
| 2 | 2201 | Fibre | 2 Cell Spotlight | 2.40 | 1.32 | 2.64 |
| 1 | 3402 | Nickel | 3 Cell Triple Duty | 2.40 | 2.48 | 2.48 |
| 1 | 3401 | Fibre | 3 Cell "Three in One" | 4.50 | 2.48 | 2.48 |
| 30 | 101 | YALE | Mono Cells | - | - | 2.48 |
| 60 | 102 | YALE | Mono Cells | - | - | 5.61 |
$32.95
Half cost of Display Case and Battery Display........... 4.50
Total cost.................................................. $37.45
Sells for..................................................... 59.90
Profit.......................................................... $22.45
The Above Order Will Be Shipped Through Local Jobber
TODAY!
82% is your Sales Profit!
FREE
A window display, four attractive display cards for the Cabinet, circulars, price lists, etc., will be supplied. Write
YALE ELECTRIC CORPORATION
BROOKLYN, N.Y.
Chicago San Francisco
Which Costs the Most to Run—An Iron or Washer?
What to Tell the Puzzled Customer When She Asks
ASK a dozen housekeepers, "Which takes more electricity to run, an electric washer or an electric iron?" If none of them have ever used an electric washing machine they will probably answer that of course a large washer uses more electricity to run it than a small iron.
The facts, as most dealers know, are just the reverse, for an electric iron consumes each hour about 1/2 of a unit or "kw-hour" of electrical energy, while the washer takes only from 1/4 to 1/3 kw-hour. But the average layman who has never actually compared the two, naturally concludes that it takes more power to run the big washing machine with its rapidly moving parts, than to operate the small and silent electric iron.
While this is true, it is not always easy to explain to the customer why it is true. And the dealer himself, particularly if he has had no experience with electrical appliances, may not understand why it is true.
Re-stating the question in terms of "power" and "heat" will help to shed some light on the matter.
Why will a given amount of electricity develop so much "power and motion" and yet not produce any more "heat" than that present in an electric iron or electric toaster? Why, for example, will the electricity consumed by a little toaster, be more than enough to run a big electric dish washer?
"It just doesn't seem reasonable," declared a pretty young matron with a modern education, who was inquiring her way into the subject of electric labor-saving appliances for her home.
The Difference Between "Motion" and "Heat"
"But, Mrs. Brown," we remind her, "it is the difference between
'motion' energy and 'heat' energy. You have seen the boy scouts make a fire by rubbing two sticks together, and you know what a lot of rubbing it takes to make a little heat. When you are spinning along at 30 miles an hour in your car, and suddenly put on the brakes, all the 'motion' energy of the speeding car is instantly transformed into 'heat' and warms up your brake drums and brake bands. Yet the heat thus developed is hardly noticeable to you, compared with the former 'motion' energy of your speeding car. This will make it clear to you why it takes so much mechanical motion to be the equivalent of a little heat."
Low Cost of Electric Appliances
Electrical household appliances may be divided into two groups, those which produce "motion" and those which produce "heat."
Those which produce "motion" are motor-driven devices. Most of the electric motor-driven devices used in the home are operated by \( \frac{1}{8} \) to \( \frac{1}{4} \) horsepower motors, and consume per hour from \( \frac{1}{2} \) to \( \frac{1}{2} \) units of electricity (kilowatt-hours, the electric light company calls these units). At the usual rate of 10 cents per unit or kw-hour, the cost of operating these motor driven appliances is as follows; by the hour and by the month:
| Appliance | Cost per hour | Cost per month |
|----------------------------|---------------|----------------|
| Clothes washer | 3 cents | 24 cents |
| Dish washer | 2½ cents | 25 cents |
| Kitchen mixer and heater | 2 cents | 30 cents |
| Vacuum cleaner | ¾ cents | 28 cents |
| Sewing machine | ¾ cents | 6 cents |
| Vibrator | ¾ cents | ............... |
On the other hand, the heating and cooking appliances usually consume about 6-10 of a unit (600 to 660 watts) and the list below gives the cost of operating these by the hour; also the total cost per month:
| Appliance | Rating | Cost per hr. | Cost per month |
|--------------------|--------|--------------|----------------|
| Iron | 600 watts | 6 cents | 96 cents |
| Radiant heater | 600 watts | 6 cents | ............... |
| Waffle-iron | 600 watts | 6 cents | 12-30 cts. |
| Percolator | 500 watts | 5 cents | 70 cents |
| Toaster | 500 watts | 5 cents | 40 cents |
| Chafing dish | 400 watts | 4 cents | ............... |
| Curling iron | 60 watts | ¾ cents | ............... |
| Heating pad | 40 watts | ¾ cents | ............... |
What is Meant by "Efficiency"
Now, electricity is the most efficient power we have. Every electric heating device is 100 per cent efficient. In an electric iron, or toaster, or percolator, absolutely every particle of electrical energy goes into heat. Indeed, nothing in all nature can be more efficient than an electrical heating device.
Electricity, when operating a motor, is very efficient also, although not quite as efficient as it is in the case of operating heating appliances, because in even the best motors, especially the small ones in household use, a part of the electricity appears as heat, and the motor, we say, "warms up." But any electric motor is nearly three times as efficient as the gasoline engine in an automobile. For an automobile engine utilizes as power only about one quarter of the energy in the gasoline fed to it, the rest of the power in the gasoline is wasted as heat in the exhaust and radiator.
The electric motor, on the other hand, actually converts into power 80 per cent or more of the energy in the electricity supplied it. So, though we may be prodigally wasting nature's storehouse of power when we operate our gasoline engines, we are being very economical and efficient when we use electrical motors—the most efficient power devices at present known.
Making Sales in Hot Weather—Electrically
(Continued from page 54)
observation showed that the display, while very attractive, only stopped 20 per cent of the people going by. So Mr. Manring put in a "flasher"—a kitchen unit light on a "skidoodle" plug over the range. Immediately, returns jumped from 20 to nearly 34 per cent.
Not long afterwards, the company made a display on electric irons. Mr. Manring sought for something which would give motion. Principally by way of experiment, he suspended an iron, balanced ("balance" was a selling point of this particular make of iron) by two pieces of wax-end tied together. These were attached to the ceiling, and held the iron about two feet from the floor of the window. The experiment was made in the evening. The dealer twirled the iron about until it was well wound up—a task of but a few moments. Then he let go of it.
It was an hour or more "running down." When it unwound the first time, the momentum wound it up a space, then it unwound again, and so on.
When this display was set up in the daytime and the suspended iron "wound up," it easily doubled the number of people who stopped to look at the display. As the iron whirled around, the movement could be seen by people across the street; the brightly polished parts of the iron reflected flashes of light up and down the street. People actually went out of their way to satisfy their curiosity, and even when they located the cause of the reflections they were still perplexed. What made the iron spin around?
How to Check Results?
The checking system used by
New FADA Neutrodyne Receivers
We will shortly announce new developments in FADA Neutrodyne radio receivers, which, with the far-famed FADA "One Sixty," will complete the most comprehensive line yet developed.
Continuously for eighteen months our experimental and research engineers have been at work developing this new FADA Neutrodyne receiving equipment.
The FADA Neutrodyne line, when rounded out with these new developments, will consist of several styles of receiver cabinets to meet different tastes and purses. Receivers adapted for the musical trades as well as special Neutrodyne receiver panels for adaptation to console phonographs will be included.
As first in the field with a satisfactory Neutrodyne receiver, it has been the successful aim of F.A.D. Andrea, Inc., through continued experimental and research work, to maintain their position as leaders in the radio industry. The new FADA Neutrodyne receivers will fully conserve this end.
The new designs will be nationally advertised throughout the entire year in leading radio and general publications. Arrange your plans for radio sales to take advantage of the complete FADA Neutrodyne line, including the far-famed FADA "One Sixty" and the new models, full descriptions of which will soon be available.
F. A. D. ANDREA, Inc., 1581 Jerome Ave., New York
this dealer in connection with his displays will probably interest other dealers. Passing traffic is counted for ten-minute periods at 9 and 10:30 in the morning; a few minutes after 12; a few minutes after 1; again at 3 and a little after 5 o'clock. A small pad is used on which there are perpendicular lines with the hours of the day at the top of each and cross lines for checking the number of persons who pass and the number who stop. Figures for the several hours at which data is tabulated are added together to give averages.
The hours chosen for counting are those when traffic ordinarily is heaviest, as well as mid-forenoon and mid-afternoon when traffic is lightest.
The company's salesrooms are not on the city's principal street, though it is a business street with considerable traffic, size of the city considered. The volume of traffic permits checking by the pencil method described.
At times it is possible for an electrical display to stop practically 100 per cent of the traffic, and on several occasions the company has had displays that have stopped 75 per cent of the traffic. Twenty per cent is considered about the lowest.
There is no reason why a selling idea that works with the public in the winter, will not work just as effectively in mid-summer. It depends not so much upon the public as upon the dealer. The dealer who wants business in hot weather will find a way to get it. And electrical merchandise, because of its very nature, has never-to-be-exhausted possibilities to adapt itself to new uses wherever there are wired houses and people in them who want conveniences.
Keep after the vacationists!
Don't let anybody in your neighborhood go on a vacation without at least one Eveready Flashlight, and an ample supply of fresh Eveready Unit Cells.
Keep your window trimmed with vacation necessities, with flashlights occupying a prominent part. Feature both the long-range and the aluminum-type Evereadys.
With twenty-two flashlights in four general types to pick from, there's a portable light for every purpose and purse. The always-reliable Eveready in new designs. Retail prices, 65c to $4.50, complete with battery, anywhere in the U. S. A.
When a customer comes into your store for anything, ask: "Have you a flashlight? How about fresh batteries?" Eveready Flashlights and Batteries are
Manufactured and guaranteed by
NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, INC.
New York San Francisco
Canadian National Carbon Co., Limited. Toronto, Ontario
EVEREADY FLASHLIGHTS & BATTERIES
-they last longer
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING;
A "Gift Shoppe" in a Hardware Store
(Continued from page 22)
tionate share of rent, which explains Mr. Harris' reluctance to move down to the first floor, where the rent is of course much higher than on the second floor, where his department is now located. It might be added that in saying the electrical appliances are not selling as well as they should and as he expects them to later, Mr. Brown was comparing this line with some others that did not suffer when popular price goods were introduced in the department. Any store that sells $25,000 to $30,000 worth of small electrical appliances a year and is looking forward to a steady increase in this line can hardly claim to be disappointed with it.
Mr. Harris, who took charge of the department about a year and a half ago, also stressed the importance of stocking only the best merchandise. Next to this, he places helpfulness as being the chief factor in the success of his department.
Training Salesmen to Offer Suggestions
"Very few people who come in to buy a present for a relative or friend have any definite idea of what to buy," he explained, "and that is where a well-trained sales force can be of material help to the customer. We are not high-pressure salesmen and we don't try to force anything on the customer, but our greater familiarity with the merchandise and with what is appropriate for the different occasions places us in position to offer tactful suggestions that are genuinely helpful.
"Electrical appliances are admirably suited for gift purposes, particularly for weddings and anLightning in its boating togs
Columbia Dry Batteries — they last longer
- gas engine ignition
- telephone and telegraph
- doorbells
- buzzers
- motor boat ignition
- heat regulators
- tractor ignition
- starting Fords
- ringing burglar alarms
- protecting bank vaults
- electric clocks
- calling Pullman porters
- firing blasts
- lighting tents and outbuildings
- running toys
- radio "A"
I'm in the switch and reach the engine. Away your boat spins with a breeze on her teeth. Sure-fire through the wet—that's the Columbia Hot Shot. Its waterproof steel case can't leak a drop. Dew, rain and the waves that slap across the bow cannot harm the Hot Shot. It's still loaded with lightning-fired power.
"Skipper, there's a 'Hot Shot' crew in every port. Sign 'em on for life and she'll work like a steam watch."
"Isn't it tough for a dry cell." Ask for Columbia Dry Batteries by name and get 10% less for them. Columbia Dry Batteries are sold by the leading hardware and auto accessory shops, service supply dealers, implement dealers, garages and general stores. Columbia Igniters can be purchased equipped with Fullness-test SpringClip Binding Posts at no extra cost to you.
NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, Inc., NEW YORK — SAN FRANCISCO
Columbias are "busting" sales records
MORE battery for the money—
MORE national and local advertising—
MORE insistent demand from users—
MORE sales by the dealer—
DEALERS who are stocking Columbia Dry Batteries are making sales and making money. Columbia advertising sells Columbia Batteries. The batteries "make good" and make repeat customers. You make good profits. In a nutshell, that's the Columbia Battery story. Ask your jobber.
Manufactured and guaranteed by
NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY, Inc.
New York San Francisco
Canadian National Carbon Co., Limited, Toronto, Ontario
Sav you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
Servicing Cost Is Lower on these three high-grade Vacuum Cleaners
BISSELL NEW HOME
Made by Bissell Motor Co., Toledo, Ohio
Cadillac
Made by Clements Mfg. Co., Chicago, Ill.
Premier Duplex
Made by Electric Vacuum Cleaner Co., Cleveland, Ohio
BECAUSE They are fitted with "NORMA" PRECISION BALL BEARINGS
Ask your manufacturer why—or write us.
THE NORMA COMPANY OF AMERICA
Anable Avenue
Long Island City New York
BALL, ROLLER AND THRUST BEARINGS
niversaries. Then, too, they appeal particularly to the men, because they see in them something practical, helpful, and durable. The man who is buying a present for his wife is pleased if he can get something that will lighten her work and is at the same time ornamental. One who is seeking a wedding present for a couple who he knows will live for a time in an apartment cannot do better than select an electrical table or kitchen appliance such as a percolator, a hot plate, a waffle iron, a toaster, or a samovar. We are prepared to point out these things to our customers and they appreciate our spirit of helpfulness, so long as we don't attempt to force the sale.
Makes Deliveries in "Gift" Packages
"On the other hand, silverware makes a very acceptable gift for any occasion and we sell much of it. We find it well, also, to stock other gift goods in the shoppe, although we don't carry anything that doesn't properly belong in a house furnishings department. Everything in our shoppe is practical.
"We pack all gift articles in a special gift box, remove price tags and marks, enclose the giver's card, and deliver the article anywhere, at any time, and this service brings us trade.
"The hardware store is the logical place for electrical appliances and other goods such as we feature in our gift shoppe and I would say that, considering the circumstances, we are doing as well as could be expected. Certainly we expect to do better, but in the meantime, we have no cause to complain about what we are doing."
Cleaning Up — in Summer Sales!
In past history, men said: "Summer months are dull months." But as soon as men saw that the dullness was in the effort, they worked the harder and raised the sales record!
BUILT BALL-BEARING — needs no oiling.
In the Premier Duplex, every point of quality and performance lends itself to summer selling. Lightness of weight. Ease of running. Thoroughness of performance in doing every cleaning job well. The ball-bearing motor that means no need for oil. The swiftness of the motor-driven brush in picking up the surface litter that flies in at open windows, and in sweeping loose the mud that little feet drag in, these out-o'-door days. The sureness of the powerful suction in getting all the dirt. These points mean sales. And they mean sales NOW for the man who puts the energy behind them.
ELECTRIC VACUUM CLEANER COMPANY, Inc.
CLEVELAND, OHIO
Distributed in Canada by the Premier Vacuum Cleaner Company, Ltd., Toronto; and the Canadian General Electric Company, Ltd., Toronto.
Premier Duplex
ELECTRIC VACUUM CLEANER
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
Where to Place Your Electrical Department
(Continued from page 25)
cular table accompanied by an easy chair should be used for demonstrating appliances. A 5 foot settee placed opposite the vacuum cleaner display would enable customers to be comfortably seated during demonstrations.
A Demonstration Stand for Vacuum Cleaners
Vacuum cleaner display. A special vacuum cleaner stand may be constructed, as illustrated in the accompanying diagram, to accommodate any desired number of cleaners.
Rugs. Four 6 x 9 foot rugs should be arranged as shown on the plan. If their positions are changed from time to time, no rug will get too much wear. These rugs may also be used for cleaner demonstrations.
Appliances. Household appliances, if placed in show cases near the lamp shelving, will be in a position where everyone coming in for staples will see them. The demonstrating table is conveniently located near the cases.
Washing machines and ironers. Large appliances are placed close to the stairway leading to the store where they will be seen by everyone entering or leaving the store. These devices ought to be connected to outlets so they can be demonstrated by simply turning a switch.
Portables and Lighting Glassware. A large wired table, 4 x 8 feet, should be used for the display of portable lamps. Lighting glassware, shades, etc., ought to be kept in the wall case as a protection from dirt. Some of these devices may be illuminated.
Announcing
an event that will mean bigger profits for you this Christmas—
"In all the world no metal reflector like this"
A new three-ply metal Christmas tree reflector made by the Tinsel Corporation, patentees and the only manufacturer of these reflectors in U. S.!
Brand new in design. Brilliant color combinations that dazzle and shimmer. And they hold their brilliance longer!
It isn't necessary to place your order now. These reflectors are made in America of all-American materials, and our manufacturing facilities are adequate to take care of all orders and even last-minute re-orders.
The only other reflectors made and sold under the Tinsel Corporation patents are:
CHEER-I-LIGHT REFLECTORS
MONOWATT REFLECTOR
STARLITE REFLECTORS
Watch for our next announcement! It will have important bearing on the Xmas tree light and reflector situation!
The Tinsel Corporation of America
747 Bedford Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
Genuine Arnolds — look, work and Sell Better
Artificial Lighting Increases Egg Production
Increasing egg production by artificial lighting is today an established practice of all progressive farmers, and the chief concern now is with the correct handling of that illumination rather than with the question of whether or not it works. As a result of long experimentation, the Cornell College of Agriculture has evolved a set of helpful rules which are well worth the study of every electrical man who wants to sell better poultry-house lighting to the farmers in his county.
1. Give a 12 to 14 hour "feeding day" by supplementing normal daylight with artificial light either morning or evening or both morning and evening—preferably more in the morning than evening.
2. Eliminate artificial light very gradually in spring, when the normal day becomes twelve to fifteen hours long.
3. Turn time into money by using switches, time clocks, and dimming devices.
4. Save light by adjusting the height and distance between lights and walls to fit the room.
5. Reflect light where wanted—light the floor and wash hopper by (1) white side walls and ceiling (2) the right kind of reflectors, and (3) clean lamps.
6. Exercise good judgment. A steady 50 to 60 per cent production is preferable to a larger yield followed by a drop in production. "Slumps" are generally due to over-lighting or over-feeding, or both.
7. Give bright lights. Fowls should see fine grain in the litter. Allow one watt to 6-8-ft. floor space, assuming walls and reflectors are white.
Reflector is mirrored with a double layer of pure grain silver. Will not tarnish.
Equipped with scientifically shaped crystal glass reflector, with baked enamel finish.
The flexible cord and detachable plug facilitate quick and easy moving.
Socket and fittings are made from high grade materials and perfectly fitted.
Ball and socket joints permit adjustment and focusing of light to any angle desired.
Portable base can be conveniently attached to wall, ceiling, or used on the floor.
Flood-O-Lite Jr. Reduced
Was $18.50 NOW $15.00
Complete with Color-Lite
NEW PRICE IN EFFECT JULY 1st
We Are Prepared to Make Immediate Shipment
INCREASED production on Flood-O-Lite Jr. and Color-Lites has brought about reduced manufacturing costs, enabling us to reduce the price from $18.50 to $15.00.
We wish to emphasize the fact that this reduction in price is being made without any sacrifice whatsoever of the outstanding quality features embodied in the Flood-O-Lite Jr.
The same high standards of quality that have made Flood-O-Lite Jr. the LEADING spot-flood light unit, will be maintained as always.
Reflector & Illuminating Co.
573 Washington Blvd., Chicago
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
Cool Heat —this summer
—next summer
—and for many summers to come
COMPARE clean, confined and controlled electric heat with any other kind of heat and you will readily see that “Cool heat” is not exactly a paradox.
If, in addition, you also are aware that the standard of comparison in electric heating element performance is Nichrome, then you know how far the practicability of electric ranges, as well as of other electrical heating and cooking appliances, has advanced.
For Nichrome performance you must have Nichrome wire in the heating elements. In your orders for electrical heating appliances specify **“Nichrome—the Driver-Harris wire”.
IF
the heating elements are made of—
Driver-Harris Company
Harrison, New Jersey
Chicago · Detroit · Canada · England · France
Nichrome
TRADE MARK REG U.S.PAT.OFF.
—the “Business End” of electrical heating appliances
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
Here they are!
Shipping a trainload of washing machines to a single dealer speaks well for Woodrow Washers and the plant behind them. But selling each and every machine DIRECT TO THE USER, as Dooley does, is indeed an achievement.
The above was taken from a photograph of those attending the W. E. Dooley & Company sales convention at Seattle, on occasion of the arrival of this huge shipment. These are the men (and women, too, if you please) who have made the Woodrow the most popular and most talked-about washer of the Pacific Northwest.
"Don't be stampeded" is the cry of competition. Yet Mr. Dooley successfully "stampedes" the washing machine business year after year. He is selling a washer that will stand popularity.
Mr. Dooley states that the biggest factor in the success of his organization is the fact that they have stuck to Woodrows and have sold nothing else. Their service costs can hardly be considered an item. In fact, in Seattle, where there are many thousands of Woodrow Washers in use, one salesman takes care of all service calls and at the same time keeps his sales well in line with the others.
Choose wisely in selecting a washing machine—be sure you are right—then put ALL your efforts behind it. There are no disappointments for the dealer who chooses the Woodrow Washer. Ask one.
Woodrow Manufacturing Co., Newton, Iowa
RUST PROOF
Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
HERE IS YOUR OPPORTUNITY
~break into this new, profitable field~
DEALERS! For years you’ve looked longingly at the profits in Wrought Iron Lighting Fixtures. But they were a “tailor-made” proposition. The great middle class, the people of moderate means, couldn’t afford them.
By standardizing our line of Wrought Iron Fixtures in Polychrome, we are able to put out a varied assortment of exceptionally attractive fixtures—at popular prices.
This is your opportunity! You can now sell Wrought Iron Polychrome Fixtures to practically every home owner.
To help you invade this new field we have prepared a very attractive booklet, beautifully illustrated in full-color with suggested interiors in artistic pen treatment, for Moe-Bridges dealers to distribute.
Dealers who are interested can get this booklet, together with details as to prices, etc., by requesting it.
MOE BRIDGES CO.
EASTERN BRANCH
360 510 BROADWAY
NEW YORK
FACTORY & HOME OFFICE
236-244 BROADWAY
MILWAUKEE
PACIFIC COAST BRANCH
933-935 MISSION ST
SAN FRANCISCO
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
New Goods for the Retailer to Sell
Suggestions on What to Carry and Where to Buy it
FOR the newest goods on the market read these pages. Pencil each item on which you desire further information. Cut out the items and mail with your letterhead to the manufacturer. He will send you the information you want. Write now for prompt service.
It has been suggested by readers of Electrical Retailing that the value of the information given about "New Goods for the Retailer to Sell" on this and the following pages would be greater if the intended retail selling price of each article could be given along with the description. Where such information is available, therefore, it will hereafter be given.
It should be understood, however, that the prices quoted are not to be taken as prices at which the articles must or should be sold by the retailer. They are merely given as suggestions to enable the reader to judge of the saleability of an article in his particular community.
Combination Waffle and Pancake Iron
Pancakes, hotcakes, waffles, corn fritters and other delicacies can be made right at the table without smoke or grease on the new combination waffle and pancake iron made by the Majestic Electric Development Company, 1705 Allegheny Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. The aluminum cooking plates are $8\frac{1}{2}$ in. in diameter and are reversible, one side for waffles, the other for pancakes.
Hair Dryer
Specially designed for milady's use is the ivory-finished electric hair dryer manufactured by the A. C. Gilbert Company, New Haven, Conn. It is small and easy to use, weighs only 27 oz. and the handle is particularly made to fit a woman's grip. Hot or cold air is controlled by switch in the handle. Has universal motor for operation on a.c. or d.c., 110 volts. Intended retail price, $9.45.
Loudspeaker
Another new model of Magnavox radio loudspeaker has made its appearance on the market. It is known as the M4 and, the company, says the company, the perfected Magnavox semi-dynamic principle, including a new magnetically-balanced armature, improved type of diaphragm supported by hollow rubber gaskets, and high resistance winding. Manufacturer, Magnavox Company, Oakland, Cal. New York office, 350 West Thirty-first Street. Intended retail price, $25.
Please write to the manufacturer for additional information.
Radio "B" Battery
"If more voltage is desired, just add on more batteries—one on top of the other, and connect them together with the connector provided with each battery," says the Champion Carbon Manufacturing Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, manufacturer of the "Ad-On" stackable "B" battery. Each battery, it is declared, is a complete 22½-volt "B" battery unit in itself. Intended retail price of small size is $2.25; large size, $3. No. 30A, 45 volt battery, $6.
Electric Wringer
For use with washing machines not equipped with power wringers or as an auxiliary in laundry equipment in homes, hotels, clubs, etc., the Lovell Manufacturing Company, Erie, Pa., has developed a portable swinging wringer which may be swung to any position over a washer or stationary tub.
Camera-Size Portable Radio Set
Complete with all its accessories, the new "Kodel" portable radio outfit made by the Kodel Manufacturing Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, weighs only 5 lbs. It is enclosed within a leather-covered case measuring 5¾ in. x 4½ in. x 8 in., containing one UV-199 tube, "A" and "B" dry batteries, headphone, and ground and aerial wires. Intended retail price, without accessories, $18.50.
Table Stove
A specially-designed inset pan, placed within the deep pan of the new "Universal" square table stove made by Landers, Frary & Clark, New Britain, Conn., serves as a chafing dish or double boiler and makes convenient provision for the cooking of French rarebits, hot cereals, steamed puddings and soft custards on this practical little stove. Included in the equipment are the inset pan, the larger pan, 2 in. deep, for boiling or roasting; the egg poacher; the shallow pan for making griddle cakes, frying, etc.; and the grid for toasting. Intended retail price, $13.50.
Radio Plug
The Carter Radio Company, 1850 Republic Building, Chicago, manufacturer of the Carter "Tu-Way" radio plug, has now added to its line a new "One-Way" plug for use with headphones or loudspeaker. No screws are used, the company declares, the cord tip being pressed between long, heavy phosphor-bronze springs, making contact the entire length of the tip. Intended retail price, 50c.
Electric Soldering Iron
For radio use, odd jobs around the home and for light commercial work, the Varick Electric Manufacturing Company, 71 Eighth Avenue, New York City, has brought out an electric soldering iron which is 11 in. long and has a ¾ in. tip. It is made for use on 110-120 volts and has a 60-watt capacity. Listed at $2.25.
Please write to the manufacturer for additional information.
"Delayed-Action" Pull Switch
In the overwhelming number of inadequately wired homes, where many steps must be taken in the dark after the lights have been switched off, a great service will be rendered by the "Staylit" socket for the light will not go out for a minute or two after the cord is pulled. The switch is made in two styles and in 25-watt and 40 and 50-watt sizes. Styles 1,550 and 1,551, in the brass shelf model, are intended for sale at $2 while No. 1,560 and 1,561, in the candle-tube model, are listed at $1.50. Henry D. Sears, general sales agent, 80 Boylston Street, Boston 11, Mass.
Electric Cigar Lighter for Automobiles
Designed for mounting on the dash or steering column, for 6-8-volt circuits—or 12-16-volt circuits when so requested—the electric cigar lighter made by the Grigsby-Grunow-Hinds Company, 4540 Armitage Avenue, Chicago, is of the reel or cord-winder type. The current is automatically turned on when the lighter is pulled out of casing and switched off when returned to the casing. Intended retail price, $5.
Mah Jong Lamp
Enthusiasts of the popular Chinese game who wish harmonious surroundings in the Mah Jong circle, will be eager prospects for the new bridge or reading lamp brought out by the Aladdin Iron Works, 402 West Twenty-seventh St., New York City.
Loudspeaker Attachment for Phonographs
A new type of adapter which will convert any standard phonograph (Edison excepted) into a radio loudspeaker without the necessity of removing the reproducer, has been developed by J. Thos. Rhamstine, Detroit, Mich. The "Needlephone," as it is called, has no sound chamber, the message being passed directly through the needle into the diaphragm of the phonograph. A 6-ft. cord is furnished with each unit. Intended retail price, $10.00.
Crystal Receiver
The new "Junior" crystal receiver developed by the Crosley Radio Corporation, 200 Alfred Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, is designed for use in radio reception within a radius of about 25 miles. No batteries or tubes are required. The intended retail price, without phones or aerial equipment, is $4.
Plural Plug
Under the trade name of "Reliance," Buschman, Weisberg & Company, 621 Broadway, New York City, has introduced a line of wiring devices including the two-light cluster plug illustrated. The plug has a porcelain disc, the manufacturer points out, instead of the usual fibre disc, and its white-glazed porcelain and polished brass finish give it an attractive appearance. Intended retail price, 60c.
Please write to the manufacturer for additional information.
Violet Ray Outfit
The No. 20 violet ray set illustrated is a new product of the Shelton Electric Company, 16 East Forty-second Street, New York City, replacing the No. 20 model formerly made by the company. The new set has three electrodes and is packed in a handsome silk-lined carrying case. Intended retail price, $12.50.
Condenser
A turn of the screw slot in the visible plate of the new No. R-311 Microcondenser made by the Sterling Manufacturing Company, 2831 Prospect Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, sets it in the equalized position in which it remains, declares the manufacturer, without any further manipulation. Intended retail price, including connecting lugs and screws, $1.
"B" Storage Battery
The plates and electrolyte level of the new "B" storage battery made by the Main Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio, are within view of the user so that the actual condition of the battery may be seen at all times. Glass jars are employed. The battery is built in a 24-volt unit and has a capacity, it is claimed, of 7,000 m.a.h. Intended list price, $8.85.
Square-Type Hotplate
The Even Heat Electric Company, 2429 Canton Avenue, Detroit, Mich., is the manufacturer of the hotplate illustrated. It has a 600-watt element and is made for use on 110-125-volt circuits. Its size is 10 in. x 10 in. x 5 in. and the weight is 5 lbs., 10 oz.
Electrical Shaving Device
An electrical razor and vibrator are combined in the shaving device brought out by the Electrical Shaving Device Company, Spring Valley, Ill. Any standard straight edge or safety razor blade may be used. Although the device massages as it shaves, it may be used as a vibrator only, by attaching the rubber applicator which is part of the equipment. Operates on any 110-volt a.c. circuit.
Attachment Plug with Armored Cap
By amending its standard attachment plug, the Beaver Machine & Tool Company, 625 North Third Street, Newark, N. J., has developed an unusually substantial-looking and durable attachment plug. Attention is directed to the special design of the cap, the concave sides of which permit easy gripping to pull the two sections of the plug apart.
Please write to the manufacturer for additional information.
Twin-Motor Toy Locomotive
A powerful little locomotive with twin motor, to fit "O" gage track, has been announced by the Lionel Corporation, 48 East Twenty-first Street, New York City. This new toy, the manufacturer points out, is an exact reproduction of the type used by one of the country's great railways, even such details as the swaying of the superstructure being carried out. It has tanks, pantagraph and whistles mounted on the roof and two electric headlights with red and green side discs. There are realistic brass hand-rails, nickel-plated brass stanchions and embossing to represent bolts and rivets. Retail price, about $20.
Oven Adapter
Any oven may be converted into an electric oven by the use of a new device brought out by the Hankscraft Company, 2417 Winnebago Street, Madison, Wis. It consists of a heater which plugs into a special socket easily set in the oven wall with one screw, as illustrated. This 660-watt heater operates from any 110-volt lighting circuit and is recommended by the manufacturer for use with wireless cookers, enameling ovens, clothes dryers, water heaters and all types of chemical and physical laboratory ovens.
Snap Switches
A complete line of 5-amp. single-pole snap switches has been added to the Weber line of wiring devices, distributed by Henry D. Sears, general sales agent, 80 Boylston Street, Boston, 11, Mass. These switches are of the conventional types with and without indicators, some having metal covers with black composition handles, and others porcelain covers with porcelain handles. There are also similar three-point switches.
Radio Receiver
Another recent achievement of the Crosby Radio Corporation, 47 Alfred Street, Cincinnati, Ohio, is the new "Trirdyn" outfit, illustrated. Four important principles, the manufacturer declares, are employed in this Trirdyn 3R3 receiver. It employs but three vacuum tubes. Intended retail price, $65.
Therapeutic Lamp
The Wabash Electric Company, 541 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, is the manufacturer of the "Healite" therapeutic lamp illustrated. The lamp is designed for use on the ordinary 120-volt lighting circuit and is equipped with a 260-watt incandescent bulb. The aluminum shade is 7 1/4 in. in diameter and the entire lamp weighs but 1 1/4 lbs. Intended list price of No. 850 is $6.50.
Plural Plug
Another new plural plug, designed for baseboard-outlet use with all standard parallel-blade receptacles, has appeared on the market. It is made by George Richards & Company, Inc., 557 West Monroe Street Chicago, and is known as the Hemco Tri-Lite.
Please write to the manufacturer for additional information.
Radio Ground Connection
The Hastings Electrical Manufacturing Company, 366 Broadway, New York City, has brought out a new radio ground connection which provides a spiral spring to clamp around the ground pipe. To apply the ground it is only necessary to scrape the paint off the water or steam pipe at one point, and the ground clamp can be applied without the use of tools and without soldering. Retail selling price, 15c.
Ivory-Finished Fan
Particularly desirable for hospital use, or in the home, in the kitchen or boudoir, or where an all-white scheme is desirable, is the ivory-finished fan made by A. C. Gilbert Company, New Haven, Conn. It is an 8-in. fan, with universal motor, and operates on 110 volts, 60 cycle, a.c. or d.c. Weighs 3 lbs. Intended retail price, $6.50.
Electric Dishwasher
The method of operation of the new electric dishwasher brought out by the Kehoe Company, Toledo, Ohio, is by centrifugal force, thus circulating a volume of hot soapy water among the dishes which are placed in a revolving holder. The machine has an aluminum bowl, with glass vision in the cover. The dish holder is made of galvanized steel and adequate connections are provided for water and drain. The floor space required for the installation of the dishwasher is 28 in. It is driven by a ¼ hp. motor and operates from any convenient outlet. Intended retail price, $135.
Hotplate
The first of the new No. 500 series of hotplates to be marketed by the Even Heat Electric Company, Detroit, Mich., is that illustrated. It is 9 in. in diameter and 4 in. high and is finished in nickel. Made for use with 110 volts, 660 watts. Intended retail price, $3.50.
Rotary Motor Vibrator
The third unit of the ivory-finished trio of boudoir electrical devices is a vibrator, made by the A. C. Gilbert Company, New Haven, Conn. It comes complete with three applicators, brush, button and cup and uses circular vibration in massaging. It weighs 24 oz., has automatic oiling system and universal motor, operating on 110 volts, a.c. or d.c. Listed at $6.75.
Please write to the manufacturer for additional information.
Bi-Lite
The Ultra-Convenience Plug
Sells for 50c
A whale of a hit overnight!
It's the new 91-T BI-LITE double service plug—
Small; neat; with a finish par excellence;
T-Slots that are clean cut;
Spring contact that can't go wrong!
Packed in catchy display cartons.
We priced it at 50c believing the 91-T was a world beater and counted upon sales so big as to cut costs of manufacture to the bone. In one month it has put itself over bigger than anything we have ever seen or heard of!
If you take advantage of this introductory offer, you can get them at a special price of $3.30 per carton of 10.
This is an introductory offer, and will not be made again.
Get in on this special trial offer.
BETTS & BETTS CORPORATION
641 West 43rd St., New York City.
I accept your special introductory offer! Send me..................cartons of ten 91-T BI-LITES at $3.30 per carton. (Only 1 order from each dealer at this price.)
Name...............................................................
Address..............................................................
Jobber's Name.....................................................
—the PROOF Mr. Dealer
of the sales value of any article must be based on actual sales. This month we offer two lamps.
No. 500. Height with globe, 12". Oxidized silver, cotton cord, one-piece plug. Shades—blue, rose, or gold. Individual cartons. Price 100 lots, $1.25 each; less than 100, $1.35 each f. o. b. factory. Silk cord, 2-piece plug, 10 cts. per lamp extra.
RECORD: 30,000 sold and delivered to dealers in the past three months. One dealer sold 3,500 in May. The remainder shipped to 330 other retailers and this is the only time it has been advertised in any trade journal.
If It Sells for Others It Will Sell for You
No. 700. Height with globe, 12". Same description as No. 500. $1.10 each in lots of 100. $1.20 each in less than 100 lots.
WILL BE READY FOR QUANTITY SHIPMENTS JULY 15th
LET US SEND YOU SAMPLES AT OUR VERY LOW INTRODUCTORY PRICES
Decorative Metal Co.
Taunton, Mass.
Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
Karma
Super-Nickelchrome Wire
CHEMISTRY, METALLURGY and KARMA
The allied sciences of chemistry and metallurgy coupled with experience of many years have produced in Karma a resistor wire that withstands harder and longer service than any other known wire made for a like purpose.
Why is Karma better?
Because it is absolutely free from the bug bear of oxidation which has been the cause of 90% of the break downs in the heating elements of electric ranges, bake ovens, furnaces, etc.
Karma is the bright wire—outside as well as inside.
It is this brightness that is responsible for Karma's great durability. For instance, we will take the average wire. Throughout its structure you will find oxide—the black "skin" which is drawn into the wire through successive drawing operations. Subjected to intense heat of actual service scale is added to this oxide forming weak spots where, after a time, the breaks will occur.
Now—to assure dependable service of an electrical range or any electrically heated device generating high temperatures, Karma should be used in the heating element.
Remember, too, that Karma can be welded perfectly and permanently.
THE ELECTRICAL ALLOY COMPANY
MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY.
The Gold Mine in the Window
Windows are mighty builders of sales and profits. A window display for a Virginia dealer sold 125 HEMCO plugs in two weeks time. A Wisconsin dealer sold 100 plugs in the same way. An Omaha dealer, through a "motion" display, found his HEMCO sales increased ten times over. Displaying HEMCO plugs on your counters and in your windows with appliances will double your HEMCO sales.
Isn't it about time to give HEMCO plugs that next exclusive window display? Those who know—demand HEMCO.
ANNOUNCING
the new HEMCO PORT RADIO six tube receiving set. Write for full description and prices.
GEORGE RICHARDS & COMPANY Inc.
557 W. Monroe Street Chicago Illinois
Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
THIS HEAD SET A Big Summer Seller
The N & K Summer advertising schedule includes Saturday Evening Post, Popular Mechanics, Radio News, Popular Radio, Q.S.T., Wireless Age, American Boy, Boys' Life and the leading trade publications.
LAST summer, and again this summer, dealers have reported an increase in the sale of N & K Imported Phones.
There's a mighty good reason for this increase—the great clearness and distinctness with which N & K Phones reproduce broadcast music and speaking.
During the summer months many owners give their loud speakers a rest because of the interfering noises. In using N & K Phones in place of a loud speaker, the radio listener gets clear, natural results without the use of amplification.
Display N & K Phones in your store. Use them to demonstrate your sets with. You will find N & K a wonderful friend this summer.
If your jobber cannot supply you, get in touch with us direct.
TH. GOLDSCHMIDT CORP.
Dept. E7 15 William St. New York
N & K Imported Phones, Model D, 4000 ohms, have extra large diaphragms, leather covered head bands and generous six-foot length of cord. Retail list $8.50. Packed in cartons of ten with display matter and literature.
Imported PHONES
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
Saturday Crowns a Perfect Week for Nancy Jane
(Continued from page 32)
and the vacuum cleaner to do the drudgery of cleaning, made even "company-coming" a pleasure.
Money. Had she saved money? Yes. Nancy had always done her own work with but little outside assistance except on washday and at extra cleaning times. Forty cents an hour is a modest price for any sort of a servant, so based on one day a week she saved $3.20 at least by owning a washer and ironer. Even when she counted interest on her money and the approximate life of her appliances, she came out ahead.
Estimating Wear and Tear
Once she read in an article on home economics that tests showed the life of clothing was extended at least three times by using a washing machine and eliminating washboard friction. She had not owned her washer long enough to prove that statement for herself, but she did know that her dainty things came through the washer without injury. Her saving in clothing bills, therefore, will be considerable. To this she added a saving on the wear of her rugs through the use of the vacuum cleaner which saved the wear and tear of beating.
Her electric cooker also saved her many hours of fuel cost—just how much, she meant to find out in time. Knowing how to read her own meter, she was prepared to find out total costs for herself.
Satisfaction and Joy. Are these savings or gains? In what other terms may one measure the increased interest of each member of the family in every household duty? John is beginning to look on her business as of equal imThe PEERLESS TWIN-AUD
GREATER VOLUME and CLEARER REPRODUCTION
The Radio world will be astounded with TWIN-AUD results—in its novelty, likewise in its distinction. The quality of reproduction and volume of sound prove its value—its preeminence is established by its performance.
Why use ordinary transformers when the new and marvelous TWIN-AUD will "stop that howl" and transform noise into melody, bringing new delights through its remarkable performance?
Why use two ordinary transformers at added cost when one TWIN-AUD will give greater results?
| Completely shielded | More compact | Finer in appearance | More substantial in construction |
|---------------------|-------------|---------------------|---------------------------------|
| | | | |
It stands out in performance as it stands out in appearance
It can be used in any circuit of radio amplification. Recommended for super heterodyne and neutrodyne.
Greater output per stage than any other A F transformer. It can be used with any make of amplifier tube.
Be among the first to cash-in on the demand for TWIN-AUDS
THOROUGHLY TESTED
FULLY GUARANTEED
PEERLESS RADIO CORPORATION
15 Washington Street
WELLESLEY-MASSACHUSETTS
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
portance with his. Nancy Jane now knows the satisfaction and dignity of carrying on a business that requires intelligence and care. David is having his mechanical bent gratified in his experience with practical equipment, not expensive toys, and best of all, little daughter is early learning to speak with pride and not disdain about "helping mother."
The Greatest Gain of All
Electricity means to Nancy Jane's family a friend and a servant, a provider of leisure and a constant help to each one.
How thankful she is that she made such an investment of her unexpected gift instead of spending it for passing pleasure. The opportunity was hers, and with it came the obligation to make the most out of it.
In fairness to herself, to every member of her family and the merchant from whom she made the purchases, she must do her part in learning to use and care for them intelligently. She knows that easily 90 per cent of the troubles from electrical servants are directly due to the ignorance and carelessness of the user. So she determines that she will become an intelligent user, that hers may be a maximum return on her investment.
Above all Nancy is eager to learn how to adjust and hold the details of her housekeeping job in proper relationship to her far bigger responsibility as homemaker. With this resolution firmly made and with Electricity as her guide she will proceed far along her journey.
(The End.)
Sell Radio All Summer Long
Here Are Your Summer Sales!
Business for July and August depends upon two things: Having the right sets in your stock, and going after sales with a little extra energy. We'll back up that energy with every kind of helpful sales support. And we'll do our best to keep the sets coming to you as fast as your shelves are cleared. The demand of the season—as of every season—is for RADIOLAS. And the special features of summer interest in each type of RADIOLA greatly increase sales possibilities.
The demand is big. See that YOU get the sales.
Radio Corporation of America
SALES OFFICES: Dept. 537
233 Broadway 10 So. LaSalle St. 433 California St.
New York Chicago, Ill. San Francisco, Cal.
This symbol of quality is your protection
RCA
Radiola
REG. U.S. PAT. OFF.
Simplicity Made This Window A Success
To put over a window display successfully on a single large article, like a vacuum cleaner, the dealer must be sure to provide a good selling talk for it as well as an effective arrangement. To the window-shopper vacuum cleaners are apt to look more or less alike, and if the dealer wishes to impress a woman with the name of his appliance he must actually point out the strong points of his cleaner in plainly printed English letters so that there is no opportunity for confusion in the minds of the public. The housewife must leave his display with a distinct idea in her mind that this particular cleaner is desirable for specific reasons which have been pointed out to her in a striking way.
The Powers Furniture Co., of Portland, Oregon, recently made a display of vacuum cleaners in which they used five separate show cards to play up the best selling points of their cleaner. The coherent simplicity of the entire display arrested attention.
Against a poster background of hand-painted muslin the name of the cleaner was painted in gay colors and cut out in letters of huge size from beaver board. Additional touches of color were given by the use of simple side drapes made of gay cretonne. This caused the name "Ohio" to stand out with startling prominence and branded itself on the memory of the window shopper in a way she will remember.
The display here pictured was very effective. It proves conclusively that for a display of this kind simplicity above all things must be observed. Too often merchants are inclined to jam a large number of small articles into a space that appears to want something. It is far more resultant of sales to display one article at a time than to jam a window with a thousand-one-one miscellaneous items.
The show card is a factor of successful window trimming that should never be omitted.
To Insure Intelligent Service on Remington Cash Registers
At the factory at Ilion, N. Y., the Remington Cash Register Company maintains this Service School where men now connected with our 81 Branch Offices throughout the country were trained in the mechanics of cash registers and other ambitious men are learning to be expert Service Men.
Nation-wide Service is part of the program that has established the Remington as the new and better Cash Register. You ought to see it.
REMINGTON CASH REGISTER COMPANY, Inc.
Factory and General Sales Office, Ilion, N. Y.
Subsidiary of REMINGTON ARMS COMPANY, Inc.
Makers of Remington Firearms, Ammunition and Cutlery
In Canada: Remington Cash Register Co., of Canada, Ltd.
557 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada.
Akron, Ohio
Albany, N. Y.
Atlanta, Ga.
Baltimore, Md.
Binghamton, N. Y.
Birmingham, Ala.
Boston, Mass.
Bridgeport, Conn.
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Charlotte, N. C.
Chicago, Ill.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Dallas, Tex.
Davenport, Ia.
Denver, Colo.
Des Moines, Ia.
Detroit, Mich.
E. St. Louis, Ill.
Fargo, N. D.
Fort Worth, Tex.
Fresno, Calif.
Grand Rapids, Mich.
Harrisburg, Pa.
Hartford, Conn.
Houston, Tex.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Jacksonville, Fla.
Jersey City, N. J.
Kansas City, Mo.
Lansing, Mich.
Little Rock, Ark.
Los Angeles, Calif.
Louisville, Ky.
Madison, Wis.
Memphis, Tenn.
Miami, Fla.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Minneapolis, Minn.
Nashville, Tenn.
Newark, N. J.
New Haven, Conn.
New Orleans, La.
New York City
Oakland, Calif.
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Neb.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Portland, Me.
Portland, Ore.
Providence, R. I.
Reading, Pa.
Rochester, N. Y.
Sacramento, Calif.
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Antonio, Tex.
San Diego, Calif.
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, Pa.
Seattle, Wash.
Sioux City, Ia.
Spokane, Wash.
Springfield, Mass.
Springfield, Ohio
St. Louis, Mo.
St. Paul, Minn.
Syracuse, N. Y.
Tacoma, Wash.
Tampa, Fla.
Toledo, Ohio
Toronto, Ont.
Trenton, N. J.
Utica, N. Y.
Vancouver, B. C.
Washington, D. C.
Wheeling, W. Va.
Wichita, Kan.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Wilmington, Del.
Yonkers, N. Y.
Youngstown, Ohio
There is a Remington Cash Register built to fit your business. Get in touch with the Office nearest to you, and you will find our representative there willing and glad to make a complete demonstration.
Take This Tip From Your Customers
People have pretty definitely indicated the way they like to be sold. They look at car cards in the trolleys, they look at posters outside the movies, they watch bill boards, they stop at your show windows and otherwise show a strong preference for PICTURES. Cold type, alone, as a sales weapon, just doesn't sell.
Your prospects are human—they like pictures. That's why "The Home Electrical", the rotogravure pictorial on electrical appliances, is being used by scores of dealers to build up their sales.
You, too, will find it pays to send or give "The Home Electrical" to the people in your community. If your prospects are like other prospects they will welcome this pictorial. They will give it the same interested attention that the picture section of the Sunday newspaper gets. "The Home Electrical" will seem to them to be only an attractive pictorial, but it is really a sales tool. It arouses in your customers the desire for electrical appliances that must always precede a sale.
Send or give "The Home Electrical" to your prospects. Follow it up with your own advertising. Watch the inevitable increase in sales.
The Home Electrical
469 Tenth Avenue · New York City
An entering wedge to a complete line sale
It pays to push the Western Electric Iron because this low-priced item is an entering wedge to the higher priced appliances which make up the complete line.
Western Electric Iron
Western Electric Clothes Washer
Western Electric Vacuum Sweeper
Western Electric Ironer
Western Electric Sewing Machine
Western Electric Crawford Range
and a summer campaign to drive it home
To help build up your sales during the summer months we have worked out a well balanced campaign featuring the new and improved Western Electric Iron.
It will pay you to look into this proposition. Write for particulars to our nearest House or the Western Electric Company, 100 East 42nd Street, New York City.
Western Electric
OFFICES IN 47 PRINCIPAL CITIES
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
HAS YOUR TOWN STARTED A Home Lighting Contest?
June 12th, 1924.
The Lighting Educational Committee,
680 Fifth Avenue,
New York City.
Gentlemen:
As a matter of interest and importance to the electrical contractor and dealer, The Home Lighting Contest undoubtedly takes precedence over any other movement sponsored by the electrical industry at this time.
Dependent upon the knowledge that the public has of the industry that desires to render a service in the development of good wiring, in the sale of electrical appliances for home use, this has been particularly true.
Opening as it does through the interest of the school children, The Home Lighting Contest brings for the first time into the wired homes of the country a complete presentation of the necessity for adequate and properly distributed outlets, and the vital need for lighting installed according to correct principles.
There is no doubt in my mind that this educational movement is our short cut to better lighting. In this way, with the united power of the electrical industry is being used to educate the public on the importance of correct home lighting and its effect upon the health and mentality of the children and workers of the land.
Yours very truly,
James B. Strong
Pres., Association of Electrificators, Int.
The Home Lighting Contest is the great educational movement approved and endorsed by the whole electrical industry. It is designed to bring into each wired home a complete knowledge of the benefits to be obtained from good home lighting.
The main feature of The Home Lighting Contest is the essay competition among 24,000,000 school children of the country. Local and national prizes will be awarded to the winning children. The First National Prize is the $15,000 model electrical home of 1924.
To get the full benefit of this activity, start now to organize your local contest. Arrange to have this model electrical home built for display in your town.
Start the activity in your town now—write for your Plan Book. No city is too large—no town too small to join in this great activity.
There is an experienced Regional Director near you who will help you organize and plan successfully.
The Lighting Educational Committee
680 Fifth Avenue · · · New York, N.Y.
Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing.
The Double Cure for Groping
The Bryant flush tumbler switch with Bakelite luminous handle is a double cure for groping;—groping in the dark for unseen switch buttons, and groping in the industry for something new to sell.
This Bryant switch has a handle of clear transparent Bakelite, which contains a glass rod painted with radium paint. It is a permanent part of the switch and cannot come loose and be lost. It can be seen in the dark from any angle and it shines forever.
This switch is the final step in the convenience of electric lighting.
The market for it is unlimited. It has no competitors. Your jobber has it in stock or can get it promptly.
"Notice the Lighting Equipment"
"A Superior Wiring Device for every Electrical Need"
The Bryant Electric Company
Bridgeport, Connecticut
New York 342 Madison Ave.
Chicago 844 West Adams St.
San Francisco 149 New Montgomery St.
Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
Another BEE-VAC Success
National Bee-Vac Week "Goes Over"
Due in large measure to the enthusiastic and active interest which Bee-Vac dealers and jobbers took in "National Bee-Vac Week," this event marked a new high record in Bee-Vac sales.
The illustration is a typical example of how fast Bee-Vacs moved. It shows a truck load of Bee-Vacs being delivered from the warehouse of Landis & Company to ONE Philadelphia dealer. What Landis & Company thought of this opportunity is indicated by the way their truck is "all dolled up."
But with a cleaner like the Bee-Vac—the world's lowest priced standard quality cleaner—dealers can make every week a Bee-Vac week, and keep a steady stream of profits coming in. Better get the facts from your jobber—now!
The Bee-Vac is Sold Only Through Jobbers
BEE-VAC
ELECTRIC CLEANER
CONSUMER PRICE $39.75
Ask Your Customers "WHY PAY MORE?"
BIRTMAN ELECTRIC COMPANY
Dept. B-57
LAKE AND DESPLAINES STS. CHICAGO
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
DOMINATING
Simplex Spartan
ELECTRIC IRON
$450
National Advertising and the National Market!
The sensation of the year! No wonder 2,000-odd dealers handling it report the best iron season ever. There never was such iron quality at this or any other price!
And now, backed by full color pages in the Saturday Evening Post (watch for July 26th issue), this newest iron by the oldest iron makers is destined to dominate the entire field.
If you are with us now you know the truth of this advertisement. If you are not, the liberal introductory offer will prove it. Drop us a line.
SIMPLEX ELECTRIC HEATING CO.
85 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Mass.
120 West 32nd Street, New York, N.Y.
15 So. Desplaines Street, Chicago, Ill.
THE IRON WITH THE UNBREAKABLE PLUG
Two fine examples of craftsmanship in aluminum
The notably fine qualities of aluminum inspired us to develop this original and highly distinctive line of aluminum fixtures.
The design, selected only after countless suggestions had been drawn up, is one that carries popular favor everywhere.
Finished in silver polychrome, these fixtures are just colorful enough to add a touch of warmth to any decorative scheme.
In workmanship, we believe they cannot be excelled.
The response of the trade to this line has been so great this has developed into a GLOBE specialty and we are able to market the line at remarkably attractive prices.
All GLOBE fixtures are packed and sealed in individual cartons.
We shall be glad to mail you, without obligation, descriptive sheet showing this popular line. Catalog now on press.
Globe Lighting Fixture Manufacturing Co.
128-138 MOTT STREET, NEW YORK CITY
Boost Lamp Sales With a Champion Demonstrator
WHOLESALERS:
Consumers for twenty-four years have used CHAMPION LAMPS made under the patents of the General Electric Company. Our growth is your guarantee of satisfactory quality—satisfied customers—and unusual profits.
The CHAMPION DEMONSTRATOR is a silent salesman that greets every person who enters your store with an urge to buy Champion Lamps. You can get this
CHAMPION DEMONSTRATOR on 60 days trial. In writing, send jobber's name.
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRIC LAMP CO.
881 Maple St.
Danvers Mass.
For Sure Repeat Business
Licensed under General Electric Company's Incandescent Lamp Patents
Say you saw it in ELECTRICAL RETAILING
TWO MONTHS AGO IT WAS ONLY A NAME
TODAY IT IS AN ACTIVE STOCK ITEM WITH SCORES OF WEBER DISTRIBUTORS
Are You Getting Your Share of the Business?
HENRY D. SEARS, 80 Boylston St., Boston, Mass.
HENRY D. SEARS, 80 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass.
Please send me your Dealer's Proposition on Can-del-ite.
Name__________________________________________
Address_______________________________________
I buy from these jobbers. {______________________}
DEALERS!
What a 2c Stamp Brings You
The Services of a Purchasing Agent
The Services of an Estimator
The Services of a Cost Clerk
The Use of Advertising Counsel
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Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
The KENNEDY PORTABLE RADIO RECEIVER
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THE COLIN B. KENNEDY COMPANY
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## You Will Find These Advertisers In This Issue
| Company | Page |
|----------------------------------------------|------|
| Alden Manufacturing Co. | 4 |
| Allen-Bradley Co. | 1 |
| Alter & Company, Harry | 100 |
| Altorfer Bros. Co. | |
| Andrea, Inc., F. A. D. | 61 |
| Arnold Electric Co. | 70 |
| Automatic Electric Washer Co. | 5 |
| Beaver Machine & Tool Co., Inc. | 11 |
| Benjamin Electric Mfg. Co. | 6 |
| Betts & Betts Corporation | 81 |
| Birtman Electric Company | 96 |
| Bowman & Co., A. W. | 64 |
| Bryant Electric Co. | 95 |
| Cash Electrical Supply Co. | 70 |
| Consolidated Electric Lamp Co. | 98 |
| Co-Operative Elec. Supply House | 106 |
| Cullman Wheel Company | 8 |
| Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co., The | 101 |
| Decorative Metal Co. | 82 |
| Driver-Harris Company | 72 |
| Dubilier Condenser & Radio Corp. | 104 |
| Edwards & Company, Inc. | 112 |
| Electrahot Appliances, Inc. | 9 |
| Electric Vacuum Cleaner Co. | 67 |
| Electrical Alloy Co., The | 83 |
| Electrical Products Mfg. Co. | 106 |
| Electrical Retailing | |
| Emerson Electric Mfg. Co., The | 105 |
| Even-Heat Electric Co. | 106 |
| Farrell Products Co. | 100 |
| Federal Electric Company | 103 |
| Fredericks Co., H. M. | 68 |
| Freshman Co., Chas. | 102 |
| General Electric Company | 12 |
| Globe Lighting Fixture Co. | 98 |
| Goldschmidt Corp., Th. | 85 |
| Gold Seal Electric Co., The | 109 |
| Hartford Inst. Co. | 64 |
| Home Electrical, The | 92 |
| Hoover Company, The | 55 |
| Horton Manufacturing Co. | 36, 37|
| Hot-Flo Electric Co. | 62 |
| Hyman & Co., Inc., Henry | 60 |
| Kennedy Co., Colin B. | 110 |
| Killark Elec. Mfg. Co. | 88 |
| Liberty Gauge & Instrument Co. | 60 |
| Lighting Educational Committee | 94 |
| Metal Ware Corporation | 107 |
| Moe-Bridges Co. | 74 |
| National Carbon Company, Inc. | 7, 63, 65, 108 |
| Norma Company of America, The | 66 |
| Northern Electric Company | 2 |
| Peerless Radio Corp. | 87 |
| Providence Elec. Mfg. Co. | 10 |
| Radio Corporation of America | 89 |
| Reflector & Illuminating Co. | 71 |
| Reichmann Company, The | 106 |
| Remington Cash Register Co., Inc. | 91 |
| Richards & Co., Inc., George | 84 |
| Rock Island Mfg. Co. | 86 |
| Rosco Laboratories | 62 |
| Ross Antenna Co. | 68 |
| Russell Electric Co. | |
| Savage Arms Corp. | |
| Save Sales Company, The | 102 |
| Sears, Henry D. | 99 |
| Simplex Elec. Heating Co. | 97 |
| Tinsel Corp. of America | 69 |
| Toledo Lighting Equipment Co. | 38, 39|
| Trimm Radio Mfg. Co. | 88 |
| Watlow Electric Mfg. Co. | 102 |
| Western Electric Company | 93 |
| Wolcott Mfg. Co., Frank E. | |
| Woodrow Manufacturing Co. | 73 |
| Yale Electric Corporation | 56, 57|
**Say You Saw It In Electrical Retailing**
The No. 17 Economy Bell
Has been the "Old Faithful" with burglar alarm companies for years. It was first developed to meet the demand for a low price bell that would give a loud, positive ring and use a minimum amount of current. It has met this demand.
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Say you saw it in Electrical Retailing
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How were your windows yesterday?
Well-trimmed windows make impressions that live on and on—as the days go by these impressions grow—the final results are sales. For example, the Electric Fan Display reproduced on the next page and being used by thousands of Dealers throughout the country will create Electric Fan Sales that otherwise probably would never result. People who pass this fan window are bound to be impressed—the attractive display gets attention—and stimulates sales.
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In this article I pose six questions about the transition from foraging to agriculture. (1) Was Pleistocene life transparent enough for prudent calculation based on self-regarding preferences to support cooperation? (2) How violent was the Pleistocene? (3) Was interaction with strangers frequent or rare? (4) What would have been necessary for a psychology adapted to the Pleistocene to make sense of a much more frequent exposure to strangers in the Holocene? (5) What ensured that when agriculture arrived the social contract did not either (a) collapse or (b) remain sufficiently robust to resist substantial increases in inequality? (6) How does the psychology we inherited from the Pleistocene continue to shape the way we interact with strangers in modern societies?
Keywords (separated by '·') Agricultural transition - Cooperation - Foraging - Social contract - Violence
Colloquium on Paul Seabright’s *The Company of Strangers*
*The Three Musketeers: What do We Still Need to Know About Our Passage Through Prehistory?*
**Paul Seabright**
Received: 12 November 2011 / Accepted: 20 November 2011
© Konrad Lorenz Institute 2012
**Abstract** In this article I pose six questions about the transition from foraging to agriculture. (1) Was Pleistocene life transparent enough for prudent calculation based on self-regarding preferences to support cooperation? (2) How violent was the Pleistocene? (3) Was interaction with strangers frequent or rare? (4) What would have been necessary for a psychology adapted to the Pleistocene to make sense of a much more frequent exposure to strangers in the Holocene? (5) What ensured that when agriculture arrived the social contract did not either (a) collapse or (b) remain sufficiently robust to resist substantial increases in inequality? (6) How does the psychology we inherited from the Pleistocene continue to shape the way we interact with strangers in modern societies?
**Keywords** Agricultural transition · Cooperation · Foraging · Social contract · Violence
Any author is lucky to have readers, but to have three readers as subtle, attentive, and generous as Geoff Brennan (GB), Ben Fraser (BF), and Kim Sterelny (KS) is a privilege indeed. I have learned much from all three of them, both from these pieces and more generally from their other writings and the discussions we have had. I am grateful to them for the many generous things they say about *The Company of Strangers* (hereafter TCOS), and in particular for agreeing that the ease with which we citizens of prosperous modern societies interact with strangers is a puzzle given our prehistoric origins. But all three chide me, diplomatically though firmly, for imprecision about some crucial aspects of the transition of humankind from hunting and gathering to modern society, for appealing to metaphors (such as “tunnel vision” and “honorary friends”) instead of mechanisms. I think there is much truth in this criticism, and I would like to take this opportunity to say more about what we know—and, crucially, about what we still don’t know—about how this transition happened.
To do this I propose not to answer the questions and criticisms of the three commentators point by point. Instead I shall set out six broad questions about the transition, each of which is posed explicitly or implicitly by one or more of these commentators and about which they are right to point out that TCOS does not have enough to say. In some cases this is because the state of our collective knowledge is inadequate, in others because TCOS does not clearly enough reflect that collective knowledge.
These are the questions:
(1) Was Pleistocene life transparent enough for prudent calculation based on self-regarding preferences to support cooperation via mutual monitoring, punishment of defectors, and incentives for reputation building?
(2) How violent was the Pleistocene? And how much of this violence was intra-group rather than inter-group?
(3) Was interaction with strangers frequent or rare?
(4) What exactly would have been necessary for a psychology adapted to the Pleistocene to make sense of a much more frequent exposure to strangers in the Holocene? Was it just a matter of adjusting to a higher frequency of stranger contact or was it a qualitative shift?
(5) What ensured that when agriculture arrived the social contract did not either (a) collapse, or (b) remain sufficiently robust to resist substantial increases in inequality?
(6) In what sense, precisely, does the psychology we inherited from the Pleistocene continue to shape (either in the sense of enabling, or in the sense of constraining) the way we interact with strangers in modern societies?
I consider them now in turn.
**How Transparent Was the Pleistocene?**
All three of the commentators suggest in their different ways that TCOS underestimates just how much incentive hunter gatherers have to cooperate with each other even without pro-social preferences. This was likely to have occurred through some combination of mutual monitoring and punishment of defectors (GB and KS), desire to establish a reputation so as to be chosen as cooperative partners by other individuals (BF), and the undertaking of costly relationship-specific investments that are a credible commitment to cooperative behavior (GB). Importantly, if this claim is true it makes the transition to modern societies depend not on the presence of pro-social preferences but on the ability of modern societies to mimic the institutional arrangements of the Pleistocene for mutual monitoring, albeit at a vastly larger scale.
Evidence on this question is scarce but I think that what evidence we have points to social preferences being vital for hunter-gatherer cooperation. First of all, modern experimental evidence suggests that social preferences, notably for strong reciprocity, are very widespread in human societies, in the sense that significant proportions of strong reciprocators have been found in groups of experimental subjects drawn from populations all over the world (Bowles and Gintis 2011). Furthermore, it is rare that all individuals in a group are strong reciprocators, suggesting that social preferences exist in stable polymorphism with more standard self-regarding preferences. If social preferences were purely accidental by-products of natural selection and were not subject to selective pressures in their own right, their distribution over human populations would probably be much more variable. This suggests they must have had an adaptive function during prehistory.
In addition it seems unlikely, however well individuals in a forager society knew each other, that they can have engaged in sufficiently transparent mutual surveillance of one another to make redundant any considerations of character and intrinsic trustworthiness. Our practices of discussing others are filled with judgments of character and not simply catalogues of acts and omissions. We routinely try to decide whether others can be trusted in situations where they will not be monitored precisely. It’s possible that these are entirely modern cultural practices, but as anyone who has brought up children knows only too well, even in the intense atmosphere of family life, opportunities for cheating and free-riding are rife, and they go unpunished often enough for the punishments that do happen to be the occasion for endless argument over whether they are justified or not.
KS appears to recognize this when he writes that “small foraging communities are informationally transparent; the local group knows who is reliable and who is not.” He does not write that the local group knows always who has cheated and who has not, in which case coordinated retaliation could ensure that the cheaters are always punished. In such circumstances there is no need for anyone to cultivate a reputation for reliability—that is, for not cheating even in circumstances where they would get away with it. It is not even clear how it would be possible to cultivate such a reputation, for in equilibrium no one cheats, whether reliable or not, since cheating is always observed and always punished. For there to have been sufficient selective pressure for the evolution of the capacity to judge character, character must have varied within the population, and this suggests that a stable polymorphism of character types (and ranges of competence for judging character) must have persisted for a long period during prehistory.
If character matters, if individuals differ substantially in the degree of their social preferences, how might these social preferences have evolved? Two broad families of explanation strike me as plausible. One is the idea that selection into cooperative groups (either pairs or more complex coalitions) on the basis of individuals’ revealed cooperative character was important in countering the adaptive pressures for selfish behavior within such groups. I now think I may have underestimated the importance of this mechanism in TCOS, and BF has encouraged me to think harder about it (I discuss it at length in Seabright 2012a). It’s important to note that this could only have worked if indeed there was substantial population variability in character, and if this character could be signaled in such a way as to affect decisions to include individuals within fitness-relevant groups (see Centorrino et al. 2011 for one such mechanism).
A second type of explanation appeals to multi-level selection, and requires there to have been large fitness costs to groups with few cooperators, to counteract the selective pressures against cooperators within groups. One possibility is that groups needed cooperators for fighting other groups (Bowles et al. 2003; Bowles and Choi 2007; Bowles and Gintis 2011). This is where the second question becomes important.
**How Violent Was the Pleistocene?**
Sam Bowles (2009) has recently estimated a mean rate of violent death among prehistoric foragers of 14%, over ten times the rate of violent death in the twentyfirst century
world as a whole. Furthermore, he argues that much of this came from inter-group violence, and that at this rate there would have been strong pressures for the evolution of substantially altruistic preferences, notably a willingness to risk death for the defense of one’s friends. KS is skeptical of this evidence, on two main grounds. First, it may be contaminated by conditions in the Holocene, which he admits to have been highly violent. Secondly, KS argues on a priori grounds that elimination of rival males is a public good from which all rivals benefit and which a good economist should therefore expect to be under-supplied.
I think we can agree that we need more and better archaeological evidence. But there is other indirect evidence that should not be ignored. I hope it does not caricature KS’s view to summarize it as the idea that most human beings have no intrinsic motivation to violence (“violence is not the default”); when they do engage in violence they do so in pursuit of some other payoff, typically the theft of goods or land. Space forbids an exhaustive discussion of this here, but let me just note that (a) the highest rates of human violence in almost all societies are not against adults but against infants, who have nothing worth stealing; (b) the greatest violence among forager groups that have been studied tends to occur in raiding, when men collaborate to solve the public goods problem, and when the prize often includes rape and kidnapping of women; (c) reports of aggression being accompanied by male sexual excitement are too frequent to be treated as a minority pathology. I think we don’t know enough about the relative strength of the sexual versus the acquisitive motivations for human violence, and I hope that future research will tell us much more. This is important because it affects what was required for initial human contacts between strangers to move towards the largely peaceful default that KS and I agree characterizes the modern world.
Was Interaction with Strangers in the Pleistocene Frequent or Rare?
GB believes I exaggerate the rarity with which foragers in the Pleistocene encountered strangers, and offers as evidence the importance of exchanging marriageable females. He may be right, but we need more evidence than this to settle the question. As with trading links between groups, for which there is evidence long before the Holocene, the issue is not whether foragers regularly encountered people outside their own group. The issue is whether these encounters with outsiders were largely confined to familiar outsiders or whether they included frequent meetings with complete strangers. It’s quite possible for daughters to be exchanged regularly and repeatedly between geographically separated communities that are well known to each other over many generations (the cross-cousin marriage system is based on this idea). It may also have happened regularly that trading links between groups made it possible for strangers to be introduced to each other without incident because one would travel in a party composed of the kin of the other. The really startling feature of the modern world that needs explanation is that I can walk out into the street and meet in safety with someone whom I have never seen before, who is not accompanied by a member of my family or a group of my friends. Did that happen in the Pleistocene—often, sometimes, seldom, never? I suspect, and conjectured in TCOS, that the answer is “seldom.” But I accept that the evidence either for or against this hypothesis remains slender.
One of the many things I have learned from KS is that over long stretches of evolutionary time, apparently qualitative changes in cultural behavior can result from the accumulation of innumerable marginal changes in behavior that are each so tiny as to be invisible to the generations that undertake them. His book, *The Evolved Apprentice* (Sterelny 2012), is an eye-opener in that regard, and makes me already regret the confidence with which I assumed in TCOS that the remarkable flourishing of cultural symbolism by *Homo sapiens* in the last 40,000 years or so must have required significant genetic changes rather than an accumulation of cultural changes on a truly vast scale. (I still think that’s plausible, but much less of a certainty than I thought before reading KS.) A similar point could be made about the frequency of meeting true strangers. If it happened at first almost never, then very rarely but with a frequency that increased with glacial slowness over the ages, then it may have required no psychological modification at all for humankind to adapt to the change. People could have told each other stories of the person grandpa befriended when he was a boy, who turned out to be a loyal support when the family needed him years later. The gradual increase in the frequency of such stories over generations might have made each new befriending seem a less hazardous act. Once again, this is something where the current state of our knowledge is seriously incomplete. It is hard to know exactly what evidence might settle the matter. However, if archaeological evidence were found (and it would have to be in Africa) of trade in a sufficiently wide and growing range of objects and foodstuffs dating back over, say, 200,000 years rather than forty or fifty thousand, that might make the gradualist hypothesis seem probable enough to become the default.
A Pleistocene-Adapted Psychology Coping with the Frequency of Meeting Strangers in the Holocene?
If meeting true strangers was no longer a rarity by the late Pleistocene, there is not much of a puzzle left. Given enough
time, any adaptation can happen by unremarkable degrees. But suppose things were as I have conjectured? Once humanity began to settle down and was forced by sedentarism to face strangers instead of fleeing them, what would our psychology have needed to be able to do to shift gears so fast? First of all, BF is right to point out that strong reciprocity requires not just reacting in kind to the behavior of others but also a willingness to be generous, to make cooperation the default behavior. In a uniformly violent universe, that would not always or even often make sense. So we would need to explain why human psychology had evolved both to treat strangers with intense suspicion, and to be sensitive to small gestures that tipped the balance of advantage in favor of initial cooperation. The former is easy to explain, the latter much less so. The suggestion I make in TCOS—and my commentators are right to complain that it is insufficiently spelled out—is that it was a process of mimicry.
GB is right that honorary friendship in the sense I describe is not real friendship, but that is what mimicry does—it substitutes a simulacrum for the real thing in a context in which being the real thing is no longer strictly necessary. By smiling, making eye contact, avoiding carrying weapons in a threatening posture, I can behave as though I am your friend. If you have not had much prior experience of people who pretend to be your friend and are not, you may fall for the pretense (remember that you will typically be trying to identify me at a distance, and that foragers do not wear glasses). Of course, that may be a trap, but if I have genuinely put down my weapons and approach you over open ground, as only a friend would do, the danger is lessened. And you may not mind the mimicry too much once you discover your mistake, since after all I am not here to usurp your real friends but only to do this strange but ordinary thing: offer you a trade. Nevertheless, GB underestimates, I think, the riskiness of this mimicry when he says that he doubts there were any “deep additional problems in assessing the trustworthiness of strangers,” since it has been plausibly argued (Bowles and Choi 2007) that the characteristics of altruism towards in-group members and hostility towards out-group members could have coevolved, each reinforcing the other. The challenge for mimicry would be to trigger the “friend” response in others before the others have properly recognized that we are strangers. But successful mimicry in all species involves challenges of just this kind.
GB’s own suggestion that intermarriage might have provided a context for inter-group contact can also be a helpful hint here. Suppose that groups typically exchanged women with other groups they knew. It must often have happened that a group needed to find husbands for its daughters but that its usual sources of husbands had died or migrated away. Making contact with a truly strange group might be a gamble worth making, and groups willing to engage in cautious dialogue with advancing but friendly strangers would have had an adaptive edge in such circumstances. Cormac McCarthy’s novel *The Road* (2006) makes just such an encounter a pivotal moment in the story, and the reader who has come to share the characters’ terror at the prospect of strangers can almost weep in relief at the recognition of a way around their mutual hostility. Intriguingly, suppose even that when such behavior began initially, all the men in the group that offered its daughters would be killed, but the daughters themselves would be incorporated into the victorious group. If the “peaceable” tendencies were influenced by genetic traits inherited via the female genome, the victorious group could become less aggressive and more prone to cooperate in future generations, in spite of the apparent success of its prior aggression.
What began as mimicry would evolve into a kind of symbiosis of roles: those who mastered the psychology of real friendship would benefit from their ability to signal honorary friendship, and vice versa. In order for that to happen, of course, a tipping point had to be reached in which the adaptive benefits from frequent and regular interaction with real strangers were much larger than they had ever been in the Pleistocene.
**The Advent of Agriculture**
What ensured that when agriculture arrived the social contract did not either (a) collapse, or (b) remain sufficiently robust to resist substantial increases in inequality?
Sterelny (2012) argues that we do not understand how hierarchy emerged in the Holocene, since the evidence suggests that Pleistocene foragers were intensely suspicious of empire builders (Boehm 1999), and until empires were actually built there would not have been the resources to fund the coercion on which the hierarchy of those empires depended (Trigger 2003, p. 265). KS makes the point here too, and I agree that it represents an important lacuna in the story. I (Seabright 2012b) suggest four possible answers:
(a) that coercion might have been practiced by the threat of exclusion from the community;
(b) that hierarchical innovations might have succeeded sometimes, and conditions in the Holocene have enabled for the first time groups with agriculture-plus-hierarchy to outnumber, and thereby outfight, groups based on forager egalitarianism;
(c) that hierarchy might have appealed to evolved cultural tendencies that normally reinforced forager solidarity (admiration of noble fighters, say), rather as parasites exploit evolved features of their hosts;
(d) that slavery might have provided the first farmers with the means to establish a technology of coercion without threatening equality among citizens.
I confess to being skeptical about (b) and (c), but I think a combination of (a) and (d) may get us a long way to an explanation. In particular:
The first hierarchies may well have been those in which indigenous farmers lorded it over slaves abducted from rival groups. It would then have been relatively easy to construct institutions of coercion aimed at creating and reinforcing hierarchy among the remaining farmers. Slaves could be offered as an inducement to those individuals who helped the first hierarchs to establish their dominance. This could have tipped the balance for many subordinate males between choosing to join a coalition to restrain an aggrandizer and choosing to join the aggrandizer. (Seabright 2012b)
Such a hypothesis suggests an empirical strategy: look for evidence of slave owning in small communities long before the emergence of large-scale slave-owning societies. We don’t have such evidence yet as far as I know, but KS’s identification of the problem gives us a good reason to look out for it.
**The Psychology We Inherited from the Pleistocene**
Finally, in what sense, precisely, does the psychology we inherited from the Pleistocene continue to shape (in the sense of enabling or of constraining) the way we interact with strangers in modern societies?
We do not yet know the answer to this question, but it provides a reason beyond pure scientific curiosity for trying to find answers to the other five. If our reactions to strangers are a relatively unproblematic extension of our reaction to fellow group members in the Pleistocene—a view I reject in TCOS but which has been shown by my commentators to have more life in it than I once thought—then solving the modern problem of cooperation among strangers is a matter of just continuing to build institutions that cement our incentives to cooperate. I have suggested a somewhat more somber view: Cooperation is shaped by our emotions as well as by our capacity to calculate, and understanding our emotions is as important for cooperation as understanding our cognitive faculties. Our capacity for violence and mistrust may no longer be our default mode but may be easily triggered under conditions that resemble those in which it was our default. Our modern social equilibria could be a lot more fragile than if their foundations were more solidly institutional, since emotions are strange and wayward things. I think it matters which of these views is closer to the truth, and I am immensely grateful to my three commentators for helping to clarify the evidence that might help to establish that truth. I am grateful too, to the way books and their transmission to distant readers provide so gratifying an example of the institutions that transform strangers into at least honorary, and sometimes into very real friends.
**References**
Boehm C (1999) *Hierarchy in the forest: the evolution of egalitarian behavior*. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Bowles S (2009) Did warfare among ancestral hunter-gatherer groups affect the evolution of human social behaviors? Science 324: 1293–1298
Bowles S, Choi J-K (2007) The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. Science 318:636–640
Bowles S, Gintis H (2011) A cooperative species: human reciprocity and its evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Bowles S, Choi J-K, Hopfensitz A (2003) The coevolution of individual behaviors and social institutions. J Theor Biol 223: 135–147
Centorrino S, Djemai E, Hopfensitz A, Milinski M, Seabright P (2011) Smiling is a costly signal of cooperation opportunities: experimental evidence from a trust game. Discussion Paper no. 8574, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London
McElreath C (2006) *The herd*. Knopf, New York
Seabright P (forthcoming 2012a) *The rise of the sexes: how conflict and cooperation have shaped men and women from prehistory to the present*. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Seabright P (forthcoming 2012b) The birth of hierarchy. In: Calcott B, Fraser B, Joyce R, Sterelny K (eds) *Evolution, cooperation, and complexity*. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Sterelny K (forthcoming 2012) *The evolved apprentice*. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Trigger B (2003) *Understanding early civilizations*. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
|
BREEDING OF POND-RAISED HYBRIDS OF MAHSEER FISH, TOR KHUDREE (SYKES) AND T. TOR (HAM.)\textsuperscript{1}
S. N. Ogale\textsuperscript{2} and C. V. Kulkarni\textsuperscript{3}
First generation hybrids between \textit{Tor khudree} and \textit{T. tor} do mature even in small ponds in oxygenated water and with special feeds. Gravid specimens of these fish can be stripped and eggs fertilised successfully without the use of pituitary hormone injections. \textit{T. tor} can also be bred similarly.
**Introduction**
Depletion of stocks of the mahseers all over India is well known, and different methods for their rehabilitation and conservation are being considered. Experimenting with various methods of breeding the fish has therefore, assumed considerable importance for conserving the mahseer resources of our country. Several authors had in the past drawn attention to this problem.
In recent years (1970), concrete steps for artificial propagation and rehabilitation for conservation of the Deccan Mahseer, \textit{Tor khudree} were taken at the fish seed farm of Tata Electric Companies at Lonavla (Maharashtra). thanks to the foresight of Shri S. Moolgaokar, who visualised the problem and initiated the efforts. As a result of these studies, Kulkarni (1971) gave a preliminary account of the spawning habits, eggs and early development of the fish, including a method of stripping the spawners. The report of the Agricultural Commission of the Government of India (1976) also emphasised the need to conduct biological and ecological investigations on the life history of different mahseers.
These recommendations encouraged such studies on \textit{Tor putitora} in the Kumaon and Garhwal regions of the sub-Himalayan tracts (Pathani 1982, Das 1978 and Nautiyal 1985) and on \textit{Tor tor} near Hoshangabad on the Narmada river (Desai 1970). Tripathi (1978) attempted breeding \textit{Tor putitora} by stripping on a small scale, while Kulkarni and Ogale (1978) elaborated the method of artificial propagation of Deccan Mahseer, fertilising more than five lakh eggs every year since 1974. However, as the method of collecting ripe spawners for stripping has its limitations, efforts were made to breed mahseer successfully by hypophyssation method (induced breeding) with the help of pituitary hormone injections at the Lonavla fish farm and the particulars have been detailed by us earlier (1986). However, since further simplification in breeding methods of this fish was desirable, fresh experiments were undertaken and the results are recorded in this paper.
\textit{Limitations of the stripping method}: Stripping the spawners (male and female), artificial fertilisation of eggs and their rearing afterwards are the conventional methods followed extensively in Europe, America, Japan, etc., especially in the case of Salmon and Trout. However, the collection of ripe and oozing spawners is the crux of the problem. In the case of the salmon, this becomes possible because of its very distinct migratory habits for spawning, provision of suitable fish ladders and the consequent concentration of population of spawners in small areas. In the case of mahseer, such detailed study is yet to be accomplished and collection of mahseer spawners continues to be a problem. In Walwhan and Shirawta lakes where Kulkarni and Ogale (1978) had conducted most of their studies, the spawners could be collected because of special environmental conditions which were favourable for the purpose. Both these lakes are surrounded by hills and the rain water running through the small ravines formed temporary streams which cascade into the lakes at certain points in the marginal area. These streams form torrents when the rainfall is heavy and create a mild fluvial condition in that part of the lake. Consequently, gravid fish which are attracted by the sound of running water and its high oxygen content, follow their breeding instinct but being unable to ascend the forceful streams, keep on milling in the shallow marginal area of the lake. In this condition, some of them re-absorb their reproductive products, while some release them on a small scale and breed. The rate of survival of the young being very poor. If fishing is done in this area with the help of gill nets or large cast nets, ripe spawners can be caught and used for stripping. But in many of the mahseer streams seen by the senior author, such favourable situations do not prevail and gravid fish keep on migrating into small streams which are very much dispersed in the forest area resulting in dispersal rather than concentration of the breeding population. Collection of spawners for stripping thus becomes a problem and sometimes disappointing. Breeding of the fish in farm ponds, therefore, assumes greater importance.
**Raising and breeding of hybrids**
The impression prevalent so far has been that like the commercial carps such as Catla, Rohu etc. the mahseer also would not breed naturally in farm ponds. Hypophyssation was, therefore, considered essential. This method was tried for mahseer in the Lonavla fish farm and had proved successful (see Kulkarni and Ogale 1986). However, a search for simpler method of breeding mahseer by improvement of environment such as running water, exercise, better feeding and then stripping the gravid fish was considered promising and attempted successfully.
Incidentally the farm had a stock of hybrids between *T. khudree* and *T. tor*. In 1982, gravid specimens of *T. khudree* collected from Walwhan lake were stripped and 2000 ova were cross fertilised with semen of *T. tor* raised in the fish farm. Fertilisation was almost cent percent. About 90% eggs hatched out and the resultant fry and fingerlings were then grown in a separate pond. The hybrids of this first generation showed characters intermediate between the two species concerned and the rate of growth was almost similar to that in both.
During the monsoon of 1985, both sexes of the stock appeared to be unripe. However, improvement in gonadial development was achieved both with age as well as special feed and exercise. In early August 1986, two females were stripped and 3,500 ripe ova obtained and fertilised with semen of *T. khudree*. Fertilisation appeared complete but the hatching rate came down to 70%. The effort was repeated on October 18, 1986 when five females were stripped. One of them gave bad eggs with their perivittaline membrane ruptured. This was probably the result of the ovary being in a state of resorption. The remaining four females gave 5,200 ova which were again
fertilised with semen of *T. khudree* without administration of pituitary hormone injections to either sex. The rate of fertilisation was slightly lower, being about 95%. The eggs were hatched in the usual hatching trays (Kulkarni & Ogale 1978) but at this time the water temperature was 24°C and ambient temperature 29°C. As expected, the hatching time was reduced to 50 to 60 hours. However, the mortality rate went up to 50% which was much higher than in the case of females caught directly from the lake. No evident reason for this high mortality could be given but the possibility of better results if the efforts were made in the earlier month cannot be ruled out when the climate was cooler. However, the hatching rate improved to 90% and the fry and fingerlings were healthy and active as usual.
**Special care of the brood fish:** The brood fish which were used for experimentation were stocked in a small rectangular pond 10 m × 2.5 m and a depth of 1.2 m, along with other major carps, such as Catla, Rohu, Mrigal etc. The special care of the brood fish consisted in using a feed additive of 3 nitro (3 nitro-4 hydroxyphenylarsonic acid), a 5% premix in the usual feed of groundnut cake and rice polish 1:1 ratio. This works out to 1 gm of premix per kg. of feed and this feed was given at 3 to 4 p.c. of the body weight of the prospective brood fish. Further, the fish were given exercise by netting the pond once or twice a week from January to June. A small 4 cm wide pipe provided constant running water to the pond. These conditions represent the minimum requirements for the growth of the gonads and these cannot be said to be very specialised and difficult for any fish farm.
Our recent efforts indicate that pure *Tor tor* can also be stripped and bred in a similar manner. In *Tor tor* the method is more fruitful because they mature in ponds even in April. Such mature fish were examined and stripped in April 1984 in a lake, Telcosagar, near Pune. With such early maturity, three trials can be taken with each pair of fish and a sufficient number of eggs obtained.
**Conclusion:** Maturation of gonads and stripping of eggs and their successful fertilisation without use of pituitary or any other hormone in *T. khudree* and *T. tor* have great significance in mahseer breeding and its conservation. Fecundity in these experiments was found to be comparatively low, but these results provided a proof that mahseers can be raised in pond and bred, thus creating a dependable source of fry and fingerlings for stocking depleted waters. Second finding is that the mahseers can be easily hybridised and the resultant progeny is likely to have useful characters but this would need extensive research and observation. Further, what is true in the above two species is likely to be true in the case of other species of mahseers also, but this too needs actual trials.
**References**
Das, S. M. and Pathani, S. S. (1978): Studies on the biology of Kumaun mahseer, *Tor putitora*. Indian Journal Anim. Sc. 48(6): 461-465.
Desai, V. R. (1970): Studies on fishery and biology of *Tor tor* (Ham.) from river Narmada. J. Ind. Fish. Soc. India, 2: 101-102.
Kulkarni, C. V. (1971): Spawning habits, eggs and early development of Deccan Mahseer, *Tor khudree* (Sykes). J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 67: 510-521.
Kulkarni, C. V. & Ogale, S. N. (1978): The present status of Mahseer (fish) and artificial propagation of *Tor khudree*. ibid. 75: 651-660.
Kulkarni, C. V. & Ogale, S. N. (1986): Hypophysation (induced breeding) of Mahseer fish, *Tor khudree* (Sykes). Punjab fish. Bull. X; 2: 23-26.
HYBRIDS OF TOR KHUDREE (SYKES) AND T. TOR (HAM.)
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON AGRICULTURE (1976): Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi.
NAUTIYAL, P. & LAL, S. M. (1985): Fecundity of Garhwal Himalayan mahseer *Tor putitora* (Ham.) *J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.* 82: 253-257.
PATHANI, S. S. & DAS, S. M. (1979): Induced breeding by hypophysation of Mahseer, *Tor putitora* in Bhimtal. *Sc. & Cult.* 45: 209-211.
PATHANI, S. S. (1982): Studies on spawning ecology of Kumaun mahseer, *Tor tor* and *Tor putitora*. *J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc.* 79: 525-530.
TRIPATHI, Y. R. (1978): Artificial breeding of *Tor putitora* (Ham.). *J. Ind. Fish. Soc. India* 9: 161.
|
Оксана Карпюк
АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА
(10-й рік навчання, рівень стандарту)
Підручник для 10-го класу
закладів загальної середньої освіти
Oksana Karpyuk
ENGLISH
Year 10
A textbook for the tenth form of secondary schools
Standard level
Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України
Тернопіль
"Видавництво Астон"
2018
Право для безоплатного розміщення підручника в мережі Інтернет має
Міністерство освіти і науки України http://mon.gov.ua/ та Інститут модернізації змісту освіти https://imzo.gov.ua
Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України
(наказ МОН України від 31.05.2018 № 551)
Видано за рахунок державних коштів.
Продаж заборонено.
— символ, що позначає вправи, які мають аудіосупровід,
котрий можна завантажити за посиланням:
https://www.libra-terra.com.ua/userfiles/audio/
karpiuk-audio-10-klas-zag-2018.zip
К 26 Карпюк О. Д.
Англійська мова (10-й рік навчання) (English (the 10th year of studies)) : підручник для 10-го класу закладів загальної середньої освіти. Рівень стандарту. — Тернопіль : „Видавництво Астон”, 2018. — 256 с. : іл.
ISBN 978-966-308-710-8
Підручник розпочинає серію навчальних видань рівня стандарту, створених для старшої школи. Видання реалізовує компетентісний потенціал галузі «іноземні мови», передбачений програмою, чинною з 2018 року. Інтегровані змістові лінії «Екологічна безпека та сталій розвиток», «Громадянська відповідальність», «Здоров’я та безпека» та «Підприємливість та фінансова грамотність» знаходять свою реалізацію в тематиці навчального матеріалу та характері завдань.
© О. Д. Карпюк, 2018
ISBN 978-966-308-710-8
© ТзОВ „Видавництво Астон”, 2018
Право для безоплатного розміщення підручника в мережі Інтернет має
Міністерство освіти і науки України http://mon.gov.ua/ та Інститут модернізації змісту освіти https://imzo.gov.ua
| Unit | Pages | Topic |
|-------|---------|------------------------------|
| | pp. 4-5 | Scope and Sequence |
| Starter| | |
| Unit 1| pp. 6-16| People and Relationships |
| Unit 2| pp. 17-38| Choose the Career! |
| Unit 3| pp. 39-62| Why Go to School? |
| Unit 4| pp. 63-86| National Cuisine |
| Unit 5| pp. 87-110| Communication Technologies |
| Unit 6| pp. 111-138| Is the Earth in Danger? |
| Unit 7| pp. 139-164| The World of Painting |
| Unit 8| pp. 165-196| Do You Like Sports? |
| Unit 9| pp. 197-222| Across State Systems |
Додаток (Appendix) можна завантажити безкоштовно за посиланням: https://aston.te.ua/userfiles/pdf/english_10_appendix.pdf або QR-кодом нижче.
Appendix
Grammar Reference
Vocabulary
Irregular Verbs
| UNIT | Language Focus | Reading / Listening / Speaking | Writing |
|-----------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| Starter | | English is the language of international communication. Learning English. | |
| 1 People and Relationships | used to + infinitive | **Reading**: What affects our personality?
**Listening / Speaking**: Family. Friends. Qualities of a person. Relationships with others. | The process of writing |
| 2 Choose the Career! | Present Perfect Continuous | **Reading**: Job advertisements.
**Listening / Speaking**: Job occupations. Requirements. Responsibilities. Work experience. | Types of Writing. Letter of Application for a job. |
| 3 Why Go to School? | First Conditionals | **Reading**: School is the place of education and developing social skills.
**Listening / Speaking**: School life. Educational institutions in Ukraine and abroad. | The structure of the formal letter. Letter of application for a course. |
| 4 National Cuisine | Second Conditionals (I) | **Reading**: Traditional British meals. Ukrainian specialities.
**Listening / Speaking**: National food traditions. Eating habits. Cooking. | A paragraph as the basic unit in writing. Different types of paragraphs. |
| 5 Communication Technologies | Phrasal Verbs. | **Reading**: Computers: hardware and software. The use of computers. | Writing an e-mail. |
| Unit | Grammar Topics | Reading | Writing |
|------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 5 | **Is the Earth in Danger?** | **Listening / Speaking:** World Wide Web and its pages. Cyber cafes and favourite web sites. Chatting online. Virtual Safety. | Formal and informal styles in emailing. |
| | | **Reading:** Natural disasters in Ukraine and other countries. | |
| | | **Listening / Speaking:** Natural hazards: causes and reasons. People’s experiences. Useful instructions how to behave when there is a disaster. | |
| | | **Stages of writing process. Drafting. Methods of generating ideas.** | |
| 6 | **Is the Earth in Danger?** | **Second Conditionals (II)** | |
| | | **Reading:** Artistic traditions in Ukraine. Painting in England. | |
| | | **Listening / Speaking:** Types of painting. Famous artists. Museums and galleries. | |
| | | **Structure: Paragraph vs essay.** | |
| 7 | **The World of Painting** | **Past Perfect vs Past Perfect Continuous** | |
| | | **Reading:** Youth and sports. | |
| | | **Listening / Speaking:** Sport and society. Team games and competitions. Sport facilities. Personal attitude. Impressions on sport events. | |
| | | **Writing an essay.** | |
| 8 | **Do You Like Sports?** | **Expressing future actions (revision and comparison)** | |
| | | **Reading:** The State of Ukraine. | |
| | | **Listening / Speaking:** British and American political systems. Canada: its administrative structure and political system. Natural resources. Symbols and holidays. Social and political life in Ukraine. | |
| | | **Writing an article.** | |
| 9 | **Across State Systems** | **Revision and comparison of past forms. Mixed tenses.** | |
Dear Student,
the aim of this book is to make you better at an information exchange as well as at expressing your thoughts and feelings in English. So, you will often have to focus on developing your skills in reading, listening, speaking and writing English. Use the book to enrich your vocabulary and feel more confident with English grammar, too. Remember that mistakes should be seen as something normal and nothing to be afraid of.
It is also important for you to have clear goals. This will give you something to work towards. However, these must be realistic. For example, speaking without making any mistakes at all is an unrealistic goal.
One more point should be taken into consideration: a positive attitude to life makes wonders and helps in creating a happy and successful ‘YOU’. I wish you to be optimistic and always look on the bright side of life!
Yours,
the author of the book.
HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE YOURSELF AS A PERSON?
- I’d say that I am (tall / short / a little heavy / …).
- I think that I’m a (cheerful / serious / friendly / …) person.
- I like to have (a lot of people around me / just a few close friends / …).
WHAT HOBBIES AND SPECIAL INTERESTS DO YOU HAVE?
- My hobbies are (surfing the Internet / drawing and painting / playing chess / …).
- I’m also interested in (history / science / astronomy / …).
WHAT ARE YOU GOOD AT?
- I’m good at (maths / languages / arts and crafts / …).
- I also have a talent for (writing stories / teaching others / playing the piano / …).
WHAT ARE YOUR HOPES AND DREAMS FOR THE FUTURE?
- I hope to become a (teacher / social worker / computer programmer / …).
- My dream is to (have my own business / travel around the world / meet the right person to share life with / …).
1 In pairs, speak up on the following questions.
a Why do we call English an ‘international language’?
b Is it important for people to study languages?
c Is English popular among Ukrainian students?
d When do Ukrainian students start learning English?
2 Agree or disagree if learning English is important nowadays. Explain your opinion.
3 a) In the reference text below find the job names of people who work in the fields of computers, science, industry, business, education, medicine, music, film, sport, travel, tourism.
English has become a world language. People from different countries and parts of the world use it to communicate with each other. English is one of the languages of the United Nations and the European Union. It is the language of computers, science, industry, business, education, medicine, music, film, sport, travel and tourism.
So you will need English in your life and work. You will need it when you meet people from other countries or to understand the latest hits and computer games and you will need it if you want to become a rock star, a computer
expert, a shop assistant, a pilot, a tourist guide, an engineer, a taxi driver, a businesswoman, an actor, an athlete, a teacher, a scientist, a footballer, a doctor, a waitress or a ship captain.
The language that has the greatest number of people who speak it as their mother tongue is Chinese. English is number two. It is the mother tongue of 400 million people in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and parts of the Caribbean. But this is not the whole story. If we put together the number of native speakers of English and those who speak it as their second language in countries like India, Pakistan or South Africa, for example, as well as those who learn it at school and speak it as a foreign language all over the world, English is a clear winner. Over one billion people in the world or 20% of the world population speak English. You are one of them.
b) Complete the following statements.
Native ... are those who speak a language as their mother .... Children learn two ... languages at school. One of them is English. Over one ... people in the world speak English.
4 a) Listen to the speaker to find out how many words there are in the English language.
b) Complete the text by filling in the spaces with the numbers from the box. Then listen again and check.
How many words are there in the English language? Well, it’s difficult to answer this question exactly. The Oxford English Dictionary has ... words but there are many more, maybe .... New words appear all the time, about ... every year. They come from science and technology, but also from slang. Only ... of all the English words are of English origins. All the rest come from other languages, especially French and Latin.
5 In groups, sum up what you’ve learnt about the English language.
1 Why is learning English important?
2 How many people in the world speak English?
3 How many words are there in the English language?
6 Match the words with their explanations.
1 foreign language
2 mother tongue
3 pronunciation
4 vocabulary
5 grammar
6 spelling
☐ the way of writing a word
☐ all the words someone knows or all the words in a language
☐ one’s native language
☐ the language that is spoken in another country
☐ the rules of a language
☐ the way you pronounce the words of a language
7 a) Read the text to find out the methods of learning a foreign language. Say which ones you believe useful for you and why.
Learning a foreign language is very important as language is a means of communication and without it our lives would be very difficult. Nowadays people travel a lot, do business with other countries more than before, students want to go to study and work abroad to get to know other cultures and without knowing a world language it would be nearly impossible. The Internet serves for many students as the quickest, cheapest and the easiest source of information, so knowing English is of immense help. And what is more, learning a foreign language broadens our minds and extends our horizons.
At school most students are taught foreign languages by using textbooks, doing exercises in their workbooks, studying vocabulary and grammar. In modern
language books each unit concentrates on all aspects of the language so that students can practise both reading for general comprehension, called skimming or skim reading, and reading for detailed information called scanning. It is also very useful to practise the listening skills, listening for detail or for general comprehension, grammar practice and vocabulary exercises. Sometimes it is more useful to look for unknown words in an English-English dictionary as you keep thinking in the foreign language all the time and doing so you improve your fluency. Some students like keeping their vocabulary books, either with pictures, definitions, word groups or separate words with translation into Ukrainian.
It is a good idea to read books in the original version, or at least easy short stories. Watching subtitled films helps a lot too. There are many PC or online courses these days as well but as language is a means of communication, the most natural way of learning it would definitely be through speaking. If you like listening to music, you can use English or American lyrics to learn new words as well. Talking to a native speaker is very useful, too. But the best way of learning a language is to go abroad and spend some time in that environment. There are many possibilities for young people to do so. They can work as au-pairs. Boys are welcome too if they do not mind doing housework. This is a good practice as children are very spontaneous and patient with their baby-sitters from abroad and they will teach them real spoken informal English. There are also international scholarships allowing Ukrainian students to study abroad, summer jobs like picking strawberries or fruits are popular too.
b) Read again and look up the words in bold in your English-English dictionaries. Write out their definitions to make a matching exercise for your partner (See task 6 as the example).
c) In pairs, exchange your exercises to match the words with their definitions. Then exchange them back to check up your partner’s work.
8 a) Read what the teenagers at an international language school tell about their difficulties with English.
Ivanka
I really want to say something but when I speak I get stuck because I don’t know the word. The teacher keeps telling us to write down a sentence with a new word we have learnt but I don’t feel like doing it.
Hans
I like grammar exercises and listening. I’m not much of a talker because I’m very shy.
Diego
I like reading in English but when I’m speaking, I translate word by word what I’m saying, so I speak very slowly.
Sophia
The teacher usually writes down the pronunciation symbols after a new word. I think the sound symbols are too difficult to copy. I don’t understand why we have to learn them.
I think writing is very boring. It takes up a lot of time. I don’t need it. I prefer speaking.
When we listen to the audio CD I don’t understand a lot. During listening I look up the words in the dictionary.
**WORDS**
- **a reason** ['ri:zn]
- **a responsibility** [rɪ,spɒnsɪ'bɪlɪti]
- **complicated** ['kɒmplɪkeɪtɪd]
- **perfect** ['pɜːfɪkt]
- **responsible** [rɪ'spɒnsɪbl]
- to get stuck
- to keep doing smth
- to feel like doing smth
- to look up smth in the dictionary
- to make smb’s best
**b) Make true sentences.**
| Name | Like | Speaking. |
|------------|---------------|-----------|
| Ivanka | | |
| Sophia | like | doing grammar exercises. |
| Diego | likes | copying pronunciation symbols. |
| Oksana | don’t like | learning vocabulary. |
| Hans | doesn’t like | listening. |
| Yannick | | writing. |
| | | reading. |
9 Work in groups of three or four. Speak about the activities you like doing while learning English. Is there anything you don’t like? Say why! Use expressions like: interesting, boring, it takes up too much of your time, easy, difficult, too complicated.
10 a) Read and choose the statement you agree with.
1 a) I have to take responsibility for my own learning.
b) I don’t have to take responsibility for my own learning — that’s my teacher’s job.
2 a) When reading and listening, I have to understand every word.
b) When reading and listening, I don’t have to understand every word.
3 a) My teacher has to know everything I ask.
b) My teacher doesn’t have to know everything I ask.
4 a) I translate everything into Ukrainian.
b) I don’t need to translate everything into Ukrainian.
5 a) I should try to use my English outside the class.
b) It’s not important to use English outside the class.
6 a) You have to be very talkative to speak English well.
b) You don’t have to be very talkative to speak English well.
7 a) You have to visit an English speaking country to learn English well.
b) You don’t have to visit an English speaking country to learn English well.
b) Compare your answers with other classmates. Explain why you have chosen a) or b).
11 a) Read the commentaries.
Did you choose the same statements in task 10?
If you are willing to learn something you’ll learn faster. Your teacher can’t do all the work. Your success depends on you. Maybe you don’t like English and you would say that you have no choice. That’s one more reason why you should try to make the best of your time in the class.
You don’t have to worry about understanding every word — especially if you are reading or listening for the first time. In many cases you can guess the meaning from the context.
Teachers are not superbeings who know everything. In each lesson they learn as well. They learn English because they might look up something you asked and they weren’t able to answer. They learn from you because you know some things better. When they teach, they learn a lot about their profession, too. That makes them better teachers.
Your first language can help you a lot when learning a foreign language. You can translate a word into your mother tongue. But you usually meet a new word together with some other words. It’s useful to remember words in groups. It’s important to learn phrases that consist of several words because you don’t learn a language word by word. If you try to translate an expression word by word into Ukrainian, you will see it doesn’t work.
Spending some time in an English speaking country is a great idea, but it’s not that important. A great number of people have never been abroad and they speak English perfectly.
You can learn a lot of English by watching films, listening to music, reading books and magazines in English or having a pen friend. Maybe you have picked up some English while playing computer or video games. When going to school, look around and think how many objects that you see you can name in English. It might sound silly, but it’s a lot of fun.
Maybe you are very talkative in Ukrainian and not in English. Maybe you are afraid of mistakes. You can’t learn anything without making mistakes. You might say that your friends laugh at your mistakes. Yes, they do and that’s OK as long as they don’t make fun of you. Talk about such situations with your teacher and classmates and decide what’s OK and what isn’t.
b) Divide into groups of three-four and discuss the commentaries. Make notes if you find them useful in your learning English.
HOW LONG HAVE YOU KNOWN YOUR BEST FRIEND? WHERE DID YOU MEET AND WHAT DO YOU HAVE IN COMMON?
- I’ve known my best friend for … years.
- We first met and became acquainted (at a camp / … )
- We have the same (hobbies / interests / values / …).
WHY ARE FRIENDSHIPS IMPORTANT TO YOU? DO YOU STILL KEEP FRIENDSHIPS FROM THE PAST? HOW?
- Without friends, I would feel (lonely / sad / empty / …).
- I have continued my friendships by (emailing / calling / visiting / …).
- I don’t really have any friends from the past because I’ve (moved / changed my interests / …).
HOW DID YOU COME IN CONTACT WITH YOUR ONLINE FRIEND(S)? HAVE YOU EVER PERSONALLY MET THEM?
- I connected with my friend(s) through (a chat room / Facebook / another friend / …).
- I was able to meet one of my online friends when (I was on holiday / …).
- I’ve never met any online friend (and probably never will / although I hope to one day / but I am planning to / …).
WHAT QUALITY DO YOU ADMIRE MOST IN PEOPLE? WHICH ONE DO YOU FIND THE MOST UNPLEASANT?
- I most admire (patience / kindness / truthfulness / …) because (it makes me feel good / I can trust the person / …).
- I really object to (hypocrisy / disrespect / …).
1 Work in small groups.
Discuss the questions.
1 Do you think it’s better to be the older or the younger sister or brother in a family with two children? Why?
2 Does a child’s position in the family have an influence on his / her personality?
2 Read the article quickly. Which paragraph (1-5) mentions:
a the youngest children? ......................... ☐
b the children who have to look after their younger brothers and sisters? ...... ☐
c Tom Hughes? ....................... ☐
d the only children? .............. ☐
e the most competitive children? ......................... ☐
3 Read the article again.
Which children are usually:
1 independent and sociable?
2 charming and affectionate?
3 quite self-confident and ambitious?
4 very organised and responsible?
(1) In his book about the family’s influence on a personality the British psychologist Tom Hughes tells that our position in the family is the strongest factor that influences our personality.
(2) On his opinion, the oldest children get maximum attention from their parents, and the result is that they’re usually quite self-confident people. They make good leaders. For example, the famous Prime Minister Winston Churchill was a firstborn child. The oldest children are often ambitious. They’re more likely to go to university than their brothers or sisters. They often get the top jobs, too. They are also responsible people, because they often have to look after their younger brothers or sisters. The downside of this is that sometimes this means
4 Find the words in the article that have the opposite meaning.
1 well-bred 3 simple 5 rude
2 unselfish 4 hard-working 6 calm
AFFECTS OUR PERSONALITY?
that when they’re older they worry a lot about things. They can also be quite bossy and even aggressive, especially when they don’t get what they want.
(3) The middle children are usually independent and competitive. It’s because they have to fight with their brothers and sisters for their parents’ attention. And they’re usually sociable, they like being with people, probably because they have always had other children to play with. However, on the negative side, the middle children are often jealous of their brothers and sisters and they can be moody.
(4) If a child is the youngest in the family, he or she will probably be very charming, affectionate and quite relaxed. On the other hand, the youngest children are often quite lazy. This is because they always have their older brothers and sisters to help them. And they can be quite manipulative — they use their charm to get what they want.
(5) The only children in the family don’t have to share with anyone — so they’re often spoilt by their parents and their grandparents. As a result, they can be quite selfish. They think of themselves more than of other people. On the positive side, the only children are usually very organised and responsible, and they can be very imaginative, too.
5 a) Complete the sentences with the adjectives from the ‘Words For You’. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
1 … people always want to win.
2 … people want to be successful in life.
3 … children behave badly because they are given everything they want.
4 … people think about themselves and not about other people.
5 … people think that someone loves another person more than them, or wants what other people have.
6 … people are friendly and enjoy being with other people.
7 … people get angry quickly and like fighting.
8 … people have an attractive personality that makes people like them.
9 … people are people you can trust.
10 … people show that they like people very much.
11 … people like giving orders.
12 … people are good at influencing others to do what they want.
13 … people are happy one minute and sad the next one and are often bad-tempered.
14 … people like doing things on their own without help.
b) Work in pairs. Group up the adjectives above into positive, negative and neutral characteristics.
6 a) Complete the chart below with five personality adjectives in each column.
| oldest children | middle children | youngest children | only children |
|-----------------|-----------------|-------------------|---------------|
| | | | |
b) Read the article and check your chart.
c) Work in pairs. Look at the completed chart. Discuss the questions.
- Do you think the statements in the article are true for you?
If not, why?
- Do you think they are true for your brothers and sisters or your friends?
Develop Your Vocabulary
1 Match the personality adjectives with their definitions. Use a dictionary.
| 1 generous | a never lying |
|------------|--------------|
| 2 reliable | b wanting something that someone else has |
| 3 talkative | c willing to give money, spend time etc., in order to give others pleasure |
| 4 sensitive | d unkind or unwilling to share |
| 5 patient | e able to wait calmly for a long time or to accept difficulties without becoming angry |
| 6 mean | f capable of being trusted or depended on |
| 7 honest | g easily hurt or offended by things that people say or able to feel physical sensations more than usual |
| 8 envious | h liking to talk a lot |
2 Make opposites using the prefixes with the adjectives in the box. Put them in the correct column of the table below.
ambitious, friendly, honest, imaginative, kind, organised, patient, reliable, tidy, responsible, selfish, sensitive, sociable
| un- | dis- | in-/im-/ir- |
|-----|------|-------------|
| | | |
3 Organise the words into pairs of opposites and put them in the columns below.
The common ways of making the opposites of adjectives are to add prefixes: ‘un-’, ‘in-’, ‘dis-’, ‘im-’ or ‘ir-’.
mean, clever, lazy, relaxed, hard-working, cheerful, honest, stupid, unpleasant, generous, reliable, mean, untidy, self-confident, moody, organised, bossy, ambitious, imaginative, spoilt, energetic, envious
| positive | negative |
|----------|----------|
4 Choose five or six words which best describe your or your friend’s character. Explain your choice.
Example: Sociable — I’m sociable because I love being with other people.
5 List as many words which can describe people’s character beginning with ‘self’, as you can. Group up them into positive, negative or neutral characteristics.
Build Up Your Grammar
USED TO
- We use the phrase used to + infinitive when we talk about things which were true in the past but aren’t true now.
Example: I used to learn French but now I learn English.
Italy used to have a king.
- We can also make comparisons with the phrase used to. Apart from ‘used to’, all the verbs are in the Present Tense.
Example: Now I live in Kyiv: I used to live in Lviv.
She used to do aerobics, but now she does not exercise at all.
When we are not comparing, but saying how things were in the past, we use the Past Tense.
Example: When I lived on a farm, I used to ride my horse every day. He used to have quite a temper when he was a child.
1 Complete the sentences. Use the affirmative or negative form of ‘used to’ and the verbs in brackets.
Example: Bob … (work) in a factory, but he doesn’t now.
Bob used to work in a factory, but he doesn’t now.
1 Mary … (go) to my school, but now she doesn’t.
2 Andrew … (be) very tall, but now he is.
3 Chris … (drink) coffee, but now he does.
4 We … (play) football at the weekend, but now we don’t.
5 There … (be) a market every Friday, but now there isn’t.
6 They … (wear) a uniform to school, but now they do.
2 Some of the phrases in bold are incorrect. Find them and rewrite the sentences correctly.
1 We used to had a dog when I was a child.
2 I used to like eating pork but now I hate it.
3 Bob used to play football before he became a dancer.
4 Wales use to be an independent country before it was part of Britain.
5 We used to have several horses.
6 Jane uses to be a singer.
7 We used to lived in Russia but now we live in Ukraine.
8 It used to work, now it doesn’t.
To make questions or negative sentences we use did / didn’t + use to. It is very common in English to make questions starting with didn’t.
Example: Didn’t you use to play ‘hide-and-seek’ in your childhood?
3 Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the ‘used to’ structure.
1 Did you ... go to the same school as I?
2 I didn’t ... have so many things when I was a student.
3 What did you ... study?
4 Didn’t you ... have long hair?
5 What did you ... do when you were a child?
6 He never ... be like that.
4 Complete the text by using the ‘used to’ structure with the verbs in the box.
carry, be, dance, dress, have, wear
Looking through the pages of old magazines one can notice things that refer to the fashion of those days. Women’s skirts used to be long and formal. All men ... long hair. Children ... like adults. Men and women ... at formal balls. Women ... many petticoats¹ under their skirts. Men ... walking sticks.
5 Write questions. Use the prompts, the phrases in the box and ‘used to’.
Example: your mother / read to you
Did your mother use to read to you before you started school?
– before you started school?
– at the weekend?
– when it was your birthday?
– before you went to bed?
– before they got married?
– when you were a child?
– where you could play?
– when you got up?
1 а petticoat ['petikəot] — (нижня) спідниця
1 you / eat vegetables
2 Who / your family / visit
3 What / your grandparents / give you
4 there / be / a park / near your house
5 Where / your parents / live
6 you / watch TV / on Saturday mornings
7 you / get up early
6 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
- Did you use to wear glasses?
- Did you use to wear long hair?
- When did you use to come home from school in Year 1?
- What books did you use to read when you were eight?
- Where did you use to live before you came to the place you live now?
- Did you use to play dolls / cars when you were a little child?
Focus on Listening
1 Talk with your partner on the following.
- Have you ever tried to get in touch with an old friend of your childhood? Why? Did you succeed?
2 Read the dialogue and guess the meanings of the words in bold.
A: How long have you known each other?
B: For about 10 years.
A: Why do you think you get on so well?
B: Because we have very similar personalities.
A: What do you have in common?
B: A lot of things, for example, we both love playing tennis.
A: Do you ever argue?
B: Not much. We usually agree about most things.
A: How do you keep in touch?
B: Usually by email and we phone each other occasionally.
A: Do you think you will always stay friends?
B: Yes, I’m sure we will. I certainly hope so.
3 Listen and tick the topics which are mentioned.
1 an actor she used to like
2 a friend she used to have
3 a sport she used to play
4 a teacher she used to hate
5 a film she used to watch several times
4 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 When did she and Rose stop seeing each other?
2 When did they lose touch?
3 Why didn’t she like the French teacher?
4 What happened as a result?
5 Why did she stop playing squash?
6 Why does she prefer tennis?
5 Work in pairs. Think of a close friend of yours. Ask and answer the questions.
- How long have you known him/her?
- Where did you meet?
- Why do you get on well?
- What do you have in common?
- Do you ever argue? What about?
- How often do you see each other?
- How do you keep in touch the rest of time?
- Have you ever lost touch? Why? When?
- Do you think you’ll stay friends?
6 Work in groups. Share your ideas on the following items. Use the clues below.
- What qualities do you appreciate in your friends?
- What makes someone a special or best friend?
I appreciate friends who are (honest / trustworthy / understanding / ...).
Friends should also (be willing to help you / tell you if you’re doing something wrong / support you even if you’ve made a mistake / ...).
A special friend shows (great loyalty / much patience / unconditional love / ...).
1 a) Read and compare the opinions about Peter.
MY PARENTS think that I am lazy, because I don’t want to help with the household chores. In their opinion, I am talkative and too noisy because whenever we’re talking, it seems that I’m talking to a person who is far away from me and once I start talking — I talk and talk until I’ve run out of stories.
MY TEACHERS believe that I am a hard-working student. They tell me that I seem to be really trying my best to finish my school work and maintain my good grades. Sometimes they think I am lazy because I do not pass my work on time.
MY FRIENDS say that I am a talented person because I can sing, dance and act. They think that I’m a snob, but I don’t know why. I’m not a snob. Others think I am nice and fun to be with.
I THINK OF MYSELF as an ambitious person because I set up high goals in football for myself. I have high goals for my career and I try to be a success in school.
b) Work in groups. Think and explain why Peter makes such different impressions on people.
2 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions below.
- Do you speak differently when you are with different people? Who with? When?
- Do you argue with some people but not others? Who do you argue with? When?
- Do you feel that you are more talkative with peers\(^1\) than with adults? Why?
3 Get ready to comment on the quotations\(^2\) in class.
1 A friend to all is a friend to none.
True friendship is a plant of slow growth.
What is a friend? A single soul in two bodies.
Focus on Writing
1 Work in pairs. Answer the questions:
— Is writing a process or a skill?
— What reasons do we write for?
— What kinds of writing do you know?
— Why do we study writing?
\(^1\)а peer [piə] — ровесник
\(^2\)а quotation [kwəˈteɪʃn] — вислів, цитата
2 a) Get some information.
WHY LEARN TO WRITE?
To become good in writing we have to keep in mind the following ideas:
It is actually a process, which includes getting, planning and organising ideas, writing a first draft\(^1\), revising, redrafting, improving and, finally, getting the material ready for the readers.
We can all learn how to write well. Of course, it takes time and practice. Before putting pen to paper you will also have to think of the important elements:
1 AUDIENCE — who am I writing for?
2 PURPOSE — what is the function of this piece of writing?
3 FORM, which very much depends on the first two elements.
Some of you might ask: what is the purpose of my writing? One of the answers is self-evident — to pass the exam. The school leaving exam, which represents your ticket to university, is a written test.
But there are many good reasons why learning how to write well is more than just passing the school leaving or any other exam.
The world of business, media, art, science, etc. is all about writing articles, reports, letters, reviews, etc.
Becoming a good writer is important for your personal as well as professional development.
b) Answer the questions of exercise 1 again.
What has changed in your answers? Discuss it with a partner.
3 a) Look at the table on the next page. Choose three types of writing you find the most useful for your writing priorities.
---
\(^1\)a draft [drɑːft] — начерк, чернетка
**TYPES OF WRITING**
| Personal & social writing | Study writing | Professional writing |
|---------------------------|---------------|----------------------|
| diaries | making notes while studying | form filling |
| recipes | making notes in class | letters of: |
| shopping lists | summaries | application, apology, |
| reminders | reports | complaint, request |
| letters to family / friends | essays | CVs (amer.: Resume) |
| notes (instructions) | | reports |
| telephone messages | | reviews |
| | | contracts |
b) Compare and discuss your answers with your classmate(s). Report your findings to the rest of the class.
4 a) In the Self-Assessment Grid (Appendix, pp. 262-266) read the part 3 concerning writing. Try to find the descriptors that fits your level best.
b) In a group of four, compare and discuss your answers. Report your findings to the other groups.
Level ...... fits me best because ................................................................
................................................................
My objective\(^1\) is to achieve level ........... because ..........................
................................................................
5 Read the situation and fill in the application form.
You want to find an English speaking pen friend. A club in Scotland, which introduces pen friends, has sent you this application form.
\(^1\)an objective [əb'dʒektɪv] — мета
The International Pen Friend Club
PALMERSTON PLACE
Edinburgh EH 12 5BJ
United Kingdom
Full name: ________________________________________________________
Home address (including country): _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Nationality: ______________________________________________________
Date of birth (day/month/year): _____________________________________
Sex: _____________________________________________________________
Main interest: _____________________________________________________
What sort of person would you like to write to?
___________________________________________________________________
Reasons for wanting a pen friend: _________________________________
How well do you write in English? _________________________________
Signature _______________________________________________________
6 a) Write about your best friend. Use the questions below.
— How long have you known each other?
— What does your friend look like (physically)?
— What is your friend like? (use as many adjectives as you can think of to describe his / her character)
— Why is he / she your best friend (what do you like about him / her)?
— What do you have in common?
— How do you know that you can rely on him/her? (give some examples)
— Has your friend ever let you down? When? Why?
— What about you? Are you a good friend? Can you prove it?
— What do you and your best friend do together?
— Have you ever quarreled? If yes, how did you make up with your best friend?
b) Display your writings in class. Read your mates’ works.
c) Work in groups. Discuss your works.
1 a) Correct the mistakes in the phrases in bold.
Example: She wasn’t use to be so shy.
She didn’t use to be so shy.
1 I use to get up at 6:30, but I don’t any more.
2 Did she always used to have long hair?
3 Do you use to have breakfast before you go to work?
4 They didn’t used to have a car, they used to cycle everywhere.
5 He doesn’t like coffee, so he use to drink tea in the morning.
6 He used be a teacher, but now he works for Greenpeace.
b) Complete the sentences by changing the verbs in the box into positive (+), negative (–) or interrogative (?) form of the ‘used to’ structure.
argue, be, go, wear, live, play
Example: – I didn’t use to go to the theatre often
but now I go twice a month.
1 + I … with my boss but now we get on quite well.
2 + Lilly … in Kyiv but she moved to Donetsk last year.
3 ? … you … a long hair? You look different.
4 + We … really close but now we hardly ever meet.
5 ? … you … with your parents when you were a child?
2 Match each characteristic with its description as in the example.
Example: A well-educated person has had a good education.
brave, caring, cheerful, creative, energetic, enthusiastic, fair, fit, patient, hard-working, organised, well-educated, sociable, strong
a … is always lively and doesn’t tire easily.
b … is original, artistic and imaginative.
c … has well-developed muscles and can do hard physical work.
d … is calm and does not get annoyed or frustrated.
e … is helpful and sympathetic to other people.
f … is not afraid of frightening or dangerous situations.
g ... is friendly and enjoys being with other people.
h ... treats everyone equally and is not influenced by personal feelings.
i ... is efficient and good at making and carrying out plans.
j ... is healthy and in good physical condition.
k ... is interested in and excited about something.
l ... is not at all lazy.
m ... is always happy and optimistic.
3 Match the adjectives with their definitions. Use them to describe people you know well, as in the example.
Example: Tom is very honest. He never tells lies.
| Adjective | Definition |
|-------------|-------------------------------------------------|
| honest | never stop talking |
| jealous | not say a lot |
| talkative | feel angry about not having what others have |
| shy | talk to everybody |
| mean | never betray friends |
| loyal | able to think of new ideas |
| imaginative | never tell lies |
| sociable | hate spending money |
4 Work in pairs.
a) Ask your friend to do the personality questionnaire about you. Do the questionnaire yourself. Put ‘Y’ for Yes, ‘N’ for No, and ‘S’ for Sometimes.
What Sort of Person You Are
☐ 1 Are you usually smiling and happy?
☐ 2 Do you enjoy the company of other people?
☐ 3 Do you find it difficult to meet new people?
☐ 4 Is it important to you to succeed in your career?
☐ 5 Does your mood change very often suddenly for no reason?
☐ 6 Do you notice other people’s feelings?
☐ 7 Do you think the future will be good?
What Sort of Person You Are
8 Can your friends depend on you?
9 Is your room often in a mess?
10 Do you get annoyed if you have to wait for anything or anybody?
11 Do you put off until tomorrow what you could do today?
12 Do you work hard?
13 Do you keep your feelings and ideas to yourself?
14 Do you often give presents?
15 Do you talk a lot?
16 Are you usually calm and not worried by things?
b) Compare your and your friend’s answers about you.
c) Match the characteristics with the questions from the questionnaire in (a).
a untidy ........... 9 f shy .............. k moody ...............
b optimistic..... g impatient .... l hard-working ....
c sociable...... h ambitious.... m easy-going ......
d talkative...... i lazy.............. n reliable ............
e reserved...... j generous.... o cheerful ............
p sensitive ..........
5 Give a complete profile of yourself.
- Introduce yourself (name, surname, age).
- Say something about your family, pets, hobbies, interests, likes and dislikes.
- Describe yourself (your appearance: hair, eyes, build, what you usually wear).
- Describe your character, giving examples to prove it. (Are you reliable, honest, lazy, boring, bossy, gossipy, hard-working, sporty, ambitions, a coach potato, a chatterbox, etc.?)
- Say something about your friends.
- Say something about your school, favourite subjects and teachers.
- Say what you would like to be when you grow up.
- Say something else that you think is important to know about you.
6 a) Discuss the questions in groups.
1 What qualities do you like most in people?
2 What qualities are very important for those who want:
— to become successful in their lives?
— to become skilful at some job?
— to get along with others easily?
— to be respected by people?
b) Make a list of the most interesting ideas and some of the best arguments to support the ideas which were expressed in your discussion.
7 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
- Do you have a close friend?
- Who is your best friend and why?
- What makes for a good friendship?
- Do you make friends easily?
- Why do some children have so many friends?
- What should friends always do?
- What should friends never do?
- Do real friends share secrets?
- Do you keep your friend’s secrets?
- Do you help your friends with their school homework?
- Do your friends help you?
- Do your parents have close friends?
- Do gossipy children have a lot of friends?
- Is there a boy / girl in your class who hasn’t got a friend?
- Is there a boy / girl in your class who’s got a lot of friends?
- How can you help children who don’t make friends easily?
- Does your sister / brother get on well with your friends?
- If you have a brother or a sister, do you get on well with his / her friends?
1 Complete the text with the words and phrases from the box.
I have a ... called Natalia. I’ve ... her for about 12 years now. We ... at work. She was a ... of mine at the company where I used to work, and we used to have our coffee breaks at the same time.
We ... . Although we don’t ... (we have quite different interests). We don’t work together any more, and when I changed jobs we ... for a couple of years. But now we ... regularly. We phone each other once a week, and we see each other about twice a month. We don’t often ..., only sometimes about films as we have completely different tastes!
keep in touch, argue, got on well, have a lot in common, close friend, lost touch, colleague, known, meet
Grammar
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of ‘used to’ and the verb in brackets.
1 She ... (go) to the cinema every week, but she doesn’t have time now.
2 We never ... (eat out) but now we go to a restaurant twice a week.
3 ... (you/wear) a uniform when you went to school?
4 I ... (go) to the gym three times a week, but not any more. I’m too busy.
5 He ... (not like) children, but now he’s the perfect father.
6 He ... (be) very patient, but now he’s really impatient.
7 ... (they/go) to the bench a lot when they were kids?
8 We ... (not have) a long holiday, but this year we’re going to the Crimea for six weeks!
Listening
3) Listen and tick (✓) the positions (1-4) that are mentioned.
1 the oldest child
2 the middle child
3 the youngest child
4 the only child
b) Listen again and write the adjectives he uses to describe each person.
himself: not s………, not s………, not i………, r………, o……….
his wife: a………, not l………, h………, c………, not m……….
his father: r………, b……….
Reading
4) Read the article and write out short characteristics of both sisters.
Short Characteristics
Cathy was………………………………………
The author was……………………………………
I sometimes think that poor Cathy has spent all her life competing with me. She was a very quiet and shy child, while I was very talkative — I was awful! I wasn’t interested in studying, all I wanted to do was going to parties, and Cathy used to tell my parents. So, I was horrible to her — I used to bite her.
I was very jealous of Cathy also because she was more attractive than me. But she always defended me when other people criticised me, and sometimes it seemed as if she was the older sister and I was the younger one. Although we were complete opposites, we were also very close and had a lot of fun together. We still do.
I think I suffered because my father had left us when we were small, but Cathy helped me to understand that Dad loved us, but in a different way. She also taught me that I couldn’t blame other people for my problems, I had to look at myself.
I CAN ...
- read and understand about people and their relationship
- listen and understand about different personal characteristics
- talk about friends and friendship
- understand and use the phrase in ‘used to’ structure
- describe a personality
- complete a registration form for a Pen Friend Club
Choose the Career!
Unit 2
WARM UP
WHAT SORT OF SUMMER WORK HAVE YOU HAD?
- Over the summer I worked as a/an (shop assistant / gardener / au pair /...).
- I have not had any summer jobs because I wanted to (rest and relax / travel and see new places / spend time with my grandparents /...).
WHAT MAKES A JOB GOOD AND INTERESTING?
- For me, a good job should be (meaningful / well paid / beneficial to others /...).
- I would like to have (a nice supervisor / pleasant co-workers / opportunity for growth /...).
- Ideally, I’d like my job to include possibilities for (creativity / travel / advancement / ...).
HOW IMPORTANT IS THE SALARY IN CHOOSING A JOB?
- I think that the salary is (the major factor / as important as job satisfaction / not the essential issue /...) in accepting a job offer.
- I wouldn’t mind a lower-paying job if it was (very fulfilling for me / really creative and enjoyable / well suited to my interests and abilities /...).
WHAT QUALITIES DOES A BOSS APPRECIATE IN PEOPLE WHO WORK?
- I think that a boss always likes (punctuality / honesty / hard work /...).
- Traits that a boss would not like to see are (laziness / disrespect / lying /...).
1 Make a Top Five List of your favourite jobs. Compare it with a partner.
2 Read the job advertisements quickly. Which advertisement (A-E) mentions:
a CHILDREN'S NURSE
required for British family with two children (ages 2 and 5) living in Brussels. Driving license is essential. French is an advantage.
Please write giving brief details of qualifications and experience to Mrs Arnold, International Employment Agency 12 Knight Street, London W4A 2B2
b We are a UK trading company looking for a full-time OFFICE ADMINISTRATOR
WE REQUIRE:
✓ very good spoken English
✓ office administration, including IT skills
✓ import/export experience – desirable, but not essential
✓ strong communication and inter-personal skills
✓ desire and ability to work hard and face challenges
Please fax your CV and covering letter in English to (815) 332-07 212 or email firstname.lastname@example.org
A leading fashion company seeks ambitious graduates with some experience to train in
**MERCHANDISING**
Duties will include stock allocation, assessment and analysis of sales figures to predict future trends. Knowledge of fashion and some design experience would be valuable.
Excellent prospects for advancement\(^1\) in this forward-looking company.
Contact Ms Bennie at 0 181-255-1707
“Fashion CONNECTIONS”
Recruitment Consultants
---
**POSITION:** Technical Training Engineer
**LOCATION:** Liverpool, England
**RESPONSIBILITIES:**
- Deliver technical training courses to overseas customers.
- Write or edit technical training documentation.
**REQUIREMENTS:**
- Excellent English mother tongue or second language.
- Good telecom or computer background.
- Wide teaching experience preferred.
- Telecom equipment maintenance background preferred.
- Responsible, cooperative and enthusiastic.
- No limits on nationality.
---
Visit Hawaii, the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, Florida, the Far East by
**WORKING ON A CRUISESHIP**
Would you like the chance to earn up to $4,000 per month tax-free while visiting exotic places? Arrow Cruise lines need porters, waitresses/waiters, sport instructors, club and casino staff now. New contracts (6 or 12 months) start every month. Full training is provided. All you need is fluency in English and another language, a lively personality and a sense of adventure.
**INTERESTED?**
Call Mandy on 0161-888-888 to find out more.
---
\(^1\)an advancement [ədˈvʌ:nsmənt] — просування уперед; кар’єрний ріст
3 Read the advertisements on pages 40-41 again and match them with the statements below.
1 This work requires an ability to act both independently and also as part of a team. ................................................................. b
2 This work requires both computer knowledge and teaching experience. ................................................................. □
3 They have vacancies for various kinds of people, but they have to speak more than one language. ......................... □
4 They need a person who can drive a car. ................................................................. □
5 The applicants for this job need a special education and good analytical abilities. ................................................................. □
4 Match the words with their definitions.
1 to seek
2 IT skills
3 staff
4 a requirement
5 a qualification
6 essential
7 an employment agency
a very important for doing something (advert. A)
b ability to work with Information Technology (B)
c to look very hard for someone (C)
d a business that makes money by finding jobs for people (A)
e the achievement of passing exams for a particular job (A)
f something that is needed or asked (E)
g people who work for an organisation, especially for business (D)
5 Work in groups. Choose one of the advertisements (pages 40-41) and discuss all the requirements which are asked.
6 Work in pairs. Play the ‘Guess the Profession’ game.
Pupil A, write a profession on a piece of paper (teacher, pilot, cook, etc.).
Pupil B, try to guess the name of the profession. Ask questions using the adjectives in the box.
active, attentive, diplomatic, disciplined, cooperative, energetic, enthusiastic, imaginative, logical, optimistic, positive, practical, realistic, systematic, tactful, skilled, talented, willing to travel
Develop Your Vocabulary
1 Match the jobs with the skills they need.
1 bricklayer a a skill to fit and repair electrical things
2 carpenter b a skill to repair cars
3 plumber c a skill to make things using wood
4 electrician d a skill to build walls
5 mechanic e a skill to fit and repair water pipes, bathrooms, etc.
2 Complete each column with two more jobs. Use a dictionary if necessary.
| -er | -or | -ist | -ian | others |
|-------|------|------|------|------------|
| plumber | actor | scientist | librarian | pilot |
| lawyer | conductor | psychologist | electrician | accountant |
OCCUPATION means an activity in which one is engaged; the state of being occupied.
Example: Which occupation will he choose himself? Look for an occupation suited to your abilities.
PROFESSION is an occupation in which special education or training is required, as the profession of an architect.
Example: Law, Architecture and Medicine are professions.
TRADE is a skilled occupation, especially in handicraft, an occupation requiring mechanical skill.
Example: Dressmaking is a useful trade. He is a hairdresser (tailor, blacksmith) by trade.
3 Group up the words from the box into the columns below. For some words more than one column is possible.
advertising, building, fashion, legal, manufacturing, medical, music, shipping, teaching, tourism
| business | trade | profession | industry |
|----------|-------|------------|----------|
| | | | |
4 Write four sentences about real people who have jobs in any of the above areas.
Example: My granddad works in the building industry as an architect. It is his profession.
1 Complete the profile by changing the form of the verb in brackets using the Past Simple or the Present Perfect.
Profile: CHRISTOPHER JONES
Christopher Jones is an English language teacher. He ... (be) always good at languages at school, so he ... (decide) to take his degree in French and German. When he ... (finish) his university studies, he ... (begin) teaching in a secondary school in England. Two years later, however, he ... (meet) someone by chance who ... (offer) him a job teaching English to foreign students during the long summer holidays. His students ... (be) adults and he ... (enjoy) the work greatly. He soon ... (find) he ... (be) more interested in teaching his own language to foreigners than foreign languages to English schoolboys.
Since then he ... (specialise) in this work. He ... (find) that one of the advantages of the job was that it enabled him to find work almost everywhere in the world. First he ... (go) to Africa for 2 years and then he ... (spend) a year in Arabia. After this he ... (go) to Greece where he ... (work) for the last 3 years. He ... (not, be) to South America yet but he wants to go there next. He ... (teach) men and women of all ages and of various nationalities. He also ... (learn) to get on with all kinds of people and to adjust to different ways of life. So far he ... (not, regret) his decision to follow this career.
2 Complete the sentences (A-C) to make the rules.
Present Perfect, Past Simple, Present Perfect Continuous
A We use the ... to mention about the events in the past.
Example: I visited my aunt last weekend.
B We use the ... to talk about the results and completed actions or events that are connected with the present.
Example: I’ve lived in this town for 6 years.
My brother has been to London.
Jane has already done her homework. Look!
C We use the ... to talk about an action that began in the past and is still in progress or an action that has recently stopped and which explains the present situation.
Example: I’ve been working for this company since 2002.
David has been playing tennis so he’s really tired.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
is used to stress the duration of an action.
It is formed with have / has been + main verb with ending -ing:
I / You / We / They have been watching the game for 3 hours.
He / she / It has been watching the game for 3 hours.
NOTE:
Adverbs commonly used with the Present Perfect Continuous:
- since, for, how long
We have been watching the game SINCE 4 p.m.
- all day / night / morning / my life / year (all day long, all night long…)
Jack has been studying ALL AFTERNOON.
- lately, recently
We have been working very hard RECENTLY.
3 Read and make up sentences saying how long the people have been doing different things.
Example: Paula started laughing ten minutes ago and she is still laughing. (She / laugh)
She has been laughing for ten minutes.
1 The Carltons bought their car two years ago and they still have it. (They / drive)
2 Kitty’s brother jumped in the pool at 12. It’s now 1 p.m. and he’s still in the pool. (He / swim)
3 Sheila came to work at 9. It’s now 5 p.m. and she’s still at work. (She / work)
4 We got our mixer in 2001. We still use it. (We / use)
5 Ben started telling jokes at 6 in the afternoon. It’s now 8 and he hasn’t stopped. (He / tell)
6 Mark and Will started playing a computer game at 4 p.m. It’s now 6 and they are still playing. (They / play)
7 I started drawing a picture in the morning and I am still doing it now, at 7 p.m. (I / draw)
4 Choose the correct word or phrase in brackets.
1 How long (have you had / have you been having) your car?
2 Ron (worked / has been working) as a postman for the past month.
3 Mary (has been finding / has found) a good job.
4 I (have written / have been writing) an essay all day.
5 How long (have you been living / do you live) in Kyiv?
PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- We use the Present Perfect Continuous for incomplete actions which were in progress over a period of time in the past. With recently completed actions we use the Present Perfect. *We have been living* in Kyiv for 12 years. (We’re still there now.) *They’ve lived* in Luhansk, Donetsk and Dnipro. (They aren’t there now.)
- We often use the Present Perfect Continuous with ‘how long’. If we ask ‘how often’ or ‘how much/many’ we use the Present Perfect. *How long has she been sleeping?* *How often have you worn that suit?* *How many English lessons have you had?*
5 Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous with the verbs in brackets.
A: How long ... you ... (try) to find a job?
B: For three years. It ... (be) really difficult.
A: How many jobs ... you ... (have)?
B: About thirty, maybe more I ... (do) everything.
A: How long ... you ... (stand) here today?
B: I ... (wait) since 8:00 this morning, and I’m freezing.
6 Write sentences with the Present Perfect Continuous adding ‘for’ or ‘since’.
Example: she / work there / 2003
She’s been working there since 2003.
1 how long / they / go out together?
2 I / study English / eight years.
3 you / read that book / months!
4 you / wait / a long time?
5 how long / she / live there?
6 I / rent this flat / three years.
7 she / work here / a long time?
7 Work in pairs. Role-play the situation.
It is Friday evening. One of you has decided to phone the other for a chat. Ask and answer questions about what you’ve been doing this week.
Hi, there. I’m tired.
I’ve had a terrible week!
What have you been doing?
1 Think of a job. Your partner tries to guess it asking questions.
Do you work in an office?
Do you drive a car?
Do you wear a uniform?
2 Unscramble the names of the jobs you are going to listen about.
stemsy ministradator — ...
naljourist — ...
countacant — ...
3 Work in pairs. Identify the words that are missing from the sentences in exercise 4.
4 Listen to three people and complete the sentences.
1 She has already been working at this ... for 10 years.
2 She is a professional with broad work ....
3 He chose this creative ... because he was a creative person.
4 They all work as ....
5 He is ... for the safety of all documents and files.
6 All his ... respect him for his professionalism.
WORDS
safety ['seiiti]
a vacancy ['veikənsi]
to apply [ə'pleɪ]
to graduate ['grædʒjuːeɪt] (from)
to offer ['ɒfə]
- to be responsible [rɪ'spɒnsəbl] for
- to be satisfied [sætɪsfaɪd] with
- to be well-paid [,wel-'peɪd]
FOR YOU
1 to unscramble [ʌn'skræmbl] — розшифровувати
5 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 Is it necessary to get higher education if you want to become an accountant?
2 Why does an accountant need to get additional education? What ways can he/she get it?
3 What is the journalist who works in some local newspaper responsible for?
4 What way can you characterise the profession of a journalist?
5 What does the occupation of a system administrator require?
6 Talk with a partner on the following.
Are your parents satisfied with their present jobs? What are their responsibilities? What are the advantages and disadvantages of your father’s/mother’s job?
Focus on Speaking
1 Match the questions with the answers to make an interview. Act out the interview in pairs.
| 1 What’s your name? | a £ 200 rent per month, £ 200 clothes, £ 50 bank, £ 60 petrol, £ 40 magazines and books. |
|---------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 2 How old are you? | b Radio reporter for The Word, a daily magazine programme on London’s Kiss 100 FM. |
| 3 What do you do? | c Kiss House, Holloway Road, London. |
| 4 Where do you work?| d Lisa Sharon. |
| 5 What do you wear to work? | e 27. |
| 6 How much do you earn? | f £ 15,000 – £ 20,000 per year, including TV work. |
| 7 What do you spend it on? | g Everything goes — casual\(^1\). |
\(^1\)casual ['kæʒuəl] — буденний; (тут) як завжди
2 a) Work in pairs. Read the dialogue and make a similar one. Use some of the phrases in the box below.
A: Are there any interesting jobs in the paper today?
B: Well, here’s one for a tour guide. But you have to work on Saturdays and Sundays.
A: I don’t want to work on weekends.
B: Neither do I. Oh, there’s another one here for a salesperson. It’s a job selling children’s books.
A: Sounds interesting.
B: Yes, but you need a driver’s license, and I can’t drive.
A: Oh, I can! I just got my license. What’s the phone number?
B: It’s 798-3455.
b) Present your dialogue in class.
3 Make up questions to interview Chris Jones (see ex. 1, page 45). Get ready to role-play the interview in pairs in class.
4 Work in groups. Discuss which of the jobs in Ukraine:
a are normally done by women.
b are generally well-paid.
c require a lot of training.
d are very stressful.
e have long holidays.
f are dangerous.
USEFUL
Making Choices
What are the advantages / disadvantages?
The job in ... seems a better choice because...
From the information we have, it seems that ... would be good.
I’d prefer the job...
The job ... doesn’t sound very suitable for me because...
1 a) You have learned about the three most important elements in writing: audience, purpose and form. What would be the three elements for the following types of texts?
| TYPE OF TEXT | AUDIENCE who? | PURPOSE why? | FORM |
|-----------------------|---------------|--------------|------|
| novel | | | |
| hotel reservation | | | |
| staff meeting minutes | | | |
| study trip report | | | |
| mobile phone instructions | | | |
| play review | | | |
b) Compare and discuss your answers with your classmate(s).
c) Report your findings to the class.
2 a) Get some information and name the types and styles of letters mentioned in the text.
Letters are pieces of writing usually written to a person or a group of people for a specific purpose. There are various types of letters and your choice depends on your reasons for writing. The most common reasons are: requesting or giving information, giving or asking for an opinion, applying for a position, etc.
Any letter consists of:
1. a PROPER GREETING
2. an INTRODUCTION stating the reason(s) for writing
3. a BODY developing the topic of the letter where each new point is written in a new paragraph
4. a CONCLUSION summarising the topic and including some closing remarks
5. a PROPER ENDING
There are three styles of letter depending on the person you addressed to:
- INFORMAL LETTERS are written to the members of the family or people you know well.
- SEMI-FORMAL LETTERS are written to people you do not know well and to whom you want to show politeness and respect.
- FORMAL LETTERS are written to people you do not know or people in authority\(^1\).
b) Put the parts of the letter in a proper order.
| | |
|---|---|
| a | INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
opening remarks & presenting the reasons for writing |
| b | ENDING
writer’s (full) name |
| c | GREETING |
| d | CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
summarising the topic & closing remarks |
| e | BODY PARAGRAPH
Paragraphs 2, 3, etc.
Topic development |
\(^1\)people in authority [əˈθɔːrti] — керівники, посадові особи
3 a) Read the advertisement below and the letter on page 55. Then answer the questions.
- What is the style of the letter? Why?
- What is the purpose of the letter? Is it personal or professional?
- Name the type of the letter.
We have vacancies for holiday hosts and hostesses this summer. The job involves looking after groups of holidaymakers, entertaining them and helping with any problems. We are looking for young people who are bright and cheerful and who can work independently. If you like travelling and helping people, why not write to us?
All applicants must speak English and one other language. If you can play any sports or a musical instrument, this will be useful.
b) Refer the headings to the appropriate parts of the letter.
- the places she has visited
- addresses she is writing to
- her knowledge of languages
- the things she is good at
- her personal qualities
- sender’s address
- reason for writing
- sender’s signature
- signing off
- sender’s name
- greeting
- date
12 St John’s St
Bristol
BR2 7FU
16 March
Janet Smith
Happy Holidays
26 Baker St
Leeds
L24 7BJ
Dear Ms Smith,
I read your advertisement in Teen Magazine and I would like to apply for a job as a Happy Holidays hostess this summer.
I am seventeen years old and I come from Greece. At the moment I am studying at a language school near Bristol. I can speak English, Greek and a little Spanish.
I like travelling. I have been to Spain, Italy and Britain. This is my second visit to England. Last year I stayed with my pen friend’s family in London for a month.
I enjoy playing sports. I can play basketball, tennis and volleyball. I’m good at swimming, too. I can’t play a musical instrument, but I have a good voice and I enjoy singing.
I’m sure that I would make a good hostess. I’m very sociable and I like helping other people. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Maria Bapass
Write your own letter of application for a job as a Happy Holidays host or hostess.
1 Complete the interview by changing the forms of the verbs in brackets.
**Interviewer:** So, how long ... you ... (live) here?
**Mary:** For about 6 months now.
**I:** Why did you choose Beirut?
**M:** Because my husband John and I ... always ... (love) Arab culture and the language. John’s an English teacher and he ... (get) a job here in a language school.
**I:** Why did you want to take a year off?
**M:** Basically I ... (want) a break from teaching. I love teaching children but I ... (need) a change. Also I ... (draw and paint) since I was little but I ... never really ... (have) the chance to study drawing. So this ... (seem) like the perfect opportunity to have a change and learn to draw properly.
**I:** What ... you ... (do) here since you arrived?
**M:** Well, ... (find) a fantastic art teacher, called Fatima, and I ... (have) classes with her since October. She’s great and she ... (speak) English, which is lucky because I don’t know much Arabic yet. But I ... (learn).
**I:** Is Arabic a difficult language to learn?
**M:** Very difficult! Especially the pronunciation.
2 **Play the vocabulary game.**
1 In pairs, try to write as many different jobs as you can in five minutes.
2 The pair with the longest list reads it aloud. If you have the job you hear on your list, cross it out. The pair with the longest list with the jobs left is the winner.
Read four newspaper advertisements about vacancies.
a) Listen to the people who estimate their chances to get a job.
**WANTED:**
Engineer. Important off-shore oil company.
Qualifications: Bachelor of Science and Five years’ experience in similar work. Send resume to Box 305, New Orleans, LA 70132.
**Chris**
I’ve worked for an oil company for ten years. I have a B.Sc. in Engineering. I have the qualifications. I’m going to apply for the job. If they offer me the job, I’ll definitely take it.
**Dave**
I like that job, but I can’t apply for it. I don’t have the qualifications. If I had the qualifications, I’d apply for it.
**WANTED:**
Bilingual secretary for a new office in New Jersey. The applicant must be a native speaker of English and must be able to read and write Spanish. Send resume to Texxo Corp. Personnel Department.
**Jessica**
I am a native speaker of English. I can read and write Spanish. I’ll apply for the job. If I get it, I’ll have to move to New Jersey.
**Helen**
I am a native speaker of English, but I can’t read or write Spanish.
**WANTED:**
Beginning computer programmer. Opportunity to learn and work. Applicants must be over 18. For more information call (312-14-18).
**Darlene**
I’m 19 and I’m interested in the job. I’ll get more information if I call. If the salary’s good, I’ll apply.
**Jack**
I’m interested in the job, but I’m too young. I’m only 17.
PERSONAL:
Two members needed for overland Subarctic Expedition from Burlington, Vermont, to Nome, Alaska, by Winnebago Camper. Applicants must have current driver’s licenses, knowledge of mechanics, and minimum $2000 for expenses. Write Dick York, Box 96A, Winooski, VT 05679.
I’m a mechanic, and I know a lot about cars. I have a current driver’s license and enjoy money. If they ask me, I’ll go with them.
I have $2000 and a current driver’s license. But I know very little about cars. If I knew something about cars I’d go with them.
b) In each pair choose one person who has got enough qualification. Explain your choice.
4 Role-play the situation in pairs.
Pupil A, you are speaking with a person who works in the field which you may choose as your future career, for example, an interpreter, an accountant, an editor, etc. You can ask your partner:
- whether his/her job requires a lot of skills (knowledge, education, practice);
- where he/she got the necessary skills (knowledge, education, practice);
- what he/she advises you to do to become better acquainted with this trade or profession.
Pupil B, answer the pupil A’s questions and mention the advantages and disadvantages of your job.
5 Work in groups. Exchange your opinions about different occupations which require the following:
- working indoors / outdoors
- meeting new people
- helping people
- having long holidays
- getting up very early
- having long working hours
- working night shifts
- working under pressure
- earning a lot of money
- doing manual work
- learning more
- travelling a lot
- being creative
- being inventive
- being risky
6 Write a paragraph about the career you would like to follow. Mention:
- what you know about it
- what qualifications you will need
- why it attracts you
- why you think this kind of career will suit you
Complete the text choosing the appropriate words from the box.
staff, experience, profession, requires, application, apply, well-paid, salary, graduated, fluently, Master’s degree, offers, Bachelor’s degree
My cousin Liza is an interpreter. She gets a good (1)… . Liza speaks English and French (2)… . She studied at the university and travelled a lot. It helped her to improve her language skills, learn more about culture and traditions. Liza has an (3)… of working as an interpreter for seven years.
My older brother Denis is a manager. His job is (4)… . Although it is sometimes difficult to get in touch with him during the day, but his (5)… is very interesting.
First he (6)… from a university where he got (7)… … in economics. Denis’ work (8)… a lot of teamwork. I know he is quite successful. I’m proud of him.
As for me, I am a secretary at a textile factory. We receive many letters of (9)… , because our factory (10)… good work conditions. Next year I am going to get a (11)… … in psychology and to (12)… for a position of a personnel manager. I know the director needs a person who can help to work with the (13)… .
Grammar
Complete the dialogues with the Past Simple or the Present Perfect.
1 A: How long … at university? (you / be)
B: I … two years ago. I’m in my third year now. (start)
A: Do you live with your parents?
B: I … with them for the first two years but I … into a student hostel last September and I … there since then. (live, move, live)
2 A: … a job yet? (your brother / find)
B: Yes, he … work in a hotel. (just / start)
3 a) Listen and say what kind of information it is.
b) Listen again. Copy and complete the form with the information about the applicant.
Name:
Age:
Sex:
Knowledge of English:
Experience:
Lack of Experience:
Likes:
Dislikes:
The reason of applying:
4 a) Read the results of the interview with Kelly Barrow below.
Name: Kelly Barrow
Age: 28
Job: “Classroom teacher in a junior school in North London.”
Training: “I’m originally from Australia, and spent three years at university training for my diploma of education.”
Skills: “I’m responsible for information and technology at the school, as well as teaching. The children are the highlight\(^1\) of my day, compared with all the paperwork.”
\(^1\)a highlight ['haɪlaɪt] — основний момент
Hours: “8 am to 5 pm. After class I work on the computers, and once a week I do a computing course, finishing at 7 pm.”
Salary: “I survive comfortably on £ 16,000, but since I haven’t lived here for very long I don’t think I have as many financial commitments\(^1\) as others.”
Expenses: “I rent a flat in North London: my rent’s £ 350 a month. I always have an enormous phone bill about £ 170 — because of telephoning to Australia. I like to entertain and have parties. I’m trying to save £ 200 a month for a trip abroad.”
b) Complete the sentences on the right (a-e) with the appropriate numbers.
A junior school teacher in Britain:
a earns about … thousand pound year
b trains for … years
c works about … hours a day
d starts work at about … o’clock
e finishes work at about … o’clock
c) Write questions for the sentences in (b).
Example: What is the salary of a junior school teacher in Britain?
I CAN …
☐ read and understand job advertisements
☐ listen and understand about job requirements
☐ talk about advantages and disadvantages of jobs
☐ use the Present Perfect Continuous
☐ present careers of some people you know well
☐ describe your skills and interests
☐ write a letter of application
\(^1\)а commitment [ka'mitment] — зобов'язання
WHY GO TO SCHOOL?
Unit 3
WARM UP
FOR WHICH SUBJECT DO YOU STUDY MOST? WHICH SUBJECT IS THE EASIEST FOR YOU?
- I spend the most time on... because I (really enjoy it / don’t know much about it /...).
- The easiest subject for me is... since I (am very interested in it / have an excellent teacher /...).
WHICH SUBJECT DO YOU CONSIDER THE MOST IMPORTANT?
- The most important subject for me is... because I (think it’s part of a good education / know I’ll need it in life /...).
HOW DO YOU LIKE TO SPEND BREAKS BETWEEN CLASSES?
- During breaks I enjoy (playing sport / talking with friends / having a snack /...).
- Sometimes I like to (use my mobile phone to call or send a message / see a teacher for some help /...).
WHAT EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES DO YOU HAVE AT YOUR SCHOOL?
- At our school, students can (join an English club / participate in amateur theatre / help in some community projects /...).
- Once or twice a year, we have a / an (camping trip / excursion to a place of interest /...).
1 Work with a partner and discuss the following items.
- If you ask students about school, their first reaction is usually very different. Why is that so?
- Can you imagine life without school? Why / why not?
2 Read a student’s essay about school on pages 64-65 quickly and match the questions below (1-6) to the paragraphs of the text (A-F).
1 Why do some students like going to school, while others don’t? .......................................................... □
2 Does school deal only with class activities on different subjects? .......................................................... □
3 What way does school provide students with knowledge? .............. □
4 Where do we spend considerable time with our friends? .............. □
5 What’s the difference between the Internet and school? .............. □
6 What other skills does school develop beside learning subjects? ........................................................................ □
A “There’s more information on the Internet than in a million schools and in all the teachers and schools books in the world,” some of us say, “so, why go to school?” In my opinion, there’s more education in school than just acquiring information. While the Internet provides information schools can provide knowledge.
B Knowledge is not just information but the organisation and interpretation of information, which can be achieved through a good schools curriculum. Besides, the group work, teamwork and games in class can help students define themselves and the way they relate to others. It means that schools, unlike the Internet, provide young people with knowledge, critical thinking skills and social skills.
It is obvious, that some students like school, others think they hate it. For students who are doing well, school is an attractive place. But those, who are not successful with their grades\(^1\) and are always pressed by teachers and their parents, consider school boring and uninteresting.
School is not only a place of formal education, it is a place where students can develop their skills in social relationships, and increase their tolerance and mutual respect for each other.
At school we can enjoy different cultural and confidence-building activities and, at the same time, realise and demonstrate our individual talents. Everybody has an opportunity to take part in dramatic and musical performances at a school or class party, or in school or interschool sports competitions. Now, many of the activities are organised through clubs. They provide a variety to the main educational programs and can also be enjoyed away from school and outside regular school hours.
School is an important social environment for young people. At school we make out best friends, with whom we spend considerable\(^2\) time going together to excursions, concerts, parties and discos.
**WORDS**
- **a curriculum** [kəˈrɪkjələm]
- **an opportunity** [,ɒpəˈtjuːnəti]
- **particular** [pəˈtɪkjələ]
- **mutual** [ˈmjjuːtʃuəl]
- **to acquire** [əˈkwɔːɪ]
- **to provide** [prəˈvaɪd]
- **to realise** ['riːəlaɪz]
- It is obviously
---
3 Read the essay again and decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F).
1 Both the Internet and school provide students with knowledge. .......................................................... □
2 School provides young people with critical thinking and social skills. ......................................................... □
\(^1\) a grade [greɪd] — (мут) оцінка \(^2\) considerable [kənˈsɪdərəbl] — значний
3 If you have an interest in going on to higher education you will find school as an interesting place.
4 School is the place of formal education.
5 School provides with opportunities to develop students’ talents.
6 Friends are people with whom we spend considerable time going to school.
7 Everybody should realise that school is one of the main social environments for young people.
4 Match the words with the definitions.
1 a curriculum
2 a knowledge
3 a skill
4 successful
5 particular
6 to acquire
7 a respect
a to learn or develop knowledge, skills by your own efforts
b the subjects that are taught by a school or the things that are studied in a particular subject
c the facts, skills and understanding that you have gained through learning or experience
d being the one that you are talking about, and not any other
e admiration for someone, especially because of their personal qualities, knowledge or skill
f an ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practised it
g having very good effect or result
5 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
1 Do you like school?
2 Do you know anybody who hates school? Why does he/she hate it?
3 In what subjects are you doing well?
4 Are you pressed by your parents and teachers?
5 How many friends do you have among your classmates?
6 What grades do they get in most subjects? In English?
7 Do you use the Internet? What for?
8 Can the Internet help in your study? Prove.
9 What extracurricular activities do you or your friends take part in?
10 Do you take part in any sports competitions?
6 Read the British teenagers’ opinions of their schools. Compare them with your own opinions.
What makes me mad is teachers who think that boys are cleverer in Maths and Science subjects.
Everything would be OK if we didn’t have grades, tests and reports all the time, if there was less pressure.
Most lessons are boring. Sometimes I just have to doodle\(^1\) on my desk or write letters. Otherwise\(^2\) I’d fall asleep.
It’s always the teacher who decides what we’re going to do. What we need is more democracy.
I’d like school better if I could talk whenever I like. Normally we just have to be quiet, listen and nod our heads.
So far I haven’t learned much to help me in later life. What’s the point of doing art, music and maths, for example?
We can’t do without school. School is not a place for fun like discos.
---
\(^1\) to doodle ['du:dI] — машинально малювати (каракули)
\(^2\) otherwise ['ʌðəwaɪz] — інакше, в іншому випадку
to learn
1 We learn something so that we get some practical skills and know how to do it.
*Example:* I’m learning to be a hairdresser.
*How long have you been learning English?*
*Where did you learn to drive?*
2 We learn facts, words, numbers or lines (often by heart).
*Example:* Mary has learned the poem well.
3 We can learn something in the meaning ‘find out’.
*Example:* We learned the details later. We learned about it from newspapers.
to study
1 We study something so that we get the theory of the subject (especially by reading books about it and attending classes at school or college).
*Example:* Robert studies to be a doctor. At 17 he moved to Kyiv to study law. In Britain less than 10% of girls choose to study science at school.
NOTE
But:
(school) to go to school, to be at school
(university) to be at university, to be a student
1 Match the words in the box with their definitions below.
boarding school, graduate, head teacher, nursery school, primary school, private school, secondary school, state school
1 … is a school paid by the government\(^1\) which gives free education.
2 … is a non-government school where you have to pay.
3 … is a school for very young children at the age of 1-4.
4 … is a school for young children from 4 to 11 years old.
5 … is a school for older children from 11 to 18.
6 … is a school where pupils live, eat and sleep.
\(^1\)a government [ˈɡʌvənmənt] — уряд
7 ... is a ‘boss’ of a school.
8 ... is a person who has finished university and has a degree (e.g. in economics).
2 Choose ‘learn’ or ‘study’ and put it in a correct tense form to complete the sentences.
1 You must ... this poem. 2 We must ... the map before we start our journey. 3 She ... to be a doctor by watching the work of her more experienced colleagues. 4 Mary ... to swim. 5 We soon ... to do as we were told in Mr Hughes’ class! 6 Mike ... medicine at college because he wants to be a doctor. 7 I’m trying to ... Spanish. 8 I ... to ride a bike when I was five.
Build Your Grammar
CONDITIONALS (Умовні речення)
Conditionals are two parts sentences which are connected with the word ‘if’. With all conditionals, when we start the sentence with ‘if’, we must use a comma. When ‘if’ is in the middle of the sentence, we don’t use a comma.
Example: If you smoke too much, you will die.
You will be fat if you eat fish and chips everyday.
1st Conditionals (Умовні речення 1-го типу)
We use the 1st Conditional to express the strong possibility that something will happen in the future. We can also use it to make predictions about things we are sure about.
1st Conditional = if + Present Simple + Future Simple
(or Modal + Infinitive)
Note: We use a comma after the ‘if-clause’.
Example: If you leave now, you will catch the bus.
1st Conditional = Future Simple (or Modal + Infinitive) + if + Present Simple
Note: We don’t use comma in the sentence.
Example: You will catch the bus if you leave now.
1 Match to make up the 1st conditional sentences.
Example: If you drop that plate, it will break into a million pieces.
you drop that plate
he doesn’t know
the answer
you are hungry
you call them now
Carla doesn’t study
I give you my number
you don’t want to read it
you hurry
she arrives late
I’ll throw the magazine away
she probably will fail the exam
you can tell them you’ll be late
you can still get the early train
he can find the answer for you
it will break into a million pieces
you can get something to eat
she will miss the opening ceremony
you can call me tomorrow
2 Complete each sentence in your own way.
1 If I don’t get into university...
2 I’ll have a big party if...
3 If I pass my exams well...
4 We won’t get a plane if...
5 If I get my first salary...
6 You’ll fail the exam if...
7 He’ll be late for work if...
3 Complete the sentence (b) in each pair so that it has a similar meaning to the sentence (a).
1 a) There aren’t many TV programmes about science, so people don’t know much about it.
b) If there ... more TV programmes about science, people ... more about it.
2 a) Other intelligent beings might inhabit the Universe. If so, they would be very different from us.
b) If other intelligent beings ... the Universe, they ... very different from us.
3 a) It’s likely there is life on other planets. If so, we are not alone.
b) If there ... life on other planets, we ... not alone.
4 a) The world’s population will probably continue to increase.
If so, we will need more food.
b) If the world’s population ... to increase, we ... more food.
4 Correct the tense forms of the verbs in bold to make 1st conditionals.
Example: Don’t wait for me if I **will be** late.
Don’t wait for me if I **am** late.
1 Will you call me if I’ll **give** you my number?
2 Do you mind if I **will borrow** your dictionary?
3 I **get** hungry if I **will not eat** anything.
4 The food **spoil** if the fridge is turned off.
5 Is it OK if I **will take** your bike to the store?
6 Will they read this magazine if I **could leave** it?
7 The ground **gets** wet if it **can rains**.
5 Put the words in the correct order to make the 1st conditionals.
1 If / he / Albert / will go / can / his / bicycle, / repair / cycling.
2 by bus / Ben / to school / if / he / will come / is late.
3 You / look out / will not see / if / you / the square / of the window.
4 shall see / the history museum / old / things / if / We / is open.
5 Mary / to the theatre / won’t go / cannot get / if / she / a ticket.
6 Complete the sentences by changing the form of the verb in brackets.
Example: If she ... (need) a radio she can borrow mine.
If she **needs** a radio she can borrow mine.
1 If he ... (go) on telling lies nobody will believe a word he says.
2 If he ... (**like**) the house will he buy it?
3 If you come late they ... (**not let**) you in.
4 He’ll be late for the train if he ... (**not start**) at once.
5 If you put on the kettle I ... (**make**) the tea.
6 If he ... (**be**) late we’ll go without him.
7 I’ll be very angry if he ... (**make**) any more mistakes.
1 Brush up what you have already known about schools in Britain. Choose the right item. Check your partner’s answers.
1 In Great Britain school begins at the age of … .
a) 5-6 b) 4-5 c) 6-7
2 The 1st schools to which children go are called … .
a) secondary schools b) junior schools c) infant schools
3 They leave their primary school when they are … .
a) 8 b) 11 c) 10
4 They take the national General Certificate in Secondary Education exams at the age of … .
a) 11 b) 18 c) 16
5 To enter the British university you should … .
a) take ‘A’ level exams b) attend preparatory course c) take GCSE exams
2 Work in pairs. Identify the words that are missing in the sentences from exercise 4.
3 Listen and check up your answers (see exercise 1).
4 Listen again and complete the sentences with the words from the box.
courses, independent, opportunities, Advanced, junior, available, public, compulsory, boarding, comprehensive
1 Primary education includes infant schools and … schools.
2 … secondary education starts at the age of 11-12 and lasts 5 years.
3 Most British children get their secondary education at … school.
4 Many pupils at the age of 16 leave school and go to a college to choose more practical … .
5 Pupils who decide to enter a university should pass … level exams.
6 Secondary education is … to all children in Britain.
7 Only less than 5 per cent go to … schools.
8 Private schools where pupils of 13-19 years olds study are called … schools.
9 The schools where pupils live and study are called … schools.
10 Many people believe that children should have equal … at the start.
5 Complete the text with the words from the box.
basic, private, junior, schooling, available, provided, senior,
compulsory, educational, primary, curriculum, grades
Schooling in Ukraine
As a rule, schooling begins at the age of 6.
The Ukrainian educational system is organised into four levels:
primary, secondary, high school and post-secondary education.
General secondary education is …. Post-secondary education is … in different ways. Primary and secondary schools have three stages: …, basic and senior.
Primary school comprises … 1 to 4. Grades 5-9 are usually referred to as ‘…school’, while according to the education reform 10-12 are ‘… school’. Students usually study in the same school building throughout their primary and secondary education. Primary … lasts 4 years and basic school 5. The middle school … varies slightly between schools. There are then 3 profile years. New types of schools appeared: gymnasia, lycees and … schools.
Post secondary education is … by vocational training schools, universities and institutes.
Higher (university) education gives different qualifications: Bachelor’s, Specialist and Master’s Degree. Higher education is either state funded or private. Ukraine cooperates with more than 50 international organisations.
6 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
- What do you know about the system of education in our country?
- Is primary school compulsory in Ukraine?
- At what age do children start going to school in our country?
- What types of schools are there in Ukraine?
- Which school subjects do you have?
1 Work in pairs. Talk on the following items.
- What does your classroom look like? Would you like to change anything about your class?
- What is your favourite subject? Why do you like it?
- How do you prepare for lessons? Do you often forget to do your homework? Are you a hard-working student?
- Have you ever been late for school? When? Why? What happened?
- Would you like to be a teacher? Why? / Why not?
- What kind of activities do you have at school? Do you participate in any of them?
USEFUL Asking for an opinion
What do you think about…?
How do you feel about…?
What’s your opinion of…?
Agreeing
I’d go along with that.
You’ve got a point there.
I think so, too.
Great minds think alike.
Disagreeing
Not sure.
Yes, but… I don’t agree…
Maybe, … but…
I don’t think so.
The problem’s that …
2 Share the information about your schooling.
1 When did you start school?
2 What school was it?
3 Have you ever changed schools? Why?
4 What exams have you taken (are going to take)?
5 What are your plans for the future?
3 a) Work in groups. Agree or disagree with the statements below. Write down at least three reasons for each statement.
All schools should let children wear whatever they want at school.
Girls study better without boys in the class.
Private schools are usually better than state schools.
Boys study better in a mixed class.
Physical education should be optional¹.
b) Present your ideas for one of the statements above to the class. The others should listen and say if they agree or disagree with your group’s arguments and why.
First of all...
Another important point is that...
Finally...
4 Work in groups. Discuss the following.
- What would you change about the system of education in our country?
¹optional ['ɔpʃənl] — необов’язковий; факультативний
1 Put the structure of a formal letter in the correct order.
A stating reason(s) for writing
B writer’s full name
C writing closing remarks
D formal greeting
E qualifications and reason for applying for a course
1 Greeting
2 Introductory paragraphs
3 Body
4 Concluding paragraph
5 Ending
2 Work in groups. Discuss the situation and do the task below.
You received a Master’s degree in Art History from the University of Cambridge. You are very ambitious and eager to continue your studies. The MA Classical Archaeology Courses offered by the University of Durham seem to be an outstanding opportunity for you.
Match each item of information content (A-E) to the correct paragraph (1-5).
Paragraph
☐ 1 reason(s) for writing
☐ 2 education
☐ 3 experience
☐ 4 skills, qualities
☐ 5 closing remarks
A a strong wish to learn and continue professional development
B interest in field work
C a Master’s degree in Art History from the University of Cambridge
D application for the MA Classical Archaeology Course
E enclosing all the necessary documents repeating the reason for writing
F a curator at Whitby Town Museum
3 Put the parts of the ‘Application for the Course’ in the correct order.
I am writing to apply for the MA Classical Archaeology Course offered by your university for the next academic year starting in September.
I enclose my Resume with further details of my qualifications and work experience. I hope that you will consider me for admission to the course. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours faithfully,
6 Henley Street Whitby June, 2018
Dear Sir / Madam,
Faculty of Humanities Archaeology Department University of Durham
Catharine M. Shelley
I am 28 years old and I’ve got a Bachelor’s degree in Art History from the University of Cambridge. I continued my studies and last year I was awarded a Master’s degree. I have always been interested in classical art, literature and languages. As a student at Whitby Secondary School I passed three A level exams: History, Latin and Classical Literature.
Since the completion of my studies at Cambridge University I have been working as a curator at Whitby Town Museum. I have enjoyed my job enormously. However, I feel I need to continue my professional development and expand my knowledge of classical cultures. I believe that taking a place on the MA Classical Archeology Course would enable me to gain very valuable new insights into the classical period. Furthermore, it would give me the opportunity to do field work, which has been my wish for many years.
Choose one of the advertisements (pp. 78-79). Write your letter of application. Use the letter on page 77 as a model and some of the phrases in the list below.
- I am writing to apply for admission to the course in...
- I would like to apply for a place on...
- I have taken / passed / completed the...
- I hold a certificate in...
- I look forward to receiving your response...
- I look forward to meeting you / hearing from you...
- I hope that you will consider me for...
- Please contact me regarding...
- I enclose further details of my qualifications... / a copy of my...
DAUNSTON COLLEGE
Daunston is a small town in the Midlands near pleasant countryside.
- Part-time and full-time classes available from September to June.
- Full-time summer school in August.
- Complete beginner’s course part-time only.
- Trips and other social events arranged regularly.
- Accommodation in the college or with families.
Situated in the centre of Chesford, a quiet market town.
English courses offered from September to June, daytime and evenings.
Accommodation is with local families.
Trips organised to Cambridge, Oxford and London.
CHESFORD COLLEGE
HOWE COLLEGE
- Classes run from September to June.
- Part-time and full-time courses from beginners to advanced (daytime only).
- Full-time courses in English with Business Studies.
- Trips arranged to places of interest.
- Help given in finding a flat or room in the area.
The college is in the city centre, but near the North Yorkshire countryside and the sea.
1 Match the halves of each sentence in the columns.
| | |
|---|---|
| 1 She won’t start primary school | a if I finish my exams. |
| 2 She won’t pass her exams | b if she gets good marks. |
| 3 I’ll have to go to a new school | c I’ll do my homework at once. |
| 4 If I get home | d if she doesn’t study hard. |
| 5 I think I’ll go on holiday | e if she isn’t six years old. |
| 6 Her parents will get her a present | f if I pass my ‘A’ level exams. |
2 Complete the article with the correct words or phrases from the list below.
American Schools
Americans have always aimed for equal (1) ____________ in education. Americans spend six years in (2) ____________ school, four or six years in (3) ____________ or high school. At the end of every school year the pupil (4) ____________. If he doesn’t (5) ____________, he has to repeat a year once more. If he (6) ____________, he goes into the next class. School (7) ____________ is free.
At more (8) ____________ level pupils can choose some subjects. Pupils take an active part in (9) ____________ activity. Many different sports are also (10) ____________.
At the end of their time at school, most students get a (11) ____________ school diploma. If they want to go to college, they (12) ____________ college admission tests. Teaching in the country is usually very informal. Students often work together in groups and go to the teacher only when they do (13) ____________.
| | | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 a) abilities | b) opportunities | c) success |
| 2 a) infant | b) nursery | c) elementary |
| 3 a) secondary | b) primary | c) junior |
| 4 a) writes a composition | b) learns a poem | c) takes a test |
| 5 a) behave well | b) do well | c) pay for school |
| 6 a) pays for school | b) behaves well | c) does well |
| 7 a) education | b) books | c) subjects |
| 8 a) successful | b) advanced | c) fundamental |
| 9 a) class | b) school | c) extracurricular |
| 10 a) obligatory | b) available | c) equal |
11 a) high
b) secondary
c) primary
12 a) go
b) take
c) make
13 a) grammar tasks
b) their homework
c) need help
3 Work in pairs. Look at the diagrams below.
a) Compare the system of education in the USA and Britain.
| class | UK school | age | US school | class |
|-------|-----------|-----|-----------|-------|
| | NURSERY SCHOOL or KINDERGARTEN (optional) | 3 | NURSERY SCHOOL (optional) | |
| | reception class | 4 | KINDERGARTEN | |
| | year 1 | 5 | first grade | |
| | year 2 | 6 | second grade | |
| | year 3 | 7 | third grade | |
| | year 4 | 8 | ELEMENTARY SCHOOL | |
| | year 5 | 9 | fourth grade | |
| | year 6 | 10 | fifth grade | |
| | year 7 | 11 | sixth grade | |
| | year 8 | 12 | JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL | seventh grade |
| | year 9 | 13 | eighth grade | |
| | year 10 | 14 | ninth grade (freshman) | |
| | year 11 | 15 | HIGH SCHOOL | tenth grade (sophomore) |
| | year 12 | 16 | eleventh grade (junior) | |
| | year 13 | 17 | twelfth grade (senior) | |
| | first year (fresher) | 18 | COLLEGE | freshman |
| | second year | 19 | | sophomore |
| | third/final year | 20 | | junior |
| | | 21 | | senior |
b) Draw a diagram describing the system of education in Ukraine. Speak about it in class. Mention about:
1 pre-school education
2 primary education
3 secondary education
4 compulsory schooling
5 subjects taught
6 exams taken
7 private schools
4 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
1 How long have you been studying English?
2 What was your last English course like?
3 How did you get on with the other students?
4 Have you tried learning any other languages? How did you find it?
5 Who’s the best language teacher you’ve ever had?
Who’s the worst?
5 Read the article and choose the sentence (A-D) that best fits each gap (1-4).
English is the language of international communication in many areas of life: trade, air and sea transport, tourism, sport and entertainment. More and more people also need English for studying at universities and colleges. New ideas in science, technology and medicine happen so quickly that it is impossible and very expensive to translate everything into different languages. (1) …
Millions of people around the world want to learn English. Many of them come to Britain and other English-speaking countries to study at language schools, especially in the summer. There are thousands of different schools. They offer courses for children, teenagers and adults. (2) …
You should always try to find out as much information as possible before you choose a school. (3) …
If you go to a language school, you should try to speak English as much as possible. Students usually stay with a local family. (4) …
You should also try to mix with students from other countries. This will help you with your English, and will also show you how important English is for international communication.
A In particular, you should try to talk to other students from your own country who have been to a language school to find out what you should expect.
B So most things are published in English, and if you want to keep up with the latest ideas in any subject, you need English.
C This is a good opportunity to improve your English and to learn a lot about everyday life.
D There are courses in General English, Technical English, Business English and so on.
6 Work in groups. Discuss the following.
- Why is English important?
- What are some pieces of advice given to choose a good course?
- Which way can you reach better results while learning English in Britain?
7 Work in pairs. Choose one of the courses from the ads below. Explain your choice in class. Use the 1st Conditional whenever it is possible.
If they offer..., I’ll attend... If they provide... I’ll choose...
I’ll prefer... if they organise... I’ll apply to... if they arrange...
Situated in a pleasant area of the city close to the river. Convenient for North Wales and the English Lake District.
- Courses in English run all year.
- Part-time courses available in the evenings/days.
- We will arrange accommodation with an English family.
The college is in the centre of Bristow.
- Full-time courses at all levels, from beginners to advanced, from September to June.
- Visits arranged to places of interest.
- Excellent range of sports offered.
- Students arrange their own accommodation in flats and houses.
Shepton College is in the centre of London close to underground and buses.
- Classes are offered all through the year.
- Daytime English courses up to ten hours per week. Evening classes of four hours per week.
- Extra classes offered in English for Business.
- Students arrange their own accommodation in flats and houses.
Situated in West London close to bus and underground.
- Courses run from September to July (daytime only).
- Special courses available, e.g. English for Business.
- Summer school in July and August.
- Accommodation arranged in student hostels.
1 Match the words with their definitions.
1 compulsory
2 comprehensive
3 available
4 to learn
5 to study
6 to attend
a able to be used
b a kind of education in which pupils of different abilities go to the same school
c to go regularly to a certain place
d must be done because it is the law
e to get the theory of the subject
f to get some practical skills
Grammar
2 Complete the sentences by changing the form of the verb in brackets.
1 I ... (help) tomorrow if you still ... (need) help.
2 If my parents ... (not work) on Saturday, we all ... (go) skiing.
3 If the weather ... (be) fine next weekend, we ... (go) to the country.
4 I always ... (help) you this year if you ... (need) help.
5 Granny sometimes ... (not hear) if little Eddie ... (call) her.
Listening
3 Listen to the conversation. Put ‘T’ if the statement is true, and ‘F’ if it is false.
☐ 1 Mike thinks that the exams were very easy.
☐ 2 Pete agrees that exams were easy.
☐ 3 Pete thinks he failed in some exams.
☐ 4 Pete is going to read books now.
☐ 5 Mike is going to enter the university in October.
☐ 6 Pete has got to pass A level exams.
☐ 7 Pete is very successful in his study.
☐ 8 Mike likes reading too much.
☐ 9 Pete doesn’t know whether to go to university or join the army.
4 Read the interview about Hampton School and refer the answers on pages 85-86 (A-F), given by the school headmaster, to the questions below (1-6).
☐ 1 When does school open and close?
☐ 2 How are the boys organised?
☐ 3 What about the curriculum, GCSEs and A levels?
☐ 4 What languages do you teach?
☐ 5 Do you have to play a particular sport?
☐ 6 How easy is it to get in?
A A very broad curriculum is characteristic of the first three years. At GCSE boys study seven subjects and three options from thirteen subjects and at A Level from five to six subjects from a range of thirty.
B At 6 am and 10 pm usually. However, we like boys to arrive from 8 am and after school, they can work in the library till 5 pm.
C The modern languages are French, German, Spanish and Russian. And one of the first three can be chosen as the first language studies with the opportunity to start a second language in the Third Form.
D It is difficult to say. It depends on whether Hampton is right for the boy as much as whether the boy is right for Hampton. Each year there are large numbers of applicants who take the entrance exam.
E They are in forms of about 25, usually less, some a little more. Each Form has a Form Tutor\(^1\).
F All boys can choose the sport they wish to play. In the First Year, they can pick football or rugby. In the Third Year, they can also row. The summer games are cricket, tennis and athletics. Swimming and badminton are available, too.
I CAN ...
- read and understand the texts about education
- listen and understand information about schools
- talk about school life
- understand and use the 1st Conditional
- ask for opinions about educational systems, agree or disagree with them
- express your own opinions about schooling
- write an application letter for the course study
\(^1\)а tutor [ˈtjuːtə] — учитель, наставник, консультант
WHAT ARE YOUR FAVOURITE SANDWICH FILLINGS? WHAT SNACKS DO YOU ENJOY?
- In my sandwiches I like to have (cheese or peanut butter / cold meat or salami / egg or tuna / ...).
- If I have a snack between meals, it’s usually (a piece of fruit / biscuits or chocolate / fruit yoghurt / ...).
DO YOU ENJOY GOING TO A RESTAURANT?
- I always love eating out because (the atmosphere is special / the food tastes great / it’s nice to relax and talk over the meal / ...).
- To be honest, I prefer eating at home because there’s (less noise / no smoking / better cooking / ...).
WHAT DOES A HEALTHY DIET MEAN TO YOU?
- I think that a good diet consists of (bread, rice, and potatoes / plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables / meat and fish / ...).
- Also, a healthy diet can include some (cheese and eggs / nuts and seeds / butter or margarine / ...).
WHAT EATING OCCASIONS DO YOU ENJOY?
- Our family enjoys (outdoor barbecues / picnics in a park / cooking sausages over a fire / ...).
- When friends come over, we (order pizza / buy chicken / cook shashlyk / ...).
- We have special meals to celebrate (birthdays / Christmas / anniversaries / ...).
1 a) Work in pairs. List as many food items as you can for three minutes.
b) Compare your lists with other pairs. Find the winner with the longest list.
2 Look at the photos and name the dishes. Speak on how often you have them in your house.
TRADITIONAL
In the morning an Englishman has his favourite breakfast of cornflakes with milk and sugar or porridge followed by fried bacon and eggs. Breakfast is generally a bigger meal than they have on the Continent. Some marmalade might be spread on the toast and butter. Perhaps some fruit will also be eaten. For a change one can have cold ham, or perhaps fish, some coffee and a roll.
The main meal of the day is called dinner. Dinner is eaten either in the middle of the day or in the evening. If it is eaten in the evening (about 7 pm), the midday meal is called lunch (about 1 pm). If dinner is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
The usual midday meal consists of two courses — a meat course accompanied by plenty of vegetables. After it comes a sweet pudding or some stewed fruit. Most Englishmen like what they call good plain food. Usually they have beefsteaks, chops, roast beef and fried fish and chips. They
BRITISH MEALS
are not overfond of soup, remarking that it leaves them without free room for the more important meat course.
Afternoon tea one can hardly call a meal. This may mean a cup of tea and a cake taken in the sitting-room or at work. For many Englishmen it is a social occasion when people often come in for a chat over their cup of tea. But some people like to have the so-called ‘high tea’ which is quite a substantial meal. They have it between five and six o’clock. In a well-to-do family\(^1\) it will consist of ham, tongue and tomatoes and salad, or kipper, or tinned salmon, or sausage, with strong tea, bread and butter, then stewed fruit, or a tin of pears, apricot or pineapple with cream and custard, and pasties, or a bun.
The evening meal goes under various names: tea, ‘high tea’, dinner or supper (as we have mentioned already) depending upon its size and the social position of those eating it.
It is well-known that every national cuisine has got its famous specialties. It isn’t possible to imagine some holidays and celebrations without them. For example, Christmas Pudding for British cuisine means very much. Some English people could dispense\(^2\) with the turkey and goose, but a Christmas dinner in Britain without a traditional Christmas pudding would be strange indeed!
The Christmas pudding is a direct descendant\(^3\) of the old time plum porridge, beloved by English people in the Middle Ages.
Nowadays, in addition to the basic mixture of flour, bread-crumbs and eggs, the ingredients of Christmas pudding include raisins, currants, candied peel, chopped almonds and walnuts, grated carrot and a good measure of brandy, whisky or old ale\(^4\).
---
\(^1\)well-to-do family — заможна сім'я
\(^2\)to dispense with [di'spens] — обходитися (без чогось)
\(^3\)a descendant [di'sendənt] — нащадок
\(^4\)ale [eɪl] — пиво, ель
In many households the mixing of the pudding is quite a ceremony with all the members of the family taking turns to stir and make a whisk.
After being boiled for several hours, the pudding is stored until the time comes for heating it on Christmas Day when it is brought to the table on a large dish, big, round and dark-brown. The Christmas pudding is covered with white sauce burning in brandy.
Receiving each slice, the guests are warned to eat carefully because sixpenny bits, shillings, a tiny silver bell and a silver horseshoe have been put in it. Those who find the ‘treasure’ are supposed to have money in the coming year, whoever gets the bell is to be married and the horse-shoe is the traditional sign of good luck.
4 Read the article again. Copy and complete the table.
| Mealtime | Meal the British usually eat |
|----------|------------------------------|
| 1 breakfast | |
| 2 main meal of the day | |
| 3 afternoon tea | |
| 4 high tea | |
5 Match the words from the ‘Words for You’ to their definitions.
Example: An occasion is important social event or ceremony.
... is used to say what something is made of.
... means to cook something slowly in liquid.
... is a particular style of cooking.
... is a kind of food that is always very good in a particular area (or restaurant).
... means to make somebody or something part of a large group.
... is one of the separate parts of a meal.
---
1a horseshoe ['hɔːsjuː] — підкова
2a liquid ['lɪkwɪd] — рідина
6 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
1 What food was beloved by English people in the Middle Ages?
2 What is the method to cook Christmas pudding nowadays?
3 What little ‘surprises’ can we find in a slice of Christmas pudding?
4 What does ‘a good plain food’ mean?
5 What social occasion is connected with afternoon tea?
6 What does ‘high tea’ consist of?
7 Match photos of the Ukrainian specialties below with the paragraphs on page 92.
- borsch
- varenyky
- holubtsi
- deruny
- kholodets’
- salo
It is a brawn\(^1\) made from boiling pigs’ trotters\(^2\). The meat is picked off the bone and the gravy sets around it into a jelly as it cools; served with horseradish or mustard.
Pancakes, often made with soured milk for a lighter batter\(^3\). Thinner pancakes are called nalysnyky, which are rolled and served with a stuffing, usually fruit or jam.
Cabbage rolls stuffed with rice and vegetables, or possibly with spiced minced meat, and stewed slowly in the oven.
Soup based on beetroot with meat and other vegetables; served with sour cream. There are many regional varieties.
Pork fat — no description of Ukrainian cuisine would be complete without it. Ukrainians like their pigs to be fat for it. Spices are rubbed into the skin. It’s eaten in thin slices on black bread with garlic and salt. Especially delicious is the smoked version.
Ravioli-like pasta stuffed with potato, cabbage, mushrooms, meat or cheese, or with cherries as a sweet dish.
A domestic sausage, but it can’t be called salami. The only way to sample true home-prepared sausage is by experiencing it for yourself with the sights and smells of the markets of Ukraine.
Pancakes made from grated potatoes and flour, fried and served with sour cream.
**Work in groups. Discuss the following.**
1. What is the difference between meals and meal-times in England and Ukraine?
2. Do national Ukrainian dishes differ from those of English?
---
\(^1\)a brawn [brɔːn] — холодець
\(^2\)trotters ['trɒtəz] — ніжки (кулінар.)
\(^3\)batter ['bætə] — рідке тісто
1 Match the word combinations with the pictures (a-f).
- [ ] boiled rice
- [ ] roast chicken
- [ ] baked potatoes
- [ ] grilled sausages
- [ ] fried eggs
- [ ] steamed vegetables
2 Put two of the words in the box into the correct column.
beans, duck, lettuce, peaches, prawns, salmon, sausage, strawberries
| meat | fish/seafood | fruit | vegetables |
|------|--------------|-------|------------|
| | | | |
Complete the sentences with the adjectives\(^1\) from the box.
fresh, frozen, home-made, low-fat, raw, spicy, sweet, takeaway
1. Food which is kept very cold is … .
2. These eggs are …, I bought them today.
3. I like my mum’s cooking. … food is always the best.
4. This tea’s very …. You’ve put too much sugar in it!
5. Indian food like curry is very ….
6. … food is food you buy at a restaurant and take home to eat.
7. Sushi is made with … fish.
8. People on a diet often try to eat … food.
Build Up Your Grammar
The 2nd Conditionals (Умовні речення 2-го типу)
We use the 2nd Conditional to express things which are very unlikely or impossible. We can also use it to describe imaginary actions for unsatisfied conditions in the present.
The 2nd Conditional = if + Past Simple + would / could + Infinitive
*If I were you, I would choose roast beef.*
*I would cook fish with vegetables if I had one.*
NOTES
In speaking we often shorten pronouns + could / would to contractions:
I’d go to the restaurant we’d = we would / could
if I had the time. you’d = you would / could
I’d = I would / I could he’d / she’d = he / she could / would
they’d = they would / could
With the 2nd Conditional, the verb to be in the past time is usually expressed as were.
*I wouldn’t go to the party if I were you.*
---
\(^1\)an adjective ['ædʒɪktɪv] — прикметник
1 Complete the sentences by changing the form of the verb in brackets.
Example: He ... (buy) a better house if he had more money.
He would buy a better house if he had more money.
1 She ... (get) a better job if she took time to look for one.
2 If we had tickets, we ... (go) to that concert.
3 I ... (forget) about it if I were you.
4 If Dick and Jean were here, they ... (enjoy) the museums.
5 If you ... in a hurry, we ... (get) there on time.
2 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms to complete the sentences.
Example: If you ... less, you would lose weight. (eat)
If you ate less, you would lose weight.
1 We would put more English dishes on the menu if we ... an English chef in the restaurant. (have)
2 If I ... you, I’d prefer pudding for dessert. (be)
3 We could cook more dishes if we ... more various ingredients. (have)
4 If I had plums and brandy, I ... a Christmas pudding. (make)
5 If you ... more cream, I’d decorate the cake with it. (make)
3 Match to make sentences.
1 I’d see a dentist if ... she would get better marks.
2 If it were less expensive, I’d ... buy a helicopter to get to work.
3 If you didn’t need oxygen, ... we could get there more quickly.
4 If Mary studied harder, ... you could live underwater.
5 If we had a car, ... I still had any teeth.
4 Rewrite correctly changing the words or phrases in bold.
1 I will visit her if I had more time.
2 If I was the Emperor of the world, I would ban work.
3 They would try harder if you would gave them motivation.
4 We could get there if we have a bicycle.
5 You would be healthier if you stop smoking.
6 I would visit you if I would have the time.
5 Compete the 2nd conditionals by changing the form of the verb in brackets.
1 If you ... (be) in England, what dishes would you taste?
2 Which food ... you ... (prefer) to eat if you were hungry?
3 Which English dish ... you ... (help to) if you were in England?
4 Which items would you choose if you ... (be proposed) an English breakfast?
5 When would you have substantial meal if you ... (be) in England?
6 Change the following sentences of real condition into sentences of unreal condition.
Example: I will take a bus if I am in a hurry.
I should take a bus if I were in a hurry.
1 If the storm is over, we will have a pleasant walk.
2 If it grows cold, they start heating the rooms.
3 He will let me know if he goes to Kyiv.
4 Harold will be late if he walks so slowly.
5 The dog will catch the stick if it is thrown into the river.
6 If it snows, the streets will be cleared of snow.
7 If the weather keeps dry, we have to water the flowers.
8 We will not see anything if the night is very dark.
9 The child will not be able to sleep if he has a high temperature.
1 Do the questionnaire in pairs.
FOOD QUESTIONNAIRE
Can you name:
- one red fruit, one yellow fruit and one green fruit?
- three kinds of food which are made from milk?
- two products that a strict vegetarian doesn’t eat?
- four products people have for breakfast?
- five products people eat between meals?
- six vegetables you can put in a salad?
- seven products which are usually on a table in a restaurant?
2 Talk with your partner on the following.
- Can you cook?
- Who cooks in your house?
- What is your favourite dish? Do you know how it is cooked?
3 a) Get some information.
LENT
Lent is the period of forty days before Easter. For Christians it’s a time to give up something, for example, to stop eating sweets. At Easter, children in Britain eat lots of sweet things — especially chocolate Easter eggs! Lent begins on Wednesday, and many people eat something special on the day before ‘Shrove Tuesday’. In Britain they eat pancakes.
b) Listen to the radio programme and say what ingredients a pancake consists of.
Listen again and give instructions about cooking pancakes to a partner. Take turns.
5 a) Divide into three groups. Working in a group, choose one of the three different recipes below.
**VEGETABLE SOUP**
Peel and cut into very small pieces three onions, three turnips, one carrot and four potatoes, put them into a pan with a quarter of a pound of butter, and of a pound of ham and a bunch of parsley; pass them ten minutes over a sharp fire; then add a spoonful of flour, mix well in; add 4 pints (2 litres) of broth and a pint of boiling milk; boil up, keeping it stirred; skim it; season with a little salt and sugar and run it through a sieve into another pan; boil again and serve with fried bread to it.
**POTATOES FRIED IN SLICES**
Peel large potatoes, slice them about a quarter of an inch thick or cut them into shavings as you would slice a lemon; dry them and fry in lard or dripping. The pan should be put on a quick fire and as soon as the lard boils put in the slices of potatoes and keep moving them until they are crisp; take them up and lay them to drain on a sieve. Send to table with a little salt sprinkled over them.
STEWED BEEF AND PORK
Put into a saucepan about 2 pounds (800 gr.) of well-soaked beef cut into 8 pieces; a pound of soaked pork cut into 2 pieces; six tablespoonfuls of rice; 4 middle-sized onions peeled and sliced; a tablespoonful of sugar; a little pepper and salt; add 4 pints of water; simmer gently for three hours; remove the fat from top and serve.
b) Read your recipe. Then act out how you’d cook the dish in your group.
c) Divide into new groups of three pupils with different recipes. Tell each other how to cook the dish you read about. Use the lists of ingredients to help you.
Focus on Speaking
1 Speak about food you like and dislike. Give your reasons.
USEFUL
Explain Your Choice
The reasons I prefer ... are...
I’d say ... is better because...
One of the reasons why I’d choose ... is that...
I think ... is interesting because...
What I mean is...
2 Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.
1 What can you say about Ukrainian hospitality?
2 What are your mealtimes? What order of meals do you follow?
3 What is the difference between meals and mealtimes in England and Ukraine?
4 What is English ‘afternoon tea’?
5 What is your favourite dish?
6 How would you lay the table for the guests? What about the menu?
7 What do you generally take for the first (second) course?
8 Do the national Ukrainian dishes differ from the English ones?
3 Do the project. Follow the instructions.
1 Imagine that you are the owner of a very good restaurant. Give your restaurant a name. Write a menu. Offer at least three items for each: starters, main courses, side dishes, salads and desserts.
2 Display your work in a gallery of works.
3 Ask your mates to decide which restaurant they would like to go to, and why.
4 Decide which is the best restaurant for you from those that your mates displayed. Give your reasons.
4 Prepare a recipe for any Ukrainian dish.
Make notes and present it in class.
5 In groups of three discuss the following.
- What do you think of English food?
- Do you think an English restaurant would be a success if it opened in your town? Why / Why not?
1 Work in pairs. Get some information and discuss it.
A paragraph is a basic unit of organisation in writing. A paragraph develops a topic. A paragraph can stand by itself or it may be a part of a longer piece of writing such as an essay. A paragraph has a very specific structure. It consists of the 3 basic parts:
1 THE TOPIC SENTENCE
2 THE BODY (supporting sentences)
3 THE CONCLUDING SENTENCE
The topic sentence introduces the topic (subject) of a paragraph. It may contain the writer’s attitude, idea or opinion. In any case it should have a clear point of view. The body of a paragraph develops the topic sentence. These sentences explain the topic by giving examples, reasons, quotations, facts, figures, statistics or the author’s personal experience. The concluding sentence indicates the end of a paragraph. It can paraphrase the topic sentence in different words or summarise the main points of the paragraph. It is very helpful to the readers.
In addition to the 3 basic structural parts, a well-written paragraph must also have: unity, completeness, coherence¹ and logical ordering.
There are three main types of paragraphs: narrative², descriptive and expository³.
¹coherence [kəʊˈhiːərəns] — послідовність
²narrative [ˈnæɡətɪv] — розповідний
³expository [eksˈpozɪtəri] — пояснювальний
2 Which of the following sentences would you consider to be a good / bad topic sentence. Why?
1 Our school trip last September was a complete trouble.
2 Only twenty tickets were sold for tonight’s concerts.
3 Secondary education in Ukraine.
4 The legal age for driving a car should be 21 for several reasons.
5 A good teacher has 3 important characteristics.
3 In pairs make complete topic sentences.
1 A Close Friend ...............................................................
2 Fast Food ..........................................................................
3 Future Career ......................................................................
4 Read and identify the type of each paragraph.
Scones are a popular and traditional part of British afternoon tea. They are easy and fun to make. Before you start, you need to prepare all the ingredients: 200 grams of flour, ½ teaspoon of salt, 50 grams of butter and ½ cup of milk. This will be enough for 9 to 10 scones. First, put the flour and salt into a bowl and work the small pieces of butter into the flour and salt with your fingers. Then, add the milk quickly and mix it. After that, take the mixture out of the bowl and make it into a large flat shape on a table. Next, cut it into 9 to 10 round shapes and put a little milk on the top of each. Finally, cook them in a hot oven (200°C) for 7-10 minutes. Serve the scones with a traditional cup of tea in the afternoon.
Ukrainian cuisine is very varied, and the Ukrainians are famous for their hospitality. The food reflects not only the range of national dishes, but also the agreement that Ukrainians have had over the centuries with neighbouring peoples. In recent years, international cuisine has begun to make its presence in Ukrainian market and international fast-food outlets have appeared.
5 Read the list of topic sentences and choose one to write a paragraph of 80-100 words. Use the appropriate type of paragraph and the corresponding type of ordering.
(1) Breakfast with the President started as a perfect day.
(2) A substantial breakfast is an essential foundation for a successful day for the Ukrainians.
(3) In recent years a number of restaurants, bars and cafés have opened in Ukraine, offering excellent food with high standards of service.
1 Complete each sentence with a word in the box.
home-made, raw, spicy, diet, steak, takeaway, frozen
1 His ... is terrible: he eats too many sweet things.
2 ... vegetables have more vitamins than when they are cooked.
3 I love ... food but I don’t have much time to cook.
4 She likes her ... well done.
5 I’m very busy so I often just buy a ... meal and heat it up in the microwave.
6 She doesn’t like Mexican food because it is too ....
7 We often buy ... food on Fridays — either Chinese or Indian food.
2 Complete the sentences by changing the form of the verbs in brackets to make 2nd Conditionals.
1 If I ... (have) lettuce, celery, cucumbers and parsley I ... (make) a tasty green salad.
2 We ... (can serve) a wonderful cake if he ... (not spoil) it.
3 She ... (stay hungry) if she ... (be) in Mexico because she hates spicy food.
4 If dinner ... (be) ready we ... (sit) around the table at once.
5 If I ... (have) an English Cookery Book I ... (prepare) some delicious specialties of English cuisine.
3 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
- Have you ever tried English tea?
- Have you ever tried Chinese food?
- What do you know about traditional British food?
- What do you get if you order traditional English breakfast?
- Do you know what people in America usually eat for Thanksgiving?
4 Make a list of food or dishes you associate with the countries below. Compare it with a partner.
The USA, China, France, Italy, Japan, Mexico
5 a) Read the information and discuss it.
"One man's meat is another man's poison"
— one English proverb says. There is a wide range of nutritious foods in the world. However, eating habits differ from country to country. In some societies certain foods are taboo. An eccentric millionaire once invited guests from several countries to a banquet and offered them this menu. All the foods are popular in some parts of the world, but are not eaten in others.
b) Look at the menu and answer the questions on page 106.
**STARTERS**
- Snail
- Frogs' legs
- Pigs' feet
- Shellfish
- Caviar
- 100-year-old eggs
- Tripe (cow's stomach)
**SOUPS**
- Bird's nest soup
- Shark fin soup
- Sea-weed soup
**FISH**
- Jellied eels
**MAIN COURSES**
- Brains
- Whole stuffed camel
- Grilled songbirds
- Roast snake
- Bat stew
- Horsemeat
- Kangaroo
- Whale
- Roast dog
**DESSERT**
- Chocolate-covered ants
If you had been there, which dishes could you have eaten?
Which items couldn’t you have dishes? Why not?
Do you know which countries they are popular in? Would you eat them, if you were starving?
What unusual things are eaten in our country? Has Ukraine got a national dish? How do you make it?
6 a) Read the statements below. Agree or disagree.
b) Work in groups. Express your opinions.
If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say ‘Fish and chips’, then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to find a good English restaurant with reasonable prices.
In most cities in Britain you’ll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you’ll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek… Some will say that this is because English have no ‘cuisine’ themselves, but this is not quite true.
7 Do the project following the instructions.
1 Decide what kind of booklet you are going to compile:
- an A to Z of British national cuisine
- an A to Z of European cuisine
- an A to Z of Ukrainian cuisine
2 Draw a table like in the example after the exercise on page 105. The table should contain all the ABC letters!
3 Find out about the national cuisine you are writing about.
4 Find or draw the pictures to illustrate your food and drinks.
5 Discuss the design of your booklet.
6 Produce your ‘A to Z’.
7 Present your booklet in class.
**USEFUL**
**Agreeing / Disagreeing**
- I quite agree that...
- I don’t think...
- Well, to be honest, I think...
- I agree completely...
- I can’t agree with...
- The problem is that...
- I don’t share that view, because...
**Giving a balanced view**
- We could say..., but also...
- On the one hand, ... . On the other...
- It may be true... . However, ...
- It’s true that..., but...
- At the same time, ...
| ABC letters | Food or a drink | Pictures | Country / Countries | Description of dishes or gastronomy items |
|-------------|-----------------|----------|---------------------|------------------------------------------|
| A | ale | ![Image] | Britain | It is an old-fashioned drink. |
| B | bacon and eggs | ![Image] | Britain | It is a popular main dish of a traditional English breakfast. It includes fried slices of bacon and eggs. |
| C | Christmas pudding | ![Image] | Britain | It is a plum pudding which contains dried fruit, spices and often brandy. It is served as a part of Christmas dinner. |
1 Complete the text with the words or word combinations in the box.
biscuits (x2), roast turkey, ‘good plain food’, tea, fish and chips, Christmas pudding, substantial, main course, fruit pie, soup, roast beef, beef steak, have a chat, occasion
The English like what they call … . They must be able to recognise what they are eating. Usually they like … , roast beef, Yorkshire pudding and … .
Afternoon tea is taken at about 5 o’clock, but it can hardly be called a meal. It is a cup of tea and cake or … . At the weekends afternoon tea is a special … . Friends and visitors are often invited to … over a cup of tea.
Dinner is the most … meal of the day. It is usually eaten at 7 o’clock. The first course may be … (though the English don’t like it very much). The … will often be fish or meat, perhaps the traditional … of old England, and a lot of vegetables. The next course will be something sweet and often cooked, such as a … . Last of all there may be cheese, often with … .
It is common knowledge that the English are very fond of … . They like to have ‘a nice cup of tea’ 6 or 8 times a day, sometimes even more.
On Christmas Day a … is traditionally cooked for dinner. It is usually followed by … . Long before Christmas housewives begin to plan what cake to make for Christmas. Usually they make fantastic Christmas cakes.
Grammar
2 Complete the sentences by changing the verbs in brackets to make the 2nd Conditionals.
1 If I … (be) in Bukovyna, I … (help) myself to brynza.
2 If I … (have) some dried fruit, I … (make) uzvar or kysil.
3 I … (can make) kvas if I … (have) some dried bread.
4 If you … (ask) me what dessert I’d like to have, I … (mention) an apple pie first.
5 If you … (be) in Poltava, you … (be invited) to taste Ukrainian borshch with halushky.
Reading
3 Read the recipe and put the steps below in the correct order.
**Borshch**
Put the chopped beetroot, carrots and green beans into a saucepan with about 2 litres of water and cook for a while. Then, add the rest of the vegetables, dill and salt and cook until vegetables are tender, adding more water if necessary. Fry the finely chopped onion in oil in a small frying pan and add flour. Stir until smooth. You use this to thicken the soup; add this to the borshch when the vegetables are cooked. Add some cream and the freshly chopped garlic and cook for about 5 minutes more. Adjust seasoning if necessary. Serve.
- 1 cup of chopped fresh beetroot
- 1 cup of chopped fresh carrots
- 2 cups of green beans, cut into small pieces
- 3 or 4 medium potatoes, cubed
- 1 kilo of chopped or shredded cabbage
- 1/2 kilo of fresh or canned tomatoes, chopped
- 1/2 cup of chopped onion
- 1/2 cup of fresh dill, chopped
- salt to taste
- 2 tablespoons of finely chopped onion
- 2 tablespoons of oil
- 2 tablespoons of flour
- cream
- minced garlic, to your taste
☐ Prepare the thickener.
☐ Taste, add salt.
☐ Add the rest of the cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, onion and dill and let them cook.
☐ Serve.
☐ Add the thickener to borshch.
☐ Add cream and garlic, and cook.
☐ Cook the beetroot, carrots and green beans in 2 l of water.
4 Listen to the interview. Then read the statements below and put ‘T’ for the true statements and ‘F’ for the false ones.
☐ 1 George opened up a restaurant in Canada.
☐ 2 They mainly serve international dishes.
☐ 3 George thinks everybody knows the English to be excellent cooks.
☐ 4 The chef of the restaurant is Argentinian.
☐ 5 They have traditional English breakfasts and typical English desserts on the menu.
☐ 6 English dishes are not much popular in Argentina.
☐ 7 George misses a wonderful French cheese — Roquefort.
☐ 8 Stilton is English blue cheese.
I CAN ...
☐ read and understand texts about meal-times and dishes
☐ listen, understand and share recipes
☐ talk about national cuisine
☐ understand and use the 2nd Conditional
☐ discuss eating habits
☐ describe dishes and gastronomy products
☐ write a paragraph about eating habits or a dish
Communication Technologies
Unit 5
WARM UP
HOW DO YOU USE YOUR MOBILE PHONE? HOW OFTEN DO YOU USE IT?
- I use my mobile to (call my friends / send text messages / check the time/...).
- I would say I use my phone (about twice / several times / roughly ten times or more /...) a day.
- On the average, I receive (... phone calls / ... text messages / ... emails /...) each day.
DO YOU HAVE SMART PHONE?
- Yes, I need it (to use the Internet / so that I can use Viber / in case I need looking up online dictionary / ...).
- No, but I (plan to buy one soon / might get one later / miss it a lot /...).
- I’ve decided not to have a smart phone because (it is expensive to buy / my mobile phone is enough to contact with others / ...).
IN WHAT WAYS ARE YOU USING THE INTERNET?
- I use it for (an email messaging / blogging / communication in social networks /...).
- I often use it when I need (to be in touch with … / information for my project / some entertainment like ...).
ARE THERE ANY POTENTIAL DANGERS CONNECTED WITH THE INTERNET?
- I am aware of the fact that some people (can be drawn into dangerous situations like … / can pirate through the Internet and …).
- People are open to (cyber-bulling / cyberterrorism /...).
1 a) Make a list of ten inventions and decide on:
- the best invention
- the worst invention
- the most important invention to you in your daily life
b) Compare your list with a partner’s one and discuss the results.
2 Look at the different uses of computers. Choose what you like to use computers for. Add two more ideas.
1 send emails 3 do schoolwork 5 do shopping
2 write letters 4 surf the Web 6 play games
3 Read the article quickly. Refer each paragraph (1-8) to its heading (A-H) on page 113.
1 Computers have become a vital part of everyday life. You can find them in business, science, medicine and in schools, and perhaps even at home. A computer is an electronic machine which can be used to store, process and display data. There are many types of computer and among them are: a personal computer (or PC), which can be a desktop with a tower case or a desktop computer
with a desktop case, a laptop (that is smaller than a desktop), a notebook (that is like a laptop but is smaller), a subnotebook (that is even smaller) and a handheld computer which is usually called a palmtop. There are embedded computers which are found inside other machines such as fridges and cars, for example.
2 A computer is just a machine but a computer system consists of two main elements: the machine and programmes, or hardware and software. ‘Hardware’ refers to the physical components of the system. These components are mechanical and electronic.
3 The central idea of a computing system is that input is processed into output. Input is data which is entered into the computer, and output is the result of processing done by the computer, usually printed out or displayed on the screen. Different computer systems can be called computer platforms.
4 The potential uses of computers are infinite\(^1\). We can mention some of the most common current uses of computers in everyday life: personal, educational and commercial.
5 People use the Internet to explore their personal hobbies and interests, to find information, to access goods and services, such as booking a holiday or a flight, ordering books and DVDs or doing their banking online. Computer users make contacts and keep in touch with people all over the world using email or Internet telephony, send photos to family and friends through email attachments. In the world of leisure, computer games and multimedia (audio or video) are very popular. Many Internet users actually add to the Internet by making their own homepages using HTML code, the language which allows to create web pages. Other users write and publish blogs. A blog is a website where a user creates and regularly updates a journal that reflects the
\(^1\)infinite ['ɪnɪnɪt] — нескінченний, безмежний
views of the writer. Internet users may also enjoy making their own podcasts for others to download and enjoy photos, music and video.
6 In schools and universities students use wordprocessing programmes to write essays and projects, presentations and databases. The Internet is also an important educational tool, and is used in distance learning. Online learning is popular, it uses the Internet as a medium for instructions and educational development. A Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a software system designed to help teachers in the management of educational courses for their students by creating a virtual classroom. It is a virtual place on the Internet where teachers and students can meet and use electronic learning tools such as videoconferences, online classrooms, whiteboards, chat rooms and so on.
7 E-commerce (business conducted on the Internet) is becoming an ever more important part of our lives. Through its website, a company can offer computer users the opportunity to order and pay for goods and services using their credit cards on the Internet. Graphics and desktop publishing (DTP) programmes are important tools in professions such as publishing and advertising. Companies can also use computer-assisted design (CAD) programmes to design and test new products without building a working model. Computers enable users to make notes, arrange appointments and index details of business contacts. Computers reduce the amount of paper used in an office.
8 There are many career choices in your future that cannot be available without computer skills. The growing use of computers increases the need for employees with computer knowledge and training. If you are a computer literate\(^1\) person the career opportunities are limitless for you.
\(^1\)literate ['lɪtərət] — грамотний; освічений
4 a) Read the article again and pay attention to the words in bold. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
b) Complete the sentences.
1 A computer is an electronic machine which...
2 There are different types of computer: a desktop, a laptop...
3 A computer system consists of...
4 The central idea of a computing system is...
5 The most common current uses of computers are...
6 People use the Internet to access...
7 Computer users make contacts and...
8 HTML is...
9 A blog is...
10 Students use wordprocessing programmes to...
11 VLE is...
12 Through its website, a company...
13 Computers enable users to...
14 Many career choices are...
5 Identify the basic parts of a computer (1-8) and refer them to the words below.
☐ Modem ☐ USB Ports
☐ CD/DVD discs ☐ USB Flash Drive
☐ Mouse ☐ Flash Memory
☐ Screen/Monitor ☐ Cards
☐ DVD Drive ☐ USB Flash
☐ Tower Case ☐ Memory Stick
☐ Keyboard
WORDS
an access ['ækses]
an attachment [ə'tætʃmənt]
a data ['deɪtə]
a device [de'veɪs]
hardware ['hɑːdweə]
input ['ɪnpʊt]
output ['aʊtpʊt]
software ['sɒftweə]
a website ['websaɪt]
online [,ɒn'laine]
to access ['ækses]
to surf [sɜːf]
to update ['ʌpdeɪt]
6 Group up the devices in the box into two columns. Explain your choice.
| input devices | output devices |
|---------------|----------------|
| | keyboard, speakers, monitor, scanner, headphones, printer, microphone |
7 Refer each thing (1-6) to its description (a-f).
- 1 cursor
- 2 icons
- 3 desktop
- 4 Windows
- 5 menus
- 6 pointing device
a The area on the display screen where icons are grouped is called so because the icons are designed to represent real objects on a real desktop.
b A symbol that appears on display screen that the user is able to move to select objects and commands. It usually appears on the screen as a small white angled arrow or as an I-beam pointer that is shaped like a capital ‘I’.
c With the help of this the user can divide the screen into different areas. You can move them around the display screen, and change their shape and size at will.
d These are small pictures that represent commands, files or windows. By moving a pointer to them and pressing a mouse button, the user can execute a command or change it into a window.
e Most graphical user interfaces allow the user to give commands by selecting a choice from it.
f A device, such as a mouse or trackball, that allows the user to select objects on the display screen.
8 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
- Do you have a computer?
- Are you a computer wizard?
- How much time do you spend at your computer?
- Do you have access to the Internet?
- How often do you surf? When do you usually surf?
9 Work in pairs. Share your experience of the Internet use.
Mention the following items and add some more.
- online shopping
- finding information
- joining chat groups
- sending email
- playing games
Develop Your Vocabulary
1 Match the pictures (1-10) with the words.
- a menu
- a menu bar
- an icon
- a cursor
- a file
- a programme
- a window
- a desktop
- a folder
- an attachment
Право для безоплатного розміщення підручника в мережі Інтернет має Міністерство освіти і науки України http://mon.gov.ua/ та Інститут модернізації змісту освіти https://imzo.gov.ua
2 a) Look at the Word Map with verbs that are used before the word ‘a file’.
b) Complete the paragraph below with the words in the box and in the Word Map above.
compress, directories, folders, subdirectories, subfolders
Files can be organised into ... and ... or ... and .... This allows the user to create categories for files which can be organised and accessed easily. It is possible to ... and ... files and folders, to ... them, ... them, ... them or ... them from one area to another. It is possible to ... or ... files, so that they use less space. This can be useful, for example, when sending files via email. File compression programs such as WinZip can be used to do this.
3 Match the words in the box with their definitions below. Then compare your answers with a partner.
1 ... is a list of computer operations.
2 ... is a small picture or symbol.
3 ... is software for creating text files (e.g., Microsoft Word).
4 ... means to press and release the button on the mouse.
5 ... is a little arrow on the screen that moves when you move the mouse.
click, menu, cursor, icon, word processor
4 Work in pairs. Read the sentences and guess the meanings of the phrasal verbs in bold.
1 Someone hacked into the computers at work and destroyed important data.
2 You can log on / in using my password if you want to use the computer.
3 Scroll up to the top of the page.
4 Don’t forget to **log off / out** when you’ve finished.
5 I’ll take my laptop so I should be able to **pick up** my emails while I’m away.
6 You should **back your work up** every day so that you do not lose it.
7 If you can’t see the detail **zoom in** by clicking on this icon.
---
**PHRASAL VERBS (Фразові дієслова)**
- A phrasal verb consists of a **verb + particle**.
*E.g.:* They often **eat out**.
Particles look like prepositions and they often change the meaning of the verb.
*E.g.:* I **came back**.
Please **go on**.
- Some phrasal verbs are used in combination with certain prepositions. These combinations are usually inseparable.
*E.g.:* She **dropped out of** school.
- Most transitive phrasal verbs are separable.
*I just dreamt a new idea up.*
*I just dreamt up a new idea.*
- With a small group of phrasal verbs, the verb and particle must be separated.
*E.g.:* keep something on
*Keep your hat on.*
*E.g.:* talk someone into
She **talked her boss into** a pay rise.
---
5 Match the icons with the reasons for clicking them.
There is one extra icon.
- When you need to have a printed copy of an electronic document you should click on the icon — to **print it out**.
- Would you like to access email? Then click on the icon — to **pick up** your emails.
- When you need to move down / up a webpage or other document on a computer screen, click on the icon — to **scroll up or down** to the top of the page.
- To show a clear and detailed picture of something you’d click on the icon — to **zoom in**.
6 Match the phrasal verbs with their definitions.
1 pick up something (pick something up)
2 log in / on
3 log off / out
4 scroll across / down / up (something)
5 hack into
6 back (something) up
7 zoom in / out
a move across / down / up a web page or other document on a computer screen
b show a clear and detailed picture of something or show something in less detail
c put your name into a computer so that you can start using it
d connect to the Internet and access emails
e make a copy of computer information so that you do not lose it
f finish using a computer system
g get into someone else’s computer system without permission\(^1\) in order to look at information or do something illegal\(^2\)
(see the List of Phrasal Verbs in the appendix of your Workbook)
7 Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs in the box.
back up, zoom out, scroll down, pick up, zoom in, logged in
1 If you … to the bottom of the page, you’ll find the data you want.
2 On these disks you’ll find a … of all the data connected with the project.
3 If you find it hard to see the detail in the picture, … so you can see more. Then click on the same icon again to … and the picture will go back to normal size.
4 Although I’ll be working away from the office for a couple of weeks, I’ll still … my emails every day.
5 I … to this new website last night. Let me give you the address so that you can check it out.
\(^1\)а permission [prəˈmɪʃn] — дозвіл \(^2\)illegal [ˈiːlɪɡl] — незаконний, нелегальний
8 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
1 It took ages to print the whole report ... .
a) down b) up c) out d) in
2 Henry went into a cyber café in Bangkok to pick ... his emails.
a) out b) off c) on d) up
3 For security reasons, always log ... when you leave your computer unattended for any period of time.
a) on b) in c) out d) up
4 Mark was very upset when he realised that someone had hacked ... his computer.
a) off b) on c) into d) out
5 His secretary is very quick at keying ... data.
a) onto b) on c) into d) in
6 The ability to zoom ... is particularly useful when you are working on detailed diagrams.
a) out b) in c) up d) on
Focus on Listening
1 Read and say what can be provided with these possibilities.
Today you can text, email and chat online on Messenger and things like that. I’m still in touch with some friends whom I met on holiday last year even though they live miles away.
2 Work in pairs. Ask and answer about the things you can do with the World Wide Web. Use the items in the list below. Add one more.
- meet people
- get the latest news
- order a meal
- find a job
- go shopping
- make travel plans
3 Listen to the conversation and name four things one needs to get connected to the World Wide Web.
4 Listen again and complete the text.
- Internet is a network of ... and ...
- It operates ...
- You can ... information easily and ... on different systems. You can send ... on email.
- You can ... and read messages with it.
- You can ... other computers.
- The basic Internet ... kit should consist of a dialler.
- Adialler is a programme to get you ..., or connected, with your provider.
- For email you need a programme which ... information on the net.
5 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
1 What brand is your computer?
2 What is the operating system of your computer?
3 Which Web browser does your computer use?
4 How many buttons are there on your mouse?
5 Does your computer have a CD-Rom drive?
6 How often do you write email letters?
7 Are you a member of any chat group?
8 What else can you use the Internet for?
1) Get some information and answer if the World Wide Web is another name for the Internet.
The Web is just one of the services that runs on the Internet. It is the best-known and the most widely used information resource on the Internet. The Web is a network of information in the form of hypertext. Hypertext enables the user to move between different elements of web pages, or between websites by means of links. A website consists of one or many web pages. They are written in a special programming language called Hyper Text Mark-Up Language (HTML).
The main page of a website is the home page. It may contain a site map or a main menu.
b) Work in groups. Give the examples to prove the following statements.
The Internet is:
- a network of computers (another name: cyberspace — a virtual ‘space’ created by computer systems)
- an information resource
- a collection of services
- a communication system
- a broadcasting medium (radio and TV provide Internet versions of their programmes)
- a community of users
You may use the words:
Internet versions of TV and Radio programmes, chat rooms, online forums, information superhighway, cyberspace
2 Share some information about your favourite Websites and explain why you like them. Use the phrases in the box.
- contain texts, images and sound files;
- well-decorated page;
- to click on ‘live’ areas on the page;
- to go to a new screen easily;
- to offer latest news/travel information, etc.
USEFUL
Making a Choice
In my opinion, this one is better.
To my mind, this one’s more suitable / flexible.
To my way of thinking, this one’s more interesting and useful.
In my view, this one is the best.
Giving Reasons
For one thing, ...
For another, ...
Another reason is that ...
Most importantly, ...
What we need to think about is ...
We need to consider ...
The important things are ...
3 Work in groups. Exchange information and discuss the following.
1 Do you know what a cyber café is?
Have you ever been to one?
2 Do you know how to send an email?
3 Which sites do you usually visit?
4 Do you chat online?
5 Do you have your own website?
6 Does your school have its own website?
7 Do you buy anything on the Internet?
8 How does the Internet effect our lives?
9 What do you know about hackers and viruses?
10 For what purpose do young people use the Internet?
11 Has the Internet changed your life? If yes, in what ways?
1 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
- Do you send emails? Is sending emails your primary way of written communication?
- If you send emails, who are they usually for? What are they about?
- Do you agree with the claim that email will become the principal way of communication among people? Can you think of any disadvantages of emails?
2 Read and refer the paragraphs (1-3) to the examples of the emails on pp. 125-126 (a-c). Explain your choice.
WRITING EMAILS
The degree of formality in emails is determined by the relationship between the writer and the recipient. More formal emails are similar to letters, less formal ones are similar to speech.
1 Formal style is common in business, for example. If you are unsure about which style to use in an email, it is better to use a more formal style. If the person replies in a more informal style, you may follow that style in your next message.
2 More informal messages may be sent between friends or colleagues who have a relaxed working relationship.
3 The most informal emails are generally sent between close friends. These messages are sometimes more similar to speech than to writing.
b) You mentioned the other day that you would like to present a seminar some time. Would you be interested in doing one quite soon? If you could do the next one (17 Feb) that would be great. Can you let me know if that suits you? Thanks,
Dave
c) I am writing on behalf of the Edinburgh Association of Teaching English as a Foreign Language to ask you whether you would be interested in giving a plenary address at our annual conference in March. The theme of the conference is 'Using Technology in Language Teaching' and it will be held on 13 March in Edinburgh. We would be delighted if you would be able to take part as a plenary speaker.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Anie McGuire
3 a) Write your email address and your password.
b) Work in pairs. Share with a partner the websites that offer free email accounts.
Email: ______________________@_____________________
Password: ________________________________
4 a) Get to know what’s in an email address.
The @ symbol is pronounced [æt].
email@example.com
Username Domain Dot Type of organisation Country code
b) Go around the class and ask 5 or 6 mates to tell you their email addresses. Write the information on the Email List and read aloud the addresses.
COUNTRY CODES:
uk = United Kingdom
nz = New Zealand
fr = France
au = Australia
ca = Canada
de = Germany
it = Italy
5 a) Look at the different parts of the Email.
b) Refer each email term (a-j) to its correct definition (1-10).
| | |
|---|---|
| 1 | the main part of an email where you write the information you want to communicate |
| 2 | click here to send your message |
| 4 | the copy line; the line where you write the email addresses of other people you want to receive your message |
| 5 | the blind copy line; an address here gets a copy of the message, but other recipients do not know |
a To:
b Send
c Subject:
d Cancel
e cc:
f Attachments
g Message
h Save Draft
i Spell Check
j bcc:
3 the line where you write the title of the message
6 click here to specify the file you want to send (attach) with your message
7 the line where you write email address of the person you are sending your message to
8 click here to save your unfinished message without sending it
9 click here to cancel your message
10 click here to check the spelling of your message
Get some information on emailing and discuss it in groups.
FORMAL AND INFORMAL STYLE IN E-MAILING
One area of difference between traditional letters and emails is in greetings. In a letter, it is normal to start like ‘Dear Mr Black,’ in an email, it is also acceptable to begin in this way — but it is also very common to write only the person’s name.
The same applies to the ending of an email. In more formal email messages you should better use the same kind of ending like in a letter. However, in informal messages it is more common to use an informal ending. Here is a summary of some of the ways people begin and end their messages.
- Although emails seem to be short messages and are considered to be easy to write, before you send your email go through the following checklist:
1 keep your messages short
2 do not use abbreviations unless you are certain people will understand them correctly
3 use capital letters only for special emphasis
4 do not underline
5 put a complete line space between paragraphs
6 check the attachments
7 make sure your spelling and grammar are correct
8 make sure you are sending your email to the right person.
Some people use emotions or smiley icons in their messages to friends. They show emotions or attitudes of the writer.
| More formal: | Less formal: |
|--------------|--------------|
| **GREETINGS** | |
| Dear Mr Brown | John |
| Dear John | Hi John |
| | Hi |
| **ENDINGS** | |
| Yours faithfully / sincerely | Take care |
| Yours truly | See you |
| Yours | See you later|
| Regards | All the best |
| Best wishes | (Only your name) |
7 Read the following situations and write two emails. Choose an appropriate style.
A Your are travelling to London on a business trip next week. Your school friend lives there and you would like to meet him / her one evening while you are in London. Try to arrange a meeting.
B Exploring the Web you found the advertisement. Read it and send an application email letter.
LET’S GO TO KINGSTON!
The school of English at Queen’s University is over fifty years old and is located at one of Canada’s oldest and best-known universities. ESL Program: 20 hours each week of academic classroom instruction in all language skills. In addition, there are conversation workshops and many other programs to improve students’ conversation skills.
The School of English Queen’s University
Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6
CANADA
1 Read the definitions of the phrases in bold. Complete each sentence (1-3) with the appropriate phrase by changing the form of the verb in it.
- **download a file** — to take a file from another location, e.g. a web server, and save it on a computer
- **upload a file** — to transfer a file from a computer to another location, e.g. a web server
- **post a message** — to place a message on a bulletin board, or send it to a newsgroup
1 You can publish your web pages by ... them to the web server.
2 If you want to find out more about phrasal verbs, you should ... to the alt-usage-english.org newsgroup.
3 You can ... the software from our website.
2 a) Match phrasal verbs with their definitions.
| 1 switch / turn on something | a connect to an electricity supply |
| 2 switch / turn off something | b make louder or stronger |
| 3 plug in something | c touch a switch to make a machine or electrical device start working |
| 4 turn up something | d put electricity into a piece of equipment |
| 5 charge something up | e touch a switch to make an electrical device stop working |
b) Complete the sentences with the correct tense forms of the appropriate phrasal verbs from (a).
1 My mobile phone isn’t working — I need to ... it ...
2 Would the last person to leave the room ... the lights.
3 When I tried to ... my computer in the morning, nothing happened.
4 Can you ... the TV? I can hardly hear what the actors are saying.
5 The computer isn’t working because you haven’t ... it ...! You can ... it ... the wall there.
3 Match to make word combinations. Use them to compose your own sentences.
- current screen
- World Wide the net
- email events
- surfing information
- download sites
- web Web
- computer message
4 Look at the chart of things you can do at a cyber café. Add your ideas to the spaces. Compare your ideas with a partner.
5 Work in pairs. Act out the interview about the cyber café.
QUESTIONS
1 What’s the name of the cyber café?
2 Where is it?
3 When are they open?
4 How much does the Internet connection cost?
5 What kinds of food do they serve?
6 What kinds of drinks do they have?
7 Tell me about their hardware?
8 What games do they have?
9 Do they offer any trainings or classes?
10 What else do they offer?
ANSWERS
a It’s called Café Connect.
b It’s in London.
c They’re open from 8:00 am to 11:00 pm.
d It costs £ 4.80 per hour.
e They serve mostly sandwiches and desserts.
f They have cappuccino, tea, juice...
g They have Apple Macintosh computers...
h Half-life, Need for Speed, Quark II...
i Yes they offer classes in Web page design.
j They have a gift shop.
6 Work in pairs. Read the advertisement and discuss the service of the café to decide if you’d like to visit it.
‘THE GREATEST COFFEE AND THE WORLD’
744 Harrison Street,
San Francisco, California
Email:
firstname.lastname@example.org
Telephone:
1-415-495-7447
YOUR INTERNET ‘HOME SWAY FROM HOME’
Wouldn’t it be nice to be able to walk into a place with a friendly atmosphere, get a great cup of coffee and a pastry or sandwich, and sit down and read out email or surf the Web... even if you are not near your regular Internet connection?
San Francisco’s only FREE Internet Cafe; The Coffee Net (located on Harrison Street between 3rd and 4th in the heart of the South of Market Area), offers you exactly that.
a) Choose one of the websites of cyber cafés and explore it. Complete the fact file.
| Name | Location |
|---------------|----------------|
| Business Hours| Internet Connection Cost |
| Food | Drinks |
| Hardware | Software |
| Computer Games| Training |
| Other | |
WorldCafe
URL: http://www.worldcafe.smallplanet.co.uk/
Cafe.net
URL: http://www.cafenet.uk.com
Intercafe
Tapping into the World Wide Web is just the beginning
URL: http://www.intercafe.co.uk/
b) Interview your partner about the cyber café he / she explored. Look at your partner’s information and answer the questions.
- Do you prefer your cyber café or your partner’s?
- Why?
Read the ads about sites for youth. Discuss the information in groups.
| WWW | BE SURE TO… | WHAT IS IT? |
|--------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| seventeen.com| Got questions that you’re just too embarrassed to ask anyone? A site that simply exists for teenage girls and boys. You can get advice and suggestions on lots of topics. | Enter to win free stuff! Be sure you can find a perfect dress! Check out new videos, take a fun quiz and more… |
| imemories.com| Video editing and sharing for any format whether it’s from your cell phone or camera, or even sending in old VHS tapes! Note: There is a monthly fee for the service. | Be smart and cautious about what you put out in the world in digital form. But take advantage of this cool way to digitise the old family favourites. |
| campusexplorer.com| Look into your future to see college life and how it may interest you. Search for subjects, locations, financial aid and more! | Take advantage of the photos, videos and advice to find the best school for you! |
Право для безоплатного розміщення підручника в мережі Інтернет має Міністерство освіти і науки України http://mon.gov.ua/ та Інститут модернізації змісту освіти https://imzo.gov.ua
| MTV cranked up\(^1\) a notch\(^2\) all videos, all the time! Watch them full screen and in HD...nice! | Singing, singing and more singing. You can simply sing along, or you can record yourself and save it! |
| --- | --- |
| \(^1\)to crank up — крутити (показувати)
\(^2\)a notch — вибірка | |
Set up an account and put in your music preferences. Then you can get suggestions for new videos to add to your playlist.
Try uploading at least one of your recordings, no matter how bad it is! Hilarious\(^1\) good fun!
\(^1\)hilarious — галасливий, веселий
**9 Design your own website — describe what it would be like.**
1 Match the words (1-6) with their definitions (a-f).
| 1 | the Internet | a moving from one document or website to another, to find information |
|-----|-----------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 2 | the Web | b copying information from a website to your own computer |
| 3 | a website | c a network of computers all over the world, joined by phone lines, satellite or cable |
| 4 | surfing the net | d a system linking millions of documents stored on the Internet computers around the world |
| 5 | email | e the place on the Internet where a company/organisation/etc. stores its documents |
| 6 | downloading | f electronic messages sent to someone over the Internet |
Grammar
2 Write wh-question to each of the following sentences.
1 At first the Internet was mainly used by scientists.
2 You don’t need a CD to send email.
3 They’ve already got a website.
4 That isn’t a computer virus.
5 Bob likes sending emails to his friends.
6 I can pay for my ticket through the net.
7 Surfing the net for information is so exciting.
8 She won’t download all those documents.
Listening
3 Listen to the information and answer the questions in short.
1 Is information technology more or less important in education than before?
2 Where does the word ‘blog’ come from?
3 What is a ‘blog’?
4 What are blogs used for at universities?
5 What does ‘WIKI’ mean?
6 Who puts the information on this kind of website?
7 What is Wikipedia?
8 Why do students need to be careful if they use ‘Wikis’ when they study?
Reading
4 Complete the article on pp. 137-138 with the words in the box.
website, world news, resources, links, download, online
ENGLISH THROUGH THE INTERNET
Here are three ways of improving your English using the Internet (there are many others!):
- You can follow the latest ..., find out about BBC World Service radio programmes and ... quizzes and songs lyrics at
www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish
- You can use a variety of ... dictionaries ... at
www.pearsonlongman.com/dictionaries
The British Council has a ... where you can find a variety of games, activities and a list of ... suitable both for adults and younger learners at www.learnenglish.org.uk
I CAN ...
☐ read and understand texts about computers and their personal, educational and commercial use
☐ listen and understand information about the Internet
☐ ask and answer what the Word Wide Web is
☐ use phrasal verbs to talk about computers or other electrical appliances
☐ talk about cyber cafés
☐ describe favourite websites
☐ write emails in formal and informal styles
HOW DOES DIFFERENT WEATHER AFFECT YOUR FEELINGS?
- Sunny weather makes me feel (cheerful / optimistic / full of hope / ...).
- When it is gloomy outside or it rains, I feel positive / a bit unhappy / a little depressed / ...).
DO YOU THINK THE WEATHER PATTERN IN OUR AREA IS CHANGING?
- It seems that when I was younger, we had (cooler summers / more snow in the winter / ...).
- My parents say that the weather used to be (more predictable / less violent and destructive/...).
- I think the climate is slowly changing due to (the loss of forests / air pollution from factories / ...).
DO YOU LISTEN TO THE WEATHER FORECAST? HOW RELIABLE ARE WEATHER FORECASTS?
- Listening to the forecast helps me to decide (what to wear / whether to take an umbrella / what to do after school / ...).
- For me, weather forecasts are not very useful because I (find the weather can turn out different / rely on what the day looks like in the morning / ...).
DO YOU WORRY ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT?
- I am concerned about (global climate change / more natural disasters / ...).
- In my opinion, the “environmental crisis” (will be solved by scientists / is not a problem because nature is strong enough to restore itself /...).
1 Look at the photos and decide what is happening in each one. Refer the words to the photos. Use your dictionary.
- drought
- flood
- tornado
- typhoon
- tsunami
- famine
- volcano eruption
- earthquake
- forest fire
2 Read the article quickly and say what natural disasters from the photos above are mentioned in the article.
“Local road was washed away and damaged. The highway of national route ‘Kyiv–Chop’ was blocked because of mud sliding in Skole district in Lviv region. Railroad Lviv–Uzhhorod was blocked because of fallen trees.”
“A private dwelling house was destroyed because of sliding in Ivano-Frankivsk region. The master of the house, born in 1965, died. 963 houses were underflooded by water.”
“In the evening on July, 24 27-year-old resident of Vyzhnytsya district died in the basement that was flooded as a result of bad weather in Bukovyna.”
These lines are from *Ukrainski Novyny (Ukrainian News)* report about the natural disaster that occurred in Western Ukraine in July 2008. As a result of heavy showers the level of water in rivers had risen, and houses, farmlands and granaries were underflooded. Some crops were destroyed.
Natural disasters began to occur in Ukraine with increasing frequency. After dangerous floods in Zakarpattia the storms and tornados also came their way. Information about the number of people killed by lightning has become more frequent in different parts of Ukraine. Until recently, we only heard of such disasters in other part of the Atlantic.
And what are the causes of natural disasters which are becoming more frequent in our country? Not waiting for the scientists’ explanations, people say this is our fault. During the last 50 years a great deal of forests in the Carpathians have been cut down. Deforestation\(^1\) has led to changes in local climate. That’s why we have so
---
\(^1\)deforestation [ˌdiːˈfɔːrɪˌsteɪʃən] — вирубування лісів
much trouble with floods in this region. The scientists remind us that all elements and systems are interconnected in nature. Irresponsible attitude to it might lead to terrible results.
The conducted research has confirmed the idea about not only natural but man-made causes of these floods.
What is a natural disaster? The definition is: it is the effect of a natural hazard that affects the environment and leads to financial, environmental and/or human losses. A natural hazard is a threat of a natural occurring event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. Many natural hazards are interrelated. For example, earthquake can cause a tsunami and drought that can lead directly to famine.
The costs of natural disasters are the lives lost, homes destroyed and economies disrupted\(^2\)… But there is reason for hope. By understanding how and where these natural events occur, we can build and live safely on Earth, and by providing real-time information about floods, earthquakes and other hazards, we can respond effectively when disaster strikes. We should build stronger, safer communities that are resistant to natural disasters.
3 Read the article again and choose the best answer (a-c).
1 What natural disaster occurred in Western Ukraine in 2008?
a) drought b) earthquake c) flood
2 What happened to the national route ‘Kyiv–Chop’ in 2008?
a) It was underflooded.
b) It was blocked with mud sliding.
c) It was ruined by volcano eruption.
3 What natural disasters are becoming more frequent in Ukraine?
a) floods and storms b) floods and earthquakes
c) tsunamis and floods
4 What are the causes of frequent floods in Zakarpattya?
a) heavy showers
b) natural and man-made causes
c) deforestation
\(^2\)disrupted [dis'ruptid] — зруйнований
5 What is a natural disaster?
a) It is a natural hazard.
b) It is a weather event.
c) It is the effect of a natural hazard.
6 What is a natural hazard?
a) It is a threat of a natural event that might have negative effect.
b) It is a natural catastrophe.
c) It is a natural disaster.
7 What is the relationship between natural hazards?
a) They all result into natural disasters.
b) They are interrelated, one can lead to another.
c) They have no influence on each other.
8 What does ‘to respond to natural disasters effectively’ mean?
a) It means we shouldn’t pay any attention to difficulties.
b) It means that we must remember that all elements and systems are interconnected in nature.
c) It means we should learn more about disasters and build safer communities with real-time information provided.
4 Read the paragraphs (A-E) and refer them to the questions (1-5). Act out the interview in pairs.
☐ 1 What are they?
☐ 2 Why do they happen?
☐ 3 Where do they happen?
☐ 4 How do they affect people?
☐ 5 What can people do?
A Over the warm parts of oceans. Tornadoes are common in parts of the USA, Australia and Japan.
B The water evaporates\(^1\) from the warm sea. This condenses in the atmosphere. More and more hot, wet air rises up. It becomes a strong wind.
C Scientists can usually track\(^2\) hurricanes, but they cannot stop them.
\(^1\)to evaporate [ɪˈvɛərəgeɪt] — випаровувати(ся)
\(^2\)to track [træk] — стежити; простежувати
D Tropical storms with strong winds. They start at sea, and can travel a long distance. They have different names in different places: ‘hurricanes’ in the Atlantic Ocean, ‘typhoons’ in the Pacific Ocean, ‘tropical cyclones’ in the Indian Ocean and around Australasia. Tornadoes or whirlwinds, are similar, but begin over land.
E They can affect ships, blow down houses, cause floods and disrupt traffic.
5 a) Match natural hazards in the box with their descriptions below.
an avalanche, an earthquake, floods, a tsunami, a heat wave, a tornado, hailstorms
1 … is one of the names of cyclonic storm that forms over the oceans. It is caused by evaporated water that comes from the ocean. Typhoon is another name for it.
2 … are rain drops that have formed together into ice.
3 … are the result of prolonged rainfall from a storm, rapid melting of large amounts of snow, or rivers which rise up their levels of water.
4 … is a phenomenon that results from a sudden release of stored energy that radiates seismic waves. It shows itself by a shaking of the ground.
5 … is a slide of a large snow (or rock) mass down a mountainside. It is one of the major dangers faced in the mountains in winter.
6 ... is a wave of water caused by the displacement\(^1\) of a body of water. It can be caused by undersea earthquakes or by meteorological phenomena.
7 ... is a hazard characterised by heat which is considered extreme and unusual in the area in which it occurs.
- a landslide, a volcanic eruption, a hurricane, a wildfire,
- a blizzard, a drought
8 ... is a disaster closely related to an avalanche, but instead of occurring with snow, it occurs involving actual elements of the ground, including rocks, trees, parts of houses etc. which may happen to be swept up. It can be caused by an earthquake or a volcanic eruption.
9 ... is a severe winter storm condition characterised by low temperatures, strong winds, and heavy blowing snow.
10 ... is a natural disaster resulting from a thunderstorm\(^2\). It is a violent, rotating column of air, which can blow at speeds between 50 and 48 km/h and possibly higher. It can occur one at a time or can occur along lines occupying large areas.
11 ... is the point in which a volcano is active and releases its power, and the eruptions come in many forms.
12 ... is defined as an acute shortage of water and crop failure. It is an abnormally dry period when there is not enough water to support water needs.
13 ... is an uncontrolled fire burning in wildland areas. Common causes include lightning and drought but they may also be started by human carelessness.
---
\(^1\)a displacement [dis'pleɪsmənt] — переміщення
\(^2\)a thunderstorm ['θʌndəstɔ:m] — гроза
b) Work in pairs. Share and check the results of your work. Use a dictionary.
6 Work in groups. Read and discuss the following.
Scientists understand a lot about environment but they don’t understand everything. Every year there are big and small disasters in different parts of the world. Some of these happen very often, but some of them are a big shock. How do these natural disasters affect humans? Can we do anything about them?
Develop Your Vocabulary
A cause or a reason?
A **cause** is that which produces an effect, which makes a thing happen.
A **reason** is a fact which is put forward as a motive or explanation, or in order to justify some conclusion.
1 Complete the sentences with ‘cause’ or ‘reason’.
1 The … of earthquakes is the heat inside the earth.
2 Never stay away from school without good … .
3 What was the … for your refusal to go there?
4 Scientists attribute changes in the weather to natural … .
5 There is no … to suppose he will forget.
6 The … of the accident is still not known.
7 Carelessness is often the … of fires.
8 What is the … of lightning?
2 Group up the words in the box according to the columns below.
tsunamis, droughts, blizzards, avalanches, tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, hailstorms, whirlpools, heat waves, landslides, fires, ice storms, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes
| Land movement disasters | Water disasters | Weather disasters |
|-------------------------|-----------------|-------------------|
3 Complete the text with the words in the box.
eruption, inform, volcanic, damage, volcano (x3), cause
The airport in Quito was closed yesterday because of the damage that ... ash could ... to flights. The ash thrown up by the ... Guagua Pichincha could also cause serious ... to agriculture. It might make breathing difficult for people and animals. At one moment, it looked as if the ... might erupt slowly. This slow ... could last for months or even years.
The mayor of Quito said: “We must learn to live next to this ... . What else can we do? There is a 10 per cent chance that it will be a long calm eruption. People should wear special masks when they go outside. We will continue to keep an eye on the situation, and we will ... the public of any other measures they should take.
Build Your Grammar
1 Read and complete the list with your ideas.
Use the phrases in the box.
If we used bicycles, we would have less air pollution.
If we planted new trees, rainforests wouldn’t disappear.
If we ...
drive electric cars, use less paper, create special parks for animals,
teach hunters it’s wrong to kill animals, not to cut out forests
2 Match the suggestions with the possible results. Then make conditional sentences as in the example.
Suggestions
- put bins on every streets corner
- have more trees/green areas
- improve public transport
- people use bicycles
- people recycle things
- create more parks
Results
- people have more oxygen
- not be so much rubbish everywhere
- people not drop litter in streets
- people not buy so many cars
- children be able to play safely
- cities be less polluted
Example: If the authorities put rubbish bins on every street corner, people wouldn’t drop litter in the streets.
3 a) Use the phrases in the box and write questions by changing the form of the verbs in brackets.
— What would you do if you didn’t have a dime?
What would you do if you didn’t have a dollar?
— If I didn’t have a dime I’d cry all the time.
If I didn’t have a dollar I would HOLLER!
b) Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions as in the rhyme above.
What would you do if you…?
(have) an exam the next day
(be) offered a job in Australia
(wake up) and (see) a snake in your bedroom
(meet) your friend of childhood
(get) too much change from a shop assistant
(see) somebody stealing something in a shop
(borrow) a friend’s car and broke one of the lights
4 Get ready to explain the statement in class. Use Conditionals.
“If every person swept their own doorstep, the city would soon be clean.”
1to holler [ˈhɔlə] — кричати, лементувати
1 Decide which disaster is the worst:
avalanche, flood, drought, fire, earthquake...
Make a Top Five List (number one will be the worst disaster).
Compare your list with a partner and discuss the results in pairs.
2 Listen and name three natural disasters in the order the speaker mentions.
3 Listen again and complete the sentences.
1 The water in the rivers rose higher and higher and there was a danger of...
2 Hurricanes are very strong winds that come from...
3 Hurricane Andrew killed 15 people in Florida and...
4 It was in the west of Africa. The winds changed directions and the sea...
5 People and animals died because...
4 Read and decide whether the statements below are true or false.
1 If an earthquake occurs when you are in school, you should leave the building.
2 If an earthquake occurs when you are at home, you should stand near a big table.
3 The best way to leave the building during an earthquake is to get into a lift.
4 A good thing to do if you are outdoor during an earthquake is to stand in an open area.
5 a) Listen to the instructions and check your answers above.
b) Listen again and give your partner advice about what he/she should do when there is an earthquake and he/she is:
- in school
- at home
- in the street
Focus on Speaking
1 Talk with your partner on the following items.
1 Have you ever heard or read about any natural disaster? Talk about it.
2 Have you ever experienced a natural disaster? When? What happened?
3 Can you name some natural disasters?
4 What do you think of people who throw away cigarette butts and cause fires during the summer? What can we do to prevent this?
5 What natural disasters occur in Ukraine? When and where was the last one?
2 Work in pairs. Do the tasks below.
Student A, give your partner advice on what students should do when there is a fire.
Student B, give your partner advice on what a teacher should do when there is a fire.
Use the instructions in exercise 5 (page 150) as a model and the ideas below.
- Don’t use the lifts.
- Keep calm.
- Call the fire brigade.
- Don’t panic.
- Make sure all the windows are closed.
- Follow your teacher’s instructions.
- Make sure all doors are shut.
- Keep the fire doors closed.
3 Read what some guests of TV show tell about their experiences during disasters. Act out their roles in pairs.
My name’s Melinda Wallace. I was on holidays at the Paradise Club on Patapita, a small island in the South Pacific. I was taking a nap when the volcano erupted. The noise woke me up. I looked through the window. Everybody was running toward the port. I threw on my jacket and ran to the port, too. I managed to get on a cruise ship. It was leaving when the lava hit the town.
Hi. My name’s Ronald Turner. My wife and I were staying with friends in Santa Librada near Los Angeles. We were having lunch when the earthquake began. Everything shook. All the plates and food fell on the floor. We were picking everything up when the ceiling fell in. We were under the table and survived\(^1\). We had to wait for hours before help arrived.
4 Role-play the situation in groups of four.
One of you is a TV host, the others are three guests who survived after some terrible disasters. Talk about your experiences.
\(^1\)to survive [səˈvaɪv] — вижити, залишитися живим
The stages of writing process are called:
1. Prewriting
2. Planning
3. Writing and rewriting drafts
4. Writing a final copy
These stages can be subdivided into the following steps:
Step 1: a topic
Step 2: generating ideas
Step 3: organising ideas
Step 4: writing the 1st draft
Step 5: rewriting
Step 6: writing the final draft
1. **a) Get some useful information.**
As a student you are often given a writing task. The most common mistake made is that the chosen topic is too broad for a single paragraph or even an essay. You have to narrow it down to a specific aspect of the general topic.
**For example:**
General Topic → film
feature films
literary adaptations on film
film adaptations of Victorian novels
Specific Topic → Charles Dickens on film
b) Work in groups. Choose two of the topics from the box below and narrow them down to a specific aspect you could write about in a paragraph.
education, relationships, communication technologies, media, environment, food, travelling, young people, sports
2 Work in groups. Read and say if you have ever used the following methods. Share your experience in the group.
There are some methods which help to generate ideas.
BRAINSTORMING
Don’t try to think logically, just write a list of ideas as quickly as possible in words, phrases or sentences. It can be done individually or in groups. After some time analyse what you have listed and combine related ideas. This can be a basis for your paragraph or essay.
FREE WRITING
Choose the topic and write down whatever comes to your mind. Set a time limit. Don’t allow yourself to stop. Then go back and look for some interesting and useful ideas. Cross out unnecessary ideas.
WH-QUESTIONS
Successful newspaper reporters always answer these questions (who, what, when, where, why, how). Write as many questions as you can, then answer them as fully as you can.
CLUSTERING
It means making a map of ideas. The purpose is to make ideas visual and make creatively new associations. Start with the topic, circled in the middle of a paper. Draw a line from the circle and write an idea you associate with the topic. Circle this new idea and draw some lines from it and write new associations. Continue until you have no more ideas. Now you have a good basis for writing.
3 a) Brainstorm individually for 5 minutes on one of the topics below.
1 My Future Plans
2 My Kind of Holiday
3 Computer in Our Life
b) Find a classmate who has chosen the same topic. Compare and exchange your ideas and try to group them to form the basis for a paragraph or an essay.
4 a) Work in groups. Choose one of the following topics and brainstorm for 7 minutes in class.
1 Education
2 Nature
3 Family
b) Arrange your ideas. Then compare them with other groups.
5 Choose the topic below and freewrite individually for 5 minutes. Compare and exchange your ideas with a classmate who has chosen the same topic.
1 Natural Disasters
2 Weather Change
3 Cooking
6 Work in groups. Choose one of the following topics and use clustering to map your ideas about it. Complete the task within 15 minutes.
7 Do the project following the instructions.
1 You are a young reporter working for a daily newspaper. Develop a number of Wh-questions about the terrible earthquake that struck Mexico City.
2 After completing the list of questions, answer them.
3 Write a short paragraph for your newspaper and present it in class.
Do the quiz and see the keys to find out how green you are.
**KEYS**
**MOSTLY A’s.**
You’re not very green, are you? Please look after our world before it’s too late.
**MOSTLY B’s.**
You’re trying to be more green, but you don’t always get it right. Learn more about the environment.
**MOSTLY C’s.**
Well done. You’re really green! We need more people like you to help us save our environment!
**HOW GREEN YOU ARE**
1. If you had a lot of old newspapers and empty bottles, would you...
a) leave them on the pavement?
b) put them in a rubbish bin?
c) recycle them?
2. If somebody offered to give you one of the following as a gift, which would you choose?
a) a big, fast car
b) a motorbike
c) a bicycle
3. If you were in the middle of a city and wanted to go somewhere one or two kilometres away, would you...
a) take a taxi?
b) take a bus?
c) walk/cycle?
4. If you had a picnic on the beach, what would you do with your rubbish? Would you...
a) leave your rubbish on the beach?
b) put your rubbish in the first bin you found?
c) take your rubbish home?
5. If you had 1000 dollars to spend, would you...
a) buy a fur coat?
b) go on a safari?
c) adopt a dolphin?
a) Read about some environmental problems and possible ways out of them.
- water pollution — people shouldn’t leave litter in the streets
- air pollution — plants shouldn’t dump chemical wastes into rivers / atmosphere / on land
- land pollution — concentration of smoke in the air should be controlled
- disruption — we should stop killing animals
- global warming — the number of cars should be reduced
b) Match problems with their solutions and write as in the example. Use 2nd Conditionals.
Example: If plants didn’t dump chemical wastes into rivers there wouldn’t be water pollution.
3 Read the sentences carefully. Then refer disasters (A-J) to their descriptions (1-10).
☐ 1 Several people were walking along when suddenly tons of earth came crashing down the hillside and blocked the road in front of them.
☐ 2 Over 50,000 people in Ethiopia have died of starvation in the past month. Questions are being asked concerning the delay in supplies of rice and grain which were recently sent to them.
☐ 3 The winds have already strengthened considerably and the sea is now very rough indeed. As a result, ferries across the harbour have stopped sailing and all large ships have put out to sea.
A Fire
B Typhoon
C Earthquake
D Tidalwave
F Volcano
E Drought
G Sandstorm
H Landslide
I Flood
J Famine
4 The river overflowed in several places and huge areas of farming land are now several feet under water. Boats are ready to rescue people in nearby villages.
5 Suddenly the ground shook beneath our feet and the tall building opposite the college began to sway. Windows and doors rattled and several bookcases in the college library came crashing down.
6 Tankers full of water were sent, but it was too late to save many of the animals and crops there. The whole area was like a vast desert.
7 Smoke poured out of the crater but no one expected an eruption. A week later, however, a red hot lava began to flow down the side of the mountain.
8 It swept onwards, covering everything on its path. The travellers had to get off their camels and lie down until it had eventually passed.
9 Flames swept through the block of office, burning everything inside. Two hours later only an empty shell of the building remained.
10 It must have been at least twenty feet high as it swept towards the shore. In a few seconds it destroyed all the houses on its way, drowning everyone inside.
4 a) Read the pieces of newspaper information and refer them to the disasters.
- Floods
- Typhoon
- Eruptions
- Tropical Storms
Storm activity in the tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere increased with typhoon Faye and hurricane Cosme forming at opposite sides of the Pacific. Hurricane Chantal briefly threatened the Bahamas and Bermuda before losing force.
Minor eruptions continued to worry residents of the British Caribbean colony of Monserrat one week after the activity began. Indonesia’s Mount Semeru volcano, the tallest mountain on Java, sent clouds of steam\(^1\) soaring\(^2\) almost four miles high and blanketed its western slope\(^3\) with ash. An eruption of Semeru in early 1994 killed seven people. Colombian officials advised residents around the Nevada del Ruiz volcano to remain alert\(^4\) following an increase in seismic activity within the 17,700 foot mountain.
Monsoon floods that have swept across almost half of Bangladesh since early July have killed people and destroyed nearly 10,000 homes. Swirling waters also carried away thousands of cattle and damaged 1,000 bridges. In neighbouring India, floods covered almost all of the Kaziranga National Park and have killed several rhinoceros and other endangered species. A large number of elephants have migrated to the nearby Karpi Anglong hills to escape\(^5\) the floods.
More than 50 people were reported missing or dead after typhoon Faxe tore into the Southern coast of South Korea, sending mountainous waves smashing\(^6\) into ships and ports.
b) Work in groups. Discuss the following questions.
- What information is offered in these short newspaper notes?
- How often do you read or hear similar information?
- What are possible consequences of different natural disasters?
- What measures can be taken to avoid natural disasters?
\(^1\)steam [sti:m] — пара
\(^2\)to soar [sɔ:] — підніматися; високо літати
\(^3\)a slope [slaʊp] — схил
\(^4\)to remain alert [ə'lɛːt] — залишатися насторожі
\(^5\)to escape [ɪ'skeɪp] — утікати
\(^6\)to smash [smæʃ] — бити з усієї сили; урізатися; руйнувати, знищувати
5 a) Role-play the situation in pairs.
Imagine you live in a place which has been affected by one of the disasters. A friend is going to call you to ask how you are. You’re going to tell him / her what’s happened. Before you start, think of 5 questions you expect him / her to ask you about the situation.
b) Change the roles and role-play another similar situation.
6 Work in pairs. Read about the disasters in the box and discuss the questions below.
avalanche, flood, landslide, tsunami, earthquake, forest fire, tornado, volcano, drought, hurricane
1 Have any of these natural disasters ever happened in Ukraine? When? How serious were they?
2 Have you heard any news stories about them happening anywhere else in the world?
3 Which of the disasters do you think are the ‘acts of God’? Which of them are sometimes the result of human actions?
4 Have any of the countries near Ukraine suffered a national tragedy recently?
5 Would you feel comfortable going on holiday somewhere that had been affected by a disaster? Why / why not?
7 Work in groups. Read what some scientists say and explain how you understand their words. Agree or disagree. Explain your opinions.
Earthquakes, landslides, floods — these hazards are part of the way the Earth operates. Although we can’t prevent natural hazards from happening, we can learn from them and use this knowledge to prevent hazards from turning into natural disasters.
The century we have started recently gives us a new chance to apply the lessons we have learned about natural hazards. As we look ahead, we must continue to improve both our understanding of how the earth works and our ability to provide timely\(^1\) and effective warning, so that we can live safely on our planet.
8 Write a paragraph about the most terrible weather you have ever experienced.
\(^1\)timely ['taɪmlɪ] — вчасний
1 Complete the sentences by changing the form of the verb in brackets.
1 If I ... (be) taller, I would play in a basketball team.
2 If they were more careful, that Monday accident ... (happen).
3 If I were you, I ... (do) this work yesterday.
4 If I ... (meet) him, you will be the first to know.
5 If our guests ... (stay) a bit longer, they will be able to meet our parents.
6 If you were not in a hurry, they ... (explain) everything to you.
7 They ... (not, invite) you to join the English club, if they had known you do not speak English.
8 If you ... (see) them tomorrow, please, let them know I am coming this weekend.
Vocabulary
2 Complete the text with the words in the box.
reduce, causes, occur, fires, natural, destroy, accident, guard
FOREST FIRES
This summer there will probably be a lot of forest ... as always during the hot weather. These fires will not only ... thousands of trees but could destroy homes as well. What are the ... of forest fires?
Some fires will simply be the result of ... causes, particularly in hot, dry weather. But this can’t explain why fires ... at other times, when the weather is not so hot. For example, when a fire starts in several different places at the same time, it can’t be an ...; it must be because someone started it.
We can ... the number of fires by employing more people to ... the forests, but this can’t be something the government can’t afford.
Listening
3 Listen and complete the sentences.
1 Our planet suffer from...
2 Sometimes the Earth warns of...
3 We must be careful not to provoke...
4 Such natural disasters as ..., ..., ... or ... make big problems.
5 Different countries send ... as well as ...
6 Natural disasters teach us...
Reading
4 Read and refer the paragraphs (A-E) on pages 163-164 with the questions (1-5) below.
A When the floods are a surprise, many people can drown. Every year people lose their houses and their furniture. When floods happen every year, some people are ready for them.
☐ 1 What are they?
☐ 2 Why do they happen?
☐ 3 Where do they happen?
☐ 4 How do they affect people?
☐ 5 What can people do?
But many people (and governments) do not prepare properly.
B If there is a lot of rain, or very strong winds, floods can happen.
C Dams can reduce floods but some dams can cause them! There are often ‘flood warnings’ on the radio.
D The water in rivers, lakes or the ocean rises above its normal level and goes onto the land.
E Some rivers in Bangladesh and India flood every year. People expect it, so there is no panic. When the floods go down, there are lots of minerals on the soil. They can grow good plants.
I CAN … ☑️
☐ read and understand about natural hazards
☐ listen and understand the news about natural disasters
☐ talk about the ways the natural catastrophes affect
☐ understand and use the 1st and the 2nd Conditionals
☐ describe circumstances when a disaster occurs
☐ give instructions of safe behaviour during an earthquake or a fire
☐ discuss our attitude to natural disasters
☐ use some methods to generate ideas for writing
☐ write a newspaper note about a disaster
HAVE YOU VISITED ANY ART GALLERY IN YOUR LIFE?
- An art gallery I have been to was in the town / city of ... I liked the (variety of art / brief description with each artwork / guided tour / ...).
HOW OFTEN DO YOU GO TO THE THEATRE?
WHAT IS AN UNFORGETTABLE PERFORMANCE YOU’VE SEEN?
- I go to the theatre (quite often / from time to time / ...). The reason is that I (enjoy stage performances / only like musicals / find theatre plays uninteresting / ...).
- Of the performances I’ve seen, ... was the most memorable because of the (acting / music / stage props / ...).
WHAT IS YOUR FAVOURITE MUSIC GROUP?
- My favourite music group is ... I like them because their music (speaks to my soul / lifts my spirits / has meaningful words / ...).
- I don’t really have a preferred group because (I enjoy various music styles / every group is special in its own way / ...).
WHAT TYPES OF MOVIES DO YOU ENJOY? WHO IS YOUR FAVOURITE ACTOR?
- I really enjoy (comedies / romances / fairy tales / ...) because I like (humour / love stories / fantasy / ...).
- I really like ... because of his / her (charm / talent / personality / ...).
1 Talk with your partner on the following items.
1 What is the difference between a drawing and a painting?
2 What are the subjects of your favourite pictures?
3 What is your favourite painting?
4 Who is your favourite painter?
2 Think and say if you agree with the statement. Explain why (why not).
“A picture is a poem without words”
Horace
3 Name some of Ukrainian painters.
4 a) Read the article and pay attention to the words in bold. Consult a dictionary if necessary.
ARTISTIC TRADITIONS IN UKRAINE
A As far as the development of art of painting in Ukraine is concerned, one should remember that the early period referred to icon-painting, that began to develop in Kyivan Rus in the end of the 10th century after Prince Volodymyr had baptised the state. Icon painters — mostly monks — depicted Christ, the Virgin, angels and saints. Byzantine traditions were a model. Mosaic and frescos of St Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv are the most distinguished among the memorials of that period. The icon *The Virgin of Volyn’* which is regarded a masterpiece belongs to the period of the Old-Rus State the Halychyna-Volyn’.
B Portrait painting as a separate genre appeared during the Renaissance (the 16th century) and was strongly influenced by the icon tradition. The first portraits included portrayals of nobles and Cossack chiefs.
C Many Ukrainian painters were attracted to the new Academy of Arts in St Petersburg (1757), which cultivated the classicist style of painting then popular in Europe. Well-known Ukrainian artists of that period are D. Levitskyi, K. Holovachevskyi, V. Borovykovskyi.
D Ukrainian art of the middle of the 19th century was closely connected with the name of T. Shevchenko, who dedicated most of his painting to Ukrainian interests. He was considered the father of modern Ukrainian painting. Shevchenko painted numerous portraits, self-portraits and landscapes with many architectural monuments of Ukraine. During the 19th century a landscape painting appeared as a separate genre, and not only in the works of Shevchenko. Inspired by romanticism, I. Sochenko, A. Kuindzhi, I. Aivazovskyi, S. Vasylkivskyi and I. Pokhytonov dedicated their efforts to depicting rural scenery at its most beautiful.
E At that time Ukraine was called the East European Italy. Artists from Russia and European countries visited Ukraine to enrich themselves with new themes and images. One of such artists was Vasyl Schternberg, a friend of Shevchenko, a master of lyrical landscape.
F The Odesa art school and the Kyiv drawing school played an important role at the beginning of the 20th century. Outstanding artists such as Mykola Murashko and Mykola Pymonenko were prominent representatives of that time. Some artists of Ukrainian origin who taught in Kyiv school were Mikhail Vrubel, Vasilii Vasnitsov and Illia Repin.
G Ukrainian art of the turn of the 20th century could not avoid the influence of the leading European art trends — **impressionism** and **avant-garde** tendencies. Kharkiv school of 1910-1930, where artists were under the influence of **constructivism**, was **notable** for its originality. It was represented by A. Petrytskyi and V. Yermylov. O. Ekster spread the ideas of **cubiform futurism** in painting and worked in Kyiv. O. Bohomazov experimented with **abstraction**, Yurii Mykhailiv continued the traditions of the symbolists. Worldwide known Kazimir Malevich spoke of the influence of Ukrainian baroque and icon painting on his works. An **original phenomenon** of the early 20th century was Mykhailo Boichuk Art School. It **combined** the traditions of **folk picture**, **local primitive painting** and the principles of religious art.
H Ukrainian art of the Soviet period is represented by many talented painters: T. Yablonska, Y. Bokchai, O. Shovkunenko, R. Selskyi, S. Shyshko, V. Zaretskyi and many others. M. Pryimachenko became a unique phenomenon having no analogues in the world art. She is considered to be a classic of Ukrainian folk art.
I The present-day Ukrainian art is developing in harmony with the world art. The **national theme** remains **topical** in painting — in thematic and historical pictures, landscapes, associative and formalistic works.
b) Read the article again and refer its paragraphs (A-I) to the questions (1-9).
☐ 1 Who is considered to be the father of the modern Ukrainian painting?
☐ 2 What period is connected with the development of abstraction and symbolism?
☐ 3 What genre of painting was under the strong influence of Byzantine traditions?
☐ 4 What are the tendencies of the present-day Ukrainian art?
☐ 5 What art schools played an important role at the beginning of the 20th century?
☐ 6 Why was Ukraine called the East European Italy?
☐ 7 When did portrait painting appear as a separate genre?
☐ 8 Who represented Ukrainian painting art of the Soviet period?
☐ 9 What style did Academy of Arts in St Petersburg cultivate?
5 Find the words in the article that match these definitions.
1 someone who produces art, especially paintings or drawings (paragraph C)
2 to describe something, especially in pictures or writing (A)
3 to use talent, paintings, pictures, etc. in order to help something be successful (D)
4 a particular type of art, which has certain characteristics that all examples of this type share (B)
5 a picture that you have in your mind (E)
6 interesting or unusual, that is worth being noticed or mentioned (G)
7 well-known and important (F)
8 to do something that expresses the feelings, opinions, manners, etc. of a group of people (H)
9 a person who belongs to a certain group of people (F)
10 the main subject or idea in a piece of painting (I)
11 interesting because it deals with something that is important at the present time (I)
6 Complete the text with the words from the box.
influenced, created, masters, painter, artists, portrait, fame, represented (x2), genre
Painting in England in the 17th-19th centuries is ... by a number of great ... and during that period it was greatly ... by foreign painters.
The Flemish painter Van Dyck was really the father of English ... School. The English king personally invited Van Dyck to London and during his first year in England the painter spent most of his time painting the King and the Queen. Such prominent ... as Reynolds, Gainsborough and Lawrence were influenced by his works. He ... a ... of aristocratic and intellectual portrait which ... much the development of English painting.
During the 18th century the national school of painting was created. William Hogarth was the first great English painter who raised British pictorial art to a high level of importance. He wasn’t a success as a portrait .... But his pictures of social life which he called ‘modern moral subject’ brought him ... and position. Among his favourite works are 6 pictures under the title ‘Marriage a la Mode’.
Work in groups. Speak on the following items.
- frescoes as the examples of the oldest art
- icon-painting tradition
- Ukrainian portrait painting
- the influence of Russian painting
- the Ukrainian art life in the early 20th century
- the tendencies of the painting development in Ukraine
1 Write as many true sentences as you can.
Gainsborough Reynolds Van Dyck Michelangelo Rembrandt Aivazovsky Malevich is an outstanding a prominent a distinguished a brilliant painter artist representative of the 19th 18th 17th century.
Repin Yablonska Borovykovsky Shevchenko Levytsky Pymonenko Aivazovsky was a brilliant prominent portraitist. painter of pastoral scenes. nature. landscape. sea-scape. still-life. battle scenes.
He depicts describes portrays reflects a group of children. a tall tree. a mill on the river. a beautiful woman.
2 Match the words with their definitions.
1 a painting a is a painting or other artistic representation of the sea
2 a landscape b this word is used as a general term meaning ‘work’, ‘picture’
3 a seascape c is a person (subject, model) who is having his portrait painted
4 a sitter d is a picture, a canvas
5 a still life e this word is used in expressions: city scene, country scene, historical scene, street scene, battle scene
6 a scene f is a picture representing a scenery of nature or countryside
7 a piece g is a painting of such unanimated subjects as fruit, flowers or other decorative things
3 Look at the paintings and refer each (a-i) to the appropriate trend.
| Painting | Trend |
|-----------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Sisters Waldegrave. Sir Joshua Reynolds | folk |
| A Doe Walking. Niko Pirosmanashvili | icon |
| Nebozvon (Skybell). Aristarkh Lentulov | primitive |
| The Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan of Turkey. Ilia Repin | abstraction |
| The Boulevard Montmartre on a Winter Morning. Camille Pissarro | avant-garde |
| Oranta Eastern Orthodox icon | classicism |
| Danseuse. Gino Severini | futurism |
| Rising Sun. Klee | impressionism |
| Kozak Mamai | realism |
PAST PERFECT TENSE (Минулий перфектний час)
The Past Perfect is used to show a past action that happened before another action in the past.
Examples: Bill had just finished the test when the bell rang.
After I had finished the text I left.
- The Past Perfect Tense is often used with the following words and phrases: by, by the time, before, after, just, when:
By the time I got to class, the lesson had started.
Mike had already eaten his pizza before I got home.
1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
1 ... I went to bed, I had turned off the radio.
2 I had forgotten to clean my teeth ... I got into bed.
3 ... midnight, I had finished the magazine article.
4 I watched TV ... we had finished dinner.
5 I was really hungry as I hadn’t eaten anything ... breakfast.
2 Choose A or B so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence (1-5).
1 We had tidied the house when the visitors arrived.
A We tidied the house and then the visitors arrived.
B The visitors arrived and later we tidied the house.
2 He didn’t go to bed until his mum had come home.
A He went to bed and then his mum came home.
B His mum came home and then he went to bed.
3 Nick read the book after he had seen the film.
A Nick read the book and then he saw the film.
B Nick saw the film and then he read the book.
4 Ms Williams hadn’t arrived at the office by the time John got there.
A Ms Williams arrived before John.
B John arrived before Ms Williams.
5 They had had dinner before Lilly arrived.
A They had dinner and then Lilly arrived.
B Lilly arrived and then they had dinner.
3 Complete by changing the form of the verb in brackets into the Past Perfect.
1 Tania ... (not / finish) doing the housework by five o’clock, so she called Nadia to tell her she would be late.
2 She didn’t eat anything at the party because ... (she / already / eat) at home.
3 He ... (just / finish) his homework when the teacher came in.
4 By the time I arrived, the play ... (start)!
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
(Минулий перфектно-тривалий час)
Past Perfect Continuous is used to show an action that was in progress in the past before another action (Past Simple) happened or interrupted\(^1\) it.
Examples: We had a break because we had been working so hard. He had been training for three years when he painted this masterpiece.
- The Past Perfect Continuous is often used with the following words and phrases: for, since, before, all day / night / etc.:
Meg had been studying all day. Mary had been studying for hours, so she had a headache. He had been reading the book since yesterday evening.
4 Match each result (1-5) with its cause (a-e).
1 There was an open book on the sofa. a She had been crying.
2 The ground was wet. b They had been eating pizza.
3 Her eyes were red. c He had been reading.
4 There was an empty box on the floor. d It had been raining.
5 He was out of breath. e He had been running.
\(^1\)to interrupt [ˌɪntəˈrʌpt] — переривати; припиняти
5 Complete the sentences using the prompts in brackets and putting the verbs into the Past Perfect Continuous.
1 When I arrived ... (they / wait / for over half an hour).
2 They were hot because ... (dance).
3 When I got there, ... (they / not / wait / long).
4 She was tired because ... (run).
5 The garden was flooded because ... (it / rain / all night).
6 Choose the correct tense form (a) or (b) to complete each sentence.
1 Rita hadn’t … me that she would help me, so I wasn’t angry when she didn’t.
a) told b) been telling
2 It was a fantastic experience because I had never … in a plane before.
a) flown b) been flying
3 I had only … the washing-up for a few minutes when Nina came home, so she offered to finish it.
a) done b) been doing
4 Lucy had … her cup of tea for several minutes before she realised it had salt in it!
a) drunk b) been drinking
5 Had you already … Mark his birthday present when we gave him ours?
a) given b) been giving
Focus on Listening
1 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
1 Why do people go to museums and galleries?
2 Which famous museums do you know?
3 Which of museums have you visited?
4 Exposition of which museum would you like to see?
5 What makes people create works of art?
6 What makes people collect them?
7 What makes people go to see them in museums and other places?
2 Work in small groups. Explain the meanings of the words and phrases below.
- a handy map
- an entrance ticket
- to avoid the crowds
- reasonably priced cafés
- to borrow an audio guide for fee
- photography is permitted
- be organised into ‘wings’
- a personal discovery
3 Listen to the advice and explain what you should do to get an audio guide.
4 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 Do you need to buy a map?
2 What should you visit first?
3 When should you see the galleries that most interest you? Why?
4 Where can you have lunch?
5 What should you do in the afternoon?
6 Can you take photographs?
7 Do you have to pay for audio guides?
8 What do you have to remember if you borrow one? Why?
5 Read the information. Then imagine you’ve visited the National Gallery in London. Describe your visit there.
THE NATIONAL GALLERY COLLECTION
The National Gallery was founded in 1824 and houses the national collection of Western Europe in painting: over 2,000 pictures from 1260 to 1900. The Collection represents all the major European schools of painting and includes masterpieces by virtually all the great artists. It is arranged by period in four wings:
Sainsbury Wing: Painting from 1260 to 1510 including Piero della Francesca, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Bellini and Raphael.
West Wing: Painting from 1510 to 1600 including Cranach, Michelangelo, Holbein, Bronzino, Titian, Veronese and El Creco.
North Wing: Painting from 1600 to 1700 including Rubens, Van Dyck, Poussin, Claude, Velazques, Rembrandt and Vermeer.
East Wing: Painting from 1700 to 1900 including Gainshorough, Turner, Constable, Monet, Renoir, Cezanne, Van Gogh and Seurat.
Tate-National Exchange. Each year National Gallery and some other of Britain’s or foreign galleries exchange paintings in an agreement. For example, this year it exchanges with Tate Gallery and the Staten Museum for Kunst in Copenhagen.
Gallery Guide soundtrack. A unique portable CD-player which provides audio commentaries to almost every painting displayed on the main floor. Available at no obligatory charge at the main entrance and Sainshury Wing foyer, it allows visitors to call up information on pictures of their choice. A highlights tour of 30 great paintings is available in six languages: English, French, German, Italian, Japanese and Spanish.
Computer Information Room: ‘Micro Gallery’. A computerised information system of the entire Collection enabling visitors to explore individual areas of interest whether it is a particular painting, artist, period or subject matter. Use of the system is free of charge. Sainsbury Wing, first floor. Open Monday to Saturday 10 am to 5:30 pm (Wednesday until 7:30 pm), Sunday 12 noon to 5:30 pm.
1 Talk with your partner on the following items.
1 Do you often go to museums?
2 When did you go to a museum last?
3 Where is the museum situated?
4 Who built it?
5 What can you tell about the expositions of the museum?
2 Read the dialogue and identify the participants.
Act it out in pairs.
A: Can I help you? I see you are in a difficulty.
B: Yes, thank you. You see, this is my first visit to this gallery.
A: Oh, I am sure you will enjoy seeing our collections. Only one visit here is not enough. You will have to come here again and again to get a full impression of the museum.
B: Of course, I understand that. I know that this gallery is one of the richest art galleries of the world, and I cannot hope to see everything in one day.
A: What is it you would like to see today?
B: Do you have paintings by Renaissance masters?
A: Yes, we have a fine collection of their paintings on the second floor. Just go up this staircase, then walk along the corridor and cross the hall of the 19th century masters.
B: Thank you very much.
3 Work in pairs. Complete the dialogue with the sentences from A to E and dramatise it.
☐ Peter: …
Nick: I’m going to Lviv to visit some of the museums of the city.
☐ Peter: …
Nick: What interesting exhibits do they display?
☐ Peter: …
Nick: Is there a picture gallery in the city?
☐ Peter: …
Nick: It’s good you’ve shared your impressions with me. I’m impatient to see it all with my own eyes.
☐ Peter: …
Nick: Thanks, Pete, bye.
A Well, there are many things dating back to ancient times: national embroidery, collections of coins, glassware, all kinds of weapons\(^1\), articles made of bone, stone, iron or silver and different manuscripts.
B Have a nice journey.
C I say, Nick, what are you doing on Sunday?
D Oh, yes, and by the way, it’s very rich. It’s named after Vasyl Stefanyk, a well-known Ukrainian writer. It has beautiful collections of pictures, portraits, landscapes, seascapes and still life. They mostly belong to Ukrainian artists.
E Oh; that’s wonderful. I’ve been at the historical museum in Lviv. It’s really worth visiting.
---
\(^1\)weapon ['wepən] — зброя
4 Work in groups. Read the information from Kyiv Guidebook (pp.180-181). Discuss it to choose one place to visit. Explain your choice to the class.
**NATIONAL MUSEUM OF TARAS SHEVCHENKO**
Established in 1949 in the former mansion of M. Tereshchenko. The museum displays autographs and personals of T. Shevchenko, his paintings and drawings, books, photographs and numerous documents. 24 halls of the exposition contain over 4,000 items.
12 T. Shevchenko Blvd
Open: 10:00-17:00
Closed: Mondays
**USEFUL**
We could…
Let’s think about…
Why not to visit…?
It would be a good idea to…
Perhaps the museum is…
Making a Choice
In my opinion, this one would be better.
To my mind, this one’s more suitable.
To my way of thinking, this one’s fine.
In my view, this one is the best.
We need to consider…
For one thing…
For another, …
Another reason is that…
**NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ARTS OF UKRAINE**
Situated in the building that was the 1st public museum in Kyiv (Architects P. Boitsov, V. Horodets’kyi, 1897-99). The museum holds over 20,000 pieces of arts, including icons of the 12th -18th cent., pictures by Ukrainian artists of the 19th-20th cent. avant-garde.
6 Mykhaila Hrushevskoho St
Open: 9:30-18:00
Closed: Mondays
**UKRAINIAN APPLIED ART MUSEUM**
Originates from the collection of the Society of Lovers of Arts (late 19th cent.). It contains more than 73,000 exhibits representing the Ukrainian folk arts of the 15th -20th cent.: embroidery, wood, ceramics, primitive painting etc.
21 Sichnevoho Povstannya St
Open: 10:00-17:00
Closed: Tuesdays
After you have collected and organised your material, you are ready to start writing.
**Drafting** means writing a paragraph or an essay. But it is not a finished product yet. As you write the first draft, you need to follow your outline. You should focus on meaning and not grammar.
Successful writers know that writing is mostly **rewriting**.
It can be divided into:
1. **REVISING** (you may change the content and the organisation of your paragraph / essay)
2. **EDITING** (or PROOFREADING) (you check for sentence structure, grammar and spelling)
Now you are ready for the final stage — writing the *final draft*. Make sure you have included all the corrections from the second draft.
Do not forget that writing is a process and you should continue until you are satisfied with the final product.
1 What is the paragraph about?
2 What is the topic sentence?
Underline the main idea.
3 Look at the next few sentences.
What do we call these sentences?
Do they develop the topic sentence? Why / Why not?
4 Read the concluding sentence.
Does it paraphrase or summarise the topic sentence?
5 Does the paragraph have the quality of unity?
6 Read the paragraph again and decide whether it is complete or not. Explain your answer.
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1 an antiquity [ænˈtɪkwəti] — старожитність; пам’ятка старовини
a) Get some information and write 8-10 questions to it.
A well-written paragraph or essay must also have unity, completeness and coherence.
The word COHERENCE comes from the Latin verb ‘cohere’, which means ‘hold together’.
To achieve coherence in writing, sentences must be arranged according to a certain principle. It means the sentences are ordered in some kind of logical order which makes the text easy to read.
Cohesive devices are various methods of connecting sentences to each other. They include: personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, the use of synonyms and various linking words. The most common type of linking words are transitions. They are words or phrases logically connecting sentences to one another.
There are three basic types of logical ordering: chronological, spatial and logical. There are transitional words and phrases of all these types. (See pages 273-274 in the Appendix).
An essay is a piece of writing consisting of several paragraphs. Similar to a paragraph, it also discusses one topic but in more details. In essay we have to divide the topic into different aspects and then discuss them in separate paragraphs. Next, we put the paragraphs together by using linking words or phrases and add an introduction and a conclusion.
b) Role-play the interview between a professor and a journalist in pairs.
3 a) Read the paragraph and identify the basic structural parts of it: the topic sentence, the supporting sentence and the concluding one.
Owing a car has certain disadvantages. Firstly, it is rather expensive because of the constant rise in petrol prices and the need for regular maintenance and repairs. Secondly, driving a car is often extremely stressful. For instance, the hopeless search for a parking space in city centres and endless traffic jams are exhausting, annoying and above all time-consuming. Last but not least, due to the worsening road conditions and numerous inexperienced drivers causing a lot of accidents, driving in the past decade has become dangerous. All things considered, having a car gives you only problems and worries.
b) Consult the list of transitions in forzaz one and replace the underlined transitional words or phrases with suitable alternatives.
4 Compare a paragraph and an essay structures.
| PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE | ESSAY STRUCTURE |
|---------------------|-----------------|
| topic sentence | introduction |
| body (supporting sentences) | body (paragraphs) |
| concluding sentence | conclusion |
5 Work in pairs. Read, then match the examples (1-4) and the techniques (a-d).
The introductory paragraph is a special paragraph in an essay. It has two main purposes: to introduce the topic and attract the reader’s attention and interest. Look at the examples below, guess and say which technique has been used to attract the reader’s attention and interest?
1 Some scientists believe that the ozone layer over Antarctica is 10% smaller.
2 Are you aware of the fact that your child spends 6 hours a day in front of the computer?
3 Do you want to end up walking the dog at midnight while your teenage son or daughter is having a great time in the local disco?
a addressing reader directly
b a rhetorical question
c a quotation
d interesting / unusual facts
6 a) Read the essay and decide what type it belongs to:
a ‘for and against’ essay, an opinion essay or an essay providing solutions to problems.
READING BOOKS IS A THING OF THE PAST?
First of all, I have to say that I totally disagree with the statements of some people, who may think that reading books is boring and unnecessary in the modern world. In my opinion, there are good reasons to keep reading.
Firstly, reading books keeps our intellect ‘alive’. We think about the things we read and we form our own opinions about certain things. It is also a very good way to expand our vocabulary. Reading books is also good way to spend your free time. If you read something that you are really interested in, time will pass very quickly.
On the other hand, many people believe that it is much easier to get information from the Internet and television. You only have to turn on your PC or TV and you will get every information you need very fast. Books are also very expensive and many people can not afford buying them.
Taking everything into account, I still think that reading books is not a waste of time although many people try to avoid every kind of reading. It is my belief that they do not know how exciting and wonderful reading books can be.
b) Guess why the pupil received a bad mark for this essay. Discuss it with your partner.
c) Work in groups. Use your critical thinking and discuss the following items.
Introduction: Does the introductory paragraph attracts the reader’s attention in a proper way? What technique is used?
Body: Is the method of ordering / organisation appropriate for the topic?
Conclusion: Does the concluding paragraph have both concluding sentence(s) and a final comment?
Transitions: Are transitional words and phrases between body paragraphs used correctly and effectively? (coherence)
d) Work in pairs. Read the essay again. Discuss the questions on the paragraph structure.
1. Does each paragraph have a topic sentence?
2. Do supporting sentences give enough details to explain each point?
3. Is a concluding sentence used?
4. Are transitional words and phrases used correctly and effectively?
7 Write a short essay on the role of art in our lives. Use the Essay Checklist in the forzaz two and the phrases below.
to form an outlook, to enrich one’s inner world, an educational value, to bring up, to hold up one’s spirit, to appeal to the heart and mind, to proclaim life, to understand the outside world, to influence feelings and emotions.
Remember about the structure and the main principles of essay writing.
1 Complete the text by changing the form of the verb in brackets into the Past Perfect Continuous.
My family and I … (watch) a scary science-fiction film for an hour when I noticed that I was alone in the room. We … (look) forward to this film all day, but when I looked round, the room was empty! My little sister had left the room earlier. She … (cry) because she was scared. My mum and dad … (sit) on the sofa, but then they went to make some coffee. Outside it was dark and it … (rain) all evening. Suddenly, I heard a strange moaning noise. ‘Mum!’ I yelled. Then Dad laughed. He … (hide) behind my chair.
2 Write sentences using the prompts. Change the form of the verbs so that one of them should be in the Past Perfect Tense.
1 She / be / hungry / because / she / not / eat / anything / all day
2 By the time / I leave / school / I / decide / to become / a painter
3 We / just / hear / the news / when / you / ring
4 When / I / turn on / the TV / the programme / already / start
5 I / already / think of / that / before / you / suggest / it
3 Complete the text with the words in the box.
masters, representatives, portraitist, created, landscape, impressionists, outstanding, painted, sitter, countryside, observation, painting, contain, well-known
ENGLISH PAINTERS
Sir Joshua Reynolds was the most (1) … portraitist of the second half of 18th century. In December 1768 the Royal Academy was founded and Reynolds became its first president. He (2) … a whole gallery of portraits of the most famous people of that period. He usually (3) … his characters in heroic (4) … and showed them as the best people of the nation.
But the leading (5) … of his day was Thomas Lawrence. He became a painter to George III in 1792 and president of the Royal Academy (1820-
1830). Queen Charlotte is one of his finest portraits.
Thomas Gainsborough, one of the greatest (6) … of the English school, was a portraitist and a (7) … painter. His portraits are painted in clear tones. Blue and green are his favourite colours. One of the most famous works is the Portrait of the Duchess of Beaufort. He managed to create a true impression of the (8) … . Gainsborough greatly influenced the English school of landscape (9) … . He was one of the first English artists to paint his native land (Sunset, The Bridge and others). He was the first English artist to paint his native (10) … so sincerely. His works (11) … much poetry and music. He is sometimes considered the forerunner\(^1\) of the impressionists.
John Constable, an English landscape painter, painted many (12) … works (A Cottage in a Cornfield, The Loch). He is the first landscape painter who considered that every painter should make his sketches directly from nature working in the open air. His technique and colouring are very close to the (13) … . Constable ignored the rules established by Reynolds. He insisted that art should be based on (14) … of nature and feeling. He was the herald\(^2\) of romanticism. But the realistic qualities of his art are sensed very strongly.
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\(^1\)a forerunner ['fɔːrənə] — попередник
\(^2\)a herald ['herəld] — вісник, провісник
4 Work in groups of 2-3. Choose one of the famous painters. Make cards with some facts about the painter (one card for each fact). There may be 5 cards. Distribute your fact cards one for each of other groups.
Step 1 Find your pair. Members of the group search for his/her pair. They have to match the person to the fact.
Step 2 Prepare a talk. When pairs are formed, each pair is given five minutes to find as many facts about that person as they can.
Step 3 Report to the group.
Step 4 Vote for the best report.
5 Choose one of the items below to write a paragraph on it.
1 My preference lies with the genre of ... because...
2 I prefer landscape to other genres. You see...
3 I care much for still lives...
4 I prefer battle pieces...
6 a) Work in pairs. Explain each other the meanings of the following statements and say if you agree.
1 It’s hard to overestimate the role of art in one’s life.
2 Art forms our outlook and enriches our inner world.
3 Art has a great educational value.
4 Art brings people up and makes them more humane and kinder.
5 Art holds up people’s spirits in the tragic moments of their lives.
6 The language of art is universal.
b) Exchange your ideas with another pair.
7 Imagine you are a guide at an exhibition. Tell something about the artists and their paintings to the visitor. Work in pairs.
Work in groups. Read about the art galleries in London and choose one to visit. Present and explain your choice.
Tate Britain displays the world’s largest collection of British art from the 16th to the 21st century. The international modern art once housed here is now held at Tate Modern. In the Galleries there are works of J. Turner, the great landscape painter.
National Portrait Gallery is a wonderful museum that holds portraits of main characters of Britain giving faces to names which are familiar from the history books. There are pictures of kings, queens, poets, musicians, artists, thinkers, heroes from all periods since the late 14th century. The gallery has a new restaurant and a lecture theatre. It also houses temporary exhibitions and has an excellent shop selling books on art.
Somerset House is located in Somerset House, the elegant Georgian building. It is a small but spectacular Institute of Art Gallery. Its collection of paintings has been displayed here since 1990 due to the philanthropist Samuel Courtauld. On display are works by Botticelli, Bellini and Rubens.
Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings draw the most attention. Among the masters of this trend are Monet, Pissarro, Renoir and others.
National Gallery has existed since early 19th century. In 1824 the government bought 38 major paintings, including works by Raphael and Rembrands and these became the start of a national collection. The collection grew over the years. There are works by Constable, Leonardo da Vinci, Diego Belazquez and many other outstanding artists. The National Gallery has over 2,300 paintings, most kept on permanent display.
Read and discuss the problem in class.
We know that many people today reject\(^1\) old art and protect new trends in art. But what shall we do about the great works of Raphael and Leonardo da Vinchi or Rembrandt and Rublev? Shall we reject them?
Share your opinions using the ideas below.
| for old art | for modern art |
|-------------|----------------|
| 1 Painting of old masters is one of the greatest treasures mankind\(^2\) has collected in the history of its civilization. | 1 New times call for new songs. Modern man is naturally interested in the art reflecting his own time and his own experience. |
| 2 Old painting reflects the collective experience of human spiritual life of many centuries. | 2 Worship\(^3\) of old masters is a drag on the development of new progressive art. We should look forward instead of turning back all the time. |
\(^1\)to reject [rɪ'dʒekt] — відкидати, відхиляти
\(^2\)mankind [mæn'kaind] — людство
\(^3\)worship ['wɜːʃəp] — поклоніння; обожнювання
1 Read and choose the correct tense form.
Dear Diary,
This morning my exam results finally came. I (1) had been expecting / had expected them for the last week. I was still nervous as I (2) opened / had opened the envelope. Before I (3) had had a chance / had a chance to look at them, my sister had run up and pulled them out of my hand! She read them out one by one.
“English A, Maths A, Biology A, French A…” This was the news I (4) had been waiting / waited for. When Mum and Dad (5) hear / had heard the news, they immediately started shouting with joy. By the time I (6) had had breakfast / had breakfast Mum had already called Grandma and Grandpa.
Vocabulary
2 Complete the text with the words in the box.
masterpiece, contains, exhibits, piece, collection, paintings, icons
MUSEUM OF ART AFTER BOHDAN AND VARVARA KHANENKO
Museum of Art was founded in 1919 on the basis of the private … of Kyiv archeologist Bohdan Khanenko. The Green Cabinet features the collection of Medieval Art, the Golden Cabinet … objects of Rococo epoch and in the Red Cabinet you can find … of Renaissance period. There are 17,000 … in the museum funds. Among the exhibits are the paintings of Bellini, Hals, Reynolds, Rubens, the … ‘Infant Margaret’ by Velazquez and unique Byzantine/Sinai … of the 6th-7th centuries written with wax paint. Interesting exhibits are presented at the Department of Oriental Art: … of Coptic fabric with the picture of horseman (5th-6th centuries), ritual Chinese bell (1st century BC), excellent Chinese paintings on the scrolls (15th-20th centuries) and Japanese paintings.
www.khanenkomuseum.kiev.ua
3 Listen and choose the correct item from (a) to (c) to complete each sentence (1-6).
1 It was the visit to...
a) Kyiv Museum of Russian Art
b) National Museum of Ukrainian Folk Decorative Art
c) National Art Museum of Ukraine
2 Its galleries contain the collections from the...
a) 18th century b) 15th century c) 16th century
3 This collection is arranged in...
a) 20 halls b) 23 halls c) 21 halls
4 The oldest exhibit displayed in the museum is...
a) the icon of St Virgin
b) the wooden relief of St George
c) the portrait of an unknown Cossack
5 The works of Shevchenko and Stenberg are represented in the collection of the...
a) 19th century b) 18th century c) 20th century
6 Melikov and Yablonska are representatives of the ...
a) old-fashioned painters
b) contemporary painters
c) classical painters
Reading
4 Read and fill in the biography chart below.
William Turner, a great romantic English landscape painter, was born in Devonshire in 1775. He lived with his uncle in Middlesex, where he began to attend school. His first drawings are dated 1787, when he was only twelve years of age. His childish sketch-books, filled with drawings, are still represented in the British Museum.
When he was 21, he began to exhibit oil paintings as well as water-colours at the Royal Academy.
The first ‘Fishermen at Sea’ is now in the Gate Gallery.
He travelled much in France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. But he never lost his interest in his own country.
As a landscape painter Turner was interested mainly in light and colour effects. One of his famous paintings is even called ‘Light and Colour’. His work is highly praised by great critics.
Turner died in London in 1851. His pictures and drawings became the property of the British nation.
William Turner is considered to be one of the world greatest painters.
| Year | Event |
|------|-------|
| ......| .................................................. |
| ......| .................................................. |
| ......| .................................................. |
I CAN ...
- read and understand texts about natural hazards
- listen and understand the news about natural disasters
- talk about the ways the natural catastrophes affect our lives
- understand and use the 1st and the 2nd Conditionals
- describe circumstances when a disaster occurs
- give instructions of safe behaviour during an earthquake or a fire
- discuss our attitude to natural disasters
- use some methods to generate ideas for writing
- write a newspaper note about a disaster
Do You Like Sports?
Unit 8
WARM UP
WHAT IS YOUR FAVOURITE SPORT? WHO DO YOU PLAY IT WITH?
- I like to play (volleyball / football / ice hockey /...).
- I enjoy (tennis / badminton / skateboarding /...) with my (brother / cousin / uncle /...).
- Also, I play with my friends (at school / after school / on the weekends /...).
WOULD YOU RATHER PLAY SPORTS OR WATCH SPORTS?
- I like playing sport because I (feel good / build friendships /...).
- Actually, I enjoy both playing and watching sport. I do (running / swimming /...) and I watch (basketball / gymnastics /...).
- I prefer watching sport, especially..., because I (can’t play for health reasons / enjoy watching professional players /...).
WHAT SPORT(S) WOULD YOU LIKE TO TRY IF YOU HAD AN OPPORTUNITY? ARE THERE ANY SPORTS THAT YOU DISLIKE?
- I would like to try (golf / windsurfing / rock climbing /...) because it (looks like a lot of fun / would be a totally new experience / could be a good challenge for me /...).
- Personally, I don’t like (boxing / wrestling / ...) because I think (it’s dangerous / people can get hurt /...).
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF PLAYING SPORTS?
- Sports develop (skills / strength / alertness /...) and help you to (keep fit / stay healthy / avoid getting overweight /...).
1 Match to make sentences.
1 Football is...
2 Surfing is...
3 Skiing is...
4 Motor-racing is...
5 Boxing is...
a a water sport you do in the sea.
b a contact sport where you touch another person.
c an extreme sport that is fast and dangerous.
d a winter sport that you need snow for.
e a team sport you play with ten others.
2 Talk with your partner on the following items.
1 Do you play any games? Which is your favourite game?
Who taught you to play it?
2 Are you a football fan? Who is your favourite football player?
What team do you support? Do young boys dream of becoming football players? Why?
3 Fishing is a pleasant kind of sport, isn’t it? What qualities does it require?
3 Read the young people’s opinions on pp. 199-200 and complete them with the suitable final sentences (A-D) below.
A I know it’s only a dream at the moment. But maybe it’ll come true.
B This and reading the sports pages in the paper are my kinds of sports.
C How can you stay fit when your body is under pressure all the time?
D For example, last year some of us went on a big holiday trip to Italy, which was great fun. Anyway, sport keeps you fit and healthy, doesn’t it?
WORDS
a cricket ['krɪkɪt]
an injury ['ɪndʒəri]
jogging ['dʒɒɡɪŋ]
riding ['raɪdɪŋ]
sailing ['seɪlɪŋ]
a sport event [,spɔːt 'ivent]
to kick [kɪk]
- to be in the open
- a load of rubbish
- to stay fit
Well, I consider myself an armchair sportsman. I enjoy sports most when I’m at home watching the Grandstand on TV. It’s cricket that I like in particular. I could watch it for hours on end. I even stopped fixing my motorbike last week to watch England playing against Jamaica. And I love my motorbike! You see, it’s not that I’m not interested in sports. I’m just too lazy to drag myself to the football ground to kick the ball around. I’d rather meet my mates in the pub and discuss the weekend’s football results with them.
(1) ...........................................................................................................
Oh, I love it. I’m very active in sports. I’ve always been like that. I remember spending my days running through the woods and climbing up trees when I was a little boy. Now I go jogging every week, and besides that, I play tennis every now and then. My favourite sport, however, is football. My life would be boring without it. I think, I love it, because it’s a team game and you need all kinds of skills. You must be fit, you must keep an eye on what your team-mates do, and you need a quick brain. I’m a member of our local football team. You see, that’s the other thing I like about sports: you make new friends, it gives you a feeling of being part of something. We even do a lot of things together besides football.
(2) ...........................................................................................................
Well, sport is fun, isn’t it? I couldn’t imagine a life without sport, could I? Only Maths, English and History — how dull would that be! I love riding, playing volleyball and sailing. It’s wonderful to be in the open and to enjoy the fresh air and the sun. But it’s tennis that I’m really interested in. My sports teacher told me that I had a skill for playing tennis and that I should practise it more thoroughly. That’s why I stopped sailing and riding, and tennis takes up all my free time now. It would be great if I made it big as a tennis professional. Just think of the money you could earn. It would be fantastic to travel round the world, to meet people in business and to be interviewed by TV reporters.
(3) ...........................................................................................................
Thank goodness people never try and talk sport to me! I hate sports. What is an endless boring tennis match compared to a good film — nothing, it’s just a waste of time! I think English people’s attitude to sport is so childish.
Hundreds of thousands of them listen to cricket commentaries on their radios for five days. It’s so stupid. They think that the big stars in the business lead a wonderful life. What a load of rubbish! In my opinion, these people are poor devils living out of a suitcase. How can they have any social life when they are always away from home? I don’t believe that these professionals are really interested in their sports. They want to make a lot of money, that’s all. Besides, nobody ever mentions the dangers of sports. Just think of the injuries...
(4) ..................................................................................................................
4 Read the young people’s attitudes to sports activities in exercise 3 again and say if the statements below are true or false.
1 Mark’s favourite sport is football.
2 Mark is an armchair sportsman.
3 Billy is very interested in sports.
4 Billy likes meeting his friends in pubs.
5 Liz used to do lots of sports.
6 Liz dreams to become a tennis professional.
7 Suzie always listens to cricket commentaries on her radio.
8 Suzie loves sports very much.
5 Make a list of all the ‘for’ and ‘against’ of doing sports, which are mentioned in exercise 3.
Add as many as possible.
Get ready to compare your results with other pairs in class.
6 Read the results of interviewing British pupils about sports at school. Ask your classmates about their attitude to sport and add some answers to the list below.
**Jill:** I hate running round the gym and getting hot and sweaty. We shouldn’t have to do games at school. It’s got nothing to do with learning.
**Simon:** Everybody should do sports every day. Two lessons a week are not enough. Most pupils don’t take physical fitness seriously enough.
**Beth:** They should teach judo or tennis, not only running or jumping. I would like to do aerobics and self-defence.
**Mark:** I am very good at games. I love all sports: swimming, skiing, football… It’s too bad we have to learn maths and geography at school.
**Dave:** I like sports but I don’t like the ones we do at school. I once fell off the rope\(^1\) and broke my thumb.
**Maria:** Teachers shouldn’t give marks for games. Some pupils are too weak or unfit. It isn’t their fault if they’re not good.
7 Work in groups. Describe the following.
a the sports activities at your school or sports club
b the general rules of volleyball
c a track and field tournament
d the gym you train in
e the most important sports event at your school or city sports club during last winter
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\(^1\) а rope [rəɔp] — мотузка; канат
1 Name a person who goes in for:
wrestling, cycling, boxing, skating, running, mountaineering, skiing, racing, athletics, hunting, chess, draughts, volleyball or basketball.
2 Say what they do.
a skater, a swimmer, a boxer, a skier, a wrestler, a footballer, a speed skater, a fencer, a chess-player, a basketballer, a tennis player, an athlete, a goalkeeper, a draughtsman, a cyclist, a gymnast
3 Name sports these places are associated with.
a court, a course, a ring, a stadium, a rink, a track, a slope
4 Complete with the 2nd and the 3rd forms of the verbs below. Choose the correct verb and complete each sentence (1-4) with the past form of it.
beat - ... - ... loose - ... - ... win - ... - ... draw - ... - ...
1 Argentina ... Germany 2-1 last Saturday.
2 Milan ... the match 3-0.
3 The Chicago Bulls ... 78-91 to Celtics.
4 Spain ... with Brazil 2-2.
5 Match the words with their definitions.
1 tennis court a the person who is a leader of a team
2 athletics track b the place where you play tennis
3 ski slope c if you do a lot of exercise, you will...
4 get feet d the place where athletes run
5 captain e the person who is in charge of a team
6 coach f what players do before they start playing
7 referee g the people who watch a sport
8 warm up h the person who controls e.g. a football match
9 train i the place where you ski
10 spectators j what professional sports people have to do every day
Build Your Grammar
FUTURE TENSES
1 Read the sentences (1-4) and refer the underlined verbs to their tense forms and structures (A-D).
A Future Simple
B Future Continuous
C be going to
D Present Continuous
☐ 1 On Saturday night he **will be celebrating** his birthday with his friends.
☐ 2 I **am going to** the cinema with Peter tonight.
☐ 3 He **will be** twenty next year.
☐ 4 I **am going to** study for a test tonight.
2 Match each sentence with its description.
1 You will be happy in your future life.
a planned future arrangement
2 Our sun will become a supernova, too.
b an action in progress at a specific time in the future
3 Wait a bit! I’ll help you.
c speculating about the future
4 This time next week I will be skiing.
d an action that will go on up to or finish before a point in the future
5 Look at that fence! It is going to collapse.
e future fact
6 We are going to study over a weekend.
f intention
7 They are staying at the Ritz next week.
g decision made at the moment of speaking
8 She will have passed the driving test by June.
h prediction based on the present situation
3 Choose the correct tense form or structure.
1 I (will be remembering / am going to remember) this day for the rest of my life!
2 (Will you go / Are you going) to Australia next Christmas?
3 I’m sure you (will be passing / will pass) your exam successfully.
4 George says he (is going to do / will do) the washing up after dinner.
5 What (are you going to do / will you do) this evening?
6 You look tired. I (’ll help / ’ll be helping) you finish the paperwork.
7 Why don’t you go out and have some fun? You (won’t always be / are not always going to be) young.
8 We have to go now. The last train (leaves / will leave) at 11:30 pm.
9 This time next week I (am flying / will be flying) across the Atlantic.
10 I hope I (am going to earn / will be earning) my first million before I am thirty.
4 Complete the sentences putting the verb in brackets into the most suitable tense form.
1 He ... (come) if you ask him.
2 I wonder what I ... (do) this time next year.
3 Look! I ... (paint) this room blue and the sitting room green.
4 Shop assistant: We have some very nice bananas.
Customer: All right. I ... (have) a pound.
5 Ann: Why are you taking fishing rods? You ... (not / climb)
the mountain after all?
Tom: We ... (climb) and fish. There’s a lake on top and we ...
(try) to get some fish out of it.
6 If you leave your keys with the hall porter he ... (take) the car
round the garage.
7 I ... (not / show) any films this time. The projector’s broken down.
8 When you next see me I ... (wear) my new dress.
9 It is nearly autumn; soon the leaves ... (change) colour.
10 Do you ... (need) your camera tomorrow or can I borrow it?
5 Choose the best answer a), b), c) or d).
1 You look exhausted. I ... you finish the paperwork.
a) am helping b) help c) I’ll help d) I’ll be helping
2 Why don’t you go out and have some fun? You ... young.
a) aren’t always b) won’t always be
c) aren’t always being d) are not always going to be
3 You’d better take the laundry in. I’ve just heard on the radio that
there ... a violent storm in the afternoon.
a) is b) is going to be c) will be d) is being
4 She ... the job. She has already accepted another offer.
a) is taking b) is not going to take
c) doesn’t take d) will be taking
5 We have to go now. The last train ... at 11.30 p.m.
a) leaves b) will leave c) is leaving d) ‘ll be leaving
6 She is not a child anymore. She ... 16 in less than a month.
a) is b) is going to be c) will be d) shall be
7 Can you make some snacks? Paul and Steve ... to watch the match tonight.
a) come b) are coming c) will come d) will be coming
8 We talked about it only yesterday but you didn’t want to listen to me. I ... it ever again!
a) do not mention b) will not mention
c) am not going to mention d) will not be mentioning
9 It’s no use calling him. They ... by now.
a) will decide b) are going to decide
c) will have decided d) will be deciding
10 This time next week I ... across the Atlantic.
a) am flying b) am going to fly c) will fly d) will be flying
6 Complete the sentences using the correct form (present simple, present continuous, “going to” future, future simple, future continuous, future perfect or future perfect continuous) of the verbs in brackets. Sometimes you will need the negative form.
1 What ...(you / do) tomorrow evening? I’ve got two tickets for the concert.
2 I think you ...(feel) better if you take the pills.
3 She ...(give) a press conference in the afternoon.
4 A: Watch out! You ...(bump into) the signpost.
B: Ouch! Too late!
5 Have you heard that Mr. Richardson ...(retire)? He...(leave) work at the end of the first semester.
6 There is no point in asking her. She ...(let) us go there after we were so rude last time.
7 The New Year’s Eve ...(fall) on Saturday this year.
8 A: What ...(you / do) tonight Jane? Shall we go to the cinema?
B: Sorry. I have to get up at 5 o’clock tomorrow. So I ...(go) to bed early this evening.
9 Just think! This time next month we ...(ride) camels in the shadow of the pyramids.
10 Oh no, I’ve deleted the whole file. I ...(have to) do everything from the start again.
1 Work in pairs or groups. Write as many sports as you can think of in 5 minutes. The winner is the pair / group with the longest list of sports.
2 Talk with your partner on the following items.
1 What competitive sports do you know?
2 What are spectator (participant) sports?
3 What sports are popular in our country (the USA, England)?
4 What is the most characteristic feature of Ukrainian sports programmes?
5 What do you know about major professional sports in Great Britain and the USA?
3 Explain the meanings of the following phrases.
- Would you mind answering a few questions?
- to attract crowds of spectators
- to represent a city
- two leagues of eight teams each
- to determine the national champion
- to attend a game
4 Listen and say what way American football differs from the European one.
5 Listen to the interview and complete the sentences.
1 Americans consider baseball...
2 Baseball dates back...
3 Baseball is a professional sport and this means that...
4 World Series is...
5 Football is...
6 Due to huge stadiums people can...
7 American football is called...
8 Football teams can be...
9 Football players can use their...
10 American footballers play with...
6 Do the Sports Quiz in pairs.
1 How long does a football match last?
2 How many referees are there in a basketball match?
3 How many players are there in a volleyball team?
4 How often are the World Athletics Championships held?
5 How long is a marathon?
6 How many holes are there on a golf course?
7 Complete the text with the words in the box.
league, games, championship, event, ball, courts, spectator, holes, numbers, attend
The game, peculiarly associated with England, is cricket. Many other games are also English in origin, but have been accepted with enthusiasm in other countries. Cricket has been seriously and extensively accepted only in the Commonwealth\(^1\), particularly in Australia, India and Pakistan.
Cricket is slow, and a ..., sitting in the afternoon sun after his lunch, may be excused for having a little sleep for half an hour. Cricket is making no progress in popularity. Association football or soccer is very popular. Nearly 40 million spectators each year ... matches between the great professional teams organised by the Football .... The biggest ... in England is the Cup Final played at the Empire Stadium, Wembley, in a London suburb\(^2\).
Rugby football (or rugger) has existed in Britain since the beginning of the 19th century, when a teacher at Rugby school, while playing football, decided that it would be better to pick up the ... and
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\(^1\)Commonwealth — Британська співдружність націй
\(^2\)а suburb [ˈsʌbə:b] — околиця
run with it. Rugby football is played with an egg-shaped ball which may be carried and thrown (but not forward).
The ... of golf and tennis are played by great ... of people. Golf is played in the countryside. It consists in driving a small ball towards and into ... separated by considerable distances, by means of special golf clubs\(^3\). The aim is to ‘go round’ using as few strokes\(^4\) as possible.
There are many tennis clubs, but every town provides tennis ... in public parks. The world ... tennis matches are held at Wimbledon in London, during June and July.
8 Work in pairs. Make an interview about sports in Great Britain and act it out.
1 Work in pairs. Take turns asking and answering the questions.
1 What sports do you do?
2 What football team do you support?
3 What is the most popular game in your country (in Britain, the USA)?
4 What sport games can be played all the year round?
5 What summer (winter) sports do you prefer?
6 What is the difference between ‘a sport’ and ‘a game’?
7 What sports and games do you know?
8 What games take the first place in public interest?
9 What is the great national sport in England?
10 What outstanding sportsmen of our country do you know?
11 Where were the first (last) Olympic Games held?
12 What do spectators do at the stadium?
\(^3\)а golf club — ключка для гольфу
\(^4\)а stroke [straʊk] — удар
13 Who usually likes tobogganing?
14 Do you play draughts (chess)?
15 Do you attend hockey matches?
16 Do we have champions in all kinds of sport?
17 In what season is cricket played?
18 What is the reason for smaller popularity of football in Britain?
19 What kind of game is cricket as compared to football?
2 Read the dialogue and act it out in pairs.
Ted: What did you think of the game, Bill?
Bill: Dreadful! It was neither exciting nor skillful.
Ted: I agree with you. Of course the weather didn’t help. They’d hardly kicked off when it started raining. Our team are useless in the mud, and they were off form anyway.
Bill: Some of our team can’t play football in either wet or dry conditions, and I’ve never seen them in form. I can’t help laughing when I watch old Ford. Every time he gets the ball he either falls over or passes it to the opposition. I can’t make out why they picked him.
Ted: He’s too old really. He’d already been playing in the team for about ten years when I became a supporter and that was eight years ago.
Bill: Evans isn’t much better. He’s not only too slow, he’s scared to tackle as well.
Ted: Yes, he’s always afraid of getting injured. Neither Ford nor Evans is up to it. We need two new defenders and a new forward, too.
Bill: But the management is too mean to spend money either on new players or on improving the ground.
Ted: Yes, that’s true. The pitch is a disgrace, it isn’t flat and the drains\(^1\) don’t work. Every time it rains the pitch is covered with great puddles of water.
\(^1\)drains [dreɪnz] — каналізація; водостік
Bill: What we need, Ted, is not only new players but a new manager and a new pitch as well. Then perhaps we could win promotion to the Third Division.
3 Role-play the following situations in pairs.
1 Two friends are talking after a football match. One is happy — his favourite team has won; another is not, as his team has lost the match.
2 Imagine a dialogue between two sports fans about their favourite sports.
4 a) Match to make up suggestions. For each beginning (1-5), two endings (a-d) are possible.
1 If I were you, I’d…
a take up badminton
2 Have you considered…?
b playing tennis or golf
3 Why don’t you…?
c try some kind of athletics
4 I think you should…
d watching sumo wrestling
5 Have you thought about…?
6 You might enjoy…
b) Work in pairs. One of you is going to advise your partner about the best sport for him / her to play or watch. Have a talk. Use the instructions below.
- Find out whether your partner is more interested in playing or watching sports.
- Find out what sports your partner already plays or watches.
- Discuss how much time your partner has got available.
- Recommend a sport to your partner, giving reasons.
Expressing opinions about sport
I think sport is…
If you want to know what I think, sport is…
In my opinion, everyone should…
I’m just not interested in…
5 a) Work in groups. Choose one of the sports and describe it according to the plan below.
1 Where is it played?
2 What is it played with?
3 What do players wear?
4 What is the aim of the game?
5 What are the basic rules?
b) Make a presentation of the game in class.
Vote for the best one.
Focus on Writing
The introductory paragraph of an essay consists of:
general statements and a thesis statement.
Some sentences that will attract the reader’s attention and interest are usually general statements.
A thesis statement is the most important element. Like the topic sentence in a paragraph, it consists of two parts: the topic and the controlling idea. The topic states the subject of the essay and the controlling idea shows what the essay is going to be about.
1 a) Read the introductory and find the thesis statement.
Then separate the topic from the controlling idea.
Do you remember what your family wanted you to be when you grew up? I remember my aunt Cecily. She wanted me to become a sportsman and play football. I don’t even use lifts. Choosing a career should for many reasons be a person’s own decision.
b) Name the technique used to attract the reader’s attention. (See page 185, exercise 5.)
2 a) Read the following sentences.
1 Last minute holidays have become very popular among business people in the past few years.
2 Sport is one of the most popular free time activities of the young and old all over the world.
3 Is eating a lot of chocolate an addiction?
4 This essay is about the advantages of having a pet.
b) Work in groups. Discuss the following.
- Which of the sentences above could be used as good thesis statements?
- Can you suggest some improvements for the rest of the sentences?
Compare your ideas with another group or other groups.
3 Write a thesis statement to each topic in the list below.
Name possible subtopics.
1 Computer games
2 Relationships
3 Technology
4 Youth Cultures
The concluding paragraph is a special paragraph in an essay, in which you want your reader to understand clearly and completely the main points of your essay.
The concluding paragraph consists of:
concluding sentence(s) and a final comment.
A final comment expresses the author’s final thought concerning the topic of the essay. This is also the place to express your opinion or make some suggestions. Here you mustn’t introduce a new subject, but only have to comment on what has already been discussed.
The concluding paragraph is often introduced with one of the following transitional words or phrases:
- In conclusion,
- In summary,
- In brief,
- In short,
- Thus,
- In any event,
- In the end,
- In other words,
- For these reasons,
- All in all,
- As a result,
- Indeed,
4 Work in groups. Discuss if you agree to the following statements.
In brief, writing an essay in English is really not different from writing a paragraph. It can be done simply by following the steps in the writing process. In fact, what you need is just a bit more time.
5 Work in pairs. Read the following thesis statements and write the concluding paragraphs using different types — a summary or a restatement.
1 Being an only child has more disadvantages than advantages.
2 A good education is a necessity in the modern world.
3 Being rich and beautiful is not always easy.
4 The world’s climate has been considerably changed in the past twenty years.
6 Work in groups. Read and discuss the information.
The body of an essay is the longest part. The number of paragraphs depends on the number of supporting points you want to make. Similar to a paragraph you organise the body paragraphs using the same methods of ordering: chronological, spatial or logical. For this you use the appropriate transitions. Since the thesis statement is always an opinion, to write a successful essay you need specific and factual details (facts). Here are some ways to support your arguments:
1 examples — short stories and anecdotes
2 statistics — figures, charts and diagrams
3 quotations — repeating somebody’s exact words and enclosing them in quotation marks.
7 a) Read the ‘for and against’ essay and complete it with some linking words and phrases. (For the list of Common Transitionals see forzaz one.)
Boxing has existed since ancient times, but is there still a place for it in modern sport? There are strong arguments both for and against banning it.
There are two main arguments for a ban. (1) ... and most obvious one is medical, as fighters can suffer physical and mental damage or even die. Middleweight Michael Watson was left in a coma and then confined to a wheelchair with brain damage after being knocked out in a world title fight.
(2) ... Welsh fighter, Johnny Owen, lost his life after a title fight in Los Angeles.
(3) ... argument is a moral one, claiming that it is immoral to watch two people causing each other extreme harm for entertainment.
(4) ..., there are arguments against a ban, and these are also moral and medical. (5) ..., a ban could be seen as an attack on the freedom of the individual, (6) ... it would deprive some people, especially from poor backgrounds, of an opportunity to make a living. (7) ..., some supporters argue that it is better for the sport to be legal (8) ... that it can be better medically supervised. (9) ..., all fighters have compulsory medical examinations and there is a doctor at ringside. A ban might lead to illegal, unsupervised fight where the boxers’ health would be at even greater risk.
(10) ..., there are moral and medical reasons (11) ... in support of and against a ban on boxing. This is clearly a question with no easy answer.
b) Work in groups. Reread the essay above from the point of view of its structure. Use the essay revision checklist. (See forzaz two.)
8 Write an essay. Narrow the topic ‘Sports’ and mention about your personal experiences. Include the following information:
- which sports you have played
- what your attitude to sport is
- how you think sport can help people in their lives
1 Guess the words using the following definitions.
1 … is frozen water.
2 … is a person who acts as a judge in football.
3 … the place people skate on.
4 … the sports ground on which tennis is played.
5 … the person who dances on the ice.
2 Choose the correct verb in bold to complete the sentences.
1 In field hockey players use a stick to (hit / score) the ball into the goal.
2 The winner is the team which (won / scored) more goals than their opponents.
3 Athletes from all around the world are going to (compete / oppose) for the championship.
4 Millions of people (watch / view) the Olympic Games on TV.
5 I know a good sports centre where we can (do / play) tennis for free.
3 Complete the sentences with the correct tense form of the verb in brackets. Use present simple, present continuous, ‘going to’, future simple, future continuous or future perfect.
1 You can come any time after 3 o’clock. I …(do) anything.
2 The waiter … (bring) the sandwiches by the time the guests arrive.
3 Only 10 people confirmed the reservations. The others … (come).
4 A: I am sure they …(be) at home when we arrive.
B: Why? Where …(they, go)?
5 She can’t keep the balance anymore. She …(fall).
6 Mary …(study) until she falls asleep.
7 They are exhausted. I’m sure they … (sleep) till noon.
8 If you ever dare to touch her again you … (remember) me!
4 Read and say if the statements are true or false.
QUIZ ON SPORTS
1 Football is popular in almost all the countries in the world.
2 Sports fans come to the stadium to learn their favourite poems.
3 If you want to play hockey you must have a puck and a club.
4 People, who play chess, are called chessmen.
5 Track-and-field events are included into the Olympics.
6 The referee acts as a goalkeeper in football.
7 There is no difference between tennis and table tennis.
8 Women are fond of playing hockey.
9 Tennis is a game in which two or four players strike a tennis ball with rackets all over a net.
10 Every player dreams of losing a game.
11 Draughts is an outdoor game.
12 There is no difference between soccer and rugby.
13 Badminton can be played only indoors.
14 The goalkeeper acts as a judge in football.
15 Ice hockey is popular with women.
16 A tennis ball is struck with a club.
17 Women are good football players, as a rule.
18 People who play draughts are called draughtsmen.
19 We use balls when playing badminton.
20 Golf is played on ice fields.
21 Hockey is one of the most popular summer sports.
22 Table tennis and lawn tennis are one and the same game.
23 In hockey a handball and rackets are used.
24 Boxers fight with bare hands.
25 Track and field events are never included in the Olympics.
26 You may touch the ball with your hands when playing football.
5 Read the dialogue and dramatise it in pairs.
LOYAL FANS
Tom: Hello, Bill. Are you ready yet?
Bob: Oh, come in, Ted. Is it two o’clock already? I haven’t finished my lunch yet, but I won’t be long.
Tom: We’ll miss the kick-off unless you hurry.
Bob: Take a seat for a minute. If we miss the kick-off it won’t really be a tragedy, will it? I don’t suppose the game will be worth watching anyway.
Tom: Probably not. But I bet — if we arrive five minutes later, they’ll score the only goal of the game before we get there.
Bob: And if we arrived early, they wouldn’t score any goals at all. I don’t know why we persist in going to watch them every other Saturday.
Tom: We wouldn’t know what to do if we don’t go, would we?
Bob: They’re bound to lose again, unless there’s a miracle.
Tom: I don’t know. They’ve dropped old Ford and picked that youngster, Wade, in his place. Perhaps they’ll win if they strike form.
Bob: If they strike their usual form, they’ll lose five-nil against this team. They’ve already lost at home twice this season… But let’s get a move on, we’ll be late.
6 Role-play the situation in pairs.
It’s Sunday morning. In a few minutes, there will be a football match on TV while on another channel there will be a fashion show. You are a sister and a brother.
7 Get ready to speak in class on the following situation.
You are a radio sports announcer. You have just witnessed a football game or some other sports event. First tell who you are and where you are broad-casting from. What would you say about the highlights in the exciting game?
8 a) Work in groups. Briefly describe each kind of sport in the box below. Mention about:
- qualities it requires from the sportsman
- advantages and attractive features
mountaineering; rowing; yachting; football; hockey; tennis; badminton; basketball; volleyball; chess; boxing; wrestling; fencing; callisthenics; figure-skating; skiing; skating; ski jumping
b) Discuss several sports from the list above.
Use the following phrases:
in my opinion…; there’s nothing like…; … as for me I much prefer…;
I don’t quite see what people find in….; How can you say such a thing!
I don’t know anything more exciting than…; I see nothing exciting in….; I can’t agree with you there; Absolutely marvellous! I like it immensely!
1 Complete the text with the verbs in the box.
scored, beat, won (x2), drew, loose
Last night, Germany ... Spain 3:2 in their World Cup qualifying match. At half-time, the Germans ... 2:0. But Spain ... two goals in the second half and it looked as if they were going to ... 2:2. But in the final minute Germany ... the match thanks to a penalty taken by their captain. This was the second match against Germany that Spain had ... Spain’s goalkeeper who had fallen ill before.
Grammar
2 Choose one verb to make each sentence. Use the correct tense form with future meaning. Sometimes you need the negative or interrogative. Some verbs are passive.
1 She ... a few days on our coast this weekend. Her plane ... on Friday. (visit, go, spend / leave, start, delay)
2 Do you believe that they ...me? They have always been so nice, (frame, discover, help)
3 The school children ... kites tomorrow morning. ... you ...them? (launch, fly, make / visit, watch, drive)
4 I ...the house now. Have you ordered the food for the party tonight? Oh, no, I forgot. I ... it now. (tidy, clean, repair / call, make, do)
5 Why ...you ...another TV set? This one seems OK. (buy, pay, change)
6 All the doors ...after midnight. I have just heard it. (open, close, pass)
3 Listen and complete the sentences below.
1 The most popular game in Ukraine is...
2 The lion’s share of success in football belongs to...
3 It was Oksana Baiul who won the first gold medal in...
4 The gold fish of Ukraine is... The gymnast ... and ... showed their fantastic results in world championships and Olympics Athens.
5 Vasyl Virastiuk holds...
6 The achievements of the legendary Klychko brothers have made them...
7 In wrestling Elbrus Tadeiev won the highest...
8 The Olympic victories of Ukrainian athletes are: ...
9 Ukraine ranks among the...
Reading
4 Read and match the name of the place (A-H) that suits best to fill in each gap (1-8).
In Barnstaple Leisure Centre there are facilities for all kinds of people and interests: you can go to the Centre if you want to keep fit or want to watch sports.
Of course, the main purpose is to provide sports facilities. You can play different sports and there are facilities for swimming. Afterwards you can have something to eat or meet your friends in one of the cafés. And if you don’t want to do any sports, you can just relax with your friends.
(1) ... caters for One Tennis Court, Seven Badminton Courts with excellent facilities for Basketball, Volleyball, Netball etc., as well as Gymnastics, Trampoline, Archery and Fencing.
Five-a-side Soccer is also very popular. Many of these facilities, including Fencing and Badminton are up to National Standard. Special spectator seating is available in this hall.
(2) … is equipped with the very latest equipment to suit all ages and abilities. The normal weights, bars and discs etc., have all been excluded and modern machinery has taken its place.
(3) … There are four courts and ample viewing gallery is provided.
(4) … These are equipped for Boxing, Judo, Table Tennis, Karate, Keep Fit, Fencing, Golf Practice, etc. These same rooms can also be used for large small meetings and social functions.
(5) … provides for bowling indoors all the year round, in an attractive setting, with four rinks. Bookings can be made by any individual through reception, for a pleasant game with friends. It is possible to enter many leagues and competitions by joining the North Devon Indoor Bowling Club.
(6) … is available with guaranteed privacy. Set in an attractive room, a fast way to a healthy tan.
(7) … which overlooks the Swimming Pool provides a good Snack Bar service in an open and attractive setting.
(8) … overlooks the Sports Hall and has extensive views of Barnstaple and the River Taw. An ideal place to relax with friends. Bar snacks are available.
I CAN …
☐ read, listen and understand texts about sports
☐ talk about sports events
☐ understand and use Future Tenses
☐ ask and answer about a sport game
☐ describe your favourite kind of sport
☐ express your attitude to sport activities
☐ write an essay on personal sports experience
WHAT CAN YOU SAY ABOUT THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF YOUR COUNTRY?
- Ukraine is situated in … .
- Our country borders on …
- It is washed by …
- … is occupied by the mountains.
- The main rivers are …
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE UK?
- The UK is made up of …
- The UK is located in …
- It is governed by …
- The British Queen lives in …
- We can see the British Prime Minister …
ARE YOU INTERESTED IN POLITICS?
- I pay some attention to politics because I like to know (what is happening in our country / about events abroad / how my life can be changed in future / …)
- Politics doesn’t mean much to me because (I can’t influence what is happening / my voice won’t make much difference / I don’t understand what goes on / … ).
1 Brainstorm the ideas that come to your mind when you think about society. Complete the word map below. Explain how your ideas are connected with the main word.
2 Read the article and write out the suitable words to complete your word map in task 1.
THE STATE OF UKRAINE
Beginning in the mid-1950s, outbursts of political protest against the totalitarian system gained momentum in Ukraine. An increasing number of illegal literature was published, and several dissident organisations and groups appeared. In late 1980s Gorbachev’s perestroika and glasnost served to develop the society. In 1988 the Ukrainian Helsinki Union was organised. In 1989 the Rukh National Movement for Perestroika in Ukraine was formed (since 1990 known as the Narodnyi Rukh of Ukraine).
On June 16, 1990 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine passed the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine. On August 24, 1991, the Ukrainian Parliament solemnly proclaimed Ukraine’s independence.
1 solemnly ['sɒləmlɪ] — урочисто
and the formation of the independent state of Ukraine, proceeding from the right to self-determination\(^1\), provided by the United Nations Charter and other international documents.
On December 1, 1991, the All-Ukrainian Referendum took place in the country, involving 84.18 percent of citizens, of which number 90.35 percent supported the Independence Act of August 24.
Winning 61.6 percent of the votes, L. Kravchuk was elected the President of Ukraine. The nation supported L. Kravchuk’s programme aimed at the construction of the New Ukraine with a strong state system, genuine \([\text{dʒənjuːn}]\) democracy, material well-being and elevated spiritual awareness.
A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. It is a democratic state, ruled by the law. It includes 24 administrative regions and the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea.
The state power in Ukraine is based on the division of authority into legislative, executive and judicial. The Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine is the sole legislative and supreme authority. The President is vested\(^2\) with the highest executive authority of the Ukrainian state. He exercises it alongside with the Government, the Cabinet of Ministers and through the system of central and local organs of state executive authority.
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\(^1\)self-determination ['selfdi'tɜːmɪ'neɪʃn] — самовизначення
\(^2\)vested ['vestɪd] — наділений законом
Judicial power in Ukraine is vested in the courts of law. The courts are independent and in all their activities abide\(^1\) only by the rules of law.
The National Emblem of Ukraine is the Golden Tryzub (trident) on a blue shield. The National flag of Ukraine is a rectangular cloth with two horizontal stripes of equal width, the upper coloured blue and the lower — golden yellow. The National Anthem has been performed since January 1992 (music by M. M. Verbytskyi).
The National Holiday, the Independence Day, is celebrated on August 24.
Ukraine is making efforts to create an effective economic system, along with advancing of institutions of democracy, and raising the country’s prestige in the international arena.
By voluntarily rejecting its recent status as the world’s third nuclear power, Ukraine took the first historic step toward a nuclear-free, peaceful future, bringing mankind closer to the long-cherished goal and total nuclear disarmament.
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\(^1\)to abide [əˈbaɪd] — (тут) керуватись
3 Read the article again and complete the sentences.
1 In 1990 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine ...
2 In 1991 the Ukrainian Parliament proclaimed ...
3 The right to self-determination is provided by ...
4 All Ukrainian Referendum involved ...
5 L. Kravchuk was ...
6 State power in Ukraine is based on ...
7 The President is ...
8 The Verkhovna Rada is ...
9 Judicial power is ...
10 The National Anthem ...
11 Independence Day is ...
12 Ukraine took the historic step toward ...
4 Do the quiz in pairs.
1 The main legislative body of Ukraine is the Verkhovna Rada. The elections to the Verkhovna Rada are held:
a) every four years
b) every five years
c) whenever the government determines
2 Members of the Verkhovna Rada are called deputies. How many deputies are there?
a) 350 b) 300 c) 450
3 Each deputy represents an area of the country. This area is called ...
a) a place b) a constituency c) a post
4 The head of the Ukrainian government is called ...
a) the Prime Minister b) the President c) the leader
5 How old do you have to be to vote in a general election?
a) 16 b) 18 c) 21
5 Brush up your knowledge about British system of government and compare it with the American system.
BRITAIN
- The country has the Queen and the Prime Minister.
- The Prime Minister is a Member of Parliament.
- Each political party chooses a leader. The leader of the party, which wins the election, becomes the Prime Minister.
The USA
- The country has the President.
- The President is separated from the Congress.
- People choose their President in an election.
6 In groups, speak on the following questions.
1 What kind of political system does Ukraine have?
2 How is the power of Ukraine organised?
3 How often are the elections held?
4 Who is the head of the executive authority in the state?
5 What questions are discussed at parliamentary sittings?
6 What are the national symbols of Ukraine?
7 a) Look at some facts about British political system and discuss the question below the photos in groups.
The House of Commons
- 650 MPs (Members of Parliament), each elected by voters.
- Voters are in 650 ‘constituencies’ (towns or areas in the UK).
The House of Lords
- There are no elections for the House of Lords.
- The ‘Lords’ are dukes, barons, earls, marquesses, viscounts and religious leaders.
- More than 1,000 members; but only 100 usually attend.
- The House of Lords has very little real power. The members of the House of Lords discuss new laws but can only suggest changes.
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs for the Cabinet. These are the heads of the departments of Employment, Defense, Industry, Health, etc. The ‘Government’ = The Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
b) List the things which are the same and the things which are different in Ukraine into two columns.
Is the political system in Ukraine like the one in Britain? Or is it more like the American system?
8 Read the text about the Declaration on Sovereignty on page 230 and say which article states the following:
- the territory of Ukraine is inviolable within the existing borders;
- all citizens of Ukraine are equal irrespective of their origin, social and property status, political and religious views;
Ukraine takes measures for environmental protection;
Ukraine has the right to possession use and managing of all national wealth;
national rights and dignity of all the people of Ukraine are respected;
the Declaration considers the will of all people of Ukraine to create a democratic state.
THE DECLARATION OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY OF UKRAINE
On June, 1990, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine.
The Declaration has 10 Articles:
1 Self-determination of Ukrainian nation.
2 State sovereignty.
3 Government by people.
4 Citizenship of Ukraine.
5 Territorial supremacy\(^1\).
6 Economic independence.
7 Ecological security.
8 Cultural development.
9 External and domestic security.
10 International relations.
These truths are hold to prove that people of all nationalities including the Ukrainian nation are created equal. So they should build their relationships on the principles of equality, mutual respect and non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
The Declaration guarantees to all citizens the rights endowed\(^2\) by their creator: among these are life, liberty, equality and security. The Declaration is the basis for the laws of Ukraine.
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\(^1\)supremacy [sju'preməsi] — вищість, перевага
\(^2\)endowed [ɪn'daʊd] — обдарований
9 In groups, design a questionnaire to find out people’s attitudes towards the sovereignty of Ukraine — both positive and negative. Use the questionnaire to collect information from as many people as you can, then present your findings to the whole class. You may start your questions like this:
1 What do you know …?
2 What is the importance …?
3 What rights …?
4 How does …?
5 Do you believe …?
6 Do you agree …?
Develop Your Vocabulary
policy or politics?
POLICY
1 a plan of action, a set of ideas that is used as a basis for making decisions, especially in politics, economics or business:
– policy on immigration
– home / domestic policy
– school’s policy
– to develop a policy
– to pursue a policy
Honesty is the best policy.
POLITICS
1 singular political affairs or life:
– local politics
– to go into politics
– to talk about politics
Politics is very important in the modern world.
2 plural person’s beliefs about how government should work:
His politics are becoming more conservative.
join or unite?
JOIN
1 to become a member of an organisation or a group of similar people:
– to join the firm
– to join the army
– to join the unemployed
2 to come together with other people
– to join somebody for dinner
3 to connect two things (also join up)
– to join the pipes together
UNITE
1 to join together to achieve a particular goal or to work together:
– a policy that unites people
– to unite behind the queen
1 Complete the sentences. Use ‘join’ or ‘unite’ in the right tense form.
1 Mike dreams to … the army after he leaves school.
2 Children, stand in a circle and … your hands!
3 It took some time to … the two halves of the bridge.
4 We agreed that Jane would … us at King’s Cross.
5 We need an idea that can … us.
2 Match the words with their definitions.
1 democracy a a formal set of rules that provides rights for all citizens, and stops governments from using power unfairly
2 republic b a country in which everyone can vote to choose the government
3 constitution c a kind of a country or system of government, in which the government controls every part of people’s lives and there is no freedom
4 totalitarian d this word is used especially about a powerful person or group that controls a country but has not been elected
5 oppressive e if a political party or group governs a country, its members make all the important decisions about laws, taxes, relations with other countries, etc.
6 to govern f a government of this kind treats people in a cruel way, using military force to prevent any kind of opposition
7 to run g a country whose leader is a president, not a king or queen
1 senator a the executive branch of a government
2 politician b someone who works in politics,
3 the administration especially a member of a parliament
4 ruler c a member of the US Senate of a similar institution
5 president d the official leader of a country that does not have a king or queen
6 prime minister e the elected leader of the government in a country that has a parliament
7 queen f a woman who is the official leader of a country because she is a member of a royal family, or a woman who is the wife of a king
g someone, such as a king or queen or a military leader, who has the power to run the government of a country
3 Look at the pairs of the words below. There is a word you know in each pair. Read the sentences and phrases below and guess what the other word in each pair means.
corruption — corrupt aim — aimless reveal — revelation
corruption — to corrupt flourish — flourishing restrict — restriction
initial — initials inherit — inheritance unite — united
1 a corrupt judge; corrupt officials in the passport office. The corrupt mayor was not reelected.
2 Judge Hanson cannot be corrupted. Do you think young people are corrupted by big city life?
3 B. R. are the initials of Betsy Ross. His initials are P. F. W.; they stand for Peter Francis White.
4 his aimless life; aimless discussions. They took an aimless walk through the fields.
5 His was a flourishing business. He began working in the flourishing computer business.
6 The title passes by inheritance to the eldest son.
7 He was dismissed after the revelations that confidential files were missing.
8 There are no restrictions on the amount of money you can withdraw.
9 The United Nations is an organisation of many countries formed to encourage peace in the world.
4 a) Match the synonyms in the two columns. Use a dictionary if necessary.
1 goal a unite
2 limit b restrict
3 offer c signify
4 consist (of) d comprise
5 join e proposal
6 mean f aim
b) Say the following phrases in Ukrainian.
A 1 an emergency landing
2 an emergency session of Congress
3 an emergency exit
B 1 a political aim
2 a common aim
3 a long-term aim
4 an ambitious aim
5 a clear aim
6 a worthy aim
C 1 to bring forward a proposal
2 to support (back) a proposal
3 to reject a proposal
4 to accept a proposal
Build Your Grammar
PAST TENSES
1 Read the sentences and refer the underlined verbs to their tense forms (A-D).
A Past Simple
B Past Perfect Continuous
C Past Continuous
D Past Perfect
1 He walked down the street, slipped on a banana peel and broke his arm.
2 She had been working as a teacher for ten years before she got married.
3 She was sad because she had failed the test.
4 While I was jogging, the man stopped me and asked the time.
2 Choose the correct tense form.
1 It had been raining all day and the roads (had been / were) very wet.
2 When (did she choose / has she chosen) to take a course in English?
3 Tom (had been thinking / thought) about his answer during the lunch break.
4 Dan was angry. He (had been waiting / was waiting) for Linda for two hours.
5 Students (opened / had opened) their books and did the exercise.
6 The teacher (was smiling / had smiled) as he was reading Kate’s essay.
7 It was easy for him to get lost because he (hadn’t been / wasn’t) in a big city before.
8 Tom (listened / was listening) to the teacher while the others (took / were taking) notes.
3 Complete the sentences by putting the verb in brackets into the most suitable past tense.
1 I … (review) grammar rules before the test when my computer … (start) to blink.
2 She was upset, because she … (not / manage) to prepare for the test.
3 … (be, they) nervous before a test yesterday?
4 John … (read) an economic book, while Tom … (look through) some magazines.
5 I do not remember exactly how long ago it … (be).
6 Roger ... (not / give) any explanation why he ... (be) late for school.
7 I felt very tired when I ... (come) home so I ... (go) straight to bed.
8 Mr Pitt ... (take) his case and ... (leave).
9 What ... (you do) at 10 o’clock yesterday morning?
10 I ... (want) to borrow that new book but she ... (already lend) it to someone else.
4 Complete these sentences using the correct form (past simple, past continuous, past perfect or past perfect continuous) of the verbs in brackets.
1 I felt very tired when I ... (come) home so I ... (go) straight to bed.
2 Carol ... (fall) asleep while she ... (watch) the late news.
3 Mr Pitt ... (take) his briefcase and ... (leave).
4 When he ... (get) to the office the boss ... (already go).
5 What ... (you do) at 10 o’clock yesterday morning?
6 I ... (want) to borrow that new book but she ... (already lend) it to someone else.
7 While he ... (swim) someone ... (steal) his wallet.
8 He ... (work) on the project when his computer ... (break) down.
MIXED TENSES
5 Match each sentence with its description.
1 He woke up late yesterday.
a two parallel actions in the past
2 At nine o’clock he was still sleeping.
b past action before another past action
3 He was sleeping when his mother entered the room.
c experience
4 While he was having a shower, his mother was preparing breakfast.
d past action with the result or consequence in the present
5 Man has travelled to the Moon.
e an action that was in progress when another action happened
6 I have sprained my ankle, that’s why I’m limping.
f an action that was in progress when another action happened
7 They have just e-mailed her.
8 The rehearsal had already begun, when the main actor arrived.
i an action that started and finished in the specific time in the past
j an action that was in progress at certain time in the past
k very recent past action
1 In pairs, share your knowledge on the following questions. Use the map and the table below.
1 What do you know about Canada? What is its capital? What does Canada border on?
2 What time zones are there in Canada?
3 What do you know about Canadian history? Where did the original inhabitants and the name of the country come from?
4 What do you know about the lakes in Canada?
5 What are the rivers of Canada?
6 What are the mountains of Canada?
7 Are there some national parks in Canada?
8 Which materials are produced in Canada?
9 What political status does it have?
10 What is its symbol?
11 How is it divided?
12 What is the population like?
13 Do you know any Canadian cities?
| Region | Capital city |
|------------------------|----------------|
| Alberta | Edmonton |
| British Columbia | Victoria |
| Manitoba | Winnipeg |
| New Brunswick | Fredericton |
| Newfoundland | St. John’s |
| Nova Scotia | Halifax |
| Ontario | Toronto |
| Prince Edward Island | Charlottetown |
| Quebec | Quebec City |
| Saskatchewan | Regina |
| Northwest Territories | Yellowknife |
| Nunavut | Iqualuit |
| Yukon Territory | Whitehorse |
2 Listen to some information about Canada and complete the sentences below.
1 Canada is … .
2 The country has the longest coastline on …. .
3 Canada borders on … in the south.
4 Russia is its …
5 … lakes in Canada.
6 … is suitable for agriculture.
7 Canada is rich in … .
8 Its capital is … .
9 The national flag is …
10 Canada is divided into …
11 Canadian population consists of …
12 Some of the large and famous cities are …
a) Listen to the speaker and say if the sentences below are true or false.
☐ a) Canada is a constitutional monarchy.
☐ b) It is ruled by the Queen of the UK.
☐ c) The leading figure in the political life of the country is the Governor-General.
☐ d) The Federal Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Commons.
☐ e) Senators can write new laws.
☐ f) The people of Canada elect members of the House of Commons.
☐ g) The Prime Minister is responsible for the Senate.
☐ h) The judges are appointed by the Prime Minister.
☐ i) Canada has three branches of power in its political system.
☐ j) In all the provinces there is a legislative assembly elected by their people for five years.
☐ k) The seat of the Federal Parliament and government is Ottawa.
☐ l) In Canada there are three major parties.
b) Exchange your answers with your partners. Listen again and check your partners’ answers.
Copy the scheme below and complete it with the words from the box.
GOVERNING CANADA
Formal head of the country
Monarch’s representative
I. ...........................................
1. ................. (a ..............)
2. ................. (b ..............)
3. ................. (c ..............)
4. ................. (d ..............)
II. ...........................................
5. ...........................................
6. ...........................................
1 Prime Minister
2 Legislative Branch
3 House of Commons
4 King or Queen of the UK
5 Senate
6 Head of Government
7 Judicial Branch
8 Governor-General
9 Appointed
10 Chosen
11 Elected
12 Supreme Court
13 Cabinet
14 Other Courts
5 a) Look through the fact file of Canada.
☐ Canada makes up one-seventh of the world’s fresh water.
☐ In the south, where Canada enjoys a temperate climate, the plains of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba are among the richest grain-producing regions in the world.
☐ The Canadian economy is based, as it always has been, on abundant natural resources. These natural riches include fish, timber and wood products, minerals, natural gas, oil and hydroelectricity.
☐ The principal mining province is Alberta.
☐ The provinces of Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia, with their great forests, supply wood for building, furniture and the production of paper.
☐ The most important manufactured product is motor vehicles. And the metal and chemical industries are highly developed, too.
☐ As Canada has many lakes and rivers, the hydro-electric industry is highly developed; its main centers are in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
b) Work in a group of three. Compare Canada to Ukraine.
— What do they have in common?
— What is different?
6 Make a quiz ‘How much do you know about Canada?’
1 In pairs, discuss the following questions.
1 What do you think is independence?
2 Is it good or bad to be independent?
3 What to your mind is a guarantee of independence?
a) private ownership, reforming of ownership system?
b) support of the civilised world?
c) country’s own army?
d) something else? What is it?
4 Do you agree that all men are created equal?
5 What do people need to make them feel equal to everyone else?
6 How does sovereignty and independence of Ukraine protect its citizens and their rights?
7 What rights do you have? Which ones are most valuable to you?
2 a) Read the dialogue below, then answer the following questions.
- Who is speaking? How many people are speaking?
- What country are these people from?
- What are they? What are they discussing?
A: Ukrainian people consider their country as a democratic state. For me the word ‘democratic’ is associated with the notion ‘justice’. How do people participate in realisation of justice in Ukraine?
B: As any other country of the world Ukraine has the body of judicial power, represented by the courts. The people of Ukraine have
opportunity to directly participate in realisation of justice through people’s assessors\(^1\) and jurors\(^2\).
**A:** In my country the President has rather limited power. What about your President?
**B:** According to the Ukrainian Constitution the President has many duties and rights besides representing our state. For example, he/she appoints the Prime-Minister and some other top officials, sets all-Ukrainian referendum in case of need, stops the power of the Verkhovna Rada under certain circumstances, etc. But at the same time some of his/her actions must be approved by the Verkhovna Rada. So to some extent his power is limited.
**b) Think about some other questions that can be asked.**
Dramatise the dialogue in pairs.
3 **In groups, discuss the following questions. Use the clues below.**
- How do you see the political situation in our country?
- What do you think of election campaigns and the promises politicians make before elections?
I think the politicians are (trying to do the best they can / doing a good job overall / bringing the country to a better place than it was / ...)
In my opinion, the present government is (hindered\(^3\) because of its divisions / sometimes not making the best decisions / not dealing with problems as quickly as people would like / ... ).
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\(^1\)a people’s assessor [ə'sesə] — народний засідатель
\(^2\)a juror ['dʒɔərə] — присяжний засідатель
\(^3\)to hinder ['hɪndə] — заважати, перешкоджати
I feel election campaigns are (a fair system to show what each party plans to do / becoming very expensive / not good in the way the parties discredit each other / ...).
With election promises, I think that some (are sincere and do get fulfilled / may be unrealistic / will need more time to achieve than the party will be in office / ...).
1 Get some information and look through the examples below.
Notes are short pieces of writing, which help you to remember something. Due to the vast amount of information we receive, we have to put it in the briefest possible form. Notes usually take the form of words or short phrases.
We have already stated that preparing well for the writing assignment is a key element in a successful accomplishment of your task. Discussing and taking notes can be very helpful in the prewriting stage of the writing process.
Making notes can take various forms depending largely on what type of a person you are. However, there are certain characteristics that are common to all forms of making notes:
1 use abbreviations, but make sure you can understand them later
2 use words like and, because, but and therefore to show how ideas relate to each other
3 put each new idea on a new line
4 leave a lot of space so you can expand your ideas later
DO NOT write complete sentences.
Notes must be SHORT
Read about some ways of making notes and discuss the question in groups.
- Which of the offered methods of note taking would suit you best? Why?
a) FLOW CHART (Having Friends for Dinner)
- ✓ cancel late meetings
- ✓ leave office at four
- ✓ call the Horist — ask to deliver Howers by six
- ✓ go to the supermarket
- ✓ DO NOT forget the shopping list
- ✓ start cooking by 5:30
- ✓ check evening dress
b) CLUSTERING (Travelling to the Island of Fuji)
- ✓ check passport validity
- ✓ take traveller’s cheques
- ✓ check the weather — clothes
- ✓ travelling to the island of Fuji
- ✓ get some travel guides (local customs, sights)
c) LISTING (Traditional Holidays are Dying Out)
1. the idea of a traditional holiday has changed significantly in the past decade
2. people in general have become more demanding and expect better quality for their money
3. love of adventure has always been a part of human nature
4. new means of transport have enabled us to travel more easily and faster
5. more people can afford these new types of holidays due to more reasonable prices
3 Choose one of the topic sentences below and make notes. Write a paragraph in 80-100 words. Keep in mind the steps for writing a good paragraph for zaz two.
1 Mathematics has always been my favourite subject at school.
2 Independent language learning has several advantages.
3 For many years my family has been celebrating Christmas in the same way.
4 Read and discuss the information in pairs.
A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points and not the details of a longer text.
A well-written summary should be concise (only essential information should be included), complete (all important information must be included) and clear, i.e. understandable to the reader. At last, a summary must be correct. It must convey the exact meaning of the original text.
A summary must be written in full sentences.
Don’t mix up paraphrasing and summarising! Paraphrasing is “rewriting” information from another source in your own words without changing its meaning. Since you have to include almost all the original information, a paraphrase is almost as long as the original. On the other hand, a summary includes only the essential information, which makes it much shorter than the original text.
However, changing the original meaning is not allowed in either a summary or a paraphrase.
5 Choose a text from a newspaper or a magazine and read it. First determine the number of words and then write your own summaries. Comment on each other’s summary regarding the characteristics of a good summary.
1 Complete these sentences using the correct form (past simple, past continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous or past perfect) of the verbs in brackets. Some verbs are negative.
1 Tom can’t tell you anything about her new book, because he ... (read) it. It ... (be) required reading, when he ... (be) at school.
2 I ... (get) the chemistry book on Monday, and I ... (study) since then.
3 ... (you buy) milk and flour? I need it for the cake.
4 She ... (take) her car to the mechanic last week, because she ... (lose) his address.
5 They ... (move) to their new flat in 1997, and they ... (redecorate) it till the present day.
6 While she ... (watch) her favourite programme on TV, he ... (phone) her to tell her that he ... (book) them a room in Italy for the next weekend.
7 It ... (rain) all day and the ground is soaking wet.
8 When we ... (eat) in that restaurant for the first time, we ... (fall) in love and because of that we ... (visit) it since then.
9 Sorry, I ... (be able) to translate the text, because I ... (pay) attention while the teacher ... (explain) some confusing words in German.
10 My sister ... (attend) the University of Edinburgh, which I ... (never visit).
2 Complete the text with the words from the box.
executive, citizens, Parliament, discussed, judicial, election, political, vote, passport, government
VOTING IN UKRAINE
The political power in Ukraine is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and (1) ... . The Verkhovna Rada, the Ukrainian (2) ... , is the highest legislative body. The (3) ... power in Ukraine belongs to the President. Both President and members of the Verkhovna Rada are elected.
The (4) ... takes place every four years. All (5) ... of Ukraine who have reached the age of eighteen have the right to vote. But only those, who have reached the age of
twenty-one, have the right to be elected to the Verkhovna Rada. The candidates to the Presidency must be not younger than thirty years of age. The candidates to the Presidency or to the Verkhovna Rada can be nominated by a political party or any other (6) … or social organisation or even by a group of voters.
During the election campaign the candidates make their programmes public. These political programmes are widely (7) … in the mass media and on television.
When election day comes (it is usually Sunday), the people in Ukraine go to the polls\(^1\) to elect the members of the Verkhovna Rada or the President of Ukraine. A voter gives his name and shows his (8) …. Then he receives his ballot-paper and may go to a cubicle\(^2\) to (9) …. Voting is secret. Then the voter casts his ballot-paper in the ballot box.
Often the elections of the local (10) … take place simultaneously with the elections to the Verkhovna Rada.
3 a) In pairs, discuss the following questions.
1 Do you think that politicians have any effect on our everyday life? What effect? Can you give examples?
2 What famous politicians do you know? What did they do or are doing for their people?
3 Do you personally find politics interesting? Could you go into politics?
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\(^1\)а poll [pəʊl] — голосування
\(^2\)а cubicle ['kjuːbɪkl] — кабіна
4 Can you remember any names of the philosophers who tried to teach people to live happier lives? Where did they live? What did they teach?
5 Why should people be socially conscious? Do you believe that everyone can help to make our society better?
6 What do you think about social revolutions? What revolutions do you know? What were their results?
7 Do you think in the new millennium the peoples will become closer and finally unite or keep their national integrity? Which way would you prefer? Why?
b) Share your viewpoints with other pairs.
4 a) Complete the interview (points 1-3 below) of a well-known English journalist with the appropriate answers on page 251 (A-C) of one of the Ukrainian top state officials Mr N. and answer the questions after it.
1 Interviewer: In the Western press Ukraine’s often described as a state of totally corrupted bureaucracy, officialdom and mafia. No less often it is mentioned as a country of new democracy. There is also a good chance of finding articles which say that the Ukrainians may possibly support the reestablishment of the Soviet Union. What are your comments on this?
☐ Mr N.: …
2 Interviewer: Ukraine’s road to independence has been a long and winding one, many of the milestones\(^1\) are covered with blood. What do you feel now when you at last have achieved what you were striving for. I mean, Ukraine gained sovereignty and independence.
☐ Mr N.: …
3 Interviewer: What are the main tasks in your opinion that must be solved now, at the present stage of Ukraine’s development as a
state, and of its entry into the world community of nations?
☐ Mr N.: ...
A I’m sure we have to continue implementing reforms. But at the final count everything that is being done in Ukraine at the moment organically unites the efforts to solve the internal problems with the steps directed at entering into the family circle of economically developed countries.
B All the above opinions are not groundless, nevertheless, they do not give a full picture of the contradictions in Ukrainian political and economic situation. This situation is in a constant and a dynamic change, and the Ukraine of the early 2010 bears little resemblance to a Soviet republic it was years ago, and even to the independent state it was in 1994 when Leonid Kuchma was elected president for the first time. In fact, it was in the past few months that the most radical changes took place.
C I’m really proud of this fact. What happened in August of 1991, was the most important event in several centuries of Ukrainian history. Much of that time Ukraine had lived in bandage. Our thinking has changed along with our destiny\(^2\). We have tried very hard and we have gained our independence.
1 What are the points of view on Ukraine in the Western press?
2 What are the three main problems discussed in the talk?
3 How does Mr N. appreciate different points of view on his country?
4 What event is mentioned by Mr N. as the most important event that took place in August of 1991.
5 What are Mr N.’s feelings in connection with this event?
6 What is the main task according to Mr N.’s opinion that must be tackled\(^3\) now?
b) Pretend yourself to be an English journalist. What other questions could you ask Mr N.? Write them down.
Role-play your interview.
\(^1\)а milestone [ˈmaɪlstəʊn] — віха
\(^2\)а destiny [ˈdestɪni] — доля
\(^3\)to tackle [ˈtækl] — займатися
1 Complete the text with the appropriate words from the box.
constitution, legislative, elections, administrations, laws,
President, power, republic, judicial, independent, bills, justice,
declare, Prime Minister, Supreme, executive, responsible
STATE STRUCTURE OF UKRAINE
On the 24th of August 1991 Ukraine became (1) ... It started building the democratic state. Ukraine became a presidential parliamentary (2) ... Over a short period a new system of state structure was created.
According to the (3) ... of Ukraine the state power in Ukraine is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and (4) ...
The body of (5) ... power is the Verkhovna Rada, which consists of 450 deputies.
Each deputy represents an area of the country, that is called a constituency. The (6) ... to the Verkhovna Rada are held every 4 years. Voting is organised in the form of secret ballot and from the age of 18.
The Verkhovna Rada is headed by the Chairman and is responsible for making (7) ... It has special committees, which discuss and introduce (8) ... for debating at parliamentary sitting. It discusses the questions connected with the State Budget and adopts the Budget for the coming year.
The head of our state is the (9) ... He is elected for 4 years’ period.
The executive power is headed by him. In the areas of 25 regions, in Kyiv and Sevastopol, it is carried out by the local (10) ...
The main body of the executive (11) ... is the Cabinet of Ministers. It is formed by the Heads of the Ministries: Ministry of Economics, Finance, Defense, Justice, Agriculture, Health, Education and Science, Youth and Sports and others. The Head of the Cabinet,
which is also called the (12) ..., is appointed by the President. But the appointments must be approved by the Verkhovna Rada. The Prime Minister is (13) ... to the President and the Verkhovna Rada.
The judicial power is represented by the (14) ... Court and the Constitutional Court, nominated by the Verkhovna Rada. There are also local and regional courts. The people have opportunity to directly participate in the realisation of (15) ... through people’s assessors and jurors. The Courts watch over the (16) ... and legislative powers. The Constitutional Court has the right to (17) ... laws and actions of the government unconstitutional.
Grammar
2 Complete these sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Some verbs are negative.
1 I ...(do) some snowboarding, while I ... (ski) in Switzerland, but I ...
2 (try) ice-skating yet.
3 She ... (have) this coat for only two years now, I don’t know why you ... (suggest) buying a new one yesterday.
4 Ever since he ...(meet) her two months ago, he ... (stop) thinking of her, and he ... (ask) everybody about her.
5 I ...(have) a splitting headache this morning, so I ... (take) three aspirins today.
6 She ... (send) that letter a longtime ago.
7 She ... (just put) the washing out when it ... (start) to rain.
8 That can’t be Jim. I ... (not give) my new address.
9 I ...(spend) the day in the country but I decided not to because the weather was terrible.
10 ... (you have) a mobile phone when you were 8 years old?
11 The teacher ... (not finish) explaining the problem when he ... (be) interrupted.
3 Listen about political system and economy of New Zealand and say if the statements below are true or false.
☐ 1 New Zealand is a democratic country with its own parliament.
☐ 2 The Governor-General is the official head of the New Zealand.
☐ 3 Members of the Cabinet are chosen from the Parliament.
☐ 4 The Parliament officially called the House of Representatives.
☐ 5 New Zealand has non-industrial economy.
☐ 6 New Zealand is the world leader in selling meat and from cows and goats.
☐ 7 New Zealand is not very rich in minerals.
☐ 8 New Zealand produces a lot of wine but has never won international awards in winemaking.
☐ 9 After the discovery of natural gas resources and oil the energy-based industries have expended rapidly.
☐ 10 About 40 per cent of the country’s imports and exports come from or go to Australia.
Reading
4 Read the extracts about the state systems in the UK and in USA. Refer them to the appropriate country.
A _______The Constitution of the country is unwritten; it is based on custom, tradition and common law.
B _______ The House of Commons has 650 Members of Parliament (MPs). The House of Lords is made up of hereditary and life peers (Lords Temporal), archbishops and bishops of the Church of England (Lords Spiritual).
C _______ The foundation of the government was established with the Constitution. The Constitution went into effect in the year 1787. This document guarantees freedom of religion, free speech, the right for a fair trial and protection against cruel and unusual punishment. It gave the country the principle of a balanced power divided into three branches - legislative, executive and judicial.
D _______ This country is a constitutional monarchy.
E _______ The legislative branch is made up of elected representatives. The main legislative body is called the Congress - its seat is in the Capitol. The Congress is divided into two parts - the House of Representatives and the Senate.
F _______ This country is a federation of 50 states, governed by the President.
G _______ The head of the state is the Queen but she can act only on advice of her ministers.
H _______ The House of Representatives consists of about 450 lawmakers who are elected for two years. The Senate has 100 members - 2 members from each state of the federation - who serve for six years. The main task of the Congress is to make federal laws.
I _______ The supreme law-making body in the country is the Parliament. The Parliament consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. A proposal of any new law - a bill - must pass through both Houses and then it is sent to the Queen for the Royal Assent.
J _______ The judicial branch is made up of Federal Districts Courts, 11 Federal Courts of Appeals and on the top the Supreme Court.
K _______ The British parliamentary system is one of the oldest in the world; it was developed during the 13th century after King John signed the Magna Charta in 1215.
L _______ The President and 13 executive departments represent the executive branch.
M _______ General elections to choose MPs take place every five years. Voting is for everybody older than 18 years and it is not compulsory.
N _______ The British Government is formed by the political party that has the majority in the Parliament and the Queen appoints its leader as the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 ministers to form special advisory group called the Cabinet.
O _______ The President and Vice-President are chosen in nationwide elections every 4 years. Presidential duties are quite extensive: the President proposes and vetoes bills, serves as the Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces, signs treaties and appoints federal judges and ambassadors.
I CAN ...
- read and understand texts about political systems
- listen and understand information about natural resources
- get and share information about administrative systems
- talk about democracy and independence
- understand and use Past Tenses
- ask and answer questions about the political situation in a country
- express my attitude to politics and politicians
- write a summary of a long informative text or an article
Навчальне видання
Карлюк Оксана Дмитрівна
Англійська мова
(10-й рік навчання, рівень стандарту)
Підручник для 10 класу
закладів загальної середньої освіти
Рекомендовано Міністерством освіти і науки України
Англійською та українською мовами
Видано за рахунок державних коштів. Продаж заборонений.
Редактори Ігор Миколів, Наталія Батрин
Художники Любомир Бейгер, Інна Малявська
Дизайн і комп’ютерна верстка Андрій Костшишин, Богдан Демчук,
Мар’яна Тераз
Підписано до друку 13.07.2018.
Формат 70х100 1/16. Папір офсетний. Друк офсетний.
Умовн. арк. 20,736. Тираж 260 790 прим.
Видано ТзОВ “Видавництво ‘Астон’”
46006, м. Тернопіль, вул. Гайова, 8.
Свідоцтво про внесення до Державного реєстру суб’єктів
видавничої справи ТР № 28 від 9.06.2005 р.
Право для безоплатного розміщення підручника в мережі Інтернет має
Міністерство освіти і науки України http://mon.gov.ua/ та Інститут модернізації змісту освіти https://imzo.gov.ua
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PESTE
En Mandchourie
PESTE
En Mandchourie
Science médicale et photographie au temps de la peste en Mandchourie (1910-1911)
Adnan Sezer / Bruno Tartarin
L’incendie épidémique
Science médicale et photographie au temps de la peste en Mandchourie (1910-1911)
Rare album de 50 photographies originales contrecollées (140 x 197 mm) et 2 photographies originales non montées, dont l’auteur est demeuré anonyme. Les épreuves sont tirées sur papier argentique d’après négatif verre. C’est l’unique collection connue en mains privées.
… comme on voit d’ordinaire la fumée se transformer en flamme avec une étonnante rapidité.
(Augustin, De fide et symbolo, X, 24)
La peste s’est répandue dans une région où persistait un risque permanent de guerre entre trois puissances impérialistes, elles-mêmes confrontées à la menace imminente d’une déstabilisation politique et d’un changement de régime. Le système autocratique de l’empire russe peinait à contenir les revendications de liberté et les contestations sociales qui agitaient le peuple ; la dynastie Qing, affaiblie par d’épuisants conflits internes, serait renversée en 1911, le régime impérial cédant la place à la république de Chine ; dans un Japon devenue puissance coloniale, l’ère Meiji prenait fin, et le militarisme allait devenir un trait dominant de l’expansion territoriale japonaise.
Dans un contexte de confusion géopolitique extrême et d’expansionnisme colonial, qui privilégiait la confrontation plutôt que des stratégies d’alliance, Russes et Japonais disputaient le contrôle de la Mandchourie à la dynastie Qing. Pourtant, à l’issue de la guerre russo-japonaise de 1904-1905, la région avait dû être évacuée par les deux nations. Devenue puissance coloniale – avec l’annexion de la Corée – le Japon discourait sur la « mission civilisatrice » qui lui incombait, tout en s’interrogeant sur la forme que devait prendre l’impérialisme devant les événements révolutionnaires de Chine, qui intervinrent dans les années 1910-1911. En Mandchourie, les Japonais opéraient sur des territoires administrés par Pékin ; mais ils y entretaient, face au chaos perpétré par des bandes armées et en prévention de la montée du nationalisme chinois, d’importantes forces de police. Naturellement, les ambitions coloniales de chacun des protagonistes étaient autant d’aspirations au développement de leur puissance économique dans les territoires conquis ou en voie de l’être. Un élément de l’expansionnisme commercial intervient ici pour notre propos : la mise en valeur du Nord-Est de la Chine impliquait un développement sans précédent des transports – dans le cas présent le chemin de fer – à l’origine d’une concurrence qui allait aboutir à des conflits. La ligne ferroviaire russe qui traversait le Nord de la Mandchourie avait révolutionné l’économie de la région et aboutit à la création de la ville d’Harbin. Les Russes en tirèrent un grand profit commercial qui leur conférait un rôle dominant dans la région. Impressions par cet « impérialisme du rail », les Japonais créèrent à leur tour en 1906 la Compagnie de chemin de fer sud-mandchourien, qui allait la construction de la ligne à des formes plus larges de développement économique. Son tronçon principal, qui reliait Daili à Changchun, en passant par Mukden, attirait une population chinoise toujours croissante dans la zone sous son contrôle. Par ailleurs, depuis la fin du 19e siècle, sept ports à traités permettaient une pénétration étrangère en Mandchourie. Or, le développement des voies maritimes et terrestres, allié à d’importants déplacements de populations, s’est avéré être un vecteur décisif dans la progression de la pandémie de peste.
1. L’expression figure dans le texte de Dominique Chevé et Michel Sigwol, « Corps dans la tourmente épidémique », Corps, 2007/1 (n°2). Elle est, pour nous, une manière de salut aux auteurs de L’incendie millénariste, publié en 1987 par le groupe Os Gangoereiros.
Peste de Chine est le nom donné à cette pandémie qui débute dans l’Ouest du Yunnan au milieu du 19e siècle et gagne les villes portuaires de Canton et Hung Kong en 1894. C’est dans cette atmosphère de crise que le Suisse Alexandre Yersin, élève du docteur Roux à l’Institut Pasteur et présent à Hong Kong et l’Amérique depuis 1892, s’adonne à la recherche du bacille responsable de la peste. Il découvre dans la prothèse de la dissection de corps de malades en ayant l’idée de chercher l’agent pathogène du côté des ganglions. Roux confirmera les hypothèses de Yersin ; la découverte du bacille, nommé *Yersinia pestis*, annonce dès lors la prévention moderne de la peste.
L’épidémie de l’hiver 1910-1911 causa environ 60 000 décès, dans cette province de l’Asie orientale où la mortalité atteignit 100%, car la peste s’est déclarée sous sa forme pulmonaire. Au moment de son acmé, en janvier-février 1911, l’explosion de l’épidémie signe la désagrégation partielle des structures sociales. Dans un premier temps, la science médicale chinoise n’eût aucune emprise sur la pandémie, et un désordre grandissant mettait en péril les liens sociaux dans une région où subsister, d’un point de vue simplement matériel, s’avérait être une rude tâche ; les différentes communautés souffraient de plus de l’instabilité qui résultait de la confrontation sans trêve entre les puissances qui se disputaient le potentiel stratégique et commercial de la Mandchourie. L’adversité ne leur était donc pas étrangère, mais la violence soudaine de l’épidémie provoqua un effondrement profond. La peste était un malheur partagé, et les conséquences de la pandémie étaient désespressées : fuite aveugle, confinement, isolement, délabrement physique, mort ; elles traumatisèrent durablement ceux qui l’affrontèrent dans leur survie.
Il nous est impossible de reconstituer l’expérience de ces populations et ses conséquences psychologiques, mais nous percevons que les mesures brutales adoptées par les autorités – en particulier le déplacement et le confinement, qui permettaient l’accessibilité à ces groupes aussi bien que leur surveillance – n’étaient pas consenties de tous, car elles préfiguraient un régime de contrainte. Pourtant, la nécessité avait dû prévaloir sur ces questionnements pour des individus confrontés à leur survie immédiate.
La gravité du choc épidémique, l’exceptionnel degré de morbidité pesteuse ont mis à mal autant les populations que le dispositif impérial chinois. Redoutant une spirale de troubles de plus en plus accélérée, les autorités chinoises se décidèrent à solliciter auprès des ministres des onze puissances représentées à Pékin l’envoi de médecins spécialistes étrangers. C’est ainsi que se retrouvent à Mukden (Shenyang, en chinois, l’ancienne Fengtian) plusieurs officiers du corps de santé de la Marine de Brest pour lutter contre l’épidémie de peste. Parmi eux, Charles Broquet, nommé délégué de la France à la Conférence internationale de la peste, laissera un témoignage d’intérêt à travers ses carnets et ses photographies². Son confrère Gérald Mesny succombera quant à lui dès le 12 janvier 1911 à Harbin, des suites de la contamination. Le grand écrivain et archéologue Victor Segalen, médecin de Marine, est envoyé à sa demande à Shanhaiguan, cité proche de la mer Jaune qui sépare la Chine de la péninsule coréenne, où il participe à l’organisation de la quarantaine. L’épidémie est une épreuve pour toute souveraineté ; mais si la peste est apparue comme une menace aux autorités chinoises, elle inquiéta autant les puissances européennes qui avaient en grande partie colonisé l’Asie, qui servait de terrain de recherche et d’expérimentation sur les maladies infectieuses, dans le temps où s’affirmait en Occident la bactériologie scientifique.
Quand d’aucuns recherchaient déjà à cette époque l’isolement volontaire, l’exotisme désenrêné et imparable du Nord-Est, la peste venue, il fallut isoler des populations et contenir leur exil, car ce qui hantait, une fois l’effroi de la vision des corps obscurcis passée, c’était l’ampleur encore inconnue de la contagion, la crainte que la mort fut partout et en tout lieu, que l’humanité dans son ensemble en fut tourmentée, car nous redoutons le tourment plus que l’issue.
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2. Voir Proposition Charles Broquet, médecin de la Marine en Chine, Médiathèque François Mitterrand-Archives des Capucins de Brest, 4 février-20 août 2020. Broquet est l’auteur d’une Conference de la peste à Moukden, d’avril 1911, publiée sous forme de plaquette (impr. de A. Coueslant, 1914).
wagon isolés de ceux qui prirent soin d’eux, une ligne s’établit de manière irrémédiable entre les corps affrontés à leur inéuctable destinée et la forme de rationalité que représentait le corps médical, mis en scène, comme le montre cette documentation photographique, pour le service des autorités.
Les malades, dont l’instinct de vie, pris de court, a été refoulé sans ménagement, sont convertis en ombre. S’il y eut, chez ces hommes contaminés, une agitation due à l’affliction de leur corps, à l’angoisse de leur condition, les clichés la rendent fantomatique. De même, certaines des prises reflètent le laconisme de l’acte médical, l’impuissance comme tonalité propre à ce moment tragique. On conçoit que, même sous conditions, la vie n’est plus possible.
La peste est un dérangement dans l’ordre de la nature et une machinerie de mort ; elle procède sans choix, sans injustice. L’archive photographique montre l’étendue de son domaine dans ces difficiles images de l’autopsie des pestiférés, de l’amoncellement des corps noircis et raidis par le froid, déposés à même le sol gelé, du flux morbide de leur enlèvement et de leur transport vers les fosses d’incinération creusées à la hâte par la soldatesque, des effets personnels brûlés, du mélange brutal de débris et de cadavres balancés dans une succession de nécropoles, de ces amas indifférenciés arrosés de pétrole, de l’incendie prophylactique final, qui anticipe la putréfaction et enraye la propagation.
Cet ensemble propose un document rare et du plus haut intérêt concernant l’épisode épidémique mandchou, qui constituait une grave menace pour le monde extrême-oriental dans son ensemble, et sur l’usage de la photographie comme enregistrement et comme propagande au début du 20e siècle.
Pierre Dourthe
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3. Voir aussi une collection de clichés dans les archives Henri Mollaret, à l’Institut Pasteur de Paris.
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This is a rare album of 50 original mounted photographs, 140 x 197 mm, and 2 original unmounted photographs, taken by an anonymous photographer. They are gelatin silver prints from glass negatives. This is the only known collection of its kind to be held in private hands.
… even as, according to common wont, smoke is changed into flame with marvellous quickness (Saint Augustine, *De fide et symbolo*, 10,24)
The plague spread across a region where there was a persistent risk of war involving three imperialist powers which were themselves confronted by a threat of political destabilisation and regime change. The autocratic Russian empire found it difficult to resist the social protests and calls for liberty that agitated the people. In 1911, the Qing dynasty, split by internal conflicts, gave way to the Republic of China. And in Japan, the Meiji era was in decline. The country was now a colonial power, with militarism dominating its territorial expansion.
Amid the extreme geopolitical confusion and colonial expansionism, where confrontation took precedence over strategies of alliance, Russia and Japan challenged the Qing dynasty for control over Manchuria. But after the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905, the two countries retreated from the region. With its annexation of Korea, Japan talked about the “civilising mission” that was incumbent on it, while hesitating to pronounce on the form imperialism should take, given the revolutionary events that erupted in China in 1910-1911. In Manchuria, Japan operated across Beijing-administered areas, where, in order to put a stop to the havoc wrought by armed gangs, and to combat Chinese nationalism, it maintained a strong police presence. The colonial ambitions of the different protagonists included the development of economic power in the territories that were, or would be, conquered. One key aspect of this was the opening-up of North-East China, driven by an unprecedented development of transport infrastructure, notably a rail network, which gave rise to competition and conflict. The Russian railway line that crossed northern Manchuria transformed the local economy, and led to the creation of Harbin. The country’s consequent commercial success gave it a dominant role in the region. In 1906, impressed by this “railway imperialism”, Japan created its “south-Manchurian railway company”, which was accompanied by economic development on a large scale. The main line, between Dalian and Changchun, via Mukden (in Chinese, Fengtian, then Shenyang), brought ever greater numbers of Chinese people under Japanese control. And at the end of the 19th century, seven treaty ports gave access to Manchuria. But there was also the fact that travel by land and sea, along with mass movements of population, contributed significantly to the spread of the plague.
* An epidemic of the disease broke out in western Yunnan in the mid-19th century, and by 1894 it had reached the port cities of Canton and Hong Kong. It was in this atmosphere of crisis that Alexandre Yersin, a Swiss who had studied with Dr Roux at the Institut Pasteur, and had been living in Yunnan and Annam since 1890, dissected the corpses of plague victims, thinking that the pathogen might be found in their lymph nodes. Roux confirmed Yersin’s hunch, and the discovery of the *Yersinia pestis* bacillus foreshadowed the discovery of a cure for the disease.
1. This expression figures in a text by Dominique Chevé and Michel Sigrol, “Corps dans la tourmente épidémique”, in *Corps*, 2007/1 (No. 2). It is also an acknowledgement of l’incendie millénariste, published in 1987 by Os Cangaceiros.
In the epidemic that took place during the winter of 1910-1911, some 60,000 people were struck down by a pulmonary form of the disease that invariably proved fatal. At its height, in January and February 1911, there was a partial breakdown of social order. Chinese medicine could provide no cure for the plague, and burgeoning discontent weakened social ties in a region where subsistence itself was problematic. Communities became unstable on account of the continuing confrontation between the different powers that had designs on Manchuria’s strategic and commercial potential. The local people were no strangers to diversity, but the savagery of the epidemic was a shared evil whose consequences were immense: headlong flight, quarantine, isolation, physical debilitation and death. And the survivors were chronically traumatised.
We cannot hope to reconstitute these people’s experience, or the psychological effects they suffered, but we would note that the measures adopted by the authorities – and, in particular, displacement and confinement, which gave access to the population and made surveillance possible – were unpopular, in that they prefigured a regime of constraint. Still, the immediate concern was simply to survive.
For the population, the death rate was as big a problem as the Chinese imperial system. Faced with an accelerating spiral of problems, the authorities asked the eleven nations represented in Beijing to send doctors. Which was how several officers from the medical corps of the Marine de Brest arrived in Mukden, including Charles Broquet, the French delegate at the Conférence Internationale de la Peste, whose notebooks and photographs have survived\(^2\), and whose colleague Gérard Mesny died of the disease in Harbin on 12 January 1911. The writer and archaeologist Victor Segalen, a navy doctor, volunteered for service in Shanhaiquan, close to the Yellow Sea between China and the Korean peninsula, where he took part in the organisation of a quarantine. The epidemic was a test of sovereignty: China saw it as a threat, but it also alarmed the European powers who had colonised large parts of Asia, where they carried out research and experimentation on infectious diseases, at a time of progress for scientific bacteriology in the West.
This was a period when the outside world was being attracted by the exoticism of the remote North-East; but with the arrival of the plague it was necessary to isolate the local population and prevent them from leaving the area. And even after the grim memory of darkened bodies had faded, the extent of the contagion remained clear. There was a feeling that death was everywhere, and that the whole of humanity might be affected. The ever-present dread of mortality loomed larger than the outcome itself.
This photographic archive, produced by the Chinese administration, depicts the medical resources that were brought to bear on the plague, but also the political problems of the contested region. An epidemiological hospital was built in Mukden, with the deployment of medical personnel and military cohorts. The photographs show intense activity, and buildings equipped for decontamination work done by staff in long white hooded gowns, using vapourisers. Tests were carried out in a makeshift laboratory, and patients were auscultated by doctors whose heads were wrapped in bandages. Unreactive, unresponsive bodies covered by sheets were stretched out on high wooden tables or camp beds for autopsy to be performed. What is striking is the contrast between the image of the doctor-pacifier, a symbol of rationality in action, and that of humanity in agony. A doctor, impassive in protective clothing, observes the futility and putrefaction of naked corpses. And the highly protected bodies of the medical personnel seem to mirror the annihilation of the victims. Something incomprehensible separates communities from individuals crowded into barracks or wagons, isolated from the medical personnel. A line has been drawn between the ineluctable destiny of the bodies and the form of rationality represented by the doctors. The scene, as this photographic document shows, has been staged both by and for the authorities.
The victims, with their survival instinct abruptly cut short, have turned into shadows. The unrest among the contaminated due to their corporeal affliction and anxiety gives the pictures a spectral quality. Some of the images reflect the concession of the medical act, and show powerlessness to be the tone of this tragic time. It can be seen that there are conditions in which life is no longer possible.
Plague is a breach in the order of nature: a death machine. There is no choice, no injustice. This photographic archive includes harrowing images of autopsies, with piles of blackened bodies, stiffened by the cold, laid on the frozen ground; the morbid flux of their collection and transportation to the incineration trenches, hastily dug by the soldiery; charred personal belongings; a brutal mix of debris and corpses deposited in a succession of cemeteries; undifferentiated heaps doused with petrol; the final prophylactic blaze that prevents putrefaction and propagation.\(^3\)
This rare, fascinating view of the Manchurian epidemic, which threatened the Asian region as a whole, also shows how photography was used for recording and propaganda purposes at the start of the 20th century.
Pierre Dourthe
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2. See the exhibition *Charles Broquet, médecin de la Marine en Chine*, Médiaspore-François Mitterrand – Ateliers des Capucins, Brest, August 2020. In April 1911, Broquet wrote *Conférence de la peste à Moukden*, printed in pamphlet form by Imprimerie A. Cousseant, 1914.
3. There is also a collection of photographs in the Henri Mollaret archives at the Institut Pasteur in Paris.
The image depicts a long, covered walkway with wooden floors and walls, supported by wooden beams. Several individuals wearing white coats and masks are walking along the walkway. The background shows a series of similar structures, suggesting a hospital or quarantine facility. The overall setting appears to be outdoors, with natural light illuminating the scene.
Left: Students in the laboratory at the Imperial University of Tokyo, 1905.
Right: Students in the laboratory at the Imperial University of Tokyo, 1905.
Left: A photograph of a petri dish with bacteria growing on it.
Right: A photograph of a doctor examining a patient, both wearing masks.
The photograph shows a group of people wearing masks and uniforms, standing in front of a building with a balcony. They are holding onto the reins of two donkeys. The scene appears to be from a historical context, possibly related to a public health event or outbreak. The individuals are dressed in a uniform style, suggesting they might be part of an organized group or service. The setting is outdoors, on a dirt path, with other people visible in the background, also wearing masks.
Left: A group of people, including one in a white coat and mask, stand outside a wooden building with a sign that reads "Disinfection Station." Right: A man stands next to a large cylindrical object, possibly a disinfection machine, with a person inside.
Left: A group of medical personnel in protective suits and masks stand in front of a building, with various medical equipment on display.
Right: Individuals wearing masks are seen through windows in a wooden structure, possibly a quarantine facility.
The photographs depict scenes from the Boxer Rebellion in China, which took place between 1899 and 1901. The left image shows a group of soldiers standing in front of a building, possibly a military camp or a fortified position. The right image captures a scene of destruction, with smoke rising from a damaged structure, likely a result of the conflict. These images provide a glimpse into the harsh realities and the scale of the rebellion, highlighting the military presence and the impact on civilian life during this period.
A man sits at a desk in a room with shelves filled with various items, including bottles and boxes. There is a clock on the wall and a light fixture hanging from the ceiling. The room has a rustic feel, with wooden floors and a stove in the corner.
The photograph shows a group of individuals standing in front of a building, likely during a time when public health measures were being taken seriously. The individuals are wearing long coats and face masks, which suggests they might be part of a medical or health-related profession, possibly during an outbreak or epidemic. The setting appears to be outdoors, with a brick building in the background that has some signage, though the exact text is not clear from the image. The overall atmosphere of the photograph conveys a sense of caution and preparedness, typical of historical health response efforts.
The interior of the pharmacy, with shelves filled with bottles and jars, and a table with various items on it.
The photographs depict scenes from the 1918 influenza pandemic, which was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. The left image shows medical personnel in protective suits examining a patient, while the right image captures a person lying on a bed, possibly a victim of the disease. These images provide a glimpse into the devastating impact of the pandemic and the efforts to combat it.
The image depicts a group of individuals in protective suits and masks, gathered around a table where a person is lying down. The setting appears to be a medical or scientific environment, possibly related to the study or examination of the individual on the table. The attire and equipment suggest a focus on safety and hygiene, which could indicate a historical context involving infectious diseases or experimental procedures.
The heart of a soldier, preserved in a jar of formalin, was sent to his family after his death in World War I.
Left: A man is seated at a desk, holding a piece of paper and speaking to another person standing in front of him. The setting appears to be an office or study with a window in the background.
Right: A group of people wearing protective suits and masks are gathered around a table. They appear to be engaged in a discussion or meeting. The room has wooden walls and a window letting in natural light.
Bathing in the camp, 1942
Left: A patient in a hospital bed, possibly in a sanatorium or tuberculosis facility.
Right: A room with hanging sheets, possibly used for isolation or to create a private space within a larger facility.
四番検疫隊
The left image shows the exterior of a building, likely a government or administrative office, with a horse and rider in front. The right image depicts an interior scene with several individuals seated at a long table, possibly engaged in a meeting or discussion.
許百順生五閱月其父許德山充防疫局掩埋隊長染疫死其母許高氏亦相繼疫斃百順零丁孤苦竟不得死現由防疫局為催乳母撫育之俾無失所
宣統三年三月 長春防疫局識
Left: The exterior of the hospital in 1918.
Right: Medical staff wearing protective clothing attend to a patient in the hospital ward.
Left: A nurse and a doctor wearing protective clothing disinfect an area outside a building.
Right: A group of people in protective clothing stand in front of a building, likely for a photograph to document their efforts during the pandemic.
A man drives a cart pulled by two oxen across a field.
Left: A group of people wearing protective clothing and masks, possibly during an epidemic or outbreak.
Right: Two individuals in protective suits attending to a person lying on a stretcher, suggesting a medical or health-related scenario.
A coffin with a body inside, and people carrying a coffin on their shoulders.
The photograph depicts a desolate, snowy landscape with numerous mounds of earth scattered across the terrain. In the foreground, several individuals are seen working on or near these mounds, possibly engaged in some form of labor or construction. The ground is covered in snow and ice, indicating a cold climate. The overall scene suggests a harsh, wintry environment, likely in a rural or remote area.
Adnan Sezer
firstname.lastname@example.org
226 rue Saint-Denis, 75002 Paris
+33 6 27 52 78 26
Bruno Tartarin
email@example.com
60 rue du Mad, 54530 Arnaville
+33 6 09 75 86 57
A barber cutting hair in China, 1870s.
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Board Meeting Agenda
Wednesday 03/13/2024 | 7:00PM
ZOOM IN BY USING THE FOLLOWING ACCESS CREDENTIALS:
https://us02web.zoom.us/j/2595245851?pwd=ZjEIZ2w2eDNPMmhoT1Vs0wvbk1MZz09
Meeting ID: 259 524 5851 | Passcode: HelloGSD3
[* = supplement enclosed]
1) PRELIMINARY BUSINESS:
1.1 Call to order
1.1.1 Board Attendance: ___ of 7
1.2 Pledge of Allegiance
1.3 Agenda Review
2) RECOGNITION:
2.1 Chester’s Markets | Recognition Plaque Presented
3) PUBLIC COMMENTS | 3-MINUTE LIMIT:
3.1 Public Forum:
3.1.1 1)
3.1.2 2)
3.1.3 3)
4) REPORTS:
4.1 Grant Union Student Body: TBA
4.2 Financial/Business Manager/ MJE *
4.2.1 See: 03/13/2024 Board Meeting Packet – Addendum 1/2 | Financial Report – February 2024
4.3 Current Enrollment | Average Daily Membership (ADM) Reporting as of: 02/29/2024/ JM *
4.4 Current Staffing/JY/Jm
4.4.1 GU = 39
4.4.2 HES = 42
4.4.3 SES = 4
4.4.4 HCCC = 7
4.5 Administrator’s Reports:
4.5.1 Principal, Jay Hummel | GU *
220.127.116.11 2024/2025 Student Handbook/ Vice Principal Andy Lusco
18.104.22.168 2024/2025 Coach Handbook/ Vice Principal Andy Lusco
22.214.171.124 GUHS Class Ranking Policy *
126.96.36.199 Seventh Grade Survey Data Report *
Board of Directors:
Kris Beal | M.T. Anderson | Amy Charette, Vice Chair | Chris Labhart | Zac Bailey | Will Blood, Chair | Jake Taylor
Superintendent: Mark W. Witty | Website: https://www.grantschooldistrict.org/
4.5.2 Vice Principal, Andy Lusco | GU *
4.5.3 SpEd Director, Shanna Northway | GU/HES *
4.5.4 Principal, Janine Attlesperger | Humbolt (HES)*
4.5.5 Principal, Janine Attlesperger | Tina McCormick, Head Teacher | Seneca (SES) *
4.5.6 Director, Trina Fell | Humboldt Child Care Center (HCCC) *
4.6 **Superintendent’s Report/ Superintendent Mark Witty**
4.6.1 Grant: Early Learning Center
4.6.2 GU Principal Transition
4.6.3 Classified Negotiations Update
4.6.4 Strategic Planning Update | See Section 6.4 *
188.8.131.52 District:
184.108.40.206.1 Mission Statement
220.127.116.11.2 Vision Statement
18.104.22.168.3 Goals (3)
22.214.171.124.3.1 Goal 1) Recruit, train and retain staff, able to implement, adjust and achieve excellence!
126.96.36.199.3.2 Goal 2) Create a student focused environment where each student is known and prepared for success in life!
188.8.131.52.3.3 Goal 3) Positive perceptions, community ownership and support for our district’s facility improvements!
184.108.40.206.3.3.1 Performance Indicators & Measures for Goals
5) **CONSENT AGENDA:**
5.1 Recommend Approving 02/21/2024 Board Meeting Minutes
5.2 Recommend Accepting New Hires: (2)
5.2.1 Justin Lieuallen, GU Principal 2024/2025
5.2.2 Laney Ulrich, Seneca ES Head Teacher 2024/2025
5.3 Recommend Accepting Resignations: (2)
5.3.1 Brittany Finley, Coach | GU Jr High Basketball
5.3.2 Jason Miller, Head Coach | GU Girls Basketball
5.4 Recommend Adopting Policies | 03/2023 & 08/2023 OSBA Guidance | First Reading 02/21/2024:
5.4.1 BFG: Board Policy Review | for Board Process/review only
5.4.2 BFC: Adoption and Revision of Policies | for Board Process/review only
5.4.3 DID Property Inventories
5.4.4 IGBB Talented and Gifted Program and/or Services
5.4.5 IGBBA Talented and Gifted Students – Identification
5.4.6 IGBAH Special Education – Evaluation Procedures
5.4.7 IGBAB/JO Education Records/Records of Student with Disabilities
5.4.8 IGBAJ Special Education – Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
5.4.9 IGBA Students with Disabilities – Child Identification Procedures
5.4.10 IGBBA-AR Appeal Procedure for Talented and Gifted Student Identification and Placement
5.4.11 Please see: THIS Board Meeting Packet – Addendum 2/2 | Policies
220.127.116.11 Approval Consent Agenda (Section: 5): Motion: ____; Second: ____; Unanimous: ____
6) NEW BUSINESS:
6.1 K-12 Science Adoption/Twig | First Reading *
6.1.1 PK-6/See document enclosed
6.1.2 7-12/See Document enclosed
6.2 Cooperative Sponsorship Application | Prairie City/Grant Union/AL *
6.2.1 Motion: _____; Second: _____; Unanimous: ______
6.3 2024/2025 Probationary/contracted Staff Report/MW *
6.3.1 Motion: _____; Second: _____; Unanimous: ______
6.4 2024/2025 Budget Calendar/MJE *
6.4.1 Motion: _____; Second: _____; Unanimous: ______
6.5 Strategic Plan Draft | See Section 4.7.3:
6.5.1 Discuss/Adopt
18.104.22.168 Motion: _____; Second: _____; Unanimous: ______
6.6 Construction Projects: Update → 03/20/2024 Board Meeting
6.7 Appoint two GSD Board Members to serve on Grant ESD Budget Committee
6.8 Superintendent’s Evaluation by Board of Directors/Completed;
6.8.1 Consideration to extend Superintendent Contract through 2025/2026
22.214.171.124 Motion: _____; Second: _____; Unanimous: ______
7) FUTURE CALENDAR DATES | 2024 | ALL Meetings are held at District Office, unless otherwise specified:
7.1.1 03/13 – Executive Session Board Meeting | 6:00PM
7.1.2 03/13 – Board Meeting | 7:00PM
7.1.3 03/20 – Work Session Board Meeting Meal | 5:30PM
7.1.4 03/20 – Work Session Board Meeting | 6:00PM
7.1.5 03/20 – Special Session Board Meeting | 7:00PM
7.1.6 04/17 – Board Meeting | 7:00PM | Seneca Elementary School Gymnasium
7.1.7 05/15 – Board Meeting | 7:00PM
7.1.8 06/08 – High School Graduation | Time: TBA
7.1.9 06/19 – Board Meeting | 7:00PM
8) BOARD REPORTS:
8.1 KB:
8.2 M.T. A:
8.3 AC:
8.4 CL:
8.5 ZB:
8.6 WB:
8.7 JT:
9) TOTAL IN ATTENDANCE:
9.1 In Person: _____
9.2 Via Zoom: ______
10) ADJOURNED: ______ PM
Board Packet posted on district web site at:
https://grantsd3.schoolinsites.com/
Grant School District No.3 does not discriminate in employment, educational programs and activities, on the basis of race, national origin, color, creed, religion, gender, gender identification, sexual orientation or associational preference, age, disability, veteran status. The District also affirms its commitment to providing equal opportunities and equal access to its facilities. For additional information or assistance contact the District office at: (541)575-1280 | 401 N Canyon City Blvd, Canyon City, OR 97820-6111. For telecommunications relay services for the deaf, hearing or speech impaired call 1(800)735-2900 – thank you!
Grant School District No. 3
03/13/2024 – 7:00PM
Board Meeting Supplements
Section 4:
Monthly Reports
| YEAR | GU J/S HS | HUMBOLT | SENeca | ON-LINE | ADM TOTAL | ADM G/L | HCCC | TOTAL |
|------------|-----------|---------|--------|---------|-----------|---------|------|-------|
| 2023/2024 | | | | | | | | |
| JUN | | | | | | | | |
| MAY | | | | | | | | |
| APR | | | | | | | | |
| MAR | | | | | | | | |
| FEB | 215 | 258 | 11 | 14 | 498 | 15 | 18 | 516 |
| JAN | 204 | 254 | 13 | 12 | 483 | -6 | 17 | 500 |
| DEC | 207 | 250 | 12 | 17 | 486 | -3 | 23 | 509 |
| NOV | 207 | 253 | 12 | 17 | 489 | -12 | 22 | 511 |
| OCT | 210 | 261 | 14 | 16 | 501 | -3 | 21 | 522 |
| SEP | 233 | 257 | 14 | 0 | 504 | -42 | 20 | 524 |
| AUG | 235 | 255 | 12 | 44 | 546 | 86 | * | 546 |
| 2022/2023 | 204 | 244 | 12 | * | 460 | 0 | * | 460 |
| JUN | 204 | 244 | 12 | * | 460 | 0 | * | 460 |
| MAY | 204 | 244 | 12 | * | 460 | -7 | * | 460 |
| APR | 207 | 247 | 13 | * | 467 | 1 | * | 467 |
| MAR | 207 | 246 | 13 | * | 466 | 5 | * | 466 |
| FEB | 204 | 245 | 12 | * | 461 | -8 | * | 461 |
| JAN | 213 | 244 | 12 | * | 469 | 1 | * | 469 |
| DEC | 215 | 241 | 12 | * | 468 | -2 | * | 468 |
| NOV | 216 | 242 | 12 | * | 470 | 0 | * | 470 |
| OCT | 215 | 243 | 12 | * | 470 | 2 | * | 470 |
| SEP | 214 | 242 | 12 | * | 468 | -12 | * | 468 |
| AUG | 208 | 236 | 12 | * | 456 | -10 | * | 456 |
| 2022/2023 | 204 | 244 | 12 | * | 460 | 0 | * | 460 |
| 2021/2022 | 246 | 278 | 22 | * | 546 | -21 | * | 546 |
| 2020/2021 | 254 | 289 | 24 | * | 567 | -47 | * | 567 |
| 2019/2020 | 280 | 312 | 22 | * | 614 | * | * | 614 |
NOTE: Final totals for ALL school years end June 30th
KEYS: ADM = Average Dailey membership; G/L = Gain or Loss;
HCCC = Humbolt Child Care Center
Grant School District No. 3
03/13/2024 – 7:00PM
Board Meeting Supplements
Section 4.5:
Monthly ADMINISTRATION Reports
To: Superintendent Mark Witty and the Board of Directors
From: Jay Hummel, Principal & Andy Lusco, Assistant Principal/Athletic Director
**Student Achievement:**
- Athletic Intervention will now be monthly, 4 week interventions. This will allow us to coordinate with our new “Academic Intervention” system that tracks and communicates interventions in a similar way for students who are not athletes.
- Every Day Matters efforts will be partnered with our Behavior Interventionist to improve attendance and engagement.
- Our online/hybrid model is gaining momentum. It has created challenges, but is meeting the needs of many students and families.
- It appears our support for the 7th graders is showing promise. In the 1st semester, we had nearly 900 missing assignments; so far this 3rd quarter, we have less than 10. Because of this significant improvement, we are expanding our attention and support to our 8th graders.
**Communicating with Stakeholders:**
- We are continuing to improve our use of social media, website, and school messenger to communicate changes to athletics.
- Our schedules have been updated with changes in real time for parents, coaches, and students. Rschoolstoday is linked on our website and is a single source for all schedules.
- We are working to integrate our facilities into our rschools platform as well. This will facilitate community and school use of facilities in a more organized fashion.
- We are making sure that calls and emails are returned within 24 hours. Typically, communication is returned by the end of the day.
**Safe and Secure Schools:**
- Several projects are in progress to improve safety and security. We are excited to see progress coming on the Student Commons project.
**Upcoming events:**
- Winter sports have concluded, with the exception of the Dance Team (they have qualified for State on March 15). Girls Basketball won their final league game to force a league playoff for the District Tournament, we didn’t win, but the girls battled hard. Boys Basketball made the playoffs and played hard in a loss at Willamina. Girls Wrestling placed 5th out of 52 teams at the 1a-4a Special District Tournament, qualified 4 for State and finished the state Tournament in 4th as a team (out of over 60 teams 1a-4a) with a 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place finisher. Boys Wrestling qualified 4 for State, had a 1st and 4th finisher and finished 8th in the team race. We had a pretty successful winter season.
- Spring sports first practice was February 26th. Games, meets, and matches start mid-March, watch your rschools schedule.
- Baseball and Softball have exciting trips planned over spring break for tournaments.
Class Rank will be determined by each student’s four year cumulative grade point average (gpa). This cumulative gpa includes all classes taken while enrolled at GU: in-person (regular and honors), online, college dual credit, and college classes. All college, online, and CTE classes paid by the school will be included in the gpa for the purpose of Class Rank. No classes and no grades will be weighted for the purpose of Class Rank. College classes taken by students during the summer, at the student’s expense, will not be included for Class Rank.
Valedictorian and Salutatorian honors will be assigned to the students that have the highest Class Rank, and qualify for an Honors Diploma. The top cumulative gpa (Class Rank) will be the Valedictorian, and the second highest cumulative gpa (Class Rank) will be the Salutatorian. If more than one student should earn the top Class Rank, all of those students will be determined to be that year’s Valedictorian, and there will not be a Salutatorian.
Note: This recommended school policy is based on the following research:
1. Grant Union HS documentation concerning how Valedictorian and Salutatorian would be determined has been included in the Honors Diploma section of the Nugget (2019-20, 2020-21, 21-22, 22-23 and 23-24). Within that section, a subsection titled “Required” lists five requirements for a student to qualify for an Honors Diploma; two of those requirements speak to this issue:
a. “Must have a cumulative GPA of 3.25 or above; and
b. The Valedictorian and Salutatorian must be Honors Grads.”
2. There is no evidence that weighted grades have ever been used to determine Class Rank at GUHS for the purpose of graduation honors. Grant Union has had more than one Valedictorian in the past.
3. During the spring of the 2022-23 school year, Principal Karen Shelton seated a committee of teachers (Dougharity, S. Smith, James, Batease, and Lorie Dix) to study the requirements of the Honors Diploma. In addition to recommending several course description changes, they recommended students “Must have a cumulative, weighted GPA of 3.25 or above.”
4. I’ve asked this year’s GU Leadership Team to renew those recommendations and discussions concerning the Honors Diploma, graduation honors (Valedictorian and Salutatorian), and whether to weight grades and how to weight grades. Those conversations are under way. Should the Leadership Team arrive at a recommendation, those will be presented to the entire staff, and the Superintendent, before being included in the 24-25 Nugget, and only apply to next year’s 9th graders, the Class of 2028.
5. Changing graduation requirements, or in this case how class rank and graduation honors are determined, after students begin their 9th grade year creates the reality that some students will be treated unfairly. In other words, had students been notified as they started their high school courses of these new requirements, they may have made different courses selections.
6. I spoke with the following people about these issues: Mark Witty, the parents of the 5 junior students that presently have a 4.0 cumulative gpa. Cindy Dougharity, Sonna Smith, Karen Shelton, Andy Lusco, and Robert Waltenburg.
7. Should this draft become practice/policy, we can move forward with notifying the students and parents of the 4 classes presently in the high school. However, if there are interests to change this policy for the incoming 8th graders, we will need to include those changes in this spring’s 2024-25 Nugget prior to pre-registration (April/May 2024).
How supported do you feel on your Jr. High journey so far?
- Very Supported
- Supported
- Neutral
- Somewhat Unsupported
- Very Unsupported
1/11/24 3/5/24
How successful do you feel in your classes?
- Very Successful
- Somewhat Successful
- Neutral
- Somewhat Unsuccessful
- Very Unsuccessful
1/11/24 3/5/24
To what extent do you feel engaged in your classes and school activities?
- Very Engaged
- Engaged
- Neutral
- Somewhat Disengaged
1/11/24 3/5/24
How welcomed do you feel by your peers and teachers at junior high?
- Very Welcomed
- Welcomed
- Neutral
- Somewhat Unwelcomed
- Unwelcomed
1/11/24 3/5/24
Are you able to keep up with the demands and expectations of junior high school?
- Always
- Often
- Not Often
- Not at all
1/11/24 3/5/24
How would you rate your overall experience in junior high?
- Excellent: 1/11/24 (20%) and 3/5/24 (30%)
- Good: 1/11/24 (37%) and 3/5/24 (45%)
- Neutral: 1/11/24 (17%) and 3/5/24 (15%)
- Fair: 1/11/24 (18%) and 3/5/24 (12%)
- Poor: 1/11/24 (10%) and 3/5/24 (1%)
Student Achievement: Meet or exceed state academic standards and develop strategies to meet graduation requirements for all students while supporting individual talents.
- State assessment training was held for District #3 staff multiple times during the month of February. Testing will begin in April, with English Language Arts, followed by Math, and Science. Testing should be completed by end of May. Building specific schedules are in process now and will be finalized in the next few days.
- Extended assessments will be done in April, with a total of five students in the district who qualify for these. These are individually administered to our students with the most significant cognitive challenges.
Communicating with Stakeholders: Communicate using a variety of means and media to keep the Board and community informed.
- Special education staff continues to work very hard at keeping lines of communication open between us and the families we work with. Aside from the meetings and progress reports, frequent phone calls, texts, and emails are also a regular part of communication protocols, as well as a strength, within the special education department.
Budget: Provide a budgetary financial plan that supports a positive learning environment, encourages academic and technological excellence and maintains or improves district facilities.
- We have been working as a staff to identify areas in our program that we need to put additional funding towards. Currently staff is working to identify new curriculum that will support our small group learners K-12.
Safe and Secure Schools: Provide a welcoming culture where students are safe and cared for while maintaining the rigor expected of our students.
- Our staff at the high school has been working towards making Room 6 (separate setting classroom) safe for our high needs’ students. Adding in furniture and learning tools that support the needs of the students in that room.
**District Wide Caseload**
| Category | Count |
|------------------------|-------|
| Humbolt 504 | 6 |
| GU 504 | 17 |
| GU IEP | 44 |
| Humbolt IEP | 54 |
| Seneca IEP | 1 |
| Students in Evaluation | 5 |
**SPED Staff**
| Category | FTE |
|----------------|-------|
| Admin | 1 |
| Support Staff | .5 |
| Certified | 5 |
| Classified | 14.5 |
February 2024 Board Report for Humbolt Elementary School
Current Enrollment: 258-up 12 students from last year
Board Priorities
- **Student Achievement**
- Students were recognized for Academic Excellence and positive character. The character trait for the month of February was Trustworthiness.
- Self-Manager badges, Jr. Self-Manager badges, PBIS rewards, Running Club prizes, and 100 Book Club trophies were presented during Afternoon Assembly.
- The GU Protractors took 3rd place in the MathCounts competition, and 6th grader Arte McKnab took 7th place overall!
- Conducted ongoing training in Reading and Math Intervention curriculum, assessment and data management, and acceleration protocols to Title IA staff.
- Our curriculum team has selected Twig Science for this year’s science adoption. This curriculum includes trade books and leveled readers, PreK materials, digital content, and a fast-track option to cover all material in a four-day school week.
- **Communicating with Stakeholders**
- We continue to update information on Facebook and the website regularly.
- Newsletters are sent to staff weekly.
- Family communication through ClassTag, newsletters, and School Messenger.
- Continuing to develop relationships with Senior Citizens for intergenerational activities.
- Families and community members were invited to our Green Eggs and Ham breakfast followed by book reading in classrooms on Read Across America Day.
- Mrs. Raschio and I met with preschool providers to plan for incoming 2024-2025 kindergarteners.
- **Budget**
- We are working on building level budgets to reconcile this year and project needs for next year.
- Wants and Needs lists will be shared with staff this month.
- **Safe and Secure Schools**
- Student clubs that focus on physical and mental health include Running Club and Crochet Club.
- Door knobs and locks were replaced throughout campus.
- Character trait of the month: Citizenship-going over daily in class and during Assembly.
- Teachers are using Community Circle and other Restorative Justice strategies with positive results.
- Advantage Dental provided dental services students.
- The March Safety Drill was held on March 5th. The Spring Bus Evacuation Drill will be held on March 20th.
Recent/Upcoming Events
- 2/23: Friday School; Ninja Night
- 3/1: Preschool Providers’ Meeting
- 3/4: Dental Screenings; Staff Meeting
- 3/5: Dental Screenings
- 3/7: Read Across America Day
- 3/8: EOU Educators’ Job Fair
- 3/9: Oregon Battle of the Books Regional Competition
- 3/11: February Academic Student of the Month Awards
- 3/14: 100th Day of School
- 3/14: Family STEM Night
- 3/15: Teacher Work Day; Staff Meeting
- 3/22-3/31: Spring Break
- 4/1: March Character of the Month Awards
- 4/1: March Character of the Month Awards; Staff Mtg. @ 3:10; Leadership Team Mtg.
- 4/5: Grading Day
- 4/8-4/10: 5th Grade Science Testing; March Academic Awards
- 4/11-4/12: Parent-Teacher Conferences
February 2024 Board Report
Seneca Elementary School
Enrollment 02/29/2024: 11
Board Priorities
Student Achievement
- All students continue to increase their IXL scores
- February’s students of the month announced on March 5th
- Fourth and Fifth graders are finishing their Oregon Trail unit
Communicating with Stakeholders
- We continue to update information on Facebook regularly
- CTE collaboration with local ranchers
Safe and Secure Schools
- Held fire drill on 2/27
- New security door system is working well
Recent/Upcoming Events
- PTA Valentine’s Party on 2/14
- Announced on 3/5, student-of-the-month for February were Hannah Hendrix-Lawrence and Quentin Graves! Congrats!
- 3/16 Seneca PTA Bingo Fun Night
Humbolt Child Care Center
329 N Humbolt St | Canyon City, OR 97820-6123
Phone: (541) 575-1280 Ext: 3155
Monthly Report | February 2024
Director Hired | Care Services Began:
- **Director Hired:** April 2023 to license and operate child care facility | **Care Began:** August 21st, 2023
Staff Report: (7)
- Director (1) | Trina Fell
- Teachers (3) | Ashley & Cassi & Sophia
- Teacher’s Assistants (3)| Brilynn, Bryanna, Stacey (Part Time)
Enrollment: (17)
- Breakdown of Children Enrolled
- School Age: 2 (Fridays)
- Preschool: 6
- Toddlers: 4
- Infants: 6
Financial Report | this report is a rough draft | banking financial ledgers will be ready at a later date:
- Income: $11,160.00
- Payroll: <$28,383.74>
- Expenses: <$ 445.75>
- Bottom Line: <$17,669.49>
Summary of Care: Current building could service max of 8 infant spots, 10 toddler spots, and 20 preschool/school age spots. This would require 8 staff (3 teachers, 3 Aides, 1 Float, 1 Director). Due to grants accepted: infant/Toddler Classrooms are Licensed by the Department of Early Learning and Care (effective August 18th 2023) and the Preschool/School Age Classroom may operate under the umbrella of the school district without being licensed by the state.
Mission Statement: Humbolt Child Care Center’s mission is to provide high quality care in a safe, interactive, and nurturing environment for children while supporting the peace of mind and scheduling needs of our communities working and educating parents. Our center strives to offer a balanced and hands on approach in supporting the social, emotional, cognitive and physical needs of each child while they work and play. Our team is intentional in their support, communication, and inclusiveness in their daily practices to help each child reach their maximum potential.
Special Note: The contents of this report are based on data and financial figures, as of the last day of the previous month.
Board of Directors:
Kris Beal | M.T. Anderson | Amy Charette, Vice Chair | Chris Labhart | Zac Bailey | Will Blood, Chair | Jake Taylor
Grant School District No. 3
03/13/2023 – 7:00PM
Board Meeting Supplements
Section 4.6:
Superintendent’s Report
District Mission Statement
Our Prospector Promise: A place for every student to feel support, achieve success, and learn respect.
District Vision Statement
A Place Where Every Prospector is Known, Empowered, and Ready for the World!
District Foundational Values
ACHIEVE EXCELLENCE by fostering an environment where respect for learning nurtures a community that thrives on curiosity, collaboration, and understanding.
RESPECT by building relationships, developing trust, and providing transparent communication.
COMMUNITY by honoring traditions, strengthening partnerships, serving others, and where every student is known.
PREPARATION by individualized guidance to prepare each student for their unique path.
Tagline
TAG LINE IDENTIFIED BY A 10:12 VOTE:
Where your future begins!
District Goals
GOAL NO. 1:
Recruit, train and retain staff, able to implement, adjust and achieve excellence!
GOAL NO. 2:
Create a student focused environment where each student is known and prepared for success in life!
GOAL NO. 3:
Positive perceptions, community ownership and support for our district’s facility improvements!
Goal One:
Train, retain and recruit staff, able to implement, adjust and achieve excellence.
1) **Indicator – Train**: Create and implement cohesive and consistent structures for training and supporting staff and improve orientation and onboarding for incoming staff.
a. **Measure**: By February 2025, the district will present a document including new teacher onboarding and orientation process, and structured systems for training all staff classifications, including: teachers, instructional assistants, Special Education (SpEd), Title, secretaries, custodians and nutrition staff.
2) **Indicator – Retain**: Develop a culture where staff members are known and work in a positive and supportive work environment that supports staff mental, physical and emotional well being while being well compensated with wages and benefits. This includes: All Schools including Humbolt Child Care Center; acknowledge new staff through various means including email, social media and recognition at staff orientation.
a. **Measure**: By February 2025 the district staff retention rate will be 94%.
3) **Indicator – Recruit**: Source talent from schools and community and highlight the opportunities and benefits working with Grant School District No. 3 (radio, job fairs, social media, website, video, Etc.)
a. **Measure**: By February 2025, the district will present a document that lists the recruiting efforts that have taken place.
Goal Two:
Create a student focused environment where each student is known and prepared for success in life.
1) **Indicator**: Create a student success plan for every student
a. **Measure 1**: Build/Develop a framework that ensures student success plans are updated annually K-12.
b. **Measure 2**: K-12 staff build grade level templates for grade appropriate student success plans.
c. **Measure 3**: By the end of 2024/2025 SY every student will have a success plan that outlines their interests, goals, pathways and resume to include such items as sports participation, awards, community service, work experience, etc. The parent/guardian will have the opportunity to review and provide input into their students’ success plan.
2) **Indicator**: Research based Executive Functioning * training for ALL STAFF.
a. **Measure 1**: Monthly staff-wide communication Email on executive functioning provided to all staff.
b. **Measure 2**: By January 2025 we will identify curriculum and Professional Development (PD) which will be placed on a PD calendar.
c. **Measure 3**: Complete one Executive Functioning Skill training by April 2025
* Executive Functioning: A set of skills that underlie the capacity to plan ahead and meet goals, display self-control, follow multiple-step directions even when interrupted, and stay focused despite distractions, among others. Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University
3) **Indicator:** Provide Equitable access to knowledge of opportunities, options and pathways including Career Technical Education (CTE).
a. **Measure 1:** The District will create a working document of all opportunities available to students at grades 5/6, 7/8, 9/10, 11/12 which will be presented to the students at the review of their annual success plan. Additional requests for opportunities will be created to reasonably meet the needs of students as it relates to the success plan.
b. **Measure 2:** Create Flexibility in master schedules that allow for student choice and option.
c. **Measure 3:** Update calendar of events on website → Administrators will develop Standard Operating Procedures around getting events posted.
d. **Measure 4:** Mandatory grade orientation for every student and parent. (grades: K, 7, 9 and 12)
4) **Indicator:** Create welcoming, inclusive spaces for all students
a. **Measure 1:** Develop a survey to gather student information in September 2024
b. **Measure 2:** Complete survey no later than November 2024
c. **Measure 3:** Make indoor/outdoor welcoming spaces at all three schools taking into account student survey
d. **Measure 4:** Develop common behavioral expectations for common spaces in all buildings
5) **Indicator:** Continue to expand opportunities for all students
a. **Measure 1:** By June 2024 create a survey to gather information about what clubs/activities students participated in and what they might want for next year, with potentially providing transportation
b. **Measure 2:** By March 2025 the district will provide multiple opportunities that will attract 95% of our student body, striving to pique the unique interest of each student
c. **Measure 3:** Provide student opportunities on Fridays
d. **Measure 4:** Provide research-based summer learning opportunities for students
**Goal Three:**
Provide positive perceptions, community ownership and support for our district’s facility improvements!
1) **Indicator:** Staff and students create and maintain welcoming environments and connections for families and the broader community to support positive relationships and student learning.
a. **Measure:** Surveys and parent input nights. (i.e. Q1: survey (Aug/Sept); Q3: Parent Input Night, and evaluate feedback to improve future outcomes).
2) **Indicator:** Identify and prioritize key school documents and communications (i.e.: curriculum maps, school websites, Integrated Guidance Plan, parent involvement plan, and student/parent handbook) that foster positive perceptions and community ownership that are annually reviewed for revision, disseminated to all families in the school, and translated as needed.
a. **Measure:** End of year checklist
3) **Indicator:** School leadership includes families and community partnerships on decision-making for school initiatives, facilities and safety.
a. **Measure:** Documentation of community and family input.
4) **Indicator:** School staff will maintain social media linked across platforms with positive messaging with real-time updates.
a. **Measure:** Weekly updates
5) **Indicator:** The District will prioritize Capital Improvements and seek appropriate funding to complete projects.
a. **Measure 1:** Develop and maintain prioritized list of projects needed
b. **Measure 2:** Establish estimated project timeline
c. **Measure 3:** Identify and pursue funding sources
Grant School District No. 3
03/13/2024 – 7:00PM
Board Meeting Supplements
Section 5:
Consent Agenda
1) PRELIMINARY BUSINESS:
1.1 Call to order: 7:00PM
1.1.1 Board Attendance: 7 : 7
1.2 Pledge of Allegiance
1.3 Agenda Review/ Approved | AC/MTA/unanimous
2) RECOGNITION: Starting March 2024 – Stay Tuned!/ Business Partner Recognition
3) PUBLIC COMMENTS | 3-MINUTE LIMIT: 0
3.1 Public Forum:
4) REPORTS:
4.1 Grant Union Student Body:
4.1.1 FBLA Report | Maddie Bailey/ Full Report – Go to: https://www.grantschooldistrict.org/schoolboard / Under: “Board Meeting minutes”/ See: “02/21 Board Meeting Minutes | Bailey/Addendum 1”
4.1.2 FFA Report | Monel Anderson/ Full Report – Go to: https://www.grantschooldistrict.org/schoolboard / Under: “Board Meeting minutes”/ See: “02/21 Board Meeting Minutes | Anderson/Addendum 2”
4.2 Financial/Business Manager/ mje *
4.2.1 See: 02/21/2024 Board Meeting Packet – Addendum 1/3 | Financial Report – January 2024
4.2.2 Financial Resolution: (See Section: 6.1)
4.3 Current Enrollment | Average Daily Membership (ADM) Reporting) as of: 01/31/2024/jm *
4.4 Current Staffing/JY/jm
4.4.1 GU = 39
4.4.2 HES = 45
4.4.3 SES = 4
4.4.4 HCCC = 6
4.5 Administrator’s Reports:
4.5.1 Jay Hummel | GU *
4.5.2 Andy L | GU *
4.5.3 Shanna N | SpEd *
4.5.4 Janine A | Humbolt *
4.5.5 Tina M | Seneca *
4.5.6 Trina Fell, Director | Humbolt Child Care Center (HCCC) *
4.6 Superintendent’s Report/ mw
4.6.1 Superintendent Evaluation/ All turned in: 7:7
4.6.2 Update: Humboldt Child Care Center/ Our Humboldt Child Care Center is doing absolutely fantastic work. But if we can leverage and get multiple entities to pull together all with the same systems, the same behavioral pieces, the same expectations and then the connectivity and communication between groups would really value-add to that experience for that early learning group of three, four, five-year-olds as well as their families.
4.6.3 Update: Business Manager Position/ Following a lengthy discussion about this position, as well as the interviewing team’s process for the candidates that were interviewed, the team came back to wanting to continue a contract with Mary Jo Evers. Mary Jo has reported hiring additional staff members for her main office in Ontario, Oregon, to keep up with the current demands, as they surface. The board gave a consensus for Mr. Witty to engage in developing a contract with Ms. Mary Jo Evers LLC.
4.6.4 Update: Strategic Planning Process/ Mark Witty will finalize the strategic planning process and share the document with the board for review. Mr. Witty will send the full document containing foundational values, vision, strategic goals, performance indicators, and measurements to the board for review after the 29th, with an opportunity for changes to be made at the meeting on the 13th.
4.6.5 Set date: Contract Negotiations/ Mark will follow up with classified staff for contract negotiation dates.
4.6.6 Set Date: Work Session Week of March 18, 2024/ 03/20/2024 | 5:30 PM Dinner | 6:00 PM; ZB by Zoom
4.6.7 Interim Behavioral Interventionist | Colleen Lindley/ Collen Lindley has signed a personal services contract to finish out the year at Grant Union. She will be working two days a week.
5) CONSENT AGENDA:
5.1 Recommend Approving 01/17/2024 Board Meeting Minutes
5.2 Recommend Accepting New Hires: (3)
5.2.1 Stephanie DeBoer | Behavioral Interventionist | GU (permanent)
5.2.2 Kyle Erickson | Custodian | GU
5.2.3 Catrina Gabbard | Promotion to Lead Office Specialist | Humbolt
5.2.4 Sophia Morris | Child Care Teacher | Humbolt Child Care Center
5.3 Recommend Accepting Resignations: (2)
5.3.1 Kassi Helmricks | Title 1 Teacher | Humbolt | Last day: 06/30/2024
5.3.2 Ferdinand Mordeno | Cook’s Helper 1 | Humbolt/GU | Last day: 02/15/2024
5.4 Recommend Accepting Employment Position Transfer: (1)
5.4.1 Amy Hunt | Title 1 Teacher | Humbolt
5.5 Recommend Adopting Policies | 03/2023 & 08/2023 OSBA Guidance (first reading: 02/21/2024):
5.5.1 BFG: Board Policy Review | for Board Process/review only
5.5.2 BFC: Adoption and Revision of Policies | for Board Process/review only
5.5.3 DID Property Inventories
5.5.4 IGBB Talented and Gifted Program and/or Services
5.5.5 IGBBA Talented and Gifted Students – Identification
5.5.6 IGBAH Special Education – Evaluation Procedures
5.5.7 IGBAB/JO Education Records/Records of Student with Disabilities
5.5.8 IGBAJ Special Education – Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
5.5.9 IGBA Students with Disabilities – Child Identification Procedures
5.5.10 IGBBA-AR Appeal Procedure for Talented and Gifted Student Identification and Placement
5.5.11 Please see: 02/21/2024 Board Meeting Packet – Addendum 3/3 | Policies | First Reading
5.6 Approval Consent Agenda (Section: 5): Motion: CL; Second: KB; Unanimous: 7:7
6) NEW BUSINESS:
6.1 Business | Financial Resolution(s) (See Section: 4.2.3):
6.1.1 1)
126.96.36.199 Motion: CL; Second: AC; Unanimous: 7:7
6.2 Grant County ESD | 024/2025 Local Service Plan – Executive Summary
6.3 Grant County ESD Resolution of Services Contract | Counseling Services Contract
6.3.1 Board Approval | Services Contract:
188.8.131.52 Motion: MTA; Second: AC; Unanimous: 7:7
6.3.2 Board Approval | Counseling Services Contract:
184.108.40.206 Motion: AC; Second: KB; Unanimous: 7:7
6.4 Update Construction Projects
6.4.1 Capitol Projects – Action Items/ ng *
220.127.116.11 1) GUHS HVAC: Motion: CL; Second: JT; Unanimous: 7:7
18.104.22.168 2) GUHS Commons: → Deleted for future presentation following further negotiation
6.4.2 Project Updates/ ng *
7) FUTURE CALENDAR DATES | 2024 | ALL Meetings are held at District Office, unless otherwise specified:
7.1.1 02/21 – Board Meeting | 7:00PM
7.1.2 03/13 – Board Meeting/Executive Session| 6:00PM
7.1.3 03/13 – Board Meeting | 7:00PM
7.1.4 03/20 – Board Meeting/Work Session | 5:30PM
7.1.5 03/20 – Board Meeting/Special Session | 7:00PM
7.1.6 04/17 – Board Meeting | 7:00PM | Seneca Elementary School Gymnasium
8) BOARD REPORTS:
8.1 M.T.A: Congratulations to RC and to all of our student athletes. We’ve got multiple student athletes that go in different directions. I enjoyed Maddie and Monel tonight. It’s always inspiring to me to see young people that can stand up and speak to people confidently and not just mumble.
8.2 AC: Thank you, as always, for the comprehensive reports from the administrators. I appreciate that. And thanks to Miss Bailey and Miss Anderson for their input tonight. It was really neat to see them speak.
8.3 CL: I’d like to personally thank the person outside the district that sent a letter to our district letting us know that Grant Union, at the district tournament, was an awesome school – they didn’t have to write that letter. Fully out of the blue, I appreciated our students and adults.
8.4 ZB: Mark calls me once every other week, probably, and gives me an update on some project he’s working on. I often don’t always agree with Mark and tell him why I don’t agree, but I appreciate that he listens to me. I guess when Maddie was talking about her desire to be a leader, I guess I kind of, in my mind, wondered if she knew what that meant, I guess, and started working through the qualities of a leader, and I think...
that, for me, is number one. I appreciate Mark’s willingness to listen, and he also has some foresight into taking into account how it’s going to affect not only our students and our teachers, but our community.
WB: I want to echo M.T.: R.C. named Coach of the Year for our league – that was awesome. Sportsmanship award was awesome. I was lucky enough to drive those kids up to Pendleton on the minibus – it was awesome. Monel and Maddie’s presentations were awesome. I was just blown away. It was great. The confidence was great.
JT: We received the sportsmanship award. Coincidentally, I was not there. I had something to do with that by not participating, but that’s great to hear that they did so well up there from RC to the sportsmanship award for the team to be recognized as a school within our conferences is huge in a positive way for sure. And then these young ladies that come up here and talk about leadership, and I wish I would have known at that point in my life how important leadership was in a classroom, let alone on a field or a court, because leadership, especially in a young person, they probably don’t realize how much influence they have on not only young kids, but also adults such as myself. That takes a lot to stand up here and talk in front of us, and I sure appreciate all of it.
Superintendent Witty mentioned: Today, we sent four young ladies to play state wrestling, and we sent four young men to go outside of school. So that’s a great accomplishment. Got to go see them sent off, they had a great time. I’m super excited about Friday, going down to Humboldt and seeing the basketball team go by Humboldt. I’m super excited about seeing what that looks like, the rest of the teams did great.
WB: I’ll piggyback on that Humboldt comment. Last spring, in a work capacity, we led the escort of the softball team out of town, and we drove by Humboldt, and then I was involved in the escort today, and we drove by Humboldt. [The sidewalk was] lined with all these kids, they’re jumping, they’re yelling, they’re screaming, they’re holding signs, they’re waving. And it was it was by far the best part of the trip. I texted Janine today and said that was awesome. So those kids can get involved because I’m driving by and I’m seeing all that. And I know there’s kids on that sidewalk just dreaming about their chance to compete as a prospector. So if you guys don’t have anything going on, even on Friday, go to Humbolt and watch it.
9) TOTAL IN ATTENDANCE:
9.1 In Person: 8
9.2 Via Zoom: 4
10) ADJOURNED: 8:39PM
Meeting Summary | Read Al:
The meeting covered a range of topics, including updates on financial matters, enrollment figures, and personnel matters. The resolution to change banking authority from U.S. Bank to the Bank of Eastern Oregon was discussed, with specific updates made after discussions with the new bank. The meeting also addressed plans to recognize a community or business partner at the next board meeting for their exceptional support of the school district.
The meeting featured detailed reports from the Grand Union Student Body FBLA and SSA chapters, highlighting the importance of Career Technical Student Organizations (CTSOs) and the impact of FBLA on students’ personal and professional growth. The discussion revolved around the critical need for agricultural education at a young age, emphasizing the importance of introducing agricultural-based programs in elementary schools to provide comprehensive education about agriculture’s broader impact on society.
The financial business manager shared substantial progress in reconciling bank accounts and addressing fixed assets for the upcoming audit. The section of the meeting revolved around the detailed analysis of enrollment figures, shedding light on the decline in total enrollment and the specific changes at various centers. The conversation also delved into the shift towards personalized education, emphasizing the need to adapt to the increasing demand for personalization in the educational system.
The meeting covered a range of updates, including the progress of seventh graders, the superintendent’s evaluation, the Humboldt Child Care Center, the selection of a new business manager, and the strategic planning process. The section provides an update on the strategic planning process, with the speaker highlighting the active involvement of staff members and the upcoming meeting with the strategic planning committee. The updates and resolutions section of the meeting delves into various personnel matters, including a voluntary transfer request and the adoption of the agenda.
Board Packet posted on district web site at: https://grantsd3.schoolsites.com/
Grant School District No.3 does not discriminate in employment, educational programs and activities, on the basis of race, national origin, color, creed, religion, gender, gender identification, sexual orientation or associational preference, age, disability, veteran status. The District also affirms its commitment to providing equal opportunities and equal access to its facilities. For additional information or assistance contact the District office at: (541)575-1280 | 401 N Canyon City Blvd, Canyon City, OR 97820-6111. For telecommunications relay services for the deaf, hearing or speech impaired call 1(800)735-2900 – thank you!
Grant School District No. 3
PLEASE SIGN IN
BOARD MEETING
District Office Board Room
DATE: 05/01/2024 TIME: 7:00 PM
CHECK HERE if you wish to address the Board during Public Forum.
(3-Minute Limit) NAME (please print) TOWN REPRESENTING
☐ Cori Anderson Izzie
☐ Monal Anderson Trace
☐ Cody Wilson MTV
☐ Shanna Norwong John Day
☐ Kalli Wilson John Day
☐ Maddie Bailey Canyon City
☐ Jay Hummel GY
☐ Haley Walker CC
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Sign in Board Meeting
Revised 05/02/2023
Grant School District No. 3
02/21/2024 – 7:00PM
Board Meeting Minutes | Addendum 2
FFA Presentation | Section: 4.1.2
by: Monel Anderson
“What were your thoughts while drinking milk? What about the last time you brushed your teeth or even drove a car? I know that for myself, it was nothing out of the ordinary, just a normal day. In all reality, it was so much more than that. According to Live Kindly, nearly all of American youth don't know where chocolate milk comes from, and still believe it comes from brown cows. But imagine if those youth Americans were educated beforehand. Sorry to tell them. There is constant advocacy all around the world for kids to have healthy diets and learn about their nutrition at a young age.
Michelle Obama had a Let's Move campaign that was all about implementing healthy diets and food bacteria. Although the idea and concept is terrific, I feel it is missing a very large part. Where is the nutrition we are pushing for coming from? During the next few minutes, I challenge you to inform yourself on how this problem started, solutions to fixing it, and I hope to acquire your support on applying our cultural-based programs in elementary schools. Let's start by examining the problem.
Young people nowadays are not required to take our cultural-based classes and therefore lack crucial knowledge. This may appear as a non-issue to some, but the young people today are the future of agriculture. Whether you realize it or not, we all play a role in that, both indirectly and directly. You may not want anything to do with that, and your career path may not connect directly to that, and that is perfectly fine. With that being said, there is a saying that goes, if you like to eat, then you have to like agriculture.
And this couldn't be closer to the truth. If I didn't grow up in an agricultural lifestyle, I most likely would not think about where my food comes from either, nor would I think that I played a very large role in our daily lives. But I have seen firsthand the impact of agriculture. Interactive ways all humans play a role in ag, as simple as purchasing items at the grocery store. When you purchase these items, you're helping keep multiple businesses running, including the grocery store, the transportation company, the manufacturer, and the other important agriculturists.
This could be a large scale producer or even a small family operated farm. Either way, it keeps our society running and our economic cycle alive.
Now that we've examined the importance of being involved in agriculture, let's take a look at challenges facing ag education at a young age.
The problem starts with the lack of support slash funding for ag in the classroom. According to Beef Magazine, due to tight budgets, strict requirements, and underpaid and overworked teachers, agricultural education often gets dropped from schools and museums, leaving a
gaping hole in students' education where they can learn important practical lessons that will benefit them throughout their adult lives. However, this problem does not just root from lack of funding.
It also comes from misunderstanding. When you hear the word agriculture, what images go through your head? Farming and livestock are the most common. From supply of food, as we discussed earlier, to providing jobs, Ag is so much more than the stereotypical cows and plows that most know it as. With a lack of prior knowledge, as well as preconceptions, people are unaware of everything else agriculture has to offer, making the Agency non-existent. Many administrators and community leaders who come from big cities, where Ag is no big deal, are probably to blame for not looking at the importance of this new property.
When, or if, they relocate to more rural areas, they don't see a need for it, especially in elementary school. It all comes down to advocating the need for agricultural education at a young age, and it all starts right here with you. To end these misconceptions about the ag industry, we need to start teaching youth about all agricultural software and how it affects us. To do this, we can add agricultural-based programs in elementary schools. University of Florida says we need youth to understand what food security looks like worldwide.
So when their time comes, they can help to feed more than a billion people. How early is too early? After hearing this, you're probably thinking, it's impossible. What can a third grader do to help the American population? Are they really going to learn skills at such a young age that will help them in the long run? The answer is yes. Every skill they learn today, they'll build a better tomorrow. They are the future of our culture, and someone still have to teach them. A simple start in this big project is the Ivy Aggie classroom, otherwise known as AITC programs.
AITC programs can guide teachers and students through field trips, workshops, conferences, farm tours, and so much more. It gives them lessons to follow in math, science, and even arts. This program gets kids excited about our culture and teaches them without them even realizing it. Having a classroom isn't the only way that we can start to introduce our cultural education at a younger age. Another path schools can take is to work with the local education. For example, at my school, we were part of the grant to build a greenhouse and chicken coop.
With this new addition, we plan on working with our elementary school to help teach them more about agriculture with an in-depth, hands-on approach. How early is too early.
This will not only introduce our younger kids to Ag, but also serve as an improvement opportunity and career exploration base for our high school age students. Now a question you may still have is, will this work?
When we add agricultural-based programs to elementary schools, it will work because it will
give our youth a foundation to build on. How early is too early? Beef Magazine says, it's simple. Keep agriculture in schools and it will guide our kids, strengthen them with their learning, and offer experiences outside the classroom. To make teaching core subjects more enjoyable for teachers and students alike. If students learn how society functions and the value of hard work at a young age, then they'll be better prepared for adulthood.
We all know that kids have the best imaginations. As adults, we can help keep those imaginations alive and use for engaged learning. I'm sure you've all heard the ___. For those of you who may have not, there are both large organizations that are involved in agriculture and leadership. However, both these organizations require a large amount of funding. You as a community member can help. You can donate money to those organizations or your time and resources based on what you own and your availability and knowledge.
If you own a local farm or business, you can invite kids to come in and use your place as a resource to learn. When I was in elementary school, we would go and visit local ranches and it was always such a great opportunity for getting hands-on learning experiences.
Finally, you can volunteer your own time. Whether it's helping out in the classroom or teaching a lesson. There is no right or wrong way as long as you're putting your best efforts into it. When you wake up in the morning, brush your teeth, take a sip of chocolate milk, or even drive a car. Take a minute to think about where these things are from and how your life would be without them. Think about how you know these things to be true. You don't really want your kids thinking that chocolate milk comes from a brown cow.
It is never too early to start learning about what truly drives our future. Our social education is essential at every age.”
AUDIENCE ACCOLADES FOR MONEL ANDERSON AND MADDIE BAILEY:
“Monel Anderson, I'm really impressed with your ability to stand up and give a public speech and to memorize it to that extent. How much work, how much time does it take to get prepared to the level you are? There has been a lot of preparation. There's a lot of the drive home back and forth. My other question is, you know the agricultural programs are really important to the board and to myself. I just see them as really quality CTE program, as is FBLA. What are you going to do to try to encourage younger elementary or even junior high students to get involved a little bit in the FFA?
It's not just FFA, right? It's classroom FFA project and then the contest. But what can you do to help us get that word out? Well, we've been trying to open different contests and even our state mentioned we want to open it to our junior high kids so they can go with us, to see what that's like at a younger age. So then once they get into high school, they want to be involved more, and they can be officers and promote it even more. And we have done one game night so far, but we want to do more to get those kids involved, to get them encouraged with the program.
I really appreciate the FBLA and FFA, you know, the opportunities for leadership and just hands-on learning have just been incredible. You knew my brother and I were almost opposites, really. But we both went through a program like that. And we both gained tremendous opportunities because we saw the spectrum of what you're interested in can be covered in that BLM. My pitch is get involved. It's a great program. These are great programs to get involved in.
I have a comment: Miss Anderson and Miss Bailey, bravo. You both well-paced, you both spoke up excellently. The presentations were amazing, as was the information. We really appreciate it. [I have a question for M.T.] How many times has he heard that speech? Not too many. Anybody else? Well, I appreciate what you're doing and what you're talking about. It was exactly what my household was full of in those young kids. So don't be surprised if you don't see a couple of my kids run up and greet you and talk to you, but you're exactly right.
They need, I probably take it for granted because I raised my kids in the same world that you're being raised in and probably don't promote it as much. If anything, it's something they might avoid, that lifestyle or whatever. But seeing people like you in the buildings, that's what my kids are going to So I want you to know that your actions, your time, all that stuff is going to be appreciated by people like me, because my kids will look up to you probably more than they do me. So keep that in mind. Everybody's watching. Very good presentation. Thank you both.”
Grant School District No. 3
02/21/2024 – 7:00PM
Board Meeting Minutes | Addendum 1
FBLA Presentation | Section: 4.1.1
by: Maddie Bailey
“My name is Maddie Bailey, and I'm currently serving as the FBLA Oregon State President, as well as the Grant Union FBLA President. I'm super excited to be here tonight. One of the most unique parts about this opportunity is that February is National CTSO Month, which means that nationally, thousands of students are celebrating the fact that they get to be a part of CTE. For those of you who don't know, CTSO stands for Career Technical Student Organization.
These organizations line up perfectly with CTE curriculum and help students find success both in the classroom and apart from it with their peers. Recently we've had a lot of success, including our Regional Competition, which was in La Grande at the beginning of the month. Every single one of our competitors qualified for state and we had seven first place wins. I cannot tell you how proud I am of these individuals for all their hard work and dedication, which is why I wanted to emphasize the importance of CTSOs. I truly believe that as students work together and network within these organizations, they give themselves a better advantage in life as they go forward and take the next step, whether that be towards college or towards another path. FBLA doesn't just build business leaders, it helps train people to be prepared for the next step, whether that's college or a trade.
We're super excited after our Regional Conference to attend the State Conference, which is in April. We're currently working on fundraising, and we have several ongoing fundraisers. We are grateful for everything that we've been given over the past year, including the opportunity to go to Atlanta, Georgia and compete at nationals.
Does anyone have any questions?
QUESTION: What are some of the competitions we won first place in at Regionals?
ANSWER: I competed with a team of three people in sales presentation. It was Logan Randleas, Eliza Bailey and myself and we took first place. I also competed in Organizational Leadership, which I also took first in. Abbie Justice took first in Hospitality and Event Management and Medical Administration. Benji Finley took first in Help Desk. Vincent Raffia took first in Business Law.
QUESTION: Ms. Bailey, we get an eighth grader coming in the ninth grade. And what would your pitch be to that ninth grader as to why they should get involved in their school, but specifically FBLA? What do you think you're gaining from this experience?
ANSWER: That is actually something I'm really passionate about. I joined FBLA as a 7th grader when we still had a middle school program, so that's something I'm definitely interested in bringing back to our school. I joined in 7th grade, and 7th grade is a hard time for a lot of people. The same is true for 9th grade, you really need to find a community or a niche to fit into. I feel like that's what FBLA was for me, and that's why I'm such a passionate leader within it now. It has given me opportunities to grow. Aside from all of the things you learn, and aside from all of the business and leadership education, it gives you a place to fit in and gives you
someone every Wednesday to sit at lunch, a group of friends to be with. Even if you are only a seventh grader, you get to go hang out with seniors who like lead you and help you become a stronger individual.
QUESTION: Compared to other FBLA schools, are we pretty small?
ANSWER: Oregon has a lot of small school FBLA chapters. This year we've grown exponentially compared to last year. We have 10 members this year and last year we only had four. We are growing, but we are small. It was really fun to see at Regional Competition that comparatively, we probably had as many first-places wins as La Grande or some of the bigger schools. That's what amazes me.
BOARD MEMBER COMMENT: You're the state president, right? Not Eastern Oregon, not one or two A schools, but the state president. Somebody should be pretty proud of us.
QUESTION: I have one more question. When you self-reflect, what do you think are the skills that you've been able to learn and acquire through FBLA that are going to help propel you into your future life? What have you learned?
ANSWER: One of the biggest things that I found about myself through FBLA is that I love leadership. That's something that has driven me and before I became a member of FBLA I didn't understand that. Now my plan is to go into business leadership and find a home in that area. I want to lead people. I've found my passion and that doesn't mean that that's the passion you have to find within FBLA. We have events from graphic design to business law to sales presentation. The spread is so diverse that if you come into FBLA looking to learn something or to grow as a person, it will shape you. And that doesn't mean that it has to follow the same regimen or rules for who you are. Thank you.”
“Monel Anderson, I’m really impressed with your ability to stand up and give a public speech and to memorize it to that extent. How much work, how much time does it take to get prepared to the level you are? There has been a lot of preparation. There’s a lot of the drive home back and forth. My other question is, you know the agricultural programs are really important to the board and to myself. I just see them as really quality CTE program, as is FBLA. What are you going to do to try to encourage younger elementary or even junior high students to get involved a little bit in the FFA?
It’s not just FFA, right? It’s classroom FFA project and then the contest. But what can you do to help us get that word out? Well, we’ve been trying to open different contests and even our state mentioned we want to open it to our junior high kids so they can go with us, to see what that’s like at a younger age. So then once they get into high school, they want to be involved more, and they can be officers and promote it even more. And we have done one game night so far, but we want to do more to get those kids involved, to get them encouraged with the program.
I really appreciate the FBLA and FFA, you know, the opportunities for leadership and just hands-on learning have just been incredible. You knew my brother and I were almost opposites, really. But we both went through a program like that. And we both gained tremendous opportunities because we saw the spectrum of what you’re interested in can be covered in that BLM. My pitch is get involved. It’s a great program. These are great programs to get involved in.
I have a comment: Miss Anderson and Miss Bailey, bravo. You both well-paced, you both spoke up excellently. The presentations were amazing, as was the information. We really appreciate it. [I have a question for M.T.] How many times has he heard that speech? Not too many. Anybody else? Well, I appreciate what you’re doing and what you’re talking about. It was exactly what my household was full of in those young kids. So don’t be surprised if you don’t see a couple of my kids run up and greet you and talk to you, but you’re exactly right.
They need, I probably take it for granted because I raised my kids in the same world that you’re being raised in and probably don’t promote it as much. If anything, it’s something they might avoid, that lifestyle or whatever. But seeing people like you in the buildings, that’s what my kids are going to So I want you to know that your actions, your time, all that stuff is going to be appreciated by people like me, because my kids will look up to you probably more than they do me. So keep that in mind. Everybody’s watching. Very good presentation. Thank you both.”
PERSONNEL SELECTION FORM
APPLICANT SELECTED: Justin Lieuallen
POSITION: Principal Grant Union JR/SR High School
*FIRST DAY OF WORK: August 1, 2024
WORK HOURS PER DAY: _______
# APPLICATIONS RECEIVED: 2
# PERSONS INTERVIEWED: 2
EXPERIENCE: 6 years as Principal and Director
EDUCATION: Administrative Educational Leadership
NAMES OF REFERENCES CHECKED: Keith Ussery, Andy Ballando, Laura Peirce-Cummings
DISCLOSURE RELEASE FORMS (LICENSED STAFF ONLY) SUBMITTED TO HR: ☒ YES ☐ No
NAMES OF ALL PERSONS ON INTERVIEW COMMITTEE:
Janine Attlesperger, JJ Collier, Kris Beal, MT Anderson
Jason Miller, Sonna Smith Mark Witty
NAMES OF ALL PERSONS INTERVIEWED:
Shanna Northwary Justin Lieuallen
NAME OF EMPLOYEE FORMERLY HOLDING POSITION: Jay Hummel, Interim Principal SY 2023-24
REASON FOR LEAVING: ☐ RETIRED ☐ RESIGNED ☐ TERMINATED ☐ NEW POSITION
DATE OF NOTICE OF POSITION: ___________ DATE APPLICATIONS CLOSED: February 15, 2024
CLASSIFICATION (select one): ☐ CLASSIFIED ☐ LICENSED ☒ ADMINISTRATOR
☐ CONFIDENTIAL ☐ COACH ☐ EXTRA DUTY
LANE: _______ STEP/YEARS: 6 SALARY: 128,780 (select one) ☐ Hourly
☐ Annually ☐ Season
☐ Contract issued
☒ RECOMMENDED TO THE BOARD FOR HIRE DATE OF BOARD APPROVAL: ___________
*ALL CONTRACTS ARE SUBJECT TO BOARD APPROVAL AND SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS/DRUG TESTING PER DISTRICT POLICY GBED.
______________________________________ March 1, 2024
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
______________________________________ March 1, 2024
SIGNATURE OF SUPERINTENDENT
P:\Forms\Personnel Selection Form.doc
Revised: November 2017
PERSONNEL SELECTION FORM
APPLICANT SELECTED: Laney Ulrich
POSITION: Seneca Head Teacher, Primary K-2
*FIRST DAY OF WORK: 8/05/2024
WORK HOURS PER DAY: 9
# APPLICATIONS RECEIVED: 1
# PERSONS INTERVIEWED: 1
EXPERIENCE: Teacher grades K, 3rd, & 4th grades - 7 yrs; Student Teaching 1st & 5th grades
EDUCATION: University of Wyoming--BA, Elem. Ed; Casper College--AA Elem. Ed
NAMES OF REFERENCES CHECKED: Bonnie Hofland, Kristen Holden, & Valerie Brynes
DISCLOSURE RELEASE FORMS (LICENSED STAFF ONLY) SUBMITTED TO HR: □ YES □ No
NAMES OF ALL PERSONS ON INTERVIEW COMMITTEE:
Janine Attlesperger
Bre Apostol
MT Anderson
Marci Judd
NAMES OF ALL PERSONS INTERVIEWED:
NAME OF EMPLOYEE FORMERLY HOLDING POSITION: Bre Apostol
REASON FOR LEAVING: □ RETIRED □ RESIGNED □ TERMINATED □ NEW POSITION
DATE OF NOTICE OF POSITION: 2/06/2024
DATE APPLICATIONS CLOSED: 3/04/2024
CLASSIFICATION (select one): □ CLASSIFIED □ CONFIDENTIAL □ LICENSED □ ADMINISTRATOR □ COACH □ EXTRA DUTY
LANE: 6518A STEP/YEARS: 7 SALARY: 55,875 (select one) □ Hourly □ Annually □ Season
□ Contract issued
□ RECOMMENDED TO THE BOARD FOR HIRE DATE OF BOARD APPROVAL:
*ALL CONTRACTS ARE SUBJECT TO BOARD APPROVAL AND SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS/DRUG TESTING PER DISTRICT POLICY GBED.
Janine Attlesperger
Digitally signed by Janine Attlesperger
Date: 2021.07.14 11:10:07 -07'00'
SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
3/04/2024
DATE FORM COMPLETED
SIGNATURE OF SUPERINTENDENT
DATE
P:\Forms\Personnel Selection Form.doc
Revised: November 2017
March 1st, 2023
To Whom It May Concern,
I am writing this letter to formally notify you of my resignation from Grant School District #3 as the Junior High Basketball Coach.
I have been very grateful for the opportunity to work for the Grant School District. I am thankful for all the opportunities to work with such a great group of athletes and coaches.
My current career has taken me in another direction and I will not be able to coach due to these changes. I appreciate your support and understanding.
Sincerely,
Brittany Finley
Dear Mr. Lusco,
March 4, 2024
Please Accept this email as my official resignation from the Head Girls Basketball Coaching Position. Thank you for your support and I want all of the girls and parents to know that I have thoroughly enjoyed each of the last 4 seasons of coaching basketball. The time has come for me to focus on my family.
Sincerely,
Jason Miller
Grant School District No. 3
03/13/2024 – 7:00PM
Board Meeting Supplements
Section 6:
New Business
Science Textbook Adoption Proposal for Grades PK-6
Introduction: The Elementary School Curriculum Team would like to propose the adoption of new science materials. Our goal is to provide our students with engaging, standards-based, hands-on STEM resources to align PK-6 grade learning and preparation for the rigors of the high standard set at Grant Union Jr/Sr High School.
Rationale:
Outdated Resources: Our current science textbooks are outdated and uninspiring for elementary students. Our fifth grade Science State Assessment scores reflect the lack of engagement our students experience with the current curriculum. The suggested adoption will engage all learners from PK-6th grade in a comprehensive and engaging curriculum that weaves in Social Emotional Learning.
Curriculum Alignment: The proposed textbooks are aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and Oregon curriculum guidelines, ensuring coherence and consistency across grade levels. The proposed elementary selection is the most comprehensive curriculum available and aligns with the curriculum being presented for adoption by Grant Union Jr/Sr High School.
Engaging Content: Student consumable materials are engaging for all ages. The curriculum includes experiment kits for hands-on learning, video labs, leveled readers, and trade books for immersive story-based investigations.
Assessments: The curriculum includes pre-explorations, formative assessments for all lessons, summative performance tasks at all grade levels to prepare for state testing, scale benchmark assessments, and 3-D multiple-choice assessments.
Diversity and Inclusivity: The curriculum includes gender and minority examples to inspire all learners.
Accessibility: The teacher’s manuals are user-friendly and the Scope and Sequence includes options for fast track, full year, and distance learning. Digital content is included to accommodate different learning styles. Family Outreach Letters are included for all modules to extend learning beyond the classroom.
Proposed Textbooks: Humbolt and Seneca Elementary Schools are proposing Twig Science. This curriculum presents Life Science, Physical Science, and Earth Science every year and will build upon concepts from PK-6th grade.
I will be providing samples for comparison and input from stakeholders.
Stakeholder Input: Input from students, parents, board members, and community members is encouraged to ensure that the chosen materials meet the needs and expectations of all.
Decision and Adoption: Feedback will be evaluated before adoption.
Thank you,
The Elementary Curriculum Team: Janine Attlesperger, RC Huerta, Kelli LaFramboise, Carrie Sullivan, Rachael Brooks, Vanessa Houpt, and Sena Raschio
Title: Science Textbook Adoption Proposal for Grades 7-12
Introduction: As the two Grant Union Jr/Sr High teachers working on curriculum for grades 7-12, we are excited to present this proposal for the adoption of new science textbooks. Our goal is to provide our students with the most comprehensive and up-to-date resources to support their learning and preparation for future endeavors in science-related fields.
Rationale:
Outdated Resources: Our current science textbooks are outdated and do not work well with serving students online or hybrid. The current suggested adoptions would bridge that gap.
Curriculum Alignment: The proposed textbooks are aligned with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and Oregon curriculum guidelines, ensuring coherence and consistency across grade levels. Grant Union’s selections complement and continue the current curriculum being presented for adoption by Humbolt Elementary School.
Engaging Content: The textbooks incorporate interactive features, real-world examples, and multimedia resources to engage students and enhance their understanding of scientific concepts.
Diversity and Inclusivity: The textbooks include diverse perspectives, examples, and scientists. They also allow us to provide students with science in their native language.
Accessibility: Digital versions of the textbook option will accommodate different learning styles and provide accessibility options for all students.
Proposed Textbooks: At Grant Union, we are proposing two vendors for textbooks: Biology and Anatomy/Physiology from SAVVAS (previously Pearson) and McGraw Hill for Physical Science, Chemistry, Physics, Earth Science, and Life Science.
Biology: “Biology” Miller & Levine
Anatomy and Physiology: “Anatomy, Physiology & Disease” Bruce J. Colbert et al.
Physics: “Inspire Physics”
Chemistry: “Inspire Chemistry” Thansi Buthelezi et al.
Physical Science: “Inspire Physical Science” Charles W. McLaughlin et al.
Earth Science: “Inspire Earth and Space Science: Exploring Space”
Life Science; “Inspire Life Science: Interaction with Ecosystems”
I will be providing samples for comparison and input from stakeholders.
Stakeholder Input: Input from students, parents, board members, and community members is encouraged to ensure that the chosen textbooks meet the needs and expectations of all.
Decision and Adoption: Feedback will be evaluated before adoption.
Thank you, Sonna Smith, Jessica Suchorski
Grant Union Jr/Sr High Science Teachers
Cooperative Sponsorship Application Form
This coop application is incomplete. Additional information needs to be provided before this form can be submitted.
Instructions
You can check to see if you have provided all of the required information by clicking the Run Check button at the top of the form. Once you have provided all of the required information, click Submit to submit your application to the OSAA. If you have any questions, please contact OSAA Associate Director Kelly Foster, email@example.com or (503) 682-6722 x233.
Next Steps
1. Provide information for all required fields.
2. Input when your school's specific information.
3. Check your form prior to submitting.
Required fields are indicated with a red asterisk, *.
Coop Information - Prairie City / Grant Union
Activity: Boys Golf
Duration: 1 years
School Years: 2023-24 through 2023-24
*Reason: What is the reason for creating this coop? (Beyond the fact that a school is not offering the program - why are the programs not offered separately?)
Provide golf to a student in the boundary of Grant Union
Practice Location: John Day Golf Course
* Where will practices be held?
Contest Location: John Day Golf Course
* Where will home contests be held?
Placement
Combined ADM: 135
Sum of both school's ADM numbers in the starting school year.
ADM Division: 3A/2A/1A
Combined ADM falls into this division range (see below).
Division: 3A/2A/1A
Assigned division for this coop.
League: 3A/2A/1A-SD4 Special District 4
Select the league in which you wish to join and compete.
2023-24 ADM #’s
6A: 1005+
5A: 608 - 1004
4A: 311 - 607
3A: 146 - 310
2A: 75 - 145
1A: 10 - 74
The combined ADM is not eligible for a lower classification exception because its greater than 10% of the next lower classification maximum ADM.
Host School
Prairie City
Classification: 1A, ADM: 35
League: 1A-8 High Desert League
School 2
Grant Union
Classification: 2A, ADM: 100
League: 2A-4 Blue Mountain Conference
League Approval
Cooperative sponsorship applications must obtain approval from the regular league or special district in which the proposed cooperative team will participate.
This section is to be filled out by the league or special district representative from 3A/2A/1A-SD4 Special District 4 (must be someone other than a representative of the schools involved in this coop). You can email the league representative a special link, shown below, that can give them access to this section to complete and digitally sign. With this link, they do not need an OSAA website account. You can also click the envelope icon below to generate an email pre-filled in with this special link.
https://www.osaa.org/forms/coop-application/847/league-approval?f=G5rSpf79reyk&l=SqjK63Q|N4Xg
League/Special District Representative for 3A/2A/1A-SD4 Special District 4
Name: Greg Grant *
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org *
Signature: Not Yet Signed
Approved?: Awaiting League Approval
Comments: --
**Host School Information - Prairie City**
**Activity Participation - Boys Golf - Prairie City**
*Please list the number of students, by grade, who have participated in Boys Golf during each school year indicated below. If your school did not sponsor Boys Golf during any of the years listed, please enter "NA" for the respective school year.*
| Participation | 12th Grade | 11th Grade | 10th Grade | 9th Grade |
|---------------|------------|------------|------------|-----------|
| Last Year | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| Current Year | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Next Year | | | | |
**School Enrollment - Prairie City**
*Please list the number of students enrolled in your school, by grade, during each school year indicated below.*
| Enrollment | 12th Grade | 11th Grade | 10th Grade | 9th Grade |
|------------|------------|------------|------------|-----------|
| Last Year | 11 | 20 | 13 | 16 |
| Current Year| 20 | 13 | 16 | 19 |
| Next Year | 13 | 16 | 19 | 10 |
**School Board Approval - Prairie City School District 4**
*Date School Board Approved: 03/12/2024*
*This is the date that the school board for Prairie City approved this cooperative sponsorship. A copy of your school board's approval must be available at the request of the OSAA.*
**Superintendent Approval**
*Superintendent Name: Casey Hallgarth*
*Please type in the name of the Superintendent of Prairie City.*
*Signature: Not Yet Signed*
*Date Signed: --*
*Your Superintendent can digitally sign via the special link listed to the right.*
---
**School 2 Information - Grant Union**
**Activity Participation - Boys Golf - Grant Union**
*Please list the number of students, by grade, who have participated in Boys Golf during each school year indicated below. If your school did not sponsor Boys Golf during any of the years listed, please enter "NA" for the respective school year.*
| Participation | 12th Grade | 11th Grade | 10th Grade | 9th Grade |
|---------------|------------|------------|------------|-----------|
| Last Year | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Current Year | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Next Year | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
**School Enrollment - Grant Union**
*Please list the number of students enrolled in your school, by grade, during each school year indicated below.*
| Enrollment | 12th Grade | 11th Grade | 10th Grade | 9th Grade |
|------------|------------|------------|------------|-----------|
| Last Year | 26 | 39 | 25 | 33 |
| Current Year| 39 | 25 | 33 | 39 |
| Next Year | 25 | 33 | 39 | 41 |
**School Board Approval - John Day School District 3**
*Date School Board Approved:*
*This is the date that the school board for Grant Union approved this cooperative sponsorship. A copy of your school board's approval must be available at the request of the OSAA.*
**Superintendent Approval**
*Superintendent Name: Mark Witly*
*Please type in the name of the Superintendent of Grant Union.*
*Signature: Not Yet Signed*
*Date Signed: --*
*Your Superintendent can digitally sign via the special link listed to the right.*
## 2024/25 Probationary/Contracted Staff
### Probationary Staff
| School | Teacher | Subject | Probationary/Contract |
|-----------------|--------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Humbolt | BOETHIN, Bobbee | Teacher - Grades 4 | Emergency Teaching |
| Humbolt | Brooks, Rachael | Teacher - Grade 2 | Emergency Teaching |
| Humbolt | Cobb, Shanley | Teacher - Special Education | Emergency Teaching |
| Humbolt | Gibbs, Amanda M | Teacher - Grade 6 | Emergency Teaching |
| Humbolt | Hodge, Erin | Teacher - Special Education | Emergency Teaching |
| Humbolt | MITCHELL-HUERTA, Robert | Teacher - Grade 6 | Emergency Teaching |
| Humbolt | WICK, HOLLY L | Teacher - Special Education | Emergency Teaching |
| Grant Union | Deboer, Stephanie | Behavioral Interventionist | Probationary year 1 |
| Seneca | Ulrich, Laney | Head Teacher | Probationary year 1 |
| Grant Union | Blevins, Dennise G | Teacher - Language Arts | Probationary year 2 |
| Grant Union | MOULTON, MARIAH | Teacher - Health/Weights | Probationary year 2 |
| Grant Union | Oliver, Kailee D | Teacher - VoAg & Metal Fabrication | Probationary year 2 |
| Grant Union | Ross, Sylvia M | Teacher - Health Sciences | Probationary year 2 |
| Grant Union | SMITH, MARISSA K | Teacher - Special Education | Probationary year 2 |
| Grant Union | WILSON, KALLI J | Teacher - Business/Computers | Probationary year 3 |
| Grant Union | TEAGUE, MARCUS | Teacher - Spanish | contract year 1 |
| Humbolt | APOSTOL, BREANNA | Teacher - Kindergarten | contract year 1 |
| Humbolt | Ashley, Andrea E | Teacher - Grades 4 | contract year 1 |
| Humbolt | HANSEN, KRISTAL | Teacher - Grades 3 | contract year 1 |
| Humbolt | Sullivan, Carrie E | Teacher - Grade 1 | contract year 1 |
### Contracted Staff
| School | Teacher | Subject |
|-----------------|--------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Grant Union/H | James, Levana | Teacher - Music District Wide |
| Grant Union | Collier, Judith | Teacher - Art/Crafts |
| Grant Union | Combs, Andrea | Teacher - Special Education |
| Grant Union | Dougharity-Spencer, Cindy | Teacher - Social Studies |
| Grant Union | HUMBIRD, Elijah Z | Teacher - Language Arts |
| Grant Union | Miller, Jason | Teacher - Weights/Automotives |
| Grant Union | Smith, Sonna | Teacher - Science |
| Grant Union | Suchorski, Jessica M | Teacher - Science |
| Humbolt | Field, Anna | Teacher - Grade 5 |
| Humbolt | Houpt, Vanessa | Teacher - Grade 1 |
| Humbolt | Hunt, Amy | Title One Coordinator |
| Humbolt | Judd, Marci | Behavioral Interventionist/QPR Suicide Prevention Coord |
| Humbolt | LaFramboise, Kelli | Teacher - Grade 5 |
| Humbolt | McCormick, Tina | Teacher |
| Humbolt | Miller, Mikayla E | Teacher - Grade 2 |
| Humbolt | Miller, Robyn | Teacher - Grades 3 |
| Humbolt | Raschio, Sena | Teacher - Kindergarten |
| Humbolt | Sharp, Douglas | Teacher - Physical Education |
2024/2025 Budget Calendar
March 2024: Budget Managers receive budget reports/workpapers
April 2024: Budget request submissions received
April 2024: Administrative budgetary needs meeting
May 13, 2024: Publish First Notice of Budget Meeting
May 20, 2024: First Budget Committee Meeting
June 05, 2024: Deadline for approval of budget by Budget Committee
June 10, 2024: Publish Notice of Budget Hearing and Financial Summary
June 19, 2024: Public Hearing – Regular June Board Meeting
June 19, 2024: Adopt Budget, Make Appropriations, Declare Levy
July 15, 2024: Deadline to certify the tax rate to the County Assessor
July 15, 2024: Deadline to submit budget to Oregon Department of Education (ODE)
Special Note: Budget meeting notices and documents are available at the District Office or on the District’s website at: https://www.grantschooldistrict.org/financial. As meeting times are set, they will be published here, followed by each Public Notice broadcast.
Join us virtually / Zoom: ZOOM IN BY USING THE FOLLOWING ACCESS CREDENTIALS:
https://us02web.zoom.us/j/2595245851?pwd=ZjFIZ2w2eDNPMmhoT1VtS0wvbk1MZz09
Meeting ID: 259 524 5851 | Passcode: HelloGSD3
Board of Directors:
Kris Beal | M.T. Anderson | Amy Charette, Vice Chair | Chris Labhart | Zac Bailey | Will Blood, Chair | Jake Taylor
Superintendent: Mark W. Witty | Website: https://www.grantschooldistrict.org/
Grant School District No. 3
Board of Directors
Superintendent’s Evaluation
DATE: March 13, 2024
TO: Mark Witty, Superintendent
Grant School District #3 Board of Directors
FROM: Will Blood, Chair and Amy Charette, Vice-Chair
RE: 2023/2024 Superintendent Evaluation
This document serves as the evaluation of Superintendent Mark Witty for the 2023/2024 school year. To start this process, Superintendent Witty completed a self-evaluation that he submitted to the Board of Directors. Each board member then contributed their input to the evaluation, scoring Superintendent Witty in four primary areas: Leadership, Human Resources/Staff Management, Board Relations, and Goal Statement 1. There were additional areas that some board members scored, and others did not. Two performance areas, Goal Statement 2 and Goal Statement 3 were not adequately defined for this evaluation, therefore will not be addressed.
Performance standards are indicated below by numerical ranking, 0 through 4. Superintendent Witty’s average score from all board members in each of the four primary areas of evaluation addressed by this memorandum is 3.8.
Chair Will Blood and Vice-Chair Amy Charette met with Superintendent Witty on March 11, 2024, and reviewed the below evaluation with him. This memorandum is the final piece of Superintendent Witty’s evaluation and is submitted to the entire Board of Directors for approval.
Superintendent Witty’s self-evaluation is included as an attachment to this memorandum. Below is a summation of board member feedback to the four primary areas of evaluation. To be noted, not all board members commented on each area of evaluation. Also noteworthy, in this evaluation process, there was not a single negative comment in regard to Superintendent Witty’s performance.
Performance Standards:
0 UNACCEPTABLE
1 NEEDS IMPROVEMENT
2 GOOD
3 EXCELLENT
4 OUTSTANDING
Standard 1: LEADERSHIP AVERAGE RATING: 3.8
This standard focuses on the superintendent's performance in professional educational leadership through empowering others, visioning, helping shape school culture and climate, and statewide and local inter-governmental involvement and advocacy.
Board feedback/comments:
- Steps made this year for strategic planning and the changes with communication through several avenues have been a good improvement to the District leadership.
- He has worked with staff on many fronts, made his expectations clear, has engaged, parents, the community, and other stakeholders in many facets as he works to improve our district.
- Superintendent Witty is an experienced and well respected educator throughout the state, and his leadership is shining at Grant School District #3.
- Leadership in any entity is exposed to criticism: ethical or otherwise. My experiences with Mr. Witty are all consistent. He is very professional with the unusual ability to communicate honestly, compassionately, and thoroughly.
- Mark has done an outstanding job getting our district back on track. Very strong leader with excellent people skills, great organizational capacity, and a hard worker.
- I appreciate the work he has done with our strategic planning. He has involved the community and made them feel as part of the process. I am excited to strengthen our relationships with the community.
- He is a worker, but not a worker for Mr. Witty, but a worker for the district.
Standard 2: HUMAN RESOURCES/STAFF MANAGEMENT
This standard reflects skills developing and implementing a staff performance evaluation system. It requires skills in applying ethical, contractual and legal requirements for personnel selection, development, retention, promotion and dismissal.
Board feedback/comments:
- SOP’s and evaluation process were lacking when Mark started. He has made significant improvements to bring those up to standard.
- Superintendent Witty recognized we have critical positions that need filled and is doing everything he can to make those happen. Superintendent Witty demands excellence from his staff, but he supports his staff in being able to achieve the excellence he seeks, whether it be through support in professional development or addressing things directly with a staff member.
- I appreciate that he is working to create staff performance evaluation systems.
- Best of all, he doesn’t do this work alone, but includes his entire staff, the community, parents, and students in this endeavor.
Standard 3: BOARD RELATIONS
This standard demonstrates skills in communicating with the board, providing appropriate, timely information and education which supports good board decisions, and developing a mutually supportive board relationship.
Board feedback/comments:
- I have appreciated the improved communication and knowledge that he brings.
- Board communication is a priority for Superintendent Witty, and it is very much appreciated.
- Mark reaches out and includes us on decisions. He is a skilled communicator and facilitates participation.
Goal Statement 1: Develop process to create the District Vision, Mission and Strategic Goals.
Board feedback/comments:
- Superintendent Witty spearheaded the Strategic Planning Committee, and the development of our vision, mission, and strategic goals have progressed nicely as a result.
- The road is long, and there is still work to be done, but time and again, Superintendent Witty has expressed his desire to make GSD3 a better place for students, staff, and the community. A job extremely well done.
- I think this process we are engaged in is excellent.
Goal Statement 2: TBD through Strategic Planning Process.
NOT RATED
Goal Statement 3: TBD through Strategic Planning Process.
NOT RATED
Standard 1: LEADERSHIP
This standard focuses on the superintendent’s performance in professional educational leadership through empowering others, visioning, helping shape school culture and climate, and statewide and local inter-governmental involvement and advocacy.
Our team has spent significant time engaging with the community, staff and student body through multiple touch points including: Parent Nights this Fall, executing the process to develop a GSD Strategic Plan, 10 engagement activities with selected members of the community to inform the strategic plan, and multiple individual conversations with staff and patrons. I have reached out to state leadership in COSA State Legislators and OSBA to provide opportunities for board members and the superintendent to advocate for educational policies. The team is producing the “Prospector Pride” to share the good story of GSD and we have doubled the number of times we are utilizing KJDY’s Coffee Time. We continue to purchase proactive ads on KJDY.
Our team is creating forums to discuss more collaboration with various entities within our community including Blue Mountain Hospital, Confederation Tribes of Warm Springs and the early learning group within Grant County, Painted Sky, etc. These are a few of the areas GSD could create more opportunities for our students.
I am supporting building leadership to develop a more responsive approach to serving our students and their families. This includes social media, print media, phone calls and identifying issues and working to solve them. A prime example is working with the current 7th grade students by radically shifting resources to give on time direct support. This process is creating a high level of staff collaboration to develop real time solutions to assist individual students.
I am working collaboratively with our admin team and the project management team to plan and execute multiple remodel and construction projects.
We are taking advantage of multiple grants that come available to support our mission. This includes Technical Assistance Program for Seismic ($25,000), a $2.5 million dollar seismic grant for the Old Gym section north portion of GU, Senator Merkley’s office to potentially apply for a grant to support early learning both from a staffing and capital construction standpoint. Our team applied for and received a $200,000 CTE revitalization grant for a greenhouse and chicken shed located at Humbolt. Grants remain a critical focus to advance the goals of the District.
The District will be implementing a budget process that includes numerous points of education and feedback which will build a better understanding of the budget throughout our District from staff to budget committee.
Our teams are identifying barriers which are causing issues to get to the best possible outcome for students. This is an ongoing process. Once identified, we will work together to alleviate the barriers or remove them all together.
Our team is positioning Seneca to maximize the potential to rebrand and be a viable part of GSD#3 both educationally and financially.
I set realistic expectations for staff while providing the necessary support in training, investment and personal guidance to achieve the expected outcomes.
**Standard 2: HUMAN RESOURCES/STAFF MANAGEMENT**
This standard reflects skills development and implementing a staff performance evaluation system. It requires skills in applying ethical, contractual and legal requirements for personnel selection, development, retention, promotion and dismissal.
This is a critical area of focus with the goal of creating the capacity within our system to function effectively and competently.
Critical hires this cycle include the Business management position and GU JR/SR High School Principal. I am executing a process that will allow our team to identify the best candidate for the positions.
Our Admin team is moving forward on identifying Standard Operating Procedures (SOP’s) that have gone by the wayside that are critical in order to operate effectively. Once identified, the team will create critical SOP’s so that we can build an institutional knowledge bank of job duty protocols and procedures for staff members.
The team is effectively identifying and updating board policy that needs to be processed regularly with the Board of Directors.
Our team is working with PACE, SD insurance, to identify areas where we might recoup monies that were expended in the past year due to incompetence.
We are implementing consistent training both from a pedagogical standpoint and required by policy and state law.
Evaluations are in place to improve our staffs capacity and to identify those that may be misplaced in their current role.
We are holding staff to professional standards throughout our system.
Building systems to respond effectively to the daily work and solving identified issues at the lowest possible
Standard 3: BOARD RELATIONS
This standard demonstrates skills in communicating with the board, providing appropriate, timely information and education which supports good board decisions, and developing a mutually supportive board relationship.
I work to keep the board informed through work sessions, board meetings, and meetings with the board chair, vice chair as well as individual board members as needed.
Supported the board in creating a board to board to superintendent agreement which will be reviewed annually.
Working to create opportunities for the board to participate in critical hires, committee work and our strategic planning team.
Working to create a system at all levels that follows the chain of command building trust and competency in resolving areas of concern at the lowest level possible and with the most efficiency.
Providing opportunities for the board to pursue further training either locally or by attending conferences at the State level.
I have an open door opportunity for all board members.
Goal Statement 1: Develop process to create the District Vision, Mission and Strategic Goals.
I have worked with the Board of Directors to identify the process to create the District’s Vision, Mission and Strategic Goals including a process to identify the facilitator for GSD#3. The Strategic Vision will identify our goals for the next 3 years.
Goal Statement 2: TBD
The Superintendent’s performance for this standard is.....:
Goal Statement 3: TBD
The Superintendent’s performance for this standard is.....:
|
I. Trends
1. Zambia, with a population of approximately 11.3 million and annual growth rate of 1.6%, has one of the highest incidences of poverty in the world with 64 percent of people living in poverty in 2006\(^1\). Zambia remains in the group of nations with the lowest human development rankings, currently ranked at 165 out of the 177 countries reported. This high level of poverty undermines enjoyment of human rights, as the poor are marginalised and their access to basic social services is limited.
2. Since 2003, the economy has grown at over 5 percent every year, averaging 5.6 percent in the last three years, suggesting that Zambia is potentially moving towards achieving the goal of halving the proportion of people who suffer from hunger by 2015\(^2\).
3. However, despite some noteworthy progress in the country’s GDP growth, the evidence suggests that, in the absence of tangible changes in the rates of improvement in most measures of living standards, the MDGs will not be reached. Wider social imbalances and geographical disparities continue to hinder the realization of the rights of women and children to health, education and socio-economic protection. The country’s rate of economic growth cannot support rapid population growth or the strain which HIV/AIDS has placed on government resources with rising medical and education costs, and the decline in worker productivity. The High prices of essential commodities remain a challenge to the local communities. Approximately 7.4 million of Zambians live below the national poverty line\(^3\).
4. Zambia is also one of Sub-Saharan Africa’s most highly urbanized countries. Almost one-half of the country’s population is concentrated in a few urban zones strung along the major transportation laneway, while rural areas remain underdeveloped with living standards generally lower. Though the national poverty average rate has been reduced from 68% to 64% in two years, poverty in rural areas increased from 78% to 80%, while in urban areas it has been significantly reduced from 53% to 34%. Inequity among the population is another challenge that be addressed by targeting the most vulnerable people if the MDGs are to be achieved.
5. HIV/AIDS is a major challenge that continues to be Zambia’s major development threat undermining gains in child survival and other development achievements, with 16.5% prevalence among the adult population. HIV/AIDS will continue to ravage Zambian economic, political, cultural, and social development for the foreseeable future; 19% of 467,000 expectant pregnant women in 2007 will be HIV positive\(^4\). Further, about 130,000 children under the age of 15 are infected with HIV. But by September 2007, only 11,000 children were accessing ARV.
---
\(^1\) Living condition monitoring survey – Preliminary results (unpublished)
\(^2\) The Zambia 2007 MDG Report (final draft)
\(^3\) The 2006 Living Condition Monitoring Survey (preliminary report)
\(^4\) Ministry of Health (Working Paper-2007)
6. Zambia has one of the highest proportions of children orphaned by AIDS in the world. The epidemic has created an unprecedented orphan-hood crisis. The 2006 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey shows that 17% of people aged up to 20 have lost one or both parents, with very much higher proportions amongst older children and in urban areas. The total number of children up to 20 years who have lost at least one parent is estimated at 1 million\(^5\). The number of vulnerable households headed by children, women and elderly grandparents is on the increase, now bearing the brunt of the pandemic when the primary breadwinner succumbs to illness. Orphan-hood usually affects the child’s growth and development by increasing the risk of missing out on education opportunities, of living in a home which is food insecure, of suffering from anxiety and depression as well as exposure to HIV infection among other factors.
7. Malaria is the primary cause of child morbidity and mortality in Zambia. According to the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 2006, malaria / fever is the most common illness reported. For under-5s, malaria incidence stands at 1135 cases per 1000 children per year.
8. Since 2000, Zambia has maintained high immunization coverage rates of over 80 per cent, for children below the age of one year. The coverage rates were BCG: 99.5 percent, OPV3: 97 percent, DPT3: 96.8 percent, Measles: 89.8 percent, and TT: 79 percent in 2006\(^6\). The full immunization coverage rate among one-year olds increased from 82 percent in 2005 to 87\(^7\) percent in 2006. Zambia has successfully eliminated the neo-natal tetanus from the country.
9. In the area of education, Zambia maintains a high net enrollment of children (97.02%)\(^8\) in primary (up to grade 7) schools and completion rate in primary schools has increased from 81.6 percent in 2005 to 84.96 percent in 2006. Yet, the gender gap in primary completion rate was at a high level of 11.6 percentage points.
10. While enrolment shows improvement, the quality of education continues to be a serious problem throughout the country. The 2006 Zambia’s national assessment survey results revealed that, the national mean percentage mark in Reading in English was 34.49%, in numeracy was 38.45% and Zambian Languages 37.97%, which is below the set minimum criterion in all subjects. Generally the trends in mean performance indicate a constant and sustained performance between the 2003 and 2006 performance in Reading in English and numeracy. Despite massive investments put in the Primary Reading Programme, performance in reading in English is relatively the same. One of the factors contributing to the low level of quality education is the pupil teacher ratio (57.2% in 2005) and lack of infrastructure. As a result most of the schools are functioning with three shifts. However, Zambia 2007 MDG report state that the MDGs for primary education and gender equity at all levels of education will be achieved.
11. The Availability of safe water and sanitation facilities remains a critical problem. In rural areas alone approximately 4.8 million people lack access to safe water. 6.6 million lack access to adequate sanitation, contributing to high incidences of diarrhea and chronic
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\(^5\) - Living condition monitoring survey, 2006 (preliminary report, un published), CSO
\(^6\) - WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization Jan – Dec 2006
\(^7\) HMIS
\(^8\) EMIS 2006 preliminary report
malnutrition among children under 5. Due to the inadequate sanitation systems, cholera outbreaks are common in the rainy season.
12. Legislation is in place to prevent abuses of rights by state and non-state actors, although it is inadequate and segmented. In addition, Zambia is a signatory to a number of international conventions and regional treaties on human rights including the Convention on the Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Convention on the Rights of the Child and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination among others.
13. One of the major challenges for the human rights regime in Zambia is the failure of the government authorities to enforce the existing law as it relates to the protection of women and children. The law has been amended in certain areas to maximize human rights protection, yet the protection mechanisms are at best ad hoc and at worst non-existent in some instances.
II. Recent development in relations to children’s rights (2004-2007)
14. In May 2004, Zambia’s initial State Party Report under the CRC was reviewed by the Committee on the Rights of the Child. The Committee concluded that poverty and AIDS have impeded the full implementation of the Convention”.
15. In September 2006, Zambia successfully held popular elections to determine the legislative and executive branches of government, giving the incumbent republican president a second term in office. This has provided a favorable and stable political environment critically needed for continued realization of the rights of children and women.
16. In January 2007, the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP) 2006-2010 and the Vision 2030 were launched which put much emphasis on addressing means by which the well-being of women and children might be achieved. The plan outlines programs in the areas of reproductive health, curative and rehabilitative care and maternal health services, safe motherhood, and the legal and social protection of children and women. This culminated in the signing of the Government of Zambia/UNICEF Country Programme of Cooperation 2007-2010, the UNDAF 2007-2010 and the Joint Assistance Strategy in Zambia (JASZ) 2007-2010.
17. The period 2004-2007 has seen a drastic transformation in the legal system to improve protection of human rights. Laws have been strengthened with regard to sexual and other abuse, exploitation, and the sale or trafficking of children. Review, amendments or enactment of laws pertaining to the Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and the Employment Act. Further, Government has also strengthened laws on education prohibiting corporal punishment in schools and allowing pregnant girls to return to school after delivery. In 2007, a Gender Based Violence (GBV) Bill was taken to Parliament for consideration.
18. Zambia’s five principal institutions for the protection and promotion of human rights were restructured and include the Human Rights Commission, Anti-Corruption Commission, Police Public Complaints Authority, the Zambia Police Victim Support Unit, Judicial Complaints Authority and the Ombudsperson’s office under the department of the Investigator General.
19. Zambia is striving to put in place a legislative regime that is in accordance with its human rights obligations. In 2006, a new Zambian Constitution which is still in draft specifically addresses the rights of women and children. There is also legislation to review all child related laws which will give effect to much of the CRC.
20. Less than 10% of all Zambian children have a proper Birth Certificate due to an inefficient birth registration system. The process of obtaining a Birth Certificate is cumbersome, expensive and often impossible for most poor and rural inhabitants because of poverty and distance. Hence a majority of Zambians and most children face difficulties in proving their identity and in fact proving their citizenship.
21. During an assessment on gender-based violence (GBV) conducted in 2006, key informants related that the number of child defilement cases were rising. It was unclear whether this rise reflected increased levels of reporting related to the media campaigns highlighting the issue, or an actual increase in number of incidents. Some believed that the spread of the “virgin cure” myth—that having sex with a virgin girl will cure STIs, including HIV, or build immunity against STIs—is increasing the number of child rapes, but this has been highly contested among experts in South Africa and remains an area for further study in Zambia.
22. Zambia participated in the Secretary General’s Study on Violence against Children which provided a strategic opportunity to raise awareness and to place the issue higher on the political agenda. This has mobilized a partnership on GBV that is spearheading legislation reform on violence, establishment of One Stop Centres and Places of Safety in the country, and development of a national strategy on GBV and transformation of the juvenile justice administration system (justice for children).
Summary of UNICEF capacity building and technical assistance programmes
23. UNICEF has succeeded in placing the realization of the rights of children and women firmly on the public agenda. There is widespread awareness of human rights in Zambia. UNICEF has supported the process of mainstreaming women’s rights through advocacy targeting the Ministries it deals with most frequently as well as initiatives that directly involve children in establishing child rights clubs in schools.
24. UNICEF has been instrumental in developing better coordination and communication around social protection, planning and oversight of OVC issues, GBV, birth registration, child law reform and child trafficking. Although time-consuming, the development of dialogue and networks has been particularly important in these areas which are relatively new to Government, and hence at an early stage of policy and programme development.
25. UNICEF focused on the integration of key interventions to support the development and maintenance of social services in the areas of health and nutrition and water, sanitation and environment. This approach also entails advocating and providing technical support to duty-bearers to ensure that they adhere to their commitment to children and women as rights-holders.
26. A priority for UNICEF and particularly its NGO partner PLAN is ensuring progress in birth registration of Zambian children. The process of obtaining a Birth Certificate is presently being reviewed and a proposal for the simplification and effectiveness of
providing Birth Certificates will be presented to the Ministry of Home Affairs in early 2008.
27. UNICEF has continued in providing technical assistance for legal reform. For instance, UNICEF supported the drafting of legislation on gender-based violence and the ongoing review process to strengthen all legislation protecting children. A bill on domestic violence against women has been drafted by the Ministry of Justice, although not yet passed by the Parliament, will ensure protection of women’s rights.
28. UNICEF has supported the development of a national strategy on gender-based violence and supporting the scale up on One Stop Centre and Places of Safety to address violence against children and women. As part of a multisectoral and interdisciplinary partnership led by the government which includes civil society, faith-based organizations, bilateral cooperating partners and UN agencies, there is a continuing dialogue on the best ways to protect the rights of children and women and to address the way that existing legislation should be improved and be best applied so that the country obligations can be realized.
29. UNICEF devoted resources for CRC and CEDAW training with Government, NGOs and other agencies. Advocacy at the national level for strengthening national policies (National Child Policy/ National Plan of Action on Children, policy on Early Childhood Development Education and social welfare) to ensure access to basic social services.
30. UNICEF has also been active in the dialogue and advocacy for a scale up of social protection and social transfer interventions to support vulnerable households in particular those caring for children. UNICEF has taken a prominent role in the donor and government coordination committee on social protection under the Ministry of Community Development and Social Services.
31. To set the appropriate policy environment for children, UNICEF has supported training for policy officers across the social sector ministries on policy and budget analysis in order to contribute to the capacity improvement of Government officials for mainstreaming child rights and women’s rights as well as to accelerate and enhance MDG performance.
32. UNICEF also supported key actions including:
- an analysis of National budget prioritisation and allocations for child and women centred areas and costing of MDGs;
- an assessment of the coordination mechanism and monitoring and evaluation framework for social policy;
- an assessment of guidelines in promoting child and women-sensitive policy initiatives- this is an important step which will make a difference in the perception of government by assisting to incorporate the language of rights in the documentation providing guidance to all levels of government.
All of these legislative and planning commitments mean that Zambia is in an ideal position to make extra efforts to take effective action to respect the human rights of women and children, and for UN agencies including UNICEF to assist the Government in this endeavour.
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Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to speak to you today. My name is Rudy Husband, and I am resident vice president of government relations for Norfolk Southern, based in Harrisburg. I started my career with Conrail 31 years ago, and have been dealing with railroad matters in Pennsylvania for the past 27 years.
Before I get into my testimony, I want to commend the Commonwealth, PennDOT and the General Assembly for your long-standing support of the freight rail industry generally and for Norfolk Southern specifically. Norfolk Southern operates in 22 states, and Pennsylvania, by far, is one of the most progressive and innovative states in terms of acknowledging that freight rail is critical to job creation and economic development. We are grateful.
Today I plan to briefly touch on three issues we are currently engaged in:
- An update on our new operating plan, called TOP21
- HB 1424 mandating crew size
- Norfolk Southern’s approach to new or expanded passenger service
**TOP21**
In early July Norfolk Southern began implementing a new operating plan, or TOP21. TOP21 is based on certain elements of precision scheduled railroading, and supports the five principles that are at the heart of our reimagined railroad: serve our customers, manage our assets, control our costs, work safely, and develop our people. With TOP21, the company’s goal is to serve our customers better while operating our network more efficiently and driving down operating costs.
We began developing the TOP21 plan last year using computer modeling and simulation tools to analyze data and train flows to achieve optimum network fluidity and velocity. Each yard in NS’ 22-state network went through a process called Clean Sheeting, which involved looking at all local service schedules, making sure they are synched up as best as possible with our main track network. Part of this process was working very closely with customers to provide quicker service. Under TOP21, the focus is on reducing circuitry of freight car movements to and from customers and balancing its network flows. This allows the railroad to run fewer trains, use its operating assets more efficiently, and create capacity for growth.
So how have we done since TOP21 was rolled out two months ago?
Simply put, we implemented a plan that meaningfully improves our operation, and one we can build on for further improvement. Our Transportation Department switched to the new plan without disruption and has consistently executed the plan since implementation. Unlike PSR implementations on other railroads, TOP21 has not produced congestion or network disruption. TOP21 changed our entire merchandise and automotive train network – 40 percent of our trains. Every one of our more than 100 primary yards had to do something different – sort traffic another way or handle trains at new times. And 9 out of 10 shipments saw some change to their trip plan.
TOP21 has two faces – what we wanted to do, and just as importantly, what we wanted to avoid. We told investors we would use a new operating plan to reset to a more efficient network, and our new network would create a “capacity dividend” that we could use to further drive efficiency or create capacity for growth. We reiterated our commitment to growth, and as part of that commitment realized that we could not afford for our plan to create customer disruption or hurt overall service levels to customers. We’ve accomplished those operating goals. It’s too early to measure how the plan will support growth, but the service and capacity components are in place.
In terms of numbers, since the implementation of TOP21, our train speed has improved 19 percent, while terminal dwell – the time a car sits in a yard – has decreased by 37 percent. We have reduced network circuitry by more than 20 percent and have taken an average of 40 daily trains out of the network. Running longer and heavier trains, some with distributed power, is saving fuel and improving asset utilization. We are setting company records for train performance, terminal dwell, service consistency and network velocity. In sum, by any measure TOP21 has been an enormous success.
**HB 1424 – Crew Size**
On the issue of crew size, there is no argument that the freight rail industry and the rail unions have, for many years, consistently handled all of the difficult and interrelated questions of crew size at the bargaining table. Crew size has been raised in multiple rounds of bargaining dating back to the early 1900s, both on the national level and between the unions and individual railroads. Indeed, crew size has historically been one of the most important issues in bargaining with the operating crafts since at least World War II, with strongly held views on both sides of the issue.
To provide some context, at the turn of the 20th century, freight trains typically operated with at least five employees – one engineer, one fireman, one conductor, and two brakemen. With
the transition from steam to diesel in the 1930s and 1940s, despite the fact that the fireman’s position was no longer necessary, they remained part of the crew consist. In 1956, the carriers attempted the first concerted effort at the bargaining table to eliminate the firemen from diesel locomotives, but later withdrew the proposal as part of a broader contract settlement on wage and work rule disputes. The five-person crew consist essentially remained in place until the late 1970s, when labor agreements were reached to eliminate the second brakeman position, bringing the number of crew members on a train to four.
By 1985, the trend toward collectively bargained elimination of the fireman and second brakeman positions was clear, but more negotiations were required to reduce other unnecessary train crew positions. Through negotiations, the fireman position was eventually eliminated, bringing the crew consist down to three. In the early 1990s, labor agreements were reached to eliminate the brakeman on through-freight trains, leaving the engineer and conductor to operate the train. While the industry reached agreements in the early 2000s permitting as few as one person for terminal operations through remote control technology, current Class 1 labor agreements in the U.S. require two crew members to operate most through-freight trains. The next round of collective bargaining in the rail industry is scheduled to begin in 2020, and crew size is not expected to be on the table.
Proponents of this bill typically cite safety as the driving factor, but make no mistake, this is not a safety bill. At no time during the discussion of crew size have the proponents offered one piece of empirical data that show a link between the size of a train crew and railroad safety. To the contrary, as shown in the chart in Exhibit A, the industry has experienced a significant decline in the rate of injuries and accidents over the time period that crew sizes were reduced from five employees on the train down to two (and in some limited cases, down to one).
To further emphasize the fact that there is no connection between safety and crew size, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) – the nation’s rail safety agency – recently ruled there is no need for a federal crew size regulation as there is no data to show operations with two people in the locomotive are any safer than those with one. After five years of analysis, the FRA ruled that such policy would “impede the future of rail innovation and automation.” Legislative efforts to require at least two people in the crew must be rejected and instead innovation should be encouraged. Freight railroads must be allowed to determine operating models most conducive to optimal safety and service performance.
Single person crews have long been used by short line railroads, regional railroads, and passenger rail operations throughout the U.S. The Indiana Rail Road Company, for example, has
been using one-person crews for nearly 20 years and has an exemplary safety record. Everyday Pennsylvanians board trains (Amtrak and SEPTA) operating with one person in the locomotive cab without giving it a second thought. Many foreign railroads, including freight railroads throughout Europe, have used one-person crews for decades, achieving safety records that are often better than American railroads.
Investments in technology have enabled railroads to reduce accident rates to historic lows. Not by arbitrarily locking in the number of people working in the cab of a locomotive. The industry’s safety record is likely to continue to improve as Positive Train Control comes online. PTC is a new technology the rail industry is spending billions of dollars to implement and that will protect against human error by automating safety-related functions currently performed by crew members. Such large-scale investments are possible in a regulatory environment that is predictable and consistent across state lines. Proposed laws like HB 1424 that freeze the industry at the current status quo will hinder advancements in safety, stymie innovation, and reduce productivity – all of which have created competitive advantages for American industry. This precisely why Congress ensured that states are preempted from enforcing state-level crew mandates.
Finally, given the fact that Pennsylvania is universally recognized as a national leader in the development and testing autonomous vehicle technology, it is astounding that this committee is spending any amount of time on legislation mandating crew size, especially when there is absolutely no data supporting the notion that a freight train is safer with two people in the locomotive cab versus one person. Simply put, crew size should not be a political issue. Norfolk Southern is committed to good faith discussions with our employees, including the implementation of train operations that maximize safety benefits and efficiencies.
**Passenger Service on Norfolk Southern**
Turning to new or expanded passenger service on Norfolk Southern rail lines, please refer to the testimony I delivered to this committee in 2016, which is attached. Our position has not changed significantly since then.
Specifically regarding additional passenger service between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, we are committed to working with PennDOT on an operational feasibility study to investigate and identify the impacts and capacity improvements necessary to accommodate the modification of the existing Pennsylvanian schedule between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, and the addition of a second round-trip Pennsylvanian.
In closing, projections by the U.S. Department of Transportation call for significant increases in the demand to move freight within the country over the coming decades. As the members of this committee well know, our highway system is already severely congested. The freight rail industry has made, and will continue to make significant investments in infrastructure and technology to ensure that we have sufficient capacity to meet that demand. Adding additional passenger service along this route will undoubtedly require substantial capacity improvements that will not come cheap if that service is to be successful while not harming Norfolk Southern’s franchise.
Thank you for your time. We looking forward to hosting the committee at our Juniata Locomotive Shop tomorrow morning.
As Railroad Crew Size Has Fallen, Rail Safety Has Improved
Mainline train accidents caused by train operation human factors
'Stated as accidents per 10 million mainline Class I freight train-miles. / Figures are for U.S. Class I railroads.
Source: AAR analysis of FRA and individual railroad R-1 data.
Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to offer Norfolk Southern’s perspective on passenger service over NS lines as well specific information regarding our Pittsburgh Line between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. My name is Rudy Husband, and I am resident vice president of government relations for Norfolk Southern, based in Harrisburg. I joined the railroad 28 years ago, and have had the honor of calling Pennsylvania home for the past 26 years.
When proposals to create or expand intercity or commuter rail service are brought to Norfolk Southern, both NS and passenger service sponsor are guided by a very specific set of principles.
First and foremost, safety is our paramount concern. Design, maintenance practices, and operating patterns always will emphasize safety.
Second, an operational feasibility study is necessary to fully understand all potential impacts. The proposed passenger operation must create “transparency” in the affected rail system. Transparency is the capacity for passenger trains and freight trains to operate without delay, however minimal, to each other, while still allowing for route maintenance.
Passenger projects are meant to be successful, so the study will focus on the proposal’s full-build scenario versus any interim plan. Along the same lines, freight volumes will grow, so any study will anticipate future freight levels. Freight operations are long distance and customer-driven, which precludes “passenger only” operating windows and temporal separation such as night-time-only freight operations. Passenger projects might cause “network effects” on the NS system that are broader than the project area. Often, the studied geographic scope will have to be larger than the passenger project area in order to identify and address these effects.
The rail environment changes. Conditions attached to various forms of funding differ. Therefore, until funding is available, any passenger study is necessarily hypothetical. A completed operational feasibility study by NS is a prerequisite to progress a project. NS will support only passenger project requests that have been fully studied and modeled. As the transportation industry is dynamic, any proposal that does not secure funding cannot be shelved for future use – each proposal is unique, requiring its own up-to-date study.
Sometimes public funding comes with special conditions and requirements (including so-called “service outcome requirements”), which represent additional costs. Just as NS does not customarily agree to similar guarantees with our freight customers, the public sponsor will be responsible for any passenger guarantees. It is possible that public funding may be taxable to Norfolk Southern, so the public sponsor must indemnify Norfolk Southern for any income taxes paid or incurred as a result of the receipt of public funding.
NS will coordinate the operational feasibility study. The cost of the study (including NS’ time) is the responsibility by the sponsoring public agency. For planning purposes, NS can estimate study costs in advance. Studies are detailed and specific and take a year, and often longer, to complete.
The third principle is simple and straightforward: NS will receive fair compensation for use of its transportation corridors. NS’ corridors consist of track and right-of-way that might, or might not, be fully utilized at any given time. As rail traffic flows change over time, this capacity, and the flexibility and potential it represents, is a key NS asset. Amtrak has certain statutory intercity passenger service access rights and therefore is not a good example to use in determining the fair and commercial price for use of NS assets. In determining a fair price for use of assets, NS will factor in any new equipment (including Positive Train Control) and costs, as well as additional property and other taxes that would not be incurred absent passenger service.
The fourth and final principle is equally simple and straightforward: New and expanded passenger operations require adequate liability protection. Passenger operators must compensate or indemnify NS for additional risk created by passenger projects, and any such indemnification needs to be backed up by an adequate level of insurance. Liability issues can create major hurdles. Often, sovereign immunity issues must be overcome. The cost to the passenger carrier for insurance and indemnification is substantial, as borne out by our experience with commuter authorities.
To close out the discussion on guiding principles, each passenger service proposal necessarily is unique, and NS’ application of the principles to particular proposals will often be unique as well.
Before turning specifically to our Pittsburgh Line, let me briefly touch on some special considerations are necessary for high speed rail service and corridors. Norfolk Southern is pleased to assist states planning for dedicated HSR and will work with planners to insulate those corridors from interference with and from NS freight corridors. Passenger trains operating in excess of 79 mph require their own dedicated tracks. Passenger trains operating in excess of 90 mph require their own private right-of-way. Where higher-speed trains share tracks with conventional freight trains, they will be able to reach 79 mph maximum. Where shared track is concerned, higher-speed trains must meet the same safety standards as conventional trains.
Finally, although it is not relevant for the discussion about addition passenger service between Pittsburgh and Harrisburg, at some point this committee may be asked to consider a scenario involving light rail service, which involves use of equipment that is not appropriate for use on NS tracks. Physical separation is required. Proposals for operating “non-compliant” passenger equipment (equipment that does not meet Federal Railway Administration standards) are not viable. Light-rail and non-compliant project sponsors should approach NS early in the process, and so that NS can advise if any of the project elements are compatible with freight trains and track.
Regarding Norfolk Southern’s Pittsburgh Line between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, this segment sits literally in the middle of our Premier Corridor, which connects Chicago and the New York metropolitan area. From both customer service and revenue standpoints there is not a more important rail line within NS’ 22-state network. Because of the Allegheny Mountains, it is geographically a very challenging piece of railroad to operate. 40-60 freight trains operate daily between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh, carrying a wide variety of commodities, including intermodal, coal, crude oil and other hazardous materials, and finished vehicles. We provide a critical freight service to Pennsylvania manufacturers who have facilities along the Pittsburgh Line, and many Pennsylvania short lines interchange with NS off of this line segment. It is further worth noting that NS’ Juniata Locomotive Shop in Altoona, which employs approximately 1,000 people, is on the Pittsburgh Line. I will add that we are working very hard to expand freight rail opportunities between Pittsburgh and Harrisburg.
In closing, projections by the U.S. Department of Transportation call for significant increases in the demand to move freight within the country over the coming decades. As the members of this committee well know, our highway system is already severely congested. The freight rail industry has made, and will continue to make significant investments in infrastructure and technology to ensure that we have sufficient capacity to meet that demand. Adding additional passenger service between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh will require capacity improvements that will not come cheap if that service is to be successful while not harming Norfolk Southern’s franchise.
I thank you very much for granting me the opportunity to discuss Norfolk Southern’s approach regarding new passenger service, and specifically our concerns about additional passenger trains operating between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh.
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KIAA0101 Interacts with BRCA1 and Regulates Centrosome Number
Zeina Kais\textsuperscript{1,2}, Sanford H. Barsky\textsuperscript{7}, Haritha Mathysyaraja\textsuperscript{1,2}, Alicia Zha\textsuperscript{2}, Derek J.R. Ransburgh\textsuperscript{2,6}, Gang He\textsuperscript{3}, Robert T. Pilarski\textsuperscript{4}, Charles L. Shapiro\textsuperscript{5}, Kun Huang\textsuperscript{2,6}, and Jeffrey D. Parvin\textsuperscript{2,6}
Abstract
To find genes and proteins that collaborate with BRCA1 or BRCA2 in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, we used an informatics approach and found a candidate BRCA interactor, KIAA0101, to function like BRCA1 in exerting a powerful control over centrosome number. The effect of KIAA0101 on centrosomes is likely direct, as its depletion does not affect the cell cycle, KIAA0101 localizes to regions coincident with the centrosomes, and KIAA0101 binds to BRCA1. We analyzed whether KIAA0101 protein is overexpressed in breast cancer tumor samples in tissue microarrays, and we found that overexpression of KIAA0101 correlated with positive Ki67 staining, a biomarker associated with increased disease severity. Furthermore, overexpression of the \textit{KIAA0101} gene in breast tumors was found to be associated with significantly decreased survival time. This study identifies KIAA0101 as a protein important for breast tumorigenesis, and as this factor has been reported as a UV repair factor, it may link the UV damage response to centrosome control.
Mol Cancer Res; 9(8); 1091–9. ©2011 AACR.
Introduction
Breast cancer, one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide, is attributable in about 40% of familial breast cancer cases to mutations in either one of the known breast cancer associated genes, \textit{BRCA1} or \textit{BRCA2} (1, 2). The search for other “BRCA” genes has not identified any new candidate gene, though there are families with breast cancer predisposition and no known mutation of either \textit{BRCA1} or \textit{BRCA2} (3, 4). It is possible that the remaining familial cases of breast cancer are due to gene mutations that have low penetrance for the breast cancer phenotype, and this low penetrance would complicate their discovery. We hypothesize that potential protein–protein interactions inferred from gene expression data can reveal genes/proteins that interact with either BRCA1 or BRCA2 in their biological functions, and these may be important markers for breast cancer.
Previous work to identify BRCA1-interacting proteins from gene expression data has utilized a network modeling strategy to identify genes that are potentially associated with breast cancer (5). In that study, microarray results from a single large microarray data set were used to find genes that had mRNA levels that correlated with \textit{BRCA1}, \textit{BRCA2}, \textit{ATM}, and \textit{CHK2} in all of the samples. Results identified 164 genes that were candidate BRCA1- and BRCA2-interacting proteins. To focus on specific candidates from among these 164 genes, omic data sets were used to rank individual genes/proteins in the BRCA-centered network. One gene/protein identified in the generated network was \textit{HMMR}, and experimental results revealed functional associations with BRCA1 that were previously unknown. Specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the \textit{HMMR} locus were shown to be associated with an increased risk for breast cancer in specific populations of humans. Thus, the network modeling strategy was effective and showed that it can be used in discovering new cancer-associated genes and generating functional interactions between its components (5).
Depletion of BRCA1 in mammary-derived cells in tissue culture results in centrosome amplification (6), a phenotype that is commonly seen in early-stage human tumors including breast tumors (7, 8). Centrosomes are nonmembranous organelles that are essential in establishing bipolar spindles in mitotic cells and thus are important for the control of proper chromosome segregation into daughter cells (9). Normally, centrosome duplication happens only once during the cell cycle in coordination with the replicating DNA. Having exactly 2 centrosomes in dividing cells is critical for the formation of bipolar spindles and thus for the appropriate segregation of chromosomes into progeny cells. BRCA1 regulates centrosome duplication through its E3 ubiquitin ligase...
activity where it ubiquitinates γ-tubulin (a centrosomal protein) and thereby prevents centrosome reduplication within the same cell cycle (6, 10, 11). HMMR was identified to be functionally and physically associated with BRCA1. HMMR depletion resulted in centrosome amplification, the same phenotype that was seen with the depletion of BRCA1 (5). Finding new genes that collaborate with BRCA1 in this phenotype is thus important because it will eventually lead to the identification of genes that might contribute to the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
In this study, we utilize a similar informatics strategy, using multiple publicly available microarray data sets, to find genes/proteins that have high correlation with the mRNA levels of \( \text{BRCA1} \), \( \text{BRCA2} \), and \( \text{HMMR} \). We further screen the candidate interactors for relevance to breast cancer using an online resource (Oncomine) to identify changes in gene expression in tumor samples (12). For the proteins that pass these 2 filters, we test whether they interact with BRCA1-regulated biological processes using tissue culture–based functional assays. In this coexpression analysis, \( \text{KIAA0101} \) was one of the genes that had consistently high coexpression levels with the reference genes, and Oncomine analysis revealed its association with increased metastasis and higher cancer grade. Analysis of the KIAA0101 protein in cells revealed that its concentration must be precisely controlled for the regulation of centrosomes, as either depletion or overexpression of the protein results in the disruption of centrosome duplication control. Our results indicate that the concentration of the KIAA0101 protein must be finely modulated, and in many breast tumors with aggressive phenotype, we detected that this protein is overexpressed. In addition, KIAA0101 overexpression correlated with lower breast cancer patient survival rates. Controlling centrosome number is a major regulatory step in the prevention of genomic instability, and by being correlated with increased tumor aggressiveness and poor patient survival rates, KIAA0101 stands out as a promising biomarker for breast cancer.
**Materials and Methods**
**Cell lines and cell culture**
Hs578T (ATCC cell line HTB-1216) and HeLa S3 cells (ATCC, cell line CCL-2.2) were cultured according to the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) recommendations. HeLa cells were double blocked in S-phase by treatment with 2 mmol/L thymidine (Sigma) for 18 hours, followed by growth in thymidine-free medium for 9 hours and reblocking in 2 mmol/L thymidine for another 18 hours. Cells were blocked in M phase by growth in 2 mmol/L thymidine for 18 hours, followed by growth in thymidine-free medium for 3 hours, and 100 ng/mL of nocodazole (Sigma) for 12 hours.
Whole-cell extracts were made from monolayers of cells by incubating the cells in 50 mmol/L Tris, pH 7.9, 300 mmol/L NaCl, 0.5% NP40, 1 mmol/L EDTA, and 5% glycerol, for 30 minutes at 0°C, followed by centrifugation to remove cell debris.
**Centrosome duplication assay**
The assay was done in HeLa and Hs578T cells. siRNA and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-centrin plasmid (13) transfection was done using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and cells were fixed 48 hours posttransfection. GFP-centrin-2 marks centrioles, and these were counted by fluorescence microscopy using a Zeiss Axiovert 200 M microscope. Specific siRNA constructs used were as follows. The control oligonucleotide targets luciferase mRNA (5’ to 3’), UCG AAG UAU UCC GCG UAC GTT, 3 different siRNAs were specific for the \( \text{KIAA0101} \) mRNA (5’ to 3’), GGA AUU GGA GAA UUC UUU AGG UUG U, ACA ACC UAA AGA AAU CUC CAA UUC C, and AUG AAA CUG AUG UCG AAU UAG UGG C.
**Homologous recombination assay**
HeLa-DR cells (14) are a derivative of HeLa cells that contain a recombination substrate (15) in its genome. Following transfection of a plasmid for the expression of the h-Scrl endonuclease, homologous recombination repair results in gene conversion changing an inactive GFP allele into an active allele. The effect of KIAA0101 depletion on homologous recombination was tested using published methods (14).
**Construction of KIAA0101 expression vectors and antibody production**
The full-length open reading frame of \( \text{KIAA0101} \) was cloned by PCR using MGC full-length cDNA clones (Open Biosystems). The full-length \( \text{KIAA0101} \) gene was subcloned into a pcDNA3 vector for expression in mammalian cells and into pET21a for expression of the hexahistidine-tagged protein from bacteria. Details of the subcloning strategy are available from the authors. The expression and purification of bacterially expressed KIAA0101 protein was by standard methods, including Ni-NTA metal ion affinity chromatography followed by S-methyl sulfonate ion exchange column. Immunization was conducted by a commercial vendor (Cocalico Biologicals) and then the generated antibody was antigen affinity purified using recombinant KIAA0101 protein bound to Affi-Gel 10 (Bio-Rad).
**Antibodies**
Antibodies specific to α-tubulin (Sigma) was used at a dilution of 1:20,000. Cyclin A and cyclin B antibodies (Santa Cruz) were used at a dilution of 1:1,000. KIAA0101 antibody was used at a dilution of 1:250 in Western blots and 1:100 in immunofluorescence. The antiserum was affinity purified using the full-length recombinant KIAA0101 protein using standard procedures and was used at a dilution of 1:75 for immunohistochemistry. The immunohistochemistry was conducted by the OSU pathology core resource.
**Immunofluorescence microscopy**
Cells were fixed in methanol and then blocked with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA/PBST) for 1 hour at room temperature. The cells were then incubated with
affinity-purified primary antibody at a 1:100 dilution in 5% BSA/PBST overnight. Cells were then washed in PBST and then incubated in anti-rabbit conjugated with either Texas red or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) for 1 hour. Sections were then washed in PBST and then incubated with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Invitrogen) for 5 minutes. Cells were washed and mounted in ProLong Gold antifade reagent (Invitrogen).
For the centrosome assay, cells were fixed with methanol, stained in DAPI, and then incubated with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with Texas red (Invitrogen) to stain the cell membrane. Cells were then washed and mounted in ProLong Gold antifade.
**Coimmunoprecipitation**
The BRCA1 antibody (16) was prebound to the protein A agarose beads for 2 hours at 4°C. Then the whole-cell extract was added to the beads and rotated end over end overnight at 4°C in 50 mmol/L Tris, 300 mmol/L NaCl, 0.5% NP40, 1 mmol/L EDTA, and 5% glycerol. The beads were then washed 5 times in cold PBS. 1.5× sample buffer was then added to the moist beads and the beads were then boiled for 10 minutes.
**Calculation of PCC values**
In each data set, we identify the probe set with the maximum mean expression value for each reference gene. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) values for all the probe sets in that data set with respect to the selected anchor gene probe set are computed and the probe sets are sorted on the basis of the PCC values in a descending order. Probe sets with high PCC values (larger than the threshold) are selected and voted over multiple reference genes. Both processes were implemented using MATLAB scripts and software is available on request.
**Results**
We followed a strategy based on the observations that genes that function together tend to have similar expression patterns (17–19) revealing functional modules (20). We applied coexpression analysis to data sets deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus database (21) to initiate our search for genes that are likely to be coexpressed with the reference genes: *BRCA1*, *BRCA2*, and *HMMR*. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are established as highly penetrant tumor suppressors for breast cancer, and HMMR was previously identified as associated with BRCA1 in the control of centrosome function (5). We hypothesized that by using this approach (Fig. 1A), we could discover new genes and fill the gaps in the BRCA pathway. In this coexpression analysis, the gene *KIAA0101* consistently revealed high levels of correlation with *BRCA1*, *BRCA2*, and *HMMR* in multiple data sets and was thus identified as a candidate BRCA1 interactor (Fig. 1B). Oncamine analysis showed that its expression level correlates with severity of the breast tumor (Supplementary Fig. S1). Though published data on *KIAA0101* was low, a regulatory circuit was identified that links *BRCA1*, *BRCA2*, and *HMMR* to *KIAA0101* (Fig. 1C). At the time we began the work on this study, there were very few published studies on *KIAA0101*. In 2 publications, *KIAA0101* was observed among a number of genes whose expression was elevated in cancer (22, 23). In addition, one study renamed this protein p15(PAF), as it associated with the DNA repair factor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; ref. 24). A recent finding revealed that KIAA0101/p15(PAF) protein is important in the response to DNA damage caused by UV irradiation (25). Given that the analysis revealed this protein to have its mRNA expression highly correlated with the BRCAs, we evaluated this protein in the context of BRCA1-dependent processes in control of homologous recombination and in centrosome duplication.
**KIAA0101 regulates centrosome number**
BRCA1 has been shown to regulate the pathways that control centrosome number and homologous recombination in cultured cells. We first examined the effect of KIAA0101 depletion on centrosome number by transfecting...
into cells siRNAs specific for *KIAA0101*. The cell lines tested included a breast tumor–derived cell line (Hs578T) and the cervical epithelial cell line, HeLa. Because the siRNAs were cotransfected with a plasmid that expresses GFP-centrin-2, which localizes to the centrioles (13), centrosome amplification was then determined using fluorescence microscopy. KIAA0101 depletion resulted in centrosome amplification. In HeLa cells, 10% of the cells depleted of KIAA0101 had supernumerary centrosomes, whereas control siRNA depletion resulted in 2% of the cells with extra centrosomes. Similarly, in the breast cancer tissue culture cell line, Hs578T, KIAA0101 depletion resulted in 23% of the cells having supernumerary centrosomes, whereas 3% of control cells had amplified centrosomes (Fig. 2A-B). Similar results of centrosome amplification were observed when transfecting 2 other siRNA oligonucleotides specifying *KIAA0101* (Supplementary Fig. S2A), indicating that these results from the depletion of KIAA0101 are not due to off-target effects of the siRNA. These results reveal that depletion of KIAA0101 results in the same phenotype generated upon depletion of BRCA1, supernumerary centrosomes. Interestingly, overexpression of KIAA0101 also resulted in centrosome amplification in both cell lines, a phenotype that was not observed with the overexpression of BRCA1 (Supplementary Fig. S2B) and thus was unique to KIAA0101. In the Hs578T cells, 21% of cells overexpressing KIAA0101 had supernumerary centrosomes as compared with 5% in cells transfected with the empty vector. In HeLa cells, 14% of the cells overexpressing KIAA0101 had supernumerary centrosomes, compared with 5% of vector control transfected cells (Fig. 2C-D). We also tested simultaneous depletion of BRCA1 and KIAA0101 but no additive phenotype was detected (Supplementary Fig. S2C). A modest additive effect was observed when BRCA1 was depleted and KIAA0101 was simultaneously overexpressed (Supplementary Fig. S2C). Taken together, our results clearly show the major role of KIAA0101 in the regulation of centrosome number in the cell. The concentration of KIAA0101 must be precisely regulated: If KIAA0101 abundance is either too high or too low, it results in centrosome number defects.
**Figure 2.** KIAA0101 controls centrosome number. **A**, KIAA0101 depletion results in centrosome amplification. Fluorescence microscopy results for GFP-centrin are shown in Hs578T cells transfected with control (left) or KIAA0101 (right) siRNA. White arrows indicate normal centrosomes; yellow arrows indicate centrosome amplification. (Bar: 10 μm). **B**, the percentages of cells with centrosome amplification in HeLa and Hs578T cells upon depletion of KIAA0101 are shown (green bar). The percentages of cells transfected with a control siRNA with aberrant centrosomes are indicated with black bars. **C**, fluorescence microscopy results for GFP-centrin are shown in Hs578T cells overexpressing KIAA0101 or an expression plasmid. The white arrow indicates normal centrosomes and yellow arrow indicates centrosome amplification. (Bar: 10 μm). **D**, the percentage of cells with centrosome amplification in HeLa and Hs578T cells upon overexpression of KIAA0101 (green bar) or vector (black bar). **E**, an immunoblot for KIAA0101 protein is shown. Lysate from HeLa cells transfected with the control siRNA (lane 1) was compared with 3 different siRNAs specific for KIAA0101 (si; lanes 2–4). Lysate from empty vector-transfected HeLa cells (Ctrl; lane 5) was compared with the lysate from cells transfected with the KIAA0101 expression plasmid (OE; lane 6). The KIAA0101-specific antibody used for immunoblots was crude antisera. Reprobing the same membrane for α-tubulin provides the loading control (bottom).
Because *KIAA0101* was identified because of correlated mRNA levels with 2 homology-directed recombination (HDR) repair factors, BRCA1 and BRCA2, we tested whether KIAA0101 depletion would block HDR using a cell line that scores gene conversion events secondary to homologous recombination (14, 15). KIAA0101 depletion resulted in no detectable reduction in GFP-positive cells, indicating that the KIAA0101 protein does not share with BRCA1 and BRCA2 the functional role in homologous recombination (Supplementary Fig. S3).
**KIAA0101 protein levels vary according to the cell cycle with peak concentrations during S and G2 phases**
We tested the stage of the cell cycle at which KIAA0101 protein concentration is highest. HeLa cells were double blocked in thymidine to obtain cells synchronized in early S-phase or blocked in thymidine and subsequently in nocodazole to obtain cells in early mitosis. In each case, the cell cycle was released by changing the medium and harvesting cell lysates at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hours postrelease. This protocol results in a set of lysates distributed throughout the cell cycle. The expression level of KIAA0101 protein at different positions in the cell cycle was determined using Western blot analysis comparing KIAA0101 to cyclin A and cyclin B. KIAA0101 expression paralleled to a certain extent the expression of cyclin A, suggesting that KIAA0101 levels increase during S-, G2-, and decrease after the initiation of mitosis (Fig. 3A). Because centrosomes duplicate early in S-phase (26, 27), this temporal distribution of KIAA0101 protein could be consistent with inhibiting the overduplication of the centrosome.
We next tested whether KIAA0101 protein was required for passage through the normal cell cycle. KIAA0101 protein was depleted by RNA interference and whether the population of cells was blocked at any particular stage of the cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry at time points 48, 72, and 96 hours postdepletion. We found that KIAA0101 depletion had no effect on the cell-cycle progression (Fig. 3B).
**KIAA0101 protein localizes to the nucleus and a perinuclear space coincident with the centrosome**
We next investigated the subcellular localization of endogenous KIAA0101 protein by immunofluorescence microscopy. In HeLa cells, KIAA0101 was detected colocalized with nuclei and with an asymmetrical perinuclear staining pattern (Fig. 4A). This pattern of KIAA0101 had been previously observed and characterized as mitochondrial (24). We observed in addition a bright focus of KIAA0101 stain at a single site adjacent to the nuclear membrane that could be consistent with localization to the centrosome. This was tested directly by expressing GFP-tagged centrin-2 protein, which localizes to the centrosomes, and in 100% of the HeLa and Hs578T cells, the bright focus of KIAA0101 stain overlapped with the centrin-2 stain indicating its localization to regions that are coincident with both the mother and the daughter centrioles (Fig. 4B top; Supplementary Fig. S4, left). In fact, in the case of the Hs578T breast cancer cell line, there was very little nuclear stain for KIAA0101, and nearly all of the KIAA0101 protein was detected in this perinuclear position that included the centrosomes (Fig. 4B, top). Depletion of KIAA0101 (Fig. 4B, bottom) resulted in an overall decrease in the intensity of the immunofluorescence signal, the focus coincident with the centrosome region was lost, and supernumerary centrosomes were apparent. Overexpression of the protein along with extra centrosomes was also shown using immunofluorescence (Supplementary Fig. S4, right). These results suggest that the effect of KIAA0101 protein on centrosomes may be direct. Similar to BRCA1 (11), KIAA0101 was present at the centrosomes at all the different stages of the cell cycle: however, its levels increased during S–G2 (Supplementary Fig. S5).
To test whether the KIAA0101 protein directly interacts with BRCA1, we conducted a coimmunoprecipitation experiment of the 2 endogenous proteins (KIAA0101 and BRCA1). KIAA0101 and BRCA1 were found to associate in endogenous protein complexes in HeLa cells.
(Fig. 5), suggesting that KIAA0101 may regulate centrosome duplication by direct physical interaction with BRCA1.
**Overexpression of KIAA0101 protein in breast tumor samples correlates with a biomarker for high proliferation and aggressive tumors**
Because depletion of either KIAA0101 or BRCA1 resulted in the same phenotype in the centrosome assay, we tested for changes in the expression of KIAA0101 protein in clinical samples using antibody-based stain of breast tumors in tissue microarrays (TMA). Western blot analysis confirmed the high specificity of the affinity-purified antibody that we have generated against KIAA0101, as the only band detected by this antibody preparation migrated at a position consistent with a 12-kd polypeptide (Supplementary Fig. S6) and which was depleted by siRNAs specific for *KIAA0101* (Fig. 2). Previous studies have indicated overexpression of *KIAA0101* mRNA by microarray analysis in a number of tumors including breast, pancreatic, and liver tumors (23, 28, 29), but such results on mRNA abundance may not reflect protein content. Here, we find that KIAA0101 protein, as detected by immunohistochemistry, was overexpressed in the breast cancer tissue. In one example, a breast tumor sample was compared with adjacent normal breast tissue (Fig. 6). In the normal tissue, the epithelial
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**Figure 4.** Colocalization of KIAA0101 with the centrosome. A, immunofluorescence microscopy of KIAA0101 (green) and the DAPI counterstain (blue and merged, right only) showing nuclear and asymmetric perinuclear localization of KIAA0101 in HeLa cells. (Bar, 10 μm). B, Hs578T breast cancer cells were transfected with control (top) or KIAA0101-specific (bottom) siRNAs for 48 hours, as confirmed as depletion of KIAA0101 (left), GFP-centrin (middle), and the merged image containing also DAPI counterstaining (right) show colocalization of KIAA0101 to foci and to the centrosomes coincident with the centrosomes in Hs578T cells that had been transfected with the control siRNA. Depletion of KIAA0101 resulted in diminished stain for KIAA0101 and extra centrosomes. (Bar, 10 μm).
**Figure 5.** BRCA1 and KIAA0101 proteins are in a complex. HeLa whole-cell extract (WE) was immunoprecipitated (IP) with BRCA1–specific antiserum (B1; lane 1) or matched control preimmune serum (P-I; lane 2) and analyzed by immunoblotting for BRCA1 (top) and for KIAA0101 (bottom). Five percent of the WE was analyzed in lane 3. Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Figure S7.
**Figure 6.** Overexpression of KIAA0101 in breast cancer tumors. A, normal breast tissue with background KIAA0101 staining observed as a pale brown cytoplasmic background stain. B, an invasive ductal carcinoma from the same patient as the normal sample, has increased expression of KIAA0101 seen as dark brown nuclei. Insets show higher magnification views of representative sections of the same image. (Bar, 500 μm).
cells stained pale brown in the cytoplasm with blue counterstained nuclei apparent (Fig. 6A). In the tumor sample from the same patient, many cells were apparent with intensely brown-stained nuclei indicating overexpression of KIAA0101 (Fig. 6B).
We next analyzed and compared the expression of KIAA0101 to the expression of known breast cancer biomarkers such as Ki67, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her2 using TMA analysis. We used a different TMA set than the one containing 81 breast tumor samples that included all 4 biomarkers and the second containing 256 samples stained for ER, PR, and Her2. We applied a grading system for immunohistochemical results with KIAA0101 that is similar to that applied to analyzing the ER biomarker in which the percentage of cells with positive nuclei and the intensity of stain are both scored. If 10% of the epithelial cell nuclei were positive for the KIAA0101 antigen, then the sample was considered to be positive. Overall, in the 2 TMAs, KIAA0101 was overexpressed in 37% and 54% of the tumors. This was compared with 25% of normal breast samples (5 of 20 samples). The number of normal samples analyzed was too small to give confidence to the increase in KIAA0101 detected in the tumor samples.
Next, we compared the expression of KIAA0101 to the expression of Ki67 in 80 tumor samples taken from the first TMA set. Ki67 is a cellular marker associated with proliferation and when positive is correlated with a high risk of relapse and a worse survival in patients with early breast cancer (30). Overexpression of KIAA0101 was significantly correlated with high positive staining of Ki67 ($P = 0.006$) indicating a strong correlation between overexpression of KIAA0101 and the aggressiveness of the tumor (Table 1). In both TMA sets, a trend was observed with KIAA0101 overexpression in more than 50% of the triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) (i.e., ER−, PR−, and Her2−; Table 1). In each of the TMAs, the association of KIAA0101 overexpression with TNBC was statistically significant, but in the second TMA, this observed trend did not exceed the 95% confidence level.
We queried a data set containing mRNA abundance in breast tumors and patient survival (31). The data were divided into 2 groups high *KIAA0101* expressers and low expressers. We found that those patients who overexpressed *KIAA0101* had significantly shorter survival time. As a measure of this, the 75% survival rate of each group was about 5 years for the high expressers and about 14 years for the lower expressers (Fig. 7).
We interpret the results showing the KIAA0101 protein stain in breast tumors and from the survival curve for high *KIAA0101* expressors breast tumors that KIAA0101 overexpression is strongly correlated with aggressive, proliferative breast cancer cases. Because many proliferative breast tumors are ER− or TNBCs, there is a trend correlating KIAA0101 overexpression with these tumor types.
**Figure 7.** Overexpression of KIAA0101 correlates with worse survival rates. Data taken from the van’t Veer microarray data set (31, 39) showing significant decrease in the average survival rate of breast cancer patients with tumor samples with high KIAA0101 expression (bottom) versus low KIAA0101 expression (top; $P = 2.5 \times 10^{-05}$). Log-rank test was used to determine the statistical significance.
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**Table 1.** Comparison of the expression level of KIAA0101 to different biomarkers of breast cancer in 2 independent TMA studies
| Total tumor samples | % KIAA0101 positive | Biomarkers | % KIAA0101 positive |
|---------------------|---------------------|------------|---------------------|
| **TMA1** | | | |
| 80 | 29/80 (36.3) | Ki67 negative | 0/6 (0) |
| | | Ki67 intermediate | 11/41 (26.8) |
| | | Ki67 positive | 18/33 (54.5)$^a$ |
| 81 | 30/81 (37.04) | ER negative | 19/43 (44.2) |
| | | TNBC | 14/26 (53.8)$^b$ |
| **TMA2** | | | |
| 256 | 138/256 (53.9) | ER negative | 44/72 (61.1) |
| | | TNBC | 28/46 (60.9) |
$^a$Fisher test $P = 0.006$.
$^b$Fisher test $P = 0.048$.
KIAA0101 is to be a useful biomarker, more tumors will need to be analyzed that also include outcome information to determine whether KIAA0101 overexpression can be used to stratify breast tumors in a novel way.
**Discussion**
In this study, we discovered that (i) KIAA0101 is a potential BRCA1 interactor; (ii) KIAA0101 protein concentrations are critical to appropriate control of centrosome duplication; (iii) KIAA0101 protein is a cell-cycle-regulated protein most abundant during S and G2 phases; (iv) depletion of KIAA0101 does not affect passage through the cell cycle; (v) KIAA0101 localizes in the cell to the centrosome and to a perinuclear position that contains the centrosomes; (vi) KIAA0101 is in complex with BRCA1 protein; (vii) KIAA0101 is overexpressed in Ki67-positive breast cancer tumors and its overexpression is loosely correlated with TNBCs; and (viii) KIAA0101 overexpression in breast tumors results in lower survival rates than the low-expressing tumors.
Depletion of KIAA0101 resulted in significant centrosome amplification, a phenotype associated with BRCA1 depletion in breast cancer cell lines. Interestingly, KIAA0101 overexpression also resulted in the same phenotype, suggesting that the concentration of KIAA0101 must be precisely balanced for the regulation of centrosome duplication. Because both depletion and overexpression of KIAA0101 resulted in centrosome amplification, it is possible that KIAA0101 participates in 2 mechanisms that control centrosome number. One mechanism would be sensitive to KIAA0101 depletion, and another sensitive to KIAA0101 overexpression. Further work is targeted at identifying these mechanistic causes of centrosome amplification secondary to changes in KIAA0101 protein levels. In 2 separate articles on hepatocellular carcinoma, upregulation (23) or downregulation (32) of *KIAA0101* correlated with the development of the disease. Thus, our observation of precise KIAA0101 concentration control being critical for regulation of centrosomes is consistent with observations that either high or low concentrations of this protein are associated with hepatic cancers. KIAA0101 levels increased in S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, a time when KIAA0101 could, like BRCA1 (10, 11), block overduplication of centrosomes. Because KIAA0101 depletion did not affect cell-cycle progression and because KIAA0101 localized to centrosomes, our results are consistent with a direct role of KIAA0101 protein in regulating this organelle.
KIAA0101 protein had previously been identified as a factor associated with PCNA and important in the repair of UV-damaged DNA (25). The association with PCNA led to the anticipation that KIAA0101 would stimulate homologous recombination, but it was thus surprising that KIAA0101 depletion had no effect on this DNA repair process. Many DNA repair proteins also affect centrosome biology (33–38) and clearly KIAA0101 protein levels are critical for controlling centrosome number. However, like BRCA1, most of the DNA repair proteins that are involved in the regulation of centrosome number are known to be involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, but KIAA0101 is different in that it is a UV-specific repair factor that connects this repair pathway to the centrosome.
Is KIAA0101 a tumor suppressor? Because KIAA0101 depletion causes centrosome amplification (this study) and because KIAA0101 is important in the UV damage response (25), it is possible that KIAA0101 is a tumor suppressor. However, it was its overexpression that was observed in a significant number of breast tumors, suggesting that it could be an oncogene. Further work is needed to determine the effects on cell growth and transformation of KIAA0101 depletion or overexpression.
Analysis of breast cancer tumors in TMAs showed KIAA0101 to be overexpressed in about 45% of breast cancer tumors, and it revealed a correlation between KIAA0101 and Ki67, a proliferation marker, suggesting an association between overexpression of KIAA0101 and increased chances of relapse and worse survival rate. These results of overexpression of KIAA0101 in Ki67-positive tumors are consistent with the Oncomine analysis that linked KIAA0101 mRNA levels with high-grade tumors. The utility of KIAA0101 as a protein biomarker for breast cancer is, however, currently unclear. KIAA0101 overexpression appeared to be more common in ER-negative and triple-negative tumors, but the trend had borderline significance. Rather, KIAA0101 overexpression appears to be an independent marker from the current breast cancer classifiers. Thus, KIAA0101-positive immunohistochemistry may prove to be an important tool for the prediction of prognosis in early breast cancers that might eventually help guide the therapy for patients suffering from the invasive and aggressive form of the disease. Current work is aimed at analyzing more TMAs with matched patient outcome data to find how KIAA0101 immunohistochemistry can contribute to prognostication or to prediction of outcome for breast cancer patients.
**Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest**
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
**Acknowledgments**
The authors thank S. Jones and J. Bucher of the OSUMC Pathology core for preparation of slides and conducting immunohistochemical analyses and the members of the Parvin Laboratory for helpful advice during the course of this study.
**Grant Support**
This work was supported by the NIH grants CA114090 and CA111480 to J.D. Parvin.
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received November 8, 2010; revised June 2, 2011; accepted June 7, 2011; published OnlineFirst June 14, 2011.
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32. Guo M, Li J, Wei D, Gu J. KIAA0101 (OEACT-1), an expressionaly down-regulated and growth-inhibitory gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2006;6:109.
33. Fukushige S, Chu T, Kunyama R, Rulong V, Sander Woudse GF. Abnormal centrosome duplication in the absence of p53. Science 1998;271:1744–7.
34. Griffin OS, Simpson FJ, Wilson CR, Thacker J. Mammalian recombination-deficient cell lines XRCC2 and XRCC3 promote correct homologous segregation. Nat Cell Biol 2000;2:757–61.
35. Karai M, Tong WM, Sugihara E, Wang ZQ, Fukasawa K, Miwa M. Involvement of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 and poly(ADP-Ribosylation in regulation of centrosome function. Mol Cell Biol 2003;23:2457–66.
36. Kruiskamp-van der Zwei M, Overkamp JW, van Lange RE, Essers J, van Duijn-Goehart A, Wiggers I, et al. Brca2 (XRCC1) deficiency results in radioresistant DNA synthesis and a higher frequency of spontaneous deletions. Mol Cell Biol 2002;22:6697–707.
37. Tuttle SM, Zhang J, Bertwistle D, Connor P, Peterson H, Peacock J, et al. Absence of Brca2 causes genome instability by chromosome breakage and loss associated with centrosome amplification. Curr Biol 1999;9:1107–10.
38. Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Sonoda E, Sasazuki S, Morrison C, Haraguchi T, Hirose K, et al. Mice lacking functional BRCA2 exhibit chromosomal DNA in vertebrate cells. EMBO J 1999;18:5619–29.
39. van ’t Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, He YD, Hart AA, Mao M, et al. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature 2002;415:530–6.
|
THIS SMART POWER CHIP BREAKS THE 100-V BARRIER/89
THE APPLE II: HOW AN OLD DOG LEARNED NEW TRICKS/92
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION
$6 DOLLARS OCTOBER 2, 1986
Electronics®
INTEL'S ISDN ENTRY ACCELERATES A MAJOR PUSH INTO MICROCOMMUNICATIONS
PAGE 59
ISDN CHIP SETS:
USERS FACE A RISKY CHOICE
PAGE 55
National Semiconductor
© 1985 National Semiconductor Corporation
All Rights Reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
National Semiconductor Europe
Postfach 2300, CH-8022 Zurich, Switzerland
Tel: (01) 744 7910
National does not assume any responsibility for use of these circuits. National reserves the right to change specifications at any time without notice.
National Semiconductor Corporation is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner.
Only one 32-bit microprocessor could deliver the performance Dataproducts needed for their new laser printer. National’s Series 32000 family.
Dataproducts needed a powerful product to fill an important market.
They wanted to introduce laser-printer speeds into daisy-wheel environments. So they developed the LZR-2630. It prints up to 26 pages a minute, a full page at a time, on demand. Yet it’s fully compatible with the enormous installed base of wordprocessing software.
The secret of such speed and flexibility is National’s Series 32000® family.
The Series 32000 performs three times faster than its nearest competitor in this application. So Dataproducts got the throughput they needed for their ultra-fast printer’s engine.
They also got a powerful set of development tools, comprehensive diagnostic systems, full applications support, and the corporate-wide commitment of National Semiconductor.
So Dataproducts met the market demand for a high-performance cost-efficient solution.
Which means the Series 32000 is not only the right engineering decision for today, it’s also the right business decision for tomorrow.
Find out how you can build the future into your own 32-bit design. Contact National Semiconductor today.
National Series 32000, MS 23-200
P O Box 58090
Santa Clara, CA 95052-8090
Circle 1 on reader service card
CAN YOU PASS THIS DTMF TRANSCEIVER QUIZ?
Q. The best DTMF transceiver on the market today:
1) Has a Central Office quality DTMF receiver on-chip. True False
2) Has a low-distortion/high-accuracy DTMF generator on-chip. True False
3) Has a complete 6800 microprocessor interface on-chip. True False
4) Can transmit DTMF tone bursts with precise timing. True False
5) Has a call progress tone filter which outputs tones in digital wave form. True False
6) Can generate single or dual tones. True False
7) Has excellent dial tone rejection. True False
8) Has superb third tone tolerance. True False
9) Permits adjustable guard times. True False
10) Operates from a single 5 volt power supply. True False
11) Operates from -40°C to +85°C. True False
12) Employs high-speed/low-power ISO²-CMOS™ fabrication in a 20-Pin ceramic or plastic package. True False
A. It’s all true of the Mitel MT8880 DTMF Transceiver!
This robust performer is the natural choice for such applications as intelligent modems, remote-controlled devices, telephone-enhanced personal computers, PABXs, Central Office switches, intelligent telephones, paging systems, mobile radio systems and programmable autodialers. Contact your local Mitel sales office for further information.
MITEL SEMICONDUCTOR
UNITED STATES
San Diego, California
Telephone: (818)278-3421
Boxe Park, San Diego, California 92154
Telephone: (305)994-8588
San Jose, California
Telephone: (408)249-2111
Dekbrook, Illinois
Telephone: (312)855-3533
CANADA
P.O. Box 13230
308 Leger Drive
Kanata, Ontario
Canada K2K 1X5
Telephone: 613/597-5630
TLX: 053-3221
TWX: 616-565-1878
EUROPE
Sevenbridge Estate
Portsmouth, Caldicot,
Newport, Gwent,
South Wales NP6 4YR
Telephone: +44 231-423355
TLX: 437 380
Denmark 171
DK - 2900 Hellerup
Denmark
Telephone: +45 1-612586
TLX: 55-19602
Centro Direzionale
Viale Milano Fiori
Edificio 17/2
20084 Assago
Milan, Italy
Telephone:
+39 2-8245222/8245117
ASIA
CDW Building, 22nd Floor
368 Gloucester Rd.
Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
Telephone: +852 6-483641
TLX: 34235 Mitel HX
TM, ® – Trademark of Mitel Corporation
© Copyright 1985 Mitel Corporation
## NEWS
### Newsletters
**Electronics, 23**
- Are the Japanese violating the new chip trade agreement?
- TI plans to sell testers to its IC customers
**International, 48**
- New excise tax is bad news for Japanese consumer makers
- Philips will unveil a CCD chip with 2 million devices
### ICs, 31
Rockwell combines microwave and digital circuits on one GaAs chip
### Military, 31
Expert systems give pilots a helping hand
### Semiconductors, 32
Japanese HEMT ICs run at room temperature
### Networking, 33
- TI pares down its chip set for the IBM token-ring network
- Card is interim solution for modem in MAP nets
- The next step for MAP: fiber-optic networks
### IC testing, 37
Fault imaging is moving from lab to fab
### Televison, 40
Siemens fits digital TV images into a 2-Mb/s data stream
### Speech technology, 41
New system scores 98.6% in speech recognition
### Graphics, 44
Graphics tablet tries to compete with mouse
## INSIDE TECHNOLOGY
### COVER: Users face a risky choice in ISDN chip sets, 55
Terminal makers and system houses must choose from a bewildering array of chips—all billed as “standard”—available to implement the integrated services digital network. A wrong choice could mean more difficult design tasks and loss of markets because of a late start
### Bullish on ISDN, Intel launches its chip set, 59
Comprising an S interface IC, a line-card controller, and a codec-filter combination, the chip set is designed to help designers make the transition from the analog phone network to the all-digital net
### Intel aims at microcommunications, 63
The chip maker says it’s ready for an assault on what it calls microcommunications with its new ICs and digital telecom products
### A bipolar gate array that runs fast on low power, 68
Ferranti puts a new twist on its venerable collector-diffused-isolation process to yield gate arrays with 1-ns gate delays and power dissipation that rivals CMOS
### SPECIAL REPORT: CIM starts to change the factory landscape, 76
Computer-integrated manufacturing already has a firm footing in the giant automotive and aerospace firms, and now the electronics industry is beginning to get on board
### Prolonging the life of thin-film EL flat panels, 84
TI combines a modified Bidfet process that can handle the high voltages required with a symmetrical drive technique. That way, it gets thin-film electroluminescent panels that overcome differential aging, which shortens panel life.
### This smart power chip breaks the 100-V barrier, 89
Ixys has found a way to combine low-power CMOS control logic with a proprietary high-performance double-diffused MOS process, and has seen first silicon on a smart power chip that operates at 500 V and 25 A. It plans to combine analog and digital control functions on smart power chips next year
### The Apple II: Teaching an old dog new tricks, 92
A 2.8-MHz microprocessor more than doubles the speed of the Apple II GS over the Apple IIE. The new machine features high-resolution graphics and a 32-oscillator synthesizer that makes it talk
### PROBING THE NEWS
### Can the U.S. continue as No. 1 in space communications? 95
With NASA’s Advanced Communication Technology Satellite threatened by budget cuts and Europe and Japan readying their own satellites, U.S. preeminence in space communications is in jeopardy
## NEW PRODUCTS
**Newsletter, 27**
- NEC claims the first monolithic dual-port FIFO memory
- System stores engineering documents in optical memory
- Convergent lures office OEMs with multiuser Unix systems
**Semiconductors, 100**
- Motorola's 24-bit DSP stores programming in RAM to accelerate development
- PC AT system board fits on a plug-in card, thanks to Chips and Technologies' single-chip peripherals controller
**Computers & Peripherals, 102**
- Software protection system from Az-Tech Software fingerprints disks by adding spurious bits between tracks
- Tektronix drops price, boosts functionality in intelligent color graphics terminals
- Winchester drive from Maxtor reaches 765-megabyte benchmark
**Design & Test, 105**
- Support Technologies' $35,000 in-circuit functional tester runs at full clock speed to eliminate a second set of system checks
- ASIC layout tool from Seattle Silicon Technologies can place and route macros and standard cells automatically
**Communications, 112**
- TI's one-chip Bell 202 modem sells for under $10 and cuts costs in applications where data flow is primarily one-way
- GaAs FET from Harris Microwave Semiconductor delivers high amplifier gain while drawing only 20 mA
---
## DEPARTMENTS
**Publisher's letter, 3**
Welcome back to an old *Electronics* hand, George Sideris
**FYI, 8**
The Peat Marwick–McKenna alliance is one more indicator that no publication is better positioned than ours to meet the information needs of industry managers
**Letters, 12**
**People, 16**
- How Karl Zaininger is building a U.S. laboratory for Siemens
- Why Prime Computer's Carl Ledbetter is bullish on minisupercomputers
**Meetings, 115**
**Electronics Week, 120**
- IBM cuts prices and enhances the RT PC
- TI plans to move into BiCMOS
- NEC develops low-noise VCR
- Olivetti buys Triumph-Adler
World Radio History
What a season!
Advanced Micro Devices has delivered sixty-four new products in fifty-two weeks. At least one a week every week. On the shelf. In volume.
32-bits. CMOS. Peripherals. ISDN. Microprocessors. Graphics. Networking. EPROMs. EEPROMs. Super-fast RAMs.
How did we do it?
We took a group of gifted, motivated people. Gave them a nearly impossible goal. Then backed them with the R&D dollars needed to get the job done.
And luck? Sure. You don't go sixty-four for fifty-two without luck. But as Branch Rickey used to say, "Luck is the residue of design."
Advanced Micro Devices
901 Thompson Place, P.O. Box 3453, Sunnyvale, CA 94088
World Radio History
The Peat Marwick-McKenna alliance is one more indicator that no publication is better positioned than ours to meet the information needs of industry managers.
Not a few industry managers were bemused by last week's announcement of a "strategic affiliation" between Peat Marwick and Regis McKenna Inc. Many of them were having a hard time figuring out exactly what the Big Eight accounting firm, which serves some 1,500 high-tech clients, wanted with RMI, the Silicon Valley agency that provides strategic marketing and communications services to some 100 high-tech companies. A giant press kit didn't help much: "The alliance will provide the breadth and depth of expertise that high-tech companies need to address strategic business, marketing, and communications issues." So what does it all mean?
For one thing, it will mean exactly what the two companies want it to mean. As Regis McKenna puts it: "There is no model now for service companies when they want to form strategic alliances." There are few observers of the high-tech marketing scene more canny than McKenna. Early on he recognized that industry leaders, whether they were product planners, designers, or marketers, were having an increasingly difficult time creating markets and positioning and differentiating products in a global environment of diversity and proliferation.
As McKenna points out, the industry environment has changed radically. Ten years ago, there were far fewer companies, products, or technologies. Now it has exploded into dozens of narrow vertical niches, while major segments have become intensely competitive. In 1985, for example, over 150 companies supplied IBM PC clones, 240 firms marketed personal computers, and 60 offered 5½-in. disk drives.
That environment, which always shapes the industry's products as McKenna is fond of saying, also drives this magazine. Whether it's time-sensitive, value-added information packaged by Electronics in a highly readable form for technically trained managers, or whether it's the expertise that the Peat Marwick-RMI combo says it can provide, hard-pressed managers will need far more of this help in the future if they and their companies are to survive. For McKenna, his strategic alliance "is a highly exciting prospect that will break new ground." For us, his move is one more indicator that no publication is better positioned than ours to meet the pressing information needs of industry managers.
ROBERT W. HENKEL
INFINITELY FASTER
WAVEFORM RECORDING
1.3 GIGASAMPLES/SEC!
INTRODUCING THE WORLD'S FASTEST SOLID-STATE WAVEFORM DIGITIZER...THE AWARD-WINNING LeCROY 6880 • 1.3 GIGASAMPLES/SEC!
• 8-BIT RESOLUTION • 250 MHz BANDWIDTH
• TRUE, SOLID-STATE A/D CONVERSION
SEE MORE LeCroy's new 6880 is the first, and the only, all-solid-state digitizer that accurately captures complex, single-shot phenomena within a 250 MHz bandwidth at a stunning 1.35 gigasamples/sec! What's more, the 6880 achieves this spectacular speed with true precision solid-state A/D conversion, yielding a resolution of 8 bits with exceptional dynamic performance.
STORE MORE Your signals are digitized to a deep 10,000 sample point memory providing a long recording window on fast signals and events. Up to 100% pretrigger and 1.5 msec post-trigger delay assures a flexible time window for capturing, viewing, and comparing complex waveforms or random transients.
DISPLAY AND ANALYZE MORE Display and analyze captured waveforms on a video monitor or with LeCroy's WAVEFORM-CATALYST Digital Storage Oscilloscope Software and an IBM-PC. And of course the Model 6880 is fully programmable over GPIB (IEEE-488) and RS-232-C providing friendly remote control and high speed data transfer.
CAPTURE YOUR HIGH SPEED WAVEFORMS BETTER, FASTER, AND FOR LESS.
For more information simply circle the reader service card or call (914) 578-6038
700 SOUTH MAIN STREET, SPRING VALLEY, NY 10977 TWX: 710-577-2832
World Radio History
REMEMBER WHEN THE CHIPS WERE DOWN?
Your system, or maybe even your entire line, was down. The chips you ordered didn’t meet spec, quantities were insufficient, or maybe they weren’t produced at all. It’s a hair-raising experience.
INMOS understands how you feel. That’s why we’re dedicated to the highest standards of quality and reliability, without compromising performance in any of our products: SRAMs, DRAMs, Microcomputer products or ASICs.
For example, our CMOS Static RAMs have quality levels better than 300ppm and reliability levels below 50 fits. This means with 16 of our 16K SRAMs, your cache memory should have better than 100 years of failure-free performance.
We know the stakes are high. At INMOS, you get products you can depend on from a company you can depend on.
| 16K CMOS SRAMs | Device | Access Times |
|----------------|------------|--------------|
| IMS1403 (x1) | 20, 25, 35, 45ns |
| IMS1423 (x4) | 25, 35, 45ns |
| 64K CMOS SRAMs | Device | Access Times |
|----------------|------------|--------------|
| IMS1600 (x1) | 35, 45, 55ns |
| IMS1620 (x4) | 35, 45, 55ns |
| IMS1624 (OE, x4)| 35, 45, 55ns |
| IMS1630 (x8) | 45, 55, 70ns |
| LOW POWER DATA RETENTION CMOS SRAMs | Device | Access Times | Idr* |
|-------------------------------------|------------|--------------|------|
| IMS1403L (x1) | 25, 35, 45ns | 0.5µA |
| IMS1601L (x1) | 45, 55, 70ns | 10µA |
| IMS1620L (x4) | 45, 55, 70ns | 10µA |
| IMS1624L (OE, x4) | 45, 55, 70ns | 10µA |
All above products are available in MIL-STD-883C. *Idr = Typical Icc at 2V at 25° centigrade. inmos, and IMS are trademark of the INMOS Group of Companies.
CMOS STATIC RAMs
INMOS, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Tel. (303) 630-4000;
Brussels, Belgium, Tel. (32) 2-649-0146;
Paris, France, Tel. (1) 46-87-22-01;
Munich, Germany, Tel. (089) 319 10 28;
Tokyo, Japan, Tel. 03-505-2840.
Circle 11 on reader service card
Another one rides the bus
To the editor: I read with interest Tobias Naegele's article, "The Next Big Auto Market: The Multiplexed Data Bus" [Electronics, Aug. 21, p.81]. I was especially interested in the summary of European sources of multiplexed systems, particularly when it became obvious that my company, Salplex Ltd., was not mentioned—even though the example on a control family is very similar to drawings in our advertising material.
Salplex is probably the only company that has been set up solely to develop and market multiplexed wiring systems. The conclusion we reached is that the prime requirement is for an SAE Class 'A' system [basic controls] that is cost-competitive with conventional wiring.
We believe that our competitors' approach of designing Class B systems [instruments, engine controllers, and trip computers], which then encompasses Class A almost as an afterthought, does not meet this requirement, and as such we have designed a system that is essentially Class A and encompasses some of Class B applications.
J.A. Hodgkiss
Engineering Manager, Salplex Ltd.
Rugeley, UK
Electronics based its drawing on one supplied by Integrated Power Semiconductors Ltd., Livingston, Scotland.
An alternative to Lisp
To the editor: When writing software for an expert system, it is not necessary to avoid artificial intelligence programming languages in favor of conventional high-level languages, as implied in "What's Holding Back Expert Systems?" [Electronics, Aug. 7, 1986, p.59]
C and Lisp are not the only alternatives. IF/Prolog is a real AI programming language (executing at 100,000 logical inferences per second) especially aimed at expert-systems applications. It also runs on a large number of computers, such as the Digital Equipment Corp. VAX, and others that run Unix or VMS/Ultrix operating systems and use Motorola's 680XX processors. Using Prolog, a given inference component can be implemented on conventional computer architectures.
Karin Höss
Interface Computer GmbH
Munich, W. Germany
Aion isn't switching to C
Correction: In "What's Holding Back Expert Systems?" [Electronics, Aug. 7, 1986, p.59] the programming language used by Aion Corp. for its expert systems was incorrectly identified. Aion's products are all written in Pascal.
EVERY BUSINESS NEEDS AN IBM-PC
WHO WANTS TO PAY IBM PRICES?
WE HAVE A SOLUTION!!!
FACTORY DIRECT $799.
STANDARD MODEL
100% Compatible PC-XT
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With 20 MEG Hard Disk $1399.00 LEASE $56/MO
Our PC-XT SUPER TURBO COMPUTER runs all the popular Business Programs, like Lotus 1, 2, 3, Word Perfect, Wordstar, dBase III, Homebase, Sidekick, and Flight Simulator. In addition to running the programs at the standard IBM clock speed of 4.77 Mhz, it also runs at 8 Mhz — almost twice as fast as IBM.
ACS has developed the fastest, most powerful XT and AT computers available today. We have also researched the numerous software programs available to automate your office. If you are considering buying a computer, call ACS. We can recommend the software and hardware system that will best solve your business needs.
HERE'S WHAT YOU GET
ACS-Turbo Mother Board 4.77/8.0 Mhz
640K of RAM
Two 360K Floppy Drives
Heavy Duty 135 Watt Power Supply
Keyboard New "AT" Type with Large Enter Key
Parallel Printer Port
Monochrome Graphics Display Card
High Resolution Mono Monitor
with Swivel Base and Anti-Glare Screen
OPTIONS
20 MEG Hard Disk $449.00
20 MEG Tape Back-Up $595.00
Clock/Calendar $59.00
Internal Modem 300/1200 BAUD $199.00
Okidata 192 Printer $399.00
PROGRAMS INCLUDED
Included in the purchase price is MS-DOS, the standard IBM operating system. With our Hard Disk Computer, you also get HOMEBASE, a general purpose multi-function program to perform word processing, electronic filing, and data base management. HOMEBASE has a built-in calendar, with monthly, weekly, and daily scheduling. The Homebase Calculator lets you perform calculations on the monitor and the ability to print a paper tape if desired. HOMEBASE also includes a communication program with autodialer for communication with other computers (requires a modem).
5 YEAR WARRANTY AVAILABLE
GUARANTEE & WARRANTY
We guarantee you will be delighted with our ACS-Turbo Computer or return it within 30 days for a refund (less shipping charges). We warranty our Turbo Computer 100% Parts & Labor for 1 year. We believe our computer is even more reliable than IBM — that's why we're offering a five-year extended warranty for only $30.00 a year. Order early for the holidays — delivery may take over 30 days.
HOW TO ORDER
Call us at (818) 889-1092. We have experienced salespeople to advise you with your computer requirements. Ask for our experts — ask for Department FD.
You can charge our ACS-Turbo Computer with a VISA or MasterCard. We also have a lease plan available for qualified businesses, with payments from 36 months to 60 months.
*IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines.
DEALERS WANTED
5311 Derry Avenue, Suite A, Agoura Hills, CA 91301
Phone: 818/889-1092 Fax: 818/889-5605 Telex: 299 353 POST UR
EASY LINK Mailbox: 62941735 Telex: 5106018224 ACS AGRA HILLS UO
Circle 13 on reader service card
THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY'S MOST DRAMATIC INTEGRATED TESTING STORY BEGINS WITH A LINE LIKE THIS:
Design Automation Products
HILO® Universal Logic Simulation System
HICHIP™ Universal Hardware Modeling System
HIPOST™-ST HILO to GenRad VLSI Tester Interface
VLSI Test Products
GR125 VLSI Test System
GR160 VLSI Test System
GR180 Complex VLSI/VHSIC Test System
Incoming Inspection Products
1657 & 1658 Digibridge® RLC Testers
1687-B 1MHz LC Digibridge
1689M Precision RLC Digibridge
1731M Linear IC Test System
1732M Digital IC Test System
1734M Memory Test System
SCAN™ Semiconductor Component Analysis Network
1752 Elevated Temperature Handler
2295 Programming Station
Board Test Products
2272 High Pin Count In-circuit/Functional Tester
2276 XP High Performance In-circuit/Functional Tester
2276E Expandable In-circuit/Functional Tester
2276 ICA In-circuit/Functional Analyzer
2275 Low Cost In-circuit/Functional Tester
2293 & 2294 Programming Stations
BusBust®, Scratchprobing and AC Quadrature Bridge
Diagnostic Tools
Automatic Test Generation (ATG)
SpeedPlus™, J11™ Processor, Productivity Plus™ and Analog Instrument Options
Bantam™ Lightweight Fixture
TRACS® Test and Repair Analysis/Control System
DataTRACE™-32 TRACS Software Enhancement Package
Structural Test Products
2511 & 2514 Vibration Control Systems
2515 Computer-Aided Test System
Service Test Products
2225 Portable Service Processor
2235 Logic Test System
2255 In-circuit Test Adaptor
2610 & 2620 Test Systems
Networking Products
229X Central Host Computers
GRnet® Baseband Local Area Network
It takes experience with a full line of test products to have a full understanding of integrated testing.
That’s why our integrated testers of today are designed to fit into the completely integrated testing environment of tomorrow. And that’s no story.
The state of the art of integrated testing.
HOW ZAININGER BUILT A U.S. LAB FOR SIEMENS
PRINCETON, N.J.
When Siemens AG decided to set up a research center for its growing American business six years ago, the West German electronics giant turned to Karl Zaininger, a native of Munich who has studied and worked in the U.S. since the early 1950s. It was the perfect fit—Zaininger had the experience to build a successful research program along with the German roots needed to fit seamlessly into the Siemens picture.
Building Siemens' Research and Technology Laboratories into a $40-million-a-year research institution was a challenging task, Zaininger says, and his success has not gone unrewarded. Last month he earned the added title of president, Siemens Corporate Research and Support Corp., which includes the lab and several administrative and strategic support facilities. But it is the Princeton, N.J., laboratory—Zaininger calls it his "baby"—that makes him most proud. "You've got to be an American to build an American laboratory," says Zaininger, a naturalized U.S. citizen. But he adds that his German background didn't hurt when it came to getting what he needed from the Siemens bureaucracy.
The biggest difference between an American and a European lab, Zaininger explains, is the outlook of the researchers who work there. In Munich, he says, getting a job with Siemens is just like joining Ma Bell in the days before divestiture: employment for life.
"But in the U.S. the kids want to stay competitive," he says. "They want to be able to take other jobs in the outside world, or to go seek venture capital." So at the Research and Technology Labs he encourages employees to use the Princeton University facilities, he lets them travel to technical meetings, and he has made German classes available for employees interested in temporary transfers overseas.
Location is also important to American engineers, he says. After graduating from Princeton University with master's and doctoral degrees in solid-state physics, Zaininger chose to stay in the Princeton area at RCA Corp.'s David Sarnoff Research Center. His reasons ranged from the area's proximity to New York and the New Jersey shore to the high concentration of quality laboratory facilities run by other firms, notably those of AT&T Co. When it came time to set up the research facility, Zaininger pressed Siemens to let him remain here.
STAYING FLEXIBLE. With about 120 researchers working on such diverse projects as molecular-beam epitaxy and robotics control, Zaininger says the organization is now half-grown. He wants to double the group's size by 1990, he says, but that will be it. "With 250 people it will be the ideal size. Once you get bigger than that you lose the flexibility of a small lab."
An adventurous youth, Zaininger came to the U.S. in pursuit of the woman who would eventually become his wife—a Ukrainian refugee who had stopped in Munich before moving on to the U.S. Drafted during the Korean conflict, he served two years in the Army and then enrolled at Princeton. Upon graduating, he was snapped up by
Only one European location offers such a fully integrated circuit.
Picture Edinburgh Castle, Scotland's most famous landmark, and remove yourself westward 30 minutes.
You're in Livingston, a town purpose-built for industry and set in the heart of Silicon Glen.
Within a 40 mile radius of town, you'll find a greater concentration of electronic companies than anywhere else in Europe, including semiconductor, information systems, defence and telecom manufacturers.
As many as 350 major US, Japanese and European companies. Rich pickings for suppliers such as I.P.S., Burr-Brown, Shin-Etsu Handotai and N.E.C.
For the likes of I.B.M., Hewlett Packard, Burroughs, Honeywell, Apollo, and Digital, everything they require for their manufacturing processes, right on their doorstep.
Not only electronic companies, but medical diagnostic equipment manufacturers too.
Names such as Diagnostic Sonar, Dynamic Imaging, G.L. Ultrasound, Lambda Medical and Scintronix.
For Livingston can also lay claim to having the greatest number of resident health care companies in Scotland.
(Our latest acquisition being Damon Biotech of Boston who plan to build the biggest monoclonal antibody plant in the world here.)
Livingston. One of Europe’s greatest success stories.
With such a rich concentration of electronics companies, combined with its proximity to the markets of continental Europe, it’s little wonder that success seems to attend Livingston’s many new industries.
Since arrival, Burr-Brown and Burroughs have both doubled capacity at their plants. So too have Mitsubishi, Apollo Computer and N.E.C. at its semi-conductor fabrication plant.
Nor are Burroughs the only company to manufacture a successful product that’s been both designed and developed entirely in Livingston. This particular new product (the S40 desk-top document processing machine) is also designed to be marketed worldwide from Livingston.
A workforce whose productivity is ‘second to none in the world.’
For the design, manufacture and marketing of the S40, Burroughs, along with every other company who are ‘making it in Livingston’, have a wealth of local resources to call upon.
Sales and service companies such as Tektronix, D.E.C., Mentor Graphics and Applied Materials.
Semiconductor suppliers such as L.T.I.S. Matra, Alphasem, Tegal and Kulicke & Soffa.
Packaging suppliers. Component engineering companies such as...
Livingston Precision. (Coincidentally, one of only a handful of companies, worldwide, who have been awarded the coveted Burroughs Supplier Excellence Award.)
And, of course, a plentiful, highly skilled and motivated workforce with a proven record of outstanding productivity.
A description fully endorsed by a recent survey carried out amongst US-owned companies operating in Scotland.
Of the workforce, it concluded that attitudes to work and responsiveness to training were well pleasing, quality of output was consistently above corporate standards and high flexibility was a common feature of the plants visited.
Europe's key location for information technology.
Within an hour's drive of Livingston lie six of Scotland's eight universities.
A fertile source for graduate recruitment, and particularly from the fields of science and engineering, for which Scottish universities have a reputation that is second to none.
Closest to hand are the universities of Heriot Watt and Edinburgh.
The former having Europe's first research park and the latter having a School of Information Technology which, amongst other things, has contributed to major advances in such fields as Artificial Intelligence, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
In addition, Edinburgh also has four Technology Transfer units (revenue earning laboratories on the lines of the Stamford Research Unit) including the Wolfson Microelectronics Limited and the Centre
for Applications Software Technology.
A concentration of skilled personnel and resources that is, frankly, without parallel on this side of the Atlantic.
Edinburgh has something else that other IT. communities in Europe can’t match.
A town like Livingston—right on its doorstep.
A town purpose-built for new businesses with maximum investment grants.
Here, 15 minutes from Wolfson Microelectronics Limited, 30 minutes from Edinburgh and Glasgow airports and a matter of hours from Continental Europe, you can move into a factory or office immediately.
Or, choose a site on Kirkton Campus, Scotland’s most successful hi-technology park, and have a factory or unit built and customized to your requirements.
Here you can get investment grants of up to 35%, rent-free periods and European Community Assistance.
Here too, you can get the assistance of a Development Corporation that is every bit as keen to see your venture grow and flourish as your are. A Corporation and a town that in the past 5 years has attracted more new companies than any other town in Scotland.
Scotland, Europe or the world—we’ve got the communications, the skills, techniques and environment to make us the perfect operational base for you.
Contact us at the address below, and we’ll show you what else we’ve got—in the way of advice, information and action.
MAKE IT IN LIVINGSTON
Europe’s most logical location.
RCA, where he stayed 19 years. By the time he left—"it was the result of a midlife crisis, of course"—he had risen to be the center's manager of solid-state technology. An eight-month stint at the Department of Energy's Solar Energy Research Institute in Golden, Colo., followed, and then Zaininger was named director of the Army's Microelectronics Division at Ft. Monmouth Laboratories in New Jersey in 1978. During that three-year stretch he helped set up the Defense Department's Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) program there before Siemens gave him a chance to build his own lab from scratch.
"This is the best job for me," Zaininger says of Siemens. "It lets me live in my two favorite cities in the world—Munich and Princeton."—Tobias Naegle
WHY PRIME'S LEDBETTER IS BULLISH ON MINISUPERS
NATICK, MASS.
A lot of people are busy worrying about how long the computer industry doldrums will last, but Carl S. Ledbetter Jr. is busy preparing for a boom. Ledbetter may have developed his penchant for optimism during his stint as chief earthquake emergency planner for California, an office he held five years ago, before taking on the newly created position of vice president for scientific programs at Prime Computer Inc.
In any case, it's his job to oversee Prime's entry into the minisupercomputer market. He believes that market is poised for a surge, and that Prime will be a major player. "We'll be in the business before 1987 is out," says Ledbetter, adding, "1987 is the watershed year."
Minisupercomputers fill the performance gap between current superminis and Cray-class supercomputers. More specifically, Ledbetter says the successful minisupercomputers will be those that are capable of sustaining an execution rate of 2 million to 6 million floating-point operations per second.
His optimism about this market is founded on evidence that the engineering and scientific—that is, the numerically intensive—computer markets have grown while the rest of the computer industry slumped. He predicts this sector will continue to outperform the industry as a whole by a factor of two or three for the next decade.
The growing demand for high-power computing has dramatized the gap in performance and attracted vendors. Some, such as Alliant Computers, are already selling machines. Many others are, like Prime, developing products as fast as they can.
Quite a few of the latter are building machines with exotic architectures, intended for narrow applications. But Ledbetter argues that the big winner will be the company that markets a general-purpose minisupercomputer, one with extremely stable performance characteristics for a broad range of applications.
Of particular importance to Prime is that a significant portion—40% by Ledbetter's accounting—of the instructions executed by supercomputers is for simulation and modeling in computer-assisted design and engineering. Prime has become an important player in that business in recent years. "The link between modeling, or CAD/CAM, and supercomputing is the key link," says Ledbetter. "The trick for us is to integrate with that environment."
Ledbetter, 37, earned his bachelor's degree from the University of Redlands in California, his master's degree from Brandeis University, and a doctorate in mathematics from Clark University. He has been a professor of mathematics at Wellesley College in Massachusetts and at Sonoma State University in California.
From December 1980 to August 1981, Ledbetter was director of the California Earthquake Preparedness Agency in the administration of former Gov. Jerry Brown. He then spent five years at IBM Corp. before joining Prime. Beginning at IBM as a senior research consultant, Ledbetter most recently oversaw the engineering, production, and marketing of IBM's vector-processing option for the 3090 mainframe.
At Prime, the effort to develop a minisupercomputer has reached the point where hardware may soon be moving out to beta sites, says Ledbetter. "I think we'll have a market opportunity of 12 to 18 months. Although others claim the ground, they're well below the performance of big mainframes in scientific work, so there's nobody ahead of us," he says.
—Craig D. Rose
We let the cat out of the bag.
Millions of children might never have met Dr. Seuss and his famous Cat had it not been for The New York Public Library. That's because our renowned children's librarian, Anne Carroll Moore, gave her first book an outstanding review. He became famous overnight, and Dr. Seuss himself credits her with his success.
Others too, credit our librarians. "The people who work here," says author David McCullough, "provide a service to the whole of society that's never sung enough." Indeed, the librarians are the very heart of the Library.
They are the ten librarians who answer five million telephone inquiries a year. They are the librarians who introduce children to the magic of literature and help adults find employment through our Job Information Center. They are also the librarians who select and preserve books for users of tomorrow.
The Library can help just about anyone with anything. Even a Doctor with his Cat.
The New York Public Library
WHERE THE FUTURE IS AN OPEN BOOK
INMOS sets performance standards again with the new IMS2800 family of second generation 256K x 1 DRAMs. It’s upwardly compatible with 64K x 1 and first generation 256K devices.
With RAS access times of 60 to 150ns and cycle times down to 121ns, the IMS2800 family maximizes the speed-power benefits of CMOS without compromising traditional DRAM system costs.
INMOS continues to lead with an address multiplexing scheme that eliminates timing constraints while reducing speed loss associated with traditional DRAM designs. INMOS’ unique 2ns Row Address hold time saves 10 to 15ns in the address multiplexing sequence. This, in addition to Static Column mode accessing, allows no wait state operation with the new generation of fast 32 bit microprocessors including Motorola’s 68020, Intel’s 80386 and our own T414 Transputer.
The IMS2800 from INMOS. Experience the speed for yourself.
| Port Number | Function | Address Access Time (Max.) | RAS Access Time (Max.) | RAS Read/Write Cycle Time (Min.) |
|-------------|----------|----------------------------|------------------------|---------------------------------|
| IMS2800-60* | Static | 32ns | 60ns | 121ns |
| IMS2800-80 | Column | 43ns | 80ns | 146ns |
| IMS2800-10 | Decode | 53ns | 100ns | 176ns |
| Port Number | Function | Column Access Time (Max.) | CAS Access Time (Max.) | Page Mode Cycle Time (Min.) |
|-------------|-------------------|----------------------------|------------------------|------------------------------|
| IMS2801-60* | Enhanced | 32ns | 11ns | 35ns |
| IMS2801-60 | Enhanced | 43ns | 13ns | 46ns |
| IMS2801-10 | Page Mode | 53ns | 16ns | 56ns |
Datasheet Available and Extended Serial Mode version available upon request. *Contact factory for delivery. inmos, IMS and IMS are trademarks of the INMOS Group of Companies.
256K CMOS DRAMs
inmos
inmos, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Tel: (303) 630-4900,
Bristol, England, Tel: (01454) 616416,
Paris, France, Tel: (1) 48 87 29 00,
Munich, Germany, Tel: (089) 319 10 28;
Tokyo, Japan, Tel: 03-505-2840
Circle 22 on reader service card
ARE THE JAPANESE VIOLATING THE NEW CHIP TRADE AGREEMENT?
Evidence that some Japanese memory chips were sold for prices below the foreign market values set by a new U.S.-Japan trade agreement is being evaluated by the U.S. Commerce Dept., according to the Semiconductor Industry Association. This is the first allegation of a violation of the pact, which was signed only Sept. 4. The chips involved are said to be erasable programmable read-only memories. One industry source says a U.S. user blew the whistle on a Japanese company after being offered cheap EPROMS in Hong Kong on Sept. 9.
TI TO SELL TESTERS TO ITS IC CUSTOMERS
Texas Instruments Inc. is changing its policy of keeping internally developed manufacturing and test equipment closely guarded secrets. Not only will TI sell to its own IC customers a new high-speed integrated circuit tester it's developed, but managers hint the Dallas company is weighing a major push into the tester business. TI promises the new tester, called Impact-1, will cost less than existing systems, but has not yet announced a price. Impact-1 can perform both ac and dc parameter tests in a single pass on fast logic chips and is controlled by a 32-bit central processing unit.
INTEL POISED FOR ENTRANCE INTO THE ASIC MARKET
Intel Corp. is about to announce its plans for marketing application-specific integrated circuits, industry sources say. The Santa Clara, Calif., company's announcement is expected this month—more than a year after Intel first said it would start selling ASICs. Sources say Intel will focus on standard cells, based on its rich array of proprietary products, and that Intel would license design tools from IBM Corp., since its own tools, built for semiconductor experts, aren't that user-friendly. Other sources say, however, that IBM's tools are no friendlier and that a licensing deal—which would be IBM's first—would probably be only for Intel's internal use. Intel won't comment.
INMAN TO HEAD NEW HOLDING COMPANY IN THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY
An ambitious new holding company for defense and aerospace manufacturing is taking shape in Texas. It will be headed by B.R. (Bobby) Inman, the departing leader of the electronics research consortium, Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corp. He will become chairman and chief executive officer of Westmark Systems Inc., which will acquire promising defense companies with combined revenues of about $1 billion. It may also start operations aimed at new defense markets. When Inman quit at MCC, he said that he wanted to move from developing technology to applying it [Electronics, Sept. 18, 1986, p. 33]. Westmark will try to do just that.
OPTIMISTIC SIA FORECASTS A 20% RISE IN 1987 SEMICONDUCTOR SALES
The Semiconductor Industry Association, known for its optimistic sales forecasts, lives up to its reputation with its latest prediction: sales worldwide will increase 20% next year. The figure comes from predictions by executives from U.S., Japanese, and European semiconductor firms. These annual forecasts have been consistently far higher than actual industry performance—the increase for 1986 was pegged at 25%; the actual number was a more modest 7%. The 1987 forecast is based on a slow increase in equipment markets and an end to price wars. The SIA says that sales this year will reach $26.5 billion, excluding captive markets, and it predicts $31.9 billion in revenues for next year.
CONSOLIDATION CONTINUES IN THE MAINFRAME BUSINESS
A foreshadowing of the next major consolidation in the mainframe computer industry came last week with word that Honeywell Inc. plans to negotiate a combination of its computer business with that of NEC Corp. of Japan and France's Bull SA. The Minneapolis company says it does plan to continue in the computer business. The Honeywell move, plus the merger between Burroughs Corp. and Sperry Corp. [Electronics, May 12, 1986, p. 76], indicates a major restructuring in the mainframe business as vendors struggle to compete against giant IBM Corp. Honeywell has had ties with NEC and Bull for a number of years. Only last July it announced plans to market NEC-built supercomputers in the U.S. and Canada.
TI ASKS TO DELAY DELIVERY DATE ON COMPACT LISP MACHINE
Texas Instruments Inc., citing production gremlins, is asking for a new deadline to deliver its Compact Lisp Machine. Currently, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency must receive it by Nov. 30. The unit's 32-bit Lisp microprocessor is not yet fully functional, a TI spokesman says, after an initial fabrication pass this summer. But the 264-pin IC is operating well enough to conform to the letter of the August 1984 contract. With an extension into 1987, TI promises it will make the unit fully functional, plus deliver much more artificial intelligence software. The trouble, TI says, is mainly in the first-pass metal masks of the huge Lisp chip, fabricated in 1.2-μm CMOS and measuring 1 cm on a side. The chip contains an execution unit, a state microengine, 2.5 kilowords of 18-bit-wide dispatch memory, 1,000 32-bit words of scratchpad storage, and another 1,000 words of pushdown list memory. [Electronics, March 31, 1986, p. 17].
HONEYWELL AND TI DEVELOP 10,000-GATE ARRAYS TO SPEED USE OF VHSIC
To help defense contractors overcome the long wait for some critical components in the Department of Defense's Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits program, both Honeywell Inc. and Texas Instruments Inc. are developing a 10,000-gate bipolar logic array. The two 1.25-μm arrays, each of which is to be introduced next year, are likely to be among the first of several semicustom products intended to speed up the VHSIC program. Honeywell's Digital Product Center in Colorado Springs is preparing what will be its largest bipolar array, the HMV 10000. It will be made with three-layer metal and will feature on-chip native pulse testing, Honeywell's version of scan testing. The bipolar array is being designed for military systems needing 180 to 200 input/output pins. In Midland, Texas, TI is planning to introduce a similar 10,000-gate VHSIC array in the first quarter of 1987.
INTEL SAYS DECISION IN NEC TRIAL SETS MAJOR PRECEDENT
Intel Corp. expects its initial victory in a microcode copyright suit against NEC Corp. of Japan to protect not only its microprocessors but also peripheral devices, application-specific integrated circuits with silicon software, and other types of chips. Copyright protection was extended to microprograms stored on IC chips by a decision last week in the U.S. District Court in San Francisco. Still to be decided is whether NEC's V series microprocessors actually infringe on Intel's copyright and, if so, what damages NEC must pay. However, says F. Thomas Dunlap, Intel's general counsel, the Court's decision "sets a major precedent for the entire microprocessor industry." In Japan, NEC senior vice president Tomihiro Matsumura says, "This ruling is only a judgment on a part of the points in contention in this trial, and there is absolutely no finding that our firm has infringed on Intel's copyright."
Potter & Brumfield solves your design puzzle with the industry’s lowest priced DIP SSRs and I/O modules.
42 New DIP Models
Now P&B quality and the lowest prices in the industry join to provide the perfect solution to your design puzzle. Our 42 new solid state relays and I/O modules are the ideal interface between your microprocessors or control systems and real-world sensors and loads. These hybrid thick film devices are optically isolated from input to output and are available in standard and surface-mountable DIP packages. All models meet applicable UL, CSA, & VDE requirements.
Solid State Relays
The new OZ16 SSR series brings P&B quality to your 5mA to 1A rms switching chores. Input to the OZ16 can be either TTL-compatible 5V DC or DC current. Output circuitry features a zero voltage detector and inverse parallel SCRs. And output rating is 12 to 280V AC.
I/O Modules
Four different product lines allow you to meet a variety of your I/O needs. Input modules provide an active low output; output modules can be controlled from active low or active high logic. AC output modules use zero crossover switching to virtually eliminate transients and generated EMI noise. And the IA8 series, which occupies just half the space of 16-pin models, can act as an AC/DC input module or a DC output module.
Find Out More
Complete your design puzzle with P&B quality—and the lowest price in the industry. To find out more about P&B relays and I/O modules, or for a copy of our new 1986/1987 General Stock Catalog, contact us today. Call toll-free 1-800-255-2550 for the name of your nearest P&B distributor or sales representative. Potter & Brumfield, A Siemens Company, 200 South Richland Creek Drive, Princeton, Indiana 47671-0001.
Regional Sales: Braintree, MA, (617) 848-6550; San Juan Capistrano, CA, (714) 493-4503; Princeton, IN, (812) 386-2130.
Potter & Brumfield A Siemens Company
Circle 25 on reader service card
"16 Data Acquisition boards. Not bad."
Fred Molinari, President
Data Translation stretches itself to new limits for users of the IBM PC.
No one extends himself for a customer like Fred Molinari. Data Translation offers you the broadest line of Data Acquisition boards for the IBM PC in the business – and we've just added four more.
Now you can get low-cost single function boards, medium-performance multi-function boards, and high-performance boards with A/D throughput all the way to 130 KHz. All supported by subroutine libraries and application software.
Not to mention advanced capabilities like continuous "no-gap" data collection, random channel/gain sequencing, five-level bus interrupt, and a programmable pacer clock.
See the chart for details and remember: Fred Molinari will go to any lengths to provide the boards you need.
Call (617) 481-3700
| Data Acquisition Products for the IBM PC | Model | Price (U.S. $) | Channels | A/D Resolution (Bits) | Speed (MHz) | D/A Channels | D/A Resolution (Bits) | DIO (lines) | Clock | Terminal Panel |
|------------------------------------------|---------|----------------|----------|-----------------------|-------------|---------------|------------------------|-------------|-------|----------------|
| General Purpose | D12801 | 995-2070 | 4-16 | 12-16 | 13-27 | 2 | 12 | 16 | Yes | D1707 |
| | D12806 | 295 | 10-80 | 12 | 20 | to 24 | 12 | 16 to 72 | Yes | D1757 |
| | D12808 | 495 | 16 | 10 | 3.3 | 2 | 8 | 16 | Yes | D1707 |
| Low Cost | D12814 | 395 | 16 | 12 | - | - | - | - | Yes | D1757 |
| | D12815 | 499 | 8 | - | 25 | 8 | 12 | - | - | D1757 |
| | D12817 | 199 | 8 | - | - | - | - | 32 | - | D1758 |
| High Speed | D12821 | 1345-2495 | 4-16 | 12-16 | 50-130 | 2 | 12 | 16 | Yes | D1707 |
PCLAB and ATLAB driver software and DT Notebook, DT ILS PC, Asysf, Snapshot and Labtech Chrom application software
See our new 6-16 pg. catalog handbook or see us in Gold Book 1986. Or call for your personal copy today.
DATA TRANSLATION
World Headquarters: Data Translation Inc., 100 Locke Dr., Marlboro, MA 01752 (617) 481-3700 Tlx 951-646
European Headquarters: Data Translation Ltd., 100 Business Park, Holly Mill Lane, Wokingham, Berks, RG112QF, England. Tlx 891649862 (#4)
International Sales Offices: Australia (61) 2-6635289; Belgium (32) 2-735100; Canada (416) 626-1500; France (2) 2-253689; China (408) 771-8222; (65) 87214017; Denmark (02) 187188; England (44) 0734-793838; Finland (358) 0-372 144; France (33) 146306839; Greece (30) 031 527039; (30) 13-614300; (30) 95 14944; Hong Kong (852) 3-324563; India (91) 2-231040; Israel (972) 3-324298; Italy (39) 02-2349751; Japan (81) 3 502 5590; (81) 3 348 8301; (81) 3 355 1111; Korea (82) 753 3101; Malaysia (60) 3-36299; Morocco (21) 9-30 6949; Netherlands (31) 2092-1111; New Zealand (64) 7-663-5289; Norway (47) (02) 559050; Peru (51) (14) 31-4040; Philippines 8-818-0163; Portugal (351) 1545313; Singapore (65) 271 3163; South Africa (27) 12469222; Spain (34) 14558112; Sweden (46) 87617820; Switzerland (41) 1731111; Taiwan (886) 721 7864; (886) 2-531-2434; West Germany (49) 85809020
Worldwide Hotline is a registered trademark of IBM. Data Translation is a registered trademark of Data Translation, Inc.
NEC CLAIMS FIRST MONOLITHIC DUAL-PORT FIFO MEMORY
NEC Corp. has developed what it claims is a ground-breaking first-in-first-out memory—it has dual ports. Up until now, equipment manufacturers have had to implement equivalent functions as boards. Intended for use in communications and computer systems, the CMOS 32-K-by-8-bit μPD4532C can take data in or out asynchronously from either port with a cycle time of 100 ns. If necessary, chips can be connected in cascade for larger memory capacity. Shigeki Matsue, general manager of NEC's Memory Products Division, says the chip will require 95% less area and cost 20% to 33% less than boards. The chip's DRAM portion uses the same 1.3-μm n-MOS process and memory cells as the standard memory product but has a different layout. Logic, control, and data buffer circuits use the 1.2-μm CMOS process developed for the firm's 256-K SRAM. Because of the complex peripheral circuits required, the chip measures 7 by 8 mm, compared with the 4-by-7-mm size of standard 256-K DRAM. It comes in a standard 600-mil 40-pin plastic package. Samples will cost $65 in Japan when shipments start this month.
SYSTEM STORES ENGINEERING DOCUMENTS IN OPTICAL MEMORY
Optical memory so far has been limited mostly to business systems, but now 3M Co., St. Paul, Minn., and FileNet Corp., Costa Mesa, Calif., are taking aim at a new area: engineering. The two are jointly developing an engineering-document management system based on write-once optical technology. The system will record, store, and automatically route drawings and other data throughout an organization. 3M will sell and support the system, with a variety of peripherals to fit individual requirements, worldwide. Price is yet to be determined, but the system should be ready by mid-1987, the cooperating companies say.
CONVERGENT LURES OFFICE OEMs WITH MULTIUSER UNIX SYSTEMS
Hoping to attract a new class of original-equipment manufacturers and value-added resellers, Convergent Technologies Inc. is introducing a family of six Unix-based office systems. The San Jose, Calif., firm's S/Series Workgroup Servers can serve from 5 to 128 users. All use Motorola Inc.'s 68000 series of microprocessors; one, the S/640, uses the 25-MHz version of the 68020. The top-of-the-line S/1280 can be configured with up to four 68020s and one Intel Corp. 80186 microprocessor. There are two midrange computers, the 12-user S/120 and the 32-user S/220, and a new S/50 version of the personal computer that Convergent builds for AT&T Co., once its main customer. Prices range from $6,000 to $350,000. Four of the models are available immediately (the S/220 has been available in Europe since June); the midrange S/120 and the S/640 will ship in volume by the first quarter of 1987. Convergent has also introduced software packages supporting a variety of office automation and networking functions.
CAD ACCELERATOR SPEEDS ROUTING ON PC BOARDS BY UP TO SEVEN TIMES
A new computer-aided-design accelerator that speeds automatic routing in printed-circuit-board design by as much as seven times is being unveiled this week at the Automated Design and Engineering for Electronics East Conference in Boston. The PPR-7 Autorouting Accelerator, from Calay Systems Inc., Irvine, Calif., is built with reduced-instruction-set-computer architecture as a single HCMOS chip that performs a single-cycle instruction in only 125 ns. On board the chip is a 2-megabyte two-port memory, which can be extended to 16 megabytes. The PPR-7 costs $19,500 and can be delivered in 30 days.
$39,000 FAULT SIMULATOR HITS 2 MILLION EVENTS PER SECOND
The competition is heating up in low-end hardware accelerators for logic and fault simulation. The latest entry comes from Xcelerated Computer Aided Technology Inc., Minneapolis, Minn. The MXT-25, priced at $39,000, offers simulation speeds of 2 million events/s on as many as 16,000 modeling elements, and can serve as either a dedicated work-station accelerator or a network resource on systems based on Apollo computers, Digital Equipment VAX machines, or IBM Personal Computers. The new Xcelerated engine is a downward extension of the MX/MXT line that the 18-month-old firm brought out last June [Electronics, June 16, 1986, p. 21]. It comes on the heels of the debut of a new low-end system priced at $38,000 from industry leader Zycad Corp., St. Paul, Minn. [Electronics, Sept. 18, 1986, p. 27]. The earlier Xcelerated machines, priced at $49,000 to $295,000, offer the same 2-million-event/s performance as the MXT-25, but can handle up to 250,000 modeling elements. The MXT-25 is scheduled for first deliveries in November.
HITACHI’S MEMORY CAN STORE TWO FULL LINES OF NTSC SIGNAL
Hitachi Ltd. has kicked off its fall season by announcing its HM63021P two-horizontal-line (2H) memory for video processing systems. The 2,048-by-8-bit line memory is fabricated using 1.3-μm CMOS technology and features five separate access modes: conversion to double scan frequency (for noninterlaced scan); alternate delay of 1 H and 2 H (for comb filters); time-base contraction or expansion (for picture-in-a-picture or multiplexed analog components); time-base correction mode (for video cassette recorders); and delay line mode. The chip’s memory capacity is sufficient to store two full lines of NTSC signal. It can also store the display portion of two lines of a PAL signal, but not a retrace of the signal when sampled at four times the color subcarrier frequency. Input and output pins for the two horizontal lines are multiplexed to enable the device to fit in a 28-pin 300-mil DIP. Hitachi has not settled on prices for the memory chip.
BOARD CONVERTS 8-BIT COMPUTERS TO 16-BIT SYSTEMS
A new single-board computer allows 8-bit systems built around the 6500 microprocessor family—used in a wide variety of personal computers, notably the Apple II and the Commodore 64—to be upgraded to 16-bit performance. The RMX65-1600 module, offered by Dynatem Inc., Irvine, Calif., is based on the 65C816 central processing unit and can act as the base for a new system by using existing RM65 modules to perform system functions—or it can replace the 8-bit system entirely. It has 128-K of on-board memory and can address up to 16 megabytes of external memory. Delivered from stock and without memory, the board costs $399.
BACKLIT LCD SCREEN BRIGHTENS FUTURE OF ZENITH’S PORTABLE PC
Zenith Data Systems Inc., which turned into a leading contender in the portable computer market when it captured a 15,000-unit Internal Revenue Service order [Electronics, March 3, 1986, p. 16], wants to keep its momentum going by upgrading the computer’s liquid-crystal display to an easier-to-read version similar to Data General Corp.’s latest portable LCD screen. Zenith’s Z-181, which is equipped with a twisted-nematic backlit display, can be read easily in daylight or dimly lit rooms, something that couldn’t be done with previous models. The new 25-line, 80-character screen, a backlit liquid-crystal display with adjustable brightness and contrast, is one-third larger than its predecessor screen and can be tilted to adapt to changing ambient lighting. Available now, the Z-181 costs $2,399.
How To Put Pen To Paper.
First, clear your mind of all thoughts of using a plotter. There's a faster, more colorful, more controllable way to get color hardcopy.
The new Seiko Hardcopier.
It gives you solids like you've never seen before. In shades you've only thought about. Because this hardcopier lets you work with 4,912 colors. And adjust the individual intensity of each one. Without relying on your host to do the work.
Plus you can use the copier's own intelligence. Doing color assignments, dithering techniques, scaling, rotation, aspect ratio changes, printing density adjustments and special effects with easy front panel control entries.
Then you'll see your A or B size copies (and A size transparencies) in as little as 45 seconds.
Interfacing is easy, too. You can work with either video (no need to write software) or parallel interfaces. And get copies the same morning your hardcopier is delivered.
One more thing. Your hardcopier can be a shared resource with Seiko's new multiplexor. Because it lets you connect up to four different signal sources at the same time.
So make a note. Look into the Seiko Hardcopier today. You'll see the fastest, most colorful way ever to get your pen on paper.
Call Martin Nelson at (408) 943-9100 today.
When the IRS needed an office on the road, Zenith withheld nothing.
Now IRS auditors can leave the office with just about everything but the coffee pot tucked under one arm. Thanks to Zenith's amazing Z-171 Portable PC.
**PC COMPATIBLE**
With dual 5¼" floppy disk drives and compatibility with most IBM software, the Z-171 gives auditors in the field access to pertinent home-based files.
But that's only the beginning. The Z-171 gives the IRS a full-size, backlit LCD screen, with plenty of room for spreadsheets to spread out. 256K of memory expandable to 640K. An optional built-in modem and rechargeable battery pack, and much more. All folding neatly into a package under 15 pounds.
Find out why the Z-171 came out on top in one of the most thorough audits ever made.
For more information, and the name of your nearest Zenith Data Systems dealer, call 1-800-842-9000, Ext. 1.
© 1986, Zenith Data Systems
The quality goes in before the name goes on.
MICROWAVE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS ARE COMBINED ON ONE GaAs CHIP
ROCKWELL IC GIVES RECEIVER HIGH SENSITIVITY AND CUTOFF FREQUENCY
NEWBURY PARK, CALIF.
Chalk up another milestone for gallium arsenide: a monolithic microwave-digital combo. Intended for military needs, the chip from Rockwell International Corp. will become a key component in L-band receivers using signals from the Air Force's Global Positioning Satellite (GPS).
Combining the digital and microwave functions on one GaAs chip is significant because of the improvements in frequency, sensitivity, and power consumption that doing so makes possible. In a conventional design, the microwave and digital tasks would be done on separate silicon chips, then packaged in a hybrid assembly. GaAs offers a particularly high cutoff frequency, about 26 to 30 GHz, compared with silicon's 4 to 8 GHz, according to Rockwell scientists.
This makes the GaAs chip ideal, they say, for the GPS receiver and for the integrated avionics systems that use data from the GPS. The receiver detects phase-modulated signals at 1,575.2 and 1,227.6 MHz, and the avionics systems receive signals from 30 to 2,000 MHz. Rockwell's amplifiers are matched to achieve gains of 40 dB at 200 MHz and 25 dB at 1.66 GHz.
PAYOFF. One significant payoff of a monolithic microwave-digital chip, sources say, is improved receiver sensitivity. This results from reduced capacitance in the integrated circuit: devices can be much closer together on the chip than they are on a hybrid.
To build the monolithic device, Rockwell used enhancement/depletion-mode metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor technology. All functions were implemented using a single mask set.
One of the challenges in developing the device was finding a way to tune the microwave and digital circuits independently. Rockwell uses a combination of features to pull this off. Among these are self-aligned MES FET gates, implanted resistors, and a range of implantation conditions.
The self-aligned digital section of the chip includes both enhancement-mode and depletion-mode transistors with 0.8-μm gate lengths. The microwave portion uses depletion-mode transistors with gate lengths of 0.6 μm. In tests, power-supply requirements ranged from 2 to 5 V, and the circuits operated at frequencies from 10 MHz to 2.2 GHz.
Fabricating the chip is considered an important step ahead for GaAs. "It's certainly of interest, since it's in a real-world application," says Lou Tomasetta, president of the Integrated Circuit Division of Vitesse Electronics Corp., the first company to bring a line of GaAs chips to market [Electronics, Sept. 18, 1986, p. 61]. Although a microwave-digital chip might be implemented in silicon, "it would be touch-and-go, and the frequency would not be as high," he says.
Consultant William I. Strauss, of Forward Concepts Inc., Tempe, Ariz., is intrigued with the idea of GaAs ICs moving into a visible military role. The L-band application, he says, gives promise of the "very next step," which would be a similar application of GaAs in a receiver for commercial direct-broadcast satellites and earth stations. "It's the same kind of thing, although not in the microwave frequencies," Strauss notes.
The monolithic chip was developed at Rockwell International Corp.'s GaAs pilot line at its Microelectronics Research and Development Center in Newbury Park. The part is being built for a sister Rockwell operation, the Avionics Group, Microwave Technology, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. The Avionics Group has a contract for GPS gear.
The chip is one of the first to roll off Rockwell's GaAs line, one of three funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency as a source for military GaAs ICs. Opened late last year, the pilot line is revving up to meet a 100-wafer-per-week goal by next April, and is now at the 40-wafer mark, says Conilee G. Kirkpatrick, director of the Microelectronics R&D Center. Producing at this level already "gives us more GaAs fabrication experience than anyone else," she claims.
-Larry Waller
MILITARY
EXPERT SYSTEMS GIVE PILOTS A HELPING HAND
DALLAS
Combat pilots may have more of a fighting chance in future battles, thanks to new computer simulation tools and expert systems. Software developed by Merit Technology Inc. will now let them rehearse the missions and evaluate their flight plans.
Dallas-based Merit is merging the power of color graphics and expert systems into simulation software that runs on a variety of systems. The Battle Area Tactical System (BATS) previews missions with displays of out-the-window views, three-dimensional maps, landmass radar screens, and instrument
readings—all working from digital terrain data from the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency. Merit has also developed some multiprocessing hardware for the project that it feels has applications in testing algorithms developed for the Strategic Defense Initiative.
BATS is an outgrowth of Merit's avionics engineering software [Electronics, Dec. 16, 1985, p. 28]. It is targeted at the pilot and mission planner.
FUEL AND FOES. Part of the package applies expert systems to grading the fuel efficiency of various flight paths. Another portion checks exposure to known enemy threats. Other software modules include one with terrain-following algorithms and others for threat avoidance, route planning, and trajectory generation. An altitude-generation expert system enables BATS to calculate optimum flight altitudes for avoiding enemy detectors without crashing.
Merit's software can also generate preflight reports. Done by hand, these reports can take pilots hours to complete. Hard copies of flight maps, which pilots take on missions, can be produced by plotters in a few minutes.
Along with the mission-planning software, Merit has some new hardware that, among other things, runs a radar generator used in the radar simulation part of BATS. The generator, which can have up to a dozen 68020 microprocessors and 40 megabytes of memory, is based on standard VMEbus modules and a System 1000 chassis from Motorola Inc. It mimics the displays of landmass radars that pilots watch during flight, using input from the digital terrain data base.
The VMEbus hardware is targeted at a wide range of "multiprocessor, rapid-reaction, brassboarding applications," says George L. Bair, director of systems engineering. Merit modified the System 1000 backplane to accommodate 20 VMEbus modules and is using it to build a 10-processor navigation system for a large defense airframe maker.
Most of Merit's changes to Motorola's standard VMEbus product have been made in the VersaDOS operating system, extending utilities to support concurrent processing. For radar simulation, the hardware performs three different forms of multiprocessing simultaneously. On the fly, Merit's software reconfigures the 68020-based boards to perform tasks using combinations of parallel-processing, pipelining, and distributed-computing techniques.
The use of multiple VMEbus computer modules results in a programmable radar simulator at about 20% of the cost of hardwired versions, which can cost up to $5 million, says Bair. Merit anticipates that the system could be used to train student pilots, who do not usually see modern radars in operation until they get time in an expensive flight simulator. The VMEbus system can simulate a wide range of multiple-mode radars found in modern jet fighters.
Merit engineers are also working on multiprocessing concepts that would aim the VMEbus hardware at benchmarking the complex algorithms being developed for SDI. "Conceptually, we have designed a system with 220 processors [each a 68020-based computer board] by hooking 22 VMEbus systems together with a high-speed local-area network," says Bair.
-J. Robert Lineback
SEMICONDUCTORS
JAPANESE HEMT ICs RUN AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
TOKYO Logic and memory chips made with high-electron-mobility transistors turn off many system designers even before they start to use them, because they generally require refrigeration to liquid-nitrogen temperatures—77 K—for high performance. Now, however, several groups in Japan are working on device configurations or materials that promise to make the transistors useful at room temperature.
At Oki Electric Industry Co.'s Research Lab in Hachioji, near Tokyo, a group is working on an inverted HEMT structure that reduces source resistance—one of the central problems in getting HEMTs to work at room temperature. Source resistance is especially degrading to device gain because it is common to both the input and output circuits, and therefore introduces negative feedback.
Sony Corp.'s Research Center in Yokohama, also near Tokyo, is using a more conventional device structure while emphasizing improved metallurgy to cut source resistance and obtain higher electron mobility.
At Oki, senior researcher Seiji Nishi says the company appears to be the only Japanese firm that has published the results of work on inverted HEMTs. Other groups have rejected the configuration because it increases the difficulty of growing the HEMT structure with the high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas required for high-performance devices. But Nishi says his group has solved the problem.
The most advanced HEMTs fabricated so far at Oki have an aluminum gate 0.5 μm long. At room temperature, logic gates have a propagation delay of 19.7 ps and use 0.212 mW each.
More representative of production technology is a 6-by-6-bit multiplier made on a 1,024-gate array fabricated with 0.8-μm gate length and 10-μm gate width. The device achieves a multiplication time of 6 ns. Of the devices fabricated on the same wafer as the multiplier, the highest-performance individual HEMTs have transconductances of 400 millisiemens per millimeter of gate width at room temperature and 550 mS/mm at 77 K. Source resistances are as low as 0.7 Ω-mm at room temperature and 0.54 Ω-mm at 77 K.
NO HETEROJUNCTION. Oki has succeeded where others have failed in growing high-quality GaAs crystals on top of aluminum gallium arsenide and thus achieving high mobility in the 2-d electron gas of an inverted HEMT structure. In Oki's inverted configuration, the doped AlGaAs layer that induces the electron-gas layer in the undoped GaAs layer is located below rather than above the GaAs (see diagram). This configuration lowers source resistance because it eliminates the heterojunction at the source contact.
In conventional HEMTs, the heterojunction between the overlying AlGaAs layer and the GaAs layer makes it necessary to alloy the contacts down to the 2-d electron gas. However, the gas has about five times the sheet resistance of the Oki device's n⁺ GaAs layer, which acts as an extension of the metallic ohmic source contact located 2 μm to
one side of the gate. The device's source resistance is therefore considerably lower than a conventional HEMT's.
Source resistance is much less of a problem in conventional HEMTs used as high-frequency amplifiers, because the single transistors or microwave integrated circuits can be fabricated with smaller source-contact-to-gate spacing by electron-beam lithography. But logic and memory devices with thousands or tens of thousands of devices must be fabricated with optical lithography having larger minimum dimensions.
**SONY DEPOSITS.** Sony, for its part, is using a conventional HEMT structure but is working with different materials. The company's researchers are using n-doped aluminum indium arsenide and undoped gallium indium arsenide because of their high 2-d electron-gas mobility and a high discontinuity at the band edge. They also fabricate devices with a metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition process they think is more suitable for production than the molecular-beam epitaxial process used by others.
Senior researcher Mikio Kamada says his group is the first to grow devices on semi-insulating indium phosphide by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition. He further notes that Sony is using the deposition process for production of commercial 12-GHz HEMT transistors for direct-broadcast-satellite TV receivers.
Despite the conventional device structure that Sony is using, Kamada says the HEMT devices have very low source-contact resistivity—0.3 Ω-mm at room temperature with a source-to-gate spacing of 1.4 μm. This was achieved because the higher mobility and band-edge discontinuity of AlInAs/GaInAs allow the 2-d electron gas to retain high mobility at high electron concentrations, to give about 10% the sheet resistance of devices fabricated with GaAs/AlGaAs.
Transconductance at room temperature is a respectable 302 mS/mm, even though the HEMTs have a fairly long gate: 1.5 μm. This should translate into good performance—particularly as gates are shortened—but Sony has not yet measured it.
—Charles L. Cohen
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**NETWORKING**
**TI PARES CHIP SET FOR IBM TOKEN RING**
**HOUSTON**
Texas Instruments Inc. isn't resting on its laurels with its chip set that integrates protocols and processing functions for IBM Corp.'s token-ring local-area network. It is pushing development of a two-chip set, code-named Eagle, that will replace the five members of TI's current TMS320 family of token-ring adapter chips [Electronics, Oct. 21, 1985, p. 56]. Prototypes of the second-generation chip set will become available no sooner than next spring.
LAN product managers in Houston say TI is readying a 1-μm CMOS circuit that integrates three of its five current-generation TMS380 token-ring adapter chips onto a single 132-pin device. The new chip, under development at TI's facility in Bedford, UK, will incorporate the functions of the 38010 communications processor, the 38020 protocol handler, and the 38030 system interface chip. It will be housed in a surface-mountable flat pack.
TI is also combining the functions of its two bipolar ring-interface devices onto a single 44-pin bipolar integrated circuit, the second member of the two-chip set. Other additions planned for its ring-LAN family include software for developing application-specific interface ICs to go with the chip sets, and firmware for handling higher-level protocols.
The new CMOS chip will incorporate a series of throughput-boosting enhancements in the communications processor core of TI's adapter architecture. For starters, the processor's memory address space is being expanded from the current 96-K bytes to 2 megabytes. This will make it easier for the adapter chip set to handle higher levels of networking protocols than are currently embedded in the five-chip set.
TI is also making a number of minor tweaks to the data-path architecture of the communications core unit. Register-file caches have been added to the communications processor block, and the processor will execute some new instructions. The changes will add up to a two- to threefold performance boost, says John Hughes, LAN product manager in Houston. "We have done a lot of performance analysis and identified some bottlenecks in the ways the current chip set does things," he says.
Hughes asserts that TI's two-chip adapter will be just as compatible with IBM's token ring as the five-chip set, which resulted from IBM-TI joint development. Compatibility is being tested against a body of test cases developed jointly. Hughes also hints that the two companies are maintaining a relationship to keep future LAN-adapter products on a compatible path. "There are ongoing programs that I cannot discuss. Some are carryovers from the original development project," he says.
$25 IN 1990. TI aims to drive down the cost of an adapter chip set from about $125 today to about $25 for the two-chip set in volume quantities by 1990. This past summer, TI announced it was cutting the 1987 price of the current five-chip set to $88 in quantities of 25,000.
The Eagle chips will not hit the market before TI makes three other product introductions to its current TMS380 offering. It will soon announce the 38021 protocol handler, which will support internetworking, such as for gateway adapters to other LANs, or bridges to multiple token-ring networks. The 38021 will replace the current 48-pin 38020 protocol handler; its functions will be included in the Eagle chip.
Later this year TI will introduce a software tool kit that will help automate the design of ASIC interfaces between the TMS380 adapters, the system backplane, and LAN-card expansion memory. Once a customer completes a design on
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his work station, TI will build the interface IC using its 2-μm CMOS standard-cell library.
The ASIC tool kit should help reduce adapter board-size requirements by nearly half (see chart). When available, the two Eagle chips will further reduce board space to less than 8 in².
And by the end of the first quarter of 1987, TI is planning to move its TMS380 support up one more step on the token-ring protocol ladder with the introduction of firmware for IBM-compatible (and IEEE 802.2-compatible) logic-link control. Firmware for the physical layer and the medium-access control level protocols already resides in the 38020 protocol handler.
—J. Robert Lineback
CARD IS INTERIM SOLUTION FOR MODEM IN MAP NETS
ANN ARBOR, MICH.
Factory networkers are still waiting for chipmakers to fully integrate the front-end analog and digital circuitry of carrier-band modems that work in networks based on the Manufacturing Automation Protocol. So Allen-Bradley Co. and Industrial Networking Inc. are racing to get a partial solution on the market. Their plan: integrate only the digital portions of a modem, using a gate array.
A number of manufacturers, including Motorola Inc. and Siemens AG, already have full-blown MAP carrier-band chips in the works to do both analog and digital integration [Electronics, Sept. 4, 1986, p. 32]. But Motorola's single-chip MC68194 won't be available in production quantities until the first quarter of next year at the earliest. Siemens declines to say when its product will arrive, but industry sources think it won't be until the second quarter of 1987.
By contrast, Allen-Bradley's Communication Division in Ann Arbor says that by December it will offer a card-level product built around a CMOS gate-array chip from Fujitsu. The device won't include the amplifier, clock-recovery circuitry, and other analog devices that will be on the fully integrated chips. But it will replace about 20 digital devices. As a result, boards using it will cost half as much as current board-level MAP carrier-band products, says Michael T. Klein, engineering supervisor for the division's LAN component technology group. The boards will also cut power consumption and size by 50%.
Allen-Bradley plans to use the gate array in its own line of industrial-automation products and has no plans to market the chip. But there is one change in Allen-Bradley's strategy since it was acquired by Rockwell International Co. in February 1985; the company now plans to sell a board-level product based on the chip to original-equipment manufacturers.
OEM DEALS. At last month's MAP/TOP Users Group meeting in Ann Arbor, the company unveiled a series of MAP product agreements, including an OEM deal with Data General Corp., at the same time that it announced the new carrier-band product. Several more OEM deals are in the works, Klein says.
The carrier-band card is based on a single-height VME board. Initially, it will go for about $600, says Kevin Hughes, manager of MAP product marketing at Allen-Bradley's Communication Division. The card will implement the IEEE 802.4 carrier-band standard for the physical layer of the MAP specification. A second token-bus controller board will be required to implement the remaining layers, 2 through 7, of the MAP protocol, adding $2,000 to $3,000 to the price per node.
Price per node for the just-emerging MAP carrier-band market will hover between $2,500 and $5,000 from various vendors next year, Hughes predicts. As volume ramps up and full-blown single-chip modems become available, that is expected to drop as low as $500.
Industrial Networking Inc., Santa Clara, Calif., has developed a similar product, also unveiled at the MAP/TOP meeting. Using a CMOS gate array, to be supplied by Toshiba Ltd., the device likewise integrates only digital portions of the modem. The company has as yet set no timetable for delivery of products using the chip. "We're just announcing that we've reached a significant milestone," says Davis S. Fields, product marketing manager. He declines to speculate on when a product might appear.
—Wesley R. Iversen
THE NEXT STEP FOR MAP: FIBER-OPTIC NETWORKS
ANN ARBOR, MICH.
Now that the Manufacturing Automation Protocol is nearing reality for factory networks based on coaxial cable, MAP proponents are beginning to look more seriously at MAP nets based on fiber-optic media. Both AT&T Co. and General Motors Corp. plan to launch experimental fiber-optic MAP networks before the end of the year. And at last month's MAP/TOP (Technical Office Protocol) Users Group meeting in Ann Arbor, officials announced the formation of a MAP special-interest group chartered to identify standards from which a MAP fiber-optic specification can be written.
The advantages of fiber-based MAP networks include immunity to electromagnetic interference in noisy factory environments, higher bandwidth, and improved security compared with nets...
using coaxial cable. So far, though, the lack of fiber-optic standards has impeded development. Another obstacle has been disagreement over the best topography for a fiber-optic network.
Nevertheless, AT&T plans, in the next few months, to bring up an experimental fiber-optic MAP network in one of its factories, according to Louis W. Weigle, manager of industrial information systems planning and management for AT&T in Berkeley Heights, N.J. Which factory it will be has not been disclosed.
The company will use MAP board- and box-level products supplied by Concord Communications Inc., Marlboro, Mass., which will be modified by AT&T for use with fiber. "We've already got a lot of fiber in our factories, and our objective is to determine whether and where we can use MAP," Weigle says. Unanswered questions include the cost of a fiber-based MAP system, the number of devices that can be connected, and whether adequate MAP performance can be achieved with fiber.
Weigle declines to speculate on the answers to those questions. But if the effort pans out, he says, AT&T could be using fiber-based MAP production networks in its factories by early 1988.
GM is also about to test a fiber-optic MAP network, in an Oshawa, Ont., plant beginning in November. The network will initially link up about 10 robots in a net, says a GM manager. The company plans to evaluate by mid-1987 the technology's potential for use on an Oshawa assembly line, linking some 500 robots.
More manufacturers may join AT&T and GM soon, as the obstacles to fiber optics are overcome. A working group of the IEEE 802.4 token-bus subcommittee known as 802.4H is nearing completion of a proposed standard for 10- and 20-Mb/s fiber-based token-bus local-area networks. "My hope is that we'll have something we can take to the 802.4 subcommittee for a vote by about January of 1987," says Robert S. Crowder, 802.4H chairman. If that schedule is met, a final standard could be approved before the end of 1987, says Crowder, the president of Ship Star Associates Inc., a Newark, Del., MAP/TOP consulting firm.
However, Crowder says the 802.4H group is divided on the question of topology. One camp favors a passive-star topology, and the other is backing an active-star approach.
A passive star uses no active elements in the hub, but depends on a fused-fiber cluster that optically divides an incoming signal and passes it to all other nodes. An active star, on the other hand, transmits optical signals from a node to a central unit that contains a transmitter/receiver pair for each node on the net. There, the signals are amplified and retransmitted to all other nodes.
**COMPARING STARS.** Passive-star backers contend that the passive approach will be more reliable than an active star, since a power-supply failure or some other glitch in an active star's hub could bring down the whole net. Active-star backers say their approach can be significantly cheaper, since it gets by with less powerful and thus less expensive transmitters. Furthermore, an active star can be more easily extended to support large networks, since messages are amplified in the central hub, and signal loss is not dependent on the number of nodes.
Both AT&T and GM are testing passive-star nets. Crowder says the final 802.4H draft standard will likely call for some combination of active and passive approaches.
—Wesley R. Iversen
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**FAULT IMAGING MOVES FROM LAB TO FAB**
**SANTA CLARA, CALIF.**
One of the best ways to spot flaws in circuit design or fabrication processes of logic integrated circuits is to catch logic errors on the fly, as the chip is running. And several chip makers have been catching them in the laboratory for the past five years or so using a scanning electron microscope.
For Intel Corp., dynamic fault imaging by SEM has worked so well in the laboratory that the Santa Clara company has turned the technique into a test bed for production devices. The imaging systems, including SEM equipment from several vendors, wide-bore optics, and a Digital Equipment Corp. MicroVAX work station, are already operational in two plants, with three more installations planned, says Jack Salvador, manager of quality and reliability at Intel's Microcomputer Group.
The dynamic fault imaging systems display logic levels as light and dark spots on an SEM image of the chip. Successive images of the chip show internal error paths. Errors show up at once, therefore, rather than after they have propagated internally until they reach an output pin.
The process is similar to the kind of transistor-level failure analysis previously available only for memory chips, the regularity of which permits them to be raster-scanned. Logic chips change states in such an irregular fashion, though, that raster scanning is not feasible, and systems that probe a single logic node have too narrow a field of view to permit analysis of a complex chip.
The Intel system uses a strobed SEM beam, synchronized to the system clock, to record a sequence of images representing successive logic states. Errors can be detected by image processing, in which frames from tested devices are compared with similar frames from devices known to be good. Intel's home-designed optics permit its system to see lines as small as 2 μm over an entire 1-cm-square chip in a single scan.
**A “NICE PICTURE.”** Other firms are working with SEM equipment for fault tracing as well. "It's an ideal machine for that kind of application," says Harry Wachob of Failure Analysis Corp., in Palo Alto, Calif. "When you use an electron beam to generate an image of a circuit with a voltage applied to it, you..."
MOTOROLA
Choosing the world's highest-performance 32-bit microprocessor should be as easy as making an apples-to-apples comparison with such industry-standard benchmarks as Whetstone and Dhrystone performance.
**How to tell apples from oranges.**
When pulling an apples-to-apples comparison, anyone, anywhere, should be able to easily duplicate the comparison factors and results. Repeatably.
**Attempt no. 1.**
So, when comparing the MC68020 and 80386, the first task is to find one of each.
Motorola expects to ship over a quarter of a million MC68020s this year, so finding one of them shouldn't be too difficult. Get the fastest available—a 25 MHz—and a 20 MHz Motorola floating-point coprocessor, the MC68881.
Next (things get harder), try to get your hands on a fully functional, bug free 80386 MPU and 80387 floating point.
And now you know why it's so hard to make an apples-to-apples comparison: you can get the Motorola devices, but "comparable" '886 and '387? No way. You have to settle for the slower '886 and the promise of silicon yet to come on the '387.
**Attempt no. 2.**
All right, if you can't find the chips, go for readily-available 32-bit systems and compare real, live, '020- and '386-based systems from the commercial market.
Exasperating, isn't it? There are hundreds of choices of commercially-available, '020-based systems. But, finding comparable '386-based systems...?
**Attempt no. 3.**
Running real benchmarks on real products is the best comparison. We've looked at two questionable comparison attempts. Now it's time to try some industry-standard approaches, such as Whetstone and Dhrystone benchmarking. That should allow an apples-to-apples comparison, shouldn't it? If not, at least it should be apples-to-apples on paper.
Here are currently-available Whetstone and Dhrystone procedures for the MC68020 and the 80386 32-bit processors. To use industry-standard methods of comparison, you'll have to—must—rerun the Whetstones and Dhrystones for the '386 along the same universally-accepted lines as for the '020.
And discover which has the greater potential for being a keystone and which for being a millstone in your new design. The MC68020 is still the highest-performance microprocessor no matter how you slice it!
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**WHETSTONE PERFORMANCE**
The Whetstone is a standard double-precision, floating-point benchmark written in FORTRAN.
| MC68020/68881 | 80386/80387 |
|---------------|-------------|
| • Execution of standard Whetstone benchmark written in FORTRAN: recognized and run by all leading systems manufacturers (Cray, DEC, IBM, etc.). | • Execution of vendor-modified Whetstone benchmark written in C: nobody else in the industry uses this particular procedure. |
| • Double-precision floating point: specified by standard Whetstone for high accuracy. | • Single-precision floating point: non-standard Whetstone sacrifices accuracy for "performance." |
| • Complete, 10-loop-count execution: 1 million Whetstone instructions. | • Incomplete, 2-loop-count execution: only 200,000 Whetstone instructions. |
| • Unary instructions executed: specified by standard Whetstone; single-operand operations. | • No unary instructions executed: intentional '386-vendor modifications to Whetstone spec avoids single-operand operations. |
| • Entire Whetstone benchmark procedure was not modified from the original standard: no tricks or tweaks to hype performance. | • Altered Whetstone benchmark procedure allowed '386 vendor more favorable results: avoided branch control overhead. |
| **Result:** 1.24 million Whetstones/second with commercially-available silicon (68020, 68881). | **Result:** Claims that have no apples-to-apples comparison to reality. |
**DHRYSTONE PERFORMANCE**
The Dhrystone Benchmark measures CPU performance on a typical mix of high-level language statements.
| MC68020 | 80386 |
|---------|-------|
| • Dhrystone results measured on commercially-available system: Sun Microsystems 3/200 workstation. | • Dhrystone results measured on specially-modified "hot box" built by '386 vendor: '386 "starter kit" version not commercially available. |
| • Commercially-available operating system (UNIX®). | • No operating system used: '386 vendor used own modified debug monitor. |
| • Commercially-available UNIX® C compiler (cc). | • '386 Vendor used own internal "beta" version of C compiler: not commercially available. |
| • Real-world memory architecture: Dhrystone WRITE operations must pass through to main-memory DRAM. | • Utopian memory architecture: zero-wait-state WRITE operations to unlimited cache SRAM—no write through to main memory. |
| **Result:** 6362 Dhrystones with commercially-available, real-world systems. | **Result:** Claims that have no apples-to-apples comparison to reality. |
UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T.
For an engineer-to-engineer or senior-manager-to-senior-manager update on the real 32-bit system products, call toll-free any weekday. If the call can't cover your needs, we'll have the appropriate person get in touch.
For more information on the MC68020, and an apples-to-apples comparison, send the coupon to Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc., P.O. Box 20912, Phoenix, AZ 85036.
---
To: Motorola Semiconductor Products, Inc., P.O. Box 20912, Phoenix, AZ 85036
Please send me more information on the MC68020 32-bit system solution and apples-to-apples comparisons.
Name ____________________________________________
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can paint a very nice picture of where the charges and voltages are."
Siemens in Europe, and IBM and some instrumentation firms in the U.S., are also investigating SEM techniques, according to Giorgio Riga of Riga Analytical Laboratories in Santa Clara; but, he says, "Intel is among the most advanced users of the technique."
In the production environment, Salvador says, Intel hopes to use dynamic fault imaging as a test bed for automated test systems, analogous to the "bed of nails" used to test printed circuit boards. The setup won't be simple, though. To test one of Intel's 80386 microprocessors at full clock rating will require running 132 high-performance coaxial lines through a vacuum wall.
When a fault is detected, the test vector is set to loop where the fault begins, and the propagation paths can then be traced. Signals that get onto a bus can propagate anywhere on the chip, Salvador notes. They may remain on the chip for dozens of logic states before showing up at a pin. "When we were designing quad gates, there were 12 pins for four gates, or three pins per logic node," Salvador says. "Now we may have 70,000 nodes and only 96 pins—more than 700 nodes per pin."
On the production line, Salvador says, dynamic fault imaging can contribute to yield enhancement. "If you can double the rate at which you come down the learning curve, you get increased volumes and can drop prices sooner," he notes. He concedes, though, that the technique is still in its infancy.
**EARLY SUCCESS.** The technique has had successes already, however. One Intel chip was redesigned after the imaging system tracked errors to metal that had been eroded during life testing. Further investigation turned up a violation of design rules, which had caused the metal lines to be laid down improperly.
"We haven't quantified savings on dynamic fault imaging," Salvador says. "That would be difficult, because we are looking at a failure mode that historically we haven't been able to find at all."
Systems already are operational at Intel's Santa Clara and Aloha, Ore., fabrication plants. By the end of the year, systems will be installed at fabs in Folsom, Calif., and Chandler, Ariz. A fifth system will go into Panang, Malaysia, in 1987, Salvador adds. —Clifford Barney
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**TELEVISION**
**SIEMENS FITS DIGITAL TV INTO 2-Mb/s DATA STREAM**
**MUNICH**
In their search for an efficient data-reduction method to help digital television transmission get off the ground, researchers at Siemens AG have developed a technique that sends moving TV pictures at a rate of just 2 Mb/s without any discernible loss of picture quality.
This cut in data rate from the 140 Mb/s needed now will come in handy, especially in the upcoming integrated services digital networks. These nets carry data at 64 kb/s or multiples of that rate up to 2 Mb/s, which is expected to become the standard—probably toward the end of the decade. The enormous rate reduction will help communications authorities make better use of available cable capacity.
Experts at Siemens' Corporate Research Center in Munich are now implementing their scheme, based on a mathematical technique called discrete cosine transformation, in hardware. The discrete cosine transformation (DCT) is a special Fourier transform taking into account only a signal's cosine function.
The equipment, says laboratory manager Eckart Hundt, will be ready for use in public networks when the 2-Mb/s rate becomes standard. It could be used before then in local and private networks where no standards exist.
Still not satisfied, Hundt and his associates are now working out the basics for reducing the data rate even further—to 384 kb/s, and eventually to 64 kb/s. At 64 kb/s, the Siemens technique, simulated with a computer, already produces pictures of acceptable grade. Hundt says more work should result in high-quality pictures even at this comparatively low rate.
Normally, in a series of TV images flashed onto the screen at 30 frames/s (25 frames/s in Europe), only a small portion of the picture content varies from one image to the next. So the most obvious scheme for achieving data reduction would be to transmit only the picture variations. But that would reduce the data by only a factor of 5 or 10, which is a long way from getting a 140-Mb/s data rate down to 2 Mb/s, let alone 64 kb/s.
The DCT provides for a substantially larger reduction. In the DCT method that Siemens, like other firms around the world, is pursuing, the TV picture is first divided into blocks, each block containing, say, 16 by 16 picture elements.
**EFFICIENT COEFFICIENTS.** Assigned to each block are coefficients that exactly describe the picture content of that block. Each coefficient, a real number, characterizes a certain signal frequency. Because of their probability distribution, these coefficients lend themselves to data reduction much better than, for example, the intensities of individual pixels.
DCT then checks whether the assigned coefficients vary from picture to picture, and determines the magnitude of any variation. If the differences are minor, all variations are transmitted.
If, however, the differences are substantial, as with abrupt movements in a TV scene, only the most significant variations are transmitted. The minor variations and details are sent in subsequent pictures. The casual observer hardly notices the image buildup and manipulation. Only when the viewer closely scrutinizes the picture is a slight and temporary loss of sharpness discernible during abrupt movements on the screen.
Good as the basic DCT method may
be, Hundt and his team believe it can be improved upon to provide much better pictures. Toward that end, the Siemens experts have come up with a special coding technique based not only on normal DCT and difference pulse-code modulation but also on the detection of groups of coefficients in the transform domain, on adaptive Huffman coding, and on postbuffer control.
As researcher Walter Tengler explains it, in this improved technique the energy of each coefficient is measured, and the coefficients to be transmitted are defined. They are classified in three groups, one containing coefficients representing sharp movements, the other with coefficients standing for less pronounced movements, and the third containing weak-movement coefficients. A Huffman coder determines which coefficients occur frequently and which do not. Frequently occurring coefficients are assigned shorter codes.
**DESCRIBING DETAILS.** This classification and code-assignment scheme, Tengler says, significantly reduces the amount of data needed to characterize movements and, consequently, picture variations. And as less data is needed, more space is made available for coefficients that describe picture details.
The Huffman-coded coefficients are written into a buffer whose output is a constant 2-Mb/s data stream. By controlling the quantization process, as well as the process of differentiating between various degrees of movement via a feedback loop, the output buffer ensures that picture quality is maintained.
At 2 Mb/s, the Siemens technique makes for excellent TV images, even when picture details change rapidly. The ultimate goal is high picture quality even at 64 kb/s. At this low rate, however, the pictures cannot be sent at full resolution. Instead of the normal resolution of 540 by 575 pixels, the resolution at 64 kb/s is only one-third that value, or 360 by 288 pixels. And only 8.33 frames are transmitted each second.
To avoid having the movements in such pictures appear jerky, as in early silent movies, the missing pictures are generated with the help of a small computer. It performs an interpolation of available images and inserts the missing images into the stream. First investigations of this scheme have produced good results.
—John Gosch
---
**SPEECH TECHNOLOGY**
**SCORING 98.6% IN SPEECH RECOGNITION**
**CAMBRIDGE, MASS.**
One small step for a young Cambridge company may point the way to a giant leap forward in speech recognition. Voice Processing Corp. is reporting the highest accuracy yet for a speaker-independent continuous-speech recognition system with an 11-word vocabulary. Moreover, the company says its work indicates its algorithms may be applied to large vocabularies without a crushing level of complexity.
The accuracy reported by Voice Processing—98.6%—is the highest yet claimed for a system of its type, which differs from speaker-dependent and isolated-word systems. The four-year-old company takes an approach to speech recognition that relies more heavily on linguistic knowledge and feature extraction than others working in the field.
The company's prototype system now requires a Symbolics 3600 minicomputer and executes about 35 times more slowly than it should to qualify as a real-time system. However, the algorithm used will allow the company to implement a faster version of the system using microprocessor-based hardware within a year, says David Shipman, vice president of research and development.
**BENCHMARKED.** Voice Processing has tested its system on a benchmark called the Connected Digit Database, developed by Texas Instruments Inc. and distributed by the National Bureau of Standards. This data base comprises more than 75 utterances, averaging three to four words in length, from each of 220 adult speakers.
The roots of the Voice Processing system can be traced back to Victor Zue, a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology who is an expert at reading voice spectrograms and who is a consultant to the company.
Although linguistic knowledge plays a large role, the system does not try to mimic someone who is an expert spectrogram reader, says Shipman, because "that is too cumbersome computationally." And it is not an expert system, at least in the narrow sense of software depending primarily on an elaborate series of yes-no questions. "We have yes-no [rules], but also a lot of algorithms where a definite set of procedures leads to something else," says Philip Kromer, vice president of engineering.
In a demonstration, an average speaker's recitation of a Zip Code is followed by the display of a spectrogram. Then the system segments the spectrogram into phonemes based on spectral discontinuity and phonetic duration. It creates phonetic hypotheses for each segment on the basis of spectral patterns, phonetic context, and phonological rules.
Kromer emphasizes that feature extraction taking place at this point covers a very broad spectrum. "Anything goes," he says. "A feature can be anything from something simple, such as a duration, to something pretty complex requiring a complex algorithm to do it, such as trying to localize a 'k' burst, usually concentrated around 1,800 Hz."
Finally, the system selects from among the hypotheses it has generated. Elapsed time from speech to numerical display is about 35 s for a Zip Code.
Several outside speech-recognition experts say that even though it is in developmental form, the work is significant. They question, though, how easy it will be to extend a knowledge- or rule-based system to larger vocabularies.
John Makhoul, manager of speech signal processing at Bolt Beranek and Newman Laboratories, Cambridge, for one, calls the Voice Processing results good. However, he says his experience has been that acoustic/phonetic knowledge-based systems do not generalize to larger vocabularies. The problem, he notes, is that as vocabulary size increases, the number of rules required quickly grows unmanageable. For this reason, he and others believe the long-term solution will combine a knowledge-based approach with statistical modeling.
William Meisel, president of Speech Systems Inc. in Tarzana, Calif., says Voice Processing's results are the best he's heard of for digits. But he adds that the value of such work is extremely limited. The utterance of digits represents something between isolated-word and continuous-speech modes, he argues. In addition, "you're looking at less than one half the phonemes when you..."
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*UNIX is a trademark of AT&T. **Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation.
look at digits... I don't think that gives you perspective on continuous speech."
Shipman maintains that the utterance of digits is a form of continuous speech. But he agrees with Makhoul that both knowledge-based and statistical approaches will be required for large-vocabulary systems. "You're a fool if you ignore statistics," he says. The emphasis at this point, he argues, should be on knowledge-based systems extracting information from the bottom up, starting at the sample level.
In the meantime, Voice Processing is optimistic about the potential for applying its system to larger vocabularies.
Kromer acknowledges that the work with digits involves only about 20 phonemes, about half of those in the language. But he says the code used for digit recognition has been tried with minimal modification on other words and has worked well.
"It would be wrong to say it won't require more work to extend to a large context," he says. "But it seems to be very robust and extensible to large vocabularies." The growth in the number of rules with vocabulary, he adds, appears to be linear or somewhat faster, but remains manageable in its computational demands.
-Craig D. Rose
**GRAPHICS**
**GRAPHICS TABLET TRIES TO COMPETE WITH MOUSE**
**FAIRFIELD, CONN.**
The mouse may be the king of the low-end market for graphics input devices, but Summagraphics Corp., a leading maker of both mice and electronic tablets, is in the midst of setting what may turn out to be a mousetrap: a new type of tablet that can be produced for less than half the cost of conventional tablets. The company is already showing pre-production units to customers.
By using a charge-ratio, or capacitive, technique to determine the $x-y$ coordinates of an electronic pen-point, Summagraphics was able to strip out much of the electronic circuitry required for conventional tablets, which rely on electromagnetic technology.
**OFF THE BOARD.** Although the company's higher-end—and higher-priced—electromagnetic tablets need 14 multiplexing chips to run the $x-y$ grid, the capacitive approach uses none of these chips at all. Other circuitry was also eliminated, making it possible for all control hardware to be moved off the main board. Similarly, the complicated grid system used in electromagnetic tablets—one double-sided printed circuit board to determine the $x$ and $y$ coordinates, plus a second board to aid in focusing—has been replaced by a single, one-sided board.
Furthermore, charge-ratio tablets require considerably less power for operation. The new tablet runs on a 5-V supply, as opposed to the 12-V supply required by electromagnetic ones.
The added simplicity does not come free. Resolution is 200 lines/in., one-fifth that of the company's Microgrid II tablets, and accuracy is down to about 50 mils, as opposed to the 10 mils Summagraphics quotes for its top-of-the-line product.
Still, such high levels of resolution and accuracy are not needed on the low end, where price has made mice the preferred input device for most applications, according to chief technical officer Paul Smith. A mouse typically costs under $200, much less than tablets, which cost about $600 and up, but the tablet, he says, is the faster and more accurate input method "because you don't have to run from corner to corner like a mouse—you can hop.
"With the charge-ratio technology, we will trim the price of tablets to a point where they can start cutting in on some of the mouse applications—like data entry, paint programs, and business graphics," Smith says.
At least one competitor, however, thinks Summagraphics is off-base in its analysis of the market. "I don't think the mouse and tablet are competitive technologies," says Philip Schlosser, vice president for research and development at Scriptel Corp., Columbus, Ohio. "The people who do computer-aided design simply won't use a mouse, and you don't need a tablet for most non-CAD applications. Besides, the tablet takes up about four to five times the area of a mouse—it needs too much space."
But Smith says many users will move up to the higher accuracy of the tablet, given a competitive price. "We expect this technology to open up brand-new applications for people who never thought of using tablets before." To further cut production costs, Summagraphics is talking with chip makers about reducing the controller-board components to just two or three very large-scale integrated circuits—a move that could cut the manufacturing cost of a tablet to as little as $50. Once that happens, Smith says, Summagraphics will really "begin attacking the mouse."
**DIFFERENCES.** The main difference between charge-ratio technology and electromagnetic technology, Smith explains, is what drives them. Electromagnetic tablets are current-driven, establishing a pair of crisscrossing electromagnetic fields that can be used to determine a sensor's position. Charge-ratio tablets are charge-driven and use a capacitive effect. The system has three electrodes—one each for the $x$ and $y$ coordinates, and a third that "fills in the remaining area" around the coordinates and helps to fine-tune accuracy. By measuring the charge levels at each electrode, one can determine location, since the three relate to one another such that the sum of their values will always be the same.
Another difference between the two tablet approaches is the main pc board. Although it appears to be made up of a series of parallel contacts, the charge-ratio board is actually coated with an interlocking array of wedge-shaped strips that are wider on the left than on the right, and a series of bars, with thinner bars at the top and thicker ones toward the bottom. The wedges drive the $x$ coordinates; the bars drive the $y$ coordinates.
The charge-ratio technology is similar to the charge-division scheme developed earlier by Scriptel. Schlosser says Scriptel "abandoned that technology because it was susceptible to noise in many environments." Smith claims no such problem affects the Summagraphics tablets.
-Tobias Naegele
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Electronics / October 2, 1986
If you're not finding Gate Array, Advanced Schottky, and SMT faults, maybe the fault lies with your tester.
Introducing Teradyne's L210i. The only true VLSI in-circuit tester.
There are a lot of other in-circuit testers out there. But on VLSI boards, all they test is your patience.
Now there's the L210i VLSI In-Circuit Tester from Teradyne. It has over 3,000 bidirectional test pins. With digital, analog, and memory testing on every pin. And 10 MHz pattern rates.
Most importantly, the L210i delivers 95% or greater fault coverage on VLSI boards, in just 1–2 months. Because it's the first and only in-circuit tester that handles the three biggest problems in in-circuit testing today.
Test ASIC's ASAP.
One of the biggest problems for in-circuit testers today is ASIC's. If they detect ASIC faults at all, it's only because you've spent weeks and weeks programming them.
Not so with the L210i. It has a unique VLSI device tester architecture. So you can use patterns from device design and test databases. The L210i's translators convert patterns quickly.
Plus, the L210i stores and processes lengthy test data efficiently. So you save valuable time in testing gate arrays and other semi-custom devices.
You won't find that in any other in-circuit tester.
clusters. Memory arrays. Or hard-to-isolate devices.
With its MultiMode capability, you can easily partition the board into functional clusters, making the most of the L210i's functional test and diagnostic techniques.
That means you'll never be trapped by in-circuit testability problems again.
The L210i is Teradyne's first board tester for VLSI in-circuit testing, and in-circuit tester budget.
No-fault insurance.
Teradyne's L200 family has set the standard for VLSI board testing in this decade, driving test quality up to bring costs down.
Now the L210i offers the first practical VLSI in-circuit test solution. It's the system you need to boost board yields at system test. And make your in-circuit test strategy successful.
If you can't afford a tester that misses VLSI faults, you'd better find out more about the L210i. Write Teradyne, 321 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118. Or call Daryl Layzer, L200 Product Group, 617/482-2700, ext. 2808.
*Trademark of Fairchild Semiconductor Corp.
NEW EXCISE TAX IS BAD NEWS TO JAPANESE MAKERS
Japanese consumer electronics manufacturers, still reeling from an increase of more than 60% in the value of the yen against the dollar, are preparing to absorb another blow. In order to maintain demand, they believe they will have to hold prices steady while absorbing additional excise taxes. Starting Oct. 1, video cameras, camcorders, video-disk players, compact-disk players, prerecorded video tapes, video disks, and compact disks were added to the list of consumer products on which excise taxes must be paid. The levy starts at 5% of factory price, rising to 10% after one year and 15% after two years, except for tapes and disks; their rate will remain at 5%. Manufacturers say they will try to make up for the new tax by reducing production and distribution costs.
PHILIPS WILL UNVEIL A CCD CHIP WITH 2 MILLION DEVICES
Now in development by Philips International NV's Electronic Components & Materials (Elcoma) Division at Nijmegen in the Netherlands is an 835-Kb charge-coupled-device memory that packs the equivalent of 2 million transistors on a 27-mm² chip. The chip uses a 1.3-µm modified CMOS process, with one metal and two polysilicon layers. The memory, a store for video signals, will go to market in late 1987 or early 1988. Scheduled for introduction later on is a CCD chip using submicron technology and boasting three times the density of the 835-Kb version. Elcoma's predecessor CCD chip is a 300-Kb version that packs 700,000 transistor equivalents on a 24-mm² chip.
JAPAN SEESKS A ROLE IN SETTING STANDARDS FOR OPEN SYSTEMS
Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry is resisting overtures from the Corporation for Open Systems, which began a drive to enlist Japanese companies as members with a seminar at Tokyo's prestigious Imperial Hotel. A MITI official says that the U.S. group should meet with its Japanese counterpart, the Promoting Conference for Open Systems Interconnection, and its European counterpart, the Standards Promotion and Application Group, to develop protocols and certification procedures for subsets of standards set by the International Standards Organization. MITI wants Japan to have an equal voice with the U.S. and Europe in setting standards. On the other hand, COS president Lincoln D. Faurer says that his organization will share information with the Japanese and European groups, but that its decisions will be made only by its members. If the Japanese want a vote, they'll have to join up.
IBM RELEASES MORE OPEN-SYSTEMS SOFTWARE ONLY FOR EUROPE
IBM Corp. once again has released a software package for Open Systems Interconnection that is available only in Europe. Like the first one, this package is for System/370 computers; it will help applications written for its Systems Network Architecture work with applications written for systems conforming to the OSI model. The new package, called the General Teleprocessing Monitor for Open Systems Interconnection, "extends OSI communications into the heart of the SNA world," says Henri J. Vidil, manager of the OSI marketing center at IBM's La Gaude research laboratory in southern France. The new package provides programming tools to make it easier to write OSI levels 6 and 7 protocol-conversion routines so that OSI and SNA applications can talk with each other. The earlier software, Open Systems Transport and Session Support, implements the protocols in the fourth (transport) and fifth (session) layers of the OSI Model. IBM won't say when either will be available in the U.S.
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How AMP adds depth to
Technologies expand—and pay off—when they get in-depth support.
Many popular AMP connectors and sockets are already available in surface-mount styles. With more being developed every day. The depth? In the design, and in the usual for us—the technological backing to make a product both practical and affordable.
For instance, many of our surface-mount products are designed for flexible automation. Robotic systems offer fast production changeover via programming control. And we offer what you need to make it work: feeder and positioning equipment, and a variety of compatible packages, from tape and single tubes to stacking, multi-track trays.
All our SMT products are in tested materials, naturally—plastics and platings developed to withstand the process conditions of surface mounting. Because the technology is developing,
Surface-mount connectors from AMP are available in a wide variety of board-to-board and board I/O styles, including shielded versions.
some areas of product specification are still flexible. For example, solder leg design and specific platings are finalized in conjunction with the paste thickness you use, or time in reflow.
In fact, our "confidential early involvement" programs are a key measure of the support we offer. And especially important when the technology is itself new.
Chances are AMP can contribute a great deal. Dedicated staff and facilities for development of surface-mount products mean we're already involved in most industries where they're now being used, or considered.
Write AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, PA 17105-3608 and ask for our Surface Mount Products Guide and Robotic Application Tooling brochure. Or call (717) 780-4400 and ask for the SMT Information desk.
SMT products, advanced packaging, and feeder and positioning systems provide in-depth support for robotics-based flexible automation systems.
Circle 51 on reader service card
State-of-the-past.
68020
32100
32032
80386
CLIPPER™ from Fairchild. The most significant advance in microprocessors since microprocessors themselves.
Unlike the others, its performance isn't limited by an architecture designed back at the dawn of the microprocessor era. It's built from the ground up with a brand new architecture, for today's high-performance applications. And it's the only microprocessor that can bridge the architectural gap to true supercomputer performance.
CLIPPER. The new definition of state-of-the-art.
**How the competition wishes they'd done it.**
In a highly integrated three-chip set, you get an architecturally advanced, very high performance, CMOS 32-bit compute engine, optimized for scientific and professional computing applications in the UNIX® operating system environment. In fact, you get everything in the three CLIPPER chips that it takes the competition's entire CPU board to give you.
Designed for high bandwidth and true concurrent execution of instructions, CLIPPER runs at 33 MHz. Which, until we proved otherwise, was considered impossible. CLIPPER achieves a peak execution rate of 33 MIPS, with average performance greater than a VAX™ 8600 – twice as fast as any other microprocessor in existence, five times as fast as a VAX 11/780. And floating-point performance exceeds 2 MFLOPS, while simple instructions execute in a scant 30 ns.
**Supercomputer technology on a chip.**
Unlike any other microprocessor architecture, CLIPPER uses proven supercomputer and mainframe architectural concepts. Such as extensive pipelining. An on-chip floating point unit processing in parallel to a three-stage, pipelined integer execution unit. Two 32-bit buses, one for instructions, one for data, delivering up to 133M bytes per second to the CPU, eliminating bandwidth as a performance bottleneck.
Two large 4K-byte cache/memory management units (CAMMUs) provide mainframe-style, copyback caching concurrent with virtual address translation.
Then there's our Streamlined Instruction Set. With 101 instructions hardwired instead of microcoded for performance. There's also a macro-instruction unit, providing 67 high-level instructions and system functions. For all the advantages of RISC and the robustness of a CISC.
**What got into CLIPPER.**
Residing on a 3.0 x 4.5-inch printed circuit card, the CLIPPER three-chip module includes a pipelined CPU with an on-chip, IEEE-standard FPU, and two 4K-byte cache/memory-management units. A clock generator completes the package, adding up to a staggering total of 846,000 transistors.
**How CLIPPER backs you up.**
CLIPPER is supported by a powerful software environment. Including a port based on the UNIX System V operating system. Optimized FORTRAN, C and Pascal compilers. Plus numerous utilities.
Or you can choose a complete VAX cross-support package.
And you're further supported by our application engineers and system designers. Each of them experts on CLIPPER.
For more information on the most advanced microprocessor since the advent of microprocessors themselves, just give us a call. You'll find us at The Fairchild Customer Information Center, 1-800-554-4443.
CLIPPER from Fairchild. All of a sudden, it's the state-of-the-art microprocessor on the market.
© 1986 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. CLIPPER is a trademark of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. VAX is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation.
**We're taking the high ground.**
FAIRCHILD
A Schlumberger Company
Circle 53 on reader service card
A complete list of things to know about 2400 bps modems.
Now that you've memorized that, here's a partial list of why a Hayes Smartmodem 2400 is best for you.
1. The Hayes Smartmodem 2400 allows you to communicate with the vast installed base of 300, 1200 and 2400 bps "Hayes-compatible" modems. The Hayes Standard "AT" Command Set allows you to use Smartcom II and other software that communicates.
2. Through synchronous/asynchronous technologies, the Smartmodem 2400 permits your PC to access mainframes, minis, and on-line services previously inaccessible through asynchronous-only modems.
3. The Hayes Smartmodem 2400 is efficient...it pays for itself in just 4 hours of annual use over long distance.
4. The technology of the Smartmodem 2400 allows you to transfer volumes of files with confidence across the city or across the ocean using Bell and CCITT standards.
5. The new Smartmodem 2400B — a plug-in board for the IBM PC and compatibles—allows synchronous and asynchronous communication through the same Com port.
6. You will also get the Hayes standard 2-year limited warranty and the opportunity to extend the warranty to 4 years.
Best of all...you get Hayes. And that's all you ever really have to know!
For more information or technical specs, contact your authorized Hayes dealer. Or Hayes directly at (404) 441-1617.
Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc., P.O. Box 105203, Atlanta, Georgia 30348.
ISDN CHIP SETS: USERS FACE A RISKY CHOICE
by Robert Rosenberg
Before integrated voice-data terminals can take over in the office from modems and analog telephones, terminal makers and system houses must make critical choices. They have to pick from a bewildering variety of chips—all billed as "standard"—available to implement the integrated services...
digital network, or ISDN. The penalty for making the wrong choice is severe. Not only will designs be more difficult, but there is the risk of losing markets because of a late start. As Ronald R. Ruebusch, marketing manager of the Information Products Division at Advanced Micro Devices Inc. in Austin, Texas, points out: "The timing of a decision on when...to have an ISDN product" is vital.
The threat of design complications looms large in the selection process, says Jim Garrett, telecommunications manager at Thomson Components-Mostek Corp. in Carrollton, Texas. One of the most important design considerations is "how easy it will be to interface these chip architectures back to their system buses," he says.
The whole selection process is further complicated by the fact that work on ISDN itself is far from finished. Although ISDN could be available for commercial use by the late 1980s (see chart, above), the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee, called CCITT for its initials in French, is still working on definitions of the standard interfaces and the signaling protocols that are needed to make the connection between a customer's equipment and the new network. Meanwhile, the chip makers are turning out parts that are needed for equipment within the customers' premises, with Intel Corp. the latest to introduce ISDN products (see p. 59).
All the current ISDN chip sets conform to whatever standards CCITT has set so far, on the network side. On the customer side, much of the CCITT's work is finished and the standards are set—but the rules leave ample room for variations. And there certainly are variations among the chips offered by the 10 or so companies selling their wares in the U.S. The differences among them occur chiefly in how the ISDN functions are partitioned on the chips.
Still to be heard from are the Japanese, who are expected to launch a major thrust into what is predicted to be the next big commodity market. By 1999, ISDN chips could be worth hundreds of millions of dollars for semiconductor manufacturers, says Ed Means, program director for telecommunications at SRI International in Menlo Park, Calif. The Japanese are not going to ignore a market that large, although they will probably wait for the differences to be sorted out before plunging in. With lower development costs to bear, they should drive down the chips' prices.
As things stand now, though, the price of ISDN chips is less important than the widespread differences among the circuits. Too much diversity is making potential purchasers reluctant to commit their system designs to one chip set or another.
The makers of private branch exchanges would appear to be the logical candidates to lead the way out of the ISDN maze. After all, the argument goes, they have plenty of telecommunications expertise and can readily evaluate the different chip offerings. But it turns out that PBX makers are reluctant—they fear rising costs for chips and a loss of revenues from their proprietary voice and data terminals, which more or less lock in their customer bases.
Typical is InteCom Inc. of Allen, Texas. "We are talking to the big players in the chip business who are spending big bucks, but right now our observation is that we are still a few years away from making any choice," says Ron Mills, director of hardware engineering. Mills says the new Wang laboratory unit has its own digital voice-data chip sets (which are not ISDN-compatible) and none of the proposed ISDN circuits is affordable yet.
**AWAITING A STANDARD**
John Wakerly, director of system architecture, David Systems, Inc.—a Sunnyvale, Calif., firm making a voice-data add-on to a PBX or Centrex system—says "as far as twisted-pair interfaces in the office, there will still be some shakeout. Our position at David is that when ISDN has a standard customer-premise interface, we will be compatible with it; but we are not taking the lead in that."
The prospect of lower revenues from the lucrative aftersale market is not to be dismissed lightly. That wouldn't have been the case five years ago, when PBX makers sold only switches. But the advent of digital voice-data gave them a rare opportunity: they could sell their own digital phone sets and office-automation software by
using proprietary interfaces and architectures. The PBX houses have since developed a tidy add-on business in proprietary equipment.
Deciding whether to surrender that steady income from proprietary equipment in order to adopt a standard ISDN architecture is only part of the broader quandary for the PBX people. They must also choose between a defensive or an offensive ISDN strategy, says AMD's Ruebusch. They can "take a defensive strategy by denying that ISDN exists, and claim that their proprietary approaches are as good as or better than the standard. Or they can adopt an offensive strategy by believing in their capability to produce switches at competitive costs, and in their software engineering organization to provide better features than the competition."
In the end, PBX vendors will adapt to ISDN. They won't have much choice; at some point, those who haven't adapted won't have a market. The issue is how quickly. Ruebusch suggests that those who don't take the offensive soon could find themselves behind foreign merchants.
**DESIGN OR DEFER**
Makers of end-user equipment with little telecom experience have a choice, too. They can select a chip set and begin the design themselves, or they can elect to use an interface developed by one of several telecom switch manufacturers that adhere to the ISDN rules. "The complexity of either solution is the same, and the risk is the same," says Russ Aldrich, manager of communications products and networking at Altos Computer Systems in San Jose, Calif.
Altos's dilemma is typical of the smaller systems house without in-house telecommunications expertise. Altos, which makes 8-, 16-, and 32-bit microcomputers, has already installed 70,000 systems worldwide. So it can either join an existing telecom company and design an interface specific to that company's product line, or throw in with a chip manufacturer and buy into an architectural approach.
Choosing to go it alone—the architectural approach—probably provides a much more flexible solution, Aldrich says, but the question remains, "What do you make with all these parts?"
For larger system houses with plenty of in-house communications expertise—companies like Convergent Technologies in San Jose, Calif., or NCR Comten Inc. in St. Paul, Minn.—the make-or-buy decision is less traumatic.
"We assume that the chip-set supplier will only have an impact on the interface board, not on the system," says Bobby Johnson, director of communications and networking at Convergent. Johnson is still researching and planning how ISDN chips will be folded into the Convergent
RUEBUSCH. AMD marketer says the choice is between defense, "denying that ISDN exists," and offense, believing in one's capability to produce competitive switches with better features.
bus simplifies connection requirements, though such benefits accrue only when using that same manufacturer's peripheral chips.
Chip vendors are approaching the functional partitioning differently. Some are shooting for higher levels of integration on a single chip. AT&T Technologies and Intel each have made one package out of their S interface (the point at which the user's equipment interfaces with the physical termination of the network) and their LAP D (for link access protocol) formatter (see figure, below). In Austin, Texas, Advanced Micro Devices Inc. goes further, including in its S interface a transceiver, an integrated codec and filters, and a LAP D formatter.
Other manufacturers say separating layer 1 transceiver functions and layer 2 data formatting is the way to go. West Germany's Siemens AG is distributing samples of its 2080 S interface transceiver and a separate layer 2 link access communication controller. Mitel Inc. in Kanata, Ont., Canada, which promises to have about 30 products supporting ISDN by the end of the month, has an HDLC protocol controller and will ship samples of an S interface in September.
Thomson Components-Mostek will join its parent company—Thomson CSF of France—early next year in offering a level 1 S interface transceiver and a separate level 2 interface with an integrated LAP D controller. National Semiconductor Corp. of Santa Clara, Calif., which offers an S interface, is taking the modular approach and separating layer 1 from the higher levels. Motorola Inc.'s Semiconductor Products Sector in Phoenix, Ariz., also plans to go modular; the thinking is that designers will have more flexibility at less cost with a variety of chips, rather than using one big, expensive chip for any given application.
Another area of confusion involves the local bus interface, where chip makers go off in a number of different directions. Intel's SLD (subscriber line device), Mitel's STbus, Motorola's IDL (interchip digital link), and Siemens's IOM (ISDN-oriented modular architecture) all have different interface schemes. "In many cases, the local bus interface has to have a set of associated peripheral chips to make a clean interface," says Lynn Ditty, the product marketing manager for communications devices at AT&T Technologies in Allentown, Pa.
One expense that ISDN chip users will avoid is the investment in software development. "In a microprocessor selection, you must buy into the software and instruction sets," says Ditty. But much of the software that will work with ISDN equipment is, in effect, already decided: it is being set by international standards.
Users deciding to develop a homegrown interface probably will not encounter insurmountable obstacles. "I don't think you can say the selection of one silicon implementation locks you into one vendor. You can actually interchange these things, although it will require extra glue logic," notes Al Mouton, Motorola's MOS telecommunications marketing manager. "That's not as bad as a microprocessor selection. With that decision, you had to invest in a lot of software. ISDN chips are simply a hardware interface."
Also contributing to this report were Clifford Barney in San Mateo, John Gosch in Frankfurt, and J. Robert Lineback in Dallas.
Intel Corp. is very bullish on the integrated services digital network, the all-digital scheme for replacing the worldwide analog telephone net. To compete in this embryonic market, the Santa Clara, Calif., IC maker is now moving into full production on its first chip set—and it expects sales of these sets to start showing up on its books next year. By then, standards for ISDN equipment to be used on customer premises should be solid enough for PBX and terminal vendors to begin designing that equipment, predicts Graham Alcott, telecom operations manager at Intel's Phoenix, Ariz., facility.
Intel is not the first with ISDN circuitry, of course. More than 10 other chip makers have already jumped into the market. But Intel believes that it has a big edge in its installed microprocessor base. And it is betting that terminal makers and others already using its microprocessors will adopt its approach to ISDN circuits—especially since Intel is making it simple to link the local microprocessor bus to its new ISDN interface circuits. It expects the first customers to be builders of ISDN voice-and-data terminals, telephones, and private branch exchanges.
Intel's first ISDN chips will be a basic-rate four-wire S interface transceiver, an input/output controller for PBX line cards, and a codec and
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**ISDN CALLING.** Standards for the S interface—the link between the termination of ISDN and customers' equipment—are already set.
filter combo. These new telecommunications chips, added to its microprocessors and local-area network circuits, will give the company a broad product line for the entire microcommunications market—a business that it intends to pursue aggressively (see p. 63). Intel is also working on a microcontroller that will link two of these pivotal product areas: local-area networks and ISDN.
This network conversion will not happen overnight, of course. Field tests of ISDN in the U.S. are underway, but full deployment will take years. Analog and digital technologies, as a result, will coexist for a decade or more. And Intel is designing its chips to provide a bridge between the old analog and the new digital services. "Our entire architecture is aimed at providing interfaces that can change from analog to ISDN with just an adjustment to a subscriber card; this should be wholly transparent to the user," Alcott says.
The new circuits are the latest products that Intel has developed in collaboration with the French chip maker Matra-Harris SA. The line-card controller is coming from Intel, while Matra-Harris is designing both the S interface and the codec and filter combo, working from Intel specifications. Both companies will produce and sell the chip sets.
The circuits represent a certain leap of faith on Intel's part. Strictly speaking, ISDN does not exist yet (see p. 55). Although the CCITT has already defined the grades of service that ISDN will provide and outlined how they will be implemented, many of the details are not yet settled. But Alcott says the industry knows enough about the specifications now to forge ahead. He points out that standards for the S interface—the connection between the physical termination of the network and equipment on the customers' premises—are already set (Fig. 1). "The S interface is clearly defined by the CCITT," he says. "Though there are spare bits in the specification that are reserved for as-yet-undefined applications, a few bytes of code could process whatever functions are required of those spare bits."
**THE S INTERFACE**
The 29C53 digital loop controller is Intel's basic-grade four-wire S interface transceiver (Fig. 2). Samples have been produced; full production is expected early next year. The chip meets the CCITT requirements for basic-grade service, which is established as 192 kb/s, divided into three channels. Two are 64-kb/s data- or voice-carrying channels, designated B channels. The third is a 16-kb/s signaling channel, designated the D channel. This allocation is commonly referred to as 2B+D and gives an effective channel capacity of 144 kb/s. The remaining 48 kb/s handles framing and other overhead signals.
Intel's chip provides all the internal drivers for transformer coupling to a standard twisted-pair telephone cable and establishes a data connection across a telephone link by implementing many lower-level HDLC protocols, or layer 2 of the International Organization for Standardization's Open Systems Interconnection model.
The chip provides four interface points. One is a subscriber-line data (SLD) link, which is based on the three-wire bus architecture that Harris Corp., Intel, Matra-Harris, Philips International NV, Siemens AG, and SGS Semiconductor Corp. support as the answer to serial transmissions on the line card. The second is a parallel peripheral interface; the third, a parallel microprocessor interface; and the fourth, a four-wire CCITT-compatible S interface.
These four interface points are controlled by
3. TWO BUSES. The 29C53 digital loop controller's line-interface, D-channel processor, and SLD functional elements are connected by a parallel bus (P-bus), which handles D-channel data, and a serial bus (S-bus), which transfers B-channel data.
three functional elements: the line-interface unit; the D-channel processor, or packetizer; and the SLD unit (Fig. 3). These elements connect through two buses. The parallel bus handles D-channel data, general status, and control information. The serial bus transfers B-channel data and the unprocessed D-channel data between the line-interface unit and SLD interface unit.
The SLD interface acts as a buffer during serial transfers, but its main job is to manage the 512-kb half-duplex communications link to other SLD devices. Half of the 256 kb/s in each direction is used by the two B channels. The other 128 kb/s handle D-channel packet data and control and status information. The D-channel processor performs some of the lower-level packet-formatting functions as specified by the OSI link-access protocol, version D. The line-interface unit contains the line drivers and receivers for the S interface. Line voltages are adjusted for the four-wire requirements. Formatting, timing, and synchronization are maintained across the four-wire loop.
"The requirements for the S interface came to us predefined by the CCITT, so this was an obvious necessity," says George Hayak, staff design engineer for the Intel team that developed the chips. "The SLD interface, on the other hand, is the most convenient way we have to link together devices with low bandwidth requirements. The parallel peripheral interface was needed to control the basic I/O functions. The parallel microprocessor interface works with any standard microprocessor or microcontroller."
The interface package gives the designer several options, Hayak says. PBX manufacturers, for example, must implement either local or centralized processing of D-channel (network-control) information. Those who want to upgrade older switch architectures can process D-channel information by linking the S interface to the line-card microprocessor. The processor can be programmed to take over link-level processing. In the newer switch architectures, which are designed with ISDN in mind, D-channel information processing is usually centralized; the SLD interface provides an easy way to route data for packet processing.
PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
Both the 2952 line-card controller and the 29C48 codec and filter combo will help the chips' users coexist with both analog and digital lines. The 2952 is a special-purpose I/O controller; the 29C48 codec-filter links older, analog telephones and line cards to a digital PBX serving ISDN.
The 2952 controller chip, which is already in full production, controls the switching and control information passed between the individual devices and the backplane of the PBX, using the HDLC format. "On one side, it has provisions for up to eight SLD serial interfaces," Hayak says. "On the other, it is the interface to the TDM highway," the time-division-multiplexing scheme across the backplane of the PBX.
Of the various control functions it performs,
the 2952’s primary job is managing the synchronous interface between the TDM signaling path of the host system and the subscriber interface. But it also manages the asynchronous signaling and control messages between a central D-channel control processor or the local line-card microprocessor, if one is used. “In a switch with centralized processing of D-channel information, the line-card controller handles its own processing. It need not call on the local microprocessor for processing D-channel information,” Hayak says.
The 29C48 codec-filter combo provides the analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog transmit-and-receive functions needed to interface an analog telephone to the 64-kb/s pulse-code-modulated signaling scheme used in digital PBXs. Samples are available; the chip will be in full production early next year.
Functionally, the chip resides between the Borscht functions of the analog line card and the line-card controller circuitry of the digital PBX. Besides supporting traditional Borscht functions—battery feed, overvoltage correction, ring generation, supervision, codec, hybrid impedance balancing, and testing—the chip adds some new functions that help make analog sets work with ISDN. It has a secondary line-input channel, programmable gain adjustment, a custom hybrid balancing network selection, and either A- or $\mu$-Law programming capability.
The secondary analog input channel can be used for remote-loop testing and control. The gain adjustment can be changed on the line card to accommodate differences in loop losses. Up to three external balancing networks can be applied to the chip to accommodate varying subscriber loop characteristics.
Besides the three ISDN interface chips, Intel says it will also be coming out with the 83C152, a microcontroller that will implement many of the protocols for ISDN B-channel communications—or, at any rate, the protocols Intel is anticipating the CCITT will select. The chip also will feature several popular LAN protocols. Samples are available now, but the company is tight-lipped about an introduction date, saying only that it will be “a 1987 product.” The chip probably will be offered as the heart of a communications board for personal computers that will handle both local and long-haul communications chores.
The serial microcontroller operates in either full- or half-duplex modes and has automatic frame-check sequence generation to ensure error-free transmissions. It supports a variety of protocols, including synchronous data-link control and carrier-sense multiple-access/collision-detection protocols, the 1-Mb/s Starlan, and subsets of the HDLC. The company says it will also operate on user-definable protocols.
With its three chips and the controller, Intel is preparing the ground for ISDN’s arrival. They add the features and signaling intelligence needed to give ISDN capability to terminals and telephones, so that users can take advantage of the coming all-digital network.
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TECHNOLOGY TO WATCH is a regular feature of Electronics that provides readers with exclusive, in-depth reports on important technical innovations from companies around the world. It covers significant technology, processes, and developments incorporated in major new products.
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HELLO, PARIS? THIS IS PHOENIX CALLING
International collaboration—which is the essence of ISDN—played a big part in the design of the new S interface circuit being introduced by Intel Corp. The cooperation needed to set standards for an all-digital telephone network by the member countries of the CCITT found a counterpart in the joint chip-development efforts undertaken by Intel Corp., Phoenix, Ariz., and Matra-Harris at the Cimatel facility the two companies own near St. Quentin en Yvelines in the suburbs of Paris.
Ironically, though, the international team bent on creating the new communications circuit found it had to contend with some very old communications links. Intel’s 28-year-old communications circuit designer, George Hayak, says, “From our end, we had to rely on the standard communications of today. We could depend on a traditional telephone conversation for some of our communications, but the computer links we had between here and there were very primitive.”
To augment the low bandwidth links available for communications, Intel engineers moved computer tapes and prototype chips between the French and American facilities. “We were like carrier pigeons carrying tapes and chips,” recalls Hayak.
“We tried to make those exchanges every two months,” says Martin Mueller, head of the telecom-circuits group at the Cimatel facility, but he admits that the arrangement was less than ideal. “Sometimes we suffered from the difficulty of the information exchange.”
Cimatel is installing a Digital Equipment Corp. DECnet local-area network, Mueller says, which will give the French facility compatibility with Intel’s internal network. Low-data-rate communications over the international network will be easier once the installation is complete, but true high-bandwidth data exchange will have to wait for completion of ISDN; Mueller says it could be five years away.
COLLABORATORS. Martin Mueller (l.) and George Hayak had to use some old communications technology as they worked on new ISDN chips.
Adding telecommunications chips to its product line puts Intel Corp. in position for a broad assault on the entire communications market. With its strong microprocessor line and wide array of local-area network chips bolstered by the new telecom circuits (see p. 59), Intel now figures it has what it needs to be a complete supplier of everything from components to complete networks—a broad area that it calls microcommunications: microchip-based digital-communications products.
"By 1990, suppliers will not be able to market a microcomputer without an integrated communications function," says Ron Whittier, Intel's vice president of marketing. He estimates the total communications market at $1.3 billion in 1989, 80% of it in data communications over small, local, and global networks and the rest in telecommunications.
Intel wants to participate in that market by providing communications capabilities for the installed base of personal computers, which it estimates now stands at some 16 million units. Its next step will be to use that know-how to build entire systems linked by Intel-supplied products, and networks. In fact, Intel has already started acquiring the communications experience it will need.
Its microprocessors and LAN chips are at the heart of a system it has sold to the Army Electronics Command at Fort Huachuca, Ariz. The system consists of an Intel 310 microcomputer, based on the 80286 microprocessor, acting as file server for some 1,200 nodes. It uses Open Systems Interconnection communications with Intel Ethernet chips and proprietary software developed by Intel, IBM Corp., and Microsoft Corp. for the upper communications level.
Personal computers and peripherals on a local area network can be connected to an IBM or IBM-compatible mainframe via an Intel product called Fast Path, which provides up to six connections into the 3-megabyte/s IBM input/output channel. Fast Path replaces the 3270 emulation mode, which operates at 56 kb/s, and also makes possible linkups with minicomputer hosts.
Besides working on total communications systems, Intel is taking an active role in LAN markets. It has acquired token bus products for use in Manufacturing Automation Protocol networks, through a technology exchange agreement with Industrial Networking Inc. of Santa Clara, Calif., itself an affiliate of LAN-vendor Ungermann-Bass Inc. Under the terms of the agreement, Intel will be able to sell Industrial Networking's token bus chip set and board; Industrial Networking gets the rights to market an Intel Multibus board that uses the chip set.
At this point, Whittier says, most MAP sales are at the board and system level, as users evaluate products. "People aren't designing in components at this point," he adds. "They want a next-generation chip—which will come along at the end of next year."
Intel already has products supporting the networks Ethernet and Starlan. "We'll also support [the IEEE 802.4] token ring," Whittier says, although he declines to give details. In addition, Intel offers a low-speed serial architecture called Bitbus for tying together components in a factory-automation system.
The Integrated Services Digital Network chips introduced this month provide the telecommunications component necessary for Intel's overall communications strategy. They support wide-area networks at the component level.
The entire array leaves Intel with a mix of products that are standard where standard protocols exist, such as in ISDN and 802.3, and proprietary where standard protocols have yet to be developed, such as in the upper OSI layers and on the factory floor. In the standardized markets, for instance, Intel's Open Net must compete with Xerox Corp.'s XNS and Sun Microsystems Inc.'s Network File System. Among proprietary systems, Bitbus occupies ground challenged by several other systems and by the carrier band extension to the 802.4 token bus protocol.
Nevertheless, Whittier emphasizes that Intel intends to mount an attack in the market any place it can. "Any place you put in a computer, there is a need for a communications system," he says.
-Clifford Barney
The market by 1989 will be $1.3 billion, and 'by 1990, suppliers will not be able to market a microcomputer without an integrated communications function'
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CIRCLE NO. 67
A BIPOLAR GATE ARRAY THAT RUNS FAST ON LOW POWER
Ferranti puts a new twist on an old process to yield gate arrays with 1-ns gate delays and 100-MHz system speeds—with power dissipation ratings that rival CMOS.
The combination of a workhorse bipolar technology and a logic scheme called differential logic is spawning a new generation of Ferranti Electronics Ltd. high-density gate arrays that run at speeds competitive with the fastest bipolar VLSI circuits. What's more, the combination of collector-diffusion isolation and differential logic yields devices that achieve power dissipation ratings in the CMOS class.
Capable of gate delays in the 1-ns range, clock frequencies up to 250 MHz, and system speeds as high as 100 MHz, the British company's new FAB3 devices are able to achieve power dissipation ratings ranging between 55 and 750 μW. In addition, this third-generation, 1.5-μm version of Ferranti's decade-old collector-diffused-isolation (CDI) process requires only six to eight masking steps, compared with the 12 to 15 steps required for competitive bipolar and CMOS VLSI processes.
Differential logic involves steering current through a logic tree by means of differential pairs of transistors stacked across the supply rail. This stacking technique achieves flip-flop delays that are only marginally greater than a single gate delay. Used in Ferranti's new DS series of ULAs, the CDI/differential logic combination has yielded chip densities as high as 10,000 gates (Fig. 1). David L. Grundy, technical director at Ferranti's Microelectronics Center, Hollinwood, Oldham, England, predicts that future versions of the technology will lead to arrays with densities up to 100,000 gates.
The CDI process starts in the same way as the standard bipolar TTL, ECL, or CML processes by diffusing low-resistivity collector regions into a p-type substrate. The CDI process diverges by laying down p-type epitaxy, to serve as both the isolation and base regions. Two n-type diffusions are then laid: a deep diffusion in a rectangular frame that encloses a p-type base region, followed by a shallow diffusion into the base. The deep diffusion connects the surface to the buried collector, and the shallow one forms the emitter. The transistor structure thus formed (Fig. 2) is surrounded by the p-type epitaxy and is isolated from adjacent components.
1. 10,000 GATES. To achieve 10,000-gate density, Ferranti combines differential logic with collector diffused isolation.
Jeffrey A. Bruchez, manager of microcircuit development for Ferranti, points out that CDI allows the fabrication of multiple-emitter structures that can operate efficiently in the inverse mode. CDI is still an epitaxial process, but, unlike most other bipolar processes, it does not involve an n-type epitaxial layer on the surface of the p-type substrate. Instead, a p-type epitaxial layer is laid down, which will constitute the final transistor base regions, with an n+ diffusion into this epitaxial layer finally forming the collector and isolation regions.
The collector is a heavily doped n-type region, unlike the lightly doped collectors of TTL fabrication, which provide good inverse-mode transistor operation necessary for the current sources, but at the expense of diffusion times of electrons across the base region. The CDI process uses thin epitaxial layers—typically 2 μm—and shallow diffusion depths, typically 1 μm, yielding a very narrow base width and a good operating speed.
Bruchez notes that the basic CDI process has a topography well suited to optical lithography, even when device geometries are scaled down to the submicron level. Unlike a typical CMOS VLSI structure, he says, CDI requires no plasma etching or low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, does not involve implantation or complex metallization procedures, and uses standard projection lithography. All process stages are conventional bulk-silicon techniques, with a flat surface topography at all stages.
The basic process requires only five masking operations, with multilayer metallization adding two further masks. A selective p+ mask may also be used if high voltage or minimization of edge capacitance is required. Submicron versions of the process use self-alignment techniques to increase packing density without sacrificing this simplicity.
**HOW DIFFERENTIAL LOGIC HELPS**
To take full advantage of the CDI process, says Grundy, Ferranti designers developed a differential logic technique that allows vast improvement in the power-delay product by ensuring that system power levels are kept to a minimum, achieving a twofold to fourfold increase in speed. Another advantage is that the flip-flop clock-to-output delay is less than two equivalent gate delays. Many complex logic functions can be implemented with the technique.
Differential logic is unique in bipolar technology. Unlike ECL, it eliminates the need to generate and distribute accurate temperature-compensated voltage references. Its inherent common-mode rejection removes problems associated with noise, crosstalk, supply-voltage distribution drops, and variations in temperature. In addition, differential pairs also have an extremely linear and sharp transfer characteristic, enabling the differential gates to operate with logic swings as low as 100 mV while retaining the same discrimination between logic levels as do single-ended circuits, which have logic swings of 400 mV or greater. Since power dissipation is directly proportional to logic swing, a 75% power savings is achieved with no compromise in speed.
A conventional single-ended emitter-coupled-logic or current-mode-logic gate with an added emitter-follower buffered output (Fig. 3a) has the advantage of operating as a nonsaturating gate at a reduced supply voltage and logic swing, and the added benefit of a wire OR facility. A differential logic gate (Fig. 3b), on the other hand, is based on long-tailed pairs of transistors. The advantage of a long-tailed pair is that it has a linear transfer characteristic that does not soften near signal extremes, so it can operate within the common-mode range without problems associated with supply voltage, power distribution drops, temperature variations, noise, and crosstalk. Good radiation hardness is an additional benefit.
Maximizing these advantages enables differential gates to operate with logic swings as low as 100 mV, half that of conventional single-ended gates. Comparison with high-speed ECL gate structures of similar circuit complexity shows that not only is the logic swing significantly reduced—by almost an order of magnitude—but also the need for voltage-reference distribution around the chip is eliminated.
The long-tailed transistor pairs are stacked in order to implement flip-flop and complex logic functions. Up to four levels can be accommodated with a supply voltage of 5 V. The combination of reduced logic swings and increased functional
---
**2. DEEP AND SHALLOW.** Ferranti builds CDI devices with a deep diffusion to the buried collector and a shallow one to form the emitter.
**3. TWO APPROACHES.** Unlike the single-ended ECL gate (a), differential logic gate (b) uses long-tailed pairs of transistors.
complexity has resulted in significant improvements in power-delay performance compared with single-ended logic gates. Since the gates have complementary outputs, the need for inverters has been removed, resulting in gate savings of about 15%.
**10,000-GATE ARRAYS**
Ferranti has combined the new differential logic technique with FAB3 to achieve densities of 10,000 gates and system speeds up to 100 MHz in the new DS series of uncommitted logic arrays, marketed by Ferranti Interdesign Inc., Scotts Valley, Calif. A scaled-down, 1.5-μm version of the original CDI process, FAB3 also features double-layer-metal interconnect with a 6-μm grid pitch on both layers.
Several characteristics of the DS series contribute to the high system speed, says Grundy. Among them are flip-flop toggle rates approaching 250 MHz, and gate propagation delays in the 200- to 500-ps range, which are maintained virtually independent of increased fanout. Using differential logic techniques, circuits fabricated with FAB3 compare well to equivalent CMOS functions, both in terms of power dissipation and clock rate (Fig. 4).
For example, a D-type flip-flop implemented in one array type, the DSA series, is capable of a clock-to-output delay of 1.5 ns and a 250-MHz toggle rate. Power dissipation at this frequency is 750 μW at 5 V and 300 μW at 2 V, with no loss of speed. In the 140-MHz DSB series, clock-to-output delay is 2.7 ns, with power dissipation ratings of 380 μW at 5 V and 152 μW at 2 V. With the 50-MHz DSC series, clock-to-output delays are no more than 7.5 ns, with power dissipation of 137 μW at 5 V and 55 μW at 3 V.
This performance under high load conditions is further enhanced by the clock driver gate, which directly drives the high fan-outs experienced on clock lines, while avoiding partitioning into tree structures and the associated clock skew problems. The effect of loading within I/O buffers is also minimized.
Differential logic also accounts for two other significant advantages involving the two-level D-type flip-flops used in the DS series. First, only two current sources are required to support the basic master-slave flip-flop function, compared with six for a D-type flip-flop based on conventional gates. Second, the propagation delay from the active clock edge to both outputs is only marginally greater than for a single gate, compared with a delay equivalent to two or three gates for conventional D-types.
The use of differential logic also eliminates the need for inverters by automatically providing the true and inverse of every input and output. So an AND gate can become an OR, NOR, or NAND simply by changing the order in which the connections are made. Not only does the removal of inverters enable an increase in overall system speed for a given gate delay, it also yields a gate savings of about 15%.
Each ULA in the DS series contains high-performance I/O cells designed to allow the integration of special digital and linear functions for versatility in interfacing. Each cell has a 48-mA high-output drive capability.
Impressive as it is in the fabrication of gate arrays, the multilevel differential-logic/CDI combination is at its best when applied to high-speed regular architectures—such as systolic arrays—on a full-custom basis. For example, integrating the Winograd Fourier transform algorithm using a bit-level systolic array architecture with three-level differential logic yields a chip area savings of more than 50% and a sixfold power-delay improvement compared with the same implementation in a conventional 5,000-gate CML/ECL-based design.
Using the current 1.5-μm FAB3 process, Ferranti has fabricated a 16-bit multiplier with a multiply time of 25 ns and a power dissipation of...
1 W, in which the full adder function was implemented in four-level differential logic using a single current source, and in which the fast path is selectively powered up. Using conventional CML/ECL-based circuit techniques, a worst-case gate delay of 200 ps would have been required; using four-level differential logic gave an eightfold power-delay advantage.
THE NEXT STEP
To achieve circuit densities of 100,000 logic gates per square centimeter in gate-array form using optical lithography will require submicron feature sizes with alignment tolerances of 0.25 μm or better, depending on the process layer characteristics, says Bruchez. He also says it will be necessary to have a multilevel metallization system with a 3-μm grid pitch (2 μm track, 1 μm gap), with all process conditions sealed to suit this pitch (Fig. 5). To achieve this within the CDI structure, two further degrees of self-alignment are introduced into the process at the 1.0-μm and 0.8-μm levels.
In the 1.0-μm process, all contacts and emitters are self-aligned using a photoresist barrier technique in conjunction with implantation, thus removing key alignment tolerances without further masking operations. At the 0.8-μm level and beyond, the base region is implanted through the self-aligned contacts, thus achieving a selective base structure, with attendant voltage and capacitance benefits—again, without the need for an additional mask. Bruchez reports that the performance characteristics of CDI transistors have been studied down to the submicron level, where they exhibit extremely good gain and can hold it over four decades of current, down to the nanoampere level.
“As geometries are scaled toward the submicron level, minimum transistor sizes are compromised by parasitic effects and the intrinsic component speed requirements,” says Grundy. “Significantly, the interconnection requirements pose fundamental limitations, not only on component size, but also on system speed and packing density.”
To address this problem, Ferranti designers have decided to use an oxide-isolated structure for the next-generation 1.0- and 0.8-μm processes. Their approach will bypass many of the disadvantages of current oxide-isolation schemes, such as increased process complexities, surface irregularities, defect generation, lateral encroachments, and disturbance of vertical bipolar structure. The oxide-isolated structure requires only six basic masking steps.
THEY KEPT IT SIMPLE, AND THEY FOUND ‘A WINNER’
With FAB3, the current third-generation 1.5-μm version of the CDI process, Jeffrey A. Bruchez and David L. Grundy believe they have hit it big, moving into the mainstream with a viable bipolar VLSI process. “In terms of process simplicity, we are where many other bipolar and CMOS vendors started many years ago—and now find they must return to in order to produce VLSI circuits that are reliable, cost-effective, and fast,” says Grundy, who is technical director of the company’s Microelectronics Center at Hollinwood, Oldham, England. “Where other processes with each succeeding generation have become more and more complex, requiring additional processing steps, we have managed to keep it simple with CDI.”
Grundy believes that FAB3, which combines CDI with the company’s differential logic circuit technique, will yield ICs that match ECL- and CML-based circuits in terms of speed, but at power dissipation levels equaled only by CMOS. “In short,” he says, “I think we’ve got a winner.”
Both men are old-timers at Ferranti Electronics Ltd. on at least three counts. Both have been with the company since they graduated as engineers; both have been in the semiconductor business since the late 1950s and early 1960s; and both have been in on the development of the company’s collector-diffused-isolation process and differential-logic technology from the beginning.
Educated at Oldham Technical College and Salford College of Advanced Technology, the 51-year-old Grundy joined Ferranti in 1955, shortly after graduation. After working on semiconductor rectifiers, photoelectric devices, and early integrated circuits—such as fast diode-transistor logic and operational amplifiers—he became manager of IC engineering in 1968 and was responsible for the development and introduction of the company’s original uncommitted logic arrays in 1971. Grundy, who holds more than a dozen patents, and Bruchez coauthored several papers on earlier versions of CDI and differential logic.
Bruchez, 41, joined Ferranti directly after graduation from Liverpool University in 1967 with a bachelor’s degree in engineering with honors in electronics. As semiconductor process development engineer from 1967 to 1969, he took a concept originally introduced by IBM as a starting point from which to develop Ferranti’s original CDI process. Granted two patents for his work, he became group leader for bipolar process technology in 1969 and led development of CDI into large-scale integration. He also introduced positive photoresist and chrome-plate technology to the production line in advance of its acceptance by the industry in general.
As head of bipolar LSI process technology from 1971 to 1973, Bruchez was co-originator and developer of Ferranti’s uncommitted logic array technology using the CDI process. Before taking his current post as manager of microcircuit development in 1969, he served as the project manager in the development and establishment of the Microelectronics Center R&D facilities in Hollinwood.
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The key to digital communication systems
Circle 75 on reader service card
CIM STARTS TO CHANGE THE FACTORY LANDSCAPE
Computer-integrated manufacturing is already a hit in giant automotive and aerospace firms, and now the electronics industry is beginning to get on board.
by Jerry Lyman
The U.S. industrial landscape is on the verge of a radical change as computer-integrated manufacturing starts to take hold. The computerized linking and control of the many activities needed to turn out an industrial product promises to reduce manufacturing costs and increase competitiveness. The automotive, aerospace, and heavy industries already are converting to CIM; some companies are even integrating expert systems into their CIM-controlled lines.
The electronics industry, however, has been holding back. Only such giants as AT&T, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Tektronix have put CIM fully into practice, though many electronics manufacturers already have many of CIM's major ingredients, such as mechanically linked islands of automation, robotics, automated equipment handling, and computer-aided design, engineering, and manufacturing. As in many industries, the roadblock is the high cost of integrating any complex production process.
Nonetheless, CIM is beginning to be used in integrated-circuit manufacturing, where yield and productivity are critical. It will also have a big impact on electronics manufacturers, in terms of the proliferation of equipment being built for the Manufacturing Automation Protocol and the market that MAP will create for electronics systems and components.
CIM provides extremely precise control over complex manufacturing processes, coupled with a strong flow of management information. As a result, it allows a substantial reduction in inventory with corresponding reductions in space requirements, overhead, and financing costs. In addition, it can cut direct and indirect labor costs, lower
1. CIM MODELS. Models of computer-integrated manufacturing include Arthur D. Little's (a) and Allen-Bradley's (b).
energy and raw materials consumption, reduce scrap and rework as a result of zero-defect production, increase uptime on the production line, raise production rates, yield products of higher quality, speed product introductions, and optimize information flow.
The CIM concept has many models. Among the most basic is Arthur D. Little Inc.'s simple, wheel-like representation (Fig. 1a) of CAD, group technology, planning and control systems, automatic materials handling, computer-aided manufacturing, and robotics activities. All of these activities are linked by a distributed network to a central computer.
Allen-Bradley Co. favors a pyramid concept (Fig. 1b) topped by the plant, which is responsible for overall planning, execution, and control. Then comes a center level for scheduling production and management information. Beneath the center level is the cell, which coordinates multiple stations. Next comes the station, which performs the logic functions needed to convert input from lower levels to output commands. The pyramid's base is the machinery that is linked to equipment on the plant floor.
Hewlett-Packard Co.'s generic CIM model is a layered configuration topped by a host computer. The next layer is plant and factory control. Then comes a layer of cell controllers, which manage dedicated equipment controllers arranged in clusters or cells. These programmable controllers make up the bottom layer.
**CIM STATUS**
Brian Moore, general manager of HP's Manufacturing Systems Group, notes that in all CIM models, integrating a manufacturing activity has two parts: hard automation, or mechanization, and systemization, or computer integration. HP recently conducted a survey to find out what manufacturers want most in future plants and how they would split the investment between mechanization and systemization (table).
In the aerospace industry, customized manufacturing resource planning, documentation links, and data collection are high on the wish list—not surprising given the government's need for vast amounts of documentation. In the electronics industry, provision for just-in-time manufacturing is on top. In the automotive field, the most wanted CIM features are order entry, purchasing, efficient scheduling, and inventory control. In addition, electronics, instrumentation, and automobile manufacturers all want CIM plans to facilitate strict quality control as well as to include process control.
HP also checked on how far along customers and potential customers were in implementing CIM, splitting them into three classifications. Stage one companies are considering or just moving into automation. Stage two companies have set up islands of automation and are trying to tie together these islands as well as develop a hierarchical link between the CAD/CAE/CAM information and planning activities. Stage three consists of the giant companies that already are working from a full-CIM plan.
Though the overwhelming number of respondents in the survey—75,000—are in stage one, the 100 to 150 companies in stage three have the lion's share of the market's dollar value at 50% (Fig. 2). In the U.S., stage three CIM companies include Chrysler, Ford, and GM, all of which have fully integrated, automated lines for automobile assembly. In addition, Ford and GM are using CIM in electronic assembly.
**BUILDING IN EFFICIENCY**
Another industrial giant, General Electric Co., is using CIM in a wide range of operations—for example, in a dishwasher plant, a locomotive plant, and a steam turbine plant.
Most recently, GE has implemented CIM in a refrigerator compressor plant, where operations include machining, fabrication, and assembly. Because the production rate differs for each manufacturing cell, silos located between the cells store parts until a machine is ready to use them. A continuous conveyor connects the lines, cells, and silos. A robotic loader places each part on a machine for processing and removes it afterward. Based on the number of parts in the silos, the CIM system programs production; the machines go idle automatically when no parts are forthcoming.
This state-of-the-art plant marries its manufacturing control system with its plantwide information system—one of CIM's foundations. The data-
---
**WHAT MANUFACTURERS WANT FROM CIM**
| Aerospace | Electrical machinery: electronics | Instruments | Automotive |
|-----------|-----------------------------------|-------------|------------|
| Customized manufacturing resource planning | Just in time (JIT) | JIT | Order entry |
| Real-time scheduling | Material handling | Material handling | Purchasing |
| Documentation links | Incoming inspection | Documentation links | Scheduling optimization |
| Data collection | Quality management | Data collection | Simulation |
| Cell control | Process control | Quality management | Inventory control |
| | | Process control | Documentation links |
| | | | Quality management |
| | | | Process/cell control |
Mechanization/systemization
| 40/60 | 85/15 | 70/30 | 80/20 |
Source: Hewlett Packard
2. STARTING CIM. About 130 U.S. companies have implemented CIM fully, but most manufacturers have only islands of automation or are still planning to start CIM.
acquisition system communicates directly with programmable controllers to collect real-time production data and status information.
Another industry where CIM has taken hold is aerospace. Companies such as Lockheed, McDonnell Douglas, and Rockwell International have both the resources and the government backing to have ongoing CIM programs.
Lockheed-Georgia Co., Marietta, Ga., has many facets of full CIM and is aiming for a fully integrated factory, which it labels the Factory 2000. For this factory's office portion, Lockheed has developed what it calls computer-assisted generative process planning. Genplan, which develops by computer step-by-step instructions for fabricating and assembling parts, has already cut process planning time by more than 60%.
On the factory floor, a joint Air Force and Lockheed Technology Modernization project (TechMod) takes over. This system consists of a computer network that links more than 40 numerical-control and computer-numerical-control metal milling machines. It has eliminated the need for n/c tapes and tape readers, increased machine usage, cut maintenance downtime through automated diagnostics, and reduced errors and scrap. Lockheed also has implemented CIM in a new sheet-metal center, an automated paint center, and a multifunction robotic work cell for routing extruded aluminum parts.
McDonnell Douglas Corp. has CIM programs for part design, stress analysis, and n/c programming. In addition, the Air Force has funded the $9 million Integrated Composites Center at the St. Louis company. This fully automated complex will manufacture advanced composite parts. Computers will share data to coordinate all phases of production, and the company says that printed work orders will be eliminated.
In August, Rockwell International Corp.'s Defense Electronics Operations, Anaheim, Calif., demonstrated completely automated manufacturing and materials handling facilities that should increase production efficiency enough to save millions of dollars on the Air Force's intercontinental ballistic missile programs over the next decade. The program was jointly funded by Rockwell and the Air Force. Both facilities, the automated manufacturing cell and the automated materials system, are controlled by a Tandem Computers Inc. NonStop fault-tolerant computer, which communicates with the Rockwell host computer over land lines.
The automated manufacturing cell is a computer-integrated robot-based manufacturing system that places and solders surface-mounted components on printed-circuit boards. It has a component preparation and kitting work station, two pick-and-place machines for robotic assembly, and vapor-phase reflow-soldering and automated cleaning systems.
The precision made possible though the facility's automation and process control will minimize scrap and rework, Rockwell says. This in turn will minimize subassembly costs and maximize subassembly quality.
The automated materials system was designed as a computer-aided materials processing and handling warehouse for receiving, receiving inspection, and warehousing under stringent government program requirements. Conveyors move parts from one station to the next, which eliminates the labor-intensive task of lifting and moving material.
The facility makes extensive use of cathode ray tubes, bar codes, and laser scanners. It can handle three times the current volume of materials flowing through the warehouse with no increase in manpower.
Most electronics manufacturers—with the exception of several industry giants such as AT&T, HP, IBM, and Tektronix that have CIM capabilities—are thinking of tying their islands of automation into a distributed computer network. For example, Racal-Milgo, Sunrise, Fla., has installed a flexible automated line (Fig. 3) in a Miami plant for assembling components on its customized pc boards for communications equipment.
The line, built for about $2.5 million in 1985, includes robotics, soldering, aqueous cleaning, and automated material handling. Real-time data collection provides the information to monitor and control the automated process, increasing output and reducing defects related to pc-board handling and manufacturing. Since its installation, the line has increased board output per
person by 50% and reduced workmanship defects to less than 5% of those found during circuit testing.
Engineers at the company's CAD facility create new board designs on VAX computers from Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass. This information is transmitted to Miami for manual programming into the computer there. Universal Instruments Corp., Binghamton, N.Y., makes the assembly line's automated insertion equipment as well as a proprietary operating system to network commands from two PDP-11/23 computers that control the on-line processes. These same minicomputers receive information on product quality and machine performance from each insertion machine.
For management reporting, the Racal-Milgo line uses Genrad Inc.'s Test and Repair, Analysis/Control System. The TRAC system gathers process data in the automated-line area, correlates it with data gathered at the test stations, which are not part of the line, and provides management with the real-time information they need to control quality and productivity. The Concord, Mass., company's system communicates with its own proprietary local-area network, GRnet. An emulation bridge enables the system to communicate with DEC computers.
Because the aerospace, automotive, and heavy-equipment industries now accept MAP, electronics manufacturers, especially in the programmable-controller field, are now busy supplying equipment either for implementing this protocol or for interfacing to it. For example, GE's Factory Automation Products Group already has demonstrated its MAP-compliant GEnet factory LAN. This 10-Mb/s broadband token-bus net provides high-speed communication among GE automation products and other MAP devices.
Allen-Bradley has its VistaMAP, a high-speed LAN that meets MAP standards for communications among incompatible computers, peripherals, and data networks. It operates at 10 Mb/s.
Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, provides a gateway device called Tiway II to connect any MAP network and TI's industrial LAN, Tiway I.
Outside the LAN field, Automatix Inc., Billerica, Mass., has a MAP-compatible controller, called Microspec, that inspects pc boards for the presence, location, and proper orientation of surface-mounted devices. Microspec checks SMD chip capacitors and resistors as well as active devices. It consists of a vision system, a specially designed set of lights and optics, and a material-handling system. The MAP interface has been done in software in its controller because "there presently are simply too many hardware options for a company of our size to sort out," says Mike Schuh, vice president of marketing at Automatix.
IC processing—with its demands of high productivity, quality, yield, extreme cleanliness, and, in the age of application-specific ICs, flexibility—cries out for integrated manufacturing. The depressed state of the IC industry almost guarantees that no overall conversion to CIM will take place for a while in the U.S. Such companies as IBM and TI do have CIM-controlled processes, such as TI's DMOS IV line in Dallas, but full CIM is still rare in the industry.
LIMITING CONTAMINATION
What is appearing are systems that tie together many IC processing modules, usually with the aid of robotics techniques. The aim of this type of system is not only to increase productivity but to limit contamination of wafers. An example is Flexible Manufacturing Systems Inc.'s CIM system for material handling in IC processing, which is based on a guided vehicle with a robotic arm.
In this system (Fig. 4), the system controller combines the function of a control computer and all its communications hardware. It feeds the communications system, which routes messages to the various components. In case of equipment
failure, intelligent work-in-progress stations, located throughout the manufacturing area, store the wafers until processing can continue.
At each station, operator interfaces allow inquiry and limited routing of lots of material. For operational interfaces, a supervisory terminal accesses the system controller, displaying text information on the location of material. Various software modules monitor material location, production, machine status, and the CIM system. The modules also report continuously to the system controller.
Also in IC processing, Veeco Integrated Automation Inc., Austin, Texas, recently sold a complete automated wafer-fabrication system to Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M. This system also is based on an automated guided vehicle with a robotic arm but adds distributed computing and communication. Its system control software operates on a DEC MicroVAX and the Veeco VIAlan communications network. Several local work-in-progress stations provide distributed inventory management for material that is handled by a V3000 series automated guided vehicle. This equipment will be used to load and unload process equipment on the Sandia CMOS fab line.
A recent development is the appearance of CIM system integrators for IC fabrication, such as equipment from Thesis Group Inc., Dallas, and Qronos Technology Inc., Cupertino, Calif. Thesis has designed and developed a number of automated manufacturing systems for major electronics companies, including a prototype cell for an automated photolithography bay for Northern Telecom Electronics Inc., San Diego.
The cell combines a car-on-track monorail system, a three-axis clean-room robot, elevators, and a clean tunnel to automate the movement of cassettes of wafers through the lithography process's various steps, such as coating, alignment, development, inspection, and stripping.
A custom control system developed for the photo bay uses an unusual set of features. The cell controller is an industry-standard 32-bit minicomputer with a virtual-memory operating system. A hardware data-base processor attached to the controller's bus provides relational data-base functions. An advanced query language simplifies data-base access for personnel unfamiliar with data-processing techniques. The cell controller supports a variety of control methods within the bay, including SEMI Equipment Communications Standard II, SECS II emulations, RS-232-C, and proprietary message protocols.
Initial operational results show the cycle times in the new photo bay are only 14% of those for the equivalent manual photo area. Though no yield or rework improvement figures are available as yet, initial indications are promising. The cleanliness of the wafer areas was monitored using an aerosol-type laser particle counter. At the 0.5-\(\mu\)m level, an average of about two counts per day were observed. At the 0.3 \(\mu\)m level, the counts were too low to be significant.
While CIM is just beginning in IC fabrication, AI is being built into CIM systems on the factory floor. For example, the automation group at TI's Trinity Mills facility in Carrollton, Texas, is using an Explorer Lisp work station with AI software to create a control system that will automatically perform all scheduling and dispatching operations, eliminating people from the loop. The system will control this plant's flexible manufacturing system, which consists of five multipallet four-axis milling machines, plus automatic guided vehicles and robots.
McDonnell Douglas is also heavily involved with blending AI into its integrated manufacturing. For instance, it has developed an expert system based on the Lisp language for determining a cutter selection program for n/c machining. This system captures the accumulated knowledge of experienced machinists and enables machinists with less experience to take advantage of this expertise. McDonnell Douglas is developing another AI package for the maintenance of n/c tools.
These two examples are probably just the tip of the AI iceberg in computer-integrated manufacturing. The coming years should see more examples of expert systems being designed into CIM loops for all types of manufacturing, including electronic assembly and IC processing.
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Flat-panel display screens based on thin-film electroluminescent (TFEL) technology are making a bid to capture many of the applications now held by ac plasma panels, particularly in military equipment, where flat-panel demands are strongest. While TFEL displays lag behind plasma in development, designers find their ruggedness and lower power consumption attractive. And now their appeal will strengthen as a new approach to driving the displays eliminates one of the glitches that has plagued TFEL operation—what's called the differential-aging effect.
The new approach, from Texas Instruments Inc., begins with an enhancement to the Dallas company's Bidfet process, which combines bipolar and MOS transistors on a single chip. The enhancements double the output voltage of Bidfet devices from 120 V to 225 V, suiting them for use in symmetric row drivers that eliminate the differential aging problem.
Differential aging is related to a panel's electrical characteristics and to the manner in which the panel is driven. For example, under conventional, asymmetrical drive, the screen tends to retain any continuously displayed pattern as a dim image that is not erasable. This could be a problem in such instances as a log-on menu that is displayed any time a computer is not in use. Known as a latent image, the pattern remains brighter than the background luminescence—unlike a similar effect that occurs on cathode-ray
---
**GOODBYE LATENT IMAGE.** Conventional thin-film electroluminescent display-driving chips use asymmetric waveforms. To prevent the latent-image phenomenon resulting from differential aging of the pixels, a new type of IC using symmetric drive has been developed for future displays.
tubes, where the retained image is dimmer than the background. Differential-aging effects that become too pronounced will severely shorten a TFEL panel's life in display monitor applications.
Early studies by TFEL display manufacturers indicated that latent images were likely related more to the method of driving the panel than to its fabrication and materials. Further investigations concluded that the key to minimizing differential aging lay in compensating for or eliminating asymmetries in the driving waveforms applied to a panel.
To solve the problem, the panel manufacturers have turned to semiconductor houses, which have been supplying the asymmetrical driver chips. TI, a major producer of display-driver integrated circuits, has responded to the call with a design effort that is adding a new wrinkle to its well-established Bidfet process—which puts bipolar, double-diffused MOS (DMOS), and n- and p-channel MOS logic transistors on the same chip. The company's designers have converted the standard asymmetrical 225-V open-drain DMOS row-driver chip into a 225-V totem-pole Bidfet row driver that provides symmetric drive.
This is no minor processing change; it requires that the voltage-breakdown capability of the standard Bidfet driver configuration (120 V) be doubled. However, Bidfet is an ideal starting point for fabricating high-voltage, symmetric row drivers, because its only limitation is the maximum output voltage of the DMOS driver device.
TI designers also have succeeded in integrating into a single package the 225-V sink and source transistors needed to drive each row of a display. Other chip makers supply two devices—one with p-channel source transistors, the other with n-channel sink transistors—to drive each row of a display. So the single-chip enhanced-Bidfet drivers use fewer interconnections, less printed-circuit-board mounting space, and fewer interfacing signals, thereby offering a more cost-effective solution to TFEL-display driving than conventional devices. TI believes that, because of their many advantages over asymmetric drive, symmetric row drivers could become the industry-standard method of driving a new generation of TFEL displays.
In what's now the industry-standard method, TFEL displays are driven by an asymmetric waveform that charges pixels with pulses of alternating polarity called write and refresh (Fig. 1, top). The two pulses differ in amplitude—+190 V and −210 V—and in duration, with the net effect of a dc charge on the pixels. This dc charge can cause "burned" pixels, which remain partially on when not selected. This is what causes the latent-image phenomenon associated with TFEL displays.
Also because of the unequal pulses used to address the pixels and the resulting unequal retention of charge, differential aging is greater at the top of the display screen than at the bottom. But when pulse amplitudes are made equal, as they are in symmetric drive, the differential-aging effects are equalized at the top and bottom of the screen.
A better approach is to drive each pixel with write pulses of alternating polarity in a symmetric manner (Fig. 1, bottom). There are important advantages to this approach. First, the pixels are driven with equal levels of positive and negative voltage—an ac signal, in effect—so no net dc charging occurs. As a result, the burned-pixel phenomenon is eliminated. Second, the absence of a high-current refresh pulse significantly improves a display's contrast ratio and lowers system power consumption. "Symmetric drive is seldom found in TFEL display systems, because until now, few row-driver chips have had this capability," says Bob Sheer, design engineer in TI's Display Circuits Group.
To provide symmetric drive to TFEL panels, TI will offer a family of monolithic Bidfet row drivers—the SN65563, 65564, 75563, and 75564. The SN65563 and 75563 devices differ from the
SN65564 and 75564 only in the connection of drive signals to package pins. Two different pin configurations are provided to simplify pc-board layouts.
In all four chips, the positive write input signal controls the state of the display-driving output transistors. When that line is high, the Q outputs act as open-source drivers and output data is not inverted with respect to input data. Data inversion occurs when the positive write input is low. Serial data enters the on-chip shift register on the high-to-low transition of the clock input. A high on the enable input allows outputs with a high in their associated registers to be turned on. This causes the corresponding row to be connected to either the high-voltage Vcc2 supply when the positive write input is high or to ground when it is low. A serial out line permits the cascading of additional row drivers.
When TI designers decided to develop a high-voltage symmetrical row-driver chip, they opted for the Bidfet process for three reasons. First, Bidfet provided all the components necessary for a symmetrical driver. Second, the process offered an established reliability track record in TFEL applications. Finally, Bidfet is a proven high-volume, cost-effective process.
On the other side of the ledger is a negative: a TFEL row driver must combine low-voltage CMOS logic circuitry with 225-V three-state-output devices. And this is a problem with the standard process, because DMOS devices connected in a source-follower configuration have a breakdown voltage of only 120 V. TI designers identified three breakdown mechanisms in the standard process that had to be overcome to produce a high-voltage symmetrical driver.
The first problem occurs at the p-n junctions between the isolation and epitaxial tank in which the DMOS transistor is formed. Electrical breakdown takes place in this junction at or near the silicon surface due to electric-field intensification and curvature caused by an overlying high-voltage lead. The second mechanism involves the radius of curvature and the doping level of the DMOS backgate diffusion. These parameters in the standard process permit breakdown at less than the desired voltage. The third limitation of the standard process is that breakdown occurs in the bulk silicon between the DMOS backgate diffusion and the n+ buried layer. Each problem requires its own innovative solution.
To help them find those solutions, TI designers relied on two sophisticated computer-aided-design software packages: Supra, a two-dimensional semiconductor-process model, and Gemini, a two-dimensional electric-field analysis program. Inputs to Supra produce a junction profile and impurity concentration based on the processing steps. That is, if the program knows the length of time used in each process, its equations calculate junction profile and impurity concentration using a finite-difference method.
Supra's output serves as a Gemini input. The latter program allows designers to apply potentials to the junctions and silicon surface of a hypothetical device. It responds with parameters such as electric-field strength. Knowing the strength and location of electric fields allows designers to identify regions on a chip where avalanching—which represents voltage breakdown—can occur.
Revising the Bidfet process with the help of Supra and Gemini makes possible high-voltage devices (Fig. 2). To develop the new process, TI designers tackled each of the three limitations of the standard process in turn.
The first problem, breakdown at the junction of the epitaxial and isolation layers, involves electric-field intensification and curvature caused by overlying metal leads. A possible solution is to place a field plate over the oxide above the junction and then run the metal leads over the field plate. This shields the junction from the leads. The field plate can be biased if necessary.
To determine the suitability of this structure, TI designers created a Supra model. Gemini evaluated the model's behavior with bias applied to the field plate. It also evaluated other parameters, such as field-plate overlap of the junction and oxide thickness. These analyses confirmed that the epi-to-isolation structure the designers had come up with would satisfy the breakdown requirements.
Field plates also play a role in solving the second mechanism, the one caused by radius of
curvature breakdown between the epi and D-well. In this case, the radius of the electric field's curvature is more important than that of the diffusions. The designers believed a field plate overlapping the edge of a diffusion could modify the field distribution of the junction below. A Supra model was fed into Gemini to evaluate its performance under various amounts of field-plate bias. The results indicated the proposed structure would indeed be able to withstand the maximum drain-to-source voltage required in a symmetrical drive application.
To form the field plates that would solve two problems at once, the TI team added to the standard Bidfet process a polysilicon layer, as well as a deposited oxide to prevent shorting to the overlying metal. Both additions were incorporated with as little disturbance as possible to the standard process.
The third problem, breakdown in the bulk material of the semiconductor, turned out to be the easiest to solve. The team needed only to find a new optimum thickness and resistivity of the epitaxial layer. As expected, the new epi layer had to be thicker than the old because of the higher voltages involved.
But the added thickness created a new problem: the standard isolation process would not penetrate the thicker epi layer without excessively long drive times. Therefore, the team added a p-type buried layer to the substrate before deposition of the epitaxial layer. This gave the driver chip a process component that diffuses up from beneath the epi layer, in addition to the usual down-diffusing component introduced on top of the epi layer.
Each row of a TFEL display requires a sink/source driving circuit capable of withstanding 225 V, and the high-voltage Bidfet process turns out just that: a three-state, DMOS-based row-driver device capable of sustaining 250 V. Low-voltage logic signals from the CMOS circuitry independently control the output sink and source transistors. That independent control allows the output transistors to be set to any of three states: high-voltage, low-voltage, or high-impedance, in which both output transistors are turned off. The source transistor can deliver 80 mA and is supported by a built-in depletion-mode n-MOS transistor connected between its gate and source to ensure turn-off when the source transistor is not selected. Level-shift circuitry is simply a current-limited pnp transistor with a DMOS drive switch. The lower-stage DMOS output transistor is capable of sinking more than 100 mA.
Oscilloscope waveshapes demonstrate the doubled voltage-breakdown capability of the new Bidfet process. Each of the traces of the circuit's output-switching waveforms (Fig. 3) is offset by one division on the scope display for clarity. The waveform in the high-voltage state tracks the TFEL display-energizing voltage (Vcc2) perfectly. In the low-voltage state, the output voltage is less than 1 V from ground. And in the high-impedance state, the output voltage is, as expected, undetermined—it drifts anywhere between Vcc2 and ground. The important fact is that both the upper- and lower-stage transistors of the totem-pole output can withstand the full supply voltage, which is 250 V in this case.
That ability gives the enhanced Bidfet technology potential far beyond its initial use in single-chip synchronous TFEL row drivers. Integrating multiple components on a chip that is capable of withstanding high voltages opens the door to low-cost banks of smart power in a variety of applications.
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**CAD TOOLS CAN'T SUBSTITUTE FOR EXPERIENCE**
Although modeling software is necessary to quantify parameter values in a project such as the development of Texas Instruments Inc.'s enhanced Bidfet process, it cannot substitute for engineering experience or knowledge of a semiconductor process. "We knew about epito-isolation-surface breakdown by analyzing our 100-V Bidfet parts, and we knew from the literature that this type of problem did exist," says Steve Sutton, display circuits engineering manager at TI in Dallas.
Sutton, Dan Mosher, process development engineer in TI's Process Development Group, and Bob Sheer, a design engineer in the Display Circuits Group, had a solution in mind. And computer modeling did come to their aid, thanks to work at Stanford University, Technology Modeling Associates of Palo Alto, Calif., and TI's own Design Automation Group. Two computer-aided-design programs from Stanford—Supra and Gemini—were able to provide the specifics the designers needed to modify the Bidfet process.
CAD software came in handy again to calculate the new thickness of the epitaxial layer and to figure how much the buried layer would up-diffuse. Designers understand the nature of the problem, but, as Mosher puts it, "rather than try 10 different variations in silicon and wait two months for an answer, we ran the programs overnight on our IBM 4341 and got our answer the next day."
Therein lies one of the great advantages of modeling software: it permits designers to experiment with a process-development program away from the wafer-fabrication line.
While Sutton and Mosher acknowledge the importance of Supra and Gemini, they point out that semiconductor modeling programs are still evolving and are far from perfect. In fact, they are most useful in situations in which chip designers have sound theoretical knowledge, and where the process variables can be tightly controlled. In the case of the Bidfet modifications, the designers understood all three breakdown mechanisms that limited voltage and how to model them. The software's role was to perform many iterations in a very short time while eliminating costly wafer runs on the production line.
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The tantalizing promise of smart power technology—the combining of low-power digital logic devices and high-power output devices on the same chip substrate—is to reduce manufacturing costs and the complexity of control applications. By putting low-power control logic and a high-voltage power device on a single chip, much of the processing that would otherwise have to be done by an external microprocessor can be offloaded onto the chip. So far, however, there has been a troublesome threshold that has prevented designers from coming up with smart power chips that can reliably handle more than about 100 V. The problem: isolating the sensitive control circuitry from the high voltages in the power circuit.
Crossing the threshold offers great rewards. That end of the power device business is exploding. Production of power devices rated at more than 400 V is growing three times faster than the power market as a whole. This opens up a huge potential market for smart power chips in process control, switching power supplies, automotive applications, and appliances—if any company can make them work. Of the $155 million in power MOS devices shipped in 1985, those with over 400-V output constituted 20%, according to Dataquest Inc., a San Jose, Calif., research company. The 1986 projection pegs those figures at 25% of a $215 million market, and Dataquest expects the market to reach $700 million by 1990.
Ixys Corp. is betting that it can produce a smart power chip that will help it grab a piece of that market. Using a new approach that combines low-power CMOS control logic with a proprietary high-performance double-density MOS (HDMOS) power chip, the San Jose, Calif., company has achieved first silicon of a chip that operates at 500 V and 25 A. Its goal is 1,000 V at 10 A. And it expects to bring high-voltage smart power products to market by early 1987. "So far, no smart power device operating at more than 100 V has appeared," says Dan Schwob, vice president of marketing at Ixys.
This is the way it will play: first, Ixys will release three products this fall—the MirrorFET, which is a power device with a built-in sensor that can report to a remote microprocessor the current flowing through the device, and two pulse-width-modulation control chips, one analog and one digital. By early 1987, a small amount of logic will be placed on a production FET, and by the end of 1987 the analog and digital PWM circuits will appear on smart power chips.
Ixys chose to implement its logic circuitry in CMOS for a variety of reasons. One of the most
1. **BUILT-IN SENSORS.** Ixys's MirrorFET has a current-sense lead that picks up 1/1,000th of the drain current. A Kelvin circuit monitors stray impedance so that an external differential amplifier can factor out source inductance.
2. DIRECT CONTROL. Taking digital control information directly from the microprocessor, the IXDP610 circuit varies the pulse width of the square wave applied to the power MOS FETs that drive the motor. In 1987 the circuit will share a chip with the MirrorFET device.
important of these is that CMOS can accommodate variations in the power supply voltage without being affected. As a result, the designer does not require a highly regulated Vcc. In addition, the CMOS output voltage can swing from ground potential all the way to maximum Vcc, the level required to turn on the MOS FET.
In addition, CMOS can operate at 15 to 20 V. Power MOS devices need a 10-v or larger input pulse in order to switch on, and it is far easier to implement a CMOS device on a chip for switching these power devices than it is to use an alternative technology, such as n-MOS. To top it all off, CMOS devices also draw very little power.
Also, "CMOS has the advantage that there are more readily available building blocks than in other technologies," declares Nathan Zommer, executive vice president and chief technical officer of Ixys. "Voltage references, operational amplifiers, comparators, etc., are implemented much better in CMOS than in n-MOS."
Another important reason for choosing CMOS is its process similarities to the company's HDMOS technology. CMOS has so much in common with HDMOS that Ixys believed it could integrate the two into a single, economically viable manufacturing process.
Ixys is approaching the evolution of its smart power chips in two stages. For the time being, the company is keeping the CMOS and MOS functions separate, while it solves the problems of integrating the two into a single chip. "We are developing smart power one step at a time," says Schwob. "As we build more powerful MOS FETs, we are creating separate low-power CMOS analog and digital circuits. Eventually, we will merge all or a portion of the low-power CMOS control circuits onto our power devices."
STEP BY STEP
This month, the company will introduce the MirrorFET, so called because it "reflects" to an external control circuit how much source current is flowing through it. As a first step toward smart power, it incorporates sensing capability into a high-power MOS FET device. In October, Ixys will introduce a digital pwm control chip, the IXDP610. Then, in November, the company will bring out its IXMS150 analog current-mode pwm controller.
In building the MirrorFET (Fig. 1), the company incorporated the minimum amount of sensing capability needed to control the power device from an external control circuit. Two sensors are used to determine the current flow through the power device: a current-sensing line and a Kelvin line. The current-sensing line—bonded to one of a thousand miniature FETs that make up the
power device—carries 1/1000th of the drain current of the device, which therefore can be monitored. Because inductance in the source-current lead can render the current-sensing reading incorrect, the stray impedance in the lead is monitored by the Kelvin line; an external differential amplifier factors out the error.
Ixys' digital pwm circuit (Fig. 2) will be used with the MirrorFET in motor-control applications. It accepts an 8-bit pulse-width command from an external microprocessor and produces two modulated pulse streams. The pulse width of the output streams can vary from 0 to 100%. The Ixys pwm chip will connect directly to a microprocessor bus and will be able to generate the modulated pulse streams without requiring a digital-to-analog conversion of the microprocessor output.
In this closed-loop system, the microprocessor modulates the pulse width using a feedback signal from an optical shaft encoder and a shaft-encoder peripheral interface chip. The microprocessor enters a hexadecimal value into the pulse-width latch to compensate for errors detected by the interface chip. The comparator derives the pwm output waveform by comparing the output of the pulse-width counter and the pulse-width value stored in the pulse-width latch. The result of the comparison determines which power MOS FETs to turn on and for how long.
Programmable dead time—the time between the leading edge of Out1 in Fig. 2 and the leading edge of Out2—is incorporated into the waveform by the dead-time logic. The dead-time counter counts the number of input clock cycles to determine the dead-time period. The dead time is the amount of time needed to turn one set of power transistors driving the motor off and turn the other set on. How many clock cycles to count is specified by the control logic and is a value that is preset during initialization of the circuit.
The IXMS150 analog pwm circuit is designed for controlling stepper motors and for switching power supplies. For stepper-motor control, the circuit promises to deliver better smoothness and accuracy at a lower cost than can a board-level controller or a closed-loop dc servo. It can improve the accuracy of a 200-step/revolution stepper motor to equal that of a 20,000-step/revolution unit.
Making these products work with CMOS circuits on the same substrate with power transistors is no easy task. The noisy environment on the high-power transistor substrate creates a high parasitic capacitance that causes the CMOS devices to latch up. In addition, a high-power MOS FET operates at extremely high temperatures, often 150°C and higher, whereas low-power CMOS digital logic devices typically operate at no more than 80°C. Elevated temperatures increase the conduction of parasitic currents, thereby increasing the likelihood of latchup.
Ixys is developing new technology to overcome these problems in its smart power chips. The company is making changes to the topology, the layout of cells in the low-power CMOS section of the chip, the CMOS process used for the control functions, and the vertical structure of the cell on the substrate. With these changes, Ixys expects to place low-power CMOS control logic on power MOS devices that can handle up to 1,000 V at 10 A.
In order to control costs and maximize yield, Ixys will keep the number of mask steps used to fabricate the smart power chips to a minimum. Conventional CMOS typically requires 12 or 13 mask steps; power MOS devices typically require seven or eight steps. "We plan to produce the smart power device using only 11 or 12 steps," says Mark Barron, vice president of engineering and operations. The secret: the process similarities of CMOS and Ixys' HDMOS power FET technology, which allows the two circuits to be fabricated side by side.
---
**THE FAST TRACK TO 500-V SMART POWER**
Nathan Zommer is wasting no time in the race to bring high-voltage smart power chips to market. "To arrive at smart power, we will begin by incorporating medium-scale integrated circuits with the power MOS circuit," the president of Ixys Corp. says. "The first silicon examples of our initial smart power chip designs are functional and require only minor refinement to achieve the full rated 500-V output."
The San Jose, Calif., company is preparing building blocks that can go together quickly. "We've developed our existing products in such a manner that we will ultimately end up with a smart power line," says Dan Schwob, vice president of marketing and sales. "In creating a low-power CMOS line, we've developed the expertise to build efficient CMOS control circuits. In refining our line of power devices, we developed a high-power process that can easily accommodate CMOS logic or analog circuits on-board."
Since Ixys has no fab line of its own, the company has become technical partners with Samsung Semiconductor & Telecommunications Co., Seoul, Korea. Pilot production will begin at Samsung's Santa Clara, Calif., wafer fab facility, but full-scale runs will be done in Korea. "Samsung is a fine choice to manufacture our products," says Mark Barron, vice president of engineering and operations. "The company has the latest in process equipment.... Not only do we get a low cost of manufacture, we also get the latest in processing equipment."
All three Ixys founders are former General Electric Corp. engineers. Zommer came to GE via Intersil, where he had developed a power MOS line; Barron had been senior vice president of research and development at GE Calma Company, Milpitas, Calif.; and Schwob had been product marketing manager for bipolar and MOS power circuits at GE.
THE APPLE II: TEACHING AN OLD DOG NEW TRICKS
A 2.8-MHz microprocessor more than doubles its speed; high-resolution modes sharpen the graphics; and a 32-oscillator synthesizer makes the machine talk.
Designers at Apple Computer Inc. have taken the Apple II and made it once again a personal computer to contend with. The Apple IIGS not only has a more powerful microprocessor that still can execute most Apple II programs. It also boasts new display features such as two super-high-resolution graphic modes that don't sacrifice crispness for color and a sound-generating system based on a synthesizer chip that has 15 independent voices. In fact, the GS in the new computer's name stands for graphics and sound. Other innovations include up to eight megabytes of memory expansion and software features geared to help programmers develop applications.
Essentially, the new machine has two sides (Fig. 1)—a II side and a GS side, both with features that ensure compatibility with older Apple IIs. On the Apple II side, it has slow RAM, expansion slots, ports, and the Mega II, a single-chip version of all Apple II circuits except the CPU and RAM. On the GS side, it has such new features as a Western Digital 65C816 microprocessor, the Apple II graphics support in the video generator chip, and a sound-generating system consisting of a digital oscillator chip, sound-storage RAM, and a logic chip.
The Apple IIGS's 65C816 central processing unit is a 2.8-MHz 16-bit CMOS design based on the 6502 used in the earlier Apple IIs. The 65C816 has 16-bit data registers and a 24-bit internal address bus that enables the machine's 256-kbyte memory to be expanded by 8 megabytes [Electronics, Sept. 18, 1986, p. 23]. It has 11 new addressing modes and 36 new instructions beyond the 6502.
Despite the new CPU's increased power, it can still emulate the 6502 and 65C02, meaning that it can execute 6502 instructions either at the standard Apple II clock rate of 1 MHz or at the faster Apple IIGS speed of about 2.5 MHz.
The Apple IIGS will run at the slower speed for one of three reasons: when a program selects the slow speed because it is executing an instruction that uses the slow memory; when a timing-dependent routine is executing—probably an operation of a disk interface card; or when
1. **DOUBLE DUTY.** The Apple IIGS has its own complement of chips plus a set that makes it compatible with Apple II models.
the user selects the slower speed by means of the control panel, a program that is used to set a number of the machine's operating parameters.
The graphics and text display features for the Apple IIGS (Fig. 2) include all five Apple II display modes—40- and 80-column text; low-, high-, and double high-resolution color (40 by 4, 260 by 192, and 560 by 192 pixels). It also has two new super high-resolution modes—a 320-by-200-pixel mode that displays 16 colors out of a palette of 4,096 and a 640-by-200-pixel mode that displays 4 colors out of 4,096. A custom video graphics controller chip supports the five resolution modes.
All four high-resolution graphics modes drive the Apple IIGS's new red-green-blue video output. Unlike standard and double high-resolution modes, the super high-resolution modes do not sacrifice resolution to get color.
The designers of the Apple IIGS included a one-two punch for realism by enhancing sound as well as graphics. The means: Ensoniq's 32-oscillator synthesizer, which generates sounds from digital samples stored in 64-K bytes of dedicated random-access memory and is used in music synthesizers. "Most chips could give you beeps and boops," says hardware engineer Brian Moore. "This one plays Beethoven's Fifth." The team designed another custom chip, the general logic unit, to interface the Ensoniq chip and its RAM asynchronously to the Apple II side containing the Mega II chip and the input/output ports.
**DESIGNING IN COMPATIBILITY**
One of the early hangups was in making existing Apple II software run faster on the Apple IIGS. The software engineers wanted a clean memory map for new programs, but existing software is designed to enter memory at location 00000. Working from an idea of Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak, Moore designed a fast processor interface chip that altered I/O points.
Revamping ROM for the new IIGS could have made it difficult to ensure total compatibility with existing Apple II software. Nevertheless, the team bent over backwards to accommodate existing programs. "In designing the new ROM, we found that some of the most popular software wouldn't work," says Dan Hillman, chief hardware designer. "We put them on a logic analyzer and saw that some of it was due to copy protection and some was due to use of the wrong entry points."
Adds Bachman, "If it was at all possible, we accommodated them. We listed them as new published entry points. Now that they're published, we'll be more hard-nosed."
The IIGS's memory banks run at two speeds. The minimum high-speed memory in the Apple IIGS is 256-K bytes, of which programs can use up to about 176-K bytes. The slow-speed memory is 128-K bytes to match the maximum memory of the Apple II. The Apple IIGS also has a special card slot for RAM expansion of up to 8 megabytes. All the RAM on a memory card is available for Apple IIGS application programs if they call the memory manager—memory-management code residing in read-only memory.
When the Apple IIGS is running an Apple II application, the memory available for that application is the same as in an Apple IIc or a 128-K-byte Apple IIe. The first two 64-K-byte banks work like the main and auxiliary banks, complete with language-card spaces, display buffers, and I/O space at location $C000.
**BUILT-IN PROGRAM ROUTINES**
In addition to all the compatibility features, the Apple IIGS has several new software features that are important for application program developers. First of all, there is the toolbox, a collection of built-in program routines that can be called by applications. Then there is the program development environment, called the Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop. It includes the language compilers.
The languages available on the Apple IIGS include assembly, C, and Pascal. Thanks to the standard object file format, a new feature available for the first time on an Apple II, the Apple IIGS linker and loader can handle program segments created in any of the languages.
The primary high-level language that is used in the Apple IIGS Programmer's Workshop is C. Programs written in C can easily include sections written in assembly language and in Pascal. Apple IIGS Workshop C comes with a standard C library and a Apple IIGS interface library.
---
2. **RIVALING REMBRANDT.** The high-resolution graphics modes of the Apple IIGS combine crispness with color in their pictures.
Apple IIGS Pascal is similar to Macintosh Pascal and to Apple II Instant Pascal. Apple IIGS Pascal works with ProDOS 16, the 16-bit version of ProDOS created for the Apple IIGS.
The assembler is a full-featured macro assembler that supports the instruction sets for the 6502, the 65C02, and the 65C816.
**PROGRAMMING AIDS**
To provide a consistent working environment, the Programmer's Workshop incorporates a set of programs that makes it easier to develop applications for the IIGS. They include the operating shell for controlling the language compilers, along with a program editor, a debugger, the linker/loader, and utility programs.
Among other new features, the Apple IIGS desktop bus is a simple I/O port that supports the detached keyboard and built-in mouse interface. The bus also provides an inexpensive way to connect additional input devices such as hand controls, graphics tablets, and numeric keypads.
The Apple IIGS also has a built-in disk I/O port similar to the one on the Apple IIc. It can handle both 5¼-in. (UniDisk or DuoDisk) and 3½-in. (UniDisk 3.5 or Apple IIGS 3.5) disk drives, connected in a daisy chain of as many as four drives. Its seven expansion slots are almost identical to the slots in an Apple IIe and can accept most Apple II peripheral cards.
The Apple IIGS has a built-in real-time clock, powered by a long-life battery. The user sets the clock by means of the new control panel program. The control panel is a ROM-resident utility program that enables the user to set machine parameters such as CPU operating speed, video display, I/O port assignments, and slot allocation.
The ROM monitor has been enhanced with several new features, including the ability to handle the long addresses required for the expanded memory, and a mini-assembler and disassembler for the 68816 microprocessor.
The AppleTalk LAN interface is built into the Apple IIGS, unlike the Apple IIe and Apple IIc, which need an optional peripheral for AppleTalk.
This new flagship of the Apple II line provides an easier and faster way to run the 10,000 or so programs created for Apple II computers. In addition, it provides a platform for promising new programs that will fully use the enhanced color and sound, large memory, and the graphical and mouse user interface.
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**HERE'S ONE DESIGN TEAM THAT KNEW JUST WHAT THE USER WANTED**
The designers of the new Apple IIGS had a head start on achieving their goal of creating a 16-bit successor to the phenomenally popular Apple II: they knew from experience what had to be done.
"Everybody who worked on this project is a user," says hardware engineer Rob Moore, an Apple hobbyist long before he joined the company in August 1984. "We all had a feel for what the Apple II user wanted—a faster machine with more memory, graphics, and better disk drives."
Nevertheless, the team had to overcome some severe obstacles, one of which was Apple's indecision over what kind of computer to make. Earlier projects included a 16-bit II X, abandoned because the processor wasn't perfected, and the Mega II, a single-chip version of the Apple II, later adapted for use in the new machine.
An October 1984 sales meeting, at which Apple II projects took a back seat to the upcoming Macintosh, spurred strong protests from Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak. The result: a decision to proceed with a redesigned Apple II, code-named Cortland. "It was supposed to be an educational computer," says Dan Hillman, the IIGS's chief hardware designer. "But we all knew it would be more than that. This is a box that can be useful to anyone."
The project took off in December 1984 with a small team that eventually grew to 5 hardware specialists and about 20 software engineers. Among the leaders:
- Hillman, 39, the only team member with any experience in integrated-circuit design. In eight years at RCA and four at Zilog, he designed microprocessors and peripherals until, he says, "I got tired of ICs and wanted to get on the other side." Working on the Apple IIGS project, however, put Hillman right back in the IC world: the new machine includes six Apple-designed chips.
- Harvey Lehtman, 40, software engineering manager, a 12-year veteran of the original pre-personal-computer NLS project under Douglas Engelbart at SRI International. NLS was a pioneering multiuser version of the interactive format that has become common with personal computers.
- Moore, 37, a hardware designer at A.B. Dick Co. before joining Apple in August 1984 during a company reorganization. After several weeks of doing nothing, he says, "I went to Dan and told him 'I'm going to work for you.'" He eventually succeeded Hillman as chief hardware designer on the Cortland.
- Fern Bachman, designer of the software architecture and the mouse and AppleTalk cards for the Apple IIGS. A five-year Apple veteran, he came to the company from Measurex, where he worked on process control software.
- Eagle I. Berns, 45, a software engineer who taught computer science for 16 years at Stanford University and came to Apple last November after a brief stint at Atari. Berns has written graphics software for the Macintosh and games for the Apple II.
**APPLE OF THEIR EYE.** The Apple Computer Inc. team that spiffed up the Apple II for its next round includes, from left, Rob Moore, Eagle I. Berns, Dan Hillman, Fern Bachman, and Harvey Lehtman.
The Reagan Administration's decision to build a fourth space shuttle casts a shadow over another National Aeronautics and Space Administration program: the Advanced Communication Technology Satellite. As NASA reviews its budget to find $2.8 billion for the shuttle, a likely candidate for cutbacks is the nine-year-old space-communications program. And with Europe and Japan readying their own satellites for 1991-92 launching, further cuts in ACTS could imperil U.S. preeminence in space communications.
The $350-million ACTS project would launch several advanced technologies that have never been tested in space before. These include an on-board baseband processor for circuit switching in the sky and a scanning multibeam antenna system that could provide up to 10 times better frequency utilization than today's commercial satellites. An optical laser-communications experiment would also be the first space test of its kind; it holds high interest for military as well as commercial concerns.
"We really want to get it up there and test out these technologies prior to the Europeans and Japanese," says William T. Kondik, NASA's ACTS program manager in Washington.
Caught in the debate over the roles of government and the private sector in stimulating new space communications technology, ACTS has had a rocky history. Since its inception in 1977, it has been axed more than once by the Office of Management and Budget, only to be restored by Congress. "The ACTS program has led a Perils of Pauline existence, and there's really no reason to think that's going to change," says John Logsdon, director of the Science Policy Program at George Washington University in Washington. "Even though Congress keeps putting it back, it's highly likely that the OMB and the White House will keep trying to take it out."
Optimistic ACTS officials, though, believe the program will weather the latest storm. "We're feeling fairly comfortable that we're going to go," says William H. Hawersaat, deputy ACTS program manager at the NASA Lewis Research Center in Cleveland. The question now isn't whether ACTS will be funded, but at what rate. "We have already sunk about $165 million into the program, and we're at the top of the [funding] curve," says Kondik.
Recent congressional-committee action indicates that fiscal 1987 funding could come in "between $77 million and $95 million," says Richard T. Gedney, chief of the ACTS project office at NASA Lewis. That's less than the $119 million NASA requested to keep the program moving toward its scheduled launch date of September 1989. But the $95 million would be enough to ensure a May 1990 launch, Gedney says.
The timing could be critical. Both the European Space Agency and the Japanese are breathing down NASA's neck, warns Robert R. Lovell, communications division director at the agency's headquarters in Washington. "The Europeans will fly an experimental satellite that has all the capabilities of ACTS by midyear to the third quarter of 1991," Lovell says. And the Japanese are not far behind: they plan an ACTS-type satellite in 1992, NASA officials say.
ACTS began as an experiment to test high-frequency Ku-band satellite communications technologies. NASA was looking toward the day when currently used lower-frequency C-band and Ku-band geostationary orbital slots will be saturated [Electronics, July 14, 1983, p. 97]. It sold the program on the grounds that it was too risky and costly an undertaking for any one company to attempt alone, a position strongly supported by industry.
INDUSTRY BACKERS. But ACTS opponents contend new technology development is the role of industry, not the government. Critics note, too, that since ACTS was conceived, growth in the satellite communications market has been eroded by the rapid expansion of terrestrial fiber-optic systems, raising questions about the near-term need for Ku-band satellites.
As now conceived, ACTS will provide the vehicle by which NASA—as well as potential carriers, users, and communications-equipment suppliers—can test the technologies for future satellite systems. Commercial users will perform their own experiments at their own ex-
TWO BEAM TYPES. Unlike fixed-beam satellites, ACTS will have movable and fixed beams.
HEAVY-DUTY SWITCHING. Space-based baseband processor will handle volumes of data.
pense—for example, testing $K_u$-band network schemes, modulation techniques, or ways to overcome the rain-fade problems expected on the higher-frequency 30/20-GHz $K_u$ band. NASA has received about 100 responses to a notice sent out last year to assess interest, the agency's Gedney says. A meeting for potential participants will be held in Washington next week.
The program has also picked up increased military interest over the past year with the addition of an optical-laser-communications experiment to be performed under joint NASA-Air Force sponsorship. With Air Force funding, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory is developing an optical pointing and tracking system and heterodyne transmitter to be flown on ACTS. At the same time, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., is developing a direct-detection receiver and transmitter that will also be aboard.
The laser experiment will test technology for future high-data-rate intersatellite links. Today's satellites talk to each other via microwave, typically at 30 to 85 Mb/s. But NASA studies show that future laser-based systems could support intersatellite links at speeds of 2 to 4 Gb/s, says Michael Fitzmaurice, head of the instrument electro-optics branch at Goddard. Because the pencil-thin laser beams are difficult to intercept, the technology offers the potential for highly secure links that could be used in military programs such as the Strategic Defense Initiative.
Unlike today's commercial satellites, which cover the continental U.S. or a portion of the country with a single, fixed microwave beam, the ACTS payload will feature a multiple microwave-spot-beam antenna system. The antenna and transponder package is being supplied by TRW Inc.'s Space Communications Division at Redondo Beach, Calif., for prime contractor RCA Astro-Electronics, a Princeton, N.J., division of RCA Corp. RCA is handling the ACTS bus and spacecraft system design and payload integration. Communications Satellite Corp. (Comsat), of Washington, will supply the ground equipment.
Operating at 30-GHz uplink and 20-GHz downlink, the TRW antenna system will include three fixed beams (see map, p. 95). These beams will be focused on Cleveland, where the ACTS master-control ground station will be located, and on Tampa, Fla., and Atlanta. Two additional scanning or hopping beams will provide contiguous-scanning coverage of a section of the northeastern U.S. and the Midwest, while also hopping to isolated spots in the South and West as traffic dictates. For contiguous-scan operation, the two beams will provide 0.3° spots that will dwell for 10 to 100 μs on areas 120 miles wide before being switched at a rate of 0.5 μs. To enhance isolation, adjacent beams on the ACTS will transmit and receive at different polarizations.
By allowing frequency reuse on each beam, the ACTS multibeam system will provide the equivalent of 5 to 10 times the number of channels possible on today's satellites with their single, fixed beam, says NASA's Gedney. And more complex multibeam craft of the future based on ACTS technology could go well beyond that. Because of the improved frequency use, next-generation multibeam satellites could lower communications costs. And because the focused antenna beams concentrate energy in a spot, they will also make possible use of low-cost small-diameter earth terminals that can be located on customer sites. NASA recently issued a request for proposals for the development of experimental ACTS ground terminals with a range of capabilities, including a low-end dish that could be sold to ACTS experimenters for less than $50,000 each. The agency expects to award 6 to 10 contracts for that work by mid-1987.
CHANCY SWITCH. Although the multibeam antenna system will be far more complex than anything ever flown in space, the ACTS baseband processor is an even higher-risk technology, Gedney says. Literally a "switchboard in the sky," it will do what now can be accomplished only on the ground.
To be supplied by Motorola Inc.'s Government Electronics Group in Scottsdale, Ariz., the baseband processor will be "one fantastic piece of equipment if it does what it's supposed to do," observes T.J. (Jim) McKnight, who manages the spacecraft portion of ACTS for RCA Astro-Electronics. "It has got to handle one hell of a lot of data in a very short period of time, and the timing and synchronization have got to be exquisite," he says.
The baseband processor will feature numerous Motorola-designed custom logic circuits fabricated in emitter-coupled logic, current-mode logic, and CMOS at densities up to about 30,000 transistors, as well as 2-K-by-8-bit CMOS silicon-on-sapphire memory chips. The processor will be housed in three modules—modem, input/output memory, and central processor—and weigh 119 lb. It will convert incoming transmissions at intermediate frequency to baseband for temporary storage in what's called an input ping-pong memory. During the next frame, the messages will be processed and routed to an output ping-pong memory according to destination, and modulated back to IF before being sent to an upconverter prior to transmission.
On-board switching will allow low-cost small-aperture ground terminals to be used in "single hop" mode at customer sites, says Gedney. By contrast, today's VSAT (for very small-aperture terminal) ground stations require a double hop: data transmitted to a satellite must be transmitted back to a ground hub for switching, then retransmitted to the satellite for forwarding to the appropriate terrestrial destination.
The double-hop technique limits small-aperture ground terminals to data services only, because the 0.5-s delay...
built into the double hop is unacceptable for voice or video traffic, Gedney explains. The ACTS technology, on the other hand, promises full-blown voice, video, and data communications using a single, inexpensive dish.
The dish is the 1.8-m Micro 1 terminal, which is easily mounted on a rooftop. It will handle up to 24 voice channels and at under $50,000 will be 5 to 10 times cheaper than the 5- to 7-m dish terminals required for single-hop operations today, he notes. Other ACTS experimental terminals will use larger dishes, which could cost up to $1 million apiece, for higher volume and faster data rates.
The ACTS baseband processor will handle transmissions in what NASA calls the low-burst-rate mode, at either 27.5 or 110 Mb/s. The slower speed will be used for adaptive fade compensation using a forward error-correcting code when receiving from or transmitting to a ground terminal that is being rained on, a condition the ACTS system will detect automatically. High-frequency
**ACTS is designed to be launched by any vehicle that's assigned**
Ku-band satellite transmissions are expected to be much more susceptible to outages caused by rain than currently used 6-GHz/4-GHz C-band and 14-GHz/12-GHz Ku-band uplink- and down-link-frequency systems.
**EYE ON 1990.** Despite the uncertainties, ACTS contractors are steaming ahead with the project with an eye now toward a spring 1990 launch, says RCA's McKnight. Since the contract was signed in August 1984 for development of the ACTS flight experiment system, RCA and TRW have done significant hardware breadboard work and plan to begin developing the actual flight hardware next year.
The payload package is scheduled for delivery in mid-1988, McKnight says. Comsat is in the early design stages of the ground-control system and, depending on funding, will deliver hardware to RCA in 1989 or 1990.
McKnight notes that the loss of the space shuttle Challenger has meant a more complex design for the ACTS spacecraft, which was originally scheduled to be launched via shuttle. That decision is now on hold.
"The structure design [for ACTS] has got to be compatible with whatever launch vehicle we end up with," McKnight explains. "We're OK for now, but we'll have to know soon. We have asked for a resolution [of the launch-vehicle question] by the end of the year."
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**TAKE THE 32-BIT TEST:**
1. On real-world, commercially-available systems, which leading 32-bit microprocessor repeatedly and conclusively wins performance comparisons run against standard, unmodified Whetstone and Dhrystone benchmarks:
- MC68020
- 80386
2. Which 32-bit microprocessor is the highest-speed (25 MHz/40 ns), general-purpose microprocessor commercially available today:
- MC68020
- 80386
3. Of the leading 32-bit MPUs, which has shipped over 150,000 to date:
- MC68020
- 80386
4. You get the largest body of software available for 32-bit microprocessor-based machines when you select this MPU:
- MC68020
- 80386
**Now you know why** hundreds—including 20 CAE workstation vendors, 19 office systems manufacturers, 14 factory automation integrators and 32 single-board CPU designers—are designing and producing systems based on Motorola's 5-MIPS* MC68020. And why Motorola continues to account for over 85% of the 32-bit MPU market.
*Sustained throughput; 12.5 MIPS in burst mode.
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A new 24-bit digital signal processor that runs from routines stored in random-access memory is on its way from Motorola Inc. The 56001 will slip onto the market in the first quarter of 1987, just ahead of a previously announced DSP chip using routines frozen in read-only memory, the 56000 [Electronics, March 10, 1986, p.30]. The RAM-based part is useful for system development, and for getting users onboard rapidly, avoiding the time and expense incurred in getting ROM-based versions in production.
The 56001 contains a 512-by-24-bit array of random-access memory for DSP programs, which may be downloaded quickly from off-chip storage. "As we've coded up more applications, it has become quite clear that 512 words of program RAM for most DSP applications is efficient," notes Bryant Wilder, manager of Motorola's Digital Signal Processor Operation in Austin, Texas.
The 512-word program RAM resides in essentially the same die area as the 2-K by 24 bits of masked ROM found on the 56000. With the exception of some added DSP algorithms and logic for writing programs into the RAM, the 56001 and 56000 are similar, according to Wilder.
EASIER ENTRY. The 56001 processor is being brought to market first in hopes of getting customers to use Motorola's signal-processor offering quickly—without facing the hurdles normally associated with masked ROM. Usually, ROM-based processors involve longer development times because programs must be set in silicon. Customers buying ROM-based parts also incur a mask charge, which averages about $5,000.
But DSP programs do not have to be fixed into the 56001, and product managers believe the RAM-based DSP will be better suited for system prototyping, small-volume purchases, and distributor-sales channels.
The 56001 can use software overlays so that a system can swap new program code into the RAM quickly. The programs stored on the chip can be totally replaced in 1.5 ms. The chip can also selectively overlay one word of new code into RAM. The overlay feature is aimed at applications needing programs of more than 512 words or jobs that make it necessary to change out sections of program on the fly.
TWO WRITING MODES. The program RAM may be written to in two modes. In the first, programs can be downloaded by another processor using the chip's host interface. In the second, code from byte-wide PROMs may be sent to the RAM via the 56001's data-bus port.
Like the 56000, the 56001 will perform 10.25 million instructions/s at a maximum clock rate of 20.5 MHz. Both general-purpose DSPs have identical processing cores, consisting of three parallel-processing execution units. The arithmetic-logic unit for data, the address ALU, and the program controller can all operate concurrently within their own independent memory spaces.
The 56001 is fitted with two independent 256-by-24-bit data-RAM spaces, like the 56000. But the 56001 will contain preprogrammed coefficients in data ROM. In one block of 256 data-ROM words, Motorola is loading positive A-law and μ-law values, which are applicable in many telecommunications applications as expansion tables. In a second chunk of 256 data-ROM words, the chip carries a sine-wave table, which can be used in waveform generation for fast Fourier transforms. Another 32-word block of ROM holds the chip's bootstrap program, which the 56001 uses when downloading programs into its RAM.
DEVELOPMENT VEHICLE. The first member of Motorola's 56000 DSP family will be the 56001, whose program RAM makes it suitable for development work and small-volume purchases.
The 56001, like the 56000, will be housed in an 88-pin grid array. Both are going to be built with the same CMOS process, which will have minimum features between 1.25 and 1.5 μm.
The 56001, samples of which will be available in the first quarter of 1987, "will be the first part in silicon," says Wilder, referring to Motorola's emerging family of general-purpose DSP chips. "Customers have been telling us they first want RAM-based [DSPs] more than ROM or EPROM."
Motorola's DSP software, which the company is shipping to customers for 56000 development, can be used to develop 56001-based systems. The recently released Version 1.1 of the development package [Electronics, Aug. 21, 1986, p. 26] has a mode for developing 56001-based systems. Development software that runs on IBM Personal Computers and compatibles costs $295; for engineering work stations and multiuser minicomputers, $3,000.
In sample quantities, the 56001 will cost $500 each. Volume deliveries are slated to commence in the second half of 1987.
Motorola Inc., Digital Signal Processor Operation, 6501 William Cannon West, Austin, Texas 78735. Phone (512) 440-2030
[Circle reader service number 360]
NOW AN AT SYSTEM BOARD FITS ON A PLUG-IN CARD
Chips and Technologies Inc. has completed its transmutation of the IBM PC AT with the introduction of a peripherals controller chip that integrates most of the logic missed in the firm's initial five-chip set. That set replaced 63 of the AT's 93 components; the new 82C206 replaces all the remaining controllers but the keyboard controller.
The new chip allows a 27-chip implementation of the AT system board, small enough to fit on a plug-in card. Two 8237A direct-memory-access controllers, two 8259A interrupt controllers, an 8254 timer/counter, a 74LS612 memory mapper, and a 146818 real-time clock, plus six small- and medium-scale integration chips, are included in the new peripheral controller. The company says its chip set extends the role of the AT into industrial applications and transaction processing, where it can be a single component of a system. A board-level AT will dissipate only 15 W, it says, one-third the power of the AT motherboard.
The new chip gives the company VLSI products in logic (the original five-piece CS8220), graphics display (an IBM Extended Graphics Adapter chip), local-area networks (a StarLAN chipset), and controllers (the 82C206). The original chip set has been used in PCs built by Tandy, Nippon Electric, PCs Limited, and Apricot Computer; but Chips and Technologies expects the new chip to open new markets.
A board-level AT could control any kind of automation process, and at the same time manage mass storage and interface with add-on cards and standard software packages. Chips and Technologies will now focus on buses, operating systems, languages, linkers, and loaders, says product marketing director Siskander Naqvi.
To support this market, the company also supplies a development kit, the DK8220, which includes the six AT chips and 512-K bytes of memory. The board provides 26 test points and light-emitting-diode diagnostic readouts.
The CMOS 82C206 chip is the first developed with Chips and Technologies' own computer-aided engineering tools. Based on an Amdahl 470 mainframe and run from AT-based workstations, the tools resulted in a chip area less than 290 mm², versus 420 mm² in designs made with standard CAE tools.
The controller operates at 10 MHz, with 8 MHz DMA, compared with 8 and 5 MHz, respectively, for a standard AT; the chip is priced at $49 in quantities of 100. The accompanying 5-chip CS8220 is also $51 in hundreds. A single development board costs $1,495. Both chip and board will be sampled this month, with volume production slated for the first quarter of next year.
Chips and Technologies Inc., 521 Cottonwood Drive, Milpitas, Calif. 95035. Phone (408) 434-0600
[Circle 361]
FAST PROGRAMMING FOR A 512-K EPROM
Easy upgrading and fast programming are featured in a 64-K-by-8-bit addition to Mitsubishi's n-MOS EPROM line. The 512-K MSL27512K comes in 170-, 200-, and 250-ns versions and has a power-down feature that cuts operating current from 100 mA to 40 mA in standby.
All Mitsubishi n-MOS EPROM products conform to JEDEC 28-pin standards, making it easy to upgrade from 64-K to 512-K as memory requirements increase. Fabricated with double-polysilicon floating-gate technology, the MSL27512K also features a fast programming algorithm and a programming voltage of 12.5 V. All inputs and outputs are TTL-compatible in read and program modes.
Available now in sample lots, the 250-ns version is priced at $29 each in 100-piece quantities.
Mitsubishi Electronics America Inc., 1050 East Arques Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086. Phone (408) 730-5900
[Circle 367]
SOFTWARE PROTECTOR
FINGERPRINTS DISKS
EVERLOCK USES PATTERN OF SPURIOUS BITS BETWEEN TRACKS TO THWART UNAUTHORIZED COPYING
Software developers can protect programs from unauthorized copying with Everlock, a new package from Az-Tech Software Inc. that uses spurious bits on product disks to create identifying "fingerprints."
Everlock also addresses other common complaints about copy-protector packages, such as the need for passwords, the inability to create adequate backup copies, and the nonportability of protected application programs to machines that are software-compatible, says president Bill J. Lewis.
The system supports application programs written to run under PC-DOS Versions 2 through 3.2 and the corresponding MS-DOS operating systems. Except for about a 1- or 2-s longer disk loading time, Everlock is completely transparent to the software end user, Lewis says.
Everlock works at the machine-code level, breaking down machine-readable modules in a program, inserting Everlock code, and then reassembling the modules into a DOS-readable format.
Lewis contends that Everlock cannot be foiled by the current generation of bit-copier programs designed to beat copy-protection schemes. Bit copiers work by simply copying ones and zeros on a disk, even if they are encrypted or intentionally formatted improperly by a copy-protection system. Everlock frustrates that tactic by using the random and spurious bits between the disk's tracks and sectors to create a unique "fingerprint" for each individual disk. Though some bit copiers can read these random bits, none can reproduce them reliably, Lewis says.
In its protection mode, Everlock signals the floppy-disk head to check for signature bits between the tracks and sectors on product disks. If these bits don't match the original, the system knows the disk is an unauthorized copy and acts according to options specified by the software developer. The developer might choose, for example, to have the system display an explanatory message on the user's screen and then return to DOS. But in no case does Everlock enable the developer to specify that data be destroyed in the end user's computer system, as some controversial copy-protection systems have done in the past, Lewis says.
Because Everlock does not use an encrypted master, developers write application programs unencumbered by copy protection concerns. Protection is applied to the finished products using an IBM Personal Computer or compatible.
The developer loads Everlock from its 5¼- or 3½-in. floppy disk. Unprotected product disks are inserted one or two at a time. The system requires 10 to 50 seconds per disk or pair of disks to apply the protection code. Everlock allows the developer to specify as many as 99 backup copies before the protective code is invoked.
Priced at $495, Everlock can be used an unlimited number of times. "For $500, most of our competitors would limit you to protecting about 50 to 75" disks, Lewis says.
Unlike most other copy protectors, Everlock is designed for both network and stand-alone systems and can also protect multitasking software applications. It works with hard disks as well as floppy disks.
Everlock can dynamically configure itself to talk directly to the floppy-disk controller in the appropriate protocol used by the user's host machine. This feature helps do away with compatibility problems when a user upgrades a machine or goes to a different model. By contrast, most competing copy-protection schemes rely on device-dependent code for various clones and even different models of IBM machines, Lewis is says.
ENCRYPTED. Despite the advantages, Lewis concedes that Everlock, like any other copy-protection scheme, could be broken by a sophisticated computer user intent on branching around the protection checks. "Any software system is susceptible to a patch approach," says Lewis. "But we've gone to some unbelievable measures to protect against that. We've encrypted the program, so people are going to get garbled code. And if someone goes in with Debug or a similar tool, he's going to be foiled by various traps."
Lewis says experience shows that the lifetime of a copy-protection program is typically about three to four months, and concedes Everlock will likely be no exception. "The thing we sell is that we're going to be able to protect you from a very high percentage of illegal copying, maybe 95%," he says.
Az-Tek plans to release upgrades of Everlock about every three months, Lewis says. These versions will not differ in the system's reliance on unique "fingerprint" data from each individual product disk. But they will employ differing techniques to foil a patch approach. Buyers of the $495 Everlock system will get six months' worth of free upgrades. Another $45 puts a user's name on the upgrade list for three more months.
—Wesley R. Iversen
Az-Tech Software Inc., 426 Grandview, Richmond, Mo. 64085.
Phone (816) 776-8153 [Circle 340]
TEK GRAPHICS TERMINALS DO MORE FOR MUCH LESS
A 40% to 65% drop in price combined with an increase in functionality marks Tektronix's replacement of several members of its 4100-series intelligent color graphics terminals with the new generation of the 4200 series. Through the application of higher levels of integration and other cost reductions, market leader Tektronix has moved to head off several vendors of Tektronix look-alike terminals.
The closest comparison between members of the old and the new lines, says Tektronix program manager Donald Hershiser, is between the 4107 and the 4207. Similar in display resolution and feature set, they differ in single-quantity price by $3,000—the 4107 was priced at $6,995, and the 4207 goes for $3,995.
This price differential, along with the
company's commitment to compatibility with earlier terminals, make the new terminals very attractive to users of software written for the 4100-series hardware. But Tektronix has also been able to add features.
For example, the 4205, 4207, and 4208 offer a copy-spooling feature that eliminates the waiting time that users of the last-generation models had to put up with while an image was being printed. There is now an optional mouse, which a beta-site user who is producing systems for architectural design and facilities management singles out as the line's most important new feature.
Furthermore, the terminals' capabilities in an IBM 3270 environment have been enhanced, bringing them in line with IBM's Distributed Function Terminal features. These capabilities make it possible to carry on more than one terminal-to-host session simultaneously and to provide alphanumeric emulation of IBM's 3179 terminals. In addition, the 4200-series terminals, already capable of emulating Digital Equipment Corp. VT-100 terminals, will be made optionally capable of VT-220 emulation by May of next year.
"I believe the Tektronix strategy was to strike out at the Tek clones," says Barry Lewine, a software engineer at Sierra Geophysics Inc., Seattle, who has been involved in beta testing the new terminals. The 4200-series products are smaller, lighter, and ergonomically superior to their predecessors, he says, but "the biggest thing was the price reduction. All of a sudden the Tek series is very attractively priced."
"Tek aims to build its lead to 25% of the market or better," says Hershiser. The new entry-level terminal is the 4205, which at a quantity-one price of $2,495 offers a resolution of 480 by 360 pixels. It has 128-K bytes of local memory and can display 16 colors from a palette of 64 on a 13-in. screen refreshed at 60 Hz, noninterlaced.
The 4207 has a 640-by-480-pixel resolution and 256-K bytes of memory. The 4208, at $4,995, has the same resolution but pushes memory to 512-K bytes and offers a red-green-blue video output for driving an auxiliary monitor useful in, for example, classroom situations. The 4207 and 4208 also support the use of a Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer for graphic output.
Application-specific integrated circuits played a large part in the price reduction. "We took about 75 ICs and put them in three [1.5-μm CMOS] gate arrays," says Hershiser. Three printed-circuit boards in the 4107 were reduced to a single board in the 4207, and the company was able to consolidate to a single power supply. Total component count was about 700 for the 4107, says Hershiser; it is less than 400 in the 4207.
The terminals will be used in typical scientific and engineering applications such as computer-aided design, drafting, and data analysis. Hershiser also expects them to see increasing use on factory floors, where their pan and zoom capabilities will allow shop personnel to scan the details of technical drawings.
The 4208 is available now. The 4205 and 4207 will be available Nov. 15.
—Jeremy Young
Tektronix Inc., Information Display Group, P. O. Box 1000, Wilsonville, Ore. 97070. Phone (800) 547-1512 [Circle 341]
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**5¼-IN. DRIVE STORES A FULL 765 MEGABYTES**
Offering up to 765 megabytes of unformatted storage, Maxtor's EXT-8000 family of Winchester disk drives are the highest-capacity 5¼-in. units yet—a bad omen for larger Winchesters. In addition, the drives set a new performance standard for 5¼-in. drives.
The lower-capacity, 408-megabyte EXT8000 models have a 16-ms average access time, compared with the previous 25-ms pacesetter. High-capacity units offer 18 ms, equaling the performance of 10-in. Eagle Winchesters from Fujitsu America Inc., San Jose, Calif., and 14-in. 3380 Winchesters from the San Jose, Calif. division of IBM Corp.
To achieve a low average access time and high track density, Maxtor uses an innovative microprocessor-controlled adaptive track-positioning system that changes the acceleration and deceleration profiles for each change in track position. In addition, a balanced actuator keeps the mass that must be moved to a minimum.
Maxtor offers the extended small device interface (ESDI), on the initial release of the product, with the small computer system interface (SCSI) version to come later. With either interface, the smaller unit competes with larger drives' data-transfer rates. Until now, 5¼-in. drives offered top rates of 7.5 Mb/s. Larger drives such as Fujitsu's offered transfer rates of up to 24 Mb/s using a modified version of the industry-standard storage module drive (SMD) interface.
Using ESDI or SCSI, Maxtor now offers a 15-Mb/s rate, which makes it cost-effective competition against the big drives for work-station and minicomputer applications. Moreover, the smaller drives have an extra advantage, be-
**LITTLE BIG DRIVE.** Maxtor's latest 5¼-in. drive stores 51 megabytes on each of 15 surfaces and accesses in 18 ms.
cause ESDI and SCSI interfaces are less expensive to implement than the SMD interface.
Since the spindle motors of several drives can be synchronized, customers are exploring the possibility of using drives in parallel, according to drive-family marketing manager John Klonick. By treating eight units as a single, byte-wide memory, it is possible to store 6 gigabytes of data and achieve a transfer rate of 15 megabytes/s, all for a price under $50,000.
To double storage capacity per surface, Klonick says the company increased track density to 1,632 from 1,224—a 33% increase. Bit density was also pushed up 41%, from 14,873 to 20,953 b/in.
Both the 408-megabyte XT-8380E and the 765-megabyte XT-8760E will sell for between $4 and $5 per megabyte, the company says. The drives will be demonstrated at the Comdex Show in November in Las Vegas, Nev. Evaluation units are available immediately, and production units will be available in the first quarter of 1987. —Jonah McLeod
Maxtor Corp., 150 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, Calif. 95134. Phone (408) 942-1700 [Circle 342]
**XT-COMPATIBLE CARD RUNS AT 12.5 MHz**
By eliminating the normal wait states that slow up IBM Corp. PC/XTs, an upgraded version of a popular motherboard runs standard software up to 15.3 times faster than the IBM original.
The Bullet-286ii reaches higher speeds by avoiding the need to slow down to achieve compatibility between the hardware and software. It does this by emulating the 8088 chip in both hardware and software and by synchronizing the 80286 chip's high-speed clock with the standard clock of the PC/XT's expansion bus.
Available with clock speeds of 8, 10, or 12.5 MHz, Bullet-286ii is aimed at builders of new systems for graphics, CAD/CAM, networks, file servers, and multiuser applications.
Virtually all IBM PC/XT add-in cards and software run on the board. Available now, the boards cost as little as $300 each in volume.
Wavemate Inc., 2341 205th St., Torrance, Calif. 90501. Phone (213) 533-8190 [Circle 346]
**DEC-COMPATIBLE TERMINAL UPGRADED**
Additional function keys, double-high characters, and a keyboard layout compatible with the Digital Equipment Corp. DEC VT-220 terminal are among the offerings in Advanced Digital Systems Inc.'s model 3220 terminal.
By combining the styling of its ADDS 2020 terminal with the functionality of its initial entry in the DEC-compatible market, the Viewpoint/122, ADDS engineered in better ergonomics. It also added six more function keys than DEC offers—for a total of 22. They're programmable from keyboard or host and functional in the DEC 220, 100, and 52 modes and when using the ANSI X3.64 command set.
Priced at $695 and available now, the ADDS 3220 has a 14-in. flat-face CRT available in green, amber, or white and a 70-Hz refresh rate to eliminate flicker.
ADDS Display Products Division, 100 Marcus Blvd., Hauppauge, N.Y. 11788. Phone (516) 231-5400 [Circle 351]
**OPAL GRAPHICS BOOSTS RESOLUTION**
Ultrahigh-resolution monochrome graphics has been added to Europel Systems Ltd.'s Opal series of VMEbus graphics controllers. With the new map-one option, displays can be configured to virtually any resolution up to 4,096 by 2,048 pixels at video signal rates in excess of 160 MHz.
A software-programmable anti-aliasing circuit reduces the bandwidth requirement of display monitors to between 40 and 80 MHz to provide a flicker-free, noninterlaced, 60-Hz display at 1,800 by 1,400 pixels without using a long-persistence phosphor.
Packaged on a single standard-depth, double-height VMEbus Eurocard, the SS180 board has the map-one option available in three memory sizes: 128-K bytes, 512-K bytes, and 2 megabytes. Available now, the option is priced at £3,400 in the 2-megabyte board.
Europel Systems (Electronics) Ltd., Craven House, Craven Road, Newbury, Berkshire RG14 5NE, England. Phone 44 635 31047 [Circle 349]
**NEW WORK STATION OFFERS 1-s REPAINT**
Capable of repainting an AutoCAD screen in less than 1 s, a new entry in the work-station market offers 1,280-by-1,024-pixel resolution as well. The MicroDirect 286/CAE is fully compatible with software for the IBM Corp. Personal Computer PC AT and has been independently tested for its ability to run several popular software packages.
The work-station package, priced at $10,886, includes 1 megabyte of high-speed RAM on board; a 30-megabyte self-parking voice-coil hard-disk drive; 1.2-megabyte floppy disk; Pixelworks Clipper graphics card; Hitachi CM2073A color monitor; and one-year warranty.
MicroDirect Inc., 180 Bent St., Cambridge, Mass. 02141. Phone (617) 345-5800 [Circle 347]
ATE SYSTEM TESTS AT FULL CLOCK SPEED
FUNCTIONAL TESTING AT FULL SPEED ELIMINATES A SECOND SERIES OF SYSTEM TESTS
Besides costing $300,000 or more, functional board-test systems have another drawback: by testing nodes at less than full clock speed, they cannot catch timing problems, and that means another series of system tests must be run later.
A new in-circuit functional tester, Support Technologies Inc. model 3100, not only cuts purchase cost by a factor of almost 10, but also enables functional testing at the board's full speed. It tests microprocessor-based printed circuit cards with a software-selectable emulation-system technique. But instead of using the common method of replacing the microprocessor with an emulator, the tester probe is inserted in place of the EPROM, ROM, or PROM. By replacing the program memory, the tester gains control over the microprocessor.
The test-system software contains a control program that downloads target routines that stimulate certain parts of the printed-circuit board's normal operation. For example, it might load a routine that causes data to be transmitted and received via the board's on-board RS-232-C or Small Computer Systems Interface input/output port. The tester would then check the circuit's operation. If a fault occurred, it could then be isolated, leaving it to the human operator to probe backward from the faulty node to find the trouble. Or a programmer could program the trouble diagnostic "walkback" process into the tester for production-line use where operators are less experienced. A future version with upgraded software will tell the technician where to probe.
TRIPLE THREAT. The tester contains three modules: an emulator system, a measurement system, and a pin system. Each is contained on circuit modules that slide into one of up to 10 slots in the tester mainframe. The first unit emulates the microprocessor via the ROM sockets. There can be several emulator modules inside the mainframe at once. Each can concurrently emulate up to two microprocessors with 16-bit-wide data paths. If the board under test has more than two microprocessors, the system can be configured with a second or third emulator module to test all the microprocessors simultaneously. This capability is useful in boards where two or more slave processors control I/O operations under direction of a master, because processor coordination is necessary for system testing.
The measurement module provides the system's instrumentation in two 100-MHz variable-threshold input channels. Each can handle voltage swings between ±20 V. The two can be configured three ways. Both can operate to measure asynchronously occurring events. The two can be strung together as a single channel with two thresholds to measure the characteristics of a single waveform, such as rise and fall times and noise. Finally, both channels can operate synchronously, with one used for clock and the second for input data. The former can serve as a qualifier for the latter to look at data moving on a bus over a serial input link, for example.
The measurement system provides 100-MHz sampling that can measure asynchronous events occurring at a 40-MHz clock rate. That rate can measure even high-frequency clock pulses used to time microprocessor-based systems.
Instead of continuously filling the capture memory with the most recently occurring events in the circuit being monitored, the measurement system's logic analyzer can selectively sample the circuit and only record when activity occurs in the circuit. If the system is measuring the activity of an RS-232-C I/O port, the logic analyzer will record only when data is on the line, not when the line is idle and waiting for data to be received. Besides the logic analyzer, the measurement system also contains a frequency counter, period counter, and digital voltmeter. These can be used to measure signal levels coming into the measurement unit.
The third module in the tester is the pin-system module, which controls the operation of a bed-of-nails test fixture. Most testers with bed-of-nails probes are intended to probe every node in a printed circuit board being tested. By contrast, the bed-of-nails system in the 3100 probes only those pins that connect to a bus onboard the pc board or to pins that go to a bus off the board. The pin system in the bed-of-nails has comparators across all the pins. The comparators selectively switch on the fly to check every output from the bus. The pin system can imitate the bus protocol using the pin drivers and check for proper response using the pin comparators.
The Model 3100 Performance Test System is priced at $35,000 with the bed-of-nails fixture. Emulator modules for 8-bit microprocessors sell for $300; those for 16-bit units sell for $500, and for 32-bit processors $700. —Jonah McLeod
Support Technologies Inc., 7405 S.W. Tech Center Dr., Portland, Ore. 97223. Phone (503) 620-3554 [Circle 380]
ASIC TOOL CAN HANDLE MACROS, STANDARD CELLS
One goal of silicon compilation is to enable a system engineer inexperienced in application-specific integrated circuit design to enter a schematic into a work station and have the system take over—automatically compile the macro blocks (counters, registers, and so on), and place and route the compiled blocks among the standard cells used to connect the larger blocks. Until now, none of the ASIC layout tools could automatically place macro blocks and standard cells, though many could make a suggested placement, which the designer would often have to change. Moreover, router tools could route no more than 10
COMPAQ creates the with a business
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The first PC to offer a true minicomputer level of performance. It runs thousands of engineering and business programs 2-3 times faster than ever before possible.
The most advanced personal
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Minicomputer performance on your desktop
The COMPAQ DESKPRO 386 delivers minicomputer-level performance. Running at an impressive 16 MHz, its 80386 technology and advanced 32-bit architecture run engineering software like AutoCAD™ and CADVANCE™ and business programs like Lotus 1-2-3™ 2-3 times faster than any other advanced technology PC. Plus it welcomes boards for communicating with mainframes as well as industry-standard graphics display boards and peripherals, all crucial to your design. You can also add the 8-MHz Intel® 80287 coprocessor to speed graphics- and floating-point-intensive applications.
More memory to draw on
Every single component in the COMPAQ DESKPRO 386 has been optimized to take advantage of its increased speed and power. You can get up to 10 Megabytes of 32-bit high-performance RAM on the system board, 14 Megabytes overall, without waiting for new versions of DOS to use it.
The COMPAQ Expanded Memory Manager comes built in. It provides Lotus'/Intel/Microsoft® Expanded Memory Specification and VDisk support, letting you use up to 8 Megabytes of 32-bit RAM, which makes complex software run much faster than ever before.
More to work with
The COMPAQ DESKPRO 386 sports the fastest 40-, 70- and 130-Megabyte internal fixed disk drives in the industry so you can access data two times faster than other advanced-technology PCs.
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Exceptional speed, enhanced graphics and the ability to run today's UNIX*-based CAD/CAE software along with thousands of industry-standard business programs, make a versatile, cost-effective alternative to expensive dedicated workstations. Plus, the new COMPAQ DESKPRO 386 comes with a one-year warranty.
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Long after others copy its microprocessor, the new COMPAQ DESKPRO 386 will still be the world's most advanced personal computer because it incorporates dozens of separate enhancements.
It's no wonder COMPAQ Personal Computers have the highest user satisfaction rating in the industry. And no wonder we made the FORTUNE 500 faster than any other company in history. For the Authorized Dealer nearest you, or to obtain a brochure, call 1-800-231-0900 [in Canada, call 416-449-8741] and ask for operator 25.
It simply works better.
Score A Winning Touchdown with UMC
With backing from UNITED MICROELECTRONICS CORPORATION, one of our customers scored a winning touchdown with a voice control IC last year. He netted a profit of 2.5 million dollars on just one product. This is one of the many examples of how UMC helps its customers score financial goals.
UMC scored its first touchdown by becoming profitable 6 months after it went into operation and has been making a profit and registering phenomenal sales growth annually since then. Last year, 4 quarters of penalties left most companies sitting on the bench and several others were ejected from the game. UMC, however, still romped to a sales growth rate of 24.4%, which was the fourth best in the world and outscored 92% of the IC industry.
If you want to be on a winning team, go with a proven winner......UMC.
UNITED MICROELECTRONICS CORPORATION
CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS: NO. 3, INDUSTRIAL EAST THIRD ROAD SCIENCE BASED INDUSTRIAL PARK, HSINCHU CITY, TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA
SALES OFFICE: 9TH FLOOR, NO. 201-26, TUNHUA NORTH ROAD TAIPEI, TAIWAN, REPUBLIC OF CHINA TEL.: (02) 7152455 TLX: 28560 UMC TPE FAX: (02) 7166291
U.S.A. HEADQUARTERS: NMC CORPORATION 3054 SCOTT BLVD. SANTA CLARA, CA 95054 U.S.A. TEL: 408-7279239 TLX: 12730 NMC SNTA FAX: 408-9700548
to 20 macro blocks among a larger number of standard cells.
That situation has changed with the release of Version 4.0 of the Concorde Silicon Compilation Tools package. Significant revisions in this release include a new version of the Concorde placement tool that automatically places large numbers of macro blocks and standard cells. The only limitation to the number of macro blocks possible is the amount of computer memory and processing power. Seattle Silicon Technologies Inc. has successfully placed and routed 50 macro blocks on a standard-cell array.
In addition, the company has improved the router tool to handle two-layer metal, improving density over the previous version of the software. The router is guaranteed to provide a 100% route of any ASIC design.
**OVERRIDE OPTION.** The placement chosen by the system is most often the best arrangement possible. But the designer can override the unit and reposition blocks to reduce wire lengths or to evaluate other alternatives in a "what-if" analysis. "In the next few years, the placement algorithm will get so much better than manual placement that even the most experienced layout designer will not be able to improve on it," says Warren Snapp, vice president of engineering at Seattle Silicon. For small chips, the place-and-route tool executes in a few minutes.
Besides the placement algorithm, the router has been optimized for dual-layer-metal semiconductor processing. One improvement was to enable the placement tool to handle the cell routing. Previously, one metal layer was used entirely to wire circuits within a standard cell or macro block, while the second layer was used to wire between these elements via routing channels.
With the new software, instead of wiring a cell into a routing channel and into another cell, a connection can be run "over a cell" from one cell to another in the layer previously used to wire within the cells. With this "over-the-cell" routing, there is less need to have dedicated routing channels.
The routing algorithm has been changed to reduce the spacing between blocks. The company estimates that this compaction improves layout density by 20% over the previous generation of software. Plans are under way to change the router again to handle three-layer metal, which should improve density over the two-layer-metal technique but will fall short of the 20% gain that two-layer metal routing achieves over single-layer designs.
Besides the improved place-and-route tools, The Concorde software now provides power, circuit-size, and performance-data feedback to the designer at different stages in the process of design, schematic capture, and simulation. This allows the designer to explore at a high level how much power and space a given design will require and how much performance it can provide.
In addition, the tools have been enhanced to allow foreign modules—cells from a cell library—to be entered into a design containing compiled macro blocks and standard cells. Once the foreign module has been entered, it can be manipulated like any other block or cell.
Beta-site shipments of Version 4.0 of the Concorde Silicon Compilation Tools have begun. Full release is scheduled for Dec. 30.
*Jonah McLeod*
Seattle Silicon Technologies Inc., 12356 Northup Way, Bellevue, Wash. 98005. Phone (206) 883-2176 [Circle 381]
**SOFTWARE TURNS PC INTO DIGITAL SCOPE**
The Snapshot Storage Scope software package turns an IBM Personal Computer into a digital storage oscilloscope. Collecting data that has already been converted from analog to digital by one of the company's DT2801 data-acquisition boards, the package displays the information on the computer's monitor much as an oscilloscope would.
Data can be collected from up to four input channels, and all functions on the menu-driven program are executed with a single keystroke. The data collected and stored by the program is compatible with a variety of spreadsheet packages, such as DADiSP, Lotus 1-2-3, and Symphony. The $495 program is available immediately and delivery is from stock.
Data Translation Inc., 100 Locke Dr., Marlboro, Mass. 01752. Phone (617) 481-3700 [Circle 389]
**POWER METER CAN SUPPORT SIX INPUTS**
The 4300 Multichannel Power Meter supports up to six fully independent input channels and can simultaneously monitor, display, manipulate, and put out measurements between -70 and +70 dBm.
The system uses coaxial sensors with dynamic ranges of up to 90 dB that cover frequencies between 100 kHz and 26.5 GHz. Also available are waveguide sensors with 70-dB dynamic ranges going from 18 to 110 GHz. A programmable 30-MHz internal calibrator can be
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used to standardize any channel for accuracy better than ±1%.
The 4300 is ideal for swept measurements, the company claims, because data can be synchronized from channel to channel when the meter is in sample trigger mode. In that mode, the meter can produce measurements of all channels within a 20-ms timeframe. A four-channel configuration without sensors is priced at $6,325 and takes eight weeks for delivery.
Boonton Electronics Corp., 791 Rt. 10, Randolph, N. J. 07869.
Phone (201) 584-1077 [Circle 385]
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**PC SOFTWARE SPEEDS OSCILLATOR TESTING**
Easy-On software can cut oscillator testing time in half, its manufacturer says. Application-specific for settling time, post-tuning drift, hysteresis, and linearity, Easy-On is written around Basic and Compiled Basic for use with IBM Personal Computers and compatibles. It was designed for use with the company's 585 automatic pulse counter.
Requiring little or no computer knowledge on the part of the operator, the software includes a data-collection function that provides a plotted output of results to dot-matrix printers. The $250 package is available now.
EIP Microwave Inc., 2731 N. First St., San Jose, Calif. 95134.
Phone (408) 946-5700 [Circle 386]
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**PROBE-CARD TESTER IS FULLY AUTOMATIC**
Probe cards with up to 512 pins can be checked for resistance, trace leakage, and shorts using the Micronics 760C Computerized Probe Card Tester. The self-programming 760C automatically recognizes probes and displays data. It has a maintenance menu and can be used for probe-point planarization and...
alignment. A light pen can be used to interact with the display, which graphically shows contact at 1, 2, 3, or more microns, pin alignment, color-coded resistance values for each pin, connector-to-pin resistance, and other data. The $60,000 machine takes eight weeks for delivery.
Marubeni International Electronics Corp., 3285 Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, Calif. 95054. Phone (408) 727-8447 [Circle 387]
SOFTWARE LETS PC CONTROL INSTRUMENTS
An IBM Personal Computer AT or compatible is converted into an instrument controller with TestWindows Version 2.0, a program that lets the PC control any IEEE-488 programmable instrument. The new version includes facilities for guided-probe graphics and subroutine libraries.
TestWindow's key feature is Summation's IEEE-488 Window Generator, which simplifies programming and reduces development time for board, subassembly-, and system-level automatic testing. The user interface is simple: users select icons and commands with a mouse. There are two modes of operation—immediate and programming.
The company supplies windows designed for control of a variety of instruments, and users can create additional windows using an application program called Window Editor. Unit-priced at $1,950, TestWindows requires six weeks for delivery.
Summation Inc., 11335 N.E. 122nd Way, Kirkland, Wash. 98034. Phone (206) 823-7921 [Circle 388]
ONE-CHIP BELL 202 MODEM SELLS FOR UNDER $10
1,200-BAUD CHIP CUTS COSTS IN APPLICATIONS WHERE FAST TRANSMISSION IS NEEDED IN ONE DIRECTION
A one-chip asynchronous modem from Texas Instruments Inc. gives designers a price-performance advantage, with a price less than $10 in high volumes. In full-duplex mode, the frequency-shift-keying TCM3105 modem can transmit at 1,200 baud and receive at 150 baud—or vice versa—over two wires for such Bell 202 or CCITT V.23 applications as point-of-sale terminals, automatic teller machines, videotex systems, and remote data loggers.
The chip can also operate at 1,200 baud for both transmitting and receiving in the half-duplex mode. Other modem ICs that satisfy Bell 212 standards can run at 1,200 baud in full-duplex mode. But these chips must use more-complex phase-shift keying and for the most part sell for about $20 more than the TCM3105, according to TI.
The chip shines in applications where the vast majority of data flows in one direction and where low data rates in the other direction are acceptable. For example, a host computer that collects data from outside systems will likely receive far more data than it transmits.
The slower half of the conversation can be made invisible to the user, says TI, so that there is no perceived drop in performance relative to the Bell 212 approach. A videotex system that receives at 1,200 baud can therefore be built for a cost close to that of one based on the 300-baud Bell 103 standard.
Fabricated with TI's silicon-gate LinCMOS technology and incorporating switched-capacitor filters, the TCM3105 typically consumes only 5.5 mA from a single 5-V supply, which suits it for use in portable, battery-powered equipment. It is housed in a 16-pin ceramic DIP.
The modem is available now for 0° to 70°C operation at $9.94 in lots of 1,000. A version for the industrial temperature range, −40° to 85°C, is $15.83.
Texas Instruments Inc., Semiconductor Group, P.O. Box 809066, Dallas, Texas 75380. Phone (800) 232-3200 [Circle 440]
UART provides such functions as parallel data transfer, parity generation and checking, and overrun and framing-error detection, making possible direct connection of the modem IC to a microprocessor bus.
The Am79C12 lets the user choose parallel or serial data transmission through software control, making the device useful for applications ranging from integrated personal-computer modems to box modem designs. The CMOS chip does modulation, demodulation, filtering, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion, and other tasks. Thus only control circuits and a simple protective phone-line interface are needed to implement a complete modem.
The chip supports automatic dialing with dual-tone multifrequency generation, pulse dial-through support, progress tone detection, and answer-back tone detection. Digital signal-processing techniques implemented on chip ensure stability over time and temperature, and reduce noise and voltage sensitivity.
Available now in production quantities, the Am79C12 sells for $48 in lots of 100, housed in a 40-pin plastic dual inline package.
Advanced Micro Devices Inc., 901 Thompson Pl., P.O. Box 3453, Sunnyvale, Calif. 94088. Phone (408) 732-2400 [Circle 445]
1,200-BAUD MODEM IC CARRIES ITS OWN UART
Advanced Micro Devices Inc. believes its Am79C12 to be the first one-chip, 1,200-baud, full-duplex Bell 212A modem to incorporate an on-chip universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter. The
GaAs FET STICKS TO POWER BUDGET
The HMF-0330 gallium arsenide field-effect transistor delivers high amplifier-stage gain and hews to limited power-consumption budgets in microwave applications in the 2- to 20-GHz range. Typical maximum gain is 13.5 dB at 8 GHz with a 4-V drain-to-source bias and drawing only 20 mA.
Under similar conditions, maximum gain is 11 dB at 12 GHz and 8 dB at 18 GHz. The linear power capability of the FET associated with maximum-gain tuning is typically 14 dBm at 18 GHz, making it suitable for multiple successive gain blocks, including initial driver stages. The transistor's gate measures 300 by 0.5 μm.
Under low noise bias, the typical noise figure is 1.3 dB at 8 GHz, with an associated gain of 10.5 dB. The drain current at zero gate voltage (I_{DSS}) stays within a guaranteed range of 20 to 60 mA.
The manufacturer performs radio-frequency and reliability qualification of each wafer. A titanium-platinum-gold metalization system and dielectric scratch and short-circuit protection also add to the FET's reliability. It is available from stock at $12.75 in lots of 1,000.
Harris Microwave Semiconductor, 1530 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, Calif. 95035. Phone (408) 262-2222 [Circle 446]
CONVERTERS LINK ASCII GEAR TO HOST
Four protocol converters from May-Craft Information Systems Inc. offer a range of capabilities in interfacing personal computers, ASCII terminals, and printers with IBM Corp. host systems.
The 74R comes with 3, 5, 7, or 9 ports and supports access to two hosts. It emulates 3274 or 3276 control units and allows asynchronous terminals to emulate 3278 terminals.
The May-Craft 3780 is a bisynchronous unit that emulates IBM 3780, 2780, 2770, and 3741 behavior, allowing users to move data at 19.2 kb/s.
A third product, the 87P, interfaces standard ASCII printers to an IBM 3274, 3276, or 4701 control unit via the IBM Type A device adapter.
Finally, the 78T protocol converter links ASCII terminals and personal computers to IBM 3274 and 3276 controllers so they can emulate 3278-2 terminals. It operates at 19.2 kb/s on an RS-232-C interface and may be configured for dedicated or dial-up applications.
All the converters are available now. The 74R sells for $3,000 to $6,000, depending on configuration. The May-Craft 3780, 87P, and 78T are priced at $1,445, $1,495, and $995, respectively.
May-Craft Information Systems Inc., 4312 Beltwood Parkway South, Dallas, Texas 75244. Phone (800) 527-7456 [Circle 447]
CMOS TONE RECEIVERS ARE POWER MISERS
Three dual-tone multifrequency receiver integrated circuits from Crystal Semiconductor are said to offer superior dial-tone rejection performance and to require less power than alternative products. The CSC202, 203, and 204 all provide 22 dB of dial-tone rejection and run on a typical 22.5 mW.
The receivers recognize and decode dual-tone multifrequency signals and transmit digital signals that identify the received tone pair. They meet all central-office specifications.
Used for access and control, data entry, and phone switching applications, the CSC203 provides early detection of tone bursts for voice-messaging and private-branch-exchange applications. The CSC204 is designed for subscriber equipment such as telephone answering machines.
Built in 3-μm CMOS, the chips have tone sensitivity from −2 to −32 dBm.
In quantities of 1,000, the CSC202 is priced at less than $4.50, the 203 at less than $6, and the 204 at less than $3.25. Samples are available now.
Crystal Semiconductor Corp., 2024 E. Saint Elmo Rd., P. O. Box 17847, Austin, Texas 78760. Phone (512) 445-7222 [Circle 448]
SCHEMA is a complete, integrated schematic drawing software package for IBM Personal Computers. Use SCHEMA with your PC to draw schematics and automatically generate design documentation such as Wire and Net Lists, Bills of Materials, Design Rule Checks, etc. SCHEMA is $495 and supports most common PC hardware configurations. Call or write today for a free demo disk and brochure.
OMATION, INC.
1701 N. Greenville Ave., Suite 809
Richardson, TX 75081
(214) 231-5167
THE BEST Schematic Capture IS ONLY $495
• Runs on IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible, supporting most common graphic boards, printers and plotters
• Over 2000 unique library parts
• Part rotation & mirroring
• Rubberbanding of wires & buses when objects are moved
• Supports A through E size sheets
• True unlimited level hierarchy
• Visible grids, 5 zoom levels
• Color & monochrome graphics
• Draws non-orthogonal wires & buses
• Step & repeat with auto increment/decrement of labels
• Powerful keyboard macros & auto panning
• Netwire list, BOM, design check & library creation utilities
OrCAD gives you so many features, nothing else even comes close. Why settle for anything less? At only $495 you will discover that OrCAD/SDT is the most powerful and cost effective schematic design tool available... at any price!
Call today for your Free Demo Disk and brochure. All orders are shipped from stock for immediate delivery!
OrCAD Systems Corporation
1049 S.W. Baseline St., Suite 500
Hillsboro, OR 97123
(503) 640-5007
RELIABILITY PREDICTION SOFTWARE
ARE YOUR PRODUCTS RELIABLE?
RelCalc 2 automates MIL-HDBK-217D on your IBM PC!
Very easy to use. Demo package $25.
T-CUBED SYSTEMS
(619) 561-0057
31220 La Baya Drive, #110
Westlake Village, CA 91362
SPICE up your PC
Z/SPICE professional circuit simulation
Full version $300 Student version $79
ZTEC box 737, college place, wa 99324
(509)-529-7025
SPECIAL COMPUTER SOFTWARE SECTION
Electronics October 30 Issue: "Artificial Intelligence"
(Closing: October 9)
TO PLACE YOUR AD CALL ILENE FADER:
212-512-2984
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
PATENT SERVICES
Patentability Searches, Applications & Prosecutions • Marketing • Technology Transfer • Licensing • Consulting for the inventor.
CALL FOR FREE INFORMATION
AMERICAN INVENTORS CORPORATION
(800) 338-5656 In MA (413) 568-3753
HIRE 1988 & 1989 GRADUATING ENGINEERS —NEXT SUMMER!—
First, it’s in our industry’s best interest to hold and encourage its life-blood by providing career-conscious undergraduate engineering students with meaningful summer job experience in their future profession.
Second, since there’ll always be more anxious applicants than openings, you’ll be able to select the cream of the crop, then evaluate them under “game-conditions” with an eye towards hiring them as coveted graduates.
By filling out and returning the coupon below, your organization will be included in summer job listings to be featured in the January 1989 issue of McGraw-Hill’s GRADUATE ENGINEER.
This edition will be distributed to 90,000 engineering students on over 300 campuses by Deans and engineering department heads.
Please supply the name of the person students should contact, and a phone number for our checking purposes only.
PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE
Free summer job listing
MAIL TO: ELECTRONICS/POST OFFICE BOX 900/NEW YORK/NY 10020
NAME/TITLE of Individual to be contacted
NAME OF ORGANIZATION
ADDRESS: Mailing address of your personnel office
TYPE AND NUMBER OF STUDENTS SOUGHT:
Electrical Computer Mechanical Computer Science Other(Draftsman, etc.)
Note: Last date coupons can be accepted for this year’s summer job listings is November 19, 1986
**POSITIONS VACANT**
**Murkett Associates** — Technical Mgmt placement with national affiliates-fee paid Box 527, Montgomery, AL 36101.
**Electrical Design Engineer** — To do software research and development for telecommunications systems using queueing and system control theories to model, design, and analyze resource management software, using knowledge of C and UNIX Operating System. Requires a PhD in Electrical Engineering and specialization in developing optimal or easily implemented suboptimal resource sharing policies for communication networks. 40 hours per week (with schedule 8:00 am to 5:00 pm). Salary is $45,000 per year. Send resume to: Illinois Job Service, 910 South Michigan Avenue, Room 400, Chicago, Illinois 60605, Attention: Joan Haight. Reference #5621-H. An equal opportunity employer. An Employer Paid Ad.
---
**POSITIONS WANTED**
**Electronic Engr. for hire. Microprocessor based designs, controls, telecom. Contact or per diem. Mr. Barry Masel. 718-476-1516.**
---
**EMPLOYMENT SERVICES**
**Overseas — 75 Countries** — Interviewing now. All Fields — for Conn. interview. Send resume: Global Services, Ltd. Clinton, CT 06413. Transportation not paid to Connecticut.
---
**SPECIAL SERVICES**
**Hi-Tech Video Courses** — People needed to jointly rent video courses. Signal processing communications and artificial intelligence. Call 703-998-7749.
**Custom Hybrids** — RF Hybrids designs and produces custom hybrids for your unique requirements. We specialize in RF/Microwave. (800) 331-2313 or (206) 883-1732.
---
**INVENTIONS WANTED**
**Inventions, Ideas, new products wanted! Industry presentation / national exposition. Call 1-800-528-6050. Canada, 1-800-528-6060, X831.**
**Multi-billion Dollar International Company** can get your invention/product off the ground. We provide financing, set-up production and have worldwide marketing capabilities. Send product description, together with explanation outlining application if known, detailing improvements over current technology. Reply IW-3204, Electronics.
---
**MEETINGS**
**Semicon/Southwest '86**, Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute (805 East Middlefield Rd., Mountain View, Calif. 94043), Infomart, Dallas, Oct. 15-16.
**Scan-Tech '86**, Automatic Identification Manufacturers Inc. (1326 Freeport Rd., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15238), Moscone Convention Center, San Francisco, Oct. 15-17.
**International Conference on Semiconductor and Integrated Circuit Technology**, University of California-Berkeley, (Continued Education in Engineering, University Extension, Univ. of California, 2223 Fulton St., Berkeley, Calif. 94720), Beijing, People's Republic of China, Oct. 19-22.
**Intelec '86**: International Telecommunications Energy Conference, IEEE (Don Reid, Bell Northern Research, P.O. Box 3511, Station C, Ottawa, Ont. K1Y 4H7 Canada), Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Oct. 19-22.
**Convergence '86: International Congress on Transportation Electronics**, Society of Automotive Engineers (Suite 602, 3001 W. Big Beaver, Troy, Mich. 48084), Hyatt Regency, Dearborn, Mich., Oct. 20-22.
**International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis—1986**, American Society for Metals (Metals Park, Ohio 44073), Los Angeles Airport Hilton, Los Angeles, Oct. 20-24.
**Ergodesign 86**, Ergodesign (P.O. Box 122, CH-1820, Montreux, Switzerland), Montreux Congress Centre, Montreux, Switzerland, Oct. 21-24.
**Asia-Electronics**, Singapore Manufacturers' Association, et al. (Interfama Exhibitions PTE LTD, 1 Marine Parade Central, Parkway Builders' Centre, #10-03/06, Singapore 1544), World Trade Centre, Singapore, Oct. 21-25.
**1986 Joint Power Generation Conference**, IEEE (G.R. Meloy, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, P.O. Box 2870, Portland, Ore. 97208), Portland Hilton Hotel, Portland, Ore., Oct. 22-24.
**Fifth Annual Pacific Northwest Computer Graphics Conference**, University of Oregon (University of Oregon Continuation Center, 1553 Moss St., Eugene, Ore. 97403), Eugene Conference Center and Hult Center for the Performing Arts, Eugene, Ore., Oct. 27-28.
**IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts**, IEEE (Fern Katronetsky, IEEE Headquarters, 345 East 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017), Copley Plaza Hotel, Boston, Oct. 27-29.
**Interface International in Europe Conference and Exposition**, The Interface Group Inc. (300 First Ave., Needham, Mass. 02194), Parc des Expositions/Porte de Versailles, Paris, Oct. 27-29.
**ATE Silicon Valley Conference and Exposition**, MG Expositions Group (1050 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. 02215), Santa Clara Convention Center, Santa Clara, Calif., Oct. 27-30.
**Defense and Government Computer Graphics '86**, World Computer Graphics Association (P.O. Box N, Wayland, Mass. 01778), Washington Convention Center, Washington, Oct. 27-30.
**1986 IEEE GaAs IC Symposium, IEEE, et al.** (Robert Markunas, Research Triangle Institute, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709), Grenelefe Resort and Conference Center, Grenelefe, Fla., Oct. 28-30.
**Fall Joint Computer Conference**, IEEE Computer Society, et al. (1950 Stemmons Freeway, Suite 6038, Dallas, Texas, 75207), Infomart, Dallas, Nov. 2-6.
**AM '86**, Automated Manufacturing Exhibition and Conference, The Consortium for Automated Manufacturing (P.O. Box 5616, Greenville, S.C. 29606-5616), Greenville Technical College, Greenville, S.C., Nov. 3-6.
**Space Simulation Conference**, Institute of Environmental Sciences, et al. (940 East Northwest Highway, Mount Prospect, Ill. 60056), Sheraton Inner Harbor Hotel, Baltimore, Nov. 3-6.
**Lasers '86**, Society for Optical & Quantum Electronics (P. O. Box 245, McLean, Va. 22101), Peabody Hotel, Orlando, Fla., Nov. 3-7.
**International Electronic Imaging Exposition & Conference**, Morgan-Grampian Expositions Group, et al. (Ed Martin, Sales Manager, 1050 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, Mass. 02115), Sheraton-Boston Hotel, Boston, Nov. 4-6.
**International Workshop on Symbolic Layout and Compaction**, Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (Franc Brglez, MCNC/BNR, 3021 Cornwallis Rd., Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27709), Hotel Europa, Chapel Hill, N.C., Nov. 5-6.
**Electronica '86 and 12th International Microelectronics Conference**, Munich Fair and Expositions GmbH, et al. (Postfach 12 1009, D-8000 Munchen 12), Munich Trade Fair Center, Munich, West Germany, Nov. 11-15.
## Electronics Career Opportunities
### Fall 1986 Planning Guide
| Issue | Closing |
|------------------------|---------------|
| October 2 | September 15 |
| Computer Technology | |
| CAD/CAM/CAE | |
| October 16 | September 29 |
| Technology Outlook | |
| Special Issue | |
| ■ Semiconductors | |
| ■ Communications | |
| ■ CAD/CAM/CAE | |
| ■ Packaging & Production | |
| ■ Test & Measurement | |
| ■ Industrial Electronics| |
| ■ Consumer Electronics | |
| ■ Computers | |
| ■ Software | |
| Military Technology | |
| Military Career Section| |
| Postcom Readership Survey | |
| October 30 | October 10 |
| Software Technology | |
| Artificial Intelligence| |
| Issue | Closing |
|------------------------|---------------|
| November 13 | October 27 |
| Wescon Preview | |
| Bonus Distribution at Wescon | |
| Instruments Technology | |
| Automatic Test Equipment| |
| November 27 | November 10 |
| Communications Technology| |
| Fiber Optics | |
| Special Communication | |
| Career Section | |
| December 11 | November 24 |
| Semiconductor Technology| |
| Linear ICs | |
| IEDM Preview | |
| Military Technology | |
| Special Section: Military Electronics | |
| Postcom Readership Survey | |
| December 25 | December 8 |
| Computer Technology | |
| PC Boards | |
| Peripheral Boards | |
For more information, contact Susan Barnes-Ronga, National Recruitment Sales Representative, at (212) 512-2787.
---
**Analytic Systems/Intelligence Information Processing**
**CIA . . . where your CREATIVITY turns data into intelligence.**
At the Central Intelligence Agency, the heart of our operations is the analysis of raw information and its development into finished intelligence for the President and other senior U.S. policymakers. Many of the analytic tools for this critical function are developed by the Office of Research and Development.
To make important contributions to our analytic systems and intelligence information processing, we are seeking highly creative professionals with expert analytic skills, a strong background in Mathematics, Operations Research, or Computer Science, and interests in:
- Initiating and directing multidisciplinary research in analytic methodologies
- Applying operations research, mathematics, and computer science techniques to intelligence information processing and modeling
- Developing analytic models in the form of:
- simulation systems
- expert systems
- advanced graphics
- advanced computer applications
These positions require a PhD, or equivalent, and a minimum of two years experience. U.S. citizenship (both self and spouse) is mandatory. Employment is contingent upon full security and medical clearance.
Positions are located in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area; some travel is required. The salary range is $30,000 to $50,000 commensurate with education and experience.
For further information, send a detailed resume and request for application form to:
Recruitment Officer (Y10)
Office of Research & Development/ACS
Central Intelligence Agency
Washington, D.C. 20505
The CIA is an equal opportunity employer. Written inquiries only. We will respond within 30 days to those judged to be of further interest.
Mechanical Engineer
Utilizing a Computer Aided-Design System and applying knowledge of advanced design machine elements, candidate will design cost efficient mechanical parts for switches. Engineer will predict stress factors and ensure product reliability through the use of finite element modal analysis. Requires a Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering and six months direct experience in the job being offered and as described. Salary, $600.00 P.W., 40 Hrs., P.W., 9 A.M. to 5 P.M., M-F. Send resume to Illinois Job Service, 910 S. Michigan Avenue, Room 333, Chicago, IL 60605. Ref. # 6262, Attn: Robert S. Felton. An Employer Paid Ad.
Service Technician To install high-speed counting, tipping, web finishing & continuous web finishing equipment; provide training/phone service assistance to customers; provide training & technical support to staff.
4 years experience or 4 years experience as counting equipment technician required including work with: all types of paper; wiper pin/suction blade method of counting paper; circuit drawings, wire color codes, electronic circuit boards; hand tools; multimeter.
40hr/wk, $15.85/hr, $23.78/hr. overtime. Send resume to:
ILLINOIS JOB SERVICE
910 South Michigan Avenue - Room 333
Chicago, Illinois 60605
Attention: L. Donegan
Reference #5644-L
AN EMPLOYER PAID AD
A New Chapter Begins in Factory Automation
...Make History With Intel in Phoenix!
Our quest for the new and innovative in state of the art electronics has produced new openings and opportunities unlimited for professionals who want to become a part of Intel’s success story. We’re seeking can-do CIM specialists to work on challenging projects to automate the worldwide facilities of our Semiconductor Components Group.
Systems Engineers, Developers, and Technologists are being sought to define and develop Cell Control, Material Handling Control, Shop Floor Control, and CAD/CAM integration in a real CIM environment. We are looking for proven achievers with manufacturing knowledge and familiarity with DEC, Intel, and IBM computers in a factory control environment.
Management positions are available at principal and senior levels in the specific areas listed below:
- Database Engineering
- Real Time Programming
- System Design
- Material Handling System Design
- Applications Engineering
- Network Engineering
- Expert System Engineering
In addition to the challenges and visibility associated with the move of this major group to the Valley of the Sun, you’ll have the added benefit of living and working in one of the most desirable cities in the Sunbelt.
Consider how you might fit into our new group in sunny Phoenix. For immediate consideration, please call Mike Gore or Charlotte Wells collect at (602) 961-5794 or send your resume to their attention at: Intel Corporation, Dept. 280S61, 5000 W. Chandler Blvd., Chandler, AZ 85226. An Equal Opportunity Employer M/F/H.
Advertising Sales Staff
Atlanta, Ga. 30319: Joseph Milroy
4170 Ashford-Dunwoody Road N.E.
[404] 252-0626
Boston, Mass. 02116:
M. E. "Candy" McKibbon, Jr.
575 Boylston St.
[617] 262-1160
633-1155 Mob. Phone
Chicago, Ill. 60611: William J. Walker
[312] 751-3738
645 North Michigan Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44113:
[216] 496-3800
Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626: Fran Cowen
3001 Red Hill Ave., Bldg. # 1 Suite 222
[714] 557-6292
Dallas, Texas 75240: Harry B. Doyle, Jr.
5181 Bell Line Road, Suite 907
[214] 424-8100
Englewood, Co. 80112: Harry B. Doyle, Jr.
7400 South Alton Court Suite 111
[303] 740-8333
Houston, Texas 77040: Harry B. Doyle, Jr.
7600 West Tidwell, Suite 500
[713] 462-0757
Los Angeles, Calif. 90010: Chuck Crowe
3333 Wilshire Blvd.
[213] 480-5210
New York, N.Y. 10066:
Matthew T. Piacenza [212] 512-3617
John Gallie [212] 512-4420
1221 Avenue of the Americas
Stamford, Ct. 06802:
Albert L. Lieber
777 Long Ridge Road, Bldg. A
[203] 968-7115
San Mateo, Calif. 94404:
Larry Goldstein, Jeffrey C. Hoopes, William H. Sleight
3rd Floor
951 Menlo Park Blvd.
[415] 345-4100
Philadelphia, Pa. 19102: Joseph Milroy
Three Parkway, [215] 496-3800
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219: Joseph Milroy
Suite 215, 6 Gateway Center, [215] 496-3800
Southfield, Michigan 48075:
4000 Town Center, Suite 770, Tower 2
[313] 352-9760
San Francisco, Calif. 94111:
Larry Goldstein, Jeffrey C. Hoopes, William H. Sleight
425 Battery Street
[415] 962-4600
Frankfurt/Main: Fritz Krusebecker, Dieter Rothenbach
19 Liebigstrasse, Germany
Tel: 72-01-81
Milano: Maria Capuano
1 via Baracchini, Italy
Tel: 86-90-656
Paris: Jean -Christian Ads, Alain Faure
129 Faubourg Saint Honore, 75008 Paris, France
Tel: [1] 42-89-0381
Scandinavia: Andrew Karrig
Finnmalmgatan
S-131 31 Nacka
Sweden
Tel: 45-8-440005
Tokyo: Hirokazu Morita
McGraw-Hill Publishing Overseas Corporation,
Kasumigaseki Building 2-5, 3-chome,
Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
[581] 9811
United Kingdom: Art Scheffer
34 Dover Street, London W1
Tel: 01-493-1451
Business Department
Thomas E. Vashon
Director of Operations
[212] 512-2627
Leon Irgang
Circulation Director
[609] 426-5542
Roseann Lehmann
Office Administrator
[212] 512-2627
Customer Service
[212] 512-6643
Frances Vallone
Mgr./Marketing Adm.
[212] 512-6058
Patricia Parks
Billing Specialist
[212] 512-2589
Thomas M. Egan
Production Director
[212] 512-2740
Carol Gallagher
Production Manager
[212] 512-2045
Evelyn S. Smith
Production Manager Related Products
[212] 512-2044
Classified Advertising
[212] 512-2556
Recruitment Advertising
Susan Barbara Ronga
[212] 512-2787
[212] 512-2788
Advertisers Index
ACS imports 13
Advanced Micro Devices 6-7
AMP Incorporated 50, 51
AT&T Communications Int'l 110, 111
ATT Information Systems 82, 83
Best Western 113
Compaq Computer Corp. 106, 107
Corptech 81
Data Translation 26
DuPont Connector Systems 72, 73
Fairchild Semiconductor 52, 53
Fujitsu Ltd. 45
General Electric Plastics 98, 99
GENRAD 14, 15, 34, 35
Hayes Microcomputer Products 54
Hewlett Packard Company 42, 43
Inmos Corporation 10, 11, 22
LeCroy Corporation 9
Lebold Hereaus GmbH 3rd C
Livingston Development Corporation 17-20
Matrox Electronics Systems Ltd. 4th C
Mitel Corporation 2
Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc. 38, 39, 64, 65, 97
Murata Mfg. Co. 88
National Microelectronics (UMC Corporation) 108, 109
National Semiconductor 2nd C, 1
NEC Electronics (Europe) Gmbh 14, 15
Net Express 45
Philips Elcoma 34, 35
Philips T&M 25
Potter & Brumfield Inc. 25
Rohde & Schwarz 29
SGS 98, 99
Siemens AG 74, 75
Solitron Devices Inc. 12
Teknecomp S.p.A. 119
Teradyne Inc. 46, 47
TWA 49
Zenith Data Systems 30
Classified advertising
Aerotech Inventors Corporation 114
Omnitech Incorporated 114
Orcad Systems Corp. 114
T-Cubed Systems 114
Z-Tech 114
Career Opportunity 114
Central Intelligence Agency 116
Intel 117
Illinois Job Services 117
For more information of complete product line see advertisement in the latest Electronics Buyers Guide
* Advertisers in Electronics International
$ Advertisers in Electronics domestic edition
A speedy new single-chip contender is getting set to make a splash in digital signal processing. Zoran Corp.’s ZR34161 uses vector-handling techniques to gulp down blocks of data, rather than picking off a single data input at a time as scalar processors do. Vector processing alone is a big speed booster, and Zoran enhances it with embedded signal-processing algorithms that radically pare down system overhead.
The Santa Clara, Calif., company’s 16-bit CMOS VSP is the first monolithic signal processor to utilize the powerful vector-handling techniques employed for scientific data processing in large vector computers and minicomputer array processors...
Excerpted from an exclusive article in the July 24, 1986 issue.
IBM CUTS PRICES, ENHANCES RT PC
Less than a month after IBM Corp. delivered the first models of its RT Personal Computer, Big Blue is already offering enhancements to the basic product—and cutting prices, too. The RT is a high-powered reduced-instruction-set machine [Electronics, Jan. 27, 1986, p. 14] aimed at the high end of the engineering market.
Among the changes: a twofold increase in internal memory capacity; a floating-point accelerator card that can triple the speed of floating-point calculations; a facility to double the number of system users to 16; and price cuts of 20% to 32%, depending on the model. Even with the price cut, though, the machines don't come cheap: the least expensive RT PC will go for at least $7,000.
NEC DEVELOPS LOW-NOISE VCR
Not only is its DX1000U VHS video cassette recorder the first consumer model to use digital noise reduction techniques, says NEC Consumer Electronics, but the new machine outperforms four-head VCRs—even though it uses the more conventional two-head technology. NEC claims the $699 VCR offers a 9-dB improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio. The noise reduction system works only in the playback mode and is based on the summing of two consecutive video fields. Picture information is effectively doubled, while random noise increases minimally.
OLIVETTI BUYS TRIUMPH-ADLER
Ing. C. Olivetti & Co. has completed its takeover of the West German office equipment maker Triumph-Adler AG from Volkswagenwerk AG. VW relinquished 98.4% of its shares in Triumph-Adler to the Italian company, and in return the West German car maker has acquired 5% of Olivetti—worth a total of $300 million. Olivetti wasted no time installing a new man to head Triumph-Adler's operations in Nuremberg: Francesco Tato has already taken over.
TI PLANS MOVE INTO BiCMOS
Texas Instruments is marrying bipolar and CMOS technology in a new family of three-state bus interface circuits. Joining a growing BiCMOS trend, TI will announce the series later this year under the name ABCT, for advanced bipolar CMOS with TTL-compatible input-output signals. The devices will be made using a variation on TI's bipolar Impact technology, to which masks for CMOS transistors will be added. TI is also working on Impact-CS, an enhanced 1.5-μm version it says will improve performance in the CMOS portion of the devices. Next year, TI will roll out another BiCMOS mixture, based on CMOS technology and aimed at very large-scale integrated logic and 1-μm random-access memories.
ATARI READIES PUBLIC OFFERING
Warner Communications Inc. will finally get something out of its relationship with Atari Corp. when the Sunnyvale, Calif., computer maker goes public this fall. Atari will offer 4.5 million shares of stock at between $11.50 and $13.50 a share; it will use part of the proceeds to pay off the $36.1 million still owed Warner as part of the deal under which Atari chairman Jack Tramiel took control of the struggling company in 1984. Warner now owns 7.1 million shares in Atari, representing about 25% of the stock that will be outstanding after the offer. Tramiel will own 45%. Atari earned about $8.5 million on sales of $105.6 million in the first half of 1986—which is not much when compared with the $750 million Warner reportedly has lost since it bought Atari in 1976.
ZYMOS SEARCHES FOR A NEW CEO
Zymos Corp., the Sunnyvale, Calif., maker of ASICs that has lost more than $35 million over the past three years, is looking for a new chief executive officer following the resignation of founder W. Bert Braddock. Vice president Haller M. Moyers has been named interim chief operating officer. Meanwhile, Daewoo Corp., the Korean conglomerate that bought control of Zymos in August, named its chairman, W.C. Kim, to chair the Zymos board of directors, a post that had been vacant since February.
ASHTON-TATE TO ACQUIRE DRI
Ashton-Tate Inc. plans to acquire Decision Resources Inc., an independent supplier of business graphics software for microcomputers. With about $13 million in annual sales and more than 100 employees, the Westport, Conn., company will get $12.9 million in the deal, which should be completed by Oct. 1.
TELEVIDEO MERGING WITH ALPHA MICRO
Televideo Systems Inc. will combine its line of terminals and work stations with Alpha Micro multiuser computers—if Televideo's takeover offer is successful. The Sunnyvale, Calif., firm offered $25 million in cash and $25 million in stock in a friendly $8-per-share offer for Alpha Micro, Santa Ana, Calif., which was accepted by the Alpha Micro board to thwart a $6-per-share bid from Point 4 Data Systems, Inc. Point 4, of Tustin, Calif., said it does not intend to make a counteroffer.
NATIONAL, MMI TO CUT PLANT HOURS
Continued poor semiconductor sales are forcing Monolithic Memories, Inc., and National Semiconductor Corp. to plan temporary plant closings during the balance of 1986. MMI will close its manufacturing operations for 19 days between Sept. 29 and Jan. 1. Nonmanufacturing personnel will shift to four-day work weeks from now through Nov. 23, when the company will shut down for three weeks. A second three-week shutdown is planned around Christmastime. National will shut its plants for 14 days, not counting seven paid holidays. Combined, the closings will affect more than 12,000 employees.
If the card below has already been used, you may obtain the needed information by writing directly to the manufacturer, or by sending your name and address, plus the Reader Service card number and issue date, to Electronics Reader Service Department, P.O. Box 2713, Clinton, Iowa 52735.
Electronics
October 2, 1986 This Reader Service Card expires January 2, 1987
Name ____________________________________________ Title _______________________
Phone ___________________________________________ Company _____________________
Street address (company | or home | check one) ________________________________
City _____________________________________________ State ______________ Zip ______
Signature ________________________________________ Date ______________
Was this magazine personally addressed to you? | Yes | No
Industry classification (check one)
A. □ Computers, Computer Systems and Equipment
B. □ Communications, Communications Systems and Equipment
C. □ Military / Space Systems and Equipment
D. □ Industrial Systems, Control Equipment
E. □ Electronic Subassemblies, Components and Materials
F. □ Test and Measurement Equipment
G. □ Consumer Products
H. □ Medical Systems and Equipment
I. □ Software
J. □ Research & Development
K. □ Educational 2-4 Year College University
L. □ Other __________________________ Please specify
Your principal job responsibility (check one)
A. □ Corporate: Operating and General Management
B. □ Design & Development Engineering
C. □ Engineering Services
D. □ Basic Research
E. □ Manufacturing & Production
F. □ Other
Estimate number of employees (at this location):
| 1 | 16 | 31 | 46 | 61 | 76 | 91-106 | 121 | 136-151 | 166 |
|---|----|----|----|----|-----|--------|----|---------|-----|
| 2 | 17 | 32 | 47 | 62 | 77 | 92-107 | 122 | 137-152 | 167 |
| 3 | 18 | 33 | 48 | 63 | 78 | 93-108 | 123 | 138-153 | 168 |
| 4 | 19 | 34 | 49 | 64 | 79 | 94-109 | 124 | 139-154 | 169 |
| 5 | 20 | 35 | 50 | 65 | 80 | 95-110 | 125 | 140-155 | 170 |
| 6 | 21 | 36 | 51 | 66 | 81 | 96-111 | 126 | 141-156 | 171 |
| 7 | 22 | 37 | 52 | 67 | 82 | 97-112 | 127 | 142-157 | 172 |
| 8 | 23 | 38 | 53 | 68 | 83 | 98-113 | 128 | 143-158 | 173 |
| 9 | 24 | 39 | 54 | 69 | 84 | 99-114 | 129 | 144-159 | 174 |
| 10 | 25 | 40 | 55 | 70 | 85 | 100-115 | 130 | 145-160 | 175 |
| 11 | 26 | 41 | 56 | 71 | 86 | 101-116 | 131 | 146-161 | 176 |
| 12 | 27 | 42 | 57 | 72 | 87 | 102-117 | 132 | 147-162 | 177 |
| 13 | 28 | 43 | 58 | 73 | 88 | 103-118 | 133 | 148-163 | 178 |
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The Monroe County Commissioners met in a regular meeting on January 22, 2020 at 10:00 a.m. with the following members present: Julie Thomas, President; Lee Jones, Vice President; and Penny Githens, Commissioner. Also present: Jordan Miller, Payroll Administrator; Jeff Cockerill, Attorney; Angie Purdie, Commissioners’ Administrator; and Anita Freeman, Deputy Auditor. Not present: Lisa Ridge, Highway Director.
I. CALL TO ORDER
Meeting called to order by Thomas
II. COMMISSIONERS’ PUBLIC STATEMENT
Statement read by Thomas
III. PUBLIC COMMENT – FOR ITEMS NOT ON THE AGENDA, LIMITED TO 3 MINUTES
Hello. My name is Sarah Cahillane. I’m the Director of Development at Mother Hubbarb’s Cupboard and I serve on the Monroe County Affordable Housing Commission and I have served on it since its inception. Thank you for starting this commission in 2018. All residents in Monroe County deserve a safe and livable home. Unfortunately we are also the most expensive housing market in Indiana. Combined with an overall high cost of living and a high level of poverty this poses accommodation challenges both home owners and renters. According to US Census data from 2017 the poverty rate in Monroe County is 24.7% with 27.2% of children under 5 living in poverty. The shortage of affordable housing in our community has dire consequences. Cost burden households lack financial security, employers face challenges with work force attraction and retention, employees move outside of Monroe County in search of more affordable housing and workers must live further away from jobs increasing traffic congestion and enduring longer commute time. So far we have proposed that Monroe County declare housing as a human right. Local governments are key to establishing housing as a human right in the United States. The
Affordable Housing Advisory Commission believes that declaring a human right to housing is an essential statement to our community’s values that can also ensure future housing related policies will protect the most vulnerable in our community. We submitted a guest column on this topic and it was published by The Herald-Times in April and we also provided a proposed resolution on housing as a human right to the Monroe County Commissioners last spring. We have shared several housing focused proposals with the Monroe County Commissioners for consideration. These proposals include:
- Rental Registration and Inspection Program to support the safety of rental housing in Monroe County.
- An Owner-Occupied Rehabilitation Program to help low and moderate income households make needed repairs, accessibility modifications or rehabilitate their owner-occupied homes, especially to address a gap in services in the 2 mile fringe in Monroe County.
- A Down Payment and Closing Costs Assistance Program to help low and moderate income households to become homeowners in Monroe County.
- Establish a Land Bank to purchase distressed property that could be reallocated for the production of affordable housing.
- A Landlord Risk Mitigation Fund to provide peace of mind for property owners and overcome the barriers for renting to higher risk tenants.
We have been tracking updates to the Monroe County Consolidated Development ordinance or the zoning code, to ensure that these important land use controls recognize and support the local housing needs. We appreciate the Monroe County Commissioners are on track to accomplish a timely execution of a new contract and achieve a full update to the CDO. We would ask that you make timely appointments to the commission. We have several open seats and there are several applications waiting for your review. Thank you for your support of The Affordable Housing Advisory Commission and your leadership to help all residents of Monroe County have a safe and secure place to live in peace and dignity. Thank you.
IV. APPROVAL OF MINUTES
- DECEMBER 18, 2019
- JANUARY 8, 2020
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
Motion carried by voice vote.
V. APPROVAL OF CLAIMS DOCKET
- ACCOUNTS PAYABLE – JANUARY 22, 2020
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
(Miller) Total for Accounts Payable - $1,782,142.62
- $547,847.40 – CRIDER & CRIDER – HARTSTRAIT CONNECTOR ROAD
- $231,835.95 – E & B PAVING – AIRPORT PROJECT 35
- $178,730.38 – NORTH PARK LLC – RDC BOND PAYMENT/ST 46 CORRIDOR
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
VI. REPORTS
- TREASURER’S – DECEMBER 2019
- TRAFFIC/ROAD UPDATE - NONE
VII. NEW BUSINESS
A. MOVE TO APPROVE: GRABER POST BUILDINGS AGREEMENT FOR KARST COMMONS BUILDING ROOF REPLACEMENT.
FUND NAME: TBD FUND NUMBER: TBD AMOUNT: $9,979
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
(Kelli Witmer) The Commons Building at Karst Farm Park room is 28 years old and it’s leaking. It’s not the first time that it has leaked. The Park Board decided to pay out of their own funds to replace the roof and to add gutters, downspouts and snow guards for the public’s safety.
(Githens) I was at the Parks meeting last week so I’ve heard about this before.
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
B. MOVE TO APPROVE: RESOLUTION 2020-02; REGARDING MUTUAL RELEASE & SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT WITH CALFEE ZONING.
FUND NAME: N/A FUND NUMBER: N/A AMOUNT: N/A
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
Dave Schilling from the Legal Department and representing you with this resolution and attached to the resolution is a settlement & release agreement that relates to the contract between Monroe County and Calfee Zoning for the redrafting of our zoning ordinance. That contract was entered into and performed for a while, but I think over the course of time both sides realized that it wasn’t a beneficial relationship and so we’ve decided to terminate that relationship. This settlement and release agreement reflects the party’s agreement as to how to terminate and move forward. Essentially under this agreement both party’s walk away, no additional payments, no costs and release of any future claims by both parties. We think this is the best way forward to clear the path to work with our new consultant and to protect some of our county resources and time. So we present this to you and the way it’s drafted it would authorize, if you approve this, the president of the Board of Commissioners to sign this settlement agreement on behalf of the county.
(Githens) Do we have all the work product that we expected to receive from Calfee? Do we have that in hand?
(Schilling) We have what we have received. But I think that was part of it that there were differing expectations on this agreement that lead to the issue.
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
C. MOVE TO APPROVE: ORDINANCE 2020-01; AMENDING THE OPIOID ADVISORY COMMISSION.
FUND NAME: N/A FUND NUMBER: N/A AMOUNT: N/A
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
(Cockerill) This as an ordinance amending the Opioid Advisory Commission. There have been several changes since the one that entered the packet. So I’ll go through and highlight the major ones. One is that it will be renamed to the Monroe County Substance Use Community Awareness Commission. That it will have the same appointments that it’s historically has which is a number set by the Board of Commissioners. The final change would be that this would call for at least a bi-annual substance use disorder awareness summit as opposed to an annual. In the event they don’t have one in any of the years they shall endeavor to have two public events concerning substance use.
(Thomas) So this is really an interesting opportunity to sort of broaden the scope of the commission.
(Githens) It was very interesting as we look at sort of arrest records that are going on currently, there’s a lot of arrests for methamphetamine. We also, one of the previous board members indicated that he had been in discussion with people at the emergency department here at IU Health and that most of the visits were for people with alcohol issues, so we just felt like there were a lot of other substances that we needed to be able to address not just opioids because there are so many other things that impact our community.
(Jones) Since opioids are not actually the most serious problem of this sort that we have I’m very pleased to see the broadening of this commission.
(Githens) We also felt that things like alcohol and other things are connected with some of the date rape that happens and so we really wanted to be able to address other things within the community. So I appreciate the fact that people are willing to broaden this.
(Thomas) Yeah. So there’s been a change from the published agenda in terms of the packet, in terms of this ordinance, do we need to actually state what the amendments are to this since it was published?
(Cockerill) I think you could say as presented, and I think I’ve gone through the real changes that were different than what was published. So I think the community would have a feel of what the differences are.
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
D. MOVE TO APPROVE: RESOLUTION 2020-01; EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT & PROBATION DEPARTMENTS SURPLUS PROPERTY.
FUND NAME: N/A FUND NUMBER: N/A AMOUNT: N/A
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
(Cockerill) We have two departments who have found things in their areas that are either no longer needed or have expired. I think the Probation Department has 36 Kevlar vests that are now expired. The Emergency Management has a cluster of things that are outlined in exhibit ‘A’ that includes leaf rakes and those kinds of things that are in terrible to broken conditions so this is just to declare them surplus property so we can get them moved out and utilize the space better.
(Thomas) So these could be thrown out, auctioned off or in the case of the Kevlar vests those are going to be recycled, right?
(Cockerill) I think they’re all not worth the effort to sell. So I think we will dispose them. I think the Kevlar vests will go back to the manufacture because we don’t want to mess with the materials.
(Jones) I’m just curious. I don’t fully know the whole policy behind this. When a department comes up with something that’s broken or can’t be used does it all have to be put in storage and then eventually declared surplus?
(Cockerill) I guess my feeling is it doesn’t have to be put into storage, but if it’s on our inventory or assets list it needs to go through this body to get rid of so we can make sure or asset list is maintained properly.
(Purdie) We really don’t have storage which is part of the problem.
(Jones) I’m a little surprised that note books are an asset.
(Cockerill) I think some of the things are just included on a list that has other things and we’re just be overly cautious.
(Githens) I think we have people that would go to that effort if we asked them too.
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
E. MOVE TO APPROVE: RATIFICATION OF ELITE ELECTRICAL, LLC AGREEMENT REGARDING VOTER REGISTRATION REMODEL.
FUND NAME: ELECTION FUND FUND NUMBER: 1215 AMOUNT: $2,000
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
(Cockerill) This and the two following items are all concerning the renovation of the current Voter Registration space. We discussed this last week at the work session. In order to accommodate the Monday holiday and get a lot of the noisier work done you guys went ahead
and approved it and this is just a ratification of those agreements. Primarily this will remove some walls and it will add a wall to expand the space and new flooring throughout because the tile was getting slick at certain times of the year, when you vote in May and November you expect some kind of precipitation.
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
F. MOVE TO APPROVE: RATIFICATION OF WEDDLE BROS BUILDING GROUP, LLC AGREEMENT REGARDING VOTER REGISTRATION REMODEL.
FUND NAME: ELECTION FUND FUND NUMBER: 1215 AMOUNT: $20,000
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
(Thomas) This is the same project that Mr. Cockerill just talked about. Any comments, questions on this particular part of the contract?
(Githens) Yeah. On “Base Bids Scope of Work” items # 1 & 7, I pointed out last week that the contract is only for the bottom floor, not the entire building and it still says the entire building under the contract.
(Cockerill) I believe we do have a quote that says just for the ‘space’ and we’ll include that as the exhibit.
(Thomas) Yeah, it’s in the quote material.
(Githens) I know they’ve gotten started any idea exactly of when they might get finished?
(Cockerill) I want to say that I saw an email that said 2-3 weeks.
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
G. MOVE TO APPROVE: RATIFICATION OF BOUNDS FLOORING, INC AGREEMENT REGARDING VOTER REGISTRATION REMODEL.
FUND NAME: ELECTION FUND FUND NUMBER: 1215 AMOUNT: $17,295.30
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
(Thomas) This is the last piece of the same group of contracts regarding early voter space and specifically for the flooring.
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
H. MOVE TO APPROVE: DLZ INDIANA, LLC AGREEMENT FOR RIGHT-OF-WAY SERVICES FOR VERNAL PIKE CONNECTOR ROAD.
FUND NAME: WESTSIDE DEVELOPMENT AREA FUND NUMBER: 4920
AMOUNT NOT TO EXCEED: $102,960
Jones made motion to approve. Githens seconded.
(Cockerill) This project is the expansion of the Sunrise Greeting Court to Gates Drive to help alleviate vehicles on Curry Pike and Third Street and help with the traffic flow in the area. There is some right-of-way we have to acquire in order to do this. I’m just looking through this
because I believe that amount is a ‘not to exceed’ amount. I want to make sure that is clear based upon what is necessary. But it does not include if they have to go to court for condemnation. And it is ‘not to exceed’.
(Thomas) Thank you. So noted.
(Githens) So they’re just serving as an agent for the county in this situation?
(Cockerill) Correct.
After call for public comment, motion carried by voice vote.
VIII. APPOINTMENTS
Jones made motion to appoint. Githens seconded.
- Mary Morgan – Affordable Housing Advisory Commission – 2 year term
- Cathi Crabtree - Affordable Housing Advisory Commission – 2 year term
- William E. Smith - Affordable Housing Advisory Commission – 2 year term
- Sarah Cahillane - Affordable Housing Advisory Commission – 2 year term
- M. Davis O’Quinn – Alcoholic Beverage Board – 1 year term
- Kenneth Buzzard – Animal Management – 3 year term
- William R. Pugh, M.D. – Board of Aviation Commission – 4 year term
- Angela Purdie – Child Protection Team – 3 year term
- James Faber – Drainage Board – 4 year term
- Danielle Banchant-Bell – Historic Preservation Board of Review - 3 year term
- Vauhxx Booker – Human Rights Commission – 2 year term
- William Smith – Human Rights Commission – 2 year term
- Byron Bangert – Human Rights Commission – 2 year term
- Doris Parlette – Human Rights Commission – 2 year term
- Eric Sader – Human Rights Commission – 2 year term
- Kathleen Sideli – Human Rights Commission – 2 year term
- David Ferguson – Library Board – 4 year term
- Rick Crouch – Licensing Board – 4 year term
- Josh McConnell – Licensing Board – 4 year term
- John Phillip Cornwell – Parks & Recreation Board – 4 year term
- Tyler Henke – South Central Regional Sewer District – 4 year term
- Joe Goss – Traffic Commission – 2 year term
- Paul White, Sr. – Traffic Commission – 2 year term
- Amanda Turnipseed -- Traffic Commission – 2 year term
- Steve Malone – Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
- Beverly Calender-Anderson – Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
• Tamara Kirby – Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
• Carol Weiss-Kennedy – Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
• Rebecca Figg - Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
• Emily Bock – Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
• Kassandra Botts - Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
• Jean Capler - Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
• Whitney Meeks - Substance Use Disorder Community Awareness Commission – 2 year term
• Lisa Abbott – Redevelopment Commission – 1 year term
• Richard Martin – Redevelopment Commission – 1 year term
• Jim Shelton – Redevelopment Commission – 1 year term
All in favor, motion carried by voice vote.
IX. ANNOUNCEMENTS
• Bloomington Early Music will hold a concert in the Courthouse Rotunda Saturday, January 25, 2020 at 7pm.
• Accepting applications for all boards and commissions. Plat Committee currently has two openings. For more information about the boards and commissions you may go to www.co.monroe.in.us.
• Next Commissioners’ Meeting: January 29, 2020, 10am in the Nat U Hill meeting room, 3rd floor of the courthouse.
X. ADJOURNMENT
The minutes of the January 22, 2020 Board of Commissioners’ meeting were approved on, February 5, 2020.
Monroe County Commissioners
Ayes:
Julie Thomas, President
Lee Jones, Vice President
Penny Githens
Nays:
Julie Thomas, President
Lee Jones, Vice President
Penny Githens
Attest:
Catherine Smith, Auditor
1. Penny Caudill – Health Administrator
a. Harm Reduction Agreement
2. Lisa Ridge – Highway Director
a. Miscellaneous
3. Legal Department
a. David Schilling – Amending the Auditor’s Endorsement Fee
b. Miscellaneous
4. Angela Purdie – Commissioners’ Administrator
a. Miscellaneous
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The Power of Proactive Management
As we travel to different Ruppert offices, talk to employees and hear their stories, we are often impressed with the various personal and career successes they’ve had and are reminded of the many different roles we play as managers. Often when we think about those in our lives who have made a tremendous impact on us—shaping our beliefs, goals and outlook—we think of our parents, children or siblings. But in many ways, company managers are often cast in the same role, either actively or passively, and can have similar and lasting effects on a person’s professional and personal life. In many cases, managers are credited with not only turning careers around, but also turning lives around.
Managing people doesn’t mean just running a job or crew efficiently and providing feedback at review time. It means going that extra mile to shape lives by reinforcing values, providing encouragement and guidance, following through, and often delivering a dose of tough love with a gentle touch when it’s needed. There are countless examples of proactive management moments throughout our company’s history, which at the time they took place, might have been considered a gamble or a stretch beyond our responsibility. As we have the advantage of hindsight and many employees who have stuck around and provided us feedback after the fact, we know that many of those gambles paid off exponentially and had many far reaching effects. Here are a few examples of out-of-the-box management moments….
- Finding displaced employees homes
- Taking a chance and giving people their first jobs
- Providing access to free legal advice in areas such as divorce, bankruptcy and immigration
- Testifying on employees’ behalves in court cases, posting bonds to allow them to defend themselves and in one case, becoming an employee’s power of attorney and resolving his affairs when he was no longer in a position to act himself
- Paying for funeral expenses and flying people to bury loved ones in other countries
- Re-hiring employees who have been terminated for cause because we recognized their remorse and knew they wanted to succeed (some of whom are with us 20 years later)
- Funding employees’ attendance on international home building trips and exposing them to the power of giving
- Paying the salary of a brand new employee, with no accrued time, for several weeks while her daughter was in the hospital
- Offering EAP, self-help programs and personal counseling that have helped reunite families and get people back on the right path
- Funding education including MBA’s and numerous other job-related courses from language courses to public speaking
- Supporting and matching employee-initiated funding for team-members stricken with illness
- Providing financial counseling, which has included doing personal budgets with people, helping to negotiate down credit card debt and mortgage issues, advising employees on the merits of less expensive cars and giving assistance with mortgages, which has enabled several people to buy homes that they couldn’t have done otherwise
My intention in sharing these examples is not to say “wow aren’t we great for doing this!” The point I’m trying to make is that there are many opportunities on a daily basis for a deeper involvement with others. You may be their manager, their co-worker or their friend, but by making that investment and going that extra mile, the rewards for both the giver and the receiver are countless and can be far reaching.
Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC) recently announced that Ruppert Landscape’s work on the Barbara Truland Butz Healing Garden at Shady Grove Adventist Hospital project in Rockville, Md., has earned the company an Eagle Award in the Sitework/Landscape – All Contract Amounts category of ABC’s Excellence in Construction Awards. Ruppert Landscape representatives received the award February 22 during the 22nd annual Excellence in Construction Awards celebration at the Arizona Biltmore in Phoenix.
“ABC is proud to recognize Ruppert Landscape for its outstanding work on the Barbara Truland Butz Healing Garden at Shady Grove Adventist Hospital project,” said Michael D. Bellaman, ABC president and CEO. “This project embodies a commitment to innovation, safety and superior craftsmanship through creativity and skill.”
The Excellence in Construction awards program is the industry’s leading competition, developed to honor innovative and high-quality merit shop construction projects. The winning projects, selected from entries submitted from across the nation, were judged on complexity, attractiveness, unique challenges overcome, completion time, workmanship, innovation, safety and cost.
One of the unique components of this project is that it functions as both a healing garden and a green roof. As a healing garden, the area incorporates calming and restorative elements that encourage healing and reduce stress such as medicinal herbs and plants that provide pleasant scents, colors and textures and two water features that offer the pleasing white noise of water in motion. As a green roof, this same area has functionality that helps to absorb rainwater, provides insulation for the building reducing the amount of energy needed to cool its interior, helps to lower urban air temperatures and combats the heat island effect. “Because this project was on a hospital rooftop that was directly over operating rooms and adjacent to patient rooms, noise restrictions and access were particularly challenging,” said Bob Jones, VP and Director of Ruppert’s Landscape Construction Division. “All materials were cut at ground level because no power tools could be used in the project area, and all materials were craned to the roof using a 60-ton crane, adding to the job’s complexity.”
A panel of industry experts served as the competition’s judges. This year’s panel included representatives from the Design-Build Institute of America, *Engineering News-Record*, the American Institute of Architects, the National Association of Women in Construction, and representatives from higher education. Along with this most recent award garnered through ABC National, this project has also received a Grand Award from LCA, a Merit Award from PLANET and a Excellence in Construction Award from ABC Metro Washington.
Congratulations to all Ruppert team members who worked on this project including Leroy Barton, Senior Field Manager; Jose Villatoro, Assistant Field Manager; Bill Ketchum, Field Manager for Paver Installation; Ismael Rivas, Assistant to Bill for Pavers Installation; Angela Howes, Purchaser, and Drew Dummann, Production Manager.
*By exploring nontraditional open spaces, like the rooftop used for this project, an area that was previously devoid of amenities has been turned into a therapeutic and restorative environment that can be used by patients, visitors and hospital staff.*
Several employees from the Baltimore Maintenance (BAM) branch, including Chris Madden, Brandon Simmons and Jenn Rodriguez, participated in the Baltimore Ronald McDonald House’s first Red Shoe Shuffle on April 15th. The race started at the RMH, winding through the University of Maryland campus, past the Bromo Seltzer Tower, through Orioles Park at Camden Yards, around M&T Bank stadium and back to the House. All proceeds from the run went directly to the Ronald McDonald House Charity. BAM also took part in Earth Day, on April 20th, at the Baltimore Science Center. Brandon Simmons and Patty Pescrille set up a planting station to help 150 children plant saplings in pots. Each child got to take home their sapling, along with care instructions, to plant in their own yard.
The Baltimore Maintenance branch also teamed up with their customer, Liberty Property Trust, for the “Bill Rouse Day of Caring” event as part of a joint effort with Baltimore City Recreation and Parks Association to keep city pools open in the summer in order to provide a safe and cool place for kids to play. The branch donated trees, flowers and mulch to the Riverside Park Pool.
Mike Fleming, Josh Lawson, Scott DiStasio, Brandon Simmons and Christy Schinella were on hand to help with the installation.
The Georgia Maintenance (GAM) branch teamed up with their customer, Prologis, and two other landscape contracting companies by joining forces to donate plants, materials and labor to create “The Sunken Garden” on a section of the Hillside School campus. Hillside School provides treatment services for children ages 7 to 21 who have severe emotional, psychological and behavioral challenges. The finishing touch to the project was the installation of a bridge, which was handcrafted by GAM Employee Daryl Mistretta.
Mulch Sale, one of the club’s biggest fundraisers. This year they delivered nearly 2,200 bags of mulch throughout the community in six hours, helping the club raise almost $5,000. Ruppert supplied five trucks and a skid steer to aide in the event. The Laytonsville branch also took part in the Earth Day celebration which is hosted every year by their customer, Washington Real Estate Invest Trust (WRIT). Pat Cunningham and John Harich (LAM), and Doug Halsey (CORP) led the pack of 40 children, ranging in age from 4 to 12, that came out to learn about recycling and floriculture, and participate in a flower planter installation competition where they were given a variety of flowers and plants to design the most dynamic pot. Past years activities have included tree and shrub planting, grass seed installation and horticulture.
Michael Williams, Jesse Huff, Jonathan Leonard, Robert Russell and Martin Castillo of the North Carolina Landscape branch provided help and support to the John Avery Boys and Girls Club in Durham, NC. They installed 90 yards of playground cushion so the kids can play more safely on the jungle gym.
Pat Cunningham, Kevin Wetzonis, Jason Robinson, and Ryan Truitt of Laytonsville Maintenance (LAM) and Elias Cedillos and Andres Rivas of Maryland Landscape (MDL) provided their support for the fifth year in a row to the Olney Lion’s Club.
Employees Play Active Role in Creating a Safer Workplace
By Dave Sanders
At Management Development Day we introduced the “Ruppert Safety Net”, part of the 2012 Safety Improvement Plan. This program is designed to encourage all Ruppert employees to become more involved with promoting hazard awareness, preventing accidents and reducing injuries. By filling out a form that explains a hazard or unsafe act or situation that was observed and what action was taken to fix or control the problem, employees are eligible for prizes that are drawn monthly.
But perhaps more valuable than the prizes awarded, is keeping employees aware of the hazards around them and getting them in the habit of seeing and connecting hazards before anything bad can happen. Some of the observations we’ve received so far include:
**Equipment/Tool Related**
- Ladders set up improperly and not on level ground
- Scaffolding set up incorrectly with no fall protection
- Rakes left on ground
- Employee using reciprocating saw and cutting toward himself and not away
- Pole saws with no blade guards
- Potentially hazardous trash left in parks that shouldn’t be picked up by hand
**Vehicle Related**
- Employees sitting in the bed of the truck while vehicle was moving in the yard
- Trailer door not latched properly
- Marker lights out on a truck
- Truck mirrors not folded in on a jobsite
**Site Related**
- No caps on rebar at a construction site
- Rebar sticking out of a concrete where a trash can had once been
- Sink holes in the road, manholes with no covers and open drain pipes
- Construction debris on a maintenance site
- Cars parked in a bad area that created a traffic hazard.
With every one of these incidents mentioned, steps were immediately taken to correct the problem and prevent property damage and/or injury to Ruppert employees, other contractors and subcontractors and the general public. So be on the lookout for any situation that you deem may be unsafe…whether on a jobsite or at our own facility, and share it as part of Ruppert’s Safety Net Program. Not only will you be helping to educate others and make us a safer company, but you will be eligible to win a prize for your efforts!
**Employee Related**
- Employees walking under a skylift
- Workers horsing around near a man working on a ladder
- Employees hitching a ride on the deck of a walk behind mower
**Other Contractors/Subcontractors**
- Contractors on site operating without proper personal protection wear such as hard hats, appropriate footwear, vest and safety glasses
- Subcontractor using scaffolding over 6’ without a handrail
- Subcontractor on roof with a 20’ drop not using a safety harness
- No fall protection being used by a subcontractor building a retaining wall
- Request from the general contractor to work on a planter at the end of a roof with no fall protection
- Welders working above employees who were spreading pine straw below, creating a fire hazard.
**Career Opportunities**
Looking to move up the ladder or know someone in the industry seeking a position? Ruppert Landscape has the following positions immediately available:
**Landscape Construction**
- **GAL:** CDL Driver (1)
- **MDL:** Field Manager (1)
- **NCL:** Field Manager (1)
- **VAL:** Estimator (1), Field Manager (1), Crewman (4)
**Landscape Management**
- **BAM:** Field Manager (1)
- **CHM:** Branch Administrator (1)
- **FRM:** Business Developer (1)
- **GVM:** Enhancement Field Mgr (1), Business Developer (1), Field Manager (2)
- **GAM:** Field Manager (2)
- **LAM:** Field Manager (2)
- **LOM:** Business Developer (1)
- **RIM:** Field Managers (2)
For more information or to apply, please contact the department noted.
Fred Key has been promoted to the position of Region Manager where he will oversee the new branches in Raleigh, NC, Richmond, VA, Lorton, VA and the existing branch in Gainesville, VA, of which Fred was the Branch Manager prior to his promotion. In this role, Fred will be a key resource for each of the Branch Managers and will help maximize the division’s capabilities in people development, training, customer service, business development and profitability.
Fred has over 20 years of industry experience and has been with Ruppert for 10 years. He began his career in the landscape industry at age 16 working for a competitor and in the next few years graduated from Salisbury State University with a bachelor’s degree in business where he majored in accounting. He joined Ruppert at the age of 18 working summers and during school breaks and held many positions including Crewman, Foreman, Area Manager, Controller, Landscape Construction Production Manager, Division Administrator, Maintenance Branch Manager and Region Manager.
According to Phil Key, VP and Director of the Landscape Management Division, Fred’s diverse background with holding so many different positions, in both divisions and in different markets has given him a strong foundation for the position of region manager. “His knowledge of processes, procedures and systems that he’s garnered in those positions and his willingness to offer his opinion, whether it’s a popular opinion or unpopular opinion, has really helped to increase his value in the organization,” said Phil Key. “Fred has a steadfast commitment to self-improvement and he’s willing to confront difficult situations head on, with both customers and employees, to bring about resolution. All of these qualities enable him to add value on many levels in our organization and we’re looking forward to many future contributions in his new position of Region Manager.”
Fred is a Certified Landscape Professional and in 2009, he received the Clyde Vadner Merit Award, which is presented to the individual who has demonstrated consistent hard work and dedication leading to exceptional contributions to the organization. Congratulations on your new position!
Justin Gibson was recently named Branch Manager of the Gainesville Landscape Management Branch. He is a 2004 graduate of Ohio State University with a bachelor’s degree in Landscape Horticulture. Justin has been with Ruppert for seven years and has served as both a Field Manager and Area Manager. “Justin’s strength is building strong client relationships,” said Fred Key, Region Manager and former Gainesville Branch Manager. “He has an extremely high customer retention rate and has earned a reputation as a quality-focused manager who will go above and beyond to get a job done.” Justin has managed many high profile portfolios including MRP, Buzzuto and Janelia Farm Research Campus and in both 2007 and 2011, he was honored with a Branch Impact Award for his outstanding dedication and contributions to the Gainesville Landscape Management Branch. “We are always happy when company growth enables us to provide opportunities for top performers like Justin to excel,” said Key. “Recognizing outstanding performance and promoting from within are our company’s most basic tenets.” Congratulations Justin and keep up the good work!
Ethan Sansbury (CHM) was promoted from the position of Enhancement Field Manger to Area Manager and Braxton Williams (CHM) was promoted from Asst. Field Manager to a Field Manager position.
Derek Kohler (FRM) was promoted from Crewman to a Field manager position.
Anibal Silva (GAM) was promoted from Asst. Field Manager to a Field Manager position.
Alejandro Hernandez (PAM) was promoted from Crewman to an Asst. Field Manager position.
Mike Pisciotta (VAL) was promoted from a Crewman to a Field Manager position.
Daryl Mistretta (GAM) was promoted from Crewman to an Asst. Field Manager position (not pictured).
Ruppert recently expanded its Virginia operations to include a branch in Lorton, VA. The branch services the areas of Woodbridge, Alexandria, Arlington, Crystal City, Tysons Corner and parts of Fairfax.
This branch, which was begun as a satellite operation over a year ago, is right in line with the company’s Five Year Plan according to Phil Key, Vice President and Director of the Landscape Management Division. “Every time we grow in the markets we serve it gives us more density, which means less travel time to our jobs. This provides more value for our customers, which, in turn, perpetuates more growth.”
The branch is anchored by relationships developed with several key property management companies including Lincoln Property Company, WRIT Management and The Adler Group. According to Key, David Keffer, who was promoted to run the Lorton operation, was instrumental in cultivating those relationships when he served as an Area Manager in both the Gainesville, VA branch and the Lorton satellite operation. “The promotion of David Keffer to Branch Manager in Lorton gave us the continuity we desired for our customers as David had been a leader in that market and essentially managing all of the branch’s work already,” said Key. “He has over 25 years of industry experience and really helped build this branch from ground up, including finding the location for the facility when it was introduced as a satellite operation, establishing our presence in the market through strong customer service and attention to detail, and building a strong and dedicated team.” David was recognized with a Branch Impact Award for Gainesville Maintenance in 2008 for his outstanding dedication and contributions.
With the addition of new branches, we are also able to provide continued opportunity for advancement within our organization and take advantage of a pool of talent that exists as a result of layoffs and the closures of other companies. The Lorton team includes: Walter Guittierrez (Asst. Field Manager), Rafael Amaya Castaneda (Asst. Field Manager), Nelson Fuentes (Asst. Field Manager), Peter Boucher (Field Manager) Manuel Lopez (Enhancement Field Manager), Joaquin Aparicio (Field Manager), Jemee Lobo-Martinez (Field Manager), Neil Rout (Field Manager), Ullices Cordona (Field Manager), Tom Flint (Area Manager) and Lidia Cruz (Office Assistant).
The Lorton branch joins 14 existing branch offices that are located in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Georgia and North Carolina, supporting both the landscape construction and landscape management divisions of the company.
As a way of saying thank you to their employees for all of the hard work put in over the spring, many of the branches including Virginia Landscape, North Carolina Landscape, Raleigh Maintenance, Forestville Maintenance and Laytonsville Maintenance each hosted appreciation events for their employees. The branches took the afternoons off to enjoy the weather, cook out and participate in team building events ranging from pull-up contests, rope climbing, corn toss games and soccer as well as recognizing promotions and years of service.
Jack Jones (right) from the Forestville branch honors Luis Alvarez (left) with his two year anniversary coin.
JUST MARRIED
Matt Froncillo (PAM) and his wife Kristen were married on May 4, 2012.
Cindy Guillen (GAM/GAL) and her husband, Jorge, welcomed a baby girl, Harmony, on May 4, 2012.
Jerry Scott (GAM) and his girlfriend welcomed a baby girl, Anna, on June 3, 2012.
Brad Rowland (VAL) and his wife, Amy, welcomed a baby girl, Audrey, on June 4, 2012. Audrey has a big brother, Tyler, who is 2 years old.
PROUD PARENTS
Harmony Trinidad
Anna Scott
Natalie Ruppert
Audrey Rowland
Jack Ruppert (LAM) and his wife, Gloria, welcomed a baby girl, Natalie, on May 30, 2012.
NEW HOMES
Charles Boxall (LAM) purchased his first home in Harper’s Ferry, WV.
OVER ACHIEVERS
The Frederick Maintenance branch was honored with the “Key Award” from the Rotary Public of Frederick for their clean-up efforts and landscaping contributions toward the Frederick War Memorial.
Pedro Hernandez
Pedro Hernandez (FRM) earned his United States Citizenship.
Tim Basista (PAM) and Jeff Kostes (PAM) both attained their Pesticide Applicator Licenses.
New Faces
WE WELCOME THE FOLLOWING NEW EMPLOYEES TO RUPPERT’S GROWING RANKS:
Syed Ali (GAM) Field Manager
Peter Boucher (LOM) Field Manager
Robert Bunch (RIM) Field Manager
Becky Demler (CORP) Receptionist
Tim Depp (RAM) Field Manager
Kyle Ennis (RIM) Field Manager
Keith Evans (GAM) Asst Field Mgr
Collins Fitts (RAM) Area Manager
Tom Flint (LOM) Area Manager
Luis Gamboa (VAL) Field Manager
Chris Gramley (GAM) Field Manager
Francis McCarry (PAM) Asst Field Mgr
Stephanie Mercado (NCL) Branch Admin
Stephen Merrill (GAM) Field Manager
Juan Moreno (GAM) Asst. Field Mgr
Peter Oshana (FOM) Business Dev Mgr
Jennifer Porter (RIM) Branch Admin
Joshua Price (GAL) Driver
Ryan Rote (LAM) Field Manager
Jack Schroeder (GAM) Field Manager
Dave Sharry (RIM) Area Manager
Wesley Skipper (GAM) Field Manager
Daniel Stutts (GAM) Field Manager
A warm welcome to our new crewpersons:
Jonathan Akers (RIM)
Macario Alvarado (GAM)
Barry Baccus Wills (FOM)
Eduardo Barron (GAM)
Eric Beasley (RIM)
Jose Benjume (GAM)
Jose Bonilla Anrade (FOM)
Corey Brower (RIM)
Dylan Carver (RIM)
Julio Castaneda (GAM)
Christopher Chandler (GAM)
Ricardo Correa (GAM)
Eric Coto (GAL)
Nicola Cutrone (PAM)
Sean Fields (GAM)
Luis Florez Valbuena (GAM)
Adam Frizzell (GAM)
Sufi Furaha-Ali (PAM)
Emilo Gonzalez (GAM)
Michael Gonzalez (GAM)
Oscar Gonzalez (GAM)
Anthony Graham (PAM)
Jose Granados (PAM)
Timothy Grove (RIM)
William Harrison (FOM)
Jesus Hernandez (PAM)
Mario Hernandez (GAM)
Jaime Herrera (PAM)
Scott Hurst (RIM)
Shane Janney (RIM)
Robert Kent (PAM)
Kevin Kinsella (PAM)
Mauricio Martinez (PAM)
Ralph Mason (GAM)
Eduardo Matos (PAM)
Jarius Mayweather (GAM)
Cameron Meads (RIM)
Jonathan Medina (PAM)
Oswel Molina (PAM)
Jose Murcia (GAM)
Henry Navarro (FOM)
Anthony Oliverio (FOM)
Justin Ortiz (PAM)
Yorch Palacio (GAM)
Kevin Piddicord (RIM)
Carlos Ramirez (GAL)
Danny Ramirez (GAL)
Leonardo Ramos (GAM)
Shane Reese (GAM)
Alejandro Rincon (GAM)
Jose Robles Herrera (GAM)
Rafael Rodriguez (GAM)
Umberto Romero (GAM)
Julio Ruiz (PAM)
Jerry Scott (GAM)
Brandon Smallwood (FOM)
Ronald Sockwell (FOM)
Joshua Steedly (GAM)
Casey Taylor (RIM)
Randy Thomas (GAM)
Brandon White (RIM)
Vonetta Wills (FOM)
PICNIC REMINDER
The company picnic will be held on Saturday, August 25th from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. at Six Flags America in Bowie, MD. More details / invitations to follow. Be sure to mark it on your calendar!
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Is ENSO a cycle or a series of events?
William S. Kessler
NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA
Received 19 July 2002; revised 1 October 2002; accepted 2 October 2002; published 12 December 2002.
[1] After early ideas that saw El Niños as isolated events, the advent of coupled models brought the conception of ENSO as a cycle in which each phase led to the next in a self-sustained oscillation. Twenty-two years of observations that represent the El Niño and La Niña peaks (east Pacific SST) and the memory of the system (zonal mean warm water volume) suggest a distinct break in the cycle, in which the coupled system is able to remain in a weak La Niña state for up to two years, so that memory of previous influences would be lost. Similarly, while the amplitude of anomalies persists from the onset of a warm event through its termination, there is no such persistence across the La Niña break. These observations suggest that El Niños are in fact event-like disturbances to a stable basic state, requiring an initiating impulse not contained in the dynamics of the cycle itself.
INDEX TERMS: 4522 Oceanography: Physical: El Niño; 1620 Global Change: Climate dynamics (3309); 4504 Oceanography: Physical: Air/sea interactions (0312). Citation: Kessler, W. S., Is ENSO a cycle or a series of events?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(23), 2125, doi:10.1029/2002GL015924, 2002.
1. Background
[2] When El Niño was first recognized as a basin-scale event, it was thought of as a disturbance to normal conditions that lasted for a time, then ended. Bjerknes [1969] realized that both warm and cool states of the equatorial Pacific could be maintained by positive feedbacks, for example cool SST in the east fosters a strong Walker circulation that reinforces the SST pattern through upwelling and surface fluxes, but he did not know how these states could be reversed. Wyrtki [1975; 1985] showed that El Niño events were preceded by high sea level in the west, and hypothesized that the event ended when this “buildup” was drained eastward, then poleward along the American coast. In Wyrtki’s scheme, the next event could not occur until another buildup had taken place, but otherwise there was no necessary connection between one event and the next.
[3] With the advent of simple and intermediate coupled models in the 1980s, it was realized that a cyclic phenomenon was possible, with lagged negative feedback provided by the reflection of Rossby waves generated during one phase of the cycle returning along the equator to initiate a reversal of the phase [McCreary, 1983; Cane and Zebiak, 1985; Battisti and Hirst, 1989]. These ideas have become known as the “delayed oscillator” paradigm [Suarez and Schopf, 1988; Schopf and Suarez, 1988]. Such models have gained credibility because they demonstrate forecast skill comparable to that of more sophisticated models [Latif et al., 1998] and because the properties of the coupled climate of the Pacific can be easily explored in the parameter space of these dynamical systems (see Neeley et al. [1998] for a review). The cyclic paradigm exemplified by the intermediate models has become the widely accepted description of ENSO. A variety of observational [Li and Clarke, 1994; Kessler and McPhaden, 1995; Weisberg and Wang, 1997; McPhaden, 1999; Harrison and Vecchi, 1999; Zhang and Röthlein, 2000; Larkin and Harrison, 2002] and coupled GCM studies [Nagai et al., 1995; Schneider et al., 1997; Knutson et al., 1997; Vimont et al., 2002] have attempted to confirm the delayed oscillator paradigm with mixed success; in particular some observational studies have pointed out that while the termination of El Niños has occurred consistent with the cyclic nature of delayed oscillator physics, their initiation is less obvious [Kessler and McPhaden, 1995]. This asymmetry is also seen in the fact that recent El Niños have seemed to come out of nowhere, not forecast until shortly before the anomalies become obvious, but then evolve with a fairly repeatable sequence in which warm east Pacific SSTs last up to a year before fading.
[4] A recent simple model brings together many of these previous ideas by proposing that the phase transition mechanism is the recharge and discharge of warm water from the upper layer of the equatorial Pacific [Jin, 1997]. Anomalous thermocline tilts during El Niño and La Niña produce anomalous meridional geostrophic transports: poleward during the flattened thermocline of El Niño and equatorward during the enhanced slope of La Niña. These transports shallow or deepen the equatorial thermocline as a whole, and this slow vertical motion overcomes the Bjerknes positive feedbacks that would otherwise sustain the anomalies. For example, meridional divergence during El Niño lifts the thermocline and thereby cools SST, leading to easterly wind anomalies. Thus Wyrtki’s buildup and draining hypothesis is enlarged to be more than just an isolated event of one sign, but instead explicitly leads to the opposite phase, with the memory of the system in the zonal mean thermocline depth. Moreover, the mechanism is seen to work equally well (in Jin’s simple model context) for the transition from La Niña to recharge to El Niño. Jin’s paradigm is more general than the delayed oscillator in not relying explicitly on equatorial wave propagation (in fact Jin proposes that the zonal thermocline slope can be considered to be in equilibrium balance with the zonal wind) but the mechanism is fundamentally the same, in either case representing the slow (relative to the 2–3 month basin-crossing time of Kelvin waves) adjustment of the equatorial ocean to wind anomalies. In the delayed oscillator, Rossby waves and their reflections are the means by which mass is added to or removed from the equatorial upper layer. An advantage of the Jin formulation is that it points to a convenient set of variables that can be evaluated.
from observations. Zonal mean warm water volume (essentially Wyrtki’s buildup) should be in quadrature with east Pacific SST or central Pacific zonal wind, with positive and negative peaks of warm water volume anomalies producing the transition from El Niño to La Niña and back. These variables serve to evaluate the delayed oscillator as well, which would produce the same phase relationship. Meinen and McPhaden [2000] examined 18 years of surface and subsurface temperature data, and found that the phase sequence predicted by Jin [1997] is in fact observed. They noted, however, that the amplitudes moving from one phase of the cycle to another are asymmetric, with a given amplitude of recharge being associated with a larger subsequent El Niño SST anomaly than is the case for the discharge-La Niña phase of the cycle. The purpose of the present work is to consider what this asymmetry implies about the cyclic nature of the ENSO phenomenon.
2. Data and Processing
Monthly values of SST anomalies (relative to the 1971–2000 average annual cycle) in the Nino3 region (5°N to 5°S, 150°W to 90°W) were obtained from the web site of the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/). Warm water volume (WWV) was estimated as the mean depth of the 20°C isotherm (Z20) in the region 5°N–5°S, 130°E–80°W, from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre (BMRC) gridded subsurface temperatures [Smith, 1995a, 1995b]. This data set is an optimal interpolation on a 1° latitude by 2° longitude grid, with 14 depth levels, based on XBT and hydrographic profiles and time series from the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) buoy array. It spans the period January 1980 through August 2002. In the equatorial region of present interest, most of the data comes from the TAO buoys. Z20 was found by linear interpolation in depth, and the average annual cycle over 1980 through 2001 was removed. Both SST and Z20 anomalies were filtered with a 7-month running mean, so comparable time series were available from April 1980 through May 2002. Hereafter, “SST” will refer to the Nino3 region average, and “WWV” will refer to zonally and meridionally averaged Z20, both quantities being filtered anomalies as described above.
3. Observed Time Series
There were six El Niño events in the 22 years studied, with peak SST anomalies in December 1982, August 1987, February 1992, May 1993, December 1994 and November 1997 (Figure 1). The events of 1993 and 1994–95 were exceptional in being weaker in both WWV and SST anomalies, and in being much more short-lived. With the 7-month running mean filter used here, these two short events are barely resolved. However, throughout the time series, SST and WWV are seen to be roughly in quadrature, in the sequence: recharge, El Niño, discharge, La Niña. They are highly lag-correlated, with maximum correlations above +0.7 at lags of about +9 months. Plotting a phase diagram of the two time series against each other shows the quadrature relationship in the near-circular orbits (Figure 2). There is quite apparently a marked persistence of amplitude for part of the cycle: a large recharge predicts a subsequent large El Niño SST anomaly, and then a large discharge. Comparing the amplitude at each time with that one-quarter cycle later shows correlations significant at the 95% level (about 0.7 for the six cycles in Figure 2) from recharge through El Niño to discharge. We can speculate that some of the prediction skill demonstrated by forecast models is due to the relatively steady orbital motion and persistent amplitude over 8 to 12 months during the onset and peak phases of El Niño. On the other hand, there is little such persistence from the discharge phase to La Niña, and virtually no connection between the amplitude of La Nina anomalies and those of the subsequent recharge or El Niño. For example, the values and preceding development of SST and WWV were alike in April 1982, August 1986, May 1991 (and also in May 2002) (Figure 2), but the El Niños that emerged in subsequent months were very different. Meinen and McPhaden [2000] noted a similar difference in finding that the regression slope of
WWV against SST was much larger for positive anomalies than for negative.
[7] It is also clear from the phase orbits (Figure 2) that the cycle moves steadily through three-quarters of the cycle, from late in the recharge phase through El Niño to discharge to La Niña, then pauses in the upper left quadrant of Figure 2, in the state of weak La Niña, weak recharge. The orbits meander in this quadrant for many months. Almost 40% of the cycle time is spent in less than 25% of the cycle. Everywhere except in this quadrant (and very slightly into the upper right quadrant), the orbital motion is strictly clockwise. The average time from peak recharge to peak discharge (what would be called “an El Niño event” in the Wyrtki scenario) averaged 12.8 months, and was fairly consistent among the six events except for the brief El Niño of 1994–95 (the RMS among the six El Niños was 3.3 months). On the other hand, the time between discharge through La Niña to recharge was generally much longer and also highly variable, ranging from 6 to 42 months (and it has been 46 months since the peak discharge in 1998 until May 2002). Clarke and Li [1995] found a similar distinction based on the Southern Oscillation Index for a much longer period.
[8] This behavior can be seen in the original time series (Figure 1), as the pauses before the peak recharge that occurred in each of the large El Niño sequences (the weak and short-lived events of 1993 and 1994–95 are exceptions that cannot be tested given the 7-month running mean that has been applied to these time series). Typically in these pauses the SST anomalies are weakly negative and the warm water volume weakly positive (that is, in the upper left quadrant of Figure 2), and both time series remain relatively constant. This pausing is seen in 1980–81, 1985, 1989–90, briefly in mid-1996, and during 2000 through 2001. It has no discernible relation to the amplitude of previous or subsequent phases, and lasts an irregular amount of time, up to two years. Although some recharging is observed even years before the El Niños (e.g. 1980, 1989 and 2001), shortly before the warm event begins there is a surge of WWV, reaching its maximum after the SST has already warmed somewhat, after which the next three phases follow relatively swiftly. In the time series (Figure 1), this surge is seen as the abrupt increase of WWV as east Pacific SST is beginning to rise. In the phase diagram (Figure 2), it is notable in that the orbit emerges relatively abruptly from its pause in the upper left quadrant with positive anomalies of both WWV and SST increasing simultaneously for several months, leading to peak SST warming within a year. This behavior is seen for all four of the large El Niños since 1980.
4. Discussion
[9] The phase relations between warm water volume and east Pacific SST agree with the findings of Meinen and McPhaden [2000] that the observed ENSO sequence passes through the series of phases described by Jin [1997] and compatible with the delayed oscillator; however, two asymmetries are found as robust features of all four large events. First, the observed evolution pauses for up to two years in the weakly-recharged, weak-La Niña state, while moving relatively swiftly and steadily through the other phases. Second, while there is reasonable persistence of amplitude through the phases of recharge to El Niño to discharge, this is not the case for the evolution leading up to the onset of warm events. Both of these suggest a break in the cycle preceding the onset of a warm event. Neither of these is consistent with the idea that ENSO is an at least partly self-sustained cycle in which each phase provides the impetus to evolve to the next (we are not envisioning a perfectly regular cycle, but that the memory of the previous phase is a central part of the evolution). In either the delayed oscillator or the Jin paradigm, each peak contains the seeds of its own demise (through meridional transport in the Jin formulation, or through Rossby wave generation and reflection in the delayed oscillator). That transition mechanism appears well borne out for the termination of the warm events, but not for the cold, as the Pacific climate system appears perfectly capable of sitting in the weak recharge state for periods long enough that any memory would be lost. The recharge due to meridional convergence during La Niña does not appear sufficient to produce the transition to a warm event on its own (or equivalently, the downwelling Rossby waves generated during La Niña do not lead to the coupled changes on the equator that generate an El Niño). In fact the principal recharge occurs well after the peak La Niña has concluded, and appears better described as part of an initiating sequence separate from the previous La Niña. In 1982, 1986 and 1997, WWV increased suddenly just before the El Niño began (Figure 1), in conflict with the idea that the recharge is the result of a slow adjustment to La Niña winds.
[10] The observations are consistent with a picture in which a warm event sequence leaves the system in a cool state with near-normal or slightly increased warm water volume, and this state can persist for years, losing memory of previous conditions. Initiation of a new sequence occurs with an increase of both warm water volume and SST [Meinen and McPhaden, 2001] suggested that this late surge came from the west). Coupled feedbacks (deep thermocline contributes to warming SST, which fosters westerly wind anomalies) reinforce the growing El Niño, which is terminated 6–9 months after its peak by the lifting thermocline due to the slow oceanic adjustment to westerly wind anomalies. This is similar to Wyrtki’s scenario, with the significant difference that the draining occurs in mid-basin, not along the eastern boundary as he thought, which means that the event can be more confined to the tropics.
[11] The overall evolution of ENSO during the past two decades appears more consistent with the idea that the basic state is stable and warm events are produced by stochastic forcing external to the cycle itself, rather than as growing modes in an unstable dynamical system [Ponelis and Sardeshmukh, 1995; Thompson and Battisti, 2001]. The initiating process remains unknown, but seems independent of previous conditions, contrary to the Jin [1997] or delayed oscillator hypotheses. In this respect, the brief events of 1993 and 1994–95 imply that given the right impetus, a weak warm event can occur even without a substantial recharge. The fact that the initial emergence from the long pause has usually occurred in the first months of the year (January 1982, July 1986, January 1991 and March 1997) suggests either an increased sensitivity to perturbation at this time (the warmest point of the equatorial annual cycle)
or an increase of suitable perturbations (for example the annual maximum of MJO activity in the Pacific (see Figure 11 of Kessler et al., [1995]), or the influence of boreal winter mid-latitude variability [Fimori et al., 2002]).
[12] It has been argued [Mantua and Battisti, 1994] that a sequence of unconnected events as described here can still be considered consistent with delayed oscillator physics, since the termination of individual El Niños still occurs as a consequence of waves generated during the height of the warm event. In this case the delayed oscillator is reduced to adding mechanistic detail to Wyrtki’s [1975] picture, and loses most of its interpretive power, which lies in the concept of an oscillator with the memory of the system persisting across events. The intermediate coupled models have raised the possibility of a cyclic ENSO, and the resolution of this question should not be sidestepped.
[13] Acknowledgments. I thank George Philander for inviting me to an ENSO workshop in Trieste that spurred the speculations that led to this work. Dr Neville Smith kindly provided the BMRC subsurface temperature data set.
References
Battisti, D. S., and A. C. Hirst, Interannual variability in the tropical ocean-atmosphere system: Influence of the basic state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity, *J. Atmos. Sci.*, 46, 1687–1712, 1989.
Cane, M. A., and S. E. Zebiak, A theory for El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, *Science*, 228, 1084–1087, 1985.
Clarke, A. J., and B. L. Wood, On the warm and cold El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, *J. Climate*, 8, 2571–2574, 1995.
Harrison, D. E., and G. A. Vecchi, On the termination of El Niño, *Geophys. Res. Lett.*, 26, 1593–1596, 1999.
Jin, F.-F., An equatorial oceanic recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part I: Conceptual model, *J. Atmos. Sci.*, 54, 811–829, 1997.
Kessler, W. S., and M. J. McPhaden, Oceanic equatorial waves and the 1991–1993 El Niño, *J. Climate*, 8, 1757–1774, 1995.
Kessler, W. S., M. J. McPhaden, and K. M. Weickmann, Forcing of interannual equatorial waves in the equatorial Pacific, *J. Geophys. Res.*, 100, 10613–10631, 1995.
Knutson, T. R., S. Manabe, and D. F. Gu, Simulated ENSO in a global coupled ocean-atmosphere model: Multidecadal amplitude modulation and CO$_2$ sensitivity, *J. Climate*, 10, 158–161, 1997.
Larkin, N. J., and D. E. Harrison, ENSO waves (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) event life cycles: Ocean surface anomaly patterns, their symmetries, asymmetries and implications, *J. Climate*, 15, 1118–1140, 2002.
Latif, M., P. Andersen, T. Barnett, M. Cane, H. Kleeman, A. Leetmaa, J. O’Brien, A. Rosati, and S. Sanderson, A review of the predictability and prediction of ENSO, *J. Geophys. Res.*, 103, 14375–14393, 1998.
Li, B., and A. J. Clarke, An examination of some ENSO mechanisms using interannual sea level at the eastern and western equatorial boundaries and the zonally averaged equatorial wind, *J. Phys. Oceanogr.*, 24, 681–690, 1994.
Manabe, S. J., and D. S. Battisti, Evidence for the delayed oscillator mechanism for ENSO. The “observed” oceanic Kelvin mode in the far western Pacific, *J. Phys. Oceanogr.*, 24, 691–699, 1994.
McCreary, J. P., A model of tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction, *Mon. Weather Rev.*, 111, 370–387, 1983.
McPhaden, M. J., Genesis and evolution of the 1997–98 El Niño, *Science*, 283, 950–954, 1999.
Meinen, C. S., and M. J. McPhaden, Observations of warm water volume changes in the equatorial Pacific and their relationship to El Niño and La Niña, *J. Climate*, 13, 3551–3559, 2000.
Meinen, C. S., and M. J. McPhaden, Interannual variability in warm water volume transport in the equatorial Pacific during 1993–99, *J. Phys. Oceanogr.*, 34, 1324–1345, 1993.
Nagai, T., M. Yamada, M. Ishii, and T. Tokioka, Coupled atmosphere-ocean model simulations of the El Niño Southern Oscillation with and without an active Indian Ocean, *J. Climate*, 8, 3–14, 1995.
Neelin, J. D., D. S. Battisti, A. C. Hirst, F.-F. Jin, Y. Wakata, T. Yamagata, and S. E. Zebiak, ENSO theory, *J. Geophys. Res.*, 103(C7), 14,261–14,290, 1998.
Penland, C., and P. D. Sardeeshmukh, The optimal growth of tropical sea surface temperature anomalies, *J. Climate*, 12, 1999–2024, 1995.
Schneider, E. R., Z. X. Zhu, B. S. Giese, B. H. Huang, B. P. Kirtman, M. Shukla, and J. A. Carton, Annual cycle and ENSO in a coupled oceanatmosphere general circulation model, *Mon. Weather Rev.*, 125, 680–702, 1997.
Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, Vaccumillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, *J. Atmos. Sci.*, 45, 549–566, 1988.
Smith, N. R., The BMRC ocean thermal analysis system, *Aust. Meteor. Mag.*, 44, 93–110, 1995a.
Smith, N. R., An improved system for tropical ocean sub-surface temperature analyses, *J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.*, 12, 850–870, 1995b.
Smith, N. R., and M. J. McPhaden, Delayed action oscillator for ENSO, *J. Atmos. Sci.*, 45, 3283–3287, 1988.
Thompson, C. J., and D. S. Battisti, A linear stochastic model of ENSO. Part II: Analysis, *J. Climate*, 14, 445–466, 2001.
Vimont, D. J., D. S. Battisti, and A. C. Hirst, Footprinting: A seasonal connection between the tropics and mid-latitudes, *Geophys. Res. Lett.*, 28, 3923–3926, 2001.
Vimont, D. J., D. S. Battisti, and A. C. Hirst, Pacific interannual and interdecadal equatorial variability in a 2000-yr simulation of the CSIRO coupled ocean-atmosphere model, *J. Climate*, 14, 160–178, 2001.
Weberberg, R. H., and C. Wang, Slow variability in the subtropical west-central Pacific in relation to ENSO, *J. Climate*, 10, 1998–2017, 1997.
Wyrtki, K., El Niño: The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing, *J. Phys. Oceanogr.*, 5, 572–584, 1975.
Wyrtki, K., Water displacements in the Pacific and the genesis of El Niño cycles, *J. Geophys. Res.*, 90, 7129–7132, 1985.
Zhang, R. H., and L. M. Rothstein, Role of off-equatorial subsurface anomalies in initiating the 1991–1992 El Niño as revealed by the NCEP ocean reanalysis data, *J. Geophys. Res.*, 105(C3), 6327–6339, 2000.
W. S. Kessler, NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA, (firstname.lastname@example.org)
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A-P tubes transmit to Scotland
3,000 miles transmission. There's a DX record for you, and there are others, many others—with A-P tubes. Results count—that's what you're after, isn't it? Results prove that A-P tubes are the best tubes made, the tubes you should use; and here are some of the results:
1. Using three A-P transmitting tubes in a radiophone set, Hugh Robinson of Keyport, New Jersey, not only transmitted phonograph music, but actually talked to Scotland and was distinctly heard on three separate occasions during November and December, 1920. Distance covered approximately 3,100 miles by great circle.
2. With a single A-P Electron Relay, an amateur in New York (name on request) repeatedly hears communications between California amateur spark stations.
3. San Francisco amateurs (names on request) regularly receive day and night European communications from Carnavaron, Nauen, Bordeaux, and Rome, with moderate single-wire antennas and a single A-P Electron Relay.
For sure results, for better results, for utmost efficiency, use A-P tubes and only A-P tubes. Licensed by the Radio Corporation of America under DeForest Audion and Fleming patents, for amateur and experimental use in radio communication. Equipped with SHAW condensite four-prong base. The A-P VT Amplifier Oscillator—price $7. The A-P Electron Relay—price $6. The A-P Transmitting Tube—price $7.50. Order from your dealer.
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THE IDEAL AMATEUR TUBE
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"No doubt you would like to know the wonderful work I have accomplished using your new C-300 Detector Tube. Since I have installed your tubes at my station located at Burlingame, California, call 6BJ, I have heard more distant amateur stations than I have ever heard in my life. I have been a constant user of vacuum tubes for the past ten years, and believe me, I know a real tube when I see it. I have succeeded in hearing stations in Nebraska and Arizona with only one step of amplification and have established communication with many that I never before could hear. You have my permission to use this letter so the many amateurs throughout the United States will know what I think of your most excellent tube. I use regenerative tuning with Radio Shop Variometers."
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Address all Communications to New York Office
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Wireless Shop Variable Condensers
Are Recognized as Quality Instruments
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| SERIES "T" | SERIES "L" |
|------------|------------|
| No. 20 2 plate VERNIER | $2.00 |
| No. 70 7 " .0001 m.f. | 2.35 |
| No. 130 13 " .0002 m.f. | 2.75 |
| No. 170 17 " .0003 m.f. | 3.15 |
| No. 230 23 " .0005 m.f. | 3.60 |
| No. 310 31 " .0007 m.f. | 4.30 |
| No. 430 43 " .001 m.f. | 5.25 |
| No. 630 63 " .0015 m.f. | 7.50 |
Include postage for one pound.
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No. 4300 43 plate, .0013 | 8.00 |
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Prices include knob and pointer and mounting screws. Indicating dial furnished at 75c additional.
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A. J. Edgcomb
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THE MAGNAVOX COMPANY Oakland, California
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
Another Grebe Triumph!
150-3000 Meters
After much experimental work, we have succeeded in adopting the Armstrong Regenerative circuit to a receiver having a wave-length range of 150-3000 meters. The result is the
Type CR-5
Regenerative Receiver
This is a complete receiver. The only additional equipment needed are phones, batteries and a detector tube.
Included in its range are amateur, navy and commercial wave-lengths, special land stations, ship CW stations, navy low-wave arcs, all radio phone work and "Time." In operation, it is the last word in simplicity.
Ask to see it at your dealer's today.
GREBE RADIO apparatus is licensed under the original Armstrong and Marconi patents.
Central Radio Institute, Independence, Mo.
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Murray Radio Supply Co., New York, Chicago, St. Louis.
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No. F-800A .001 Clapp Eastham Bal.$5.00
No. F-800B .0015 Clapp " Bal. $10.00
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No. ES-356 1 MP 500 Volts........$1.25
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No. CR-4 Grebe "Latest with tube control" 175-880 M. Det. and 2-step amplifier...$145.00
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IMPORTANT! Every article listed sent to any part of the United States Postage paid. We want your business! "Let PITTSCO handle your Radio problems!"
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When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
WHO WROTE THE EDITORIAL IN THE JANUARY "RADIO NEWS"?
HAVE you read the editorial in the January issue of Mr. Gernsback's publication, "Radio News"? This is not a bit of free advertising for the publication mentioned, but the editorial is such a conglomeration of nonsense that every radio man will need to hear of it. Here it is:
RADIO BILL S4038
SENATOR POINDEXTER introduced the above bill March 8, 1920, in the Senate, and this bill was referred to the Committee on Naval Affairs.
This bill, which in many respects is harmless, and in a few instances, if passed, would seriously hamper us amateurs, was carefully studied by us the minute it appeared. Private advice, expert advice, as well as our own opinion, made it seem certain that this bill never had a chance to become a law in its original form.
Of course, we watched the bill carefully through all its phases, and very recent information from our Washington representatives makes it appear certain that bill will not come up for some time to come. No further hearings have been arranged for by the committee. There were hearings on this bill last spring, but since that time nothing of importance has occurred.
Now that you have read the editorial, what do you think of it? Who is right—the man who wrote the editorial quoted above or the instigators of the plan to kill the bill before it could go any further? Let us here add that the editorial is not signed by Mr. Gernsback. Perhaps his office boy wrote it—It sounds like it! The old slogan—"In time of peace prepare for war"—applies well in this case. The bill is of such a dangerous nature that, if passed, it would seriously affect the future of amateur radio. "Pacific Radio News" published the bill in full. No other radio publication gave you a copy of it.
Please note in the editorial from the "Radio News" that the writer of same states that misdirected efforts were converged upon the amateurs, stirring them up to no good purpose. The misdirected efforts, to a great extent, were NOT saying that he did NOT know of it.
"It is the old story of yelling wolf when there is no wolf in sight"—says the editorial. It should have read as follows: "Why holler wolf when someone else has already driven the wolf away." But, on the other hand,
It has been the policy of the editor not to stir up the amateurs and make them write letters to their Senators and Representatives unless there was actual danger that certain bills might become law. We have always felt that if real danger existed, an S. O. S. to the amateur fraternity was in order.
We were therefore dismayed that in some quarters very zealous but misdirected efforts were converged upon the amateurs, stirring them up to no good purpose. It is the old story of yelling wolf when there is no wolf in sight. Then when the danger really does come, the appeal falls upon deaf ears. Statesmen in Washington do not like to be bothered—and stirred up every little while by busybodies, when real danger is threatening the amateurs.
The amateur fraternity can rest assured that whenever real danger threatens, they will be advised quickly and effectively.
those employed by the publishers of QST and "Pacific Radio News"—if we understand the editorial correctly. Can these efforts rightfully be called misdirected? Don't you believe in swamping destructive legislation before it gets a handicap on us? To tell you the truth about the matter, fellow amateurs, we are of the opinion that the writer of the editorial never heard of the bill until he read it in "Pacific Radio News."
Well, at any rate, we hope that he knew of the bill. Mind you—we are we extend our thanks to the writer of the editorial for the last paragraph of same, which reads: "The amateur fraternity can rest assured that whenever real danger threatens, they will be advised quickly and effectively" That's just what "QST" and "Pacific Radio News" have done. We have advised you quickly and effectively, and REAL danger was in sight. But not now—the bill will never be made a law—thanks to the many of you who have done such good work in giving it the axe.
ONE-HALF KILOWATT PANEL TYPE TRANSMITTER
By O. SCHUWENDT
The panel type transmitter to be described has actually been constructed and, although it has not been used in actual service, excellent results have been found to give very satisfactory service. Fig. 1 is a half-tone showing the front view of the completed set, while Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are half-tones showing the side and back views respectively. Although definite makes and sizes of instruments are shown there is no reason why other types might not be substituted with slight changes in dimensions to conform to any difference in sizes of instruments if necessary. In the particular set constructed by the writer the following instruments were used: ¼ K.W. Acme transformer, Murdock rotary gap with every other stud cut out, giving only six studs, permitting the gap to be run at high speed resulting in better quenching without raising the tone to an excessively high pitch, a Dubilier mica condenser, a home-made oscillation transformer and antenna loading inductance.
Fig. 4 is a drawing showing the general assembly of the transmitter and will serve to make clear certain points that might not readily be seen in the photographs. It will be noticed that a hot-wire ammeter is shown on the drawings which was not in place when the photograph, Fig. 1, was taken. This will fill up the blank space on the panel and make it look much neater.
With reference to Fig. 4, 15 is the Acme transformer, 14 is the Murdock rotary gap, 19 is the Dubilier condenser, 8 is the secondary armature, 10 is the primary of the oscillation transformer, 11 is the antenna loading inductance, while 12 is high frequency choke coils to prevent surges from the condenser from backing up into the secondary of the transformer. The fused switch on the right of the panel controls the main power line to the set. When the switch is open the panel wiring is dead. The switch on the left controls the rotary gap motor, while the switch in the center is designed to rotate between the two clips and is used to vary the power input.
to the transformer. In case the transformer which the builder intends to use has more than two taps on the primary, more switch jaws can be added and thus all of the different powers can be obtained directly from the front of the panel without changing any wiring. The binding posts below the power switch are for connecting the power leads to the set while the other two are for connections to the key.
In the plan view the antenna loading inductance has been left out in order that the drawings would not be confusing. Wiring has been omitted from all other views. 13 is a hot-wire ammeter which can be of any make that the builder desires to use. The two connection posts for key and ground, K0, may be either in the form of composition posts as shown or large binding posts can be used to advantage.
In starting the construction of this panel set the builder should first make the panel (1) in Fig. 4. This can be of slate or Bakelite, but wood can be used just as well as no high tension leads will run directly on the panel. In the writer's case the panel was made of wood which was first painted with lamp black and turpentine and given several coats of good varnish. Each coat of varnish was rubbed down with steel wool to give a smooth finish before the next coat was applied. The varnish was rubbed down with steel wool and then with pumice stone and water until a dull finish was obtained which greatly resembles grained Bakelite. The terminals and ammeter should be put in the position indicated by the dimensions given in the drawing. No exact dimensions can be given for the location of the switches as they will vary in each case; however, care should be taken to have the terminals of the top clips 7½ inches or less from the bottom of the panel as it is intended to keep all 10-bolt wiring below the shelf on which the rotary gap and condenser rest and incidentally from the high tension circuit.
The next step is to make the framework of angle and strap iron as shown in Fig. 5. The panel supports (2) should be made first. These are made from one piece by one-inch by three-quarter inch angle iron. The right angle bend is made by making a cut with a hacksaw 45 degrees on either side of a vertical line, 17 inches from one end of the angle iron. The angle can easily be bent cold although it is better to heat it red hot before bending it which would allow the joint to be hammered together to make a neater job. Care should be taken in making the supports to be sure that the notch is cut out just the opposite in one from the other or the piece of angle iron will be ruined for use as a support. The holes should be drilled in the places shown by the drawing and those which are marked for countersinking should be countersunk with a ¾-inch drill.
The brace (3) is very simple except for the cutting of the angles for each end. This is probably best accomplished by setting the brace approximately in place on the outside of one of the panel supports and scratching the approximate angle of each end on the surface of the iron. After the ends are cut to the correct angles the braces should be clamped in place on the panel supports and the holes drilled for the fastening screws. The brace should be fastened in place on the inside of the angle so the panel supports by means of 8/32 flat head iron machine screws. After the screws are in place they should be cut off flush with the face of the nut and the head should also be filed down until it is flush with the sides of the angles. The hole for the shelf support should be drilled after the shelf support has been fastened to the panel support and leveled up. It will be necessary to put a couple of washers under the head of the angle and the shelf support to bring it out even with the brace. The shelf support (4) itself will need no description.
The supports for the Dubilier condenser are also shown in Fig 5. They are bent of ¼-inch thick brass in the shapes shown in the drawing. The two small angles are screwed on to the back of the panel while the two long supports are screwed to the shelf (5), which consists of two strips of wood ¾-inch thick by 2 inches wide and 17½ inches long, screwed to the shelf supports (4). The antenna loading inductance (7), oscillation transformer secondary (8), and primary (9), are shown in the drawing, Fig. 6. Although the antenna loading inductance is not altogether necessary, in most cases the writer would advise its use as it is useful in tuning the set. On small aerials it is almost a necessity.
The cross pieces are made of wood ¾-inch square and of the length shown in the drawing. The two pieces are set into each other to make a flush joint. The circular piece on the back of each inductance is fastened in place with two wood screws in each cross piece as can be seen in Fig. 4, serving to strengthen the unit. A novel method of supporting the copper strip is shown. Instead of using small lengths of ¼-inch thick Bakelite, set edgewise, with slots cut for the strip and a step cut in each end for the
screw to hold it to the cross piece. This method represents quite a material saving over using a solid piece of Bakelite for the insulation of the copper strip and also makes a neat form of support.
For the primary the Bakelite strip is 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) inches wide and the steps are cut as shown in the drawing. The primary is wound with a double thickness of 26 gauge copper, 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) inches wide, with a piece of shellaced paper between the two, and the slots in the Bakelite strips should be cut just wide enough to allow the strip to be forced into them. It should be observed that the support at the beginning of the winding has four slots while the other three have only three slots each. It might be stated here that the primary will require approximately sixteen feet of ribbon in all.
The secondary and loader insulation strips are made in a somewhat similar manner to the primary except that they are only one inch wide and are longer, as can be seen by the drawings. The secondary is wound with a single thickness of 26 gauge copper strip, one-inch wide, and the slots in the Bakelite should be cut of such width that the winding can just be forced into them with the hands. It should be noticed here also that the insulation strip on which the winding starts and ends has one more slot than the other three, thus making one with nine slots and three with eight slots each, for each inductance. The secondary will require about twenty feet of copper strip and the loader will require the same amount.
The angle supports to fasten the loader and primary to the panel are identical in construction and are bent from \(\frac{3}{8}\)-inch thick brass to the dimensions shown in Fig. 6. Little difficulty should be experienced in making these.
The hinge or pivot supports for the secondary are made in two pieces and have a machine screw through them to act as a pivot so that the secondary may be swung through an angle to vary the coupling. The machine screws are just large enough to make the hinge or pivot bind slightly when turning the secondary. This will be found to be a very effective method of coupling adjustment and the secondary will hold its adjustment indefinitely. The builder can use his ingenuity in devising a means for adjusting the coupling from the front of the panel. This may take the form of a small bevel gear fastened to the part of the lower pivot which is attached to the cross arm of the secondary. Another bevel gear, fastened on a shaft extending through the panel and having a knob attached to it, would engage with the above gear and rotation of the secondary would take place by turning the knob.
All high frequency connections are made with 26 gauge copper ribbon, one inch wide, and are soldered wherever possible. In the case of the writer's set, the primary was tuned to exactly 200 meters with a wavemeter and the closed circuit leads then soldered in place. The high frequency choke coils (12) are made of ten turns of number 10 bare copper wire, one-inch in diameter, and the ends bent over to the condenser terminals. A switch with a removable blade should be provided on the rear of the panel for shorting the ammeter when it is not in actual use.
Although the writer does not expect the above set to be exactly duplicated, he does believe that the description will give the prospective builder of a panel transmitter a number of ideas on making up a very efficient type of set.
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**AVALON PHONE HEARD 6000 MILES**
The radiophone of the Pac. Tel. & Tel. Co., between Avalon and Long Beach, Calif., has broken the world's record, it is believed. It is understood that a revenue mail naval ship, while lying in the harbor at Auckland, New Zealand, have repeatedly tuned in, and listened to the telephone conversation between Long Beach and Avalon, and that in most cases but little trouble was experienced in understanding everything spoken over the phone circuit. This distance is approximately 6000 miles all over water, it is true, but is believed to establish a new distance record for telephony. The most remarkable part of the feat is that the transmitting apparatus was only putting 100 watts into the antenna.
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**VALUABLE GALENA AND SILICON ORE FOUND IN CALIF.**
M. R. E. H. Heintze, an operator of the Western Union Telegraph Company and formerly a commercial radio man, has found an unusual ore in the mountains near Needles California. Many tons of supersensitive galena and silicon have been unearthed and made ready for the radio market.
Sample crystals were tested by the publishers of Pacific Radio News and found to be the best detecting minerals of any yet known.
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**Amrad Quenched Gap Relay**
The American Radio and Research Corporation has established a chain of relay stations extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Only stations using the Amrad Quenched Gap are included in the chain. Test messages are to be sent every Tuesday morning throughout the month of February. The first message was dispatched several weeks ago and reached the Pacific Coast without difficulty and in good time.
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M. R. and Mrs. Albrecht J. Scheuerelein announce the marriage of their daughter, Stephanie, to Mr. Alfred Henry Grebe, on Saturday, the eighth of January, 1921, Philadelphia, Pa.
IS AMATEUR RADIO DIGGING ITS OWN GRAVE?
Timely consideration of a matter which seems to have been given little or no attention and may foreshadow disaster for the honest experimenter.
By ARTHUR H. LYNCH
Experimenters have proven before, during and after the war, that a very great portion of the advance made in radio, engineering and operating may be traced directly back to them when its origin is sought. The accomplishments of former amateurs, in the service of the army, navy or other departments during the war, have been so completely chronicled that there would be but little use in reviewing them here in any but a very summary manner.
The vacuum tube really was more of an experiment of a practical nature before its general adoption and application to wartime use by the various military forces throughout the world. Many American amateurs assisted in a great measure in making the change. To rehearse the wonders of the V.T. for the uninitiated, or to tell which it must be applied would take volumes. Suffice it to recall that it is the little tube which makes possible the reception of signals which were inaudible before its development: it makes possible the transmission of signals or voices with comparatively small power consumption for the covering of great distances. By its use, it is possible for airplane pilots to communicate with flying fields while several miles above the earth. And so it goes, ad infinitum. This one little glass bulb with its glowing filament, metal plate and twisted grid, forming a common ground for the opposite heats composed of myriad electrons, has proven such a wonderful aid in the promotion of human intercourse and world progress that even where we are crowded for space we cannot fail to eulogize this most wonderful machine, "the vacuum tube". In tracing this invention to its source a great deal of trouble would be experienced if the desire was to give an individual credit for its evolution, or even its origin, but regardless of the actual person responsible for it, it is generally agreed that the "gentleman" who was an AMATEUR DEVELOPMENT.
And, in like manner, from the first experiment of Marconi through the ever-increasing field of usefulness of the V.T. to the Alexanderson alternator and the radio control of a crewless battleship, we find that a vast amount of constructive work has been done by the AMATEUR.
This wonderful discovery—radio—is being applied in a most intricate and systematic manner. Because of its inherent weaknesses, it is best suited for the furthering of world-wide intercommunication, when certain regulations for its employment are followed. In the early history of radio, such regulation was hardly necessary because of the small number of stations, but today, with antennae proudly standing above vast numbers of homes throughout our country, all having something to say to an antenna one, two or three thousand miles away, traffic regulation is a very serious matter.
For the framing of the rules for the governing of radio traffic, the legislators of most governments find time to take their minds from the most important affairs. Our own government is, to a very marked degree, much more lenient in the matter of Amateur Radio regulation than any of the others. In this country the all-important work, which has already been accomplished and has had for its sponsor some experimenter, is contemplated when the regulations are being made. But even in this appreciative country of ours, there are certain fixed limits for this experimentation.
Radio Clubs of Great Assistance
Realizing the need of co-operating with our government in this regard, many organizations have sprung up, which strive to make amateur traffic all that it should be. They have done a vast amount of good. In the up-to-the-minute amateur station radio traffic is handled equally as well as in the higher class commercial stations. There are many conscientious and earnest workers throughout the country who are doing all in their power for the promotion of the art. They painstakingly experiment with various circuits, in an effort to produce the best; they burn the midnight oil in efforts to improve design, or they laboriously over the writing of copy paper to be read before their clubs, all in an effort to make radio a cleaner, better, more efficient and more interesting art.
But, in their work, they are hampered very materially by several very distinct and equally annoying varieties of a class of individuals commonly called "ham".
From your own observation, in the operation of your station, you have come across most of these varieties, or, to be more accurate, they have come across you.
The number of those who refuse to be governed is by no means negligible—in fact, it is surprisingly large. It is not confined to the beginner nor the newcomer with the small spark coil; its ranks are not limited to those who do not know better; it is made up of a large number of those who are so wantonly selfish and pig-headed—and throw in a few names yourself, Dear Reader, and make them as strong as you like.
This flagrant disregard of the law, and in many instances common decency, is increasing with the growth in the number of stations, though statistics indicate that the latter increase is proportionately greater than the former. A very good thing, but the mischief is not being propagated rapidly enough.
And, strange to say, there has been but very slight objection raised by the government. Does that fact mean anything to the deeper thinking Radio Amateur? Does it not appear to be strange that the law may be so unconscionably broken with no penalty being meted out to the breakers? Is the Radio Service of the Department of Commerce going to go on paying no attention to those amateurs who take delight in interfering not only with the traffic of other amateurs, but also with commercial and even government communication?
Is the Day of Reckoning Coming?
It is quite unlikely that this repose, if that is the way you would care to have it classed, will continue indefinitely. It is as nearly certain as fact that you are alive, that some of these fine days—or bad days—there is going to be a show down, and like the day of judgment, we know not when it will arrive.
The reason Amateur Radio has been given consideration in this country is because it is recognized as a lively source for the promotion of the art, not because it happens to be somebody's hobby. When the amount of work done for the betterment of the science is approached by the amount of damage done the same science, the experimenting is going to be cut out. Our government has not been backward, in the past, in the enforcing of the greater part of its laws, and there is every reason to believe that it will clamp the lid down on Radio unless some steps are taken rapidly to reduce the utter disregard and even contempt with which they are greeted in some quarters.
In Radio on Trial for Its Life?
It would seem so. Correspondence, via the ether, is the medium which carries radiotelegraphic messages, subject to eavesdropping. Those entries which you have in your own log-books may be duplicated in a large number of stations. They may even be part of an official and secret log being kept by the government, and what does it do to run down the breakers of the communication laws. What is to prevent identical copies being made at the various navy yards of these and similar cases? By the application of the "Law of Averages," which is the fundamental basis of all just laws, it would seem as though Radio may be taken before the courts and required to give an account of its stewardship.
Most amateurs are familiar with the fact that legislation was attempted, not so very long ago, which would have just about put a crimp in the art which is furnishing instruction and pleasure for thousands of young Americans. The main factors in the pushing of such legislation have not gone and found a nice quiet place and died there. Most certainly not! Like the government, they may be piling up their data and instead of getting after the individual transgressors and giving him his due penalty, they will bring a compilation of statistics before the law-makers, so conclusive in its statements of actual lawlessness, as to be strong enough to bring down the governmental wrath upon Amateur Radio, but in the form of very drastic measures, which will effect not only the actual offenders, but the entire Amateur Fraternity.
There appears to be something subtle in the Department's apparent blindness. Is Amateur Radio to be such a fool as to allow such a condition to be brought about? It's up to you. Think it over.
BOOK REVIEW
Revolutionary Theories in Wireless
Describing in a new and heretofore unpublished manner the operation of radio stations. Present day theories disputed and treated fully in an entirely different angle. Interesting from cover to cover. 200 pages, 72 illustrations and 129 articles. Cloth bound. $2.50 per copy. Author, Frank E. Summers, Memphis, Mo.
Simple Description of Radio Telephony
Published in blue-print form. Covers radio telephone subjects in a simple manner. Several good diagrams and many simple explanations. Prepared by F. A. Stainbrook. Published by Forest Publishing Co., Boston, Mass. Price, 50 cents per copy, postpaid. Copies can be secured from the publishers of Pacific Radio News.
THE U. S. NAVAL SIBERIAN EXPEDITION
By H. L. Rodman
The U.S.S. "Saturn", in command of Lieutenant Commander Frank H. Lockle, U. S. Navy, left out of San Francisco in November nineteen eighteen with a heavy load of machinery, apparatus and supplies, bound for Vladivostok, Siberia, via Honolulu, for the purpose of erecting and installing a 60 K.W. arc radio station.
After a trying passage, during which some very severe weather was encountered, the "Saturn" arrived in Vladivostok harbor in January, nineteen nineteen. Ice had already formed across the lower harbor and it was necessary for an ice-breaker to precede the "Saturn" up the Golden Horn.
Pospieloff Point, near the American Red Cross hospital on Russian Island, was selected as a base from which operations would be carried on, this being at the time the nearest accessible point to the station.
While the thermometer was dropping, the "Saturn" was maneuvered through the ice as close to shore as possible, her entire length being well into the ice through the channel cut by her nose, and allowed to freeze in.
The "Saturn's" cargo was then worked ashore over the ice, both man-power automobile being used to pull the sleds. The average thickness of the ice was approximately eighteen inches, but due to packing, the actual thickness of supporting ice grew to three and four feet.
The surface of the pack-ice was very rough and it was necessary to chop a trail in some places to allow the sleds to move smoothly.
A five-ton truck was lowered on the ice and towed ashore without difficulty.
The unloading of the "Saturn" was carried on in intensely cold weather, from 20 to 30 below zero, but notwithstanding this fact, our own men stood the cold better than some of the natives.
The operation of getting all material and supplies ashore on Russian Island completed, the "Saturn" departed, leaving the expedition to commence what later proved to be the real work.
Officers, enlisted men and navy yard employees totalling about forty, and this expedition was calculated to be self-sustaining for six months. A Marine guard of twelve men was added later.
The American Red Cross hospital graciously tendered the use of one of their buildings for living quarters while the expedition was operating from the Pospieloff base.
All material had now to be trucked nine miles to the station over a road partly over land and partly across the ice on Novik Bay, which nearly divides Russian Island into two separate parts.
Now and then one wheel of a heavily loaded truck would crack the ice and let water through, but by keeping the trucks moving, practically all material was transported from the base to the station over this route. The only other road leading to the station was eighteen miles long. The road across the ice cut the distance in half.
A great deal of hard work was encountered in keeping the roads clear of snow drifts. Indeed, it is doubtful if a radio station was ever more constructed where so many difficulties in the way of natural obstacles were encountered. At times the task looked almost hopeless, but the station was needed for war purposes as soon as it could be completed.
Fortunately, the personnel of the expedition had been especially selected as to physical fitness and other qualifications, and for the most part they were as stout hearted as ever. There were times when they plugged on through the most discouraging adverse circumstances. For one thing, it was very difficult to keep the motors running properly, and the truck crews never knew when they would get stalled in the snow and forced to walk miles in the piercing North wind.
The station itself had been started by the Russians but never completed. They had planned a high power station capable of communicating with Petrograd on one side and San Francisco on the other. Eleven towers, each 100 meters high, had been erected, and two good small buildings completed. Many other buildings had been planned, the foundations for some having been laid. It is safe to say that had the Russians carried out their project, it would have been by far the largest radio station in the world, although it would not have been as powerful as the Annapolis, La Fayette or Nature stations. The telegraph system was to have been utilized, the prime movers being two 400 H.P. Deisel engines burning crude oil, one of which with the exception of a few parts, was found at the station. Even a special dock in the adjoining bay and a portable railroad had been built and laid by the Russians, all of which was utilized by the American expedition.
Three 100 meter towers forming a triangle approximately 900x700x600 feet were utilized for suspending the triangular flat-top antenna for the 60 K.W. arc. Number three hard drawn solid copper wire was used for each of the antenna wires. Five wires on 30 foot charged iron spreaders were used in each section of the triangular flat-top, the down lead being taken conveniently from the intersection where the 900 and 700 foot sides of the triangle came together.
A small antenna, similar to a ship's antenna, was also put up between two of the towers, supporting the main antenna at about 100 feet from the top, for the 12 K.W. auxiliary arc set.
A large room on the mezzanine floor of the main building was remodeled for use as arc and operating room. Other rooms on the mezzanine at the opposite end of the power house were equipped and used as officer's living quarters, another building having been given over to all other personnel for this purpose.
The main large room on the ground floor was used as a power house, as was originally planned by the Russians.
A 150 H.P. Fairbanks Morse gas engine was installed to drive a 65 K.W. generator which in turn provided current for the main arc set.
A 60 H.P. Union gas engine, driving two 12 K.W. generators was installed for the auxiliary arc set.
A still smaller unit, 7½ H.P. was installed with a 5 K.W. 110-volt generator to provide lights and auxiliary power.
Fuel tanks, storing eight thousand gallons of gasoline and distillate, were erected on platforms outside the power
(Continued on page 270)
WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY RELAY
A 30-WORD message has been received from Senator Harding, our new President-elect. The idea of the relay is to deliver this message to either the Governor of your state, mayor of your city or your Congressman or City Councilman or other local authority. State Senators or U. S. Senators are included in the list. The main idea is to deliver this message to as many City County, State and National officials as possible.
English amateurs have my permission to deliver this message direct to H. R. H. The King of England—and if they get the message—Co. in Foreign amateurs in other countries may deliver the message and get the same credit as a local amateur, with a shade of advantage for a prize owing to distance covered. This includes Canada, Porto Rico, Mexico, Cuba, Iceland, Hawaii and as far as it will go. If there is any trouble with message not going through on the night of February 21, 1921, it will be run the next night, February 22 at the same time. A great many amateurs have their Club or Association message blanks and one of these must be used for the message to be delivered. The above authorities—reading the message to them and getting their receipt; as well as time received and delivered being plainly noted on the message blank, together with your name and address and call letters. You may also state from what stations you received the message. Then this received message must be mailed at once to W. Kirwan, Box 148, Davenport, Iowa. All your names will be listed in all the Wireless Magazines that are sufficiently interested in this relay and yourself will publish them. There are thousands of dollars worth of prizes: from a watch to a two-step amplifier and all from the best dealers and advertisers in the business. Prizes will be held by these many companies until the prize winners are announced and they will then ship you your prize after name is published in magazines. The names of firms donating prizes will also be published shortly. You can easily win a prize and there will be lots to go around. It costs nothing to enter the contest and no matter what Club or Association you belong to—you are welcome. Thousands of amateurs belonging to the N. A. W. A., Radio League of America and numerous Radio Clubs, Y. M. C. A., Boy Scouts, Knights of Columbus, together with the many members of the A. R. R. L. will compete in a good natured National Contest for superiority in receiving and the result will no doubt discover many new efficient receiving stations that will need only a little brushing up to make them good long distance relay workers.
First thing you do when you receive this letter is to give it to your local newspaper and state approximately the number of amateurs that will be listening in, also the names and addresses of nearest sending station. Then locate the man you intend to deliver the message to and hang on his trail until you deliver it.
Time of Starting
8:10 P. M.—Eastern Standard time, February 21st.
8:10 P. M.—Pacific Standard time, February 21st.
Message will be 30 words.
14 words come from Atlantic.
14 words come from Pacific.
2 words comes from Station 9 BY, at Rock Island, Illinois, alongside the Mississippi river. This makes it fair and equal to all the United States—but a disadvantage for the foreign stations—a point the committee will remember. In case of Static or other severe interference relay will be run same time night of February 22nd.
Interference
Of course, if you send unnecessarily during these times you merely hurt your local friends who may be listening in. Stations throughout the U. S. will send information on Q.S.T. starting February 1, each night, some by phone, C.W. and spark, about this relay and this will be a good chance for you to acquaint yourself with sending stations and take your step up.
U. S. Government Station N. S. F. and A. R. R. D. C. will send information during weeks after February 1st on 250 meters and will Q. S. T. the complete M. S. G. as soon as it is received by them 10 minutes after the hour, through 8 XK and 9 BY. These stations will use C.W. and Wireless Telegraphy and you will hear a good listener when you get through. 8 XK will send out information starting first week of February 1st—at night both by telephone and C.W. Mr. F. Conrad of Pittsburg, Pa., is the operator who is going to try and help you—so co-operate with him.
Station 9 BY—Rock Island, Ill., will use 200 meters C.W. and phone, starting in nights of first week of February to send out information about relay. Mr. R. Karlowa is owner of station and would ask you report his signature. Station 9 ZN—Chicago—Mr. R. H. Mathen will also send out information during February about the relay. Also all Z stations in country affiliated with the American Radio Relay League of Hartford, Connecticut.
Reason For Relay
1st. To start a keen, good natured rivalry between the many amateurs of the United States and Canada who have made some wonderful claims on receiving.
2nd. For the good of the game to give a big event once a year and give the boys who cannot do long distance work a chance to do some real long distance receiving and an incentive to better their stations if it is possible.
3rd. So that all may join in one grand big picnic once a year and enjoy some real sport as this will be the biggest wireless event of years, something to discuss and talk about for a long time.
To show our new President-elect what we can do, and an event of any unfavorable future legislation—we will at least have all those we deliver message to as an ally.
5th. To stimulate interest in amateur wireless throughout the world.
Message
The 14 words coming from the Atlantic through the following sending stations will be the 1st, 3rd, 5th, etc., of the message.
The 14 words coming from the Pacific will be the 2nd, 4th, 6th, etc., of the M. S. G. and the last two words of the message will be started by 9 BY, at 9 P.M., central time on a Q.S.T.—three times only—200 meters—also by 8 XK and N.S.F. on 250 meters as soon as they get these two words from 9 BY. Preceding 10 minutes after the hour, at 9:10 P.M., 11:10 P.M., 12:10 P.M. etc. As much of message will be sent by these two stations as has been received. Station 9 ZN will also repeat M.S.G. three times on Q.S.T. as soon as received on 425 meters on the hour and half hour, having to send on 200 meters in relay. This will give you a chance to pick up in case of interference on 200 M. The signature of the M.S.G. will be given you here as Senator Harding, Marion, Ohio; and this will not come over wireless—just write it down now and piece the rest of the M.S.G. together when you get it.
Caution—Warning
Sending stations please have a heart for us amateurs and do not send over 10 words per minute rate, no punctuation or fancy flourishes or singing more than three times. With the class of sending stations of the A.R.R.L. in this relay this regulation is necessary for the benefit of the listening amateurs.
The amateur sending stations will set an example for the fellow who try to gum up any game, good or bad, and they of course will be out on this night, but as a rule, their spark is in their own neighborhood and offenders of the rules are handled locally. From the amount of labor expended by all hands helping in this relay there is no sensible reason for there being any interference except willful, and full arrangements have been made to list this kind of Q.R.M.
Don't copy M.S.G. from newspapers as purposed, the Associated Press will get M.S.G. without two words. Pass this circular around—read it before your radio friends and get ready for the big event.
Sending Stations
All the best sending stations of the A.R.R.L. on the routes in use will send on this night and the A.R.R.L. should...
One of the most complete and up-to-date radio stations on the Pacific Coast is the one at Avalon, Cal. Radio telephone and C. W. transmission is used exclusively. One of Mr. Mott's pet hobbies is fishing. He is the author of several books and many of his writings appear in our large national publications.
The photograph of Mr. Mott's station—6BX—at Avalon, Catalina Island, California, shows his apparatus so clearly that but little explanation is necessary. At the extreme right is his especially designed and constructed tube transmitter, in which he uses three tubes. He derives his power from the city current—110 volts—through a special transformer, and gets the transmitting good results of from 1½ to 2 amperes in the antenna. The one trouble that he is experiencing is caused by the fluctuating of the city power, that he compelled him to have built three especial circuit breakers in order to safeguard the tubes. The receiver is the Grebe, short-wave regenerative model, used in connection with an Audiotron detector set, and a two-step Grebe amplifier above it. The sending key is just behind the Baldwin phones on the table. Mr. Mott also employs a 9-plate tuning condenser between the receiver and the detector. He reports most satisfactory results, the arrangement permitting of very sharp tuning. He has been reported as QSA from stations in the Seventh and Fifth Districts. Three wave lengths are arranged for—200, 220 and 235—all very sharp-drawn. So sharp indeed is his transmitting wave that he asks those who would listen for him to tune exactly on 200 meters, or if this is not done listeners' sets will not oscillate and a "mush" sound will result; whereas, if they are tuned correctly they will hear a very fine, resonant note, easily readable through almost any QRM.
Mr. Mott is installing a Grebe long-wave, regenerative receiver with another two-step amplifier in connection with it, and another set of Baldwin phones. When 6BX is in full commission it will be as up-to-the-minute a station as there is on the Coast, and he hopes to broadcast his fishing news in such a way—o'-summer evenings—that listeners far and near will be interested and entertained.
FROM OCEAN TO OCEAN
By Lawrence Mott (6BX)
When radio, plus land lines, work together with such cohesion and so efficiently, that at my amateur station at Avalon, Catalina Island, California, I heard—remarkably QSA—voices speaking from the S.S. "Gloucester"—out at sea off Cape Cod, the Massachusetts coast—to the Pebble Beach station of the commercial wireless company between the Island and the mainland—American brains, constructive ingenuity and invention have shown the stuff of which they are made!
And furthermore—the voices of the operators assisting at the carrying out of this feat, and stationed along the line, came in to me as clearly as though they were but across the way. N. Y., Boston, etc., all the long miles to Fresno, San Francisco, and even Los Angeles, were plainly audible with excellent modulation and fine tone.
On the "Gloucester" they were transmitting on 365 metres, and receiving on 410. At Pebble Beach transmitting was effected on 400 and reception on 470.
I was listening-in on my Grebe regenerative receivers, using the regulation, amateur antenna—and I needed no amplification to hear the voices on the ship on the Atlantic at all. The reason for this was, of course, that I was chiefly receiving through re-radiation from the Pebble Beach station's aerials—that are situated about a mile and a half from my own.
I am informed on the highest of radio authority that the British battleships, while lying in an Australian port—but lately—heard wireless conversation between Avalon and the mainland with great clearness—and that is a distance of more than 6000 miles!
"Nuff sed!"
BRITISH TRY TO BALK WIRELESS IN CHINA
An international dispute, with Japan, England and Denmark lined up on one side, America on the other and China in the middle, has arisen over a contract granted by China to the Federal Telegraph Company, a wireless company with headquarters in San Francisco.
Big issues are at stake, including America's future commerce with China, in the opinion of American officials. Japan and England have demanded of China the revocation of the contract, which calls for the construction of a radio plant at Shanghai. Denmark has made a separate demand to similar purport. America is seeking delay.
Officials in East
R. P. Schwerin, president of Federal Telegraph, is now in Washington. It was reported his visit had to do with the Chinese row. Hiram W. Johnson, Jr., a director of the company, is also in the East. Others prominent in the affairs of the company, which was formed in 1911 and has a service extending up and down the Pacific Coast, are T. C. Tognazzini, August Taylor and Leon Bocqueraz, all prominent in San Francisco's business and financial affairs.
Details of the dispute were brought in an Associated Press cablegram from Peking.
British Pressure
The dispatch said Premier Chun Yun-Peng, under pressure of the British legation, was seriously considering a proposal to cancel the contract of the Federal company with the ministry of com-
(Continued on page 273)
THE FALL OF SAMUEL JONES
By Volney G. Mathison
(Author of "A Bungled Affair," and others.)
SAMUEL JONES has always strenuously opposed the idea of my writing an account of his Great Fall. Once, when I casually mentioned the matter to him, he most emphatically objected, averring that he didn't want to have his private business printed in a magazine and exhibited on all the newsstands in the country, to be read and snickered at by the darn public. He declared that the said affair in question occurred many years ago, when, fresh from the turnip-patch and hayfield of a country farm, he was quite unsophisticated and wholly unversed in the deceptions of the fair sex; and he said he felt that Evelyn Campbell, the young lady in the case, made quite enough of a jackass out of him at the time, without my rubbing it in by writing a fool story about it. Hence, I was obliged to desist.
However, since just this morning I was officially informed by the police inspector that Samuel Jones had lately departed on a big freighter, off on a six months' voyage to Madagascar with a cargo of prunes and windmills, I have resolved to take advantage of his absence to slip you the story of his Great Fall.
Once upon a time, in the dim Achaean age of the wireless game when shellbacks were greenhorns and the straight-gap roared supreme, the chunky little steam-schooner "Wapama" pulled away from a San Francisco pier, one cloudy autumn afternoon with a full list of passengers—about twenty-and-one, a cargo of prunes. The cargoes had been brought down from the Columbia River, the passengers recruited at San Francisco, and the "Wapama" was bound for San Pedro, where she would be relieved of lumber and landlubbers, alike.
As the good ship rambled out through the Golden Gate, Samuel Jones, the chief wireless operator of the vessel, settled himself at his operating desk as comfortably as the cramped combined wireless cabin and sleeping room would permit, and resigned himself to the necessity of standing watch until midnight, when he would be relieved by his assistant, Jimmie Morrow. With his eyes resting loosely on his tow-headed cranium, he extended a long arm and dragged out a large musty volume from beneath the old-fashioned condenser rack. Hitching his chair around a few times until he was able to wrap his long, lanky legs around the motor generator in a manner to his satisfaction, he hunted for the place in the book where he had read last.
The book, which bore the weighty title, "Thrilling Adventures Among the Red-Headed Wild-Men of Bonga Tonga, by the famous missionary-explorer, Sir Sigismond Abraham Maguire," clearly held a special attraction for Samuel Jones. Scarcely six months away from the adventureless environs of a country farm, he was intensely interested in the account of the perils braved by Sir Sigis-
mund in his invincible determination to convince the cannibals of Bonga Tonga that canned horse-meat was better for the soul than fresh man-chops.
Samuel Jones had fallen into the habit of reading aloud for the benefit of his second operator, when he came to the more thrilling passages in the book. Jimmie Morrow had long since resigned himself to the habit, and had patiently listened to the stirring accounts of butcheries and battles with a callous indifference. Jimmie's main ambition was to sleep as much as possible, whether on or off watch.
"By jiminy, ol' Mugfoot sure had a excitin' time, eh, all right," exclaimed Samuel Jones, for the thousandth time, addressing himself to Jimmy, who lay half dozing in his bunk—a narrow, crib-like affair, just above and a little to one side of the operating desk. "Here he tells how he got shipwrecked goin' from Bonga Tonga to Makakaili, an' was captured, along with eleven men of his gang, by enemy cannibals. The savages puts 'em all in a cave, 'an' the chief scoffs one every week, until ol' Mugfoot was the only one left; an' the chief wouldn't eat him because he was too darn tough an' skinny. He was tryin' to fatten him up a little, when a trader comes along an' the skipper of the trader gets the chief to swap the scraggly ol' missionary fer three drinks of rum. I reckon the chief thought he was gettin' a lot the best of the bargain at that, but, anyway, that's when Mugfoot got saved from the ol' stew-pot. The sure musta been a great life, eh Jimmie?"
Jimmie's only comment was a grunt, as he turned his face to the wall and tried to sleep.
"By jiminy, soon's I get a couple year's time in on this job, I'm goin' to strike the chief fer a big tramp steamer, an' I'll show him the way 'an' the adventures like that myself, eh Jimmie?"
"Aw, fer th' love of Mike, lay off that adventure racket, will yuh!" grumbled Jimmie, growing peevish at being thus constrained from peaceful slumber. "You'd oughta be thinkin' about gettin' some rest an' settlin' down."
Now this was an unfortunate remark, as Jimmie promptly discovered, for it brought upon him a long and brilliant lecture, in which the numberless advantages and in calculable values of travel was revealed with enthusiasm. Based upon, while matrimonial and married life in general was scathingly disparaged and condemned to perdition.
"There's nothin' like travelin' an' adventure to learn a fellow somethin'," concluded Samuel Jones, earnestly. "An' irregarin' all that, I don't mind. Course, I don't mind talkin' to the girls an' explainin' to 'em about the set, an' all that stuff, but you don't catch me fallin' in love with 'em—none of 'em! No darn woman's goin' to drag me up to a preacher like a fish on a hook 'an' spoil my Creer with matrimony—no such thing!"
Just then his assistant, the chief wireless operator's dissertation was interrupted by a distant silvery laugh, a sound of light footsteps tripping across the deck, and the appearance of a picture of feminine beauty in the doorway.
"Oh-o-o-h! This is the wireless, isn't it?" trilled the fair one, resting a daintily manicured hand upon the door. "Please, may I come in?"
"Yes, sure, come right in an' have a seat," exclaimed Samuel Jones, gallantly, arising and offering his chair to the charming visitor. Six months of wireless operating and explaining radio to the unversed, unversed had rather thoroughly broken Samuel Jones of his original countrified shyness.
With a sweet "Thank you," Evelyn Campbell stepped into the radio cabin and accepted the chief wireless operator's chair. As she did so, Samuel Jones could not help noticing that she was attractive exceedingly, attractively, irresistibly attractive. There had been many fair young visitors in the radio shack at different times, but the little beauty who now sat in the chief wireless operator's chair and smiled so alluringly at him, certainly outclassed anything yet. Samuel Jones was a trifle embarrassed.
"So, you is a wireless, and you are a real wireless, an' aren't you?" she bubbled with a glance of her glorious eyes that shot through Samuel Jones like a thousand arrows and made his heart palpitate strangely. "I'm just awfully interested in radio—please tell me about it, won't you?"
This was the chief wireless operator's cue, he promptly plunged into an explanation of wireless telegraphy that covered everything from motor-generator to buzzer-tester; appended with a history of the art, beginning with the discovery by Hertz of wiggly wave-motions, and winding up with the latest dope concerning a fellow who was working about a queer thing that he called an ionion.
"You must be just wonderful to know so much," rippled Evelyn Campbell, with another entrancing smile. "It must have taken you years and years to learn it all, didn't it, Mr. Jones?"
"Oh, I don't know; it only takes about four or five years, if a fellow's got any brains at all," answered Samuel Jones modestly, as he put his fingers and proceed to impress his fair visitor by throwing a lot of switches in and out, accompanied by a skillful twirling of miscellaneous knobs and dials on the antiquated tuner.
"Of course, the wireless game's gettin' a little harder all the time," he added, slamming up the plunger of the rickety underload-breaker and frowning thoughtfully at the storage-battery voltmeter; "they're gettin' a whole lot of them new quenched sets an' arc outfits out on the ships nowadays, an' a fellow's got to study a lot to keep up to date. But it don't take most operators more'n eight or nine years to learn to handle even them newest sets—"
The chief wireless operator paused as the "Wapama" slamming her bluff bows into the heavy seas running on the bar, began to roll and pitch, sickeningly.
"Oh, dear, I'm getting seasick," gasped Evelyn Campbell, rising. "I'd better go."
Expressing his sincere sympathy, Samuel Jones solicitiously assisted the fair maiden to her stateroom.
Returning to the radio shack, the chief
wireless operator reseated himself, hung the phones over one ear, and took up the book of adventure. Locating the place where he had been interrupted, he began to read. He went scarcely a page, however, when he realized that the book had somehow become strangely stale and flat. Evelyn Campbell seemed to smile alluringly at him from between every line; his attention was distracted by unbidden thoughts of her shapely figure, her dainty hands, her seductively glorious eyes.
While this Samuel Jones closed the book and shoved it back underneath the condenser rack. As he did so, he heard something that sounded suspiciously like a snicker. He glanced up sharply at Jimmie Morrow, who was still lying in his bunk, but the second operator apparently was dozing peacefully as usual.
Clamping down his phone, the chief wireless operator adjusted the circumfrum detector and listened in. He heard the usual crash of traffic and he essayed to enter upon his favorite pastime: to take note of some particular signal and read it through all interference by sheer concentration—and failed. Wireless had become stale and dead as the book of Boba Tongs.
Samuel Jones had fallen. His fall had been sudden, headlong, and complete. He was subconsciously aware of the fact that he had fallen a victim to Cupid, but he firmly refused to admit any such thing—not even to himself.
The retarding wind that the "Wapama" met at the Golden Gate increased in strength, and was accentuated by a choppy swell in which the steam schooner tossed and pitched wearily all through the night. Morning found her diving wildly into towering seas and barely holding her own with the gale.
The storm continued through the day. Evelyn Campbell was very seasick, and Samuel Jones suffered a good deal about her. The chief wireless operator, recognizing his sympathetic anxiety for the fair traveler as something wholly unprecedented and altogether unbefitting one destined to a life of adventure on the high seas, strove with a vague uneasiness to stifle his thoughts by turning his attention to other things. But with poor success, however.
Toward nightfall the gale suddenly moderated somewhat. Samuel Jones happened around to Evelyn Campbell's stateroom, for the simple reason that he couldn't keep away; although he probably would have indignantly denied it, had anybody inquired. The storm-torn passenger was not feeling much better, despite the abatement of the storm, but she did indicate a desire to get out on the upper deck and rest in a steamer-chair. Samuel Jones eagerly, yet rather diffidently, assisted her to a comfortable chair, in which he placed behind a stack of life-rafts near the lee rail, where she would be sheltered from the wind. As he awkwardly proceeded to wrap her up in a warm deck blanket, to protect her from the chilly air, his hand touched hers once, and he experienced a wild, sharp thrill that left him quite confused afterward.
"It's awfully good of you to be so nice to me," said Evelyn Campbell, sweetly, when the chief wireless operator, having made her as snug and comfortable as he knew how, stood wavering, uncertain whether to go away or to hang around; and, if you're not too busy, don't you stay and talk to me a little while, please?"
Samuel Jones was not too busy, and he stayed. Half an hour later, the "Wapama" had occasion to alter her course a few points, bringing the heavy sea directly abeam. The result was immediately noticeable. As the old ship laid over on her very beam ends, from somewhere there arose a terrific crashing slam-bang of unutterable noise and buckets, followed by great streams of heartfelt profanity from the engine-room gang.
"Oh, oh," moaned the seasick beauty, as the vessel lunged, gaspingly and sickeningly. "If I had to endure such misery any long, I would jump right overboard!"
"I'll go an' get you a glass of salt water an' a hunka' stale bread," said Samuel Jones, anxiously arising at once.
"That's good for seasick people."
He hastened down a companion-way to the galley, which was two decks below. As he filled a tumbler with water and stirred a little salt into it, the "Wapama" was unexpectedly caught up by a succession of unrelenting waves and showered crested waves, in which the rolled more wildly than ever. Thinking to himself that this would make his fair protege even sicker than she was, the chief wireless operator glanced out through a galley port-hole, and the heaving waters, hardly visible in the gathering darkness, told, just as he looked, he saw something—a dark huddled object, a brief flash of white—fall by the open port and vanish noiselessly into the sea.
For a moment, Samuel Jones stood bewildered. Then his brain reacted to the testimony of his senses with a terrifying realization of Evelyn Campbell's threat to end her seasickness to commit suicide. What he had seen had fallen from directly above—from the very place on the upper deck where he had left Evelyn in her steamer-chair. His imagination swiftly reconstructed what he had seen—falling into the dark depths, with the white petticoats. And, as this awful conviction laid hold of Samuel Jones with an icy grip, with it there came like a crash of lightning the burning realization that he loved Evelyn Campbell—that he loved her deeply, intensely, mightily. It was a crystallization of a feeling under stress of catastrophe, and in its dazzling revelation Samuel Jones was electrified to action. Throwing aside the tumbler of water, he sprang up the companion-way to the poop deck.
"She's overboard!" he shouted to the officer on the bridge. "She's overboard! Stop the ship! Quick! Stop her! Stop her!"
His breaking voice rose in wild anguish over the churning of the engines and the churning of the propeller.
Almost instantly, the engine-telegraph changed sharply; with a squeal and a jerk the throbbing pistons came to a sudden stop. People seemed to spring from nowhere from out of the darkness; questions were hurled back and forth; up on the pilot house the ship's searchlight sputtered into action. Coming out of his cabin, the captain of the "Wapama" saw the crowd gathered on the poop and he hastened aft. Incapacently, Samuel Jones began to tell of what he had seen by the galley port-hole. Before he could finish, a loud guffaw broke in on his stumbling words. It was a rude, coarse laugh, altogether out of keeping with the tense and dramatic situation. Everybody turned. Under a deck light stood a burly waiter, clad in heavy overalls. In his hands was a big chunk of waste, with which he was wiping lubricating oil from his face and forearms.
"Shure, an' I knows what yiz saen, fur I wuz here an' haeved it ouver meself!" he asserted, in his strong brogue. "Did'n yiz hear th' ile cans uppisitin' whin th'ould gurrl took that beam-inder a bit ago? I jist claenend up the worst ay th'dirty mess an' brung up th' swabbins. 'Twas a saucy an' greasy rag yiz saen chicked ouver th' side, an' naught ilse, begorrah!"
Somehow, Samuel Jones managed to escape from the crowd. Going up the second companion-way to the upper deck, he went behind the stack of liferafts to the place where he had left Evelyn Campbell. He found her just as he had left her, snuggled warmly in the blanket he had put around her. She was fast asleep.
Of course, Samuel Jones suffered a severe reprimand from the captain, and all the ship made him a victim of merciless jibes. He bore it all, however, without flinching. He didn't really care. The incident, absurd as it was, had brought him conscious realization that he was deeply enamored of Evelyn Campbell; thereafter nothing else mattered. From that time on to the end of the voyage he hovered over his fair lady with a tender solicitude that seemed blissful and sublime to him; although it was ludicrously funny to everybody else. He attended to her every trifling wish that it was in his power to gratify, he stole fruits and delicacies from the ship's icebox for her, he bribed indifferent stewards to prepare appetizing broths and tempting sauces, and stewards saw to it that his bribes were substantial.
As he had no time to sleep, he stood his watches in a comatose condition, in which he dreamed of matrimonial blisses and pictured himself living in a second Paradise with his Eve. In his waking moments, he thumbed a home-builder's catalogue that he had unearthed somewhere, pondered over the vexing knotty problem how he was going to feed his fair lady all the bacon and beefsteak she wanted; how he was going to furi.ish her with expensive silk stockings and, er—other needful things; and now, at the same time, he was going to pay instalments on a four or five thousand dollar bungalow for her to dwell in—all on his salary of thirty-seven dollars and fifty cents a month. (Remember, dear reader, this was not 1921.) Although it hardly seemed workable in figures, Samuel Jones knew that, according to the service regulations of the wireless company, he soon would be entitled to an increase in salary of two dollars and fifty cents a month; which would help some, anyway.
The heavy weather stayed on all through the trip and Evelyn Campbell (purposely perhaps) remained more or less seasick. Samuel Jones was at her side as much of the time as possible, stoically indifferent to the open ridicule of the ship's company and the caustic comments of the captain.
The fourth night out, the much-delayed "Wapama" rounded Point Arguello and entered the smooth water of the Santa Barbara Channel. Evelyn Campbell became well immediately. In the morning, when the little liner made fast at the San Pedro wharf, the fair beauty was almost the first one down the gangway.
Samuel Jones was half way through the laborious process of changing into his "shore clothes," when he chanced to look out through his cabin window and saw her going. Frantically, he hunted
(Continued on page 264)
THE NEW MAGNAVOX
Along with the increased popularity of the small radiophone set has come an increased demand for some sort of device which would eliminate the customary headphones and enable the received voice or music to be heard by many people at the same time. Many devices of this sort have been available, but have not been any too satisfactory because the volume of sound which could be given off was limited by the construction of the receiver used.
Of what use is great amplification if the receiver or loud speaker will give forth volume up to a certain point, and then no matter how much the input is increased no louder signals be heard?
The electromagnetic type of receiver has that disadvantage, since the output of sound is limited by very definite mechanical and electrical proportions. If the input is large the diaphragm is pulled down so far that it hits the pole pieces, if the diaphragm is placed far enough away from the pole pieces so that it cannot hit them, then the action of the magnetic flux is so reduced that very weak action takes place. Again in the electromagnetic receiver the input is used in making greater or less the magnetic flux and acts only indirectly, in that way, on the diaphragm.
A type of receiver, electro DYNAMIC in design, has been developed for some time and shows quite different characteristics in its action on signals. The commercial form of this receiver is known as the Magnavox Radio Telemegafone and is very interesting in its design and operation.
The electrodynamic receiver is essentially built along the lines of a motor, except that the armature does not rotate but merely imparts its motion to a diaphragm directly. The armature is a small coil of fine wire inserted directly in a very strong magnetic field, being perfectly free to move up and down with nothing to hinder except for the elastic limit of the diaphragm. There is the slightest action on the diaphragm except when a pulsating current is passing through the little coil, no magnetic pull, and the diaphragm is made of a non-magnetic substance. When a pulsating current is passed through the little coil, it tends to jump in or out of the magnetic field according to the direction of the current in the little coil.
Of course, then there are no limits to the volume of sound to be produced except for the input and the capacity of the little coil. If the coil be made of such metal that it cannot burn out, the diaphragm can be broken or shattered by the power developed. In practice this never happens for very few amplifiers can deliver enough modulated current to cause such an accident.
The volume of sound emitted is DIRECTLY proportional to the amount of input. Thus when the telemegafone is attached to a power amplifier, a volume of sound is produced from the ordinary human voice, using a hand transmitter, such as has been heard under the most favorable conditions for several miles over the ground, and even thousands of feet from an aeroplane flying overhead.
This type of apparatus is necessarily much more expensive to construct than the ordinary telephone receiver, but of course will give far greater volume of sound than it could be possible for any other type of receiver to emit.
It has one great field in the radio game—that of being used in a radio station with a one-or two-or more stage Company of Oakland, California, is of especial interest to radio enthusiasts because of the fact that its price is such that it can now be had by a great many stations which otherwise would not be the possessors of such an instrument. The internal constants and constructional details are somewhat different from its bigger brother the Radio Telemegafone, and yet the emitted volume with a given input remains the same. The only difference which could be noticed is a small change in field current, the new instrument taking a very little more in the field than the other types. The new instrument is made under the same patents as the radio telemegafone.
Good signals will be obtained when the field is excited by dry cells delivering from 2 to 4 volts, although maximum results will be obtained with 6 volts. This is the voltage at which saturation takes place.
MOORHEAD REPRESENTS DE FOREST CO. IN WEST
It was announced yesterday that the De Forest Telephone and Telegraph Company of New York has contracted with the Moorhead Laboratories, as its Western representative, the contract entailing the taking over by the Moorhead Laboratories of the business of Lee De Forest, Inc., San Francisco, manufacturers of radio telephone apparatus.—S. F. "Examiner."
NEW MANUFACTURER OF RADIO APPARATUS
M. R. H. Malarin, formerly Radio Inspector for the Radio Corporation of America in San Francisco, has joined Mr. E. L. McDonald in his manufacturing enterprise. The newly formed Company has placed several unique pieces of radio apparatus on the market. A cage-wound filament rheostat, variable bridging condenser and a filament protective device for vacuum tubes are the first instruments manufactured by the new concern. Mr. McDonald is well-known in the local radio fraternity, being formerly connected with the Navy Radio Service at the Union Iron Works.
A NEW GENERATOR FOR PLATE CURRENT SUPPLY
Before purchasing your radio telephone the source of high voltage D.C. should be decided upon. In isolated districts, where the burning out of rectifier tubes, used with C. W. power transformers, would be of major consideration, the use of reliable Motor-Generator outfits is to be recommended, even though the first cost is slightly higher.
The type of Motor-Generator shown, was designed for radio work and is furnished as standard equipment by one of the most prominent makers of Radiophones. The small and medium sizes have ball-bearings and single, direct coupled shafts, assuring maximum efficiency. They are of moderate weight, rugged construction and built of best material. Motors are, 110 V. S. P., 60 Cycle, A. C. Wattages, 50-1000, and Voltages, 350, 500 and 1000.
(Photograph courtesy of the Somerville Radio Lab.)
6EA IS HEARD IN NEW JERSEY, 6ZR IN PENNSYLVANIA
TWO NEW RECORDS FOR PACIFIC COAST AMATEURS
Another long distant amateur record has been made. Station 6EA in Los Angeles, California, has been heard by Mr. H. D. Selvage, (2KF), Irvington, N. J. The following letters will prove to our readers that the signals were received:
Irvington, N. J.,
January 17, 1921.
Pacific Radio News,
50 Main Street,
San Francisco, Cal.
Dear Sirs:
By the time you receive this letter I suppose you have heard the glad tidings re: the remarkable feat of long distance reception. On the morning of January 4th 2:55 a.m. EST I heard 6EA calling 6GF and 6GO so I wrote to him (Mr. Seefred) for a verification of same and he co-oberates my long distance feat by telling me that the time, calls called, and wave-length compare exactly in every respect. You can get in touch with Mr. Seefred and judge for yourself the remarkable feat which has been accomplished.
On the above mentioned date I also heard 6GO and wrote to him and he verifies my statement in regard to letters called, wave-length in meters and time. Should you care to publish letters in "Pacific Radio News" at some future date please advise me. I have the letters here in my file.
Yours truly,
H. D. SELVAGE,
45 Durand Place,
Irvington, N. J.
343 So. Fremont Ave.,
Los Angeles, Calif.
January 23, 1921.
Editor: "Pacific Radio News",
50 Main St., San Francisco, Cal.
Dear Sir:
I am in receipt of a letter from an East Coast amateur stating he had heard my station 6EA. A copy of the letter is as follows:
Irvington, N. J., January 4, 1921.
Mr. H. C. Seefred,
Los Angeles, Cal.
Dear Sir:
I am writing to you this day to see if I can attain a verification of extreme long distance on 200 meters, this morning at 2:55 Eastern Standard Time. I am quite positive I heard you calling 6GF or 6GO and 6GO. Almost every night I hear 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 8th and nines. I am using a detector and 3-stages of amplification. Please answer by return mail.
(Signed) Yours truly,
H. D. Selvage,
45 Durand Place,
Irvington, N. J.
This letter was verified by my log book. I also told him to send the good news to "PRN" and "QST".
The power input of my transmitter now is 7.65 watts as tested by a standard watt-meter used daily by the Southern California Edison Company. The radiation is 4¼ amps. as tested by a Westinghouse thermocoupled meter.
Very truly yours,
Radio 6EA
H. C. Seefred.
Berringer Heard by 8FQ
Only one step of amplification used
6ZR, formerly 6BJ, of Burlingame, Cal., was heard by Mr. F. Baumgarten, 8FQ, in Pittsburgh, Pa., January 16, at 3 a.m.
6XW's phone set at the Presidio was heard 750 miles at sea.
The call letters of Mr. Berringer's station have been changed to 6ZR and a special license has been granted him by the Department of Commerce. The transmitting wave-length is 350 meters.
RADIO CLUB NEWS
SAN FRANCISCO RADIO CLUB TO HOLD "STAG PARTY"
On Thursday evening, February 17, the San Francisco Radio Club will hold the first of a series of quarterly socials. Entertainment, refreshments, music and lectures will be the important parts of the program. An open invitation to attend is extended to all radio men in and around San Francisco.
New practice tables are in the course of construction and competitive tests will be held monthly. Sergeants Lufkin and Tavers, the "Radio Telephone Entertainers" from the Presidio, delivered an interesting address on radio telephone work at the usual Thursday meeting, February 10th.
The membership campaign is still in progress and all prospective members are urged to file their application for admission at the earliest date.
RADIO CONVENTION PHOTOGRAPHS
Have you received your photograph of the Convention? If you have paid for same and have not received it to date, please send your name and address to the Secretary of the San Francisco Radio Club and steps will be taken to have the photograph forwarded to you.
BAY COUNTIES CLUB TO PUBLISH PAPER
"BCRC" is the title of an eight-page publication that will be issued monthly by the Bay Counties Radio Club. Copies will be mailed to members without cost. Club news, current topics, discussions and other matter of interest to the amateur will go far towards making the paper one of much interest.
Mr. H. Rathbun, Chief Radio Engineer of the Colin B. Kennedy Company of San Francisco, spoke on the betterment of receiving sets at the meeting of the club held on February 4th.
On Wednesday evening, January 19, 1921, a special meeting of the University High School Radio Club was called at the home of the president, Russell E. Calhoun, 2436 Dwight Way, Berkeley, Cal. The feature of the meeting was a speech by radiophone given by Sergeant Tavers, 6XW, of the Signal Corps Radio School at the Presidio, San Francisco. The subject of the speech was the construction and operation of a radiophone outfit. The speech was received with one audriton, and with the aid of a loud speaking horn could be heard at a distance of from 50 to 60 feet from the instruments. The voice was very clear and could be heard above all ordinary conversation.
Other numbers on the program of the meeting were a talk by Justin Toles, 6CF, on his humorous experiences in radio before the war, and also a demonstration of the Tesla coil.
The University High School Radio Club was formed about six months ago at the University High School, Oakland. The officers of the club are: President, Russell Calhoun, 6FZ; secretary, Horace R. Greer, 6TI; radio engineer and chief operator, Charles Wilson, 6LE; honorary treasurer, D. McCay (faculty).
All future proceedings of the club will be made known through these columns.
Don't throw your copy away when you finish reading it. Show it to your radio friend and ask him to subscribe.
THE SECOND ATTEMPT
TO REACH HAWAII
In the February issue of "Pacific Radio News" we informed our readers of the second Hawaiian transmitting contest and asked for four additional participants, as four had previously expressed their desire to enter. In response to this request we received a mass of telegrams, radiograms, letters by special delivery mail and telephone requests to enter various stations on the Pacific Coast. Mr. Mulroney requested that no more than four stations be entered for each of the two nights of the test, and for this reason it was necessary for us to select the four best stations. The following were selected for the night of February 5th: 6ZE, 6ZR, 6EA and 6ZK. For the night of February 6th the following were selected: 7DA, 7BJ, 6PQ and 6JI. These stations were selected by a committee of four well known local radio men. The location of the stations in some cases was given particular stress, as it was our desire to "shoot" from all four corners.
We desire to congratulate the contestants on the skillful manner in which the test was conducted, and we again have to advise you that the test was not a success. Here is what Mr. T. Hall of Honolulu says in a wire received just as we go to press:
"Signals not readable Q. R. N. Most foul." Signed Hall.
This message leads us to believe that signals were heard on the short waves, but they were not readable on account of the heavy static. We will await word from Mr. Mulroney and several Honolulu amateurs who were listening-in on the particular nights and publish further information in our next issue.
In the meantime we are arranging for an "elimination contest" with a vessel at sea. The purpose of the new contest is to give every Pacific Coast amateur a chance to be heard. Stations will send each night for a period of seven nights and the operators on several merchant ships will listen-in for you. Amateur signals were heard 300 miles east of Hawaii and 1200 miles S. "Hollywood." 7YS was reported heard QSA.
Send us your applications for the new contest and look for full details in the April number of "Pacific Radio News."
RADIO TELEPHONE SHOP
HOLDS PRIZE CONTEST
The first of a series of prize contests ever held by a Pacific Coast radio manufacturer is now in progress. A radio telephone has been installed in the Radio Telephone Shop of San Francisco. It is in operation every Tuesday and Friday evening at 8 p.m. The wavelength used is exactly 220 meters. The call is 6UV. Prizes will be awarded to those hearing the telephone at the greatest distance from San Francisco. C.W. telegraph signals will also be transmitted and prizes awarded to those hearing it at the greatest distance. News items transmitted by voice and C.W. will be the procedure. The conditions of the contest will be announced by radio several minutes before the contest is made effective.
SIXTH DISTRICT AMATEUR STATIONS—Continued.
| Call Sign | Name | Address | City |
|-----------|---------------|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| 6AJA | C. Simpkins | | Napa, Cal. |
| 6JB | J. Kaufman | 903 West Oak St | Stockton, Cal. |
| 6JC | D. L. Hersch | 1031 S. Manhattan Place | Los Angeles |
| 6JD | L. Hewitt | 135 West Willow St | Stockton, Cal. |
| 6JE | C. D. Eifving | 3344 McHenry Ave | Modesto, Cal. |
| 6JF | F. C. Jones | 1822 Hearst Ave | Berkeley, Cal. |
| 6JG | J. H. Doig | 2133 Columbia St | San Diego, Cal. |
| 6JH | L. Picker | | San Ysidro, Cal. |
| 6JI | W. Terberry | 676 Apgar St | Oakland, Cal. |
| 6JJ | H. C. MacQuarrie | 1115 Taylor St | San Francisco. |
| 6JK | H. C. Crabtree | 660 West Hadley St | Whittier, Cal. |
| 6JL | G. Bergstrom | 616 Twentieth St | Ogden, Utah. |
| 6JM | F. L. Mason | 540 Johnson St | Healdsburg, Cal. |
| 6JN | D. O'Brien | 643 Porier St | Oakland, Cal. |
| 6JO | C. B. Schuler | 604 Third St | San Diego, Cal. |
| 6JP | I. Wolfson and W. Burgess | 141 Canton St | Mariposa, Cal. |
| 6JQ | H. C. Caldwell | 947 Canton St | San Jose, Cal. |
| 6JR | R. L. Roy | 147 Court St | Reno, Nev. |
| 6JS | E. Jesselyn | 620 Golden Gate Ave | San Francisco |
| 6JT | Humboldt County High School | Winnemucca, Nev. |
| 6JU | O. Buckman | | Farmington, Cal. |
| 6JV | R. M. Bottoms | 1146 P St | Fresno, Cal. |
| 6JW | W. Bolberg | 541 Yosemite St | San Jose, Cal. |
| 6JX | A. Anderson | | Richfield, Utah. |
| 6JY | H. C. Caldwell | 10 Mosswood Road | Berkeley, Cal. |
| 6JZ | F. J. Saunders | 2515 LeConte Ave | Berkeley, Cal. |
| 6KA | G. S. Kimball | 1041 East Seventeenth St | National City, Cal. |
| 6KB | R. D. McCurdy | 142 Pine Ave | Los Angeles, Cal. |
| 6KC | J. W. Morton, Jr. | 1515 Clayton St | San Francisco |
| 6KD | G. W. Hulbert | 1567 Tenth St | San Francisco |
| 6KE | K. W. Scholeson | P. O. Box 156 | Woodlake, Cal. |
| 6KF | R. M. Bollinger | | Cardiff-by-the-Sea, Cal. |
| 6KG | W. Barnes | 408 Nutmeg St | San Diego, Cal. |
| 6KH | C. Maass | 520 Twenty-first Ave | San Francisco, Cal. |
| 6KI | V. C. Hammond | 440 Patchett St | Napa, Cal. |
| 6KJ | P. H. Goodwin | | Oildale, Cal. |
| 6KL | J. A. Amuckle | 343 Tenth St | San Francisco, Cal. |
| 6KM | R. L. Rogers | 4102 Camino Ave | San Diego, Cal. |
| 6KO | E. L. Pickett | 6057 Meridian St | San Diego, Cal. |
| | A. B. Barnes | 1203 Twenty-fifth St | San Diego, Cal. |
PACIFIC COAST ADVISORY COUNCIL TO MEET AUGUST 15
The first quarterly meeting of the Pacific Coast Advisory Council will be held in San Francisco on Tuesday, March 15th, at 7 p.m., in the Palace Hotel.
A banquet of radio men will make the opening of the first assemblage of the recently formed Council. Major J. F. Dillon is Chairman of the Council and with the assistance of five of our most prominent Western radio men it is believed that many startling decisions will be made. Radio Clubs on the Pacific Coast are asked to send arbitrary or other matter for discussion to the Chairman of the Council at the first opportunity.
Wavelength regulations for CW and radio telephone equipments will be discussed and steps will be taken to permit of the use of longer wavelengths for the undamped systems as used by amateurs.
Radio Clubs in the vicinity of San Francisco are invited to send delegates to the first meeting of the Council. The San Francisco Radio Club, Inc., is assisting Major Dillon in his work and full information may be had by writing to the Secretary.
As many radio men as possible are asked to attend the banquet. The charge will not be prohibitive and a rip-roaring time will be had by all. Accommodations for out-of-town guests will be made by the local radio club. It will be necessary to have the arrival data in the hands of the club at least ten days before the affair takes place.
All matter to be arbitrated must be submitted in writing in order that a full account of the proceedings may be kept on file.
The formation of the "Council of Six" has been highly lauded by officials of the many radio companies in San Francisco.
CALLS HEARD BY WESTERN AMATEURS
CALLS HEARD AT STATION 6AHQ
MONETA, CAL.
6AH, 6AK, 6AN, 6AS, 6BJ, 6BQ, 6CP,
6DF, 6CU, 6EA, 6EB, (6EF), (6EK),
(6EN), (6ER), 6EV, 6F, 6GA, 6GH,
(6GJ), 6IF, (6IL), 6JD, (6KA), (6KZ),
6KC, 6KP, 6KY, 6ML, 6MN, 6MZ, 6MJ,
(6NY), 6Ll, 6OC, 6OD, 6PC, 6PD, 6QR,
6BQ, 6WU, 6CU, 6ZA, 6ZN, (6TL),
6BN, 6IG, 6GA, 6AAB, (6ABP) 6ADS,
6ADU, (6ADX), 6AEI, 6AEM, 6AFN,
6AFW, 6AGP, 6AHU, 5ZA, 71N.
Stations hearing 6AHQ please QSL.
CALLS HEARD BR 6EA
(Additional)
Heard: 6ACD, 6AFN, 6AFU, 6AFY,
6AS, 6BB, 6CI, 6D, 6GY, (61-CW,
6IQ, 6PO, 6TH, 6ZO, 71N and 8LR.
Worked: 6AEA, 6BQ, 6DK, 6F, 6FG,
6GK, 6NH, 6NO, 6OW, 6TC, 6ZR, 7ZR,
7YA, 7ZJ and "FD."
During January station 6EA was re-
ported heard by 2KF (Irvington, New
Jersey); 5XA (Auburn, Alabama); SAL
(Greenville, Texas); 9DU (Independence,
Missouri); 91F (Giltner, Nebraska), and
9LR (Anthony, Kansas).
CALLS HEARD AT 6MX
(San Francisco)
6CO, 6DP, 6EJ, 6EM, 6ER, 6FH,
6GL, 6IV, 6JD, 6OH, 6SK, 6TC, 6TU,
6ABP, 6ACV, 6AIL, 6AU, 7GQ, 7KK,
7ZI, and 7YA.
The call letters of 6MX were incor-
rectly listed as 6XM in our last issue.
CALLS HEARD AT 6AH
(Oakland, Cal.)
(5ZA), (6AAK), (6ABP), 6ACR,
6AFY, (6AGF), (6AFN), (6BG),
(6CV), 6D, (6DP), (6FS), 6FH,
(6GF), (6GI), 6HY, 6HX, (6HH),
6IF, (6IG), 6IL, 6IL, (6IC), (6IU),
(6JI), (6JT), 6KQ, 6KM, 6MZ, (6MN),
(6NY), (6OH), 6PJ, 6PM, 6PQ, (6PR),
6OM, 6OR, (6SK), 6WM, 6WN, 6WR,
(6ZA), 6XH, 6ZM, 6ZX, (7AF), (7BE),
(7CC), (7ZJ), (7DA), (7DD), 7HN,
(7M), (7IW), (7KK), (7KT), 7ZB, 7ZA,
7NE, (7YA), 7YS, and 9YW readable
six feet from the phones on January
19 at 11 p.m., Pacific Time, wave-length
375 meters. He is located in Rapid
City, South Dakota.
CALLS HEARD AT 6AF
(Bakersfield, Cal.)
5XD, 5ZA, 5ZJ, 6ACD, 6ADA, 6ADX,
6AE, 6AFN, 6AGF, 6AIO, 6BAA,
6BAB, 6BAC, 6BJ, 6BQ, 6CZ, 6EB,
(6EJ), 6EN, 6ER, 6FI, 6FI, 6FN, 6GQ,
6IK, 6JD, 6IY, 6K, 6KE, 6OH, 6PR,
6SK, 6UO, 6ZA, 6ZE, 6ZI, 6ZM, 6ZN,
(7GO), 7IN, 7YA, 7YG, 7ZH,
6BAA, 6BAB and 6BAC are stations
operated by the Southern California
Edison Co. Mr. Winser, 6AF, spent
his furlough at his home in Bakersfield
during the latter part of January and
is now working the U. S. Naval Radio
Station at Honolulu, T. H.
HEARD AT 6JJ, FRESNO, CAL.
5ZA, 5ZZ, 6AH, 6AJ, 6AK, 6AN, 6AB,
6AAK, 6AAI, 6AAJ, 6ABB, 6ADE,
6ACG, 6AD, 6AIL, 6DU, 6ADX,
6AEU, 6AFY, 6AGF, 6BF, 6BQ, 6CO,
6CV, 6DI, 6DP, 6DY, 6EC, 6EL, 6EN,
(Spk) 6EN, (CW) 6EJ, 6EX, 6EB, 6FI,
6FT, 6FX, 6GE, 6GF, 6GI, 6GR, 6HY,
6IC, 6IG, 6IL, 6IR, 6IU, 6IX, (CW) 6IE,
6IN, 6IY, 6KA, 6KF, 6KG, 6KO,
6KZ, 6L, 6NE, 6NF, 6OH, 6OT,
6PC, 6PE, 6PL, 6PO, 6PR, 6DM, 6SK,
6TC, 6TL, 6TY, 6UM, 6VS, 6WR, 6XX,
6XZ, 6ZA, 6BZ, 6ZH, 6ZK, 6ZM, 7AD,
7BH, 7BP, 7BO, 7BR, 7BV, 7CC, 7DA,
7FD, 7GQ, 7GY, 7IM, 7IU, 7KK, 7YA,
7YS, 7ZH, 7ZI, and 7ZJ.
6JJ would be pleased to have any
stations hearing him to QSL.
6JJ was about 400 feet on the 11th
of November, while experimenting with
a counterpoise ground. Radio Shop regen-
erative set, and Acme units consisting of
a detector and two-step amplifier.
6JD, 6ER and ex 6JM were heard 140
feet from the phones in the open air. I
was using one Baldwin phone in a phon-
ograph case, and the other was laying
on the table. 6EA, 6EB, 6FF, and 6BQ
were loud enough to copy about 60 feet,
also in the open air.
SPECIAL FEATURES IN APRIL
ISSUE: Aerial Mail Arc Stations; An-
other fiction story by Mr. Mathison; The
Jesencke Arc, and others. Don't Miss it!
HEARD AT 6CU
Los Angeles, Cal., Oct., Nov., Dec., 1920
5ZA, 6AAJ, 6AAK, 6AAT, 6AAW, 6ABJ, 6AE, 6AFU, 6AFY, 6AGF, 6AH, 6AJ, 6AK, 6AN, 6AT, 6BJ, 6BN, 6BP, 6BQ, 6CN, 6CO, 6CP, 6CV, 6CW, 6DH, 6DK, 6DP, 6EJ, 6EX, 6FE, 6FI, 6FS, 6GE, 6GF, 6GO, 6GR, 6IB, 6IC, 6IG, 6II, 6IY, 6CW, 6IH, 6IY, 6JR, 6JS, 6MZ, 6NO, 6NX, 6OH, 6OT, 6PI, 6PR, 6QN, 6OR, 6QV, 6RE, 6XX, 6XZ, 6ZA, 6ZB, 6ZE, 6ZH, 6ZK, 7BP, 7BQ, 7CC, 7DA, 7GY, 7YA.
The greatest distance heard is in black face type.
CALLS HEARD AT 6CH
5ZA, 6AK, 6AT, 6ACA, 6BG, 6CV, 6DD, 6E, 6EB, 6EE, 6ES, 6EU, 6FH, 6GQ, 6HY, 6IC, 6IF, 6JD, 6JM, 6JL, 6KP, 6KI, 6LY, 6OL, 6OP, 6OH, 6QR, 6SK, 6TS, 6XZ, 6ZN, 6ZA, 7BY, 7BQ, 7BP, 7BK, 7BR, 7BC, 7CC, 7CV, 7CP, 7CD, 7CW, 7DA, 7DE, 7DI, 7ED, 7GQ, 7IV, 7IN, 7RK, 7ZJ, 7ZI, 9WU, 9EE, 9UV, 9LR.
(Note address of 6CH is H. C. Brown, 1337 Union Street, San Francisco. Anybody hearing 6CH kindly drop card. All communications answered. Working hours 11 p. m. to 2:30 a. m. every night.) Gee, what a night-hawk.—Ed.
HEARD AT 6OC BETWEEN
DECEMBER 7th-FEBRUARY 7th
5ZA, (6AS), (6AK), 6AY, (6CV), (6DP), 6DH, 6DK, (6EA), (6EB), (6EF), 6EK, (6EN), 6EP, (6ET), (6FS), 6GF, 6GI, (6GM), 6GP, 6GR, 6HH, (6IC), 6IF, 6IL, 6IU, (6ID), 6JL, 6JJ, (6KA), 6KM, (6KP), 6MH, 6MN, (6OH), 6PE, 6PQ, 6QR, 6RE, (6SK), 6TL, 6XZ, 6ZA, 6ZH, 6ZO, (6ZN), (6AAK), 6ABY, (6AY), 6AFU, 6AGF, 6AIO, 7BJ, (7BP), 7BR, 7CC, 7CW, (7DA), 7DS, 7ED, 7GQY, 7HN, (7IN), 7YA, 7ZB, (7ZJ), 9ET, 9WU.
The EDITOR'S MAIL BAG
Our Readers Are Invited to Send Contributions for Publication in this Department.
San Francisco, Jan. 29, 1921.
Editor, Pacific Radio News,
50 Main Street,
San Francisco, Cal.
Dear Sir:
I would like to call your attention to the account published in the San Francisco Bulletin of January 21, 1921, which is but one of several mythical long distance radio telephone records reported during the past few weeks by Pacific Coast amateurs and printed in the newspapers. The article about the Avalon radio telephone has absolutely no foundation and is a product of the vivid imagination of either the newspaper reporter or the statement mentioned in the article. I would agree to cast any reflections on the latter, but the Avalon and Long Beach stations of the telephone company are equipped with specially designed receivers for only one wave length, and the operators are forbidden to change the adjustments. Hence the idea of talking to Annapolis (Continued on page 267)
A VACUUM TUBE UNIT
Will greatly increase the receiving range of your station. The combination shown opposite consists of the "A-M" Detector Unit and the Radiotron U. V. 200 tube. This makes a complete VT Detector outfit—well within the reach of every amateur.
Price, complete, $11.00
The greatest value ever offered!
Send in your order today
The "A-M" Vacuum Tube Unit
Incorporates in a single unit, a VT socket, filament rheostat, grid condenser, grid leak, and binding posts. Mounted composition base.
Get one at once,
and mount your own VT. Price $6
Order your NEW Radiotron Tubes from Us
Radiotron U.V. 200
This new detector and amplifier is the newest product of the research laboratories of the General Electric Company. It has been specially designed to meet the requirements of both amateur and experimental field vis: the production of a tube which would prove a sensitive detector and amplifier for a receiver, and which could be operated off a single standard 22½ volt plate battery.
Radiotron U.V. 200 is the best radio detector and audio frequency amplifier yet produced. It is particularly adapted to tuned and regenerative circuits, in which it functions with greater sensitivity and stability than any other tube.
Best detector action is provided by a grid condenser of 0.005 microfarad and the Radio Corporation's standard grid leak of ¼ MEGOHM resistance. The plate voltage must be closely adjusted from 18 to 22½ volts. The requisite variation of the plate voltage must be obtained through (1) use of a by standard "B" battery potentiometer; (2) by a "B" battery with taps to each cell; (3) by a special "A" or filament battery potentiometer of 200 ohms which will be manufactured by the Radio Corporation in the case of the above-mentioned method of negative terminal of the "B" battery (which is tapped from the 12th cell) connects to the variable contact on the "A" battery potentiometer.
Radiotron U.V. 201
The tube is also a newly designed detector and amplifier of the pilot-grid type which was developed in the General Electric Company's research laboratory. Experts who have tested this tube pronounce it to be the most efficient and reliable amplifier available to date. The normal plate voltage is 40 (2 standard "B" batteries), but plate E.F.'s up to 100 volts may be used with increasing amplification. Price $6.50.
All Radiotrons are manufactured in accordance with rigid specifications, assuring a uniform product.
They are made to fit standard four-pronged sockets. Watch for announcements for data concerning the other types of tubes and devices which will be soon placed on the market.
The NEW Radioco Better "B" Batteries (Tapped), 22½ volt, 15 cell, with variable voltage feature.............$2.65
ATLANTIC RADIO CO., Inc.
88 Broad St.
Boston, 9, Mass.
Branch, 15 Temple St.
Portland, Maine.
MAGNET WIRE
We have on hand the following sizes of pure, soft-drawn enameled magnet wire:
| Size B. S. | Ft. per lb. | ¼ lb. | ½ lb. | 1 lb. | ½ lbs. | 2 lbs. |
|------------|-------------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|
| 22 | .800 | 40c. | 65c. | 1.20 | 1.80 | 2.30 |
| 28 | 2.053 | 45c. | 80c. | 1.50 | 2.25 | 2.95 |
| 35 | 10.07 | ... | ... | 1.85 | 2.60 | 3.20 |
Also carried in three, four and five-pound spools. Use rate for 2 lbs. in computing cost. Shipping weight one pound = all amounts in less than pound lots. Shipping weight on lots from 1 to 10 pounds, one pound. Shipping weight on two pounds, three pounds. Prices quoted on any size and insulation.
Enameled insulation is of a higher quality than silk or cotton; more turns can be wound per inch, and there is more metal to the pound. Our stock is guaranteed in every respect.
Number 22 wire is suitable for primary winding and Number 35 for the secondary winding of a ¼ K.W. wireless transformer. Number 35 can be used on high power spark coils. Pure soft drawn copper aerated wire, bare, No. 14, one pound, 45 cents. Two pounds $1.00. Shipping weight, one and three pounds respectively.
A few pounds of No. 14 soft drawn D. C. C. copper, new, insulation perfect, but soiled in shipping, can be had for 85 cents. Two pounds $1.60. Shipping weight, two and three pounds respectively, etc.
Postage on all Sizes Must be Included Except in First and Second P. P. Zones
SPECIALTIES MFG. CO., 1436 12th Ave., San Francisco
WASHINGTON'S BIRTHDAY RELAY
(Continued from page 251)
get full credit for their co-operation and efficiency of their sending stations.
Traffic Manager H. Schnell will instruct the following stations later to handle M.S.G. East to West and the idea being to have short jumps so that may hear them. The District Superintendent of each A.R.R.L. district will Q.S.T.—M.S.G. through his entire district after traffic has been cleared but not indulge in any unnecessary traffic of course.
Message West to East will be pushed as fast as possible through the different routes below and in case of interference—keep incessantly at it.
Sending Stations For Relay
1 AW—2RK or 2JU—3DH, 3XF or 3KM, 3AEV or 3BZ, 5DA or 4AG or 4YB—5ZP or 5YH, 5ZC or 5ZG, 5ZA, 6ZH or 6JT, 6 BZ or 6BQ, 6ZK, 6KP or 6JD or 6JM going West.
6ZW, 6ZL, 6AN, 91A, 91L, 9HT, 92C, 9AC, 9B, 9WU, 6ZH, 6T, 7IM, 7CC, 7FT, 6BZ, 6BW, 7ZB, 7BP, 7DA, 7ZJ—Going West.
6ZE, 6BZ, 6BQ, 6ZH, 6JT, 9ACF, 9UP, 9LR, 9HT, 9KV, 9LC, 9JN, 9ZN, 8ZL, 8ZD, 9ZJ, 8ZY, 8ZW, 2RK, 1AW—Going East.
Above stations may not all send as calling station may decide to shorten route used and this all depends on decision of Traffic Manager H. Schnell and District Superintendent of that district.
The Illinois Watch Co. of Springfield, Ill., will send out each night during February after their time and weather report—information about the relay. Listen for it. They have also donated a dandy "Illinois" watch, so some of you late birds can win a prize and go to bed some night on time.
Last—Keep quiet—listen—deliver M.S. G. Follow instructions, mail it in and sit tight—watch the magazines and see if you are a winner.
Cordially,
W. KIRWAN,
Box 148, Davenport, Ia.
Any commercial operators on ships at sea will confer a favor on the whole amateur body by sending in a good report in detail.
Are you a subscriber?
You should be.
NO TUBES SOLD
without complete instructions for operating efficiently.
ELECTRON RELAYS and A-P AMPLIFIERS
personally tested on actual receiving. A new tube or your money refunded if you are not satisfied.
For prices see front cover of this magazine.
B. F. McNamee
2436 Stuart St., Berkeley, Calif.
FINANCIAL NEWS
Moorhead Co. Closes Contract With Marconi G. E. and Am. T. & T.
Moorhead Laboratories of San Francisco, which operates the largest factory in the world devoted exclusively to the manufacture of vacuum tubes, closed a most important contract with the Radio Corporation of American (Marconi), the General Electric Company and the American Telephone & Telegraph Company, granting a patent license under the Fleming valve and DeForest audion patents.
Federal Wireless Bonds Are Sold
More than $300,000 worth of the Federal Telegraph Company's first mortgage 8 per cent serial gold notes, of which $500,000 worth were placed on the market, have already been sold, according to Girvin & Miller, Pacific Coast bond firm, who is handling the issue in Los Angeles. These notes will be secured by a new above-the-first closed mortgage on all of the property of the company now owned and hereafter acquired, consisting of wireless stations in San Francisco, Portland, Los Angeles and San Diego, together with a factory at Palo Alto, which manufactures the wireless equipment.
Unlisted Securities
| Bid | Asked |
|-----|-------|
| Moorhead Laboratories | $0.24 | $0.25 |
| National Radio | .19 | .20 |
| Poulsen | 2.00 | 2.50 |
San Francisco Stocks
Federal Telegraph Co., Feb. 4 | $6.00 |
"CHELSEA" BAKELITE DIAL No. 1
The Chelsea dials are made of genuine bakelite, are permanently sealed, and bear a 100 division semi-circular scale. This scale is of white characters and so constructed as to be both durable and sharply defined. These divisions and characters are permanent and will neither wear off nor fall out.
The dial is 3¼ inches in diameter, ¾ inch thick, with a long sloping, easily readable knob. The knob is made of bakelite, 1½ inches in diameter, with a fine, strikingly marked scale. This greatly aids the making of fine adjustments. These two parts are permanently fastened together by means of a bushing which also serves to carry the set screw for attaching to the instrument shaft and, more important, the proper alignment in use. Chelsea bakelite dials run true, and will not waver.
Dial only, without knob and bushing, are furnished with our well known elongated hole, which can be placed upon any of our unmounted condensers now in service.
The complete dial and knob is made to fit either 3/16 inch or ¼ inch shaft. Specify when ordering otherwise the ¼ inch hole will be furnished.
Panels equipped with our circular dials are both easier to operate and more attractive.
Chelsea dials are beautiful in appearance, low in price, accurate and durable in service, unexcelled by any, at any price.
Dial only.........................$0.75
Dial and knob complete...........1.00
Dial only from your dealer.
Bulletin sent upon request.
CHELSEA RADIO COMPANY
13 Fifth Street Chelesa, Mass.
Manufacturers of Radio Apparatus.
Moulders of "Bakelite."
Your Dealer's Salesman Will Show You—
"BALDY" Phones
Ask him to open up one unit. You'll see the equivalent of a phonograph reproducer in conjunction with the famous Baldwin balanced armature movement. You'll see why it costs more to build one "Baldy" unit than a complete headset of ordinary design. You'll see why a pair of Baldwins often equal one and two stages of amplification—why you cannot afford to be without them.
Type C, $16.50 (1-unit, $8.50); Improved Type E, $20.00 (1-unit, $10.00); Type F, $21.00.
Baldwin headbands fit most types of phones, $1.75.
Described fully in booklet Rt.
Eldredge Meters
They are actually hand-calibrated to absolute accuracy—yet, are low priced. All ranges in flush type finished in highly polished nickel. They match one another and are the neatest and most accurate miniature meters made.
Hot wire type 0-600 M. A., 0-1, 0-3, 0-5 amps., $7.00.
D. C. and A. C. meters in many ranges as shown in booklet R3.
Brownlie Adjustable Phones
If you can't afford a pair of Baldwins this season, we recommend Brownlies.
Ask the salesman to remove one ear cap. You'll see, among other things, the 8 supporting springs, the 1000 ohm solenoid under the exact center of the diaphragm.
One professional operator says about his Brownlies:
"I find it possible to cut out interfering stations by making a slight adjustment. I was anchored near Paasmene, Caledonia, and copied Balboa time sign—approximately 1900 miles—on one audition."
"Letter on file."
Brownlies are sensitive, light in weight and rugged. Price complete with Baldwin Headband, $12.50. Loud speaker unit with cord, $6.00.
Described fully in booklet R2.
If your dealer cannot supply you, write direct, giving his name and address. We will gladly supply you with literature and tell you where you can see the entire line.
JOHN FIRTH & CO., Inc.
18 Broadway New York
Sole distributors of
Eldredge Measuring Instruments.
Kolster Decrementer.
U. S. Bureau of Standards Wavemeter.
Navy Standard Leyden Jars.
Brownlie Adjustable Telephones.
REYNRAD SPECIALTIES
SUPERIOR RECEIVING EQUIPMENT
The Reynrad RR-74 Multiwave Tuner and Audio Detector is an exceptionally fine receiving outfit mounted as a cabinet unit and with the switch panel. When used in conjunction with our RA-72 Two-Stage Amplifier at our Testing Station, music and radio phone conversations have been heard from both countries exclusively received.
With our RCR-30 complete receiving set, stations have been regularly heard over a distance of 1500 miles, mostly overland and amateurs copied over 1000 miles away. These receiving instruments are Reynrad Receptacles on a par with numerous audio sets.
These instruments are compact and artistic designs.
RR-74 Multiwave Tuner and Detector with bulb only $65.00
RA-72 Two-Stage Amplifier with bulbs $85.00
RCR-30 Crystal Receiver Set, with 3000 ohm Phones $30.00
REYNRAD SHORT WAVE COILS
Just what you have always been looking for. Single Layer inductances, wound on heavy 4-inch Bakelite tubes with standard De Forest Plugs. A lot of them are being in amateur stations as you never have heard them before. An additional secondary coil will make your receiver quite as efficient up to 600 meters. State wave length desired, 176-300, 300-600.
Reynrad Short Wave Coils ........... $2.00 each
Standard De Forest Plugs for H. C. or A. C. Coils .................. 10c each
We carry a large stock of Standard apparatus and supplies. Acme, Murdock, Clapp-Earle, and Marconi are our Foreign Agents. Send 5 cents in stamps for catalog and we will also place you on our mailing list.
* * *
REYNOLDS RADIO SPECIALTY CO.,
729 South Prospect Street
COLORADO SPRINGS COLORADO
THE FALL OF SAMUEL JONES
(Continued from page 254)
for a mislaid back collar button; not finding it, he desperately stuck his collar on without it. Throwing an arwy half-hitch into his necktie, he grabbed his hat and sallied forth. Striding down the gangway, he hurried to where Evelyn Campbell stood waiting for a steward to bring him a glass of port.
As Samuel Jones came rushing up, he suddenly noticed that a hard and solid-looking male person was standing near his fair Evelyn. From photographs that the chief wireless operator had seen in a sporting paper, he instantly recognized the fellow as Battling Bob Campbell, a Western heavy-weight slugger, with a record for one-round knockouts. Was he Evelyn's brother?
"Oh, Bob, meet Mr. Jones," exclaimed Evelyn, smiling graciously upon Samuel, who had halted, uncertain. "He is the chief radio man of the 'Wapama'," and he has been awfully nice to me—"
"Glad to meet yer," growled the husky prize-fighter, extending a wicked looking paw.
Gingerly, Samuel Jones put out his hand, and it was crushed in an iron grip that made the chief operator bite half through his tongue.
Evelyn Campbell put one dainty little gloved hand up on the boxer's broad shoulder, in an unmistakably affectionate manner, and smiled sweetly upon poor Samuel.
"This is my hubby," she said, naively.
History repeats itself, we are told, and this often seems to be true. Another cloudy autumn afternoon saw the "Wapama" pull away from that same pier in San Francisco, and shortly afterward another sweet young damsel came tripping along to the wireless-room door.
"O-o-o-o-h! Here's the wireless!" she cried, enthusiastically. "Please, may I come in, mister man?"
Samuel Jones slammed down the book that he was reading and twisted around in his chair.
"No, you can't come in!" he snapped, shortly and sourly. "It's against orders an' it's against the law, an' it's a ten thousand dollar fine an' fourteen years in the penitentiary; so get away from here an' stay away from here!" He glared, savagely.
With a gasp of terror, the fair one fled.
Disdaining to notice a clearly audible snicker from the top bunk, Samuel Jones turned back to Sir Sigismund Mugfoot's adventures in Bonga Tonga, and read how that intrepid adventurer slew three hundred blood-thirsty cannibals single-handed by throwing a pot of tar at them until they sneezed themselves to death; after which he bound their hideous wives in rattan and drowned them all in a lake.
(The End)
RADIO FOR LIFE SAVERS ASKED
GOVERNMENT wireless apparatus is to be installed at all stations of the coast guard along the Pacific Coast as a further means of quick assistance to vessels in distress and for the protection of life on wrecked vessels if a petition of local shipping interests is heeded in Washington.
The wreck of the steamer "Klamath" is cited as an example of inadequate means of protection for coast vessels. Due to the hurricane which swept the coast and drove the Klamath ashore at Del Mar all telegraph and telephone lines in that vicinity were down.
Communication between this port and the Point Arena life guard station, only twenty miles north of the wreck, was interrupted. As a result the life guards at Point Arena did not know there was a wreck until twenty-four hours after the passengers had been saved, it is said.
Wireless sets at each coast guard station would permit the life savers to pick up the "S. O. S." calls and render prompt aid.
District Superintendent of the Coast Guard Captain Peter Jensen said that the installation of wireless equipment at these coast guard stations would be invaluable.
It was pointed out that the government has much wireless equipment at coast navy yards which was purchased during the war and which could be utilized.—S. F. "Examiner".
DON'T FAIL
To take advantage of our offer announced on the inside page of back cover
Remler Type 330 Vacuum Tube Control Panel For New Type C-300 Detector Tube
Maximum Value and Quality Through Quantity Production
THESE SPECIFICATIONS SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES
Genuine bakelite, highly polished, 5x7¾ inches. White filled engraving. Special smooth running rheostat back mounted. All bakelite VT socket. The new Remler positive metal contact potentiometer for controlling plate voltages from A Battery. Variable grid leak. Fixed grid condenser. Busbar wiring. Hardwood base. All metal parts polished nickel........$8.00
Send 35c in stamps for 200 page Radio Manual!
LEO. J. MEYBERG CO.
428 Market St. - - - San Francisco, Cal.
THE RADIO TELEPHONE SHOP PRIZE CONTEST
This drawing shows the use of Pen Brand Series-Parallel Switches for five different circuits. The drawing in the lower right hand corner is to be filled in with your original circuit for the use of the switch. Send us your answers immediately. Contest closes March 1st. Winners will be announced in the next issue of this magazine. The following prizes will be awarded:
FIRST PRIZE—1 Pen Brand Series-Parallel Switch (Value $1.25)
1 Pen Brand Pony Rheostat (Value $1.10)
1 Pen Brand Grid Condenser (Value $1.00)
Second Prize—1 Pen Brand Series-Parallel Switch.
Third Prize — 1 Pen Brand Series-Parallel Switch.
The Radio Telephone Shop
175 Steuart St., San Francisco, Calif.
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
Duck's New Big-200 Page No. 14 Wireless Catalog 21 and 27
Mailed for 12c, either in stamps or coin, which amount you are privileged to deduct on your first order of $1.00. Catalog postpaid on second order. This edition of our wireless catalog is the most complete and elaborate we have ever put out. It embraces everything in wireless worth while. An encyclopedia of information it is indeed. It is printed on excellent paper with a beautiful cover. Your amateur friend will tell you that there never has been any wireless catalog to take the place of Duck's, and above all, that you can absolutely rely on the quality of every instrument listed in this catalog. In a word it is all worth while catalogs in one.
Improved Type Sayville Rotary Gap
Embodies the latest and best features in Spark Gap Construction.
Our New Type Sayville Rotary Gap is far above, far in advance of any rotary gap on the market within a range even of twice the price. It is the final development of many different types tried out in our experimental Radio laboratory. It fulfills every requirement of the ideal rotary gap. It is simple and attractive in appearance; simple and durable in construction; possesses a wonderful motor; has a cast aluminum rotary wheel, ball-bearing shaft, and perfect concentric alignment; there is no wobbling of the motor; produces and maintains a clear and pure 500-cycle spark; maintains its tension indefinitely; if no dragging of the spark; has contacts of tempered flat copper of proper length and width, easily and quickly removable, and inexpensively renewable; the stationary contacts are adjustable to any length.
The picture above really does not do it justice. There is no rotary gap we have ever sold that we consider in the same class with this gap, and we have therefore, discontinued the sale of other types listed in our catalog.
Any purchaser is privileged to return it within three days if it does not come up to all the high claims we make for it. A first-class Rotary Gap is the very heart of an efficient transmitting set, and we cannot too strongly emphasize care in the selection of this important if effective and dependable results are desired.
No. A1798—Improved Type Sayville Rotary Gap (shipping weight 6 lbs.)...........$2.75
Renewable Rotary Electrodes (not less than five sold), each.............05
Renewable Stationary Electrodes, each..................................................10
Type A Motor as supplied with above gap (shipping weight 6 lbs.)....15.00
THE WILLIAM B. DUCK CO., 210-212 Superior St., Toledo, Ohio
WIRELESS and Kindred Science Revolutionized!
Whether or not you believe in the present electro-magnetic and valve theory of wireless, you should read my book "Revolutionary Theories in Wireless," and I believe you will agree with me that electromagnetic waves are not the dominating cause for wireless transmission and that we have no valve or rectifying detectors in use at present.
After you read this book you will understand wireless and wireless apparatus in a way that you have never read before. The only book in print advancing the conductive theory of wireless is my book, the valuable theory of detectors, the new attractive theory of electricity, etc.
Among the many new ideas advanced are thermo-coherers, thermo-microphones, vacuum microphones, electrostatic receivers, early primary and secondary battery, improved electrolytic interrupters, how to fly by manual power, and several of sailing.
This book will doubtless prove the key to many of the mysteries of gravitation, life, magnetism, electricity, light, chemistry, and wireless.
Get on the right track in your study and experiments in wireless.
I have been highly complimented on my work by the Experimenter Publishing Co., The International Society of Radiotelegraphists, Joseph Branch Publishing Co., and others.
Above book is bound in full cloth, has 200 pages, 72 illustrations, and 123 tendencies. It is the only reference describing by the Summers' theory all the most used wireless apparatus.
Book sent postpaid upon the receipt of $2.50. Address,
FRANK E. SUMMERS, Dept. P.R.N., Memphis, Mo., U.S.A.
SPECIAL PRICES TO DEALERS IN BOOKS
A Yearly Subscription to QST and Pacific Radio News for $3.25
You Save 75c.
Pacific Radio Pub. Co. - 50 Main St.
San Francisco, Cal.
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
THE "ILLINOIS" VARIABLE CONDENSER
The Condenser with "Star Spring" Tension
MADE RIGHT STAYS RIGHT
Hardened Alloy Plates
These condensers are made by a watch mechanic schooled in accurate workmanship and who can't get over the habit of critical inspection.
Three Styles: No. 1, Panel; No. 2 Open Type as shown; No. 3 Fully Encased. All-Purpose. Less than pre-war prices. Fully assembled and tested.
Style No. 1 No. 2 No. 3
67 Plates .... $7.00 $5.50 $4.75
42 " 4.50 3.50
23 " 3.75 3.75 4.00
13 " 2.25 3.25 3.50
Money back if not satisfied. Just return completed within 10 days by insured P.P. With Style No. 1, we will, if desired, furnish a 1 inch Dial with large knob, instead of Scale and Pointer. Extra Price 75 cents.
Sent Prepaid on Receipt of Price
Except Pacific States, Alaska, Hawaii, Philippine Islands and Canal Zone, add 10c. Canada add 25c. Foreign Orders other than Canada not prepaid.
Kindly note: We issue no Catalog, and make no "trade discounts." We set our price at the lowest limit, and leave the "middle man" out for the sole benefit of the "consumer."
G. F. JOHNSON
625 Black Avenue Springfield, Ill.
WANTED
Amateurs to Secure Subscriptions
PACIFIC RADIO NEWS
Pacific Radio Pub. Co.
50 MAIN ST. SAN FRANCISCO
Hams—
Why not get in on the long wave stuff?
Use Radisco coils.
Here is a combination that gets fine results for everybody that uses it.
LRD 1200 for Primary
LRD 1200 for Secondary
LRD 550 for Tickler
Special introductory offer
This combination sent anywhere in the U. S., postpaid, for $6.00. Send your order today. The coils will be shipped immediately, and you can start right in on your long range work.
Kelly and Phillips
312 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
THE EDITOR'S MAIL BAG
(Continued from page 261)
and the receiving of a reply from that station is absurd on the face of it. As for Spain and Portugal, my experience with radio in those countries is such that I would seriously doubt the ability of Spanish or Portuguese operators to hear anything more than a couple of hundred miles away, let alone recognize the source of the conversations referred to in Mr. Axe's statements.
Let us hope that there are no more reports such as the one mentioned above, as it only tends to bring the public and casts discredit on the amateurs repeating such things to the newspapers, who are only too ready to publish anything of a sensational nature.
Very truly yours,
G. M. BEST (6JX).
Here is the clipping from the San Diego "Union" that describes the radio communication between Annapolis and Avalon:
ANNAPOLIS-AVALON RADIO
PHONE TALK HEARD BY AMATEUR
Escondidan: "Listens In" and Hears
Maryland Calling Operator's Words Clearly
(Special to The Union.)
ESCONDIDO, Cal., Jan. 3.—Frank Axe, president of the Escondido Radio Club, while "listening in" with his wireless equipment at his home two miles north of the city had the interesting experience last evening of hearing a conversation between the operator of the commercial radio phone station at Avalon and the radio operator at the naval station at Annapolis, Md. He became the operator at Annapolis tell the operator at Avalon that his message had been heard by operators at stations in Portugal and Spain.
ARC RADIO MANUAL
THE ONLY BOOK OF ITS KIND ON THE MARKET
Compiled by the Engineers of the Federal Telegraph Co. of San Francisco
Written in a Non-Technical Manner. Any Amateur can Understand It.
35 Illustrations Limited Supply
Cloth Bound Order Now!
PRICE $2.50 PER COPY
Postpaid anywhere in the U. S.
PACIFIC RADIO PUB. CO.
50 Main Street San Francisco
RADEQ AUDION CONTROL PANELS
The best control panel for the money; has polished formica panel mounted on oak base and equipped with turnbuckle, grid condenser, bypass rheostat, and nickel-plated binding posts. Price without B battery $4.00.
Wireless apparatus made to order; sets designed to use material you now have on hand. Send for price list.
A. G. PENFIELD, Conshautsville, Pa.
ACME ANTI-LIGHT BLINKER
The Acme Apparatus Company has devised a method for eliminating the blinking of lights when sending telegraph code with spark transformers.
This apparatus will help amateur radio by stopping the complaints from neighbors and power companies.
One-half Kilowatt $5.00 One Kilowatt $7.50
Both sizes equipped with ¼ and ½ power steps.
Write for Bulletins
ACME APPARATUS COMPANY
21 Windsor Street, Cambridge 39, Mass.
Transformer and Radio Engineers and Manufacturers
Resonance Tuner -- Something New -- Used with Bulb Only
Built on the resonance principle of the new Coils of the U. S. Signal Service. It is a wonder tuner and is wound with pure copper strip with split phase coil inside and out of the winding. IT GETS ALL THE 200 meter stations going and the tuning is done merely with a 21 Plate Condenser in series with the aerial.
Amplification up to 100 times with variometers in series with grid and plate. This tuner will permit you to make a regular paragon at a very small price.
It is truly the wonder tuner and will revolutionize the tuner industry. These have been tested everywhere before being offered to the Amateurs and we will absolutely guarantee every one. Special price—one to each city $6.00, add parcel post.
TRESCO, Davenport, Iowa.
Send 10c. for 16-page Catalog
"The Radio Telegrapher"
Official Organ
UNITED RADIO TELEGRAPHERS' ASSOCIATION
Room 303
44 Broad Street, New York
Read about what's going on among the Commercial, Navy and Army operators
ON SHIPBOARD
AT SHORE STATIONS
AT HOME AND ABROAD
Subscription Price $1.50 yearly, 15 cents a copy
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
AMRAD COMPANY TO GIVE QUENCHED GAPS TO AMATEURS
In order to help reduce QRM by the more extensive use of quenched gaps and low power, the American Radio and Research Corporation is offering free during the month of March any Amrad ¼ K.W. Quenched Gap with every induction coil. This offer is particularly directed to relay men and is intended to give tangible proof of the performance of this combination in actual use.
A schedule of broadcasts has been arranged for every Wednesday and Saturday during the duration of the special offer. Most of the stations listed below will use both the quenched gap and induction coil. In addition, some of the stations will employ an Amrad Coil for I.C.W.
The stations which will send out the QST messages every Wednesday and Saturday during March follows:
| Call Sign | Time |
|-----------|------------|
| XE | 4:30 p.m. |
| GY | 9:00 p.m. |
| OJ | 10:10 p.m. |
| AK | 9:20 p.m. |
| FW | 9:30 p.m. |
| CX | 9:40 p.m. |
| PL | 9:50 p.m. |
| EM | 8:50 p.m. |
| AIW | 9:10 p.m. |
P.S.T.
| Call Sign | Time |
|-----------|------------|
| ZZ | 9:15 p.m. |
| SXG | 9:30 p.m. |
| HG | 9:45 p.m. |
| ZH | 9:50 p.m. |
P.S.T.
6HI | 9:30 p.m. |
BAKELITE-DILECTO
The standard insulating material for all radio work. Water-proof, permanent, strong, used by all important manufacturers of wireless apparatus and others requiring the utmost in insulation.
Furnished in sheets, rods and tubes.
We also manufacture VULCANIZED FIBRE in sheets, rods and tubes and CONITE, a special insulation, in sheets or rolls from .005" to .020" thick.
Let us show you how our standard products can be made to solve your insulation problems.
THE CONTINENTAL FIBRE CO.
NEWARK, DELAWARE
CHELSEA Variable Condensers
Condenser No. 3
(Die-Cast Type)
| No. | Description | Price |
|-------|------------------------------|-------|
| 1 | .0011 m.f. mounted | $5.00 |
| 2 | .0008 m.f. mounted | 4.50 |
| 3 | .0007 m.f. unmounted | 4.75 |
| 4 | .0006 m.f. unmounted | 4.25 |
| | Bakelite Dials only | .75 |
Top, bottom and knob are genuine bakelite, shank and stem running in strong brass and adjustable tension on movable plates, large bakelite dials read to hundredths high capacity, ample separated and evenly spaced plates.
Unmounted types will fit any panel and are equipped with counterweight.
Purchase from your dealer; if he does not carry it, send to us.
Bulletin upon request.
CHELSEA RADIO COMPANY
18 FIFTH STREET CHELSEA, MASS.
Manufacturers of Radio Apparatus and Moulders of Bakelite.
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
BURGESS "B" BATTERIES
SEVERAL SIZES FOR SPECIAL WORK
SEND FOR CATALOGUE
BURGESS BATTERY COMPANY
HARRIS TRUST BLDG., CHICAGO, ILL.
SPECIAL!
RADIO SHOP VARIOMETERS ............... $5.75
RADIO SHOP VARIO-COUPLES ................ 4.75
These prices apply for - a limited time only.
DO YOU WANT THE REAL THING? DO YOU WANT A COPY? WE ARE SURE YOU WANT THE REAL THING SO HERE THEY ARE AT A PRICE THAT FITS ALL POCKET BOOKS.
Wood that will not shrink and the same wonderful bearings that originated in RADIO SHOP VARIOMETERS.
Send your order in early and take advantage of this offer.
The Radio Shop San Jose, Cal.
"B" Batteries
AN EVEREADY PRODUCT
Guaranteed 45 volts Six Taps
$5.00 prepaid anywhere in the United States
We also build any type of set to order. Send us your specifications.
Ets-Hokin & Galvan Wireless Engineers
10 Mission Street San Francisco
We'll Pay the Postage!
EVEN TO THE PACIFIC COAST!
Sorala V. T. Socket (Bakelite Base) ....... $1.10
Paragon Rheostat (with Bakelite Chisel
Knob) ........................................ 1.75
G-R "A" Battery Potentiometer (re-
versible for panel or table use) .......... 4.49
22 V. Adjustable Express "A" Battery 2.00
Radiotron U. V. 200 Detector VT ........ 5.00
Paragon Type 0-3 Panel Ammeter ........ 6.00
Type 0-3 Filament Ammeter .............. 7.00
Chelsea No. 3 Panel Condenser .......... 4.75
Chelsea No. 3 Panel Microphone .......... 8.25
Bakelite Dials, Separate, 3/4 Inch Dia. ... .75
Bakelite Dial with Knob Attached ......... 1.00
NEW PRODUCTS
WE HAVE THEM FIRST!
STANDARD PRODUCTS
WE HAVE THEM ALWAYS!
4c puts you on our mailing list.
Somerville Radio Laboratory
WINTER HILL, 48, MASS.
QRK? Very QSA, O.M.—Am using a K52 Short Wave Set
WE CARRY A COMPLETE LINE OF PARTS FOR SHORT WAVE SETS, AS WELL AS EVERYTHING YOU WANT IN THE RADIO OR ELECTRICAL LINE.
WRITE FOR BULLETIN P15
DAVID KILLOCH CO.
57 MURRAY STREET NEW YORK CITY
The Best and Most Worthy course in Radio Telegraphy ever published commenced with the February issue of Experimental Science.
Written by one of the foremost radio men in America. Edward E. Jones, Radio Editor Experimental Science Magazine.
Other features: Construction of apparatus; new hook-ups; articles on electricity, chemistry, physics and science in general.
Each issue puts it over on the previous one.
Subscription rate $1.50
EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE PUB. CO., Inc.
312-1311 G ST., N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C.
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
RADIO DEALERS & MANUFACTURERS
Honesty is the best policy—in Radio as in any other line. In order to make the Radio profession the cleanest possible, it is necessary that the manufacturer, dealer and buyer co-operate to the fullest extent.
Safeguard Yourselves and the Radio Amateur! Think This Over
Many amateurs have declined to purchase goods through the mails simply because they cannot judge the reliability of the manufacturer or dealer. He has heard comment on unfair play from his brother amateur. This is a setback to our future.
DEALERS
Join the National Association of Radio Dealers at once. The buyer will recognize you as one of the many who stand firm for honest dealings with the amateur. Display the emblem—N-A-R-D. It is the two-fold safeguard against unfair play.
JOIN NOW!
N - A - R - D
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIO DEALERS
TEMPORARY NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, OMAHA, NEB.
WRITE FOR INFORMATION.
AMATEURS
Buy your goods from the dealer who is a member of the National Association. Take no chances! The Association is backing the dealer and you should back him in return. You will never suffer a disappointment if you leap before you look.
ACT NOW!
SIBERIA EXPEDITION
(Continued from page 250)
house with lines leading under ground to the tanks and engines.
The station was completed in the early spring of 1919 and communication was immediately established with Cavite, P. I., and later with St. Paul, Alaska, and Cordova, Alaska. Messages were also transmitted to a French station near Irkutsk, Siberia, about two thousand miles inland along the line of the trans-Siberian railroad.
Due to the fact that the telegraph lines between Vladivostok and the interior were constantly being cut by the Bolsheviki, or other factions, this overland service proved to be of inestimable value to the French and Czecho-Slovaks who were carrying out military operations as far back as Omsk, approximately four thousand miles inland.
Phenomenal results were obtained in receiving the world's high power stations. Press was copied daily from Lyons, France; Nauen, Germany; Rome, Italy; Washington, D. C., and San Francisco, Calif. The press was published by the American Expeditionary Forces at Vladivostok and circulated in mimeographed form. It was free to the Russian newspapers free of charge, translated and published in the Russian language.
Instances were known where information by radio preceeded the cable by fifteen days.
The normal current used through the arc was approximately 80 amperes on 7,000 meters, the maximum current being 100 amperes which was rarely used.
Most of the work was conducted on wave lengths between 6,000 meters and 8,000 meters, although the station could transmit on as high as 11,000 meters. The 6,000 meters wave was found advantageous for receiving at Cavite, P. I., where heavy static is almost a daily occurrence.
Although the Vladivostok station is equipped with only a 60 K.W. Poulsen arc, the signals have been copied at phenomenal distances, on one occasion by a ship entering San Francisco harbor.
HAVE YOU SENT
For a copy of the Arc Radio Manual? It's a dandy. $2.50 per copy, postpaid.
PACIFIC RADIO PUB. CO.
San Francisco, Cal.
RADIO CLUB PINS
Special folder of designs and prices in addition to regular catalogue free on request.
Be sure to see these new numbers, which will put new life in your club
METAL ARTS CO. Dept. 9 Rochester, N.Y.
Paragon Rheostat
has become the standard filament resistor for block of panel or table mounting. 2¼-in diameter, 8 ohms, 1½ amps.
$1.75 Postpaid
Immediate shipment.
Standard VT Socket $1.00. Why pay More?
44 Volt Variable "B" Battery, $3.60
Include Poccage on 4 Lbs.
Complete in handy wooden case and adjustable phosphor-bronze wire connectors. Better than block batteries. If one 4.4 V. unit weakens prematurely, it can be removed and replaced, thereby not impairing total voltage—making this the best battery value on the market.
Audiotron Adaptor
Consists of standard 4-prong base with brass supporting connectors. Permits mounting tube in vertical position, so that grid will not sag and touch grid.
$1.75 Postpaid
Aerial Wire 1c Per Foot
7 strands No. 22 solid copper—tin plated to prevent oxidation. Inch resistance on 18 lbs per 100 feet.
Lightning Switch $4.00
600 volts, 100 amps., S.P.D.T.
Radio Equipment Co.
630 Washington St.
Boston-11, Mass.
Attention WIRELESS AMATEURS
THE ONLY WIRELESS MINERAL DETECTOR MADE ON A SOLID PORCELAIN BASE. See Cut
This Mineral Detector is a most valuable device to eliminate the Amateur's troubles in Wireless Operating
PRICE $2.25 EACH
Including Parcel Post Charges
J. N. BREIDENBACH
2413 North 16th St., Phila., Pa.
Stratton Electric Company
We carry a line of Wireless Material, Parts, Small Instruments and Educational Books.
Murdock V.T. Socket..........................$1.00
Chelsea Oscillator............................$3.00
Chelsea Variable Grid Leak..................$3.00
Shipping weight 1 lb. 12 ozs. Add postage.
Satisfaction Guaranteed. Immediate Deliveries. Try us.
215 Federal St. GREENFIELD, MASS.
EXCEPTIONAL SIGNALS
DEMONSTRATIONS recently given with Kennedy Receiving Equipment before the San Francisco Section of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the San Francisco Engineers' Club caused great astonishment on account of the wonderful reception of long and short wave signals from both near and far.
TYPE 100 LONG WAVE REGENERATIVE RECEIVER
Licensed under Armstrong U. S. Patent No. 1,113,149
KENNEDY EQUIPMENT
If you are interested in long range records, as well as consistently superior everyday performance, you should have Kennedy Equipment in your station.
If you live in or near San Francisco, come in and let us give you a demonstration. If not, write us to arrange a demonstration before your radio club. "Hearing is Believing."
BUY it from us direct if your dealer can't supply you with Kennedy Equipment. You take no chances. If you are not satisfied after 5 days' trial, send it back to us and we will refund your money. Catalog and price list of accessories on request.
The Colin B. Kennedy Company
INCORPORATED
RIALTO BUILDING
SAN FRANCISCO
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
SOMETHING NEW IN HEADSETS
With recent improvements in our Navy Type Headset we have succeeded in bringing out a headset with an A.C. resistance of 50,000 ohms at 800 cycles, a thing which has never before been accomplished in a commercial headset. It has a medium high pitch and will bring in thousand cycle notes clearly and distinctly and undamaged waves can be read clearly and distinctly through static.
The improved Navy is peculiarly adapted to vacuum tube reception.
They are permanently adjusted at their highest point of efficiency and then carefully matched in tone. Because of their rugged construction they remain adjusted indefinitely.
The most extensive comparative tests have convinced us that High Impedance Navy Type Headsets is the best on the market, regardless of price. It is the most sensitive, most durable, and at the same time the lightest high impedance headset built. Our guarantee is the back of every one of these claims.
If you need a reliable and super-sensitive headset, you cannot do better than without this new high impedance model. Send us $14 and we will mail you a Navy Type Headset. If for any reason you are not absolutely satisfied with your purchase, return the headset and we will refund the money immediately.
C. BRANDES, Inc.
Room 819, 32 Union Square, New York City
Also makers of: Trans-Atlantic Headsets, $12.00.
Superior Headsets, $8.00.
Send 5c for Catalog "C"
"Navv Type, 50,000 Ohms, A.C., Weight 9 oz., complete with tuning band and polarity indicating cord.
Price $14.00
More Than They Expected
EVERY month since the Corwin Mail Order Service was started, hundreds of amateurs have ordered apparatus expressly promising discounts and fair prices. And invariably, the carefulness with which their orders were filled, and the perfect condition in which the goods arrived have even exceeded their expectations.
If you think that small order service can be thoroughly satisfactory, perhaps a trial of Corwin Service will surprise you, also. See if you need any apparatus in this list.
Universal Coil-Mounting Plugs—Anyone can easily make smooth-running connections with these plugs. Exceedingly accurate. Made to fit Radioco and all hand wound coils. Price 60 cents, postpaid
VACUUM TUBES
Electron, Relay ................. $6.00
VT Amplifier, 1 lb .................. 7.00
V. Fixtures .......................... 7.50
VARIABLE CONDENSERS
A. R. Co. .001 ....................... $6.35
A. R. Co. .005 ....................... 5.00
With No. 67 Dial add $1.00 ....... 4.75
Murdock 366 .......................... 4.75
Murdock 368 .......................... 2.75
Murdock 369 .......................... 2.75
Clapp-Eastham 805 .................... 7.50
Clapp-Eastham 809A ................... 9.50
Clapp-Eastham 809B ................... 11.50
Complete with dial ................... Shipping weight One Pound.
GRID CONDENSERS
Radioco, Postage 3 cents ............. .35c
ARTILLERY SWITCHES
Murdock 3 lbs. ....................... 4.50
Murdock 368 .......................... 4.50
Clapp-Eastham 10 lbs .................. 12.50
OIL VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
Radioco No. 5 ....................... Via Express collect only $15.00
RADIO CRAFT PRODUCTS
Detector ................................ $15.00
Two step Amplifier .................... 50.00
Detector and 1 step ................... 40.00
Detector and 2 step ................... 70.00
Postage paid
"B" BATTERIES
Radioco No. 1, 2 lbs .................. $1.50
Radioco No. 5, 2 lbs .................. 2.65
Eveready Stormax battery prices on application
TUSKA C. W. APPARATUS
181 Coil, 1 lb .......................... $7.50
182 Coil, 2 lbs .......................... 10.00
178 Coil, 3 lbs .......................... 12.50
70 Filter, 1 lb .......................... 16.00
AERIAL WIRE
7.5 22 thou. copper .................... $1.25
100 feet, 2 lbs .......................... 1.25
200 feet, 4 lbs .......................... 2.40
500 feet, 8 lbs .......................... 6.00
AMPLIFYING TRANSFORMERS
A.R. Co., 1 lb .......................... $5.00
Federal .................................. 7.50
JACKS AND PLUGS
Federal Closed Circuit .................. 85c
Federal Open Circuit ................... 70c
Federal Double Circuit .................. $1.00
Federal Plug ........................... 2.00
Postage .................................. .05
ALL RADISCO COILS and Wireless Press Books
ROTARY SWITCHES
Clapp-Eastham, No. 19 .................. $1.00
Clapp-Eastham, No. 19A .................. .55
Our Own, No. 1 .......................... .50
Our Own, No. 2 .......................... .65
Postage .................................. .05
CORWIN DIALS
No. 66, 3/4" ............................ $1.75
No. 67, 3/4" with knob .................. 1.50
No. 68, 3/4" with knob .................. 1.70
No. 69, 3/4" with knob .................. 1.70
Postpaid.
REGULAR COILS
Murdock No. 55, 2000 ohm .............. $4.50
Murdock, No. 55, 3000 ohm .............. 5.50
Baldwin, Standard ....................... 7.00
Baldwin C ............................... 16.50
Baldwin E, Improved ..................... 20.00
Brownell, New ......................... 12.50
Shipping weight, 2 pounds
All orders for apparatus not listed as postpaid must be accompanied by postage charges.
A. H. CORWIN & COMPANY
Dept. G6. 4 West Park St., Newark, N. J.
A RAY-DI-CO "HYLO"
The Double Duty Machine
Supplies the high voltage for the plates. ELIMINATES dead storage batteries at critical moments. NO MORE troublesome CHARGING, NO spilling of ACIDS. One turn of the switch and you are supplied with the filament current as well as the plate current. The most effective operating point of the tube is often dependent upon a critical filament voltage, and a discharged battery may lose you a DX record. Built in capacities from 30 watts to 175 watts. Voltages from 100 to 500 volts for the plates, and from 4 to 10 volts for the filaments. Can be used for receiving circuits, power amplifiers, etc. Special voltages if desired. Prices upon request.
RAY-DI-CO
(RAY-DEE-KO)
2653-C NORTH CLARK STREET
CHICAGO, ILL.
HAVE YOU SEEN
The New Pendant Type BALDWIN RECEIVER
Designed especially for telephone work, this receiver should appeal to Radio Men who are familiar with the famous Baldwin Radio Receivers. Send for descriptive circular, or, better still, send in a trial order.
PRICE $4, with 3-foot cord.
ARNO A. KLUGE
638 South Figueroa Street
Los Angeles, Cal.
ALSO A FULL LINE OF RADIO APPARATUS
BRITISH TRY TO BALK WIRELESS IN CHINA
(Continued from page 252)
munications for the construction of one Shanghai plant. The British allege that it violates the government's contract with the Marconi company, which gives the latter concern a virtual monopoly on wireless construction in China.
Charles R. Crane, the American minister to China, through Dr. W. W. Yen, the foreign minister, has suggested that cancellation of the contract with the Federal company be deferred, pending direct negotiations, which the Washington administration is said to be taking up with the British Government.
Important to U. S.
Crane feels the question is most important, according to the cablegram, as bearing on future American efforts toward direct intercourse with China.
Japan, which lodged a protest in January against the Federal contract on the ground that it infringed rights acquired two years ago by a Japanese company, has made an additional protest, while Denmark also has lodged one, alleging infringement.
The attitude of the Chinese foreign office, as unofficially expressed, is that the British and American contracts were executed by different departments of the government, and differ only, hence there is no conflict. With regard to the Japanese contract, it is alleged the Japanese have not fulfilled the terms of the contract and thereby have relieved the ministry of communications from obligation incurred under it.—S. F. "Call."
QST
A MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO AMATEUR WIRELESS
Official Organ: American Radio Relay League
New Developments in C.W. Transmitters
Vacuum Tube Circuits, Regenerative Receivers, Underground and Loop Antennas, Radiotelephony, Relaying, Operating Notes, News of Wireless and A.R.R.L. News; Humorous Stories by The Old Man. All these and many more are included in QST.
SPECIAL TRIAL OFFER
Regular price $2.00 per year, 50 cents per month. Immediate rate, 75 cents—subscription for $1 and attached coupon.
PIN A DOLLAR BILL TO COUPON AND MAIL IT TODAY!
RETURN COUPON
American Radio Relay League,
Hartford, Conn.
Enclosed find $1; please enter my trial subscription to QST for 7 months.
Name_____________________________________
Address____________________________________
__________________________________________
Classified Advertisements
ADVERTISEMENTS IN THIS SECTION ARE TEN CENTS PER WORD, NET. REMITTANCES IN FORM OF CURRENCY, MONEY ORDER OR STAMPS, MUST ACCOMPANY ORDER.
RADIO PHONISTS, ATTENTION—HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS to supply motor generator units in various capacities especially designed for radio phone work. Low frequency, high voltage transformers, additional H. P. motors, storage batteries. Various types of meters, condensers, navy type "D" and "E" cells, brass and copper rotary gap rotors, SYNCHRONOUS SPARK CAPS. RAY-DI-CO RADIO PHONE sets furnished complete ready for installation and your connection. Get acquainted with our SERVICES. RAY-DI-CO, 2635 N. Clark St., Chicago, Ill.
All amateur apparatus bought or made in accordance with the Radio Buyer's and Builder's Handbook invaluable resell very profitably. Study my June, July, October and December display advertisements. See why and get your copy. R. Clark, Barnes Road, Newton, Mass.
LEARN WIRELESS. No student of Dodge short wave tube method fails to MEMORIZE CODE without key or Automatic Many states' code in one hour. Learn instruments after one month rapid progress to success and license. Convincing testimonials from 38 states free. Investigate. Dodge, Box 226, Massapequa, N. Y.
FOR SALE—Practically new Type R Thorndarson one KW transformer and Thorndarson .01 oil immersed condenser. Price on both, $40.00. 1000 Block, 335 N. Ridge-wood Place, Los Angeles, Cal.
FOR SALE—One 4,000 to 20,000 meter tuner. Has condenser and taps for variations in band width from 4,000 to 20,000. Interested write to R. A. care Pacific Radio Pub. Co., 50 Market Street, San Francisco.
WANTING AMATEURS IN NEW YORK CITY to secure subscriptions to "Pacific Radio News." Our plan is being used by dozens of amateurs who are making money. We allow you a larger commission than the publishers and any other radio paper. Write today for full details and instructions. The plan will interest you. Don't delay. Pacific Radio Pub. Co., 50 Main Street, San Francisco, Cal.
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
on any standard Radio Apparatus. West and Mid-West Amateurs—"Give us your business—we'll give you SERVICE you will like." Order direct from this page or send for free catalogues. Blue print and instruction sheet of a complete C. W. Transmitter sent for 10c in stamps.
AUDION CONTROLS
Acme Unit Detector...........$10.00
Acme Unit Amplifier.........13.00
Amrad Unit Detector.........15.00
Amrad Unit Amplifier........17.00
Amrad Detector and One Step..31.50
Amrad Two Step Amplifier....39.50
DeForest Detector and One Step..39.50
DeForest Panel P-401........14.00
Grebe Detector...............17.00
Grebe Two Step Amplifier....17.00
General Radio Panel..........2.50
ACME TRANSFORMERS
K. K. W. Fully mounted......18.00
1 K. K. W. Fully mounted.....22.00
1 K. K. W. Fully mounted.....33.00
200 Watt Transformer........60.00
60 Watt C. W. Transformer...15.00
Clapp-Eastham Verner.......38.00
VARIABLE CONDENSER
"Arco" Panel .001 MF........6.25
"Arco" Panel .0001 MF.......10.00
Connecticut (latest cut).....5.00
Clapp-Eastham Verner.......6.00
Chelsea Panel .001 MF.......4.50
Chelsea Panel .001 MF.......4.50
DeForest CV-509.............6.00
All Urge DeForest Vernier at list prices.
MURDOCK APPARATUS
Loop Coupler................9.00
Aerial Switch.................4.50
Oscillation Transformer.....5.00
JACKS AND PLUGS
Federal two Circuit Jack.....1.00
Federal three Circuit Plug...1.00
Western Electric Plug........1.20
BURGESS BATTERIES
1.5 Volt Unit.................40
Small 22 Volt Block..........2.25
Medium 22 Volt Block........3.50
METERS (GENERAL RADIO)
Ammeters, scale 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 or 10 Amps, either range........7.75
1000 Amps, 1000 Volts........11.00
250 Milli-Amps................9.00
Western Voltmeter, 500 Volt scale with resistances, special.....20.00
CHICAGO RADIO APPARATUS COMPANY
3400 South Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
RADIO PHONISTS, ATTENTION! Money refunded if not pleased. Does not work. Here is a phone set that costs only $17.40 to construct, and when the Auditors sold their Kaler Radio Labs. This set appeared on another page of this magazine, is used in conjunction with the circuit will transmit 15 watts. "BP" Batteries used and results guaranteed. Enclose $10 for blueprints and directions. D. D. Savage, Dept. R, 1096 Clinton Ave., Irwindale, N. Y.
FOR SALE—¼ KW closed core transformer, mounted on wooden base. Has 20, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 ohms and operates 110 volts 60 cycles. In perfect condition, and is fitted with safety spark gap and inductances secondary coils to protect secondary windings from surges from condenser. Price $15.00. McGowan 1247 Forty-seventh Ave., San Francisco, Cal.
EXCHANGE—Two Audio Tron bulbs with ¼ KW transformer or rotary gap. M. Nakamoto, 1410½ Geary St., San Francisco.
HAAS WOOD AND IVORY WORKS
64-66 Clementina Street
San Francisco, Cal.
Radio Cabinets of all descriptions.
Any and all wood parts for radio apparatus.
Ivory knobs and lettering discs, in genuine or imitation Ivory.
Fibre and Bakelite cutting and drilling.
No stock carried. All work to your order.
Estimates cheerfully given.
VT. SOCKETS
Branden DeForest............1.50
DeForest Panel..............2.40
Acme (with brackets)........1.50
Amrad with Brackets........1.50
Amrad, base only............1.90
VACUUM TUBES
Motorola Element............6.00
Radiotron UV-200.............5.00
Radiotron UV-201.............6.50
Electron Relay..............4.00
Moorehead Amplifiers.......7.00
Morsehead Amplifiers.......7.50
TELEPHONE RECEIVERS
Branden Superior............8.00
Baldwin "C"..................4.50
Baldwin, Type "C"...........16.50
Federal, A & N, 2200 Ohms...12.50
Federal, A & N, 2200 Ohms...20.00
BURGESS BATTERIES
1.5 Volt Unit.................40
Small 22 Volt Block..........2.25
Medium 22 Volt Block........3.50
METERS (GENERAL RADIO)
Ammeters, scale 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 or 10 Amps, either range........7.75
1000 Amps, 1000 Volts........11.00
250 Milli-Amps................9.00
Western Voltmeter, 500 Volt scale with resistances, special.....20.00
--And Did You See That First Issue of RADIO TOPICS
If not, you don't know what you have missed because it contained the latest and most interesting topics on radio. Better not miss the March issue as it will contain many pleasant surprises.
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CAN YOU BEAT THIS?
Short Wave Regenerative Receiver
This regenerative receiver is equal to many at twice the price. Case is constructed of non-shrinkable material throughout. Grained Formica panel with dull finish. Cabinet in teak beautifully finished. 16 inches long, 7 inches wide. Interior wire. Dials and knobs are of Bakelite—white engraved. Switch: Six points for primary. Constructed on non-shrinkable material.
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Type V-1 Varlocoupler. A sturdy and reliable instrument. Mounted on hardwood base. Positive spring contact. Dimensions: 5½ in. wide, 5½ in. high. Has 3-16 in. shaft. OUR INITIAL OFFERING PRICE, POSTPAID—
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We can also supply very attractive dials for these instruments at $1.30 each. Will fit 3-16 in. shaft.
MAGUIRE RADIO LABORATORY
Telephone VALENCIA 2129
1855 CHURCH STREET
We are just entering the radio field with our high grade apparatus and will give you the best apparatus at a minimum profit to us. We guarantee satisfaction with every purchase or your money refunded.
MANUFACTURERS OF RADIO APPARATUS
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The RADIO MAGNAVOX
THE RADIO MAGNAVOX when used with a suitable amplifier, will give forth signals of far greater volume than any other receiver, and radiophone music may be used for dancing.
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THE RADIO MAGNAVOX is manufactured under the same patents and on the same electrodynamic principle as the Magnavox Radio Telemegafone, and will reproduce signals with the same volume.
THE RADIO MAGNAVOX is supplied without means of varying the field current. If six volts from a storage or dry battery are applied to the field windings the field becomes saturated and maximum reproduction is obtained.
It is not necessary that the field be saturated for the reception of the average radio signals. Therefore, we recommend that a variable resistance be placed in the field circuit and no more current be used than is necessary to hear the signals at a good volume. This rheostat may be approximately 8 to 12 ohms resistance, resembling a vacuum tube filament resistance.
PRICE $45 at your dealer's.
If he cannot supply you, send remittance direct to the Magnavox Company, Oakland, California, and receive prompt shipment.
There is still opportunity for more live radio dealers to handle this line, also our transmitter tone arm and hand transmitter for radiophones.
THE MAGNAVOX COMPANY
Oakland, California
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
WITH THE ADVENT OF NEW POWER TUBES, AN UNLIMITED FIELD HAS OPENED FOR THE EXPERIMENTER. HAVE YOU CLIMBED ABOARD THE CONTINUOUS WAVE TRAIN? BE AMONG THE PIONEERS IN THIS LATEST DEVELOPMENT OF AMATEUR INVESTIGATION.
TO OUR MANY PATRONS IN THE WESTERN AMATEUR WORLD WE ARE PLEASED TO ANNOUNCE THAT WE WILL CARRY A COMPLETE STOCK OF CONTINUOUS WAVE EQUIPMENT. IF WHAT YOU WANT IS NOT LISTED BELOW—WRITE US—AS OUR STOCK OF "EVERYTHING NEW" IS BEING ADDED TO EVERY DAY.
### RESISTANCE UNITS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| Ward Leonard 1,000 ohm | $1.25 |
| Ward Leonard 1,500 ohm | 1.25 |
| Ward Leonard 2,000 ohm | 1.25 |
| Ward Leonard 4,000 ohm with fuse clips | 1.75 |
| Ward Leonard 10,000 ohm | 3.50 |
### INDUCTANCES
| Description | Price |
|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|
| Wesrad Standard Inductance, Tube only, 1/4 in. Formed Tube, 4 1/2 in. diameter, 7 in. long, threaded 9 turns on the inch | $3.75 |
| Same wound with 62 turns No. 14 bare copper wire | 5.00 |
| Same, with separate windings of 33 and 18 turns No. 14 wire | 5.00 |
| Any number of turns can be tapped on the above at an additional cost of 5 cents per tap | |
### MOTOR GENERATORS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| Ray-Di-Co. Midget unit, 300 volts | $45.00 |
| Ray-Di-Co. 100 watt 500 volt unit | 110.00 |
Other sizes and makes. Prices on application.
### C. W. TRANSFORMERS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| Acme 200 watt, mounted | $22.50 |
### RHEOSTATS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| General Radio Panel Type, 1/2 amp. | $2.50 |
| Remier moulded Bakelite, 1 amp. | 1.75 |
| Remier moulded Bakelite, 1/4 amps. | 1.00 |
| Paragon, panel or table mounting | 1.75 |
### SOCKETS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| General Radio, with adjustable shell so that any tube can be used | $1.75 |
| Remier moulded Bakelite | 1.50 |
### BUZZERS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| General Radio Hi Frequency | $2.00 |
| Century, 2 in. diameter | 2.50 |
| Century, 1 1/2 in. diameter | 2.80 |
### POWER TUBES
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| C-302—5 watt output | $8.00 |
| C-303—50 watt output | 30.00 |
| C-304—250 watt output | 110.00 |
### TELEPHONE TRANSMITTERS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| Kellog Heavy Duty | $4.00 |
| Kellog Heavy Duty, with short adjustable arm | 5.00 |
| Connecticut, with 4 in. adjustable arm | 4.50 |
### MODULATION TRANSFORMERS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| Acme A-3 Semi Mounted—the most handy form | $5.00 |
| Clapp-Eastham Type "ZRM" | 4.50 |
### CONDENSERS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| Dubilier Special Condensers tested at 1,000 volts | |
| D-100—Capacity .0025 mfd. | $3.50 |
| D-111—Capacity .001 mfd. | 2.00 |
| D-192—Capacity .001 mfd. | 3.50 |
| D-193—Capacity .01 mfd. | 5.50 |
| Kellog No. 25 1 mfd. Telephone Condenser | 2.50 |
| Kellog No. 16 2 mfd. Telephone Condenser | 2.00 |
| Kellog No. 20 1/2 mfd. Telephone Condenser | 1.25 |
Special Double Spaced Aluminum Plate Variable Air Condensers
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| No. 1500, approx. .0004 mfd. capacity | $6.00 |
| No. 2500, approx. .0008 mfd. capacity | 7.50 |
| No. 3500, approx. .0008 mfd. capacity | 9.00 |
### CHOKE COILS
| Model | Price |
|------------------------|--------|
| Clapp-Eastham Type ZRX, 150 MA capacity, single coil | $3.75 |
| Acme Single Coil, 500 MA. capacity | 6.00 |
| Acme Single Coil, 100 MA. capacity | 4.00 |
| Acme Double Coil, 500 MA. capacity | 8.00 |
| Acme Double Coil, 150 MA. capacity | 6.00 |
EVERY WESTERN AMATEUR SHOULD HAVE OUR LATEST (MARCH) STOCK BULLETIN AND PRICE-LIST—THE ONLY ALWAYS UP-TO-THE-MINUTE BULLETIN IN THE FIELD. SEND FOR IT TODAY.
Western Radio Electric Company
LARGEST EXCLUSIVELY RADIO DISTRIBUTORS IN THE WEST
550 SOUTH FLOWER STREET
Sole Southern Agents
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
When writing to Advertisers please mention this Magazine
|
ST TERESA’S GREEN TEAM
Best Practices for Recology Customers during COVID-19. Help keep yourself and Recology San Francisco employees safe by following the guidance below.
STOP & THINK—What goes where? Sorting properly is critical to keeping recyclable and compostable material out of the landfill. Food scraps and yard trimmings go in the compost bin, while cardboard, paper, glass, metal, and plastic containers go in the recycling.
BREAK IT DOWN—Optimize space in your blue bin and keep recyclables loose (not bagged). Break down cardboard boxes and do what you can to save space in your cart to make sure it’s not overflowing.
BAG IT & BIN IT—Do your part to keep drivers safe and reduce litter. Trash (black bin) should be secured in bags to prevent materials from blowing onto the street. Make sure all trash fits inside your bin.
SAVE YOUR DONATIONS—Put reusable items aside for now. Once Shelter-In-Place restrictions are lifted, donate reusable goods to a local charity, non-profit, family or friend. They will appreciate the donation, and it won’t go to the landfill. A win-win!
WASH YOUR HANDS—Frequently! Washing your hands before and after rolling your bins to the curb will help keep both you and your driver safe. You can also wipe down the handles and lids of your bins with a sanitizing wipe to further protect yourself and drivers.
ROLL IT OUT—Place your curbside bins out early. Drivers may arrive earlier or later due to temporary routing changes. Remember to leave space between your bins to allow our automated trucks to collect bins effectively.
SMILE & WAVE—Drivers need to socially distance, too. Please maintain the advised 6 feet of social distance between you and your driver. But that doesn’t mean you can’t say hi — a friendly wave is always appreciated!
MASS INTENTIONS
As we celebrate Mass together we include in our prayers:
Saturday, April 18
4:15pm The People of the Parish
Henry Morgan, Jr. (Spec. Int.)
Sunday, April 19
† Sr. Kathleen Healy
† Barbara McGrath
Tuesday, April 21
8:30am All First Responders (Spec. Int.)
Friday, April 24
† All who have died due to COVID-19
Saturday, April 25
4:15pm All Healthcare Workers (Spec. Int.)
Henry Morgan, Jr. (Spec. Int.)
Sunday, April 26
8:30am The People of the Parish
† Raymond McGrath
We Welcome You To
St. Teresa of Avila Catholic Church
Served by the Carmelites
APRIL 19, 2020
SECOND SUNDAY OF EASTER
1490 19TH STREET (CHURCH)
LOCATED ON THE NE CORNER OF 19TH & CONNECTICUT STREETS
PASTOR
Rev. Michael A. Greenwell, O. Carm.
email@example.com
PAROCHIAL VICAR
Rev. Michael Kwiecien, O. Carm.
firstname.lastname@example.org
PARISH SECRETARY
Stephani Sheehan, email@example.com
DIRECTOR OF MUSIC
Laura Diaz-Flaviani, firstname.lastname@example.org
DIRECTOR OF FAITH FORMATION
Anarose Schelstrate, email@example.com
SUNDAY MASSES
Saturday Vigil 4:15 pm
Sunday 8:30 & 10:00 am
MARRIAGE
Please call 6 months in advance
BAPTISM &
RECONCILIATION
Tuesday 8:30 am
Please call for an appointment
Friday 8:30 am
PARISH OFFICE / MAILING ADDRESS
HOURS—10:00AM TO 4:30PM
390 Missouri St, San Francisco, CA 94107
Phone: 415.285.5272 Fax: 415.285.8510
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Website: stteresasf.org
REGISTERED . . . ?
Have you been receiving our email updates? We have been sending 1-2 emails per week to let our parishioners know what is going on at St. Teresa’s. Did you know that we are livestreaming all Masses?
If you have not received any emails, please take a moment to register for the parish. The easiest way is through our website. You may also send an email to our parish secretary, Stephani, with your information (name, address, phone, email). This information is never shared outside of the parish office.
Our website is also being updated regularly to reflect any changes.
AAA 2020
We are extremely happy to report we have met our goal of $28,868 year, provided all pledges are fulfilled. We received pledges from 77 individuals/families. Thank you for your most generous support!!
If you have not done so already, please check with your employer to see if they provide matching funds to your donation.
If you still wish to contribute, all excess monies received by the Archdiocese will be returned to St. Teresa’s.
Welcome to St. Teresa of Avila’s Parish Community
We extend our hands and hearts in Christian fellowship to you here celebrating with us. Whether long-time residents or newly arrived in our parish, we thank God that you are with us. If you are not registered or have changes to your registration, please fill in the form below, or complete the form on our website.
Name: ___________________________ Phone: ___________________________
Address: ____________________________________________________________
City: ________________ Zip: __________ Email: ____________________________
☐ New Parishioner ☐ New Address and/or phone ☐ Send Sunday envelopes ☐ On-Line Giving
ST. TERESA’S MISSION STATEMENT
As members of St. Teresa’s Parish we fulfill our baptismal commitment by being the hands and heart of Christ in our world.
We achieve this commitment by accepting the human dignity of all persons, and by advocating for and serving those oppressed in our society.
The community of St. Teresa’s finds its strength to fulfill this through participation in the Eucharist, prayer, learning the building of relationships, and action for Justice.
THERE’S MORE TO TODAY’S GOSPEL THAN THE “DOUBTING THOMAS”
Today’s Gospel is the familiar story of the “doubting Thomas”. The story is framed by two appearances of Jesus, the first on Easter Sunday night and second a week later. Thomas is not present at the first, and it is at the second appearance that Jesus challenges Thomas to touch his hands and side, stating “… do not be unbelieving but believe.” Usually, homilists focus on Thomas’ lack of faith, but there is so much more to this Gospel than the “doubting Thomas”. Earlier in the narrative the evangelist noted that Jesus breathed on the disciples, this week’s column focuses primarily on the breath of God.
If you were in the upper room on Easter Sunday night and Jesus suddenly appeared in your midst, what would you see? What would you remember? And what would you write about for future generations?
I don’t know what I would have remembered or written about, but I do know what the Evangelist John did: he tells us that Jesus breathed on them. Why on earth would the evangelist focus on this mundane, ordinary detail?
Reading between the lines, I would suggest that the evangelist tells us that Jesus breathes on them because he is trying to make a point: that the resurrected Jesus is not a ghost, phantom, spirit, or apparition. Why is this the case? Because ghosts don’t breathe.
In emphasizing that Jesus breathes, the evangelist is saying that there is something physical and corporeal about the resurrected body. On one hand, the resurrected Jesus is flesh and blood like you and me. On the other hand, the risen Jesus is very different from us: unlike our bodies which grow old, die, and decay, the resurrected body is incorruptible.
This Sunday’s Gospel is not the only time that an evangelist makes this point. Luke 24:36-49 parallels the Johanne account, except that, instead of breathing upon them, Jesus asks,
“Have you anything here to eat? They gave him a piece of baked fish; he took it and ate it in front of them.” [Lk 24:41b-43]
The meaning lies between the lines. Ghosts don’t breathe. Neither do ghosts eat fish.
As interesting as breathing and eating might be, equally fascinating are the words Jesus speaks when breathing on the disciples:
“Receive the Holy Spirit. Whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained.” [Jn 20: 22b-23]
The Church cites this passage as the place where Jesus institutes the Sacrament of Penance, but I would like to focus on how this passage links the Holy Spirit with the breath of God.
Jesus’ words and action parallel what we find in the second story of creation:
“… the Lord God formed man out of the clay of the ground and blew into his nostrils the breath of life, and so man became a living being.” (Gn 2:7)
Both in today’s Gospel and in the above passage from Genesis we have a nascent theology of the Holy Spirit. Formal dogmas pertaining to the Trinity were not developed until the fourth century, and before there was any formal articulation of Trinitarian doctrine, Holy Spirit was understood as God’s Life or God’s Breath. Our earliest theology of the Holy Spirit recognizes that it is God’s Spirit which gives us life and animates our being. As early as Genesis we recognize that God’s life – the Holy Spirit – is present in us in the very act of breathing.
It is important to note that – at the time when the gospels were written – there was no developed theology of either the Holy Spirit or the Trinity. The early Christian community – being rooted in Jewish monotheism – had a difficult enough time coming to grips with the idea that Jesus was the divine Son of God; that there might be a “third person” in the godhead – the Holy Spirit – would never have entered their conversation.
The New Testament does describe instances which, by the fourth century, will be cited as scriptural support for a formal, developed Trinitarian theology. Scriptural “evidence” in support of the Holy Spirit includes:
- The Advocate or Paraclete whom Jesus promises to send after the Ascension (Jn 16:7)
- The Tongues as of Fire that descend upon the Apostles at Pentecost (Acts 2:1ff)
- The Spirit Conferred on Converts through the laying on of hands (Acts 8:16-18)
- The Spirit Poured Out on Gentiles before they are baptized (Acts 10:44 ff)
- The Inspiration that filled Peter when he was questioned by the Sanhedrin (Acts 4:8)
In cycles A, B, and C there are different readings for the third through seventh Sundays of Easter, but on the Second Sunday of Easter we always read the same Gospel, the Doubting Thomas. Perhaps the church does this because it wants to emphasize the final words of Jesus (in today’s text):
“Jesus said to him (Thomas) ‘Have you come to believe because you have seen me? Blessed are those who have not seen and believed.’” [Jn 20:29]
Unlike Thomas, we believe without seeing … which is what the Church wants to emphasize in our annual reading of this Gospel.
On the other hand, “reading between the lines” demonstrates that there is a wealth of latent material in today’s text. Not only does today’s gospel ground the Church’s claim to forgive sin, but the text also raises issues about the resurrected body, the “breath of God”, and the Holy Spirit. Reading between the lines, we recognize that there is more to today’s Gospel than the “Doubting Thomas”.
Michael Kwiecien, O. Carm.
|
Editorial Board
editor:
John Roycroft, 17 New Way Road, London, England NW9 6PL
Ed van de Gevel, Binnen de Veste 36, 3811 PH Amersfoort, The Netherlands
Spotlight-column: J. Fleck, Neuer Weg 110, D-47803 Kreifeld, Germany
Treasurer: J. de Boer, Zevendendrift 40, 1251 RC Laaren, The Netherlands
Contents:
Spotlight 676 - 677
A.A Troitzky - founder of the contemporary chess study 677 - 691
Diagrams and solutions:
3rd Hero-Town’s Match 691 - 693
Lena 120 693 - 697
Rheinland-Pfalz and Europa-Rochade ‘91/’92 697 - 701
Wola Gubowska ‘94[J] 701 - 702
Molodoy leninets ’88 703 - 706
Bimov MT of Molodoy leninets ’89 706 - 707
Phebus ’88/’90 707 - 710
Schakend Nederland ’91 711 - 713
Marwitz MT Schakend Nederland ’92 713 - 716
Report on the 28th FIDE PCCC meeting in Turku 716 - 717
Reviews and announcements 717 - 718
EG 117 errors:
10006: The black king should be on h3 instead of c3
10008: The black bishop should be on h6 instead of h3
10011: The white pawn should be on b2 instead of c2
10013: The white king should be on g4 instead of h4
Spotlight by Jürgen Fleck
Let's start with some odds and ends:
**EG 15**
No 740, I.Krikheli. According to EG 22 this first-prize-winner is unsound, but the alleged dual 1.Rb8+ Kf1! ... Rc3 2.Kb7+ (2.Kxb7 Kf6) Ke4 3.Rd7 Re5 and black wins.
**EG 79**
No 5491, A.Koranyi. This first-prize-winner is unsound: ... Kc7 4.Kh4 Sd5 wins for black.
**EG 99**
No 6963, V.Delgov. A remarkable case. Apart from the finale (known from Birmov) virtually everything is faulty: I found the following:
- 1... Kf2 (for ... Kg1+) wins for black: 2.Rxe8 (2.Re1 Se7 3.d6 Rh5+) Rcl+ 1.Kh6 Rb1+ 4.Ka6 Ra1+ 5.Kb6 (5.Kb7 Sd4 6.a5 Se5) Se7 6.d6 Sc6# 7.Kc7 Sb5#
- 1... Sd5 wins for black: 2.e7 (2.Re8 Se7? 3.Kd6 Rb1+ 2.Rd3 Sd7+ 3.Kd6 Rb7 4.Rb7 Sc8+ 2.Ra3 Rh7, 2.Kb6 Rh7) Sc8 3.Rc8 Kf2 2.Re8 draws: 2.... Sh7? (2.... Sf7 3.Re7) 3.Kb6 Rh7 (3.Sf5) 4.Rc7+ Kf1 5.Kc7
- 2... Rh7 followed by either ... Sf7 and ... Sd6, or ... Sc8 and ... Sh7+ wins for black
- 2.... Ke2 wins for black: 3.Rb8 (3.Kb6 Rh7) Sf7 4.Re8+ (4.Rb7 Rc1+ 5.Ka6 Sd6, 4.Kb6 Ra1+ 5.Ka7 4.b6+ 4.c6 Re1+ 5.Ka7+) Kd3 5.Re8 Rc1+ 4.Ka6 Sd6 5.Kc7 Sd6#
- 3.... Rh7 (for ... Sc8+) wins for black: 4.Rc3 Rb7+ 5.Ka6 Sb5 6.Ra8 Sc7+ 7.Ka5 Sf7.
- 5.... Sg6 wins for black: 6.Rb8 Se5+ 7.Kc7 e5#?
**EG 99**
No 7735, G.Nadareishvili. Another false claim of unsoundness of a first-prize-winner. EG 102 gave the line 1... Kf1! 2.Sd6 c4 3.Sxc4 Kf2 4.Sxd5+ 8.Sxd5 Sg6+ 9.Kg7 Sxe7 10.Kf6 Sd6 11.Kxe6 Ke1 12.Sa2 c2 13.Sb4 draw, but better is 11... c2 12.Kd5 Sa7 13.Kc4 Ke2 and now both 14.Kd3 Kd1 15.Kc2 Se6 16.Kc3 Sd4 17.Kb2 Sf5 18.Ka2 Sf7 17.Ka2 Sd5 18.Kf2 19.Kc3 Se2+ 20.Kb2 Kd2 and 14.Kh3 Kd2 15.Kb2 Sb5 16.Sb3+ Kd1 17.Sc1 Sc3 18.Sb3 (18.Sd3 Kd2) Se2 win for black (database-checked).
**EG 117**
No 9932, S.Zakharov. There is a dual: 2.Bxg2 e2 3.Bb2 f1Q+ 4.Bxf1 exf1(Q- 5.Kg3 Se5 6.Kxe5 draws, e.g. 6.... Qg2+ (6.... Qc1+ 7.Bf4) 7.Kf6 Qf5+ 8.Kg5 Qe3+ 9.Bf4 Qe8 10.Kh6 Qe8+ (else 11.Qxe8) 11.Kg5 Qe3+ 12.Kf6 Qe8+ 13.Kf5 Qe3+ 14.Kf4 Qe8+ 15.Qe5 Ka2 16.Qb2 Ka1 17.Qb8 Ka2 18.Qa8+ Kb1 19.Qb7 Ka2 20.Qh7+ Kc1 21.Qh8+ Kc2 22.Qa8+ Kc1 23.Qa1+ Kc2 24.Qa2+ Kc1 25.Qa4+ Kc2 14.Qc2 Ka1 15.Qe4+ 16.Kf3 Kc1 17.Qa3 Kc2 18.Qa2 Kc1 19.Kc2 c3 20.Qa3 c2 21.Ke3 Kh1 22.Qa3 Kd1 draws.
**No 9940, G.Amitay.** The award says that this study has significance for endgame theory, but Chernov and Nunn already describe the winning process in detail. The final underpromotion is not even strictly necessary, as there are different, though weaker ways to win the ending: 8.Kf6 Rf2+ 9.Ke7 Re2+ 10.KB8 Qa7 11.Rg7+ Kh8 12.Rg8# (creating a loop-hole for the king on h6) Ra8+ (12.... Kh7 13.Rf6 Re2 14.Rf1) 13.Ke7 Ra7+ 14.Kf6 Ra6+ 15.Kf5 Ra5+16.Kg4 Ra8 17.Kh3 Ra8 18.Ra6 19.Kf6 followed by Ra6=Ra5#
Moreover, the 3rd move of black is bad. Every sensible defence against white's only threat (4.Rd4+ 5.Kf6 draws: 3.... Rg8 white cannot make progress, 3.... Rf2 4.Kf6 Kg8 5.Rb8+ Kh7 with a standard draw (6.Ke6 Kg7, 6.Rf8 Ra1), 3.... Re2+ 4.Kf6 Kg8 5.Rb8+ Kh7 6.Kf7 Rae7 7.Rc7 Rae 8.f6 Ra8 (database-checked).
Almost all the lines above can be found in Nunn's book "Secrets of Rook Endings".
**No 9944, V.Kovalenko.** No win after 1... Bf4 (please note that 1...Bh5 should be on g5). Black intends to move his bishop up and down the diagonal bb-f4 and wait. As soon as the queen moves black plays ... g1Q# and goes with an easy win. The author tries the move 2...Kc7 Bh3 3.Kf8 Bh 4.Kf5 Bf2 5.Qd1 g1Q 6.Oxg1 g2 7.Qd1, but this does not pose many problems: 7.... Kh2 (7.... Bf4 also draws 8.Qxd2 Kg3 and white wins after 9.Qe1+ Kh2 10.Qe2 Kh1 11.Qe4 Kh2 12.Qe5+ Kh3 13.Qxe8+ Kg3 14.Qd4 Kh2 15.Qb2 Kg3 16.Qai Kf2.
**No 9945, A.Grin.** No win: 2.... Sg3+ 3.Kg8 Kh2. No 9950, V.Kos. I cannot find a draw for black after 2.Sxa5 Kxg4 3.Sb3+ Kh5 (3.... Kf6 4.Rg4 5.... Kf5 4.g4+ Kf6 5.g5!) 4.g4, e.g. 4... Rg2
5.Rh4+ Kg6 6.Rg4+ Kh5 7.Rg8 d5 8.Kc5 d4
9.Kc4 and white wins.
No 9975, V.Golikov. As white I would be confident to draw the position after 7.Rh6+ Kxb6
8.RQe7 Rb7 9.Sf5+ Rxf5 10.Qd4 (winning the e-pawn). Unfortunately it is impossible to support
this opinion with exhaustive analysis, and theory
has scarcely investigated the GBR class 1600.01
so far.
No 10001, A.Koranyi. There is a dual draw:
1.Be6 Kg2 (1... Re5+ 2.Kf2 is even dangerous
for black) 2.Ra2+ Kg1 3.Ra4 Re5+ 4.Kd1 (to
keep the 2nd rank open) g3 5.Bh3 Rh5 6.Ra2
draw.
No 10004, J.Roche. No solution: Guy Bacquet
points out 5... Re1+ 6.Kg2 (6.Kf2 Rxb1 7.Rd7
Be3) Rg1 7.Sf5+ (7.Rxe1 Kc2 8.Rh1 Bb2) Kc2
8.Rd8+ Kc2, and black wins.
No 10005, J.Murarasu. Mr Campioli even found
a win(!) for white: 1.Kg8 (threatening 2.e5+ fxg5
3.f5 and the f-pawn promotes with check) g5 2.f5
a5 3.e5 wins.
No 10006, J.Rusinek. No solution (please note
that Bh3 should be on h6). 6... Kxd2
(threatening... Bd3+ followed by... Be7) wins for
black: 7.Rc2+ (7.e5 Kxa1+, or 7.Rg3 Bd3+ 8.Kb2
Rxb3+ 9.Ka1 Rb8+ 10.Ka4 Ra8+) Ke3 8.Rg2
Bd3+ 9.Kb2 Bc5 10.Rg3+ Kc2 11.Rg2+ Kf3
12.Rd2 Ke3.
No 10013, G.Amirjanian, D.J.Bruin, J.van Reek.
The authors of the corrections have omitted the
wP4 from Amirjan’s original, thus they
introduced a dual (please note that wKf4 should
be on g4): 2.Rxb2+ followed by Bxa2 and Rxc2
draws. With wP4 that doesn’t work: 2.Rxb2+
Bxa2 2.Bb5+ Kc7 3.Rxc2+ Kd6 4.Rb2+ Kc5
Irrespective of the wP4 there is another dual in
both versions: 2.Rxb2+ Bb2 3.Rxc2 (3.Bf5 a1Q
4.Rxc2 transpose, but better is 3... Bc3) a1Q
4.Rf5+ (4.Rf2+ a2 5.Rxa2+ Kf8 1. Kd2
7.Kxa1 Bxa2 8.Bxa2) Ka2 5.Bxa2 Kxb1 6.Ra8+
Qxd2 7.Rc2+ Kc1 8.Bb6 Qxe6 9.Rxe6 d2 (9...
Kd2 10.Rh6) 10.Re1+ Kc2 11.Rh1 Bc1 12.Rh2+
Bd2 13.Rh1 draw.
We continue EG’s intermittent series of translat-
ions from important twentieth century Russian
sources heretofore inaccessible in English.
The extensive introductory material to Troitzky’s
“Shornik shakhmatykh etudyov” (Leningrad,
1934) has been entirely omitted from the
English “160” (Leeds, 1986). In addition, the three
items - two by Troitzky, the third a long essay by
Herbtman - are important to us today for two
reasons. First, they supply details indispensable to
the proper evaluation of Troitzky’s life, labours
and legacy; second, they illustrate the high level
of discourse of chess aesthetics that was expected
over 60 years ago. There is a case for maintaining
that standards have declined in the interim, and
that the time is ripe for revival, re-education and
reassessment.
There is one overriding caveat: the year is 1934,
the place is the USSR, and what follows is a
complete (though not always a word-for-word)
translation (by AJR). Ideological (Marxist-Le-
ninist) grandiloquence, de rigueur right up until
glamorous 1985), have been excised from the
original; they are left to the reader to identify,
and either to interpret (on his own responsibility
reading between the lines), - or to ignore. They
ought not to influence evaluation of the bulk of
the material we consider to be of high
quality. The tone, rhetoric, thoroughness of the
vocabulary, especially of Herbtman’s essay, may
open the eyes (or raise the eyebrows) of a
Western reader for whom such knowledgeable dis-
course about the aesthetics of dynamic chess is
new territory. Criticism of the essay might focus
on exaggeration, bias in the selection, and the
easy wisdom of hindsight, but such criticism can
be only a matter of degree.
This is a translation of Herbtman’s preface on
pages 13 to 34 of Volume 1 of Troitzky’s selec-
tion of 750 selected of his studies. The first
volume appeared in Leningrad in 1934, but the
second was never published. Translation of
Troitzky’s own introduction, the complete text of
his ‘Not an autobiography’, and all of the
referenced chess positions, will be in EG’s next
issue.
A.A.Troitzky - founder of the contemporary
chess study
It is hoped that this edition of Aleksei Aleksieevich
Troitzky’s chess studies will enable the broad
chess public of the USSR to become acquainted
with the 40 years of creative activity by the
world’s most prestigious composer, a period is
significant also for the whole world of chess com-
position.
It was Troitzky who not only brought to light but
elaborated the overwhelming majority of the
study concepts and ideas that the composers of
today work with.
It was Troitzky whose flood of beautiful work
closed the circle between the study and the
problem, and at the level of ideas established the
link between the study and the practical game.
It was Troitzky who fashioned a theory of the
chess study that is self-consistent and complete. Chess composition, which hitherto had been no more than a plaything or amusement, was raised by the power of Troitzky’s talent to the level of genuine art. For this achievement the Soviet state has awarded him the title of Honoured Art Worker.
To analyse Troitzky’s achievement in detail so as to lay bare its conceptual and technical form and content requires a considerable degree of depth. In this essay I attempt to delineate, if only in basic attributes, the broadest features of our composer’s creative achievement, to comment on his intellectual primacy and decisive priority in every area of study composition, and to characterise his approach to creation.
Let us start by considering the salient features of study composing that prevailed prior to Troitzky’s advent:
The majority of so-called “studies” were investigative or analytical, applied to an ordinary ending, or else they consisted of middle-game combinations lacking any subtlety. The output of Philidor, Stanislaw and Morphy was of this kind, and to a great extent also the work of Horwitz and Kling, Berger, Jespersen, Behting and others.
In only a few of these early studies can we discern chess beauty in the foreground, specific beauty built up from the effect of a sacrifice, of a manoeuvre, of the movement and disposition of the pieces, of a climactic configuration, and suchlike. But this limited chess beauty was enough to satisfy the barely developed aesthetic taste of the time - appropriate to its epoch in history - and determined by it. Three examples illustrate our assertion. The first is taken from the first prize (so-called reward) (equal honourable) consisting of six studies by B. Horwitz entered for the international composing tournament organised in conjunction with the London tournament of 1862 on the occasion of the Great Exhibition of industry. The second and third are from Chigorin’s magazine “Shakhmaty” in the year 1894.
**H1:** B.Horwitz, 1862
b1g5 4744:35 Win
1.Qg5+ Kxg5 2.Be7+ Kf4 3.Bd6+ Ke4 4.Re5+
Kd4 5.c3+ Kxc3 6.Re4 Rb8 7.Be5+ Kd2 8.Bf4+
Kc3 9.Rc6 mate.
**H2:** K.Behting, 1894
b3e7 3021:13 Win
1.Bc5+, with:
Kd8 2.Sc6+ Kxd7 3.Be8+ Kxe8 4.Sc7+ wins, or
Qxc5 2.d8Q+ Kxd8 3.Sc6+ wins.
**H3:** F.Ameling, 1894
h6g8 4336:30 Draw
1.e7+ Sxa2 2.d8Q+ Bxd8 3.exd8Q+ Qf8+
4.Qxf8+ Kxf8 5.Kh7 Ra7+ 6.Kh8, 7.g7+ Rg7 stalemate.
**H1** shows a white queen sacrifice by a capture on the first move, a series of checks, and a single quiet move of the rook to threaten two mates, whereas the Black saving move from imminent fatality of one threat only to fall victim to the other, itself hardly remote; construction that is cumbersome and unnatural; spectator black pieces. In the Troitzky era, in our opinion, a study would scarcely be deemed worthy of publication, let alone honour. The other two studies betray similar coarseness and forcing play. This was no accident, but a consequence of the state of study development at the time: clumsiness of starting, and indeed final, positions, a single line of play,
compulsion of move without choice by either side, the complete absence of black counter-play, a mechanical situation, and finally, feebleness, lack of colour, and poverty in its content - in short, poverty of thought. It must be conceded that this period played its role in history by studying the endgame, feeling the contours of study aesthetics, and growing in strength. There were chance discoveries that shone forth by virtue of thought or expression, but these can be counted in singles, as exceptions to the general rule.
Troitzky, whose first study appeared in 1895 (his first problem was published two years earlier), produced a veritable revolutionary study composition when his brilliant output and his pronouncements on theory redefined the scope and significance of the study to create its present-day terminology. Troitzky's Troitzky study introduced a deeply considered approach to the questions surrounding chess composition and opened up new horizons.
Troitzky described his first steps in composing in these words: "The publications that came my way - Russian newspapers, but also the German treatises by Dufresne and Berger - failed to show me (or perhaps I failed to notice) artistic studies, so that I had nothing and no one to rely on as a model. All my efforts was so-to-speak from scratch. To begin with I even lacked the basic form of the study, having started by converting problems into studies; then I converted chess compositions positions from a game (that is, entirely true to life) in the guise of problems, and that is how I in fact started. My first effort of all was naive in the extreme:
It is a win (mate in 2) by 1.d4. I put together five more such studies, after which I had done with problems and offerings and rejected them, plunging straight into the realm of studies."
Originality and beauty of idea, stirring in the solver the most subtle aesthetic experience, an experience of beauty whose manifestation, evoked by the outward particular features of board and men, itself undergoes scarcely any modification, even when the content ascends to a new and loftier rung. The wholesome, vital vigour of starting position for a study must resemble the episode from a game, be it endgame or middle-game, and must resemble it not just externally but internally, not just in its structure but also its content, and, most vital of all, it must reflect the main principles and most prominent features; next, lightness of construction and play must match economy of form and solutions; passive lookers-are-analysts, for whom it is enough to follow a single piece that does not participate in the struggle; then, the pieces that play a role in the finale, in the climactic position, must be organically woven into it; a study cannot tolerate idle hands, for the more active that is done by this or that piece the greater the dynamism, rated the value of the whole; a Troitzky era study will strive for inner tension, for the surprise effect of a manoeuvre or sacrifice; its solution must be unique, ruling out parallel paths that would also satisfy the stipulation, while at the same time being enriched by a plurality of variations, and by deceptive diversification in the solution - in other words by thematic tries. The burden of computation is equally distributed between the contending sides in achieving the stipulated win or draw, both sides being confronted with major obstacles, a study should be shot through with double-edged struggle, it should be packed with action that stirs and captivates.
Only a Troitzky could impart the foregoing - and all of it! - and he alone has accomplished, both in deed and in word.
2.
However one approaches it, a Troitzky study charms by its lightness and neatness of its solution and structural touch; the aesthetic effect, founded on play rich in ideas, is generally prefaced by a subtle introduction interesting in its own right, full of sparkling strategic and tactical incident; instead of the usual solutions of the old masters - instead we meet large-scale scenes with branching variations, everywhere with lively play; a quiet move adds the richness of deep motivation and a well disguised threat; phases of the study are progressively interlaced. The very act of putting Troitzky's studies under the microscope teaches us to regard the study as more than a ruptured sequence of moves; instead, it becomes a unified assembled product. Each study glitters with the depth and novelty of its conception: it enthralls, it excites, it captures the imagination, and it stimulates our own creativity.
Circumstances decreed that the chess world knew of many of Troitzky’s compositions only after the themes and ideas they revealed had been realised by other composers [Herbstman has in mind the relative obscurity of the St Petersburg chess columns of 1904-05, and Troitzky’s enforced abstinence from, and separation from, chess until 1905, rather than the subsequent disruption of WW-I, the 1917 Revolution, and their prolonged aftermath]. To make sense of the publication of Troitzky studies in the year 1897, we may reasonably assume that the composer either had already submitted, or continued to submit, his already composed studies (to Chigorin, presumably) for publication. [Tr.] It is agreed that H.Rinck and the Platon brothers developed battles between the pieces [Herbstman’s] words are clear, his intended meaning is not. Rinck specialised in problems with only one such early Platon study as in Whitrow’s 1996 book. H6 and H7 may indicate his meaning. [Tr.], that domination is the imprescriptible due of Rinck, that Simkovich discovered the positional draw, and Heisman an en passant. In point of fact all these themes and more were discovered and realised by Troitzky: the above-mentioned composers either deepened them or systematised them. The chronological priority of Troitzky with respect to the group of themes was established by Vasily Platon in his article on Troitzky which appeared in Zadachi i Etyudy No.1 (1927); and the reader is at liberty to pursue for himself this research angle by comparing the studies of the present collection [of Troitzky’s studies] with the anthologies of other composers. The point we make here is not that this or that study by Troitzky was published earlier than its analogous study by another composer – this is easily checked by comparing publication dates - but that the priority of idea in practically every region of study creativity belongs to Troitzky. Whether we take the struggle of pieces, domination, en passant ideas, checkmate, stalemate, underpromotion, problem themes, positional draw, incarceration, pinning, or synthesis of ideas – we find all of these, unified in Troitzky’s breadth of scope, realised in Troitzky’s multi-faceted work.
The struggle of assorted force of approximately equal value (as a rule the side that achieves the stipulation is eventually somewhat weaker) – that there is the familiar positional temptation in having the first move) is convincingly and comprehensively illustrated in the next five studies.
H7: Deutsche Schachzeitung, 1909.
h3h5 0040.34 Win
1.b6 g2! 2.Kxg2 Bd5+ 3.e4! Bxe6+ 4.Kg3 c5
5.h4 Kg6 6.Bc2 wins.
H8: Trudovaya pravda, 1925.
g6e4 3002.22 Win
1.Se8! Qb2 (or any) 2.Sf6+ Ke5 3.Sg4+ (or Sd7+, Sd3+, Sc6+, as necessary).
H4 is a miniature showing a tense struggle with queens. Queen white makes repeated sacrifices of the white knight, mating threats at first on the file, then on the diagonal - all is out of the ordinary for material balance of this kind!
H5 shows a twofold rook sacrifice abetted by three knight forks. The intermediate moves force Black’s king onto a vulnerable square where the knight takes profit. H6 and H7 are lively piece struggles, in the first case with rooks and pawns, in the second with bishops and pawns. H8 handles two knights against the queen. White wins the opposing queen after offering her no fewer than 23 (!) squares to choose from.
Troitzky used in this study, and in earlier studies, the domination of the bishop, Rinck showed with less conviction - cf. H9 [Only the year is given by Herbsman, not other source details, which would be useful. Tr.] and H10 [But Rinck shows in H10 the full initiative dominating as against Troitzky’s 13, the latter requiring one more chessman and a shorter solution. Tr.] Yet Rinck’s study was published 15 years later!
Troitzky applied himself generously to so-called systematic ideas. Katzenellenbogen covered this aspect of Troitzky’s work in his article in Zadonchik’s study, p. 208, therefore I shall quote just two examples, H11 and H12.
H9: 1896.
g1b8 0404.13 Draw
1.Rb3+ Kcb 2.Rxf3 Rxf3 3.Kxg2 draws.
H10: H.Rinck, Sydvenska Dagbladet Snallposten, 1911
b1e8 0311.22 Win
1.Sd5 Re4 2.g7 Kf7 3.g8Q+ Kxg8 4.b3 wins.
H11: Deutsche Schachzeitung, 1908.
h1h8 4236.34 Win
1.Rb6+ Qxb6 2-8 Qa8-b7-c8-d7-e8-f7xe5+
9-16. Q e7- e8- d7- c8- b7- a8- a7xd4+
1 7 - 2 1 Q a 7 - a 8 - b 7 - c 8 f 5 +
22-28 Qc8-b7-a8-a7-d4-d3xc3+ 29-34 Qxb2+
35-38 Qxd5 wins.
H12: Bohemia, 1912.
g2g4 4040.01
Chess theory is a set of conventions. Its specific application to the game and to composition stems from these conventions. Of course objective truth has a compelling claim for chess composition, since it consists of the most basic principles and idea-rich moments peculiar to practical play, which is by its very nature conventional. The most conventional of all conventions is - stalemate, whose essence is a draw in the presence of overwhelming superiority of the opponent! Stalemate is a rare occurrence
|
A Scalable Communication Protocol for Vehicles Platooning
Aqsa Aslam
Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores
Advisor: Prof. Doutor Luís Miguel Pinho de Almeida
Co-advisor: Prof. Doutor Frederico Miguel do Céu Marques dos Santos
January, 2020
© Aqsa Aslam, 2020
This work was partially funded by Erasmus Mundus LEADERS, Telecommunications Institute, Porto, Portugal, and Higher Education Commission, Pakistan.
ii
“To my parents and family”
iv
Resumo
O congestionamento do tráfego rodoviário está a tornar-se uma questão inconveniente, aumentando os acidentes rodoviários, o consumo de combustível e afetando a saúde dos viajantes. As redes ad-hoc veiculares (VANETs) permitem que os veículos troquem informações sobre condições de tráfego, status dinâmico e localização, suportando uma infinidade de aplicações que podem potencialmente melhorar a segurança rodoviária e a eficiência do transporte. Entre essas aplicações, *platooning* (que organiza o tráfego em pelotões) é frequentemente mencionada como uma das mais inovadoras. Esta aplicação pode tirar proveito da troca de informações sobre velocidade, direção e posição para permitir maior conforto do condutor e distâncias menores entre veículos sem comprometer a segurança. No entanto, o desempenho da aplicação de *platooning* depende drasticamente da qualidade do canal de comunicação, que por sua vez é altamente influenciado pelo protocolo de controlo de acesso ao meio (MAC).
Atualmente, existem dois standards para o Sistema de Transporte Inteligente (ITS), um proposto nos EUA, nomeadamente IEEE WAVE, e outro na Europa, nomeadamente ETSI ITS-G5. Ambos os standards usam as camadas PHY e MAC do protocolo MAC IEEE 802.11p. Este protocolo é totalmente distribuído e baseado em acesso múltiplo por detecção de portadora com prevenção de colisões (CSMA / CA), mas não é completamente isento de colisões. Esse facto motivou propostas recentes de protocolos de sobreposição baseados em TDMA que sincronizam as mensagens *beacon* transmitidas periodicamente pelos veículos numa ronda cíclica para evitar ou reduzir ainda mais as colisões. Contudo, estes protocolos requerem sincronização complexa e levam frequentemente a significativas limitações de escalabilidade.
Nesta tese, concentramo-nos em cenários de pelotões em auto-estradas e propomos o protocolo de sobreposição RA-TDMap que combina as propriedades de dois trabalhos anteriores, levando a um método novo e mais eficaz de sincronizar veículos em pelotões. Por um lado, este protocolo permite que os veículos num pelotão permaneçam sincronizados mesmo na presença de tráfego interferente, por exemplo, de outros veículos ou pelotões, adaptando a fase da ronda TDMA para evitar interferências periódicas. Por outro lado, o protocolo reduz a ocupação do canal fazendo com que apenas o líder transmita com alta potência, para alcançar todo o pelotão de uma só vez, enquanto os seguidores transmitem com baixa potência. A ordem de transmissão é tal que o líder reúne informação de todo o pelotão apenas numa ronda.
A eficácia do protocolo RA-TDMap é analisada minuciosamente e comparada com o protocolo de base CSMA/CA e com outro protocolo de sobreposição, nomeadamente PLEXE-slotted.
A comparação é realizada por meio de extensas simulações com diferentes tamanhos de pelotão, número de faixas ocupadas e potência de transmissão. Este estudo de simulação permite-nos deduzir modelos empíricos que fornecem estimativas do número médio de colisões por segundo e da taxa média de ocupação do canal. Em particular, mostramos que estas estimativas podem ser obtidas observando o número de vizinhos de radiofrequência (RF), ou seja, o número de fontes distintas dos pacotes recebidos por cada veículo por unidade de tempo. Estas estimativas podem permitir uma melhor adaptação on-line de aplicativos distribuídos, em particular o controlo do pelotão, para diferentes condições do canal de comunicação.
Em seguida, mostramos como reconfigurar o protocolo RA-TDMAp para lidar com a dinâmica do pelotão, considerando as múltiplas manobras longitudinais que podem ocorrer num ambiente de tráfego real numa autoestrada, como ingressar, sair, juntar ou dividir. Apresentamos uma máquina de estado de controlo de admissão adequada, validada inicialmente no mesmo ambiente de simulação já usado anteriormente.
Por fim, esta dissertação também inclui uma validação experimental com extensos testes de pequena escala, usando nós providos de interfaces IEEE 802.11p.
**Keywords:** TDMA, protocolo MAC de sobreposição, VANETs, platoonig, escalável
Road traffic congestion is becoming an inconvenient issue, increasing road accidents, fuel consumption and affecting travelers health. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) enable vehicles to exchange information on traffic conditions, dynamic status and localization, supporting a myriad of applications that can potentially enhance road safety and transportation efficiency. Among these applications, platooning is often mentioned as one of the most innovative. It can take advantage of exchanging information on speed, heading and position to allow higher driver comfort and shorter inter-vehicle distances without compromising safety. However, the platooning performance depends drastically on the quality of the communication channel, which in turn is highly influenced by the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol.
Currently, there are two standards for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), proposed in the USA, namely IEEE WAVE, and in Europe, namely ETSI ITS-G5. Both standards use the PHY and MAC of IEEE 802.11p. This MAC protocol is fully distributed and based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA), which is not collisions-free. This fact has motivated recent proposals for TDMA-based overlay protocols that synchronize vehicles’ beacons in a round to prevent or further reduce collisions, but leading to complex synchronization and scalability limitations.
In this thesis, we focus on highway scenarios and propose the RA-TDMAp overlay protocol that combines the properties of two previous works leading to a novel and more effective way of synchronizing vehicles in platoons. On one hand, it allows the vehicles in a platoon to remain synchronized even in the presence of interfering traffic, e.g. from other vehicles or platoons, by adapting the phase of the TDMA round to escape periodic interference. On the other hand, it reduces channel occupation by having just the leader transmitting with high power, to reach all the platoon at once, while the followers transmit with low power. The order of transmission is such that the leader gathers information from the whole platoon in just one round.
The effectiveness of RA-TDMAp is thoroughly analyzed against the base CSMA/CA and another TDMA-based overlay protocol, namely PLEXE-slotted, by means of extensive simulations with varying platoon sizes, number of occupied lanes and transmit power. This simulation study allows us to deduce empirical models that provide estimates of average number of collisions per second and average busy time ratio. In particular, we showed that these estimates can be obtained from observing the number of radio-frequency (RF) neighbors, i.e., the number of distinct sources of the packets received by each vehicle per time unit. These estimates can enhance the online
adaptation of distributed applications, particularly platooning control, to varying conditions of the communication channel.
We then showed how to reconfigure the RA-TDMAp protocol to cope with platoon dynamics, handling the multiple longitudinal maneuvers that can occur in a real traffic environment on a highway, such as joining, leaving and merging. We present an adequate admission control state-machine validated initially with the same simulation framework used before.
Finally, this dissertation also includes an experimental validation with extensive tests on a small scale testbed using IEEE 802.11p-enabled nodes.
**Keywords:** TDMA, overlay MAC protocol, VANETs, platooning, scalable
Acknowledgments
Undertaking this PhD has been a truly transformative exposure for me and it would not have been possible to do without the support that I received from many people.
I would like to first express my sincere thanks to my advisor Prof. Luis Almeida for his continuous support, guidance, for his patience and immense knowledge throughout my Doctorate studies, which were crucial for the achievement of the work done in this thesis. I would like to express my thanks to my co-advisor Frederico Santos for all his constructive suggestions, availability, and support in overcoming hurdles I have been facing throughout my research. Their guidance and knowledge allowed me to pursue my degree of Doctorate in Philosophy.
I would like to thank Michele Segata from University of Trento, Italy for his kind support and guidance for using the Plexe simulator at the beginning of the PhD. I would like to thank the co-authors of my publications for their contributions and hard work namely Pedro Santos and Joaquim Ferreira. I greatly appreciate the support received through the collaborative work undertaken with a group working under Joaquim Ferreira at the University of Aveiro, who provided demonstration and devices for the experimental work.
I would like to show gratitude to my colleagues at DaRTES Laboratory who made life pleasant at FEUP; they have provided me such good times, friendly working environment and made my journey during the Doctorate studies absolutely great. I am also thankful for their prompt help, whenever I needed it. I am also thankful to friends that I met at FEUP for their moral support. I would like to thank the administrative staff at FEUP and IT for their help.
I cannot express enough gratitude to EM LEADERS-Erasmus Mundus Programme, IT-Instituto de Telecomunicações and Higher Education Commission, Pakistan for the funding received towards my Doctorate studies.
Last but not least, I am grateful to my parents and family members, who have provided me thorough moral and emotional unconditional support in my life, without which I would not come this far. I am also grateful to my close friends who have supported me along the way.
Above all, I am thankful to God for His guidance and countless bounties He blessed me with.
Aqsa Aslam
x
## Contents
**Dedication** iii
**Resumo** v
**Abstract** vii
**Acknowledgments** ix
**List of Figures** xiii
**List of Tables** xv
**List of Abbreviations** xvii
1 **Introduction** 1
1.1 Communication in VANETs 2
1.2 Problem statement 3
1.3 Objectives 3
1.4 Background 4
1.5 Thesis 4
1.6 Contributions 5
1.7 Organization of the Dissertation 7
2 **MAC protocols for VANETs** 9
2.1 Vehicular Networks 9
2.1.1 Wireless Medium Access Technologies, Standards, and Applications 9
2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC) 14
2.2.1 Adaptive Beaconing for Platooning 15
2.3 Survey of TDMA-Based V2V Communications 16
2.3.1 Direct TDMA Protocols 17
2.3.2 Cluster-Based TDMA Protocols 20
2.3.3 Overlay TDMA Protocols 21
2.3.4 Discussion 22
2.4 Towards a MAC for Platooning 24
3 **A Scalable Communication Protocol for Vehicle Platooning** 25
3.1 Reconfigurable and Adaptive TDMA Protocol for Platooning 26
3.1.1 TDMA Scheme 26
3.1.2 RA-TDMAP for vehicle platoons 27
3.2 Simulation Framework .................................................. 31
3.3 Preliminary Evaluation of the Protocol ............................. 32
3.3.1 Simulation Setup .............................................. 32
3.3.2 Validating RA-TDMap Adaptation to Interference Delays .... 32
3.3.3 The Protocols under Comparison ............................ 33
3.3.4 Comparison Metrics .......................................... 34
3.3.5 Insights into the transmission patterns ................... 37
3.4 Summary ....................................................................... 39
4 Empirical Performance Models of MAC Protocols for Cooperative Platooning Applications ................................................. 43
4.1 Overview of Analytical Models of Medium Usage ............... 44
4.2 Motivation and Methodology for Empirical Models of MAC Protocol Performance ........................................... 45
4.2.1 Network Metrics as a Function of a Scenario Parameter . 45
4.2.2 Relevant Metrics and Parameters and Simulation Setup . 46
4.3 Empirical Models ...................................................... 48
4.3.1 Platoon Size and Homogeneity, and Coherence between Rounds of Platoons ........................................ 49
4.3.2 Network Metrics In and Out of High Coherence .......... 50
4.3.3 Number of Lanes and Transmit Power of Followers ....... 52
4.3.4 Discussion ....................................................... 53
4.4 Summary ..................................................................... 57
5 Dynamic reconfiguration in RA-TDMap .................................. 59
5.1 Communications and Platoon Formation ......................... 60
5.2 Dynamic Reconfiguration of RA-TDMap .......................... 61
5.2.1 System Model for Reconfiguration ......................... 61
5.2.2 RA-TDMap Reconfiguration Mechanism .................... 62
5.3 Validation ................................................................... 68
5.3.1 Simulation Setup ............................................... 68
5.3.2 Validating the reconfiguration mechanism ................. 69
5.3.3 Global Comments .............................................. 74
5.4 Summary ..................................................................... 74
6 Experimental Validation ..................................................... 75
6.1 Preliminary Experiments with RA-TDMA ......................... 76
6.2 Experimental Validation of RA-TDMap on IEEE 802.11p .... 77
6.2.1 Validating RA-TDMap Phase Adaptation Mechanism .... 80
6.2.2 Validating the Coexistence of Multiple Platoons ........ 82
6.2.3 Validating the Dynamic Reconfiguration of RA-TDMap .. 82
6.3 Summary ..................................................................... 88
7 Conclusion ........................................................................ 89
7.1 Revisiting the Thesis and Contributions .......................... 89
7.2 Thesis Validation ....................................................... 90
7.3 Future Work .................................................................. 91
List of Figures
2.1 VANETs architectures ................................................................. 10
2.2 Protocol stack and spectrum allocation for vehicular communications in Europe . 11
2.3 Protocol stack and spectrum allocation for vehicular communications in USA . 12
2.4 A group of cars making a platoon .................................................. 14
2.5 Classification of TDMA-based MAC protocols in VANETs. .................. 17
3.1 An example of a TDMA structure. ................................................... 26
3.2 Recurrent interference between a TDMA frame (upper line) and external periodic traffic (lower line) .............................................................. 27
3.3 ITS-G5 architecture with an additional TDMA overlay layer ............... 28
3.4 A platoon of four cars (red) and three external cars (blue), running separate applications, possibly another platoon. ............................................. 29
3.5 Platoon TDMA frame with inflated slots and their assignment. ............ 30
3.6 Adaptive synchronization in RA-TDMAp, with interference and delays measurement and propagation. ...................................................... 31
3.7 Screenshot of the PLEXE ................................................................. 31
3.8 Adaptation mechanism of RA-TDMAp, offsets of the followers beacons (lower 3 traces) and of the next leader beacon (upper trace) ......................... 34
3.9 Busy time ratio in the given scenario with 5m gap and three follower transmit powers 36
3.10 Collisions rate for given scenario with 5m gap and three follower transmit powers 37
3.11 Safe time ratio for all approaches with three follower transmit powers .... 38
3.12 Co-existence of 2 platoons (Followers lower, Leaders higher) ............. 39
3.13 Co-existence of 16 platoons (Followers lower, Leaders higher) ............ 40
4.1 Network metrics vs. platoon size. .................................................... 46
4.2 Number of radio-frequency (RF) neighbours vs. platoon size (default Tx power and used lanes). .......................................................... 49
4.3 Network metrics for RF neighbours varying heterogeneous platoon size. 51
4.4 Network metrics for RF neighbours varying homogeneous platoon size. 52
4.5 Number of RF neighbours vs. number of used lanes and Tx power. (a) Number of RF neighbours vs. number of lanes (default Tx power and platoon size); (b) number of RF neighbours vs. Tx power (default number of lanes and platoon size). 53
4.6 Network metrics for RF neighbours varying number of lanes. .............. 54
4.7 Network metrics for RF neighbours varying the transmission power of followers. 54
4.8 Consolidating the metrics of all scenarios. ........................................ 56
4.9 Network metrics for RF neighbours varying the power followers transmit under different platoon size ......................................................... 57
5.1 RA-TDMAp reconfiguration state machine ...................................... 63
5.2 Joining scenario with multiple independent vehicles reaching up to a platoon and requesting to join ................................................................. 64
5.3 Sequence diagram of joining scenario with independent vehicles reaching up to a platoon and requesting to join .................................................. 65
5.4 Merging of two platoons ........................................................................... 66
5.5 Sequence diagram of merging of two platoons ............................................ 67
5.6 Follower leaving a platoon ........................................................................ 68
5.7 Sequence diagram of follower leaving a platoon ........................................ 69
5.8 Leading vehicle leaving the platoon ............................................................. 70
5.9 Sequence diagram of leader leaving a platoon ............................................ 70
5.10 One independent vehicle joining a platoon from the tail ............................ 71
5.11 Scenario 2: Merge of two platoons, traveling on same lane .................... 72
5.12 Follower leaving with explicit announcement .......................................... 73
5.13 Leader leaving the platoon ...................................................................... 74
6.1 Laboratory setup with two teams, A and B .............................................. 76
6.2 Co-existence of two teams (team A lower, team B higher) ....................... 77
6.3 Time offsets of the receptions from team B with respect to its reference node 78
6.4 Time offsets of receptions from team A with respect to its reference node 79
6.5 Time offsets of the receptions from both teams, A and B, with respect to Team B reference node ................................................................. 80
6.6 Time offsets of the receptions of Platoon 0 measured by its Leader$_{P-0}$ .... 81
6.7 Time offsets of the receptions from both platoons (0 and 1) with respect to Leader$_{P-0}$ 83
6.8 Timeline of the transmissions of two platoons co-existing in space ........... 84
6.9 One independent vehicle joining a platoon from the tail ............................ 85
6.10 Platoon 1 merges Platoon 0 .................................................................... 86
6.11 Follower leaving a platoon ...................................................................... 86
6.12 Leader leaving a platoon ........................................................................ 87
| Table | Description | Page |
|-------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| 2.1 | Qualitative comparison between distributed TDMA-based MAC protocols | 24 |
| 3.1 | PHY and MAC parameters | 32 |
| 3.2 | Scenario configurations | 33 |
| 4.1 | Scenario configurations | 49 |
| 4.2 | PHY and MAC parameters | 50 |
| 4.3 | Description of fitted models | 55 |
| 5.1 | RA-TDMAp Beacon Types and Formats | 61 |
| 5.2 | PHY and MAC parameters | 71 |
| 6.1 | Parameters employed in the experimental validations of RA-TDMAp | 79 |
LIST OF TABLES
| Abbreviation | Description |
|--------------|-------------|
| AcS | Acceptance of Services |
| AnS | Announcement of Services |
| ACC | Adaptive Cruise Control |
| AIFS | Arbitration Inter-Frame Spaces |
| BCH | Basic Channel |
| BSM | Basic Safety Messages |
| BSS | Basic Service Set |
| CAMs | Cooperative Awareness Messages |
| CCH | Control Channel |
| CAMBADA | Cooperative Autonomous Mobile roBots with Advanced Distributed Architecture |
| CWs | Contention Windows |
| CEN | European Committee for Standardization |
| CALM | Communications Access for Land Mobiles |
| CACC | Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control |
| CRP | Contention-based Reservation Period |
| CRD | Cluster Range Data |
| CBT | Cluster-Based TDMA system |
| CH | Cluster Head |
| COTS | Commercial Off-the-Shelf |
| C-ITS | Cooperative Intelligence Transport Systems |
| CBMAC | Cluster Based Medium Access Control |
| CBMMAC | Clustering-Based Multichannel MAC |
| CSMA/CA | Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance |
| CDMA | Code Division Multiple Access |
| DENMs | Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages |
| DCC | Distributed Congestion Control |
| DynBs | Dynamic beaconing |
| DMMAC | Dedicated multi-channel MAC protocol |
| DCH | Data Channel |
| DTMAC | Distributed and infrastructure free TDMA based MAC protocol |
| EDCA | Enhanced Distributed Channel Access |
| ETSI | European Telecommunications Standard Institute |
| EEBL | Emergency Electronic Brake Lights |
| FCW | Forward Collision Warning |
| FCC | Federal Communications Commission |
| FDMA | Frequency Division Multiple Access |
| GPS | Global Position System |
| Abbreviation | Description |
|--------------|-------------|
| ISI | Inter Symbol Interference |
| IMA | Intersection Movement Assist |
| IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| IVHS | Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems |
| IVC | Inter-Vehicle Communications |
| ICC | Inter-Cluster Control |
| ICD | Inter-Cluster Data |
| MSL | Middle-Size League |
| MAC | Medium Access Control |
| MSDU | MAC Service Data Unit |
| MSE | Mean Square Error |
| NAHSC | National Automated Highway System Consortium |
| NHTSA | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |
| NFC | Near Field Communication |
| PHY | Physical |
| Plexe | The Platooning Extension for Veins |
| PDR | Packet Delivery Ratio |
| RA-TDMA | Reconfiguration and Adaptive TDMA |
| RSU | Road Side Unit |
| RF | Radio Frequency |
| RA-TDMAp | Re-configurable and Adaptive TDMA for platooning |
| SCH | Service Channels |
| SUMO | Simulation of Urban MObility |
| STDMA | Self-organized time-division multiple access |
| TIS | Traffic Information Systems |
| VANETs | Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks |
| VLC | Visible Light Communication |
| UMTS | Universal Mobile Telecommunications System |
| VeSOMAC | Vehicles Self-Organizing MAC protocol |
| VeMAC | Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks MAC |
| Veins | Vehicles in Network Simulation |
Chapter 1
Introduction
Increasing road accidents and traffic congestion in the road environment have motivated Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and collaborative applications to improve road efficiency and safety. These applications are becoming a reality as emerging Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), also known as Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC), in the forms of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, are widely deployed to obtain and share data on traffic, safety, or other generic information (plenty of applications examples given in [1]). The challenge is to develop vehicles that relieve humans from the driving duty in an efficient, smart, and safe way. Among these applications, vehicles *platooning* addresses traffic congestion, fuel-saving, and safety, and it is expected to make for a considerable share of highway traffic, given its benefits. It has been investigated since the eighties, for example within the California projects Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) [1] and SAfe Road TRains for the Environment (SARTRE) [2], but due to the challenging problems it raises, it is still an active research topic. One of the core reasons behind such a large interest is the benefits that platooning could provide once widely deployed. We can envision that, in the near future, a subset of highway lanes (or even entire highways) can be fully dedicated to platoons. VANETs will play an important role in leveraging platooning and its safety features, e.g., members coordination and collision avoidance, but also intelligent transportation management, e.g., intersection management, and infotainment, e.g., video streaming [3, 4].
Many operators, researchers, and governments all over the world are devoting significant resources to the deployment of VANETs to have a safer transportation system. VANETs are important components of an ITS that enable communication among vehicles, in which all vehicles are equipped with wireless devices that support collaborative applications. The paradigm of sharing information among vehicles and infrastructure enables a wide range of applications for safety such as driver assistance, collision avoidance, hazardous situation warning, but also non-safety uses such as infotainment and urban sensing. In the literature, there are different studies addressing different aspects of VANETs from their own design to collaborative applications, routing, etc.
In this thesis, we focused on communication to share safety information among vehicles, particularly in the scope of platooning applications for highways. The platooning application comprises two main different parts, namely the control system, which autonomously drives the vehicles, and the V2V communication, which provides data to the control system and to the platoon management. Our work focuses on the communication, only.
1.1 Communication in VANETs
VANETs are a vital enabling innovation for future ITS, smart vehicles and smart infrastructure. The approach of VANETs consists of vehicles provided with wireless communication capabilities that can self-organize into a cooperative mesh to share information, thus enabling a myriad of applications to make road travel safer, by avoiding/reducing collisions, more efficient, by decreasing travel time, avoiding traffic congestion, thus increasing road capacity, and more satisfying to the travelers. On the other hand, the wireless medium is known to suffer from issues that can affect timeliness and reliability of communications, potentially jeopardizing VANETs safety applications. For instance, the mesh network topology changes rapidly because of the high degree of mobility of the vehicles, also leading to high variability of channel load and interference patterns, increasing the potential for collisions in the medium, and resulting in limited and variable bandwidth.
Therefore, a significant research effort was needed to make collaborative safety-critical applications a reality. These applications require a reliable communication channel with few access collisions, low latency and high throughput, properties that call upon an adequate Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. Such a protocol for VANETs needs to support those properties while coping with a highly dynamic configuration and high scalability.
The MAC protocol is, thus, a key component in defining the level of Quality of Service (QoS) that the network can offer. Generally, a MAC protocol must cater for a number of, often contradictory, requirements such as: promoting efficient use of the medium, providing fair and balanced access to all nodes, adjusting to varying densities of vehicles and supporting the changes in VANETs topology. The objective of the MAC protocol is to arbitrate the access to the shared medium, which in this case is the wireless channel. If no mechanism is in place to organize the transmission of information, then a large number of collisions could occur and a significant part of the transmitted information would be lost. The ideal MAC protocol would allow ad-hoc nodes to transmit immediately once they have a communication trigger, but preventing different nodes within transmission range of each other from transmitting at the same time, thus avoiding collisions.
The most established standard for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is IEEE 802.11p / Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). Currently, there are two similar but non-interoperable ITS communication standards, operating in the 5.9 GHz band, namely the IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) in the US and the ETSI Standard for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS-G5) in Europe. At the physical and MAC layer, both use the IEEE 802.11p protocol to arbitrate access within each of the channels provided by the standards,
namely control and service channels. This protocol relies on the well-known Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) distributed access arbitration method, with different enhancements on both cases. This arbitration method uses a stochastic exponential back-off and retry rule that may present a significant performance degradation in the presence of high network loads caused by dense traffic situations, leading to highly variable network delays and high message losses due to chained collisions [5, 6].
1.2 Problem statement
VANETs is a highly challenging research area in the field of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. In the VANETs landscape, congestion in the communication channel has emerged as a serious problem that affects the performance of safety applications hindering their capacity to reduce road accidents. When a large number of vehicles exchange information, the bandwidth of the channel can be exhausted. Consequently, a significant number of transmission collisions occur. In the case of a safety application, such as platooning, if the channel is already congested then the safety critical messages are either lost or received with longer delay due to unsuccessful channel access or transmission collisions. Both loss and extended delay of information transmission have a significant impact on the safety of the road environment.
Therefore, we addressed the challenge of supporting safety-related applications on VANETs designing an efficient overlay MAC protocol that enhances timeliness and reliability of the communications, thus improving the QoS provided by the communication channel beyond what the current state-of-the-art allows.
1.3 Objectives
One of the challenges for VANETs is the design of an efficient MAC protocol that copes with the high speed of the nodes, the frequent changes in topology, the potential lack of an infrastructure, and still caters for various QoS requirements. With this motivation in mind, we realized that reducing message losses and network delay by avoiding collisions was still an open issue and we defined it as our main global objective.
The current IEEE 802.11p standard already has numerous features to cope with the requirements referred above. However, it has been advocated that further collisions reduction needs some kind of temporal coordination of transmissions such as with Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA). This technique divides time into consecutive and cyclic non-overlapping slots and allocates each slot to one vehicle for exclusive channel access. There are multiple proposals for TDMA-based MAC protocols for VANETs in the literature. Some of these are deployed directly on the physical layer, generally requiring strict synchronization and complex management schemes to provide dynamic slot to vehicle assignment together with high scalability [7].
Alternatively, it is possible to deploy a TDMA layer on top of IEEE 802.11p, i.e., as an overlay protocol, combining the benefits of asynchronous access with CSMA/CA, which relaxes the
requirements on synchronization, with collisions reduction with TDMA. We defined this combination as our specific objective, through the design of an overlay MAC protocol for using over IEEE 802.11p that improves the channel quality using mainly two metrics, collisions rate and busy time ratio, maintaining full compatibility with that standard. This way, such protocol can be readily deployed on existing IEEE 802.11p equipment.
1.4 Background
Our objectives were influenced by the work done in [8], where the Reconfigurable and Adaptive TDMA (RA-TDMA) protocol was proposed to support periodic state sharing within dynamic teams of cooperating mobile autonomous robots. This protocol was developed within the Cooperative Autonomous Mobile roBots with Advanced Distributed Architecture (CAMBADA) robotic soccer team for the RoboCup Middle-Size League (MSL). The protocol relies on a TDMA overlay on top of IEEE 802.11 (WiFi), which creates a frame with a fixed period and a number of slots equal to the number of active robots in the team at each moment. Each robot transmits its state within its slot, only. These slots are normally much larger than the communication requirements of each robot, thus leaving free gaps that are used to tolerate transmissions outside the team. Note that, in the MSL competitions, two different teams share a single wireless channel. Thus, the transmissions of one team are external (interfering) traffic to the other team. The idea of RA-TDMA is to use the underlying CSMA/CA layer to sort out the coexistence of a TDMA frame and uncoordinated external traffic. The TDMA frame is synchronized considering the eventual delays caused by the external traffic, without global clock synchronisation, creating a robust but loose synchronisation amongst the team members. If the two teams use RA-TDMA, then each will have its own TDMA frame and both frames will adjust their phases to minimize mutual interference, becoming implicitly entangled, but without explicitly knowing of each other. We believe this mechanism is interesting for platooning applications, potentially increasing the number of platoons that can coexist and in a highly scalable fashion since all coordination is carried out inside each platoon, only.
Moreover, we were also influenced by the work in [9], which proposes a TDMA overlay protocol on top of IEEE 802.11p for platoons, too. This protocol, named PLEXE-slotted, also sets a TDMA frame for the platoon, with each vehicle transmitting inside its own slot. The synchronization of the TDMA frame in each platoon is rigid, but its main feature is power control. In this case, the leader of each platoon, only, transmits its beacons at high power while the other platoon members use lower power beacons and forward information of each other in a multi-hop scheme. The result is a significant reduction of medium occupancy, favoring channel reuse along the road.
1.5 Thesis
Our thesis claims that:
An efficient MAC protocol for platooning applications, aiming at highway scenarios, can be developed merging the ideas behind RA-TDMA [8] and PLEXE-slotted [9]. We also claim that this combination leads to a reduction in collisions and channel occupation while offering full scalability. We call our protocol RA-TDMAp.
RA-TDMAp sets one TDMA frame on top of IEEE 802.11p for each platoon, independently. The TDMA round equals the IEEE 802.11p beacons period. A dynamic slots structure is set in place with as many slots as the vehicles in the platoon at each moment. Each vehicle, then, transmits its beacon inside a dedicated slot. These slots are significantly larger than the time needed to transmit the beacon. In this way, the TDMA frame is permeable. We claim that we can use this feature to support multiple independent TDMA frames that co-exist in time and space, corresponding to concurrent groups of interacting vehicles, in this case, concurrent platoons. Thus, we provide explicit per platoon slots coordination (slots in one TDMA frame), leading to implicit coordination of multiple platoons (multiple intertwined TDMA frames). The slots coordination mechanism achieves collisions reduction through synchronization of each platoon beacons (TDMA) and efficient bandwidth usage with asynchronous access among different platoons (CSMA/CA).
The slots coordination is, thus, the core mechanism of RA-TDMAp and it gathers ideas from [9], namely the beacons power management, and from [8], namely the slots adaptive synchronization. The leader of each platoon, only, transmits its beacons at high power, marking the beginning of a TDMA round. The other platoon members use lower power beacons and forward information of each other in a multi-hop scheme\(^1\). Each receiver, when receiving a beacon, can also assess the delay that affects its transmission caused by interference from other vehicles outside the platoon via the CSMA/CA arbitration. These delays are communicated to the leader that shifts correspondingly the following TDMA round. We claim that this phase adaptation allows the TDMA frame to escape the periodic interference that generated it, which can be caused by other TDMA frames of other platoons, leading to a bandwidth efficient intertwining of all such TDMA frames. Comparing to the original RA-TDMA protocol for teams of robots, RA-TDMAp takes advantage of the physical features of platoons, namely their line topology and longitudinal maneuvers. Thus, the mechanism to gather the packets delay information from the followers is novel, so as the reconfiguration mechanism to handle the dynamic platoon formation.
### 1.6 Contributions
Our main contribution, as stated in the section above, is the RA-TDMAp wireless communication protocol for platooning. Despite being inspired on previous works as discussed above, this is a novel protocol with specific features to support platooning, particularly the synchronization mechanism and the reconfiguration for dynamic platoons. RA-TDMAp is a TDMA overlay protocol on top of the native CSMA/CA MAC of IEEE 802.11p / DSRC, which is the standard established for
\(^1\)Using this power control scheme, as proposed in [9], precludes the use of other power management mechanisms defined in other standards, e.g., the Distributed Congestion Control (DCC) in ITS-G5.
V2V communication. Thus, RA-TDMAp can be readily deployed on any IEEE 802.11p existing hardware.
We implemented RA-TDMAp on the PLEXE-Veins-SUMO framework that works on top of the OMNeT++ discrete event simulator. This led to another contribution, which is the associated simulation model. Using this model, we compared RA-TDMAp against other directly comparable approaches that are readily supported by IEEE 802.11p COTS equipment and which are available in the literature, namely PLEXE-slotted and plain CSMA/CA. As a result, we showed that RA-TDMAp is superior in reducing the rate of collisions and the busy time ratio, bringing a significant improvement in the quality of the channel under high traffic utilization.
Moreover, the simulation study revealed that those channel properties (collisions ratio and busy time ratio) could be expressed as a function of the number of neighbours that a car receives beacons from (we call these, the RF neighbors). Consequently, we generated another contribution, which are new empirical models that relate the current number of RF neighbours that a vehicle senses with those network performance metrics for the three referred protocols.
The dynamic reconfiguration and admission control mechanism of RA-TDMAp, to cope with platoons formation and maintenance, is another contribution worth of note. It is a novel mechanism that takes the relative localization of joining vehicles and platoon into account and that synchronizes the platoon reconfiguration at the control and communication layers.
Finally, this dissertation also describes a thorough experimental validation campaign, which constitutes another contribution that highlights the characteristic features of RA-TDMAp.
Most of these contributions have been published in the following references, shown in reverse chronological order:
- [10] A. Aslam, F. Santos, and L. Almeida, “Reconfiguring TDMA Communications for Dynamic Formation of Vehicle Platoons,” IEEE Int. Conf. on Emerging Technologies for Factory Automation, Vienna, Austria, September 2020.
- [11] A. Aslam, P. M. Santos, F. Santos, and L. Almeida, “Empirical Performance Models of MAC Protocols for Cooperative Platooning Applications”, Electronics, vol. 8, no. 11, p. 1334, MDPI, 2019
- [12] A. Aslam, L. Almeida, and F. Santos, “Impact of Platoon Size on the Performance of TDMA-based MAC Protocols”, in 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), pp. 1–2, IEEE, 2018
- [13] A. Aslam, L. Almeida, and F. Santos, “A Flexible TDMA Overlay Protocol for Vehicles Platooning”, in Communication Technologies For Vehicles, 13th International Workshop, Net4Cars 2018, pp. 169–180, Springer, 2018
- [14] A. Aslam, L. Almeida, and F. Santos, “Using RA-TDMA to Support Concurrent Collaborative Applications in VANETs”, in Smart Technologies, IEEE EUROCON 2017-17th International Conference on, pp. 896–901, IEEE, 2017
1.7 Organization of the Dissertation
The remainder of this dissertation is organized as follows. Chapter 2 discusses relevant fundamental background knowledge for this dissertation and presents related work for communication in VANETs. Chapter 3 describes the proposed scalable communication protocol for vehicles platooning, i.e., RA-TDMAp. Chapter 4 describes the empirical performance models of RA-TDMAp, PLEXE-slotted and CSMA/CA protocols and their comparative study. Chapter 5 describes the reconfiguration mechanism of the protocol to cope with dynamic platoons. Chapter 6 shows the experimental validation of the protocol on a real testbed. Chapter 7 presents the main conclusions of this work, including the thesis validation and potential future research lines.
The main goal of this thesis is to develop a new method for the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, which is based on the use of a special type of basis functions called "wavelets". Wavelets are mathematical functions that can be used to represent signals or data in a compact and efficient way. They have been widely used in various fields such as signal processing, image analysis, and numerical analysis.
In the context of quantum mechanics, wavelets can be used to represent the wave function of a quantum system. The time-dependent Schrödinger equation describes the evolution of the wave function over time. Therefore, the development of a new method for the numerical solution of this equation using wavelets would be a significant contribution to the field of quantum mechanics.
The proposed method will be based on the use of a special type of wavelet called "Gabor wavelets". Gabor wavelets are a family of wavelets that are particularly well-suited for the representation of time-frequency localized signals. They have been shown to be effective in various applications such as signal denoising, image compression, and quantum computing.
The main advantages of using Gabor wavelets in the context of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation are their ability to capture both temporal and spectral information, and their flexibility in terms of the choice of the mother wavelet and the scale parameter. This allows for a more accurate and efficient representation of the wave function, which in turn leads to a more accurate and efficient solution of the Schrödinger equation.
In summary, the main goal of this thesis is to develop a new method for the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation using Gabor wavelets. The proposed method has the potential to provide a more accurate and efficient solution of this important equation in the field of quantum mechanics.
Chapter 2
MAC protocols for VANETs
In this chapter, we describe the fundamental concepts that are needed to understand the work in this thesis and we review the related work on the topic. We start by introducing VANETs (Section 2.1), then discuss medium access control techniques typical in VANETs (Section 2.2) and we survey the state of the art in MAC protocols for VANETs (Section 2.3). Finally, we conclude the chapter with an overview of design challenges at the MAC level in the VANETs domain (Section 2.4).
2.1 Vehicular Networks
VANETs appeared as a main research area over the last 10 to 20 years. The concept of VANETs developed from early experiments to provide communications among vehicles in highways as well as in rural and urban environments to support diverse collaborative applications with different QoS and safety requirements [16]. VANETs are a first step regarding the implementation of ITS. Presently, most of the car companies are producing vehicles with onboard wireless equipment and global position system (GPS) which are requirements to deploy VANETs, so vehicles can share information with the purpose of assisting the driver in making decisions, e.g., Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, or to improve the guidance of autonomous cars. VANETs can support communications among vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) as shown in Figure 2.1 and allow vehicles to receive hazard warnings or information on the current traffic situation with low latency. The primary goals of these actions are to increase safety and transportation efficiency [17].
2.1.1 Wireless Medium Access Technologies, Standards, and Applications
Connected vehicles require an efficient communications system for adequate connectivity, throughput, latency and reliability. It can be achieved resorting to different wireless technologies, as referred in standard Communications Access for Land Mobiles (CALM) [18], which rely on a wide range of wireless access technologies including Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or 2G/3G/LTE, wireless broadband access (e.g., WiMAX), IEEE 802.11, etc, short-range wireless such as Bluetooth [19], ZigBee [20], Visible Light Communication (VLC) [21, 22] etc.
Each technology has different characteristics, advantages and drawbacks, and each one might be better suited for a particular application. For instance, the cellular network can easily support Traffic Information Systems (TIS), i.e., all those applications that are dedicated to the dissemination of traffic information, such as jammed roads due to accidents. Among all wireless medium access technologies, DSRC and UMTS are two widely used candidate schemes for V2V and V2I communication, respectively.
Cutting-edge wireless technologies also provide opportunities to support vehicle safety applications. In general, short-range communications are more suited for road safety applications because urgent safety-related information is more useful in the local vicinity of each vehicle. Numerous studies considered IEEE 802.11 (or WiFi) [23] as a communication technology for vehicular networks [24, 25, 26]. Some drawbacks of this technology, however, make it actually inadequate to real traffic environments. The most popular versions, namely IEEE 802.11b/g/n/ac standards, use the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band that operates in the 2.4 GHz band [27]. The ISM band is used by cordless phones, Bluetooth, Near Field Communication (NFC), ZigBee, WiFi as well as other IEEE 802.11-based applications. Consequently working in the ISM band means competing for channel access with all these technologies, which is clearly undesirable, especially when considering safety-critical applications. The second problem arises from multi-path propagation in IEEE 802.11 technology. When a signal is sent by a radio device via its antenna, it reaches the receiver via multiple paths by bouncing on objects in the communication environment. The amount of time between the first (direct line of sight) and the last multi-path component arrived at the receiver is called the delay spread. In a jarring environment such as vehicular networks, the delay spread is larger than in indoor conditions. For this reason, the standard IEEE 802.11 protection against Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), called the Guard Interval (GI), is not enough. Third, the most common IEEE 802.11 deployment architecture follows a star topology, requiring a station to be associated to an access point for communicating, and all the traffic needs to go through the access point, forbidding the possibility of direct V2V communication, which is fundamental for safety applications.
DSRC [28] was initially originated in USA [29] by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). DSRC is defined in the frequency band of 5.9 GHz with a total bandwidth of 75 MHz (from 5.850 GHz to 5.925 GHz). This band is organized in 7 different channels in the U.S and 5 in Europe [21]. Ultimately, the IEEE 802.11p [30] standard was proposed by the $p$ Task Group
in IEEE 802.11 standards, specifically to support VANETs and solve or attenuate the problems referred above. The idea was to avoid re-designing physical and medium access control layers while supporting rapidly changing environments and very fast and short-duration communications are required. IEEE 802.11p improves QoS by using the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) MAC derived from the IEEE802.11e standard [31], so it uses four access categories to prioritize traffic. The EDCA allows assigning safety messages to the highest priority category to provide a better chance of transmission than messages assigned to lower priority categories. Prioritization is achieved by varying the Contention Windows (CWs) and the Arbitration Inter-Frame Spaces (AIFS), which increase the probability of successful medium access for the messages in the higher priority categories. The multi-path propagation issue is mitigated by doubling the OFDM symbol time, and consequently the Guard Interval [30]. The bandwidth of each channel thus shrinks from the 20 MHz of 802.11a to 10 MHz, so the available data rates range from 3 Mbit/s to 27 Mbit/s. Finally, the association problem is addressed by defining a wildcard Basic Service Set (BSS), in practice it is a broadcast MAC address, allowing vehicles to send and receive frames without the need of being associated to BSS or IBSS [30].
In Europe, 30 MHz (i.e., 3 channels) are reserved for road safety in the ITS-G5A band and 20 MHz are assigned for general purpose ITS services in the ITS-G5B band. As a general rule, a control channel, namely CCH 178 in the USA and CCH 180 in Europe, is exclusively used for cooperative road safety and control information (Figure 2.2b). The remaining channels are designated as service channels (SCH). In the United States, concerns about the reduced capacity for road safety messages led to the decision to allocate SCH 172 specifically for applications regarding public safety of life and property [21](Figure 2.3b).
(a) Protocol stack in Europe
(b) Spectrum allocation in Europe
Figure 2.2: Protocol stack and spectrum allocation for vehicular communications in Europe
Layers above physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) are managed by a set of different standards. There are two protocol stacks for vehicular communications, one established by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the other one established by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The protocol stack in the USA is entitled IEEE Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), while the one in Europe is entitled as ETSI ITS-G5. Both standards rely on IEEE 802.11p for the implementation of their PHY and MAC layers [21]. In the USA the IEEE developed the 1609 standard [32, 31], which is divided in different sub-standards, namely 1609.0, 1609.1, 1609.2, 1609.3, and 1609.4, 1609.11,
The aim of IEEE 1609 is to define higher layer packets format, security primitives, multi-channel operation, etc. as shown in Figure 2.3a. In Europe, instead, the ETSI developed the ITS-G5 stack [33, 5] as shown in Figure 2.2a. Similarly to IEEE 1609, ITS-G5 defines message formats, channel operations, traffic categories, etc. This standard defines two types of messages, Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs) and Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENMs). CAMs are single-hop beacons that a vehicle periodically sends to inform neighbors about its presence. In the WAVE standard, the same kind of message is defined as Basic Safety Message (BSM). DENMs, instead, are event-triggered beacons used to inform vehicles about a specific event such as, for example, an emergency braking. To cope with wireless channel congestion, the ETSI adds Distributed Congestion Control (DCC) as an upper layer function on top of the PHY and MAC layers to dynamically measure the network load in real time and also to implement functionalities to keep the load below a threshold level by adapting MAC and other transmission parameters [34, 35]. Conversely, WAVE uses the existing CSMA/CA extended with EDCA mechanisms, only.
However, with or without DCC, the access methods of both protocols have been proved insufficient in dealing with what is regarded as one of the most challenging issues in providing real-time characteristics to vehicular communication systems: deterministic channel access under high load conditions [36, 37, 6]. The aim of both North American and European standards is to provide high level vehicular applications with some primitives used to share and obtain data from other vehicles, or from the infrastructure. Both standards are capable of assigning priorities to packets generated by different applications to give more importance, for example, to safety-related systems. Despite the existence of the two protocol stacks, in our work we will consider ETSI ITS-G5, only, unless stated otherwise.
ETSI together with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) jointly delivered the first release of C-ITS standards, enabling deployment of applications in the vehicular domain. The main target applications supported by the release one of the standard is essentially the cooperative awareness applications and the road hazard applications. On the other side, since the beginning of the development of IEEE 802.11p, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
proposed several different applications. These applications are classified into two categories [38]:
- **Safety applications**: These applications provide information and assistance to drivers to avoid collisions with other vehicles. This can be accomplished by sharing information among vehicles and with road side units (RSU), which are then used to predict potential collisions. Such information can include vehicle position, paths intersection position, speed and distance heading. Moreover, information exchange among vehicles and with the RSU is used to locate hazardous situations on roads, such as slippery sections or road works. Examples of safety applications are: Intersection Movement Assist (IMA), lane change assistance, Emergency Electronic Brake Lights (EEBL), Forward Collision Warning (FCW), rear end collision warning, co-operative forward collision warning, pre-crash warning, wrong way driving warning, etc.
- **Non-safety applications**: These applications can be further classified in two sub-classes namely co-operative local services and Internet services. The co-operative local services applications target local infotainment services such as media downloading, electronic commerce, point of interest notification, etc. On the other hand, global Internet services focus on data that can be achieved from Internet such as communities services for insurance and financial services, fleet management, parking zone management, etc [39].
These applications focus on providing the driver with information (latter case) or warnings (former case) of a hazardous road situations using DENMs as well as of the kinematic state of other vehicles using CAMs. Both V2V and V2I communications are based on establishing a direct wireless ad-hoc network with low latency medium access. The CAMs in particular are one of the key basic features required for deployment of safety related applications [40]. This is a 1-10 Hz periodic heart-beat message, broadcast by each vehicle to its current communication neighbors. In the standard [41], CAM rate is dynamically updated between 1 Hz and 10 Hz according to vehicle speed, changes in acceleration and motion status. The CAM update rate is increased when there is an increase in the vehicle dynamic state to assure the vehicle dynamics are correctly reflected in the messages content [40].
Currently, European ITS standards organizations are preparing release two. This will address the development of Cooperative-ITS standards for connected automated driving applications and C-ITS-based advanced driver assistance applications. For instance, ETSI TC ITS has established three projects: Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), road user safety, and platooning. The main concern of these projects is to carry out a pre-standard study of these applications including their functional and operational requirements such as performance, data exchange and communication etc. The operational requirements analysis is important for evaluating the suitability of existing standards for these applications as well as new features needed, e.g., message condition, communication protocol conditions, congestion control conditions, etc.
Among the referred projects/applications, we are particularly interested in platooning, which is the target of our work.
• A **Platooning application** is a concept that aims to increase the current road capacity by allowing groups of communicating vehicles sharing a similar journey to circulate with a small safety gap between each other. Each such group forms a platoon and is managed by a platoon leader, which is the vehicle at the head of the platoon (Figure 2.4). With expanded levels of automation, the platoon leader may agree with platoon members for group maneuvers such as joining of new vehicles or leaving of current members or merge with another platoon, or moving to a different lane. The platoon leader may also make decisions for members in specific circumstances, like controlling their target speed. The platoon leader is also responsible for observing the driving road environment and informing for the platoon members. The platoon members typically restrict themselves to following the vehicle ahead, potentially using CACC in a velocity and proximity feedback control loop.
In our work, we focused on the platooning application, only, and we aimed at providing specific MAC add-ons on top of IEEE 802.11p that enhance communications for this application. On the other hand, we do not address the feedback control part but the communication channel only. We believe platooning applications may benefit from a new communication protocol for better management of the wireless medium sharing among multiple platoons as well as for improved handling of platoon maneuvers such as joining, leaving and merging. To make the most out of the existing IEEE 802.11p standard, we aimed at the design of an overlay protocol that adapts IEEE 802.11p communications for different network conditions, particularly supporting higher loads caused by co-existence of other platoons, other collaborative applications and other background traffic that may create interference.
### 2.2 Medium Access Control (MAC)
VANETs are designed to provide various benefits in road safety. This aim essentially relies on supporting capable safety applications, which in turn require support for broadcasting messages to neighbouring vehicles, informing drivers about relevant situations. To assure their efficiency, safety applications require reliable periodic data dissemination with low latency. The MAC protocols in VANETs are responsible for improving access to the shared communication medium.
and thus play an important role in providing a reliable, fair and efficient communication channel. The MAC protocols are established in the data link layer, which is also responsible for providing multi-channel operation and error control mechanisms.
The vehicular MAC protocols can be broadly classified in two categories, **contention-based** and **contention-free** (also known as uncoordinated and coordinated, respectively) (Figure 2.5). The protocols in the former category have no predetermined communications schedule and vehicles are allowed to access the channel at arbitrary instants, whenever needed. Consequently, transmission collisions may occur, specially when the network load and the number of transmitters is high. The contention-based medium access protocols do not require synchronization among the vehicles, thus being simple to use, at the cost of inferior efficiency in the channel utilization under high network load due to collisions. One of such MAC protocols, CSMA/CA, is used by many technologies, including the current standard for V2V communication, IEEE 802.11p/DSRC, both in the WAVE [42] and ITS-G5 [5] protocol stacks. In CSMA/CA, a random backoff time drawn from an exponential distribution is enforced to mitigate collisions. However, due to the stochastic nature of the process, CSMA/CA fails to provide communication with bounded delays and may suffer from profound service degradation in dense traffic scenarios.
Conversely, contention-free MAC protocols require a predetermined channel access scheme that grants transmitters exclusive channel access, thus being generally collision-free. Several contention-free MAC protocols have been proposed in the literature for inter-vehicle communications using technique such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). These techniques allow each vehicle to access the channel using a predetermined time slot, frequency band or code sequence, respectively. The major advantage of these techniques is the absence of collisions among messages sent by vehicles in the same neighbourhood. The cost is a higher complexity of deployment since they require some kind of planning and, because of this planning, they are also less flexible for highly dynamic scenarios and they are also sensitive to misconduct by any transmitter, such as transmitting outside the allocated time or frequency slot.
Considering IEEE 802.11p, it is a contention-based MAC protocol as discussed at the beginning of Section 2.1.1, being thus highly flexible and easy to deploy. In WAVE, it is further enhanced with the priority-based access scheme of EDCA. Conversely, in ITS-G5 it is enhanced with DCC which acts on certain MAC parameters, e.g., transmission frequencies, data rate and power levels. However, both enhancements do not preclude access collisions and the quality of the channel can still be significantly degraded in the presence of intense localized traffic, particularly of the same priority class [31, 36, 6].
### 2.2.1 Adaptive Beaconing for Platooning
Platooning applications are typically built on periodic broadcast communications (beacons) for sharing the vehicles kinematic state. When using IEEE 802.11p, these communications are carried out with CAM messages. In the presence of multiple platoons, the network load can increase
significantly to the point of degrading the performance of the IEEE 802.11p MAC. In these circumstances, there is a trade-off between the platoon control quality, which benefits from higher beacon rates, and the communication channel quality, which benefits from lower beacon rates.
Therefore, several research works were carried out to find adequate compromises for such trade-off, exploring dynamic adaptive techniques to avoid network congestion and their impact on the control performance. For example, the author in [43] investigated the DCC reactive control approaches based on message generation rate, transmission power and data rate, and focused on its impact on the stability of platooning control. An improved platoon control was proposed considering such impact.
In [44], the authors proposed Dynamic beaconing (DynB) according to which vehicles decrease or increase their beacon rates depending on whether the channel load is higher or lower than a desired level. In [45], the authors proposed a dynamic information dissemination protocol for platooning that exploits vehicle dynamics to adapt the transmission of beacons. The authors showed that the beaconing frequency can be less than 10 Hz when the control situation is stable. This allows reducing the channel load, hence improving the channel for transmitting safety messages.
In [46], the authors proposed a new MAC to facilitate reliable vehicle platooning. First, they proposed a consensus-based control mechanism and theoretically analyzed how the stability of the platoon could be affected by various parameters, including message loss due to imperfect inter-vehicle communication. Based on the control requirements, the authors proposed a communication protocol that considers both the periodic platoon control messages as well as event-triggered safety messages from individual cars.
### 2.3 Survey of TDMA-Based V2V Communications
Despite the mechanisms to control channel load and/or mitigate the impact of high network load and high collisions rate discussed in the previous section, handling these situations remains a challenge, particularly when contention-based MAC protocols are used.
In this thesis we focus on exploring the TDMA-based MAC protocols in the VANETs domain given their suitability to avoid, or at least significantly reduce, collisions [47, 37, 48]. For this reason, this section surveys this kind of protocols.
Generally, the benefits of TDMA-based techniques include a fair (equal) access to the channel for all vehicles, improved reliability of vehicles communications, more efficient channel utilization due to less collisions, and predictability of communication latency since messages arrive within a bounded delay or do not arrive at all, which is typically suitable for real-time applications.
TDMA protocols address the shortcomings of CSMA/CA by assigning concrete slots of time to each node, thus implementing a contention-free mechanism. TDMA protocols are well suited for use in platoon scenarios, given that platoons are well defined groups of vehicles that travel together for a significant time, thus making it easier to synchronize their communications. TDMA protocols can be broadly classified as distributed and centralized. Distributed TDMA can still be
divided in direct implementations over the PHY and overlay protocols operating over some other MAC protocol. Centralized TDMA can be further divided in cluster-based and RSU-managed. We will not address RSU-managed TDMA since it departs from our V2V scenario. One example of such approach is V-FTT [21], which uses the RSU to execute centralized traffic scheduling, achieving superior traffic management capabilities and meeting strict real-time constraints. Conversely, other categories rely on a distributed approach in which vehicles coordinate among themselves without needing RSUs. Even if providing weaker real-time properties, this group does not pose any infrastructure requirements thus being easier to deploy. This is the approach we will follow.
Cluster-based TDMA MAC protocols map naturally onto the platooning application, where the leader can serve as the local network coordinator for each group while controlling the platoon. Overlay protocols offer exclusive communication time slots on top of an existing MAC protocol. As referred before, IEEE 802.11p is the standard MAC in VANETs, being available in many commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) equipment. Thus, implementing and testing overlay protocols is easy so as their deployment. Moreover, combining an overlay TDMA MAC with a CSMA/CA layer underneath also provides tolerance to bad transmissions timing, such as poorly synchronized nodes that may transmit outside their slots or asynchronous transmissions that do not have a slot assigned, such as event-based communications.
Figure 2.5 shows a comprehensive taxonomy overview of the various families of TDMA MAC protocols in VANETs. We highlight, with boldface font, the three protocols that we will use along this thesis, which we considered directly comparable, namely our proposal RA-TDMAp, PLEXE-slotted that is a protocol of the same class and which uses similar architecture, and the CSMA/CA mechanism of IEEE 802.11p to be used as reference. In the remainder of this section we review these families presenting representative examples of MAC protocols available in the literature. Finally, we also review existing models of network performance under specific MAC protocols. Most of the models are analytical and focus on the performance of CSMA/CA, as it is the MAC protocol implemented by IEEE 802.11p.
**Figure 2.5:** Classification of TDMA-based MAC protocols in VANETs.
### 2.3.1 Direct TDMA Protocols
This class of protocols implements TDMA directly over the physical layer with the TDMA layer controlling the exact transmission instants. Examples of this class include the following protocols.
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks MAC (VeMAC) [49] is a contention-free multi-channel protocol for VANETs that supports efficient one-hop and multi-hop broadcast services on the control channel, which gives smaller rates of access and merging collisions caused by vehicle mobility. When a distributed mechanism is used to allocate a time slot, two types of collision may occur, access collision and merging collision [48]. Access collision occurs when more than two vehicles within the same two-hop neighborhood set attempt to access the same available time slot. This problem is likely to happen when a distributed mechanism is used. Merging collisions occur when two vehicles in different two-hop sets accessing the same time slot become members of the same two-hop set due to changes in their position. Generally, in vehicular networks, merging collisions are expected to happen in the following cases: when vehicles move at different speeds, vehicles move in opposite directions and RSUs installed along the road. In this protocol, merging collision rate is reduced by assigning disjoint sets of time slots to vehicles moving in opposite directions (Left and Right) and to the RSU. In VeMAC, each vehicle has two transceivers, the first one is always tuned to the CCH (control channel) while the other can be tuned to any SCH (service channel). The synchronization among vehicles is performed using the IPPS signal provided by the GPS in each vehicle. Each frame transmitted on the CCH is divided into four essential fields: header, the announcement of services (AnS), acceptance of services (AcS) and high priority short applications. The VeMAC protocol can make use of the seven DSRC channels, it supports the same broadcast service on the CCH and on the SCHs, and decreases the rates of merging and access collisions. Although communications over the SCHs are overhead-free, the overhead of the VeMAC protocol on the CCH is reasonable due to the size of the control frame transmitted on the CCH. In addition, in VANETs, particularly in highway scenarios, the number of vehicles in each direction is not equal. Thus, the size of the slot sets should be adapted according to vehicle density on the highway. Anyway, the merging collision issue can arise when vehicle density is high. Indeed, if a moving vehicle detects that it cannot access a time slot from the set of slots reserved for vehicles moving in its direction, then it will attempt to access any available time slot reserved for vehicles moving in the opposite direction.
Dedicated multi-channel MAC protocol (DMMAC) [50] standing for Dedicated Multi-channel MAC protocol, is an alternative to the IEEE 802.11p standard. The aim of the protocol is to support an adaptive broadcasting mechanism designed to provide collision-free and delay-bounded transmissions for safety applications under different traffic conditions. The DMMAC structure is identical to IEEE 802.11p with the difference that the CCH interval is divided into an adaptive broadcast frame (ABF) and contention-based reservation period (CRP). The ABF further consists of time slots that are reserved by each vehicle as the basic channel for collision-free delivery of safety messages. The CRP uses CSMA/CA mechanism as its channel access scheme. During the CRP, vehicles negotiate and reserve the resources on service channels (SCHs) for non-safety applications. DMMAC implements a dynamic TDMA mechanism for basic channel (BCH) reservation based on the distributed access technique R-ALOHA. The length of the ABF frame is not uniform over the entire network. Each vehicle dynamically adjusts its ABF length according to its neighbors.
Vehicles Self-Organizing MAC protocol (VeSOMAC) [51] stands for vehicles Self-Organizing MAC protocol and uses an in-band signaling scheme that carries information about allocated slots and allows fast slot reconfiguration following topology changes such as when platoons merge. It aims at achieving fast TDMA slot reconfiguration without relying on roadside infrastructure or leader vehicles, which can enhance throughput for applications in highway scenarios. The VeSOMAC protocol operates in both synchronous and asynchronous manner. In the synchronous case, all the vehicles are assumed to be time-synchronized by using GPS where they share the same frame and slot boundaries. In the asynchronous case, each vehicle maintains its own frame boundaries.
Self-organized time-division multiple access (STDMA) [52], is a decentralized TDMA scheme that uses periodic frames further divided into time slots. When a vehicle joins the VANET, it first listens to the channel to get information from other vehicles positions and then performs four phases: initialization, network entry, first frame, and continuous operation. In the initialization phase, the vehicle listens for the channel activity within one frame called super frame to determine the frame structure. In network entry the joining vehicle introduces itself to the VANET by determining the first transmission slot; if all slots are occupied the vehicle will use the slot of the farthest away vehicle. In the first frame phase slot starts transmitting in the slot that it chose before and finally the vehicle enters the continuous phase transmitting periodically messages in that slot. Recently, the work in [53] compared STDMA with RA-TDMA [8] since both are ad-hoc, distributed and dynamic. STDMA works with a global frame divided in predefined slots that are reused by the vehicles within reach of each other. Under high traffic the mechanism to assign slots dynamically becomes less effective and collisions grow. Conversely, RA-TDMA is an overlay protocol (not part of this class) that allows using practically 100% of the bandwidth. It organizes nodes in individual groups, e.g., platoons, which they need to join or leave. It was the basis for the work in this thesis and will be explained later on.
Mobility-aware collision avoidance MAC (MoMAC) [54] assigns time slots according to the traffic road topology and lane distribution on roads. In this work, different lanes on the same road segment and different road segments at intersections are associated with disjoint slot sets, i.e., assigning vehicles that are bound to merge with disjoint time slot sets.
Cooperative TDMA (CTMAC) MAC based protocol merges CSMA and TDMA [55], in this work the idea is that CSMA works better in sparse vehicle density while TDMA is better for high density, thus they can complement each other. CTMAC rapidly switches the channel access method between CSMA and TDMA according to the vehicle density. When using CSMA it also determines the number of back-off time slots according to the vehicle density. Due to the use of fixed back-off to reserve channel, bounded delay is guaranteed, even in the case of large vehicle crowding. The most important thing to make smooth changes between the two methods is the vehicle density value.
Prediction-based TDMA MAC (PTMAC) [56] is designed to eliminate the so-called encounter collisions by prediction before the collisions happen, while maintaining high-slot utilization and with very small additional overheads. Most of the encounter collisions can be predicted and,
potentially, eliminated before they really happen. The prediction is based on the vehicle kinematic information that is already provided to support safety-related applications. The protocol revealed suitable for the two-way traffic and four-way intersections in urban areas.
Self-sorting MAC protocol is proposed in [57], to improve VANETs performance in high-density scenarios. In this work vehicles form a transmission queue with others around them just like a “count off” process before sending data packets. Once the queue’s length reaches a set threshold, it has the right to control the channel and the members of the queue will send the data messages in the sequence recorded by the self-sorting process, which is described using a Markov chain. Different from the random access of all nodes, only the head of the queue which has completed the self-sorting process will compete to access the channel on behalf of all the nodes in the queue, which greatly alleviates the contention among the nodes competing for accessing the channel randomly. The control messages in the protocol are collision-tolerable, which are separated from data messages.
Efficient Multi-Channel MAC Protocol (EMMAC) in [58] is a multi-channel based protocol for VANETs. This work uses the modified announcement packet to reduce payload size of a packet transmitted in the TDMA period and thus improve efficiency. In this work, the author focuses on the multichannel hybrid media access control schemes, which are based on draft IEEE 802.11p and IEEE 1609.4 standards.
### 2.3.2 Cluster-Based TDMA Protocols
In this family of protocols, vehicles are clustered by physical proximity and relative position. A cluster head sets up the TDMA frame for that cluster and generally synchronizes the other vehicles in the group.
In Cluster Based Medium Access Control (CBMAC) [59], the medium is divided into multiple CCH and one data channel (DCH). Access to the CCH channels is based on CSMA/CA while the DCH channel uses TDMA to guarantee low transmission delay and collision-free transmissions within each cluster. To form clusters, all the vehicles tune to the CCH and elect one cluster head (CH). Each cluster member sends its position and speed to its CH periodically in its own TDMA time slot. To avoid inter-cluster interference, each CH selects a different orthogonal code from that of its neighbouring CHs.
Clustering-Based Multichannel MAC (CBMMAC) [60] has been developed to support both traffic safety applications and a wide range of non-safety applications. It combines contention-free and contention-based medium access control protocols. It redefines the functions of the seven DSRC channels, where CH178 and CH174 are respectively the Inter-Cluster Control (ICC) channel and the Inter-Cluster Data (ICD) channel. Ch172 is the Cluster Range Control (CRC) channel, and the remaining channels (Ch176, 180, 182, and 184) are the Cluster Range Data (CRD) channels. CBMMAC deploys three main protocols: cluster configuration, intra-cluster and inter-cluster coordination communication in order to avoid merging collisions and inter-cluster interference problems.
Cluster-Based TDMA system (CBT) protocol [61] aims at providing contention-free intra-cluster and inter-cluster communications while minimizing collisions when two or more clusters are approaching each other. The protocol uses a simple transmit-and-listen scheme to quickly elect a vehicular-network coordinator (VC). The CBT system assumes that each vehicle is equipped with a GPS positioning system and synchronization between the vehicles can be performed by using GPS timing information. The access time is divided into frames and each frame consists of $n$ time slots.
Vehicle-to-Vehicle Local Clock Synchronization (VLCS) [62] initially starts with node clustering to improve the nodes management. Nodes are classified in two types, Cluster Heads (CHs) and ordinary nodes. A CH manages a cluster by keeping record of all the nodes associated to its cluster, whereas any node other than a CH comes under the category of ordinary nodes. The clustering process is followed by clock synchronization, which is composed of two phases, namely, inter-cluster and intra-cluster clock synchronization. Here, the first phase involves all the CHs and updates their clocks to a commonly shared clock. In the second phase, each CH then synchronizes its member nodes, which completes the clock synchronization process. Similar intra-cluster clock synchronization techniques have also been presented in [63].
Priority-Based Direction-Aware Media Access Control (PDMAC) [64] is a TDMA-based protocol for Warning Message Dissemination in VANETs. In this work, the authors proposed a cluster-based vehicle-to-vehicle MAC protocol to prioritize warning messages delivery. The protocol introduces inter-cluster clock synchronization alongside intra-cluster synchronization, which minimizes communication overhead and improves channel utilization. Moreover, PDMAC uses a three-tier priority assignment to ensure reliable and in-time delivery of warning messages by taking into account some important parameters like the direction component of nodes, message type, and severity level on each tier.
### 2.3.3 Overlay TDMA Protocols
This group of protocols implements TDMA on top of the CSMA/CA layer of IEEE 802.11p. Thus, they can be readily implemented on COTS IEEE 802.11p interfaces and are tolerant to uncoordinated (non-complying timing) traffic. However, note that the transmission instants defined by the TDMA layer can be modified by the CSMA/CA layer below.
The fully distributed and infrastructure-free TDMA-based MAC protocol (DTMAC) [65] is based on the VeMAC protocol such that channel time is partitioned into frames and each frame is further partitioned into two slot sets, Left and Right as discussed before. In DTMAC protocol the road is dissected into small fixed areas across in which the time slots can be reused. Thus, any vehicles in different nearby areas accessing the channel at the same time will not interfere. DTMAC uses the vehicular location information to help the vehicles access the channel in an efficient way, in order to solve the collision problem caused by high mobility and to reduce the channel access delay. Thus, it contributes to alleviating the scalability limitations of VeMAC by allowing parallel transmission in different areas.
PLEXE-slotted [9] divides a TDMA round into equal intervals according to the number of vehicles in the platoon. Transmissions in the platoon take place in a cycle starting by the leader, which transmits with high power to synchronize all platoon members, followed by all the followers from first to last and transmitting with reduced power. The followers just reach the neighbouring followers and propagate information down the platoon in a multi-hop fashion. All platoon members transmit in consecutive intervals inside the TDMA round. A shortcoming of this protocol is the lack of support to handle extra-platoon periodic communications. For example, if nearby platoons or vehicles transmit with similar period and in phase, this can lead to frequent collisions until clock drifts separate their transmissions in time.
Re-configurable and Adaptive TDMA for platooning (RA-TDMAp) [13] is the protocol we propose in this thesis and which will be discussed in Chapter 3. It is similar to PLEXE-slotted, as it also divides the TDMA round period in equal intervals among the number of vehicles in the platoon. However, it addresses the limitation of the PLEXE-slotted method (of co-existence with extra-platoon periodic transmissions) by having each platoon shifting the phase of its TDMA frame (or round) thus moving away from the phase of other platoons or vehicles. In RA-TDMAp, the followers transmissions are in inverse order, starting from the last (farthest from leader) to the first. The phase-shifting mechanism is based on observing delays suffered by transmissions of the platoon members. By using an inverse round circulation, the leader acquires the delays information observed by all followers in just one round and can then adjust the start of the next round to adjust the phase as needed. This allows escaping, with high probability, the interference from other platoons or vehicles. When used over a set of neighbouring platoons, RA-TDMAp provides an implicit synchronization mechanism, by which platoons automatically adjust their cycle phase to avoid or reduce mutual interference.
### 2.3.4 Discussion
As we saw in the previous sections, there is a myriad of TDMA-based protocols proposed for VANETs, trying to exploit their capacity to avoid and/or reduce collisions, in an attempt to improve the channel quality and thus improve the performance of collaborative traffic applications, too. Generally, it is hard to find absolute improvements and each MAC protocol typically imposes specific trade-offs between features that make it more suited to some kind of applications than others.
Similarly, the classification of some protocols is not unique and other alternatives could be considered. For example, overlay protocols could be considered under contention-based MAC since they have the collision detection and arbitration mechanism of IEEE 802.11p in place. Another possible classification would be to consider PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDMAp under centralized cluster-head approaches, since they effectively set up one cluster per platoon in which the leader plays the role of cluster head synchronizing the other nodes in the cluster. The difference, however, is that these cases have on explicit inter-cluster synchronization, thus inter-cluster management is distributed. In PLEXE-slotted, there is no inter-cluster synchronization at all, which is a cause of performance degradation under high loads as we will see later on. RA-TDMAp has an implicit
inter-cluster synchronization mechanism that is responsible for its good performance under high load, which we will explore in this thesis.
One of the typical requirements of VANETs is scalability since the number of vehicles in many traffic scenarios can be very large. This is challenging for MAC protocols using both centralized and distributed TDMA frame management relying on a global TDMA frame. Some distributed frame management protocols mitigate this problem by promoting slot reuse, e.g., DTMAC and STDMA. This, however, may lead to increased rates of collisions under high traffic density, limiting the efficiency that can be achieved. Two examples of centralized cluster-based protocols are CBT and CBMAC. Both perform well when node density is low, too. However, their performance degrades as density increases due to the high inter-cluster collision rates. In CBT, a high network load also implies a high access delay, further degrading network performance.
A particular aspect that seems to play a relevant role in cluster-based protocols is the overhead associated to the cluster management, namely election of cluster head and maintaining an updated list of cluster members. This can be a limiting factor for operation on a highly dynamic network topology.
Concerning direct TDMA approaches, they are all dependent on the quality of the synchronization to avoid collisions effectively. Poor synchronization immediately leads to high collisions and strong penalty in bandwidth efficiency. Moreover, due to the precise timing control needed to keep transmissions from overlapping, these protocols are incompatible with the IEEE 802.11p standard, which makes them harder to experiment with and also to deploy.
To give a broad general overview of the main features of representative protocols that we surveyed, we present a qualitative comparison in Table 2.1. We address the channel access scheme, namely TDMA or hybrid TDMA/CSMA, if clock synchronization is required or not, the resilience to external traffic, meaning whether asynchronous traffic is tolerated or not, the level of scalability, the effectiveness in reducing collisions, the support for real-time applications and finally whether the protocol was developed for safety-only applications, non-safety-only applications or both.
In terms of real-time support, we note that all direct TDMA protocols either deliver packets on time or not at all, which is a suitable behavior to support real-time applications. On the other hand, the overlay protocols, particularly without global control (PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDDMAP), may suffer unbounded delays caused by the CSMA/CA arbitration with external traffic. However, both protocols bound the maximum waiting time for a packet, thus presenting potentially longer but still bounded delays.
Beyond these properties, we note that all protocols were designed for highway scenarios. We also note that all protocols support communication between traffic traveling in both directions. However, some protocols (e.g., PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDDMap) were particularly designed to support platooning, which implies that vehicles are traveling in one direction, only. Nevertheless, those protocols support communications with nodes external to the platoon and these can be vehicles traveling in either direction.
Table 2.1: Qualitative comparison between distributed TDMA-based MAC protocols
| Protocol | Medium access technique | Clock synchronization | Resilience to external traffic | Scalability | Reduction in collisions | Real-time support | Safety applications |
|-------------------|-------------------------|-----------------------|-------------------------------|-------------|------------------------|------------------|---------------------|
| VeMAC | TDMA | Yes | No | Low | High | High | safety+non-safety |
| DMMAC | TDMA | No | No | High | Medium | High | safety |
| VeSOMAC | TDMA | Yes | No | Low | Low | High | safety+non-safety |
| STDMA | TDMA | Yes | No | High | High | High | safety+non-safety |
| MoMAC | TDMA | No | No | Medium | High | High | safety |
| CTMAC | TDMA | No | No | Medium | Medium | High | safety |
| PTMAC | TDMA | No | No | Medium | High | High | safety |
| self-sorting MAC | TDMA | No | No | High | High | High | safety |
| EMMAC | TDMA/CSMA | No | No | Medium | Medium | Low | non-safety |
| DTMAC | TDMA | Yes | No | High | Medium | High | safety |
| PLEXE-slotted | TDMA/CSMA | Yes | Yes | High | Medium | Medium | safety |
| RA-TDMAp | TDMA/CSMA | Yes | Yes | High | High | Medium | safety |
2.4 Towards a MAC for Platooning
Along this chapter we surveyed different MAC protocols for VANETs. From this survey, we saw that different protocols favor different applications. According to our objectives, we are looking for a MAC protocol that is particularly suitable for platooning. Moreover, we would like to address the scalability versus Quality-of-Service trade-off, which is one of the toughest challenges in VANETs. In other words, we seek a MAC protocol that has no predefined limit to the number of vehicles that can communicate in a given area beyond the capacity of the physical channel and causes the least degradation in Quality-of-Service under high spatial density of transmitters.
We saw that contention-based MAC protocols, from which CSMA/CA used by IEEE 802.11p is a notorious example, show a good fit in supporting scalability given the distributed operation and absence of any central or global management structure. However, the degradation observed under dense traffic is significant due to the potentially long delays caused by the arbitration process.
Conversely, we also saw that contention-free MAC protocols are dependent on tight synchronization, but have the potential to offer better QoS in dense scenarios. However, improving scalability implies some kind of dynamic slot allocation that brings overhead and potential collisions.
We also referred that overlay MAC protocols, which mix both paradigms, have the potential to offer the best of both worlds and this is the direction we will follow in this thesis towards a scalable and efficient MAC for platooning. Moreover, focusing on platooning allows to consider consistent topological units, the platoons, that remain stable for a long time. The high dynamics typically associated to VANETs topology is then limited to extra-platoon nodes, either from other platoons as well as from independent external vehicles. This allows looking at the network as just one platoon, which is stable, and include all communications from other nodes as external interference (in the platooning application).
This led us to propose the RA-TDMAp protocol, which is the central piece in this thesis and which exploits the concepts of permeable slot/frame and implicit frame synchronization to allow the coexistence of multiple platoons and independent vehicles up to the capacity of the physical channel with reduced QoS degradation.
Chapter 3
A Scalable Communication Protocol for Vehicle Platooning
This chapter describes the design and development of a communication protocol for platooning, namely RA-TDMAp, that addresses the challenge referred at the end of the previous chapter (Section 2.4), i.e., a MAC protocol that combines high scalability with good QoS under dense traffic.
RA-TDMAp has two distinct mechanisms, namely the reconfiguration of the TDMA frame slot structure and the adaptation of the frame phase, acting on the instantaneous round period. In this chapter, we discuss the adaptive feature of the protocol, only, and show its effectiveness. The reconfiguration is discussed in Chapter 5. Our protocol is able to keep all the vehicles in one platoon synchronized even in the presence of interfering traffic, e.g. from other vehicles, by adapting the phase of the TDMA frame to escape periodic interference. On the other hand, it reduces channel occupation by having the leader, only, transmitting with high power to reach all the platoon at once while the followers transmit with low power and may need to forward information of each other to make it reach the leader. The order of transmission in the round is such that the leader gathers information from the whole platoon in just one round.
We developed, tested and validated RA-TDMAp using the PLEXE simulation framework. In all tests we compared RA-TDMAp to two related protocols that are directly comparable, namely the overlay TDMA MAC PLEXE-slotted and the basic CSMA/CA of IEEE 802.11p, and we considered three metrics: channel busy ratio, collisions rate and safe time ratio.
The work in this chapter was essentially reported in the following publication:
- [13] A. Aslam, L. Almeida, and F. Santos, “A flexible TDMA overlay protocol for vehicles platooning,” in Communication Technologies For Vehicles, 13th International Workshop, Net4Cars2018, pp. 169–180. Springer, 2018.
3.1 Reconfigurable and Adaptive TDMA Protocol for Platooning
3.1.1 TDMA Scheme
The aim of a MAC protocol for VANETs is to ensure that every vehicle is granted access to the channel in bounded time, mitigating access collisions and providing a channel quality that is adequate to the applications that run on top. TDMA is a time multiplexing scheme for periodic communications that consists of dividing the time into a periodic set of slots called frame, and assigning a slot in this frame to a different vehicle. Figure 3.1 shows a simplified diagram of TDMA frame with respective slot assignment structure in a VANET. If the allocation of vehicles to slots is exclusive and all vehicles transmit inside their slots, only, then channel access collisions are avoided. The advantages of TDMA MAC protocols are considerable since they provide equal access to the channel for all the vehicles, efficient channel utilization, lower number of collisions, high reliability for safety-related communications, deterministic access time even with a high traffic load and offered QoS adequate for real-time applications.
Generally, a TDMA mechanism requires strict global clock synchronization to allow vehicles determining the instants of all their slots into the future. In VANETs, clock synchronization is typically achieved from GPS. However, GPS signals are not always available, particularly inside cities and at vehicles start up, limiting synchronization and its precision. Moreover, the typical TDMA fixed slots-to-nodes allocation creates difficulties in the context of dynamic typologies typically found in VANETs.
The synchronization of vehicles is a critical issue, too, in common TDMA approaches in VANETs. In fact, vehicles that are poorly synchronized with the TDMA frame, or completely asynchronous, will transmit concurrently with respect to the transmissions in the frame, creating collisions and leading to packet losses. One situation that seems particularly unfavorable, because
it may create recurrent periodic interference, is when a non-synchronized vehicle transmits periodically in phase with the TDMA frame and with a period that is similar to the TDMA round period, or to a multiple or sub-multiple of it (coherent) as shown in Figure 3.2.
These limitations are also present in the Robotics domain, for teams of cooperating robots. In this case, previous work proposed the RA-TDMA [8] protocol, which is a modified TDMA approach to cope with the referred issues. In particular, RA-TDMA sets a frame per team, only, leaving any other transmitters out (these will generate *external traffic*, i.e., asynchronous traffic that may interfere with the team TDMA frame transmissions). Moreover, the synchronization inside the team does not rely on global clock synchronization. It uses, instead, the instant in which a message from the team is received to re-synchronize with the other team nodes. We believe that the same approach can be advantageously applied to VANETs over the IEEE 802.11p standard as we will see next.
### 3.1.2 RA-TDMAp for vehicle platoons
RA-TDMAp is an instantiation of RA-TDMA [8] to vehicle platoons that is modified with the use of transmission power control, synchronization state gathering and a specific reconfiguration mechanism. It is a thin layer inserted just above the IEEE 802.11p MAC protocol that controls the transmission instants, transparent for the applications that run on top (Fig. 3.3).
The power management approach is that of [9] (PLEXE-Slotted) in which the leader transmits with high power so that it reaches all platoon members at once and serves as a synchronization mark, setting the start of a round (Fig. 3.4). The follower vehicles transmit with low power equally spaced in the beacon interval (round period). Low power transmissions allow to significantly reduce the channel occupation and to increase the scalability of the protocol. However, RA-TDMAp differs from [9] in two main aspects, the leader adjusts its transmission instants according to the delays suffered by the platoon members in the previous round and the order of transmissions of the followers is inverted, starting from the last vehicle, which transmits after the leader, up to the first follower that transmits at the end of the cycle, before the next leader beacon (Fig. 3.4).
Figure 3.5 shows the sequence of TDMA frames and their structure in RA-TDMAp. Each frame is divided by the $N$ vehicles in the platoon to create the frame slots. However, these slots are much larger than what is needed for the transmissions of each platoon member, typically just the beacon. The unused slot time is available for external traffic, managed with CSMA/CA. This is what makes these frames permeable and will be used to support the co-existence of multiple concurrent frames.
A distinctive feature of RA-TDMAp, which is inherited from the original RA-TDMA protocol, is the adaptive synchronization mechanism. This is based on measuring the delays suffered by the transmissions of the platoon beacons. These delays are typically caused by the CSMA/CA mechanism when mitigating collisions with external traffic both circumstantial and periodic (E in Figure 3.6). Note that, all nodes in the platoon know when a beacon is expected and thus can measure its delay upon reception. When a node measures a beacon delay it saves it in a *delayList* and shares this list piggybacked in its own beacon. At every hop, the *delayList* is consolidated and propagated *upstream*, reaching the leader at the end of the round. The leader then delays the start of the next round by an amount computed from the *delayList* reported by the followers, typically the maximum within predefined bounds ($\delta_2$ in Figure 3.6). This corresponds to shifting the phase of the platoon round, causing all beacon transmissions in this platoon to be triggered later, potentially avoiding the collisions with external traffic that caused the delays in the previous round. The adaptation mechanism is independent per platoon and just considers the platoon members, implying low overhead and full scalability. The pseudo-code of the adaptive synchronization of RA-TDMAp is described in Algorithm 1.
Figure 3.6 also shows the assignment of logical IDs to vehicles according to their position in the platoon, starting with the leader that is node 0, followed by the last vehicle, 3 in this case, then 2 and then 1, the closest to the leader. This position-based rule can rely on GPS, on a topology tracking method or on both.
The beacon interval in RA-TDMAP, interchangeably called TDMA round period, is represented by $T_{tup}$. It is divided by $N$ vehicles currently engaged in the platoon creating a target
Figure 3.4: A platoon of four cars (red) and three external cars (blue), running separate applications, possibly another platoon.
separation between consecutive platoon beacons equal to $T_{xwin} = T_{tup}/N$. If in the $n^{th}$ round the leader transmits at time $t_{n,0}$, the follower $i > 0$ in that round is expected to transmit at time $t_{n,i}$ (Eq. 3.1).
$$t_{n,i} = t_{n,0} + T_{xwin} \times (N - i) \quad (3.1)$$
Once vehicle 1 transmits, the leader becomes aware of all delays that may have affected the platoon beacons in that round ($\delta_i$, $i=1..N-1$). The leader then uses the maximum observed delay value, truncated to a tolerable limit ($\Delta$), and it delays its next beacon transmission by that value. Similarly to $T_{tup}$, $\Delta$ is predefined offline and bounds the maximum possible frame phase adaptation. Using $\Delta$ allows bounding the maximum delay that can affect the leader beacon transmission and it is normally set to a fraction $\varepsilon$ of the slot width $T_{xwin}$ (Eq. 3.2). A typical value is 0.5.
$$\Delta = \varepsilon \times T_{xwin}, \quad 0 < \varepsilon < 1 \quad (3.2)$$
Larger values of $\varepsilon$ can make the round too irregular because of too frequent adaptations consequently delay in the next transmission of platoon members which is not acceptable for safety critical application while shorter values smooth the round duration due to fewer adaptations.
This is formalized in Eq. 3.3. Note that $\delta_i$ is the delay between the effective and expected reception instants of the preceding vehicle(s).
$$t_{n+1,0} = t_{n,0} + T_{tup} + \min(\Delta, \max_{i=1..N-1} (\delta_i)) \quad (3.3)$$
In the presence of packet losses, if the leader does not receive information from the delays that affected the followers, it considers them as null and transmits one beacon interval after the previous transmission. Similarly, if a follower misses the leader beacon it transmits its own beacon one beacon interval after its previous transmission. This makes the protocol very robust to varying channel conditions.
Algorithm 1 RA-TDMAp protocol
1: procedure ADAPTIVE SYNCHRONIZATION IN RA-TDMAP
2: initialize vector delayList[];
3: On startup protocol:
4: if myRole = LeaderCar then
5: scheduleAt(SendBeacon, beaconInterval);
6: SendBeacon():
7: if myRole = LeaderCar then
8: sendBroadcast PlatooningMessage;
9: scheduleAt(SendBeacon, beaconInterval+maximumDelay);
10: else
11: sendBroadcast PlatooningMessage;
12: scheduleAt(SendBeacon, beaconInterval);
13: OnBeacon(beacon):
14: if myRole = LeaderCar then
15: leader_now_time ← now_time;
16: if myRole = getCarID then
17: receive_instant ← now_time;
18: expected_time ← leader_now_time + offset + transmission_time
19: node_Delay ← receive_instant – expected_time;
20: if node_Delay < 0 then
21: node_Delay ← 0;
22: push(delayList,(node_Delay));
23: UpdatedelayList;
24: if myRole = LeaderCar then
25: maximumDelay ← *max_element(delayList.begin(),delayList());
26: OnLeaderBeacon(beacon):
27: unschedule(SendBeacon);
28: scheduleAt(SendBeacon, myPosition - offset);
18.104.22.168 On the coexistence with platoons travelling in opposite directions
Finally, a quick note on the concrete situation of platoons that travel on opposite directions. This is a situation that is specifically addressed by some of the protocols referred in the Chapter 2. However, in our protocol there is no need to handle this situation separately. In fact, platoons traveling in opposite directions will hear each other for a few seconds, only, and during that time
they will interfere as any other platoons, triggering the frame phase adjustment mechanism. Since there is no specific slot allocation mechanism, as in the other mentioned protocols, there is no additional overhead caused by the short duration links between platoons traveling in opposite directions.
### 3.2 Simulation Framework
To analyse the RA-TDMAp protocol under different network and road traffic conditions we decided to use PLEXE [66], which is an Open Source extension to the well known and widely used Veins [67] simulation framework that builds on SUMO – Simulation of Urban MObility [68] for road traffic simulation and on the discrete event simulator OMNeT++ [69]. The Veins simulation framework provides a simulation environment able to test real-world scenarios, considering high mobility, high-level application protocols, together with communication and networking protocols with the full stack of IEEE 802.11p/IEEE 1609.4 standards. In turn, OMNeT++ sets the environment to define the applications and protocols logic, allowing to collect operational data for performance analysis.
PLEXE is the current state-of-the art system level platooning simulator, incorporating mobility tightly-coupled with automatic control and communications. It allows defining highway scenarios, effective application, and protocols as well as analyzing network metrics such as collisions and packet delivery ratio etc. Figure 3.7 shows a snapshot of the PLEXE graphical front-end with a platoon (red cars) together with other external traffic (blue cars).
3.3 Preliminary Evaluation of the Protocol
In this section, we analyze the performance of the RA-TDMAp protocol in demanding traffic conditions resorting to the PLEXE simulation framework (Section 3.2). We first show the simulation setup including the used models and scenarios, after we validate the adaptive feature of RA-TDMAp in platooning and then we compare RA-TDMAp with two other protocols, namely PLEXE-slotted and IEEE 802.11p (CSMA/CA) (Section 3.3.3). For the comparison we used two typical network metrics, similarly to [9], which are the channel busy-time ratio and the collisions rate, both metrics provided directly by the VEINS simulator. Moreover, we also included another comparison using the so-called safe-time ratio, which represents how well the protocols meet specified application timing requirements. These metrics will be explained further on.
3.3.1 Simulation Setup
We used the PHY and MAC models of IEEE 802.11p proposed in [70], using a bitrate of 6 Mbit/s, which is suited for demanding safety related applications [71]. We configured the transmission power of the leader to 100mW (high power) as it needs to reach all the cars in the platoon. For the followers we used three different power values (low power), namely 0.05mW, 0.5mW and 1mW, since they only need to communicate with the car in front. Furthermore, we only use the CCH channel, without switching between Control Channel (CCH) and Service Channel (SCH). All beacons used the same Access Category (AC). Table 3.1 summarizes all communication related parameters.
Table 3.1: PHY and MAC parameters
| Parameter | Values |
|----------------------------|-------------------------------|
| PHY/MAC model | IEEE 802.11p/1609.4 (CCH only) |
| Channel | 5.89 GHz |
| Bitrate | 6 Mbit/s |
| MSDU size | 200B |
| Leader’s Tx power | 100mW |
| Follower’s Tx power | 0.05mW, 0.5mW and 1mW |
To investigate the protocol performance, we carried out a set of simulations in a moderately dense traffic environment. We specifically simulated a realistic case with a stretch of a 4-lane highway filled with 160 cars organized in platoons of 10 vehicles, plus 10 external cars that create extra communication interference. Other relevant parameters are the distance between vehicles inside the platoon (gap), set to 5m, and the speed of all the platoons, set to 100 km/h. The summary of the simulation parameters is shown in Table 3.2.
3.3.2 Validating RA-TDMAp Adaptation to Interference Delays
The adaptive feature of RA-TDMAp is its capacity to shift the TDMA round to avoid transmissions that caused interference delays to the platoon beacons. If the interference is periodic and
Table 3.2: Scenario configurations
| Parameter | Values |
|--------------------|--------|
| Number of cars | 160 |
| Platoon size | 10 cars|
| External cars | 10 |
| Inter-vehicle gap | 5m |
| Controller | CACC |
with similar period, shifting the round removes the interference. If further delays subsist, the protocol continues shifting the round. Thus, given its relevance, we show here a validation of this adaptive feature of the protocol before moving to the comparisons. For the sake of simplicity of representation, we used a platoon with just 4 vehicles in the same simulation scenario and we logged the respective transmission instants.
Figure 3.8 shows the evolution of the offsets of the transmissions of the platoon members with respect to the leader transmission in each cycle. Each trace corresponds to the offset of one member (1 to 3 starting from below), except for the upper trace that represents the next leader transmission with respect to its previous one, thus it shows how much the leader has delayed the next TDMA round (or cycle). Without interference from external vehicles the offsets would be constant as given by Eq. 3.1. However, the figure shows there are in fact interferences, which are then accommodated by the leader in the following cycle (upper trace) according to Eq. 3.3. This behavior is clear in the figure with the upper trace containing the variations of the lower traces. However, it has more variations than these, since the leader transmissions also suffer direct interference. Finally, the tall spikes that sporadically affect the upper trace represent leader beacon losses, doubling the difference between consecutive leader beacons.
3.3.3 The Protocols under Comparison
We used the three protocols, namely RA-TDMAp, PLEXE-slotted and CSMA/CA for comparison. The first MAC protocol we considered in this study was **CSMA/CA** (the MAC of IEEE 802.11p), which uses carrier sensing and random backoff intervals to mitigate potential collisions. In this case, all vehicles transmit a periodic beacon with period $T_{\text{up}}$ but without any control of their relative phases, i.e., all transmissions are independent periodic processes. Thus, it is possible to fall into pernicious scenarios (named *critical intervals* in [72]) in which several vehicles transmit practically in phase (or, in other words, with *high coherence* and a small phase difference), creating frequent collisions until their clocks drift away.
The second MAC protocol we considered is **PLEXE-slotted** [9], an overlay TDMA protocol for platoon communication that works directly on IEEE 802.11p and synchronizes the beacons of the vehicles in a platoon avoiding or further reducing potential collisions among them. The leader transmits its beacons with period $T_{\text{round}}$. This period is then divided in $N$ equal slots of width $T_{\text{xwin}} = T_{\text{round}} / N$. The leader transmits at the beginning of the first slot and all follower vehicles synchronize upon the reception of the leader beacon and transmit their own beacons
at the beginning of their respective slots. Consequently, all transmissions in the platoon will be triggered with $T_{\text{win}}$ separation. The sequence of transmissions starts with the leader and continues with the first follower and then throughout the platoon until the last follower. We refer to this sequence of platoon beacon transmissions as *downstream*. Nevertheless, this protocol is agnostic to the traffic external to the platoon. Thus, it is still possible to fall in critical intervals in which different platoons, or independent vehicles, transmit with a phase similar to that of the vehicles in the platoon, again leading to frequent collisions and degrading the quality of the communications until the clocks drift away. In the presence of sufficient number of platoons, the effect of the intra-platoon synchronization that PLEXE-slotted does is very slim and this protocol ends up behaving very similarly to CSMA/CA on which it operates.
RA-TDMAp is the third MAC protocol we consider, also an overlay protocol working over IEEE 802.11p that we proposed and discussed in Section 3.1.2. This is very similar to PLEXE-slotted in what concerns the transmissions inside each platoon but it includes a simple mechanism that enforces implicit global synchronization across all neighbouring platoons and independent vehicles. The fact that the mechanism is implicit makes it scalable to the capacity of the channel without needing explicit inter-platoon coordination.
### 3.3.4 Comparison Metrics
We ran the simulation for 30s of simulated time and gathered traces in the scenario referred in Table 3.2 using these three cases. All vehicles started transmitting at random instants, using the
same seeds for the three protocols. For PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDMAp all followers synchronized with the respective leaders. RA-TDMAp further carried out the implicit synchronization among platoons with its phase adaptation mechanism.
22.214.171.124 Results of Busy Time Ratio
The first metric we use for comparison is the channel busy time ratio or busy time ratio. This is a physical layer metric that indicates the percentage of times each node tried to access the channel and the channel was busy. This metric is measured from the transmitter perspective and is described with more detail in [44].
Figure 3.9 shows the results for the three followers transmission power levels. We can see that while PLEXE-Slotted and CSMA/CA perform approximately similarly, RA-TDMAp shows a 4 to 5 times reduction for all the three cases. This is a direct consequence of the adaptation feature of the protocol that quickly moves the platoon transmissions away from the interference. Concerning the followers’ transmission power, we can see that as it increases it causes the busy time ratio to increase approximately similarly for all approaches. This is expected as higher power reduces channel spatial reuse and increases interference.
126.96.36.199 Results of Collisions Rate
The second metric is the collisions rate, i.e., the average number of collisions per second. The simulator determines collisions as the frames that were not correctly decoded due to interference between overlapping transmissions. Thus, it is a metric from the receiver perspective.
The results are shown in Fig. 3.10. PLEXE-slotted exhibits some benefits when compared to CSMA/CA because of synchronizing the beacons inside each platoon. However, the benefit is small. A much larger benefit is achieved by RA-TDMAp, from near one order of magnitude for very low power to around 7 times for intermediate and 5 times for higher followers transmission power. Again, this is due to the adaptive feature of the protocol that, upon interference, pulls the platoon away from it from one cycle to the next. Thus, periodic interference will not persist interfering as opposed to the other cases. Similarly to the previous metric, the relative performance of the three protocols is kept as the followers transmission power increases, since the corresponding larger range leads to increasing collisions.
188.8.131.52 Results of Safe Time Ratio
Beyond the properties of the communication channel, it is also relevant to assess how well the channel meets application requirements. Thus, we used the metric proposed in [9] called safe time ratio that aims at distributed feedback control in the context of vehicle platooning. This metric captures the ratio of the communications that meet a predefined delay requirement considered safe from the control perspective, during the simulation time. Longer delays are considered unsafe. The requirement is set following the controller design. The delays are measured by the receiver per each source, separately, and then averaged out. The metric considers a conservative approach
in which the application is not synchronized with the TDMA frame and the delay is upper bounded by the inter-arrival time of packets per source.
The results show, again, a superiority of RA-TDMAp, being the only protocol, among PLEXE-slotted and CSMA/CA, that keeps the platoons in safe state above 99% of the time for delay requirements down to 0.2s and for all tested power levels of the platoons followers. The advantage is specially noticeable for very low transmission power and tighter delay requirements, e.g., 99% for 0.2s with RA-TDMAp against 95% for PLEXE-Slotted and 90% for CSMA/CA.
3.3.5 Insights into the transmission patterns
In order to observe the adaptation mechanism of RA-TDMAp, we looked into the traces obtained from the actual transmissions instants of the three protocols in two different scenarios, light load, i.e., just two platoons of 10 vehicles each, and intense load, i.e., the whole set of 16 platoons of 10 vehicles each. All simulation conditions are the same used in the previous experiments. The results are shown in Figure 3.12 and Figure 3.13, respectively.
In the first scenario, the CSMA/CA trace shows the random transmission instants of the vehicles, which repeat periodically according to the round period $T_{rup}$. Conversely, both RA-TDMAp and PLEXE-slotted synchronize the vehicles is each platoon, but the relative phase between both platoons is random. However, since the load is low and the phases of the frames of the two platoons...
do not create mutual interference, we observe regular similar patterns in both cases.
The second scenario is more interesting since the load is higher, leading to higher mutual interference, too. The first striking observation is the approximate regularity of the transmissions under PLEXE-slotted and CSMA/CA. Looking carefully at the colors representing the platoons, we see that the inter-followers intervals are irregular in CSMA/CA while in PLEXE-slotted they are around the expected $10ms \left( T_{tup}/N \right)$ interval. Conversely, RA-TDMAp shows a visibly more irregular pattern in the transmission instants, in some cases, with very small inter-transmission distances. We believe the reason for this difference between PLEXE-slotted and CSMA/CA on one side, and RA-TDMAp on the other, is that with the first two protocols, under high load as it is the case, there are periods like the one shown in which all medium access attempts find the medium busy. Thus the MAC forces the following transmission to wait for the inter-frame space plus the random interval in the contention window. Conversely, in RA-TDMAp, frequently, the TDMA frame phase adaptation layer leads the transmitter to access the medium when it is free, right after the inter-frame space. Thus, no contention window is needed, leading to occasional/frequent rather short intervals. This confirms the superior capacity of RA-TDMAp to pack the traffic of multiple platoons in a denser way than the other two protocols.
3.4 Summary
Vehicular networks are growingly important as the level of vehicles driving automation is increasing. In particular, collaborative applications such as platooning can improve vehicle and users safety as well as fuel efficiency. However, the effectiveness of these applications relies on the quality of the channel. In this chapter, we proposed the RA-TDMAp protocol that is deployed on top of IEEE 802.11p, which is the current standard for vehicular networks and which relies on CSMA/CA arbitration.
RA-TDMAp was designed combining the frame adaptation mechanism of previously developed RA-TDMA protocols with the power control of PLEXE-slotted. According to the former, RA-TDMAp organizes the vehicle beacons in each platoon, independently, in a separate TDMA frame. At run-time, the protocol measures the arbitration delays affecting the respective beacons, i.e., interference from traffic external to that platoon. However, the power control feature assigned high power, thus high coverage, to the platoon leader, only, that synchronizes the respective platoon. The followers transmit with low power, thus with small spatial footprint. This feature required a novel mechanism to acquire the interference delays from the followers and bring them, in a multihop fashion and in a single TDMA round, to the platoon leader, who then adjust the phase of the next TDMA frame to escape from the interference that generated those delays. This mechanism implicitly synchronizes multiple platoons in a dense packing increasing the efficiency in using the channel capacity.
In this chapter we also carried out simulations in realistic highway scenarios using the PLEXE-Veins-SUMO-OMNeT++ framework, which also served as a preliminary validation of RA-TDMAp. We compared this protocol against two other alternatives that are directly comparable, namely CSMA/CA from native IEEE 802.11p and PLEXE-slotted, which was proposed within PLEXE and works similarly to RA-TDMAp but without the capacity to shift the TDMA round. The results showed a clear benefit of using RA-TDMAp, with nearly one order of magnitude reduction in collisions rate, a factor of 4 to 5 reduction in channel occupation and a significant improvement in safe time ratio, a communications-related control metric.
A Scalable Communication Protocol for Vehicle Platooning
Chapter 4
Empirical Performance Models of MAC Protocols for Cooperative Platooning Applications
This chapter proposes empirical performance models for MAC protocols of different classes: the native CSMA/CA MAC of IEEE 802.11p and two overlay TDMA protocols (PLEXE-slotted [9] and RA-TDMAp [13]) that can be readily implemented on IEEE 802.11p as discussed in Chapter 3. The latter two protocols were designed for platoon-beaconing applications that explicitly synchronize beacons within each platoon. However, while PLEXE-slotted is agnostic to extra-platoon traffic, RA-TDMAp does an implicit synchronization among neighbouring platoons. We leveraged simulations to produce observations of relevant network performance metrics as we change selected parameters such as platoon size, number of occupied lanes and transmit power of the followers. We relate those observations to a contextual metric, namely the number of radio-frequency (RF) neighbours (defined further on). The observations are fitted with appropriate curves through regression: we showed that an exponential rule can be observed for the rate of collisions and busy time ratio.
The contributions of this chapter are summarized as follows:
- Motivation and verification that network performance follows consistent behaviours as meaningful wireless conditions change (e.g., the number of RF neighbours) for a variety of related MAC protocols;
- Empirical models of the relationship between network metrics and wireless conditions fitted to simulation observations of platooning scenarios;
- Verification that the models hold through a range of values of relevant parameters, namely average platoon sizes, number of occupied lanes and transmit power.
The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. We first motivate the design of the models in Section 4.2. We extract the models parameters in Section 4.3. Section 4.4 shows concluding remarks.
The work in this chapter was essentially reported in the following publications:
- [11] A. Aslam, P. M. Santos, F. Santos, and L. Almeida, “Empirical performance models of macprotocols for cooperative platooning applications,” Electronics, vol. 8, no. 11, p. 1334, 2019.
- [12] A. Aslam, L. Almeida, and F. Santos, “Impact of platoon size on the performance of tdma-based mac protocols,” in 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), pp. 1–2, IEEE, 2018
### 4.1 Overview of Analytical Models of Medium Usage
In this section we discuss a few analytical models of medium usage proposed in the related literature. The authors of [32] model analytically the probability of successful packet delivery ratio (PDR) in IEEE 802.11p scenarios as a function of the number of nodes and size of contention window. PDR is dependent on two phenomena: channel collisions and dropped packets (i.e., packets not transmitted during the CCH slot). As the number of nodes increases so do collisions, leading to a degradation of PDR. And while increasing the contention window should alleviate this problem, it is observed that it also leads to a drop in PDR since the nodes are not able to seize the CCH channel during its slot due to expiry time.
In [73], the authors propose analytical models of the CSMA/CA performance for periodic broadcasting in IEEE 802.11p scenarios. The authors also report PDR as a function of the number of nodes, for a scenario in which all nodes are in range of each other. The PDR decreases linearly until a tipping point, after which it degrades sharply. Collisions are the main responsible for packet losses up to the tipping point. For more nodes, the increasing probability of a packet being dropped (as nodes are unable to access the medium) is the main reason for the sharp decline in PDR.
The authors of [74] produce models of packet collision probability and average contention delay for a distributed coordination mechanism (CIDC) that uses deterministic backoff values, computed as a function of the contention intensity. Considerable reduction of collisions and delay are shown through the analytical framework and simulations.
While the works above develop analytical formulations of VANETs performance, we take the approach of exploring simulations to produce and fit models over empirical data. Most analytical formulations produce nominal performance bounds that are often not observed in practice, while empirical models can produce fitting models that are closer to reality. This is further stressed by our option to present the performance metrics as a function of the number of RF neighbours, a metric that we do not control directly, that is hard to model analytically, and that is practical, as it is a medium-state metric easily available to any IEEE 802.11p node.
4.2 Motivation and Methodology for Empirical Models of MAC Protocol Performance
We reported network performance in a highway platooning scenario (such as that of Figure 3.4) when only coordinated beaconing traffic exists, i.e., no other data or control flows exist apart from periodic beacons transmitted by platoons members. Periodic beaconing is a network functionality that is often explored to enable ITS applications, and it is provided by design by the two regional protocol stacks, with beacons being called cooperative awareness messages (CAM) in ETSI ITS-G5 [5] and basic safety messages (BSM) in WAVE [42]. Beacons are sent at fixed intervals in the range of 0.1s to 1s for cooperative applications. A number of works propose mechanisms to adapt the beaconing rate to the channel load, of which we highlight [44]; the authors of [47] and [45] apply the idea specifically to the platooning context, in which beacon transmissions of the platoons members can be coordinated.
We observed that relationships between network performance metrics and the number of vehicles in a platoon could be captured and described by empirical models. Such results motivated our interest in searching for a wider range of empirical relationships between network topology and performance metrics, to provide information to application designers. Our preliminary conclusions held for three MAC protocols: CSMA/CA (contention-based), and PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDMAp (overlay TDMA-based). Note that, among all protocols reviewed in Chapter 2, these are the only ones that are readily available or implementable on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) IEEE 802.11p network interfaces, without need for any hardware or device modifications. We review briefly the conclusions reported in [12] that sustain our approach of producing empirical models.
4.2.1 Network Metrics as a Function of a Scenario Parameter
In [12] we presented vehicular simulations to explore the behaviour of relevant network performance metrics, namely the rate of collisions and the ratio of medium accesses during which the medium was busy (after [66]), with the three aforementioned protocols, i.e., CSMA/CA, PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDMAp. The studied scenario encompassed 16 platoons travelling side-by-side in four parallel lanes at the same speed. This situation generates persistent interference among all vehicles, leading to a stationary process. The only parameter we varied was the platoon size, $N$, from 2 to 16 vehicles.
The respective results are shown in Figure 4.1, with 2nd order fitting curves superimposed over the measurement points. An initial observation is the effectiveness of RA-TDMAp to allow platoons to escape from the interference of each other adjusting the phase of their rounds. A second and more meaningful conclusion is that, despite the considerable differences in the operation of the three protocols, we observe a consistent relationship between the network performance metrics and a wireless network topological feature, namely the number of vehicles in the platoon.
This led us to hypothesize that relevant performance metrics (e.g., collisions rate and channel busy time ratio) may be related to a network topology parameter that represents a variety of physical and scenario parameters, such as the platoons sizes and physical layout, and the RF transmit power. Therefore, in this work we studied the number of RF neighbours in the vicinity of a particular vehicle as such network topology parameter. In fact, this number seems to depend directly on platoons size by means of the leader/follower ratio, but also on platoons physical arrangement either serialized in a single lane or side-by-side in multiple lanes, and also on the effective RF power received from each source, since higher power implies larger range. Moreover, the number of RF neighbours is easily measurable by each vehicle without need for specialized support from either network hardware or device–driver as it would be the case for measuring collisions rate or channel busy time ratio directly. The approach we propose opens the way to an online quantitative assessment of the channel quality in term of collisions rate and busy time ratio for the platooning application using COTS IEEE 802.11p network interfaces.
To evaluate this hypothesis, we proposed to model the performance metrics as a function of the number of RF neighbours in an empirical fashion (i.e., by carrying out extensive parameter-space exploration and extract fitting model parameters), and investigating if the relationship is kept as other parameters are varied.
(a) Collisions rate
(b) Channel busy time ratio
Figure 4.1: Network metrics vs. platoon size.
### 4.2.2 Relevant Metrics and Parameters and Simulation Setup
In the process of building a more comprehensive set of empirical models relating selected network and topological metrics, we collected three metrics, classified into two categories: network topology and network performance. The number of RF neighbours is the only network topology
metric and the one against which network performance metrics are characterized. The value is not under our direct control, thus being measured during the simulation. Our objective is to develop practical models that can be used by vehicles in real-world conditions:
- **Number of RF neighbours**: The number of different sources of the beacons correctly received by a vehicle per second.
The remaining metrics are related to network performance and are useful to characterize the network service to the application. They are directly provided by the used simulation framework (Veins [67]) and explored in Chapter 3:
- **Collisions rate**: The packets lost due to a collision between interfering transmissions per unit of time;
- **Busy time ratio**: The ratio of the times that the physical layer at each node observes the channel busy.
Both metrics are observed for each second $j$ and by each vehicle $i$ and referred to as $m_{ji}$ standing for either collisions or busy time ratio. Then, they are averaged over the entire simulated time and among all vehicles according to the following equation, resulting in one value per simulation scenario. Note that *GlobalMetric* stands for collisions rate or channel busy time ratio depending on the semantics of $m_{ij}$.
$$\text{GlobalMetric} = \frac{1}{\#cars} \sum_{i=1}^{\#cars} \left( \frac{1}{\#secs} \sum_{j=1}^{\#secs} m_{ji} \right)$$
We vary several scenario and communication parameters over a range of values, in order to simulate realistic scenario modifications that can lead to a change in the number of RF neighbours.
- **Platoon Size**: increasing this parameter change has several effects: (i) It increases the frequency of messages transmitted during a round (round duration $T_{\text{up}}$ remains constant, while slots $T_{\text{win}}$ decrease); (ii) it decreases the ratio of leaders to followers; and (iii) while the communication range is not filled with neighbours, it leads to an increase in the number of observable neighbours.
- **Platoon Size Homogeneity**: The size homogeneity concerns whether platoons have the same size (*homogeneous platoon sizes*), or variations between them around a known average (*heterogeneous platoon sizes*). In the first case, all platoons have the same integer number of nodes $N$. In the latter, we draw platoon sizes from a uniform distribution $\mathcal{U}(a,b)$, in which the mid-point is $N$; this strategy is expected to cause the average platoon size to be $N$, allowing for a fair comparison with the homogeneous-size counterpart scenario.
- **Number of Lanes with Traffic**: Increasing the number of lanes with traffic leads to an increase in the number of neighbours over a particular spatial layout. If a single lane is
considered, increasing the platoon size may not lead to an increase in the number of neighbours (if neighbours exist up to the communication range); allowing traffic in adjacent lanes, however, immediately introduces a large number of neighbours to individual nodes.
- **Transmit Power of Followers**: Changing the transmit power of followers causes the communication range of individual nodes to increase. Note that leaders transmit with high power, already reaching all nodes in the simulated area.
The observations reported in the following section were obtained from simulations using the PLEXE-Veins-SUMO-OMNeT++ framework already referred in Section 3.2. As in our work [12], briefly described in Section 4.2.1, we simulated a stretch of a 10 km of a highway with five lanes where 16 platoons travel without any other traffic. The speed of all the platoons is set to 100 km/h and the length of each car is 4 m long. The 16 platoons are re-arranged spatially according to the number of lanes under analysis (e.g., single line if a single lane is used; three or four platoons/lane if all five lanes are considered). All protocols operate a beacon interval $T_{\text{bup}}$ of 100 ms, an adequate value for a platooning application [75]. The MAC service data unit (MSDU) is always 200 bytes. We used the PHY and MAC models of IEEE 802.11p proposed in [70], using a bitrate of 6 Mbit/s that is suited for demanding safety related applications [71]. Furthermore, we used just the control channel (CCH), without the switching between this and the service channel (SCH), and all beacons use the same access category (AC_VI). We use a free-space path loss model with an $\alpha$ value of 2.0. We do not consider more complex path loss models, obstructions, or fading effects to avoid introducing artifacts caused by complex propagation phenomena in the network-level metrics (we expect to address this in future work).
Leaders transmit with power set to 100 mW (20 dBm). With the referred propagation model and equal omni-directional antennas, this power grants a communication range of approximately 1300 m. Each simulation experiment reproduces 30 s of real-world activity. Platoons start their periodic beaconing rounds with an independent and random delay between 10 ms and 1 s, drawn from a uniform distribution.
We varied the number of lanes between 1 and 5, using four lanes as default. The size of the platoons is varied from 2 to 10 cars in either heterogeneous or homogeneous way, with the default value of ten cars with heterogeneous platoon sizes. The followers transmit with power ranging from 0.1 mW ($-10$ dBm) to 5 mW (7 dBm) granting approximately 30 m to 254 m of communication range, respectively, under the referred propagation model and equal omni-directional antennas. The default transmit power value is 1 mW (0 dBm). Table 4.1 lists scenario parameters and Table 5.2 summarizes all communication-related parameters. In both tables, default values are underlined.
### 4.3 Empirical Models
This section presents and discusses the observations made from the simulation study and the respective fitted models.
Table 4.1: Scenario configurations.
| Parameter | Values |
|----------------------------------|-------------------------|
| (Avg.) Platoon size | 2 to 10 cars/platoon |
| Number of platoons | 16 |
| Number of lanes | 1,2,3,4,5 |
| Inter-vehicle gap | 5 m |
| Inter-platoon gap | $\approx$28 m |
| Controller | CACC |
| Car length | 4 m |
| Speed | 100 km/h |
### 4.3.1 Platoon Size and Homogeneity, and Coherence between Rounds of Platoons
We started by observing the relationship between the platoon size and homogeneity of platoon sizes on the number of RF neighbours (Figure 4.2). If platoon sizes are set to be heterogeneous (Figure 4.2a), we see a monotonically increasing relationship between the number of neighbours and platoon size.
For the homogeneous platoon size (Figure 4.2b), this relationship shows two different behaviours for the CSMA/CA and PLEXE-slotted: We register an increase in the number of neighbours as the platoon size increases until seven vehicles/platoon, while for larger platoons, the reported number of neighbours decreases.
(a) Heterogeneous platoon size
(b) Homogeneous platoon size
Figure 4.2: Number of radio-frequency (RF) neighbours vs. platoon size (default Tx power and used lanes).
We attribute this effect to the relationship between the slot duration $T_{\text{win}}$ between nearby
Table 4.2: PHY and MAC parameters.
| Parameter | Values |
|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| PHY/MAC model | IEEE 802.11p/1609.4 (CCH only) |
| Path loss model | Free space ($\alpha = 2.0$) |
| Channel | 5.89 GHz |
| Bitrate | 6 Mbit/s |
| MSDU size | 200 B |
| Access category | AC_VI |
| Leader’s Tx power | 20 dBm |
| Follower’s Tx power | $[-10, -6.9, -3, 0, 3, 4.7, 6, 7]$ dBm |
platoons. In a scenario where all platoons have the same size, thus slot duration is equal (so as the frequency of transmission by platoon elements), despite the random transmission delays assigned to each vehicle at the start of the simulations, some overlap of transmissions of different platoons may occur. As CSMA/CA and PLEXE-slotted are not able to adjust the phases of TDMA rounds, this overlap persists and is not resolved except partially by the CSMA/CA backoff mechanism. Thus we fall into a critical instant, or a period during which there is a susceptibility for many platoon pairs to experience small or null phase differences among their rounds simultaneously. We refer to this state of generalized coherence (small or even null phase differences) as high coherence conditions. Critical instants (and high coherence) are typically transient and eventually wear out with differences in the clocks of the platoons/vehicles; however, in this particular case, they become persistent.
Accordingly, we identify the existence of two system conditions in Figure 4.2b with respect to the platoon size: one of high coherence (platoon sizes larger than 7) and a second one without high coherence (platoon sizes up to 7). If the neighbouring platoons have different sizes, as in the case of heterogeneous platoon sizes (Figure 4.2a), slot duration is also different, thus high coherence will not occur and the likelihood of overlapping periodic transmissions decreases. RATDMAp, in turn, is capable of handling both scenarios equally well, not exhibiting the effects of high round coherence, given its capacity to slide the relative phases of the platoons transmissions to avoid/reduce mutual interference. In this case, the homogeneous scenario is even more favourable (i.e., reaches more neighbours for the same number of vehicles/platoon), since the phase adjustment is more effective when all slot have similar width.
These results show that the number of RF neighbours, in the absence of high coherence conditions, also reveals the impact of both platoon size and its homogeneity.
### 4.3.2 Network Metrics In and Out of High Coherence
In a scenario of heterogeneous platoon sizes, the network metrics follow the behaviour discussed earlier: despite more nodes being present in the system, platoon communications are not experiencing high coherence and the number of collisions and busy time ratio increase monotonically,
as a result of more RF neighbours. The rate of collisions is shown in Figure 4.3a and busy time ratio in Figure 4.3b.
To model the rate of collisions, we propose an exponential model of the form \( y = \alpha \cdot e^{\beta x} \), where we force the y-intersect value to be 0. For busy time ratio, we found that a log-linear model \( y = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \ln(x) \) provides an appropriate fit. The corresponding parameter values are shown in Table 4.3, for all models. The mean square error (MSE) is used as the fitting quality evaluation metric. In most cases, alternative fitting curves were tested; we selected the ones providing inferior MSE.
The homogeneous platoon size case is more complex since both CSMA/CA and PLEXE-slotted exhibit high coherence in their rounds, as discussed previously. For larger platoons, the reported number of neighbours decreases but the number of collisions increases substantially. This is shown in Figure 4.4a; e.g., refer to the CSMA/CA points in the range \( x = [59, 65] \) and \( y = [100, 140] \) (highlighted in the square in the plot), that correspond to platoon sizes 8 to 10. In the busy time ratio (Figure 4.4b), similar results are observable although at a relatively inferior scale. The pre-existing effects of increasing platoon size (higher frequency of hidden nodes, higher frequency of simultaneous transmissions) are aggravated by the high coherence between platoon rounds and degrade the channel performance, causing collisions to increase drastically while the number of neighbours decreases.
This conclusion has an important consequence. In real-world conditions, the number of RF neighbours is easier to learn than the size of the platoons in our vicinity. However, as we observe that the number of neighbours above 60 is not monotonically increasing with respect to the platoon size, we cannot learn in that case whether the medium is in high coherence among rounds or
not. RA-TDMAp is able to avoid the high coherence region by actually promoting decoherence (through its adaptive adjustment of round duration) for short periods until a steady state of coherent co-existence is achieved.
 
(a) Collisions rate (b) Busy time ratio
Figure 4.4: Network metrics for RF neighbours varying homogeneous platoon size.
### 4.3.3 Number of Lanes and Transmit Power of Followers
We observed that increasing the number of lanes used by the platoons side-by-side and the transmit power of followers increases monotonically the number of neighbours, as shown in Figures 4.5a and b, respectively. In the case of the increasing number of lanes, the different spatial arrangement of the platoons as more lanes are introduced leads to more nodes effectively entering the range of each individual node.
A similar effect, even more pronounced, happens when increasing the transmit power of the followers. Higher transmit power means larger communication range and thus more neighbours are observed. Consequently, there are less hidden nodes and the CSMA/CA becomes more effective in avoiding collisions. This occurs among all kinds of nodes, both followers and leaders. Therefore, the number of neighbours is also representative of the platoons layout in lanes as well as the power the followers use to transmit.
The results for the number of collisions as a function of the number of neighbours, when varying the number of lanes, are shown in Figure 4.6a. Figure 4.7a shows the same relationship but when varying the followers transmit power. We consider the observed points to follow a bell shaped curve that we chose to describe analytically using the Gaussian function as follows.
\[ y = \alpha \cdot e^{\left(\frac{-x}{2\sigma^2}\right)} \]
We observed that below the maximum value the communication range is small, so as the number of observed neighbours and thus collisions. Above that value, nodes start progressively listening to more nodes, making the underlying carrier sense MAC mechanism more effective, particularly reducing the occurrence of hidden nodes. Thus, collisions also decrease as, in this case, they result mainly from the occurrence of two (or more nodes) trying to access the medium simultaneously (i.e., their backoff counter hits zero).
The busy time ratio still presents a log-linear relationship with the number of RF neighbors for both cases, as depicted in Figures 4.6b and 4.7b.
### 4.3.4 Discussion
The results shown in the previous sections show that, as the selected parameters are changed, different but consistent behaviours of the target metrics may occur. The main takeaways are:
- **Homogeneous platoon sizes can lead to degradation:** Situations of similar slot duration and small phase differences between rounds of disparate platoons for protocols without round adaptation can lead to a high collision rate and decrease of the known neighbourhood.
- **Sets of large platoons experience more collisions:** Increasing the platoon size in a convoy of platoons increases the number of messages in each round, and thus leads to more collisions and higher busy time ratio.
High power can contribute to collision reduction: Increasing the transmit power of followers increases spatial coverage, thus causing more neighbours to become known and more collisions up to a tipping point, after which we observed a reduction in the rate of collisions due to the inferior occurrences of uncoordinated medium accesses. This effect was also verified with the leader messages when varying the followers transmit power.
Table 4.3: Description of fitted models.
| Parameter | Protocol | Collisions Metric | Busy Time Ratio Metric |
|-----------------|-------------------|-------------------|------------------------|
| | | Exponential Model | Log Linear Model |
| | | $\alpha$ | $\beta$ | MSE | $\beta_0$ | $\beta_1$ | MSE |
| Heterogeneous | RA-TDMAp | 0.138 | 0.082 | 7.043 | $-0.520$ | 0.168 | $2.106 \times 10^{-5}$ |
| Platoon size | PLEXE-slotted | 0.023 | 0.120 | 17.792 | $-1.112$ | 0.363 | $5.223 \times 10^{-5}$ |
| | CSMA/CA | 0.816 | 0.074 | 84.502 | $-1.179$ | 0.379 | $7.765 \times 10^{-5}$ |
| Lanes | | Gaussian Function Model | Log Linear Model |
| | | $\alpha$ | $\beta$ | $\gamma$ | MSE | $\beta_0$ | $\beta_1$ | MSE |
| | RA-TDMAp | $4.806 \times 10^3$ | 73.502 | 32.26 | 1.688 | $-0.391$ | 0.139 | $2.916 \times 10^{-5}$ |
| | PLEXE-slotted | $1.126 \times 10^4$ | 76.66 | 33.74 | 17.195 | $-0.758$ | 0.283 | $1.540 \times 10^{-4}$ |
| | CSMA/CA | $1.331 \times 10^4$ | 79.57 | 34.11 | 37.398 | $-0.726$ | 0.275 | $1.196 \times 10^{-4}$ |
| Tx Power | | Gaussian Function Model | Log Linear Model |
| | | $\alpha$ | $\beta$ | $\gamma$ | MSE | $\beta_0$ | $\beta_1$ | MSE |
| | RA-TDMAp | $5.300 \times 10^3$ | 80.66 | 35.0 | 4.421 | $-0.562$ | 0.180 | $1.580 \times 10^{-5}$ |
| | PLEXE-slotted | $1.530 \times 10^4$ | 85.51 | 44.85 | 51.175 | $-0.945$ | 0.330 | $1.385 \times 10^{-4}$ |
| | CSMA/CA | $1.523 \times 10^4$ | 84.17 | 41.84 | 96.195 | $-0.934$ | 0.326 | $2.714 \times 10^{-5}$ |
- **More lanes introduce new neighbours only up to a point:** Rearranging the platoons over more parallel lanes brings an immediate increase in the number of neighbours by spatially deploying new platoons side-by-side to existing ones. Our results reveal that this effect wears out as the number of lanes increases.
- **Protocol performance:** In all the experimented scenarios, RA-TDMAp consistently showed a smoother behaviour and no susceptibility to conditions of high coherence, leading to better fitting, with significantly lower MSE than the other protocols. Between CSMA/CA and PLEXE-slotted, the latter had, generally, lower MSE thus better fittings. The exception is the variation of the transmit power, in which case, the fitting for CSMA/CA was better (Table 4.3).
In order to explore the existence of a universal model of the rate of collisions and busy time ratio with respect to the number of RF neighbours, we consolidated the data from all scenarios in Figures 4.8a and b, respectively. In the first case, we observe that the data points relating to varying number of lanes and varying transmit power do present an alignment along a bell-shaped curve. This alignment indicates that both factors influence the number of RF neighbours and the rate of collisions in the same way, and may indicate a universal relationship between the average rate of collisions and the number of RF neighbours. For this reason, we aggregated the data sets relating to a varying number of lanes and transmit power, and fitted a single curve to produce a common and generic model (bell-shaped curves in Figure 4.8a).
The platoon size presents a different effect than that of the number of lanes and transmit power: The rate at which the number of RF neighbours increases is inferior, and yet collisions also grow as there are considerably more packets in the air (due to the smaller slot duration). Being different
phenomena, the collisions rate curve due to increasing platoon sizes does not fit the trend that occurs when increasing number of lanes and transmit power.
The busy time ratio shows a very clear logarithmic and almost linear relationship with the number of RF neighbours. Again, the points concerning the platoon size scenario deviate from those of the number of lanes and transmit power scenarios, as different phenomena are involved. However, the deviation is, in this case, small, supporting a universal model to estimate the busy time ratio as a function of the number of RF neighbours, only.
**Figure 4.8:** Consolidating the metrics of all scenarios.
Therefore, in an attempt to put together the effects of both the number of lanes / transmit power with the platoon size, we tried whether we could parameterize the bell-shaped curves of the former with the platoon size as an offset (e.g., $C(N) = C + g(N)$). For this purpose, we carried out an extensive simulation campaign to cover the space of varying both the followers transmission power and the platoon size, doing all combinations of the following ranges (the number of lanes was kept equal to four):
- **Platoon Size**: We considered heterogeneous platoon sizes, drawing the specific size of each platoon from a uniform distribution $\mathcal{U}(a,b)$ in which the mid-point is $N$. We simulated the scenarios varying the mid-point ($N$) value from 10 to 5.
- **Followers Transmission Power**: We considered varying the transmission power of followers from 0.1mW to 5mW as in the previous experiments.
The results are shown in Figure 4.9a and Figure 4.9b for rate of collisions and busy time ratio, respectively, both as a function of the number of RF neighbors. Figure 4.9a shows sets of bell-shaped curves for the three protocols for each value of $N$, as expected. These curves are consistent
with the exponential curves achieved when varying the platoon size (heterogeneous platoon size) for fixed number of lanes and followers transmission power (Figures 4.3a and 4.8a). Thus, we observed that the average rate of collisions can be modeled with a family of Gaussian curves parameterized with platoon size.
Figure 4.9b shows the corresponding curves for busy time ratio as a function of the number of RF neighbours. All curves show a similar logarithmic and almost linear behavior even when varying the platoon size. Some differences become noticeable for a number of RF neighbors larger than 60. Thus, below that number the channel busy time ratio can be represented by a unique model for the three protocols and the conditions tested. For larger number of neighbors the model needs to be parameterized with the platoon size, too.
### 4.4 Summary
In this chapter, we presented empirical models that relate the number of RF neighbours that a platoon member observes, in a highway platoon-only scenario, with relevant network performance metrics.
We show that, as we change scenario and communication parameters, there are underlying and recurrent relationships between the number of RF neighbours and both the average rate of collisions and the busy time ratio, across the studied three MAC protocols. Concerning the rate of collisions, the relationship with the number of RF neighbors takes the form of an exponential curve if we increase platoon size, and a bell-shaped curve if we change the number of occupied lanes and followers transmission power. Concerning the busy time ratio, we observed a logarithmic-linear
relationship with the number of RF neighbors in all cases. The referred network metrics models, namely for rate of collisions and busy time ratio, as a function of the number of RF neighbours can be used to support the design and operation of applications in highway platoon-only scenarios.
We also found that the models are generally applicable to RA-TDMAp in all cases. However, we realized that CSMA/CA and PLEXE-slotted deviate from the behavior in the models when operating in conditions of high coherency, i.e., when neighboring platoons have a similar TDMA frame structure (e.g., same size) and with small or null phase difference. In these cases, their performance profoundly degrades in both metrics. Moreover, we also confirmed in all simulated configurations that RA-TDMAp performs better in all metrics than either CSMA/CA and PLEXE-slotted, which perform similar to each other.
Chapter 5
Dynamic reconfiguration in RA-TDMAp
The most widely studied platoon configuration in transportation is the column, also known as road train [76]. This configuration considers longitudinal operations of the platoon, only, with vehicles following exactly the dynamics of the platoon leader generally using some kind of cruise control, either adaptive (ACC) or cooperative and adaptive (CACC) [77][78]. Specifically, the latter relies on inter-vehicle communications and must consider inherent communication delays and losses [47]. The platoon control may also benefit from specific structuring of the communications [79] that improves the channel quality. Further channel improvements can be achieved enforcing a TDMA scheme to reduce collisions in the access to the communication medium [51][13], as we saw in the previous chapters.
Beyond the essential function of car-following, there are a number of practical aspects related to the management of platoons that must be handled adequately, such as vehicles joining and leaving, as well as platoons splitting and merging, or even change of platoon leader. These maneuvers have been addressed at the control application level [76]. However, when using structured communications, such as platoon-oriented TDMA frameworks, the reconfiguration of both platoon control and TDMA frame must be synchronized. Curiously, few works, only, have addressed this problem in the past, e.g. [51].
In this chapter, we propose a dynamic TDMA frame reconfiguration mechanism for RA-TDMAp that tracks the current platoon configuration. RA-TDMAp is a distributed TDMA overlay protocol on top of IEEE 802.11p. It combines the benefits of both TDMA and CSMA/CA paradigms, namely collision reductions with efficient bandwidth use. This efficiency results from the adaptive feature of the protocol, explained in Chapter 3, that allows the co-existence of TDMA frames of neighboring platoons with minimum separation. We discuss the dynamic reconfiguration feature of RA-TDMAp in the context of platoon formation and splitting maneuvers and we show its state machine together with validating simulations on the PLEXE-Veins-SUMO-OMNeT++ framework.
This chapter is organized as follows. In Section 5.1 we present related work focused on platoon formation techniques. Section 5.2 presents the proposed TDMA reconfiguration approach while Section 5.3 presents the validation of the proposed approach through simulations in different highway scenarios. Finally, Section 5.4 summarises the chapter.
The work in this chapter was essentially reported in the following publication:
- [10] A. Aslam, F. Santos, and L. Almeida, “Reconfiguring TDMA Communications for Dynamic Formation of Vehicle Platoons,” IEEE Int. Conf. on Emerging Technologies for Factory Automation, Vienna, Austria, September 2020.
### 5.1 Communications and Platoon Formation
Platoon formation, i.e., building up the physical platoon configuration, has been extensively addressed in the literature, but mostly from the control application perspective. Here we briefly revisit some representative works that consider the platoon communications jointly with the platoon control during platoon formation.
In this topic, the work in [66] deserves a particular reference since it proposed an integrated simulator, PLEXE, for studying joint control and communication strategies for longitudinal platoon operations, which had a significant impact in the research community. It also proposed the PLEXE-slotted protocol that was extensively studied and used for comparison against RA-TDMAp (and CSMA/CA) in the previous two chapters. Moreover, concerning platoon formation, the work addressed the join maneuver, only, and from a control application perspective, not clarifying the dynamic reconfiguration of the communications in PLEXE-slotted.
In [80], the authors proposed a high-level platoon management protocol that supported three basic maneuvers, namely platoon merge, split and lane change. This protocol uses CACC as control strategy and defines several specific IEEE 802.11p messages to negotiate the platoon reconfiguration. However, no specific reconfiguration of the communications used in CACC operation is done. Similarly, the work in [81] proposed a protocol specifically for platoon merging in highways, when two platoons that run side by side have to merge due to road works on one of the lanes. The authors introduced new messages to support the merging negotiation and maneuvering scenarios, but without reconfiguring the messages used for platoon control.
The work in [51] proposes a TDMA-based communication protocol, VeSOMAC, that supports platooning and self-reconfigures the TDMA frame to track dynamically the current platoon topology. This protocol was already described in Chapter 2, being based on in-band signaling using the vehicles beacons to carry information about allocated slots. Thus, it allows fast slot reconfiguration upon topology changes such as when a vehicle joins the platoon. Despite considering control applications as a motivation for the reconfigurable TDMA approach, the work does not clearly synchronize the platoon controller activity with the communication protocol states and focuses on the communications aspect.
5.2 Dynamic Reconfiguration of RA-TDMAp
RA-TDMAp was proposed in Chapter 3, but omitting the frame reconfiguration mechanism, which we address now. Previous RA-TDMA protocols [8][82] addressed cases of teams of autonomous robots and had their own dynamic reconfiguration mechanisms to cope with run time joining and leaving of robots. However, the specific power control used in RA-TDMAp and the position constraints imposed by the platoon maneuvers and operation make the reconfiguration mechanism of the previous protocols non-applicable to the current case.
Therefore, in this section we propose a specific reconfiguration mechanism for RA-TDMAp that is suitable for operation in realistic highway scenarios and to support the platoon maneuvers that are expected therein. As referred before, our proposal enforces the synchronization between the platoon control and the platoon TDMA frame so that topological changes in the platoon are reflected in both domains, simultaneously. This is achieved with a single state machine that runs in all vehicles, without global information across platoons.
5.2.1 System Model for Reconfiguration
In this work we consider a set of vehicles that move in a highway scenario and which are engaged in a platooning application, exploiting opportunities to build up platoons. Each vehicle has a unique vehicle identifier and each platoon is composed by a leader and $n - 1$ followers, where $n$ is the current number of platoon members. Note that $1 \leq n \leq N$, where $N$ is a limit to the platoon size that is specific to each platoon and may be determined by multiple criteria such as control algorithm, communication range and weather or road conditions. Platoons have a unique platoon identifier, too, which can be derived from the respective leader vehicle identifier. When a vehicle activates the platooning application, it immediately starts as leader without followers ($n = 1$).
Since the leader gathers information from the whole platoon every TDMA round, it is in a privileged position to enforce consistency in the platoon. For this purpose, the leader announces in its beacon the current TDMA frame structure, namely the current number of slots, which equals the number of platoon members, and a vector with the current platoon formation. This is used by all followers to determine their slot and compute the respective offset.
Finally, the proper operation of RA-TDMAp, as common in ITS protocols, requires the vehicles to know their positions. Thus, we assume that all vehicles are equipped with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) such as GPS.
The structure of RA-TDMAp regular beacons (Type-0) of both leader and followers is shown in Table 5.1.
| Regular | Type-0 | Platoon | Source | Speed | Position | LaneID | Numberofslots | PlatoonFormation[] | DelayList[] |
|---------|--------|---------|--------|-------|----------|--------|---------------|-------------------|-------------|
| Request | Type-1 | PlatoonID | SourceID | Position | LaneID | Speed | TargatedPlatoonID |
| | Type-2 | PlatoonID | SourceID | LeaveInform |
| Response| Type-3 | PlatoonID | SourceID | Distance | Lane | Capacity |
| | Type-4 | PlatoonID | SourceID | Ack |
5.2.2 RA-TDMAp Reconfiguration Mechanism
As a specific goal for our work we consider the following concrete platoon maneuvers that we wish to support:
1. **Joining**: Independent vehicles traveling in a highway find one or more platoons ahead of them, select one and request joining;
2. **Merging**: A platoon finds another platoon ahead of it, in the same lane, and issues a merging request;
3. **Follower leaving**: A follower vehicle in the platoon announces it wishes to leave;
4. **Leader leaving**: The platoon leader announces its intention to leave;
The first two maneuvers involve different entities, either independent vehicles or platoons, that will merge in a single platoon. The last two maneuvers start from a single platoon in which one of its vehicles wishes to leave. We consider that multiple vehicles can leave a platoon, but one at a time, only. Direct splitting of one platoon into several with more than one vehicle is not currently supported. For simplicity of terminology, we refer to leaving announcements as requests.
Each maneuver is coordinated by a structured exchange of specific IEEE 802.11p CAM messages (beacons), piggybacked with necessary information. The regular RA-TDMAp beacons are used for certain implicit confirmation actions, too. The additional beacons are transmitted periodically, with the same $T_{tup}$ period, but during a short interval of time, until proper acknowledgement is received. These beacons are transmitted asynchronously with respect to the RA-TDMAp frame and handled by the CSMA/CA medium access mechanism of IEEE 802.11p. They are classified in two groups, namely request and response. All the beacons implied in the RA-TDMAp dynamic reconfiguration are displayed in Table 5.1. We use request/response beacons for convenience of implementation and not to tamper the RA-TDMAp regular beacons. Alternatively, we could use just the RA-TDMAp beacons with changing types, but this would require frequent changes of the beacon semantics and structure, which we opted to avoid.
During steady operation, all vehicles engaged in platooning are in one of two states, *Leader* or *Follower*. During reconfiguration, some of the involved vehicles have to temporarily move to transient maneuvering states. In order to support the maneuvers specified before, we use three extra states, two related to the process of joining or merging, and the third one related to the process of leader leaving, which requires designating a new leader. All the states are listed here:
- **Leader**: Platoon head, or single vehicle looking for platooning opportunities (high power beacons);
- **Follower**: All the trailing vehicles in a platoon after the platoon head (low power beacons);
- **Decide platoon**: A leader (single vehicle or platoon) that detects one of more platoons ahead of it that it can join, deciding which to join and moving to a *joining position* (high power beacons);
• **Waiting for response**: A joining leader that issued a join request to a specific platoon, and is in the joining position waiting for the respective response (high power beacons);
• **Leader election**: First follower of a leader that issued a leave request (low power beacons).
While in the *Leader* state, a vehicle has to carry out three main functions. It has to execute the TDMA frame phase adjustment, announce the current platoon presence and composition, and handle any joining requests that may appear. However, when a leader enters a joining process and moves to the maneuvering states, it still does the phase adjustment and platoon announcement, but blocks joining requests. This avoids potentially inconsistent states of a leader simultaneously asking to join a platoon while receiving joining vehicles itself. From the maneuvering states, a leader will eventually become a follower or return to its original *Leader* state.
On the other hand, the *Leader election* state is a transient state in which the first follower acknowledges that it is ready to take over, so that the leaving leader can exit the platoon.
While in the *Follower* state, the vehicles execute an adequate vehicle-following controller such as CACC. Note that followers do not seek other platoons. They remain in the same platoon until explicitly signaling intention to leave or disengaging the platooning application.
The state machine that governs the reconfiguration process using the states referred above is shown in Figure 5.1. This state machine is the same for all vehicles engaged in a platooning application with RA-TDMAP. Note that, initially, when the platooning application is turned on in any vehicle, it immediately starts as a leader. By detecting neighboring leaders in adequate relative positions, the vehicles use the joining maneuver and start building up platoons. In the remainder of this section we go through each maneuver scenario to observe how the state machine operates.
Figure 5.1: RA-TDMAP reconfiguration state machine
The pseudo-code of RA-TDMAP, which was initially shown in Algorithm 1, has now to be updated to include the reconfiguration mechanism, particularly when receiving a join request beacon.
The needed updates are represented in Algorithm 2. Lines 1-4 correspond to the reception of any beacons. When it is the leader receiving the beacon, depending on the outcome of the admission control, it will update the platoon formation vector and the number of slots in the current frame. Then, lines 5-11 correspond to the reception of regular beacons from the leader by the followers. In this case, the followers that receive the beacon update their view of the platoon formation prior to recomputing their offset for that round.
Algorithm 2 Updated RA-TDMAp pseudo-code to include reconfiguration (updates Algorithm 1)
1: **OnBeacon**(beacon):
2: **if** NodeId == Leader **then**
3: PlatoonFormation([platoonmembers]);
4: NumberOfSlots ← platoonSize
5: **OnLeaderBeacon**(beacon):
6: unschedule(SendBeacon);
7: getPlatoonFormation;
8: getNumberOfSlots;
9: platoonSize ← NumberOfSlots;
10: offset ← BeaconInterval ÷ platoonSize;
11: scheduleAt(SendBeacon, myPosition · offset);
184.108.40.206 Joining
The joining maneuver is illustrated in Figure 5.2. In this scenario we have a platoon travelling in the highway and, for now, let us assume there is one independent vehicle approaching the platoon from the tail. Both independent vehicle and platoon leader are in the *Leader* state and transmitting *Type-0* beacons with high power, asynchronously to each other. When the vehicle starts receiving the platoon beacons, it checks whether the platoon is in a compatible position, e.g., sufficiently ahead and traveling in the same direction, and in that case moves to the *Decide platoon* state. In this state the vehicle checks whether there are other potential platoons it can join in different lanes, decides for one based on convenient criteria, e.g., direction, lane, distance, speed, and moves to a joining position, which is at a certain distance $d$ behind the chosen platoon tail in the same lane.
Once the joining vehicle gets to that position, it moves to the *Wait for response* state and starts emitting *Type-1* join request beacons indicating the ID of the platoon to join. These beacons are transmitted with high power to guarantee reaching the leader. The chosen platoon leader receives these beacons and triggers an admission control checking three parameters: (i) if the joiner is in the same lane of the platoon; (ii) if the current number of platoon members $n$ plus the joiner does not override its limit $N$; and (iii) if the joiner is within a certain range around distance $d$ from the platoon tail. If these conditions are met, the platoon leader integrates the joiner incrementing $n$ and adding its ID to the platoon formation vector, and starts sending *Type-3* response beacons. Upon receiving these beacons, the joiner moves to *Follower* state and engages the platoon vehicle-following controller. Once the leader verifies that the joiner is integrated among its followers, it stops the response beacons and concludes the admission process.
If multiple independent vehicles that do not engage in joining among themselves detect the same platoon they may all start concurrent joining processes. However, they remain in the *Wait for response* state (or in the *Decide platoon* state until reaching the joining position) while the platoon handles the join requests in sequence, one at a time. If the independent joiners engage in a joining process among themselves, then they will first conclude the creation of a new platoon before attempting a merge with the other platoon. Remember that a leader is either handling joining processes or issuing joining requests, but not both at the same time. The behaviour of the joining maneuver is described in the sequence diagram in Figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3: Sequence diagram of joining scenario with independent vehicles reaching up to a platoon and requesting to join
220.127.116.11 Merging
In this scenario, currently limited to concatenation, one platoon with $n > 1$ (the rear platoon) is traveling in the highway and joins another platoon ahead of it (the front platoon). The leader of the rear platoon follows through the maneuvering states. In the Decide platoon state it decides whether to try joining the front platoon. Due to control complexity, currently we do not consider merging of platoons in different lanes. In that case, the rear leader returns to the Leader state marking the front platoon as non-suitable for joining for a certain time, after which it may try again. If the front platoon is traveling in opposite direction it is obviously marked as non-suitable, too. If the front platoon is in the same lane, necessarily traveling in the same direction, the rear platoon leader may request merging. In this case, it moves, dragging its followers, to a joining position at distance $d$ behind the tail of the front platoon. Once there, it moves to the Wait for response state and starts emitting the Type-1 request beacon, which triggers a request for joining in the leader of the front platoon.
![Diagram showing two platoons merging]
**Figure 5.4:** Merging of two platoons
Comparing to the previous case, the request beacon now indicates that the joining vehicle is a platoon leader with $n_{rear} - 1$ followers. The request also triggers the admission control in the front leader, which now considers all the $n_{rear}$ vehicles of the rear platoon. If all can be accommodated in the front platoon, the front leader starts emitting Type-3 response beacons with a positive response and changes its Type-0 regular beacon with the updated information of the merged platoon (number of vehicles $n_{front} + n_{rear}$ and platoon formation). When the Type-3 response beacons are received by the rear platoon vehicles they all move to the TDMA frame of the enlarged front platoon. The rear leader, stops emitting the request beacon, changes its state to Follower and switches on the platoon vehicle-following controller that will close the gap to the front platoon.
If the admission control in the front leader fails, the Type-3 response beacons will indicate this condition. The rear leader also stops emitting Type-1 requests and returns to the Leader state (through the Decide platoon state). Its TDMA frame will remain unchanged and its followers will remain with it. The behaviour of the merging maneuver is described in the sequence diagram in Figure 5.5.
18.104.22.168 Follower leaving
Followers remain in this state until they disengage the platooning application or issue an explicit request to leave. In the former case, by disengaging platooning a vehicle will no longer participate in any platoon and stops executing the RA-TDMAp state machine and sending the respective beacons. The leader will detect the omissions of that follower and after a pre-defined number of consecutive TDMA rounds with omissions, the leader reconfigures the platoon and the TDMA frame, excluding the vehicle.
Alternatively, a follower willing to leave may start emitting *Type-2* requests that cause the leader to reconfigure the platoon and TDMA frame to remove the requesting follower. When this follower detects it is no longer in the platoon formation announced by the leader in its regular *Type-0* beacons, it considers itself out of the platoon, stops emitting request beacons and moves to the *Leader* state.
In both cases, the leaving vehicle may stay amidst the platoon for some time, until it physically leaves, e.g., by taking an out ramp (Figure 5.6). This does not compromise the platoon operation. While in the middle of the platoon, the platooning controllers, e.g., CACC, will keep a safe distance to that vehicle. As soon as the vehicle leaves its position, the platooning controller in the following followers will make them close the gap to the previous followers in the platoon. The behaviour of the follower leaving is described by means of a general sequence diagram in Figure 5.7.
22.214.171.124 Leader leaving
In this case, the first follower is promoted to leader, taking over the role of synchronizing the platoon, rearranging the TDMA frame and platoon formation accordingly. If the leader simply disengages the platooning application, its absence will be detected by omission after some time (pre-defined number of consecutive omissions). This will be a period without synchronization and TDMA frame adaptation. During this time the first follower keeps its speed constant to avoid following an absent or unreliable leader. The leader may also request leaving by emitting Type-2 requests. These will be detected by the first follower that moves to the Leader election state. Once in this state, it emits Type-4 response beacons until the leader leaves. This is signalled by the leaving leader stopping emitting the request beacons and changing its platoon ID to a different value and its formation to itself alone. In the original platoon, the first follower then moves to the Leader state, reconfigures the TDMA frame and platoon formation and resumes regular platoon operation. The new platoon with the leaving leader does not accept join requests until it is sufficiently away from the original one. The behaviour of the leader leaving is described in the sequence diagram in Figure 5.9.
5.3 Validation
In this section we show a validation of the proposed RA-TDMAp dynamic reconfiguration mechanism in the maneuvering scenarios that were referred before. We will use simulation for our validation purposes, relying on the Plexe/Veins/OMNeT++ framework [66][67]. We first present the simulation setup and then simulation results that confirm the proper operation of the proposed mechanism.
5.3.1 Simulation Setup
Plexe is the current state-of-the-art system level platooning simulator, incorporating mobility tightly-coupled with automatic control and communications. It allows defining platooning applications on highway scenarios, including the full stack of IEEE 802.11p/IEEE 1609.4 network standards and analyzing network metrics such as collisions and packet delivery ratio. We use these
features to validate the proposed reconfigurable mechanism of RA-TDMAp in a straight four-lanes highway scenario.
126.96.36.199 Communication model
We use the PHY and MAC models of IEEE 802.11p proposed in [70], with a bitrate of 6 Mbit/s, which is suited for demanding safety related applications [71]. The leader transmission power is set to 100 mW (high power) and the followers to 1 mW (low power). We employed the common free-space propagation model with $\alpha = 2.0$. Furthermore, we used the Control Channel (CCH), only, without the Service Channel (SCH), and all beacons used the same Access Category (AC_VI). Table 5.2 summarizes all communication related parameters.
5.3.2 Validating the reconfiguration mechanism
To validate the reconfiguration mechanism we carried out simulations recreating the previous maneuvering scenarios. Each simulation trace is 100s long and we logged all the transmissions in that interval. Target speeds are set to 100km/h and RA-TDMAp round periods are set to 100ms with a small random variation. The platooning application uses CACC with a target distance between vehicles of 5m and the joining position $d$ is 17m behind the platoon tail.
188.8.131.52 Joining
To validate the joining maneuver we consider one independent vehicle (ID=4) and one platoon with four vehicles (ID=0 -leader; IDs=1,2,3 -followers). Figure 5.10 shows the TDMA frame reconfiguration process in time for $0 \leq t \leq 70$s (the remaining part of the trace has no relevant information). The top plot shows the offsets of the vehicles transmissions relative to the transmission of the leader (offset 0) in each TDMA round. A vertical cut would show the actual offsets in a particular TDMA frame. The top line is the offset of the next leader transmission relative
Table 5.2: PHY and MAC parameters
| Parameter | Values |
|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|
| PHY/MAC model | IEEE 802.11p/1609.4, CCH only |
| Path loss model | Free space ($\alpha = 2.0$) |
| Channel | 5.89 GHz |
| Bitrate | 6 Mbit/s |
| MSDU size | 200B |
| Access category | AC_VI |
| Leader Tx power | 100mW |
| Followers Tx power | 1mW |
to the previous one, i.e., the actual TDMA round period. Thus, from top to bottom we have the offsets of vehicles 0 through 3. These offsets are constant due to the synchronization enforced by RA-TDMAP and the absence of interference. The lower plot in the figure shows the inter-vehicle distances. The upper line is the distance between the joining vehicle and the platoon tail and the lower line is the distance between the other vehicles (overlapped), which is constant at 5m as enforced by the CACC.
The joining vehicle was inserted in the simulation at $t = 5s$ at a distance of 100m to the platoon tail and traveling at the same speed, with the platooning application switched off. At $t = 15s$ it engages the platooning application and enters the *Leader* state, becoming an independent leader, and starts transmitting its own beacon (black line). Since they are not synchronized and its effective $T_{dup}$ is slightly shorter than that of the platoon, its offsets (phases) relative to the platoon leader keep changing linearly, thus the diagonal traces.
Soon after starting the platooning application it detects the beacons of the platoon leader and moves to *Decide platoon* state. Since this is the only platoon in range and it is sufficiently ahead of it (more than distance $d$), it chooses to try joining this platoon and moves to the joining position (17m behind the tail). It reaches this position at $t = 49s$, moving to the *Wait for response* state and sending the join request beacon (Type-1). The platoon leader receives the request, runs the admission control and sends the joiner a response beacon (Type-3) informing acceptance. In this
case, just one beacon of each type was sent. If one of them is not received, the protocol waits for the next beacon, since they are transmitted periodically until successfully received.
At this point the leader reconfigures the TDMA frame updating the number of platoon vehicles to \( n = 5 \) and the formation vector to include vehicle ID=4. All followers start using the offsets of the new frame. The joiner changes to the *Follower* state, starts transmitting in the right offset in the platoon frame and switches on the CACC. The CACC then controls the speed of the joiner to bring it to a distance of 5m to the next follower, which it achieves at \( t = 70s \).
### 184.108.40.206 Merging
This scenario is illustrated in Figure 5.11, where the two plots have similar semantics as in the previous case. We have two platoons with \( n = 4 \), entering the simulation at the same speed. Platoon 0 (in blue) enters first and contains vehicles 0 (leader), 1, 2 and 3. Platoon 1 (in red) comes after and contains vehicles 4 (leader), 5, 6 and 7. The upper plot shows the offsets of the transmissions of both platoons with respect to the leader of platoon 0 (blue). Again, while the platoons are separated, their transmissions are synchronized internally but not between platoons. Thus, the offsets of platoon 1 (red) appear in diagonal when referred to the transmissions of platoon 0 (blue), but showing parallel lines, i.e., they are internally synchronized.
The lower plot in Figure 5.11 shows the inter vehicle distances. Initially, all distances inside each platoon are at 5m and we insert platoon 1 at 33m behind the tail of platoon 0. We give some initial time for platoon 1 to be fully inserted in the simulation before allowing its state machine to evolve. For this reason, only at \( t = 10s \) platoon 1 reacts to the detection of platoon 0 in a compatible position and its leader (ID=4) transitions to the *Decide platoon* state. In that state it decides to merge with platoon 0 and thus brings its platoon to the joining position (17m). The leader gets there at \( t = 34s \). At that point, it transitions to *Wait for response* state and starts emitting joining/merging request beacons (Type-1) informing the leader of platoon 0 that it wishes to merge with its 4 vehicles altogether.
The platoon 0 leader runs the admission control and, given the positive outcome, it reconfigures the TDMA frame accordingly, i.e., increases its \( n \) to 8 and adds vehicles ID 4 through 7 to
its formation vector. Then, it starts emitting response beacons (Type-3) allowing the merging. At that point the vehicles of platoon 1 start engaging the platoon 0 with their corresponding offsets. The leader of platoon 1 moves to the *Follower* state, starts transmitting with low power in the right offset of the TDMA frame of platoon 0 and activates the CACC. As soon as the leader detects that all vehicles of the joining platoon are merged, it stops emitting the response beacons. The activation of the CACC in the follower that was the previous leader closes the gap between both platoons, and all inter-vehicle distances converge to 5m at $t = 70$s.
### 220.127.116.11 Follower leaving
Figure 5.12 shows the reconfiguration process when a follower leaves the platoon. We consider platoon 0 traveling in a highway with 4 vehicles (IDs 0-leader, 1, 2 and 3). In the upper plot (offsets) we can see that, at $t = 21$s, the first follower announces it is leaving the platoon. For that purpose, still in the *Follower* state it starts emitting the a request leaving beacon. The platoon leader receives this beacon and reconfigures the platoon and the TDMA frame, removing the vehicle from the formation vector and decrementing $n$. When the leaving follower receives a regular beacon from the platoon leader showing it is no longer in the platoon, it changes to *Leader* state. This is clearly visible in the offsets plot. The leaving vehicle is now transmitting asynchronously with respect to the platoon.
In this experiment, we make the leader move away from the platoon, driving to a different lane. This is visible in the lower plot, where we can see the sudden increase in the distance between the previous second follower, now promoted to first follower, and the platoon leader. As the leaving car moves to another lane, the CACC of the followers brings them to the target 5m inter-vehicle distance, converging at $t = 40$s.
### 18.104.22.168 Leader leaving
Figure 5.13 shows the RA-TDMAp reconfiguration in the case a leader explicitly leaves a platoon. In this case, the inter-vehicle distances are not relevant and are thus omitted. We use the same scenario as in the previous case, with one platoon of four vehicles. However, in this case it is
the leader that announces its willingness to abandon the platoon at $t = 20s$. It starts emitting the leave request beacon (Type-2), which is captured by the first follower causing it to transition to the *Leader election* state. In this state, the first follower starts emitting the response beacon (Type-4) acknowledging that it is ready to take over the leader role. Upon receiving this beacon, the current leader creates a new platoon just with itself and leaves the previous platoon. The first follower waits for one omission of the regular beacon (Type-0) of the previous leader and changes to *Leader* state, effectively taking over the platoon. This occurs at the time it would do its regular beacon transmission. The figure shows the offsets referred to the old leader (blue). The reconfigured platoon, with one vehicle less, maintains its internal synchronization, despite being asynchronous to the old leader.
### 5.3.3 Global Comments
The results in this section validate the correct behavior of the reconfiguration mechanism and its capacity to keep the platoon controller synchronized with the corresponding state of the communication protocol. The transition between configurations was swift, even under distributed operation, reducing the interval during which synchronization ambiguities can occur. Our simulations, under low traffic, revealed reconfiguration times below 2.5 TDMA rounds. Losses of signalling beacons extend this interval an integer number of TDMA rounds. The impact of high traffic is left for future work.
### 5.4 Summary
Practical platooning requires handling reconfiguration scenarios, to allow vehicles joining or leaving. These scenarios have been addressed mostly from the control point of view, disregarding the communications reconfiguration. However, this is mandatory when using TDMA-based protocols. In this chapter we proposed a novel reconfiguration mechanism for RA-TDMAP. We presented the state machine of the reconfiguration mechanism, which is the same for all vehicles, and validated it with simulation using the PLEXE-Veins-SUMO-OMNeT++ framework and realistic joining, merging and leaving scenarios in highways. Future work will consider more reconfiguration scenarios, including with high traffic density and non-longitudinal platoon operation (e.g. zipper merging [83]).
Chapter 6
Experimental Validation
This chapter addresses the experimental validation of the RA-TDMAp protocol in practice, first using regular WiFi in ad-hoc mode and then COTS IEEE 802.11p hardware. This is important as a proof-of-concept. Most of the results shown in this thesis are simulation-based. Simulation is important for quick validation and verification, and it is the only way when we need to search through extensive configuration spaces or when we need to check scalability.
Although we believe the PLEXE-Veins-SUMO-OMNeT++ simulation framework we used is sufficiently accurate to support the development and analysis of our proposed protocol, we still think that experiments on real hardware are an important piece to verify whether the basic properties of our protocol hold in practice.
The first experiments we show concern a preliminary implementation on WiFi (ordinary IEEE 802.11 standard), essentially aiming at verifying the capacity of the original RA-TDMA synchronization mechanism to support the coexistence of multiple concurrent applications, each with its own TDMA frame and each one considering the other as external traffic. We used IEEE 802.11b in ad-hoc mode with broadcast frames, whose MAC is relatively similar to that of IEEE 802.11p. This experiment shows that the phase adaptation and synchronization mechanism embedded in the base RA-TDMA protocol automatically sets out of phase multiple frames when multiple teams of autonomous cooperating agents co-exist in space. Each team simply senses the delays in its own traffic, caused by the interference of the other team(s) together with other external traffic, and adapts its frame phase. This sets both frames out of phase without being explicitly aware of each other. This capacity to support multiple co-existing TDMA frames was not a requirement for the original RA-TDMA protocol, but it is fundamental for RA-TDMAp.
Finally, we implemented the RA-TDMAp protocol, as proposed in this thesis, on real IEEE 802.11p hardware for experimentation and final validation of the synchronization and reconfiguration mechanisms. The results show the desired effect of the adaptive mechanism to escape coherent periodic interference, i.e., that with a similar period, as well as the reconfiguration of the TDMA round following physical reconfiguration of the platoon composition.
While the validation on IEEE 802.11p equipment was not published in any other venue than this thesis, yet, the preliminary experimental validation on WiFi was reported in:
6.1 Preliminary Experiments with RA-TDMA
To verify the capacity of the original RA-TDMA synchronization mechanism to handle multiple frames co-existing in space, we organized an experimental setup in the laboratory with two teams, A and B. Team A comprised three laptops and team B comprised four laptops, all configured in ad-hoc mode, i.e., without using an access point. We also used one more laptop for monitoring purposes that time-stamped and logged frame receptions, without performing any transmission (Figure 6.1). We configured the wireless card of this laptop in monitor mode so that it could capture all types of packets from all the networks operating on the selected channel. All laptops were running the Linux operating system and using their internal WiFi interfaces.
We started by setting the round length $T_{rup}$ with approximately coherent periods in both teams. Note that $T_{rup}$ is an application dependent parameter typically configured offline. The round length for team A was set to $T_{rup_A} = 100$ms corresponding to a slot duration $T_{xwin_A} \approx 33$ms. Similarly, the round length for team B was set to $T_{rup_B} = 101$ms corresponding to a slot duration $T_{xwin_B} \approx 25$ms. The small variation in round periods aims at creating a slowly sliding relative phase among both teams.
All members of both teams are active and run the RA-TDMA protocol. Note that the protocol allows each member to synchronize internally in each team, independently of each other. Finally, we ran the set up for 280 seconds with the two teams coexisting in close proximity, to observe the impact of using RA-TDMA.
The results shown in Figure 6.2 reveal the coexistence of both teams as expected and the adaptations and synchronization enforced by RA-TDMA. Both team A and team B sense the delays in their own TDMA frames caused by the interference of the other team. In this plot, each vertical line represents a reception in the timeline. Different colors represent different team members and the two different heights represent the two teams. Note that some lines are very close together since the messages transmission time is relatively short. However, recurrent collisions
were not observed. Moreover, there were other delays caused by other interfering traffic in the channel.
The operation of RA-TDMA is better illustrated by the time offsets of the receptions of each team member transmissions with respect to its team reference node. These offsets should be constant and equal to the slot interval $T_{\text{win}}$ but suffer deviations caused by interfering traffic and packet losses. Figure 6.3a shows the time offsets for Team B where the horizontal full lines represent the receptions from nodes 1, 2 and 3 after the reception of the respective reference (node 4) represented by the x-axis. Negative spikes in these curves indicate lost packets while positive spikes indicate delays caused by interference.
The upper dotted line represents the time offset of the reception of the next reference transmission, representing, thus, the actual round period including its continuous adaptation. The strong positive spikes around seconds 80 and 100 represent lost packets from the reference node.
The same information is represented in Figure 6.3b in the form of histograms, showing the precision of the slots structure in the round, with nodes 1, 2 and 3 transmitting at 25, 50 and 75ms after the reference, respectively. Figure 6.4 shows the same information for Team A, which has just two nodes beyond the reference.
Finally, Figure 6.5 shows the same data but with both teams superimposed, using the reference of Team B for both. Naturally, the data of Team B matches that in Figure 6.3a. Conversely, Team A is now clearly not-synchronized, exhibiting the expected sliding phase with respect to Team B. This figure shows that both teams synchronize internally but co-exist in a mutually agnostic way, imposing occasional interference to each other.
### 6.2 Experimental Validation of RA-TDMAp on IEEE 802.11p
To validate experimentally the RA-TDMAp protocol that is the core of our thesis, we performed measurements with real IEEE 802.11p devices in scenarios similar to those that were used in simulation (Chapters 3 and 5). The devices are all APU.3C4 System board, with 4GB of RAM from PC Engines, running the Arch Linux operating system. The wireless network cards are
WLE200NX, with a modified firmware to implement the IEEE 802.11p MAC in the 5.9GHz band.
We implemented RA-TDMAp as a layer sitting on top of the original IEEE 802.11p MAC layer and used an experimental setup in a laboratory incorporating six of those IEEE 802.11p devices. Among them, one device is used as a monitoring station, only, that time-stamped and logged frame receptions in monitor mode. The monitoring station did not transmit and was not included in the RA-TDMAp protocol. We also used one device dedicated to generate more external interfering traffic, the traffic generator, again not included in the RA-TDMAp protocol. With the remaining four devices we generated different platooning scenarios.
We configured the RA-TDMAp protocol and the IEEE 802.11p radios using the parameters in Table 6.1. Note that, as opposed to the experiments with WiFi in which the channel had substantial background traffic, in this case, the channel was essentially clean, just with the traffic explicitly generated in the experiment. Therefore, to make the phase adaptation visible, we created some level of external interference using the traffic generator device injecting packets of 1216 Bytes with a transmission period of 11ms. This period creates a sliding interference with the traffic from the platoons that uses a beacon interval ($T_{bup}$) equal or close to 100ms. This interference is present.
6.2 Experimental Validation of RA-TDMap on IEEE 802.11p
Figure 6.4: Time offsets of receptions from team A with respect to its reference node
in all experiments.
Table 6.1: Parameters employed in the experimental validations of RA-TDMap
| Parameter | Values |
|------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|
| PHY/MAC model | IEEE 802.11p/1609.4 |
| Channel frequency | 5860 MHz |
| Channel number | 172 |
| Bit rate | 6 Mbit/s |
| Protocol beacon size | 36 B |
| Beacon interval ($T_{tup}$) | 100 ms and 101 ms |
| Interfering packet size | 1216 B |
| Period of interfering packet | 11 ms |
Moreover, when using either two platoons or one platoon and an independent vehicle, we use two approximately coherent beacon intervals, namely $T_{tup} = 100$ or 101 ms. This slight difference
Figure 6.5: Time offsets of the receptions from both teams, A and B, with respect to Team B reference node
causes a sliding relative phase of both platoons, to create clear but slow phase drifts thus provoking recurrent critical periods of interference. Finally, except stated otherwise, we ran all experiments for 160 seconds and logged all message reception instants with the monitor device.
6.2.1 Validating RA-TDMap Phase Adaptation Mechanism
In this section, we aim at validating the synchronization mechanism of RA-TDMap protocol, based on phase adaptation, similarly to what we did with simulation in Section 3.3.2 and with the RA-TDMA experiments on WiFi shown in the previous section.
We define one single platoon, *Platoon 0*, with four vehicles, thus $n = 4$. We use a beacon interval of $T_{tup0} = 100$ms. Figure 6.6a shows the evolution of the offsets of the transmissions of Platoon 0 members with respect to its leader ($Leader_{P-0}$) using RA-TDMap. The upper line (blue) shows the offset of the next leader transmission with respect to the current round, i.e., to the previous leader transmission. Thus, this is the interval between the successive transmissions of $Leader_{P-0}$. Consequently, this trace shows the effective beacon interval in each TDMA round. The following trace (red) shows the offset of the $Follower-1_{P-0}$ with respect to the previous leader transmission that initiated that round, and so consecutively for $Follower-2_{P-0}$ (green) and $Follower-3_{P-0}$ (cyan).
All platoon transmissions, from leader and followers, can suffer delay due to the transmissions of the traffic generator. In each round, the delay that affects the followers is measured by the RA-TDMap mechanism and passed on, in a multi-hop fashion, to $Leader_{P-0}$, which uses that information to adjust the time of its next transmission. We can see these adjustments in Figure 6.6a,
thus empirically validating the RA-TDMAp synchronization mechanism based on the frame phase adaptation. Note that the interference affecting the $Leader_{P-0}$ transmissions are not compensated, thus the upper trace shows offset variations beyond those inherited from the followers.
(a) Evolution of the offsets of *Platoon 0* members
(b) Histogram of the offsets of *Platoon 0* members
Figure 6.6: Time offsets of the receptions of *Platoon 0* measured by its $Leader_{P-0}$
Figure 6.6b shows the histograms of the offsets measured during the whole experiment, showing the small adaptations around the precise slots start instants, for both the $Leader_{P-0}$ (left, 100 ms) and $Follower-1_{P-0}$ through $Follower-3_{P-0}$ (second to forth, from right to left, 75, 50 and 25 ms, respectively).
6.2.2 Validating the Coexistence of Multiple Platoons
Here we use two platoons, *Platoon 0* and *Platoon 1*, each with two vehicles ($n = 2$) and close beacon intervals ($T_{\text{tup}_0} = 101\text{ms}$ and $T_{\text{tup}_1} = 100\text{ms}$). We show that RA-TDMap allows the platoons to coexist in space, each internally synchronized, only, being agnostic to each other except for suffering the respective mutual interference. Figure 6.7 shows the offsets of two platoons with respect to the transmissions of *Leader$_{P-0}$* as reference. The upper plot (Figure 6.7a) shows a segment of the offsets evolution in time. The horizontal traces (red) are from *Platoon 0*, while the diagonal traces are from *Platoon 1* (blue). As expected, *Platoon 1* is not synchronized with *Platoon 0*, thus the small difference between $T_{\text{tup}_0}$ and $T_{\text{tup}_1}$ is enough to create a drifting phase that generates the visible linearly varying offsets of *Platoon 1* with respect to *Platoon 0*.
Figure 6.7b shows the corresponding histograms of the offsets. The offsets of *Platoon 0* are centered around the corresponding slot starts at 101ms and 50.5ms, respectively. On the other hand, the offsets of *Platoon 1* with respect to *Platoon 0* show a uniform distribution as expected due to their approximately constant period difference.
Figure 6.8 shows the actual reception instants from both platoons during a short time interval. Each vertical line represents the reception of a message in the timeline and its color represents the respective platoon, namely red for *Platoon 0* and blue for *Platoon 1*. Two heights are used to discriminate the leaders (higher lines) and the followers (shorter lines). We can again observe the drifting phase of one platoon with respect to the other one, but even when they are close together, the phase adaptation mechanism separates them in the following round. This validates the RA-TDMap capacity to support platoon co-existence in space as necessary for scalability.
6.2.3 Validating the Dynamic Reconfiguration of RA-TDMap
In this section, we validate the dynamic reconfiguration of RA-TDMap that we elaborated in Chapter 5. We implemented the state machine of the reconfiguration mechanism and considered the same highway maneuvers (joining, merging and leaving) that we simulated in PLEXE. In this section, the experimental results confirm that RA-TDMap effectively tracks the platoon configuration while running the phase adaptation mechanism to maintain the synchronization in the platoon. These experiment traces are 200s long and we logged all the transmissions in that interval. Since all the nodes are relatively close to each other and it is not practical, in this setup, to move them around, and that we lack GPS receivers in the nodes, too, we decided to trigger the reconfiguration requests by time. Moreover, due to the lack of GPS we do not use position information in the admission control, but maximum capacity of the platoon, only.
22.214.171.124 Joining
The first experiment represents the joining maneuver. We organized the experimental setup by considering one device as a joiner and the other three devices as a platoon. Figure 6.9 shows the offsets of all the transmissions relative to the transmissions of the *Leader$_{P-0}$* (blue trace) in
6.2 Experimental Validation of RA-TDMAp on IEEE 802.11p
(a) Evolution of the time offsets in both platoons referred to Leader$_{P-0}$
(b) Histogram of the offsets in both platoons
Figure 6.7: Time offsets of the receptions from both platoons (0 and 1) with respect to Leader$_{P-0}$
each TDMA round. The platoon suffers interference from both the traffic generator and the asynchronous joiner that behaves as an independent leader (it is in the Leader state, thus representing a single vehicle platoon). The offsets of the joiner (black trace) are naturally drifting linearly with respect to the platoon given the approximately constant difference in period.
At approximately second 97.5, we enable the reconfiguration process in the joiner. At that moment, it detects the other platoon through the reception of its beacon. Since we are not controlling actual position, the joiner transitions through the Decide platoon state directly to the Wait for response state in which it starts transmitting the request beacon. When the targeted leader (Leader$_{P-0}$) receives the request and concludes the admission control process, it reconfigures the
frame structure at approximately second 97.6. All offsets in the platoon were adjusted accordingly. This is visible in the offsets of the followers. After receiving the positive response from the targeted leader ($Leader_{P-0}$) the joiner moves to the $Follower$ state and joins the platoon by using the offset corresponding to the first slot after the leader transmission (corresponding to the last Follower, i.e., platoon tail), which it does at approximately second 97.8. During the whole process, the leader continues adjusting the frame phase to maintain the synchronization in the platoon.
Note that $Platoon\ 0$ is using $T_{tup0} = 101$ms while the joiner is using $T_{tup1} = 100$ms. However, after joining (in the $Follower$ state), the transmissions of the joiner are controlled by the corresponding offset after the leader reception, assuring a synchronization with the platoon and independently of its internal $T_{tup1} = 100$ms (see Equation 3.1 in Section 3.1.2). This value will be used again in case of losses of leader messages or when leaving the platoon, only.
### 126.96.36.199 Merging
The merging maneuver is rather similar to the joining case, differing in the fact that the joining leader has followers attached, instead of being a lone leader. The scenario we use here is the same as to show the coexistence of platoons in Fig. 6.7. We have two platoons with $n = 2$, $Platoon\ 0$ and $Platoon\ 1$, and the offsets of their transmissions with respect to the leader of $Platoon\ 0$ are shown in Figure 6.10. The offsets of $Platoon\ 0$, for $Leader_{P-0}$ and $Follower-1_{P-0}$, and of $Platoon\ 1$, for $Leader-2_{P-1}$ and $Follower-3_{P-1}$, are shown in the blue and red traces, and in the green and cyan traces, respectively.
Until approximately second 95.5, the two platoons coexist asynchronously, though each one synchronized internally by RA-TDMAp. At that moment we enable the reconfiguration state machine and the leader of Platoon 1 moves through the $Decide\ platoon$ state directly to the $Wait\ for\ response$ state as explained in the joining scenario. In this state, it starts transmitting the
request beacon that triggers an admission control in the targeted leader \((Leader_{P-0})\). Upon a positive outcome from the admission control process, it reconfigures the frame structure adjusting the offsets and adding slots for all the members of \(Platoon 1\) at its tail. This is visible in the offset of the initial follower at time 95.6s.
After receiving the positive response from the targeted leader \((Leader_{P-0})\) the merging platoon leader moves to the \(Follower\) state and joins the platoon by using the assigned offset. Its follower remains in the \(Follower\) state but changes its leader, thus its reference, to \(Leader_{P-0}\), too, occupying the first slot after the new leader transmission (corresponding to the last Follower, i.e., platoon tail), which it does approximately at time 95.7s. During the whole process, the leader continues adjusting the frame phase according to the delays it perceives directly (from \(Follower-1_{P-0}\)) or receives from its new followers (\(Leader-2_{P-1}\) and \(Follower-3_{P-1}\)), thus maintaining the synchronization in the platoon.
Again, the two platoons synchronize with \(T_{tup0} = 101\)ms from \(Leader_{P-0}\), independently from the fact that the merged platoon \((Leader-2_{P-1})\) was using \(T_{tup1} = 100\)ms.
### 188.8.131.52 Follower leaving
Here we validate the scenario in which one follower leaves a platoon. We use a platoon of four vehicles \((n = 4)\), \(Leader_{P-0}\), \(Follower-1_{P-0}\), \(Follower-2_{P-0}\) and \(Follower-3_{P-0}\). Figure 6.11 shows the offsets of the vehicles transmissions with respect to the leader of the original platoon \((Leader_{P-0})\), during the reconfiguration process.
At time 97.8s *Follower-2*$_{P-0}$ announces to *Leader*$_{P-0}$ its willingness to leave the platoon, sending the corresponding request beacon. The platoon leader (*Leader*$_{P-0}$) receives this beacon and reconfigures the platoon formation and the TDMA round, approximately at time 97.9s, removing the vehicle from the formation vector and decrementing $n$. When the leaving follower ($Follower-2_{P-0}$) receives a regular beacon from $Leader_{P-0}$ showing it is no longer in the platoon, it changes to $Leader$ state (becoming a lone leader), with a different platoon ID, and using its own $T_{tup1} = 100$ms. The remaining followers, that remain in the original platoon with $Leader_{P-0}$, move to their adjusted slots approximately at time 98s.
We can see the synchronization of the initial platoon as well as the adjustment in $n$ from 4 to 3 and consequently the new offsets of the remaining followers. After the reconfiguration, the leaving vehicle is now transmitting asynchronously with respect to the platoon with its shorter slightly shorter $T_{tup}$.
### 184.108.40.206 Leader leaving
The last scenario we are validating in this section is the reconfiguration that occurs when it is the leader that leaves the platoon. This is somewhat similar to the previous case, except that it implies electing a new leader among the remaining followers. We use the same platoon with four vehicles ($n = 4$). The offsets of the vehicles transmissions during the process are shown in Figure 6.12.
Approximately at time 35s, $Leader_{P-0}$ announces its willingness to leave the platoon emitting the leave request beacon. This is captured by the followers and, particularly, the first one, $Follower-1_{P-0}$, that transitions to the $Leader$ election state. In this state, $Follower-1_{P-0}$ starts transmitting the response beacon acknowledging that it is ready to take over the leader role. When $Leader_{P-0}$ receives this beacon, it changes its platoon ID, effectively becoming a new platoon (with a lone leader) with $T_{tup1} = 100$ms.
Follower-1p_0) waits for one omission of the regular beacon from Leader-0p_0 and changes to Leader state, effectively taking over the platoon. This occurs at the time it would do its regular beacon transmission, approximately time 35.1s. The remaining followers continue in Follower state but adjust their leader to the previous Follower-1p_0 and start transmitting with the updated offsets at approximately time 35.2s.
Note that the internal $T_{tup}$ of Follower-1p_0 is 101ms. This causes its phase with respect to Leader-0p_0 to increase approximately linearly in time, dragging the remaining followers with it. After the reconfiguration, the old leader Leader-0p_0 (blue trace) just shows the delays caused by the direct interference of the traffic generator (periodic spikes in the trace) and the new platoon with the followers.
### 6.3 Summary
In this chapter we showed several experiments aimed at providing an empirical validation of the main mechanisms of the RA-TDMap protocol, namely the synchronization, the phase adaptation, the coexistence with other platoons without any explicit control, and the dynamic reconfiguration to support the joining and leaving maneuvers of vehicles and the merging between platoons.
The chapter started with an experimental verification of the synchronization and phase adaptation mechanisms to support the coexistence of platoons using the base RA-TDMA protocol on WiFi ad-hoc technology. Then IEEE 802.11p technology was used to validate the proposed RA-TDMap protocol in all referred scenarios. The results agreed with the expected behaviors, thus the desired empirical validation was achieved.
Chapter 7
Conclusion
VANETs are a core component in ITS enabling communication among vehicles and thus opening the path for a myriad of collaborative applications. One example of such an application is platooning. This application coordinates a group of vehicles that travel together, doing automatic control of inter-distances and speeds. Vehicle platooning is expected to have a significant impact on the future ITS framework by reducing traffic congestion, environmental contamination, road accidents, fuel consumption, reducing travel time, and improving safety.
Despite all scientific and technological advances of the last two decades, platooning is still a very challenging application with several open problems. It is a critical application, too, since design errors or unexpected run-time situations may lead to disasters with potential loss of human lives. Nevertheless, the challenges of platooning have been consistently addressed by the research community towards the deployment of platoons on real roads, which is expected to start happening soon, with several successful experiments already carried out.
In this work, we focused on the communication part of platooning. Inter-vehicle communication is critical for the correct operation of platooning, highlighting the importance of improving the quality of the communication channel. Our approach focused on the design of an efficient MAC protocol specifically for platooning, given the impact this layer has on the quality of the channel and potentially on the performance of the platooning application, too. We set as our goal to design a MAC protocol that would build on transmissions control, timing and power, with simplified synchronization, to offer greater scalability with significant reduction in medium occupancy and collisions.
7.1 Revisiting the Thesis and Contributions
Following the observations referred above, we set the following as our thesis (reproduced from Chapter 1):
*An efficient MAC protocol for platooning applications, aiming at highway scenarios, can be developed merging the ideas behind RA-TDMA [8] and PLEXE-slotted [9]. We also claim that*
this combination leads to a reduction in collisions and channel occupation while offering full scalability. We call our protocol RA-TDMAp.
In the course of establishing the correctness of this thesis, we made three main contributions to the state-of-the-art in communication (MAC) protocols for platooning:
- The RA-TDMAp protocol, which combines the TDMA frame phase adaption of RA-TDMA [8] with the power control proposed in PLEXE-slotted [9] to achieve low medium occupancy and reduced collisions, supporting high scalability.
- Empirical models of relevant network performance metrics for RA-TDMAp, PLEXE-slotted and CSMA/CA that express the rate of collisions and busy time ratio as a function of the RF neighbors that a vehicle senses.
- A dynamic reconfiguration mechanism with admission control for platoon formation and maintenance in RA-TDMAp that keeps the platoon physical configuration synchronized at the TDMA frame and platoon control levels.
### 7.2 Thesis Validation
Following the contributions referred in the previous section, we aim, here, at showing that our thesis holds and that, in fact, RA-TDMAp offers the properties that were claimed. For this we make the following observations:
- Firstly, we observed that the traffic patterns generated by cooperative platooning applications, namely periodic broadcasts for state sharing, are amenable to the simplified synchronization carried out in the RA-TDMA protocols. This does not need clock synchronization and allows reducing collisions by organizing the transmissions of the platoon members as a TDMA frame and shifting the phase of the frame to escape from delays caused by interference of traffic outside the platoon. Then, we realized the power control scheme of PLEXE-slotted is very adequate to reduce the medium occupancy, having the platoon leader, only, transmitting with high power while all followers transmit with low power. Combining these two techniques required a multi-hop propagation of the delays affecting the platoon beacons as detected by the platoon members so the delays could reach the leader in just one TDMA round. The result was the RA-TDMAp, which is the central proposal in this thesis and which offers reduced collisions and low medium occupancy, resulting in high scalability (Chapter 3). Preliminary experiments with WiFi technology in ad-hoc mode and later with IEEE 802.11p-enabled equipment (Chapter 6) confirmed the correct operation of the protocol and its capacity to support multiple concurrent platoons in a way that each platoon is agnostic to all other. The properties of the protocol were also verified in simulation, confirming the reduction in collisions and busy time ratio, as well as a high level of scalability (Chapter 3).
• Secondly, the simulation set up was used to study in detail the performance of RA-TDMAp in comparison with alternatives that operate directly on IEEE 802.11p COTS equipment, namely PLEXE-slotted and the standard CSMA/CA (Chapter 4). We could understand fundamental properties of the protocols when supporting concurrent platoons on a highway and again verify that RA-TDMAp outperformed the other protocols in all considered scenarios, covering a vast space of configurations. This allowed us to develop empirical models for the rate of collisions and busy time ratio for the three protocols as a function of the number of RF neighbors that each vehicle senses. These models allow any vehicle to estimate such important network metrics just by tracking the number of different sources of the received packets.
• Thirdly, the RA-TDMAp protocol was complemented with a state machine that controls the platoon formation and maintenance while keeping the TDMA frame and the platoon control synchronized (Chapter 5). This is a fundamental piece to make RA-TDMAp a working solution for real platooning. This dynamic reconfiguration includes an admission control that decides whether joining requests can be accepted or not. It also determines when the platoon controller, e.g., CACC, should be engaged or disengaged and how many platoon members it should consider as well as the delays of the corresponding messages. This dynamic reconfiguration was validated in simulation (Chapter 5) and with practical experiments (Chapter 6) with the most common operational scenarios, namely joining, leaving and merging.
• Finally, an experimental campaign with IEEE 802.11p equipment allowed validating in actual operation the main features of RA-TDMAp (Chapter 6). The experiments allowed observing the intra-platoon synchronization, the frame phase adaptation, the power scheme and the reconfiguration state-machine.
7.3 Future Work
Beyond the results presented in this thesis, the work conducted disclosed various interesting research ideas that we believe are worth further exploration. Some are more fundamental, other are problems that we found but which we could not address in this work.
• In our simulations we considered a free-space path loss model with an value of 2.0. It would, therefore, be relevant to see how the protocol properties, and essentially its benefits, hold in more complex path loss models, possibly with obstructions or fading effects.
• The reconfiguration scenarios that we considered in this work are the most common ones. However, the validation we did was relatively limited, with simple traffic situations. Thus, it would be interesting to validate the reconfiguration state-machine with high traffic density, too. On a more elaborated line, it would be interesting to see whether this reconfiguration protocol supports more complex operations, particularly non-longitudinal platoon operation (e.g. zipper merging [83]).
• One specific work that we originally planned to carry out was the verification of the re-configuration protocol with a model checker, specifically Uppaal, as a proof of correctness. Unfortunately, there was not time enough and this is still an open issue.
• Due to delays that affected the experimental validation, it was not possible to complete it with comparisons against the competing protocols that were used in simulation, all along the thesis. This is an open issue that would be desirable to complete in the short term.
• This thesis focused on the communications for platooning, only. However, as referred in several parts, the control of the platoon is obviously fundamental. Thus, developing a control approach that is tuned for RA-TDMAp in a communication-control co-design approach seems an interesting line of work.
• In this thesis, we considered the platooning application, only. However, the question remains on whether the RA-TDMAp protocol can extend to other ITS applications namely intersection management, lane change assistance and others. Moreover, making the protocol work in urban areas also seems quite challenging.
• Finally, it also seems interesting to explore how the techniques of RA-TDMAp could be applied to a broader concept of vehicles, for example bicycles, to allow multimedia communication among groups of users in an urban mobility concept.
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|
Down Beat
jazz - blues - rock
BILLIE HOLIDAY
SONNY STITT
HANK MOBLEY
DISC CARE
We asked top trombone artists — What word comes to mind first when someone says "King"?
We hoped it would be “excellence.” It wasn’t. “Easy” was the word they all used most often.
Easy to blow. King never fights back. I get what I want, when I want it, right now.
Easy to handle. The King slide has not been equalled in 80 years. It’s smooth, man.
Easy on my aching arms. King doesn’t tire you out with excess weight. It’s trim.
Easy to get great sounds. Choose the model you like best. King’s tone is beautiful.
Conclusion: If that’s the way they want it, it’s fine with us.
KING . . . for the unmistakable sound of excellence
KING MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
33999 Curtis Blvd. • Eastlake, Ohio 44094
World Radio History
The Wolfman... A howling success story.
The hottest radio happening since multiplex! He's Wolfman Jack, a personality extraordinaire and an independent production company. From his home/studio in Beverly Hills, California, Wolfman Jack pre-records his widely syndicated daily radio show almost entirely with Shure audio componentry. For vocal pickup, the Wolfman uses two of the finest Shure studio microphones: the "workhorse" SM53 unidirectional dynamic and the smoother-than-silk SM33 unidirectional ribbon. (His "outrigger" production console is a Shure M675 Broadcast Production Master used in conjunction with a Shure M67 Mixer.) A Shure M688 Stereo Mixer is used for stereo recording. Even in disc playback, Shure plays a vital role with a precision-engineered Shure-M232 professional tone arm and M44E Cartridge. Shure professional products doing their thing help the Wolfman do his thing. For your copy of our Professional Products Catalog, drop us a note — and see what we mean.
Shure Brothers Inc.
222 Hartrey Avenue, Evanston, Illinois 60204
In Canada: A. C. Simmonds & Sons Ltd., Willowdale, Ont.
Violation of laws against consumers are getting heavy attention from the media. Consumers (people) are demanding protection against potentially harmful products and trade practices. Violators are being called to account.
How long might it be before protection against potentially harmful education and teaching practices is demanded, and satisfied? To illustrate the question match the following now news stories with some later possibilities.
Now, we read: "Ford fined $7 million for tampering with pollution devices on test cars." . . . "General Motors recalls Chevrolets manufactured between _____ and _____ to correct a possible fault in the steering assembly." . . . "Telephone company doesn't admit conscious discrimination in personnel policies but promises not to do it any longer." . . . and so on.
Later, we may read: "Northwestern U. offers all music students graduated from _____ to _____ the essential part of their music education which had been overlooked." . . . "Chicago Board of Education members censured and fined for willful tampering with the education of 560,000 students." . . . The states of Illinois, New York, and California do not admit conscious neglect of humanistic education, but promise to revise teacher training and curricula anyway.
You do understand that the now stories did not just happen because of a Ralph Nader or any one example of malfeasance. Those stories came about because some governmental body was persuaded to become responsive to the needs of the community, and those needs were expressed with force and determination.
There will be no later news stores unless you get off your rusty-dusty. If giant automobile companies are brought to account, a school board (or a Dean or a teacher) can be handled. You must arrange for your own consumer protection.
You need not be Nellie Nice or Sam D'Gooder to bring on changes. Just learn what you need to survive and prosper and start asking questions. And keep asking. Here are some multiple choice questions.
If you are an educator—or intend to be—ask the association which asks you to join how much of their time (and your dues) is spent on concepts vs. people. Make it a point to find out if they leave their performance in the rehearsal hall. Better to stick with your local teachers' union to fight for bread-and-butter issues than waste effort on who becomes recording secretary of the third district or how many marble slabs are needed in the new Washington music monumental museum.
If you are a student—and aren't we all—There are lots of questions to ask. "What do you mean you don't have time to teach improvisation?" . . . Why does your catalog list 'stage band, one credit hour' as the 'Jazz Program?' . . . What do you mean I have to choose my music from this list?' . . . How come we have 64 phys-ed faculty and just five music teachers?" How come jazz band is not a major ensemble?
If you think the answer to one question may not be important, think of what has happened since someone piped up with a question like this: "Shouldn't my new car have four wheels?"
Win a weekend at a great resort, and maybe a trip to Chicago, $1000, and even a trip to Japan.
If you play any popular-style organ music, including jazz and rock—be sure to play in this year's Yamaha National Electone Organ Pops Festival.
To enter, you should first enter your local area festival. If you win in your local event, you'll receive an expense-paid weekend at a luxurious resort where a Regional Festival will be held (see schedule below).
Regional winners receive trips to Chicago, where the National Finals attract noted musicians and organists from every corner of the country. (Other Regional awards include prizes.)
Winners of the National Finals receive expense-paid trips to Japan, and substantial cash prizes. In fact, first prize is $1,000, and thousands of dollars in other prizes will also be awarded.
Celebrities from the organ world, from the ranks of today's leading composers, and from many branches of music will adjudicate in Chicago.
To enter the Festival, call your nearest Yamaha dealer today. Or mail in this coupon and we'll send you your nearest dealer's name and some free literature on the Festival.
Please send me further information about the Festival and the name and address of my nearest Dealer.
Name ____________________________________________
Address ___________________________________________
City ___________ State _________ Zip _________
Mail to:
Yamaha Organ Festival
P.O. Box 6600
Buena Park, California 90620.
THE MOVE IS TO ROGERS!
ROGERS
STUDIO X
A revolutionary concept made possible by Rogers "dura-flexible" hardware.
The only drum outfit in history to offer the maximum of drum sounds with such classic, common sense comfort.
The ride cymbal is close-positioned on a Supreme floor stand for professional ride cymbal relaxation and endurance.
Each Rogers exclusive hardwood power shell tom tom can be reached with ease and speed.
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Sturdy Swiv-o-matic® dual tom tom holders and unique two-way clamps allow for fast set-up and take-down.
Tonal variety, durability, beauty, practical musical set-up, physical ease and unparalleled sound response is Studio X.
Tomorrow's drum outfit for today's drummer.
Jim Ganduglia, show drummer and authority on all percussion instruments. Has performed with Andy Williams, John Davidson, Johnny Mathis and Petula Clark. Winner of the College Jazz Festival as Best Big Band Drummer. Masters Degree in Percussion and University Percussion Instructor.
Compact Ten
Studio Ten
Attention: Outstanding Individual High School and College Jazz Musicians
If you are participating in an organized high school or college jazz group and would like to join the program and participate with myself, some of the outstanding high school and college jazz bands in the country, and such outstanding clinician artists as Clark Terry and Gary Burton, while attending and performing at the 1973 Montreux Jazz Festival and the Vienna Jazz Week, speak with your director and if he approves, contact me for full information about joining one of our All-Star Bands.
Directors may recommend one or more of their best performers to be considered for these Bands. This means that: (1) a tape of a representative performance of the work of the student must be sent to me and (2) a letter of commendation regarding the personal attributes of the applicant must accompany the tape. The opportunity to work with this All-Star Band Program will be most challenging and rewarding. We will have a very heavy library of the best music available at this time in the United States and the groups will perform before international audiences in Montreux, Switzerland, Vienna, Austria and Munich, Germany. The dates for the program are July 2 - 24 and the total cost is $660.00 plus air fare.
Inquiries, tapes and recommendations should be sent to:
Leon Breeden, Music Director
JAZZ INTERNATIONALE '73
Box 5038; North Texas Station
Denton, Texas 76203
Registration fee is $35.00 for each person, returnable if not accepted of course!
4. First Chorus, by Charles Suber
10. Chords and Discords
11. News
13. Roger Powell: Synthesist: Pat Wilson interviews the young man with an ARP.
14. Hank Mobley: The Integrity Of The Artist—The Soul Of The Man: The career and creed of the great tenor saxophonist. By John Litweiler.
16. A Lady Named Billie ... And I: Milt Gabler reminisces about Billie Holiday.
18. Drum Shticks, Part 2: More talk with drummers Donald Bailey, Louis Bellson, Willie Bobo, Larry Bunker, and Shelly Manne. By Harvey Siders.
20. Discare: Charles Graham tells how to take better care of your records.
21. Record Reviews
25. Blindfold Test: Anita O'Day
26. Caught In The Act: War • Tony Bennett
33. Music Workshop: Sonny Stitt's "Tune-up" solo, transcribed and annotated by Greg George.
32. Jazz On Campus
35. Ad Lib
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chords and discords
Sweets On Miles
I disagree with Sweets Edison (Brass Roundtable, Feb. 1) when he says that Miles couldn’t play a first part. He also said that Miles is only a soloist, but being a soloist is the highest thing in a band. Miles would rather solo than back somebody up with a first part, but he can do it all.
Sweets was trying to say that Freddie Hubbard is better, which is his opinion; I think Miles is best. He also said that he comes to hear Miles, not his electronics, with which I agree — but if you listen to Miles’ electronic stuff, you can dig what’s happening...
Some people are mad because Miles plays that new music, but the reason he plays it is that he’s bored with playing his old side.
Wallace Roney III
Philadelphia, Pa.
Torme’s Pitch
One of the saddest occurrences of the last decade is Mel Torme’s decline as a jazz singer. Certainly he is one of the greatest of all time — what with his range, technique, taste and jazz feeling, but how is the new listener to be persuaded of his genius?
By attending his concert with Woody Herman at Meadowbrook in Michigan last summer, as he suggests? (db, March 1) No. I was there, and what I saw was a slick performance that most of the audience obviously enjoyed but which was practically devoid of jazz content.
On records? No. His string of albums for Columbia, Liberty, and Capitol are at best passable, and one needs to return to his recordings of the early 1960s (Shubert Alley, At the Red Hill, and maybe Comin’ Home Baby) to hear the latest examples of the excellence that is Torme’s.
I have not heard him in a club, and maybe that’s where he stretches out, but I would love to hear him in an intimate club like Baker’s in Detroit with a good rhythm section.
Torme is too good in too many ways to have to get on first base by throwing himself in front of a pitched ball (lowering his creative standards and appealing to the lowest common denominator). We have enough slick performers: what we need is creativity, not stylization.
Nathanael Charles
Detroit, Mich.
“Underdog” Banned Down Under
Please be advised that Charles Mingus’ book, Beneath the Underdog, which was favorably reviewed in your magazine, has been banned in Australia.
As a great admirer of Mingus, one can only regret that this book will not be available here in the near future. The ban had something to do with the segments on sex. I, for one, would welcome an Australian tour by Mingus.
K. M. Brady
Canberra, Australia
Support For Welding
Donald Muller (Chords, March 1) apparently hasn’t been listening to and reading about blues, or reading down beat regularly, because if he had, he couldn’t have accused Welding of being a racist and an idiot.
I’m very glad that Welding is writing about blues and jazz and hope he’ll continue to do so. If Muller thinks down beat is racist, he should check out the black music magazines, which have nothing about the blues and jazz.
Burnham Ware
Owerton, Ky.
Clapton’s “Top”
Although I’m not his biggest fan, Eric Clapton’s solo on Sitting on Top of the World (Cream, Wheels of Fire) has got to be one of the best recorded since Charlie Christian’s era.
If only for comparison, how about seeing it in the Music Workshop in some future issue? A small sample of Grand Wazoo wouldn’t hurt either.
Maureen Dunn
Copake, N.Y.
Bells For Bellson
Recently, Louis Bellson and the NBC Superband held a concert-clinic at Northglenn High School, Northglenn, Colo., and I must say it was fantastic!
I cannot understand why Louie has been so far behind in the down beat polls. Surely he deserves a higher rating than 20th. I honestly believe he rates higher than Buddy Rich.
Come on, jazz freaks, lend and ear to Louie sometime! His drumming flows so freely, compared to Buddy’s intense style. I really don’t mean to be putting anyone down, but give Louis Bellson some room, too!
Brad Byers
Lakewood, Colo.
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NEWPORT SETS DATE FOR 20TH AND BIGGEST
If the vibrations at the upcoming Newport Jazz Festival-New York are as good as they were at the February cocktail party given by producer George Wein to announce his plans for it, it will surpass last year's great success.
The festival, which will mark Newport's 20th anniversary, will take place June 29 through July 8. There will be more than 50 events, and the festival will reach out into many areas of the city.
Major concerts will again be presented at Carnegie Hall and Philharmonic Hall, and there will again be two midnight jam sessions at Radio City Music Hall. The Hudson River boat ride, which proved so popular last year, will be expanded to two days, with special discounts for children.
New features will include five concerts at Harlem's famous Apollo Theater; a six-day concert series at Alice Tully Hall featuring predominantly new music and presented in conjunction with the New York Musicians Organization (which last year put on a festival coinciding with Newport); a '30s dance at the Roseland Ballroom with a fashion show, lindy hoppers, etc., and afternoon concerts held outdoors at the Wollman Aphiethete in Central Park—a setting that may recreate the ambiance of those great afternoons at Newport, R.I. The super-big concerts, held last year in Yankee Stadium, will move to the home of the Mets, Shea Stadium. Fran Allison of Kukla, Fran and Ollie will prepare a special children's jazz concert. Special evenings will be presented by Atlantic and Buddah records, and American Airlines and the Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co. will again be sponsors.
Program details are tentative at this point. Wein said, but a number of special program ideas have taken shape, and though they are as yet incomplete and subject to change, we'll run them down for you: A tribute to Ray Charles, written and narrated by James Baldwin, with Charles and special guests; an evening with Duke Ellington; an evening of blues hosted by B.B. King; a tribute to Ella Fitzgerald, including a reunion of the Chick Webb band; a salute to the American song, with music by Gershwin, Ellington, Berlin, Fats Waller, Arlen, Wilder, etc. as performed by great jazz instrumentalists and singers; a program of solo piano; a Count Basie "now and in retrospect" concert; a program of New Orleans and ragtime music, and a Cotton Club retrospective. The winners of the talent search conducted by Wein and the Tea Council of the U.S. will be presented in concert with John Mayall.
Fifty per cent of the profit, Wein said, will be contributed back to the music community. "One of our primary aims," he stated, "is the founding of the New York Jazz Repertory Company. The New York State Council on the Arts is considering a proposal for funding in conjunction with other foundations and the Festival."
Former Mayor Robert F. Wagner will again serve as chairman of the festival committee, and he was on hand at the Rainbow Grill cocktail party. So was a most representative cross-section of New York City's cultural scene. Speakers included James Baldwin, Eric Larrabee, and Juma Sultan of the New York Musicians Organization, and good sounds were made by Clark Terry leading Jimmy Heath and Arnie Lawrence, saxophones; Harold Mabern, piano; Lyn Christie, bass, and Roy Haynes, drums.
Inquiries should be addressed to Newport Jazz Festival-New York, P.O. Box 1169, New York, N.Y. 10023.
NEW ORLEANS FESTIVAL TO OFFER VARIED FARE
This year's New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival will be held April 10-15 and is the first in the series of 1973 events produced by George Wein's Festival Productions.
In addition to the traditional opening night jazz cruise aboard the S.S. President, there will be four full days of activities at Fairgrounds Race Track. The evening concerts will present, among others, Benny Goodman, B.B. King, the Preservation Hall Jazz Band, Dave Brubeck, the Staple Singers, Herbie Mann, Stevie Wonder, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Howlin' Wolf, Jimmy Witherspoon, Taj Mahal, and War.
The variety apparent in this programming will also be reflected in the entertainment at the Heritage Fair, which will feature, from five stages, New Orleans and modern jazz, ragtime, gospel, blues, soul, Cajun music and daily parades by jazz brass bands. Additionally, there will be seminars by jazz historians and artists, guest jazz groups from Europe and Canada, and appearances by the colorful Mardi Gras Indians.
For details, contact New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, P.O. Box 2530, New Orleans, La., 70176.
5TH DIMENSION TO TOUR FOR STATE DEPARTMENT
The 5th Dimension will tour Turkey and Eastern Europe next month under the U.S. Cultural Presentations Program of the Dept. of State.
The tour, scheduled for April 3-30, will take in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Romania. The group's visit to Ankara and Istanbul will tie in with American participation in Turkey's 50th anniversary as a republic.
In addition to concerts and other public performances, the 5th Dimension will conduct workshops with students and give lectures in U.S. cultural centers throughout the tour.
The popular group has waived salaries and is making the tour as a national public service. Secretary of State William Rogers said that "this public-spirited act embodies the American spirit of voluntarism in pursuit of peace . . . I wish those talented Americans every success in their mission of good will."
FOR EUBIE BLAKE, LIFE BEGINS AT NINETY . . .
The scene was New York's Hampshire House, the occasion a Happy 90th Birthday luncheon for composer-pianist Eubie Blake thrown by ASCAP. An outsider would have been hard put to pick out the honoree, who is in better shape, mentally and physically, than many a man 20 years younger.
Among those present to greet Blake was Billy Taylor, and before long the two pianists were seated at a rather rickety upright, dueting on Memories Of You, one of Blake's biggest hits and favorite tunes. The birthday child was then persuaded to render I'm Just Wild About Harry, and, with his wife, Marion, at his side, Love Will Find A Way, which he decided to sing. This was followed by a brisk interpretation of Charleston Rag, a piece he composed in 1899. Among the admiring listeners was Harold Arlen, no mean tunesmith himself.
It was now time for lunch, and after a decent interval for eating (two TV crews had set up meanwhile), it was time for the cake to be rolled up—a large and splendid one.
Billy Taylor, back at the keyboard, intoned Happy Birthday, but, perhaps beguiled by the cake, no one joined in. "Nobody knows the words?", Taylor exclaimed. He had no problem getting the congregation to sing along on I'm Just Wild About Eubie, however.
Cutting the cake, Blake was asked to smile. "That's all I know how to do," he quipped, and when a photographer requested that he kiss his wife, he joked, "I've been kissing her for 27 years—I'm sick of it."
Asked by a TV reporter how he felt, the pianist replied, "Like a boy of 22." The inevitable question followed. "My father lived to be 83, my mother was 78. That's the only thing I can attribute my longevity to," the nonagenarian said, adding that both his parents had been born slaves.
What is most vivid in his memory of all those years? "When the curtain went up on Shuffle Along," was the unhesitating reply. That 1921 hit show was "the first Negro show on Broadway, and I had gone from barrelhouse pianist to writing a Broadway musical," he added.
ASCAP President Stanley Adams made a speech and presented Blake with a scroll and a silver winecooler, having first read telegrams from President Nixon, Gov. Rockefeller, Mayor Lindsay, and Rep. Shirley Chisholm.
Blake's speech was short and to the point. "Izzy Berlin—we call him Izzy—wrote God Bless America." (There was no applause, so Blake spread his hands, said: "They never heard the song!" And repeated the title. The applause came.) "I'm going to write a song—not for publication—called I Love ASCAP. There were times when, if it hadn't been for ASCAP, I'd have been doing this"—and Blake made a motion as if he were swinging a pick axe while humming a few bars of Song of the Volga Boatmen. As he resumed his seat to great applause, he told a neighbor: "Don't let 'em die on you!"
Robert Kimball and Silliam Bolcom, co-authors of Reminiscing with Sissle and Blake, to be published in April by Viking Press, presented a facsimile of the cover, and Arnold Caplin of Biograph Records presented Blake with some just-off-the-press LPs of his piano rolls.
The second TV crew had arrived too late to film Blake at the piano. Lunch being over, he sat down at the keyboard again and gave out with some choice rags. "I play three hours every day," he told a listener.
That's when he isn't working.
—morgenstern
FINAL BAR
Andy Razaf, 77, the prolific lyricist and composer whose collaborators included Fats Waller, died Feb. 3 in Los Angeles after a long illness.
He was born in Washington, D.C., the grandson of a U.S. Consul in Madagascar, and left school at 16 to help support his widowed mother. He didn't stop studying privately, however, and had a wide reading knowledge of many subjects.
Razaf, who also played piano and sang, wrote lyrics to hundreds of songs, teaming up with such composers as James P. Johnson, Eubie Blake, J.C. Johnson, Paul Denniker, Edgar Sampson and Joe Garland, among others. With Waller, he had a long and fruitful partnership, and he wrote the words for Fats' most famous hits, including Ain't Misbehavin', Honeysuckle Rose, Black and Blue, Keepin' Out Of Mischief Now, Blue Turning Gray Over You and The Joint Is Jumpin'. With Blake, he did Memories Of You and You're Lucky to Me, and with Sampson, Stompin' at the Savoy.
Other famous Razaf songs include Spavin', Gee Baby Ain't I Good To You, I'm Gonna Move to the Outskirts of Town, Massachusetts, and novelties like My Handyman. His Broadway scores include Keep Shufflin', Hot Chocolates, and Blackbirds of 1930. He was also active as a newspaper columnist, and wrote religious and patriotic songs. In 1950, he suffered a crippling stroke and was confined to a wheelchair for the remainder of his life.
Cornetist Melvin Lastie, 42, died Dec. 4 in his native New Orleans after a sudden illness. His early experience included work with the Lastie Brothers Band and four years with drummer Paul Barbarin's group.
Lastie was featured with Willie Bobo for several years, and during this time also became a prominent studio musician. He later participated in many sessions for Atlantic Records, including work with Aretha Franklin and many other top artists. He also did a short stint with Herbie Mann's group.
Some of Lastie's best recorded work can be heard on Bobo's Spanish Grease LP.
Tubaist Richard M. (Dick) Saunders, 38, who worked with many traditional bands in the Detroit area, died Jan. 29 at St. Joseph Mercy Hospital in Pontiac, Mich., of a heart attack. He had recently been named associate editor of the Oakland Press. His brother is Tommy Saunders, cornetist-leader of the Surfside Six.
A memorial service followed by a New Orleans-style tribute was held Feb. 25 in Royal Oak, Mich. Participants included the Surfside Six, the New McKinney's Cotton Pickers, Mother's Boys with Kerry Price, and the Cellar Dwellers, the last band Saunders played with. A memorial fund is being set up for the establishment of a jazz and ragtime study program in his name at Interlochen Arts Academy.
potpourri
The Academy of Music of Philadelphia, venerable home of the Philadelphia Orchestra, is the object of an annual concert and ball in its benefit. This year, the ball featured—for the second time—genuine New Orleans sounds by a spirited band led by cornetist George Finola (a young Chicagoan whose adopted home is the Crescent City). It included veteran Johnny Wiggs, cornet; Showboy Thomas, trombone; Leo Thompson, piano; the inimitable Danny Barker, banjo and vocals, and Howard Kadison (another transplant from up North), drums, and made the symphony patrons jump for joy. For more sedate dancing, an adjoining ballroom had music by a Meyer Davis contingent. 16 men strong and stylishly led by the octogenarian king of society bandleaders himself (this is one of the very few occasions for which Davis still comes out). When we checked them out, they were into Minskrat Ramble and South Rampart Street Parade in an attempt to meet the jazz competition.
Vic Dickenson has left the World's Greatest Jazzband—the road got to be too tiring. Benny Morton, a frequent sub with the band, took his place. Meanwhile, Vic has resumed his old partnership with Bobby Hackett, and the two some assisted most ably by Hank Jones, piano; Remo Palmieri, guitar; George Mraz, bass, and Jackie Williams, drums, will be holding forth at the Royal Box in New York's Americana Hotel for a month starting March 26, playing for dancing as well as good listening.
A couple more new music spas in New York City: The Ringside, 49th St. & Broad-
More Blood, Sweat&Tears changes: Trumpeter Chuck Winfield and guitarist-singer Steve Katz have left. Katz, whose role as an instrumentalist, had become minimal, is not being replaced, but the horns remain at full strength with trombonist Tom Maloneas the new voice.
George Duke has left the Cannonball Adderley Quintet and formed his own trio, with John Heard on acoustic&electric bass and Ndugu, percussion. Duke is playing multiple keyboards, and reports that Jean-Luc Ponty may join up. Duke has also rejoined the Mothers of Invention for tours and recording, and Frank Zappa will produce his new group's on records. The busy Duke will also be doing college concerts and seminars, including a program at San Francisco Conservatory. No replacement had been set in Adderley's group at presstime.
Good news: Sonny Rollins was set to open a two-week stand at New York's Half Note April 2. It will be the tenor legend's first N.Y. appearance since last July.
The Grand Prix Du Disque, bestowed by the Academie du Disque Francais, has been awarded to the Willie The Lion Smith-Jo Jones LP The Lion and the Tiger (Jazz Odyssey 006) in the Jazz/Pop/Variety category. It was one of a total of only four prizes awarded this year.
Paul Ackerman, veteran music editor of Billboard, and for the past decade its executive editor, retired March 1 after 38 years with the publication. Ackerman, with the title of Editor Emeritus, will continue to serve as a consultant. During his long career Ackerman received many honors and last year became the first member of his profession to be nominated to the Country Music Hall of Fame. He was one of the founders of the Songwriters' Hall of Fame and its first executive director, and remains a member of its board.
The First San Francisco Bay Blues Festival, a free two-day affair, was held Feb. 10-11 at the Neighborhood Arts Community Theater. The program, designed to spotlight the Bay Area's significance as a blues spawning ground, featured Luther Tucker, L.C. "Good Rockin'" Robinson, the Gary Smith Blues Band, K.C. Douglas, Don Alexander, School Boy Cleve, Hightide Harris, Little Willie Littlefield, James Reed, and guests Johnny Fuller and Charlie Musselwhite. Emcee was Phillip Elwood.
Jazz Interactions' 1973 Young Musicians Workshop began Feb. 22 and will run for 15 weeks. Open free of charge to everyone with some playing experience (regardless of age), the workshop is staffed by program director Joe Newman and Garnett Brown. Frank Foster, Frank Wess, Arnie Lawrence, Al Gafa, Gene Bertoncini, Harold Mahern, Roland Hanna, Eddie Jones, Charlie Persip and Roy Haynes. JI's school lecture-demonstration series also began in February. Meanwhile, the organization needs volunteers to carry on. Please call (212) 866-6316.
Synthesizer player Roger Powell, composer and performer of *Cosmic Furnace*, a recently released album on Atlantic, jokes that he would be happy to be president of "Synthesizer's Lib." "At the moment," he half-laments, "synthesizer players have to be the most misunderstood performers in music. Even they don't know what they're doing. There's a great tendency, of course, to classify everybody. The Union's gotten upset; other musicians have gotten upset; consequently, synthesizer players don't know whether they're supposed to be making string sounds, way-out weird sounds, or something in between. And it doesn't help when Keith Emerson, as brilliant technically as he is, sticks knives into the instrument as part of his rock-theatre.
You can't throw a lot of avant garde material at people. An artist has a responsibility to make things as obvious as possible. My album touches base with enough tradition that the average person gets a familiar effect. It gives him something to hold on to, while at the same time it kind of pulls him ahead a little bit."
In composing the album, Roger set up two arbitrary criteria: that there be only one musician and that it be performed on an ARP synthesizer. "There are certain sequencers, filters and synchronized-locked oscillators on the ARP which I find unique. The sequencers provide rhythmic patterns, the filters produce some of the more interesting timbres and from the phase-synchronized oscillators, I get an over-amplified John McLaughlin-like sound." Powell does add another dimension to the album by using acoustic piano, for him "still the ultimate instrument."
He compares a synthesizer album to painting. "One musician does the whole thing. Lines that have been recorded serially are layered in. Everything is geared for the album. But the pieces on *Cosmic Furnace* are very improvisational. All I had written down were formats. The individual lines were head arranged, just played at the time."
The question which track comes first follows a pretty straight sequence according to Powell. "First," he explains, "I lay down a scratch rhythm track, which all the rhythm will relate to eventually. It lets me know where I am in the piece. Then I record the piano, setting up the harmonic structure. Next I'll do the keyboard bass and then the percussion. The percussion is a technical thing. It gets resynched in and then I can play the percussion on the synthesizer and make changes in the sequencers, so I can get the accents where I want them. Then it's just a layering process from the bottom up, saving the solo lines for last."
The album was recorded at Intermedia Sound in Boston, a 16-track studio that opened only 2½ years ago. Its president is 36-year old Gunther Weil, super-enthusiastic, super-smart (Ph.D. from Harvard in psychology) and super-hip ("Although I was born into the bop era, I've been through a lot. —Tim Leary, the Harvard trip, the psychedelic period.")
Weil, positive and energetic, loves music and is financially astute. "I've learned you've got to be reasonably tough to run a studio. I've had to run a tight ship, otherwise we wouldn't have made it. The trouble with a lot of people getting into studios is that they buy all the newest equipment, get stuck with it and go under. It happens to record companies that expand too quickly, take on too many artists and do too many things.
Boston, in the shadow of New York, has never had a first-class recording studio. "When we opened," Weil explains, "we faced a very Herculean problem. Technically it was a very fine facility, but existing in an area where there was no track record for 16-track recording."
Gunther Weil, tired of New York always doing the driving while Boston wastes away in the backseat, has moved up to the driver's seat with people like Roger Powell.
Born 24 years ago in Front Royal, Va., in the Shenandoah Valley, his early musical memories are of his mother playing Baptist hymns on the piano and listening to Puccini operas from his father's extensive opera collection.
"Playing and writing music were all I ever thought about. The two most significant things that ever happened were my parents buying me a piano when I was in the third grade, and a year later their buying me a tape recorder. I immediately started recording things, then playing along with it, improvising. I saw it as a tool, as another musical instrument.
While in high school he studied piano at the Shenandoah Conservatory, read harmony and orchestra books, composed "pretentious 12-tone things," listened to Stockhausen, Samuel Barber, Hindemith, had all of Zappa's recordings and "wore out every Miles Davis record I ever had. I had them all the way back to *Birth of the Cool* in 1949, which was very strange because that was the year I was born.
"I appreciated jazz on an intellectual, cerebral level. The rock and roll I listened to way back then, Elvis etc., was harmonically static. It didn't go anywhere but had a good physical feeling. These two types of music never merged and I felt something was missing in each of them."
During two years of high school, Roger was a disc jockey at a radio station. "This allowed me a lot of access to tape recorders. Also the record services sent albums in, and I took home all the records that they wouldn't play, which were most of the ones I wanted to play anyway. You get a promotional copy of *Miles Ahead* and you know they're not going to play it.
"I was interested in drama from the voice aspect so I went to William and Mary. But four weeks away from a steady daily diet of music drove me crazy so I left. I went to Richmond and found a job in a radio station to support myself. This was where I first started doing tape collages because it was a big AM-FM station with lots of tape recorders. The FM counterpart was automated so I would just go into this studio with five or six tape recorders and three or four turntables."
What did the future (unbeknownst to himself) synthesizer player do next? "I went to a recording studio in Atlanta, a multitrack place where I would layer things in and get better fidelity. I worked there for two years, but it was the worst period of my life at the time. I wasn't well. I had no car, my wife was pregnant. We were living in sub-standard housing and I was being underpaid at the studio. I felt I was being taken advantage of, but I did learn a lot.
"One thing I did there was engineer an album with Joe South who had that hit *The Games People Play*. There was a lot of tape manipulation and crazy stuff in some of the pieces that weren't going on your average pop record at the time but I managed to convince Joe he should include it. I'd have to say that a lot of the techniques you hear on *Cosmic Furnace*—the overall textures, this layering technique, the fullness of sound—I learned when working with Joe South. He would come in night after night and layer things in—things he would find in the studio, like coffee cans. One of his favorite techniques was to take a board and hit it on one of the studio baffles. It gives the best backbeat sound you've ever heard. It's a lot better than a snare; you get this great crack and you put it through this long echo and you get a fantastic spatial sound.
"It was at this studio that I finally convinced the owner to get a small synthesizer. We got it, but it didn't have a keyboard for four months. That's probably one of the better ways to learn to play the synthesizer since the keyboard gives you a very grave misconception about it. And as soon as we got the keyboard, I was just obsessed.
"I began writing to the ARP Company in Newton, Massachusetts, and eventually they flew me up to Boston. It was overwhelming to have this instrument, everything I ever dreamed of. I affiliated with the company which has been mutually advantageous. I have had a hand in the evolution of the synthesizer which has only been around for six or
continued on page 29
March 29 □ 13
Last August 17, Hank Mobley, one of the powerful minds of the modern tenor saxophone, came to Chicago for a weekend gig. Of several events during his Chicago sojourn, two are particularly important. First, he had a reunion with Arlene Lissner, a music fan from the 1950s, an assistant professor of psychiatry at U. of Illinois, and consultant for various government health and drug abuse programs; by the time you read this she will be reviewing Mobley. Second, he met a long-established rhythm section—pianist Muhal Richard Abrams, bassist Reggie Willis, drummer Wilbur Campbell—and a skillful late-bop trumpeter, Frank Gordon, to work with him on occasional club and concert dates.
Mobley has been a Chicago resident since, a bonus for us locals. Musically, this is an oppressive city, given the fleeting character of most gigs and the jazz scene's general anonymity. The best Chicago musicians don't surface very often; the ones with big reputations—Herbie Hancock, the Art Ensemble, Johnny Griffin, Sun Ra, etc., etc.—became famous elsewhere. One fears this grey city won't be able to contain a performer of Mobley's stature.
For the present, though, we have the opportunity to review Mobley's career in jazz, an unusually productive one. A determination to work with every contemporary of importance led to his central role in the evolution of post-Parker jazz; an inventor of hard bop, he is second only to Rollins in defining the idiom's characteristic tenor style. He's directed 23 record albums and appeared as sideman on 56 others; in the last '50s, only Coltrane recorded more often. Years ago "soul" was a useful word; Hank Mobley's unique dedication to a personal vision of his art leads to an instinctive rejection of simply programmatic or easy or fashionable music—and in his intense way, he gives the word renewed meaning.
At 16, he became interested in playing alto sax while home from school in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and earned money to buy one by working in a bowling alley. "When I finally got up enough money for my horn, the dealer went on a month's vacation," he recalled. "In the meantime, I got a music book, and when he got back I knew the whole instrument; all I had to do was put it in my mouth and play. I'll tell you, when I was about 8 they wanted me to play the piano, but I wanted to play cops and robbers. But when I got serious the music started coming easy."
"I was in woodshop, carpentry, auto mechanics; then I took machine shop for a year. I was a nervous wreck studying to be a machinist. We had a little music thing in school, and I played this Lester Young solo, One O'Clock Jump, note for note. The shop teacher used to play trumpet, and he said 'There's no room out there for a black machinist. This way you play saxophone, why don't you study that?' That's the way I did. I quit shop that same year. I just put on my hip clothes and went chasing women and going to rock and roll things . . ."
In his late teens at the turn of the 1950s, Mobley played with and wrote for rhythm-and-bluesman Paul Gayten; he and pianist Walter Davis Jr. also worked in a Newark club's house band. Weekly, guest performers from New York would front the band—Billie Holiday, Bud Powell, Miles Davis—and one weekend in 1951 Max Roach played with and then hired Mobley.
"I was just 21. We opened in a place on 125th Street in Harlem; Charlie Parker had just been there before me, and here I come. I'm scared to death—here's Sonny Rollins, Jackie McLean, Kenny Dorham, Gerry Mulligan. Just about all the young musicians came by there." But Mobley took, and immediately became part of the lively New York scene.
"To the best of my knowledge, Sonny Rollins, Sonny Stitt, myself, Jimmy Heath, John Coltrane—we called ourselves the Five Brothers', you know, the five black brothers—we all started playing alto, but Charlie Parker was such a monster that we all gave up and switched to tenor. I wasn't creating anything new, I was just part of a clique. When we listened to Fats Navarro and Bud Powell when we were 20-21, all of us were learning together. We weren't trying to surpass Parker or the heavyweights. But as you get older you start finding different directions. At the time it was like going to college. It was just doing our thing, playing different changes, experimenting . . ."
Certainly Parker's impact was felt more keenly by Mobley's than by any other generation. By the early 1950s, a New York avant-garde was struggling, eventually to assert a crucial opening up of the rigid bop orthodoxy. Even the earliest work of Heath and Jackie McLean showed unique ways of feeling the Parker style, but Mobley and Rollins seem to have offered fully matured styles before their woodwind-brass playing brothers. The 1951-53 period with Roach was an excellent introduction to the New York jazz life; Roach recorded Mobley'sation, Hank's first song, and when the band broke up, Mobley easily found free-lance work in clubs, studios, on a tour with Gayten again, and, for two weeks, with Duke Ellington:
"Jimmy Hamilton had to have some dental work done. Oscar Pettiford called me; I didn't play clarinet, but I played some of the clarinet parts on tenor. Paul Gonsalves, Willie Cook, Ray Nance, we were the four Horsemen, but nobody would show me the music, and it was all messed up. So Duke would say, 'A Train', and while I was fumbling for the music the band had started. Finally Harry Carney and Cat Anderson helped me straighten it out . . ."
While Mobley worked that summer with Clifford Brown in Tadd Dameron's band at the Club Harlem in Atlantic City, Roach was in California forming a new band. He attempted to phone Mobley without success, but he did manage to contact Brown—and Mobley missed making a bit of history. Later in the year Mobley joined Dizzy Gillespie's big band, appeared on three Gillespie records (one a sextet date), and after a year with the trumpeter joined Horace Silver.
"Horace had the quartet at Minton's—Arthur Edgellih (drums), Doug Watkins (bass) any myself—then on weekends Art Blakey and Kenny Dorham would come in to jam, 'cause they were right around the corner. Out of that we started feeling something, and we said, 'Let's do our thing: we all got something going-name-sake, anyone gets a job, it's half of us.' I think Arthur Edgellih was working with somebody else too, but Blakey was right there. Horace'd get a job, or Art, or Kenny, or I'd get a job; we'd split the money equally. I think that's where the co-operative thing started; we lasted a year and a half, played what we had to play. Then Milt Jackson, they started a similar thing.
"Then Miles did it, then Max came through with Clifford Brown, so we had four groups trying to get something together. I remember a concert in Pittsburgh, we had Dizzy on trumpet, Kenny Dorham, Clifford Brown—oh, man, that was amazing. Then when they finished, Max and Art got into it—mm, that was something else. It's not like that anymore..."
It was during this 1954-56 period that Mobley began recording on his own; the music he composed and directed is generally considered his finest work. Initially he led on Savoy and Prestige sessions, but soon he got—and stayed—with Blue Note. Mobley recalls those days with relish. "They recorded at Rudy Van Gelder's Hackensack, N.J. studio. 'Savoy' records on Fridays, Prestige on Saturdays. Blue Note on Sundays, something like that. They'd buy the whiskey and brandy Saturday night and the food on Sunday—they'd set out salami, liverwurst, bologna, rye bread, the whole bit. Only Blue Note did it; the others were a little stiff. If we had a date Sunday, I'd rehearse the band Tuesday and Thursday in a New York studio...."
Ike Quebec, the late tenorist, was the A&R coordinator, and at this time Alfred Lion and the late Frank Wolff ran Blue Note and supervised the sessions. "We'd be making a tape, and sometimes my horn might squeak, and Frank Wolff would say, 'Hank Mobley! You squeaked! You squeaked!'—and the whole band would crack up, we couldn't get back to play the tune. And old Alfred Lion would be walking around, (snap) 'Miami!' (snap) 'Ooh! (snap)' Now quit a minute, I don't swing, it don't swing! So we'd stop and laugh, then come back and slow it down just a bit. Then he'd say, (snap)(snap), 'Fine, fine, dot really swings, ja!' (Lion and Wolff, German-born, had come to the U.S. in the '30s as refugees from the Nazis.)
Later in the '50s Mobley worked a year each with new Roach and Blakey bands. "In the early days, Sonny Rollins used to have a few problems and I was always kind of cool, so every time he'd have a problem they'd come to hire me." But drugs were a huge part of the bop and post-bop scene, a seemingly unavoidable fact of life, and in the latter part of the decade Hank was drawn into the heroin vortex. Once I played a particularly fine sextet record for him. His remark: "Oh, that thing. Five of the six of us were out to lunch. That's why they got Herbie Hancock; they always wanted one man in the band who was cool."
Arlene Lissner's remark is appropriate here. "There's more knowledge about drugs now. There was a feeling that if Parker could play like that and he was strung out, maybe there was something to being strung out," Mobley: "I had the knowledge. When I got strung out it was my own fault. A person getting strung out at age 18; that's a problem. He doesn't even have a chance to learn what life is about. By the time I got strung out I had learned my instrument, I was making money. Now, I don't have to worry about drugs—I've had enough of that whole thing. All of us are finished with it, it's a thing of the past now..."
***
In January, 1961, Miles Davis hired Mobley for the longest continuous association of the tenorist's career. The Davis years began with travel through the U.S. and a record date with an old friend, the post-Signin' Stephen Henderson. "I told Miles I never played with somebody who plays like Art Tatum on the saxophone. Miles said, 'That's why I hired you, I want to put your interpretation with his.'"
Davis was an easy-going leader to work for. Mobley recalls a Los Angeles sojourn: "I remember me and Philly Joe got to the airport five minutes before the plane left—we were both wandering all over town, and you know how big that city is, no subways, you can't get anywhere. You take Wynton Kelly, he's probably over at that hotel partying and talking about, 'Yeah, see you when I get back'—him and Paul Chambers. Miles is off talking to Boris Karloff—he and Miles lived in the same house on the Strip in Hollywood. Boris'd get up early and go sit on the bench like this (pant, pant) watching the young girls walk up and down the strip. We had to send for Harold (Lovette) the lawyer, to take care of business, to settle the tab—after six nights, Wynton had about a $50 tab, Paul must've had about 50, Miles must've had a couple hundred. We hung out the four of us—sometimes we'd run into Miles on the street.
"But when I left Miles, I was so tired of music, the whole world, man, I just went back to drugs." That was exactly the wrong course of action. He'd already done time on a narcotics charge; in 1964 he was arrested and imprisoned again. In the mid-'60s he and Lee Morgan formed a co-operative group that performed steadily; Mobley continued to write for Blakey and free-lance as well. He also teamed up with Kenny Dorham.
One of the happiest periods in his life began when he was called to London in March, 1967. It was his first trip out of the U.S.—"I missed it and Art Blakey, Dizzy, Miles"—and after seven weeks at Ronnie Scott's Club, Mobley toured Europe. Then, in 1968, Slide Hampton called from Paris—"would Mobley come to take his place?"
"Soon as I got there they had the fight at the Sorbonne. The whole city was on strike; you couldn't get a taxi, you couldn't get nowhere. The train left me way out in the desert, it seemed, and I had to work at the Chat qui Peché that same night. Slide Hampton's niece, I think, came to pick me up, finally. People going around with rifles, all that kind of stuff. I said, 'I didn't have to go 4,000 miles—I saw all this at home.' I checked into the hotel and just stayed there and looked out the window."
Paris had several jazz clubs and a goodly number of Americans on hand—"In Paris there's a lot more communication between musicians than in the States. An American in Paris is a long way from home. I hung out with Johnny Griffin and Art Taylor all the time. Steve McCall was on the outskirts of town. Kenny Clarke was way out in the country, and we all used to meet at the Living Room in Paris." There Mobley met one of his boyhood heroes, Don Byas. "He mellowed with age, but he never lost his youth. He was all muscle, all strong. He'd say, 'I'm 57 years old, Hank. Hit me in my stomach.'
"I remember one night there were four nuts. Paul Gonsalves, Don, Archie Shepp and me, we came from the club, and we had a bottle on the floor; everybody said, 'We ain't going to drink anything, now.' 'Course I know when Paul and Don start drinking they might go crazy. We were at a round table talking shop—that was one of the most beautiful nights of my life—and we had to stay up for Paul; he had a habit of missing the bus. At 6 or 7 in the morning we got Paul on the bus, then we went back to Archie's crib, and we still aren't finished. Now we had a cooking contest. I started off making breakfast, Don baked a cake, and Archie made lunch. When I got home that afternoon, I was, whew...
"These were good days. I'd say, 'This reminds me of how it should be.' Then I'd go to Munich, there's some more clubs, go to Rome, go to another country; you'd have such a rapport with the people." Hank even did a series of concerts in Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia. "All those places were like the Metropolitan Opera House." Usually Mobley fronted a local rhythm section—"unlikely combinations were the rule"—and there were TV and radio shots everywhere. The only records from this time find him leading a sextet in The Flip (Blue Note 84329), which Frank Wolff flew to Paris to record, and as a momentary second for Shepp on two BYG-Actuel dates. Naturally, Mobley performed with every important musician he met in Europe, including Ben Webster and Ornette Coleman.
He came home in mid-1970; the eastern jazz scene had decayed to a miserable state by then. He led a band at Slug's regularly and played and recorded elsewhere with Cedar Walton, piano; Sam Jones, bass; and Billy Higgins, drums, often adding Charles Davis, baritone sax, and Bill Hardman, trumpet; they recorded for Cobblestone. All this preceded his arrival in Chicago.
***
Whatever the varied influences of Lester Young, Byas, Webster, Dexter Gordon—in Mobley's youth, it was Charlie Parker who made by far the greatest impression.
"Where do you think everybody got the blues from? Did you ever hear Just Friends and tap your foot to it? Soul Station is the same thing, just like walking down the highway, it sounds like somebody's saying, 'Oh, man, I'm tired of this town, got to get away from this.' Parker played the modern blues; what he's saying is that so much of modern jazz, structures, harmonic progressions, they're all based on the blues.
"My uncle told me a lot of things"—Hank's uncle played trumpet and six other instruments and once led a small band—"and he always used to say, 'Listen to Lester Young.' When I was about 18 he told me, 'If you're with somebody who plays loud, you play soft, if somebody plays fast, you play slow. If you try to play the same thing they're playing you're in trouble.' Contrast. If you play next to Johnny Griffin or Coltrane, that's hard work. You have to out-psych them. They'd say, 'Let's play Cherokee,' I'd go, 'naw, naw—ah, how about a little Bye Bye Blackbird?' I put my heavy form on them, then I can double up and do everything I want to do."
In fact, Mobley recorded with Griffin and Coltrane on a Blue Note date. "Johnny called a very fast tune, and I said, 'Wait a minute'. I walked around, they said, 'Hank, what's wrong?' I had to get it together, get my tempo together, play my speed. In these 1950s two-three and four-tenor dates, sometimes with Coltrane in tow, what often seems most memorable is Mobley's warmth and lyric fluency. The sensitivity that his style is based on is perhaps best revealed by his rhythmic flexibility: the sense of contrast is internalized, he becomes a succession of Hank Mobleys as he plays. The style is notable for his love of the middle registers, the odd rhythmic shifts, the perfection of a complex sense of melody (straight-ahead versus decorative playing) that makes the structural evolution viable.
Continued on page 30
A LADY NAMED BILLIE —
Yesterdays . . . as in the song, it seems that I met Billie only yesterday.
The year was 1936, the music was getting better real good, and Teddy Wilson walked into my Commodore Music Shop with two girls. One, I believe, was Irene Wilson (who later wrote the marvelous Some Other Spring for Billie) and the other was the Lady herself, "Miss Billie Holiday to You", to paraphrase another song that was one of Billie's favorites.
Billie had been doing some wonderful singing on the Teddy Wilson Brunswick recordings we were selling in the shop. In fact, she was so good people were asking for her, and the record company had just launched her as an artist in her own right on the Vocalion label. She had already waxed Summertime and Billie's Blues and the disc was moving very well—at the Commodore, anyway.
It was a thrill meeting Billie, though at the time neither of us realized that our association would lead to some of the finest recorded sounds this world has ever heard.
In 1936, I never dreamed that two years later, having become disillusioned with the jazz product the major companies were issuing (or rather, not issuing), I would start my own record company. At the Commodore shop, I had already founded the Hot Club of New York, a chapter of the United Hot Clubs of America. For UHCA, I reissued the original masters of many historic jazz sides the major record companies had dropped from the catalog. Hot Club members could buy the records through mail order, or over the counter at the record shop at 144 E. 42nd St. in New York City.
We were the first to print all the important data on the record labels, an innovation soon copied by every record company. (In those days, there were no album jackets to print liner notes on.)
We also sponsored jazz concerts, calling them "jam sessions" in order to publicize the new "Swing" music—which was really the same old jazz in a new dress. Bessie Smith (courtesy of John Hammond) appeared at one such session, and later Billie Holiday sang at others.
All of the famous musicians had heard or were hearing of the Commodore, and they would drop into the shop to listen to their own discs and those by other artists and find out what was happening around town. John Hammond had introduced Teddy Wilson to Commodore; Teddy brought in Billie, and so it went. Gabler and the Com-
AND I
BY
MILT GABLER
modore grew and became a legend. We didn't sell the most records in town, but we sold the best, and we knew who played on them and where the players were playing—if they were still working at all.
I first heard of Billie from the musicians who had been uptown to Harlem to see her sing. John Hammond, Benny Goodman, and Bernie Hanighen (he wrote When A Woman Loves A Man) were the first people I know who raved about Billie and got her started on records. Of course, Teddy Wilson was right there with us.
I never got uptown to hear Billie in those days, for I kept my shop open from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m., and after that I would generally head for some jazz joint on 52nd St. or in Greenwich Village before dragging myself home to the Bronx on the New York subway to get some rest. (For years, I did most of my sleeping on the subway trains. Today, you'd have to think about it twice, or sleep with one eye open.)
In 1938, I opened a branch of the Commodore right in the heart of Swing Street, at 46 West 52. (That's the title of a famous recording on the Commodore label by Chu Berry and Roy Eldridge.) I kept the place open until 1 or 2 a.m. if there was any action at all. If there was no business, I would close up shop and go to hear Billie at Kelly's Stables, or The Famous Door, or The Onyx, or I'd go downtown to Cafe Society on Sheridan Square in the Village where she was sure to be. There was no sense in going home without hearing Lady. When she was out of town, it was no town to me.
I made the rounds every night, for each Sunday afternoon I ran jazz concerts at Jimmy Ryan's on 52nd St. and I had to book the musicians for each bash. I slept about four hours a night, but it was all I needed at the time. I was rugged; I had a strong constitution with a cast-iron stomach, and the whiskey helped... It helped me forget what time it was. I didn't really drink until after I closed up the record shop, and it always seemed that the whiskey and the music went together. I tried other stuff, but it never made it for me. I stayed with the juice and the jazz. Besides, the weed was illegal and I didn't want to mess with it. I had too many people depending on me.).
Billie was my constant love. I don't mean the physical kind—we had a great thing for each other, and she respected me. I would never spoil that, and Billie had many friends she could run with—she didn't need me. With Billie and me, it was the music. When she was on stage in the spotlight she was absolutely regal. It was something—the way she held her head up high, the way she phrased each word and got to the heart of the story in a song. And to top it all, she knew where the beat was. But though she could swing with the best of them, Billie never did many up-tempo tunes. Torch songs were her bag. I had many written in order for her, and some she wrote herself. On others, like God Bless The Child, and Don't Explain, she collaborated with Arthur Herzog, Jr., but to my knowledge, the ideas were basically what Billie felt and expressed.
Billie knew how to appeal to losers, the ones who had loved and lost, or those who, like Billie herself, were searching for but couldn't find meaningful love. So she packed the clubs where she appeared.
I well remember Cafe Society Downtown, where she achieved her greatest triumphs. I loved the place. It was a glorified cellar, with great murals now long gone. It had a miserable little unventilated star's dressing room, right next to the wash rooms. If you were not the star, you changed clothes in the kitchen—which was directly behind the wash rooms. Billie's room was ten feet from the bandstand, which could accommodate five or six musicians. A baby grand was on the dance floor in front of it.
The dance floor became the stage when Billie or any other star attraction performed. The room was step-tiered, forum style, and was fairly large for a New York nightclub... not bad for a cellar.
Cafe Society Downtown was a fabulous place. It was run by Barney Josephson, and many a top act played there. A typical 1939 bill might showcase Billie, plus either the Frankie Newton Orchestra with Tadd Dameron, Henry "Red" Allen's band with T.C. Higginbotham, or Eddie Heywood's Orchestra with Doc Cheatham, Lem Davis and Vic Dickenson, wizard of the glissando trombone. You also might find Josh White, the blues and folk singer, The Revuers, the first great satirical comedy group with Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Judy Holiday, and a fourth little man, Alvin Hammer, who was great. The group disbanded when the first three went on to fame in Hollywood and on Broadway. They could do two shows a night without repeating any material.
Milt Gabler in his 52nd St. store
Another fantastic comic who started there was Jack Gilford - now a top actor in TV and films. In addition, there might be the three giants of boogie woogie piano, Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson, and Meade Lux Lewis, and Pete's sidekick, blues shouter Big Joe Turner. That was the scene.
None of the performers, including Billie, made a lot of money by today's standards. How could they? But I never heard of Barney Josephson retiring with a bundle either. In fact, he is still in the business now, running The Cookery in Greenwich Village and trying to make it all happen again with piano music, this time by Teddy Wilson, Eddie Heywood, Mary Lou Williams and Dick Hyman, among others. Barney always had good taste.
That was the setting, the time and the place for Strange Fruit.
In 1939, Cafe Society Downtown was the only place that attracted mixed black and white audiences in sizable numbers. When black couples went out for an evening they would feel uncomfortable at most other downtown clubs, so for the most part, they stayed in Harlem. However, Cafe Society Downtown was a 'liberal' club, patronized by New Dealers, freethinking people, writers, actors, musicians, and educators. It was a swinging place in the days when 'to swing' meant music with a capital M. Among those it attracted was a poet named Lewis Allan, who had written what was to become the first 'protest' poem set to music—an anti-lynching song that catapulted our lady named Billie Holiday to international fame.
The story of how it came to be written and recorded by Commodore and Gabler after a major record company was afraid to do it appears in the liner notes for the recently released Billie Holiday Commodore reissue album Strange Fruit (Atlantic SD 1614) which Leonard Feather poured his heart into. Billie and I were grateful to Columbia for allowing her to record this important song for my label. If they had been against its message they could have refused permission, since Billie was under exclusive contract to them. Eventually, I produced 16 selections with Billie for Commodore, but Strange Fruit was always the main one for me.
On April 20, 1939 Billie cut her first Commodore sides. The four selections were Strange Fruit, Jerome Kern's Yesterdays, Harold Arlen's I Got a Right to Sing the Blues, and the blues Fine and Mellow.
I wanted Billie to do a 12-bar blues because her 1936 Billie's Blues was (and still is) a favorite of mine. Billie didn't sing the blues like Bessie Smith or Ma Rainey. She was more like today. She had an original quality, and I put an original sound behind her: a high-pitched a riffing sax figure that Tab Smith set up, with rolling piano by Sonny White, Billie's accompanist, and a muted trumpet obbligato by Frankie Newton. (Aside from Sonny, the band was Newton's Cafe Society crew.) It was the first modern blues record, I think.
The night before the session, I went down to Cafe Society to get things set with the band and Billie. I had told her I wanted a blues, so we sat down at a little 'deuce' table just outside her dressing room door and started to write down blues verses for the still untitled song. Billie had written or collected various blues lines, which she already had down on paper. We didn't need much. Everyone who was going to be on the date knew the blues in any key. However, we did need a 'kicker', that is one verse that would make this blues different from any other. I'm proud to say that I came up with the lines:
He wears high draped pants,
Stripes are really yellow
But when he kisses me
He's so fine and mellow.
That was the 'kicker', and that also gave us the title, Fine and Mellow. Billie and I wrote it together.
After the record had come out and the song was becoming a hit, I received a phone call from Decca Records requesting a copy of the disc. They reached me at my 52nd St. store, and though I had about 1,000 of the records in my back room, told them they were out of stock. As soon as I got more records in from the pressing plant, I said, I'd send them a copy. They said OK.
I was in a panic. I knew that if Decca wanted the record, they'd soon be cutting a competitive version by one of their top blues artists and rush the record out on the market. I had no distributors. With Decca's big distribution and low price (Deccas sold for 35c, most other records for 75c, Commodores for $1), they could hurt Billie and me. So I got busy.
I collared the first musician to walk into my shop who could transcribe the music from the record. For a fee of $9 and a half dozen good jazz records, my man copied Fine and Mellow right in one of my record-listening booths. I put down Billie Holiday's name as composer of words and
continued on page 27
Bunker: I've often felt that the drummers who had the greatest influence were the ones who stated the pulse of the time, and you were aware of its coming from a different limb of the body. With Krupa and Rich, it was always the bass drum; the other stuff was filligree. But their time and feeling came from the bass drum. When Art Blakey started to become well-known, it was the hi-hat. Everything was built around the hi-hat, and you knew that was where the time was coming from. Philly Joe Jones was the right hand on the ride cymbal. Every drummer has a different time feeling, even if they play spang-a-lang spang-a-lang. Most of them were recognizable by how they spaced those things. With Max, it was primarily the left hand on the snare drum. It wasn't until Elvin, that all of those things were freed and you were no longer aware of any one of those things being the place where the time came from.
Bailey: That's right. That's what I say.
Manne: We experimented early in the 50s when we had a group with Jimmy Giuffre, Shorty Rogers, Russ Freeman, Joe Mondragon and myself. We'd do things where the rhythm would lay out for a couple of choruses and leave a guy all alone for his solo; or maybe it was just drums and clarinet; or maybe bass and trumpet; or just drums and piano. Infact, Russ and I did an album—just drums and piano—that was completely free and we'd go away from that boom boom boom. We did a lot of experimenting out here in the early days of (Shelly holds his hands up and fingers down to form quotation marks) west coast jazz.
DB: Louis, here's one especially for you. What are the advantages of a drummer leading a big band?
Bellson: I think a drummer has the same advantages that a piano player has in front of a band. I think the two greatest bands are Basie and Ellington. The reason those bands get off the ground right away is because Basie and Ellington just don't stand in front of the band and give them two bars, you know: "one, two; one, two, three, four." They get that rhythm section chugging away. They have their own inflections, and by the time the band comes in, they have that rhythm down. I try to do that with my band. I'll give them 8, 16 bars . . . maybe I'll say, "Rhythm section play a couple of choruses," and then I'll say "stand ahead" because when the band comes in, that tempo is established. I remember working with Benny Goodman on some of those old radio broadcasts. The announcer would say "Benny Goodman and the band will now play Sunny Side of the Street." Then there would be complete silence while Benny is over to one side trying to feel out the tempo, and people would be turning the dials wondering if they lost the program. So I think it's a great advantage for a rhythm player to front a band, because it's easier to get that groove.
DB: I've got a two-part question, specifically for Donald and Larry. Donald, since you are basically a jazz drummer, do you consider it a waste for a drummer like Larry Bunker to take the time away from his instrument and study matters? And you, Larry . . . is there any tendency on your part, or on the part of studio musicians, to look down on a one-instrument player? I'm not trying to start a controversy.
Manne: Of course not. You're trying to start a fight.
Bailey: Any time I see a drummer playing another instrument, I feel that's a definite asset. That's the way he should go. It's an asset. Is that what you mean?
DB: Well it's an asset to his bank account. But what I'm getting at is, I want to know if the dedicated jazz drummer—who obviously must consider the study of his instrument a life-long thing—considers doubling a waste of effort?
Bailey: No, I think a person can do more than one thing. I think that's one of the fables of the music business. I don't believe that you can become good by devoting all your time to one instrument. I think that if a person puts his mind to something other than drumming, it can be done. Take a look at Jack DeJohnette. He's a great drummer, but I remember first hearing him in Chicago and he was a piano player.
Bunker: Did you ever hear Keith Jarrett play soprano saxophone? He'll scare you to death.
Manne: Or Chick Corea play drums?
DB: Or Frank Stazzeri play baritone horn?
Bobo: Ever hear Willie Bobo play congas?
Bellson: Can I inject something here? Not because LB is sitting here, but I've said this many times in interviews. I'm one of those guys who always has his face in a book, looking for some knowledge, not only about drums, but about the other percussion instruments: vibes, xylophone, and timps. Of course I haven't had much chance lately to play these things because I've been tied up writing. But this guy (pointing to Bunker) is the only guy I know of—well let me put it this way—he can play in a small group, a big band, studios, non-studio work. Dig this: 90 percent of the mallet players, when they sit down to the drums, nothing happens. A lot of good drummers when they try to play intricate things on the mallets, including myself, it doesn't really happen. But he can do both. Will you back me up on that?
Manne: Yes indeed.
Bailey: Oh yeah. First time I heard Larry was in Philadelphia, at the Blue Note. He was playing drums. I forget who he was playing with.
Manne: Maynard Ferguson?
Bunker: No, it was a small group.
Bunker: It was Georgie Auld.
Bailey: Yeah, that's right, Georgie Auld. And the next time I saw him, he was playing vibes, and I enjoyed both equally well. I didn't say "he's a drummer, he should stick to drums." I never thought that way.
Manne: Well Larry's an unusual case because he's got an insatiable curiosity. I know he does thing for avant-garde concert groups at the Museum of Art. I've looked at some of those parts, and I don't know how he even gets started. There are very few guys in this town who can do that. Joe Porcaro.
Bobo: Mark Stevens?
Manne: Yeah, Mark Stevens, one of the younger guys. Steve Bohannon was able to play piano and organ very well.
Bailey: Let me tell you something. I got a job one time as a harmonica player, and I listed myself as "Harmonica Man." I didn't put down my own name, because I know most musicians. They'd say "He's a drummer, what's he doin' playing harmonica?" So I billed myself as "Harmonica Man," and let the people find out for themselves.
Bobo: I felt the same way about switching over and playing jazz. I had to make sure I could play it and you couldn't tell whether it was a Puerto Rican guy or a Cuban guy. I had to prove that I could go out and find out, and play with excellent jazz musicians. It was very important to me. I didn't want to just play timbales and bongos. I wanted to play jazz. So I made a record with Herbie Hancock, and I played it for Roy Haynes and said, "Hey man, there's a new drummer in town; check him out."
Manne: It must have been a shock to Bill Evans when Larry went with him on the road as his drummer. During intermissions, Larry would sit at the piano and play Bill's solos.
Bunker: Let me give you my answer to your question. I never look down on any person who plays his instrument well. Any person who does play well has achieved something remarkable. I don't want to sound snobbish...
DB: I wasn't trying to imply snobbishness in the second half of my question. I merely wanted to know if you think it's wrong to stick to just one instrument.
Bunker: By no means. If you question many of the superb players around, you will probably find they started on some other instrument first. Then they found, for whatever reason, that they preferred another instrument. I never understood anyone taking up the tuba as a life work, but there are people who do, and some are sensational players, like Tommy Johnson. Or who wants to play the bassoon? But there are bassoon players, and it's a nut-buster of an instrument. And it's a life-long study. All the things I do, I probably can't do as well as my innate ability would allow me to do if I concentrated on just that one thing. I don't play any instruments in the percussion family as well as a number of players in this town that play any one of them far better than I do. Emil Richards or Dale Anderson can play fly specks on xylophone. I don't care about the xylophone that much. At one time I thought I really got to study xylophone and get it to something. But I kept hitting that thing, and it kept hitting back. Vibes please me more, and it quickly became an easier means of melodic expression for me because the keyboard was there and it came about relatively painlessly. It was easy and it was fun. And a career suddenly fell into my lap. I do a lot of things quite well, but, like the bongoes, I know I'm not an innovator. I have reached a certain level of proficiency where I can play in the style of what I heard Willie Bobo doing with Tito. And I feel a sense of satisfaction in playing a bitch of a xylophone part by Olivier Messiaen (French modernist) at one of those Monday night museum concerts. It has nothing to do with jazz, but jazz isn't the only music in the world. If I were ready to devote 5 to 10 years of my life, I might consider taking up the tuba. I've touched the tuba enough to know you don't shuck with that.
Manne: I've known guys, like Donald mentioned, that did nothing but practice. They woke up, went into the other room, practiced all day, then went to bed. Later on they went out and played. In other words, everything revolved around their instrument. I could never do that. There has to be a certain normalcy. There must be other things in life that are important. For a guy to do that, he shouldn't be married, shouldn't have a family. He should be almost a recluse, a "pure artist," you know, the way Hollywood envisions it: going up to the attic and struggling.
Bellson: You know, what Shelly's talking about, I did that as a kid. I was a recluse. Everything was music, right up to when I
Continued on page 31
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It's a bit like the weather — everyone agrees that disc recordings need to be handled and stored carefully, but most of us do very little about it.
It is in the nature of many modern plastics, especially the nearly pure vinyl used in good discs today, to be highly static-prone. That is, most LPs (and 45s too) being made of vinyl, are excellent static generators.
When a disc is static-charged, it attracts more of the invisible debris all around us in the air (as well as visible dirt). It gathers in the tiny microgrooves of the record and increases wear and hiss, crackle and pops.
The art of keeping records clean is still imperfect, though progressing. If you do everything suggested in this article your records will not stay absolutely free of dust, etc., but they will sound better and last years longer. (We'll not deal with 78s here, except to point out that they are not nearly as problematic.)
As the advent of LP discs, and then stereo, brought recorded sound closer to the ideal of perfect reproduction, more stringent requirements were placed on music listeners in terms of handling and storing. We gradually learned to handle discs by the edges, to keep them in album covers when not on the turntable, and to keep the turntable mat covered.
In the early days of LPs, and well into the '60s, stylus pressure was generally between 5 and 10 grams. These pressures were enough to push aside most of the dust and dirt in grooves, and press down through the silicone and other gunky materials beginning to be sold as record "cleaners". The heavier pickups played the groove wiggles, not the dirt. But the newer, ultra-lightweight pickups on today's equipment are generally set at one or two grams. This is just not heavy enough to push through the junk in the grooves.
Most serious music listeners try to keep their records in good shape by not fingerprinting them when in use, keeping them in covers when not, and storing them flat, either side-by-side or horizontally, fairly snug. Many also try to clean off the stylus tip with a forefinger after each side play. If we find a bit of fluffy dust on the finger, we feel we've done the job. But have we?
The few experts who've looked into the grooves with a microscope for several years tell us we've barely scratched the surface (pardon!) of the problem—that only part of the debris all grooves collect comes off on the needle, and that most of it just gets packed deeper into the grooves, grinding away the high notes and adding to the hiss and extra noise. They also tell us that most record cleaning brushes and most cleaning solutions sold are not just of little use, but actually worse than using nothing.
With the exception of the two record cleaning systems mentioned below, the only thing that should ever touch your record grooves is a diamond stylus. Don't use record "cleaning" cloths—they're usually saturated with silicones and/or cleaning fluid, which will only clog the grooves, or cheap record brushes been "cleaned" with fluids and scrubbing brushes, cloths, or sprays.
(1) is records which can be taken care of right from the start. (2) will respond somewhat to careful treatment—sometimes three or four applications of a good cleaning system. (3) should be cleaned several more times according to the procedure recommended for Group 2. Some will respond. If they don't, use the Watts Records Wash Brush and a bowl of warm water with a few drops of photographic wetting agent mixed in. (This should not be tried until gentler methods have failed.) To test if a disc is getting clean, play a few grooves (half a minute), then examine the stylus tip for picked-up dirt. If there is any, and it lessens perceptibly after repeated playings of the same grooves, you know you're succeeding. If nothing is picked up, the record is either clean or hopeless.
In addition to the two record cleaning systems mentioned, the use of a Pickering or Stanton cartridge, with its own built-in dust brush, can be helpful in minimizing dust buildup during playing. This unique brush, developed by Stanton, is supplied on all the fine K.I.H. phonographs, and is available in most audio dealers' showrooms.
Though many of us still clean off the needle with a forefinger, experts frown on this for two reasons: (1) today's high compliance, low mass stylus is easily damaged, and (2) a minute amount of body oil deposited on the stylus can make debris stick to it instead of rubbing off.
Installation of an inexpensive needle cleaning brush is easy—each time the pickup goes onto or off the record it runs through the brush. Elpa has a convenient stylus brush which is better than a finger or other brushes because it permits seeing what, (if any) junk came off the needle. But other brushes on the market will do the job. O.K.
Storing Discs
Everybody knows records should be covered whenever not in use, and that they should be stacked flat or vertically, to keep them from warping, and to keep them from collecting dust. Vertical stacking is perfectly O.K., if they're not loose. They should be just snug enough to can readily be slid in and out, not loose enough to lean over the slightest bit. The only trouble with horizontal, flat stacking, is that the records often slide about and once they're left that way some can warp after a few weeks.
One very effective way to combat this is to slit open the white paper envelope, so it encloses the record like book covers, and the corners of these envelopes should always be flattened out. If not, they can easily deform the outer grooves of the disc. Finally, when they're put back in the outer album cover, the edge of the white inner sleeve must be the edge seen at the open edge of the cover.
Things You Can Do
Play records only with a diamond needle in good shape. You can tell by keeping a needle microscope at hand—in audio stores, the Robbins 50X scope costs only $2. It's a little tricky to use at first, but you need use it only every few months.
Use a stylus brush after each play—and check the brush afterwards.
Keep the turntable covered, with a plastic hinged or lift-off cover—and run a damp cloth around it just before using (not wet, damp).
Use the Discwasher system or the Dust Bag (or Watts Preener) every time you play a record. Do side two after you've played side one, to minimize pickup from the turntable.
KING CURTIS/CHAMPION JACK DUPREE
BLUES AT MONTREUX—Atlantic SD 1937: Junker's Blues; Sneaky Pete; Everything's Gonna Be Alright; Get With It; Poor Boy Blues; I'm Having Fun.
Personnel: Curtis, alto&tenor saxes; Dupree, piano, vocal; Cornell Dupree, guitar; Jerry Jermott, bass; Oliver Jackson, Jr., drums.
Rating: ★★★★☆
This record serves to remind us of two things: one, of what a king of soul music Curtis was, and two, that you can take Jack Dupree away from his roots, but you can't take the roots out of Jack.
At the time of this recording (June 17, 1971), Jack was 61, 12 years an expatriate (living in England) and still a very mellow fellow.
He seems very comfortable here, and much of his vocal humor and barrelhouse piano shines through. Jack's original lyrics, dealing with wine, women and pot; his straight blues, jump, barrelhouse and boogie, are all done with joy and lightheartedness. The exception is Poor Boy Blues, which sounds unconvincing due to the general tone set by the other lyrics. However, by the end of the 9½-minute track, you've become absorbed in its spirit as well.
There are times, especially on Everything's Gonna Be Alright, when Dupree evokes memories of Jimmy Rushing. King Curtis evokes memories only of King Curtis, with musical reminders from Yakety Yak clear through to his last work with the King Pins. His accompaniments to Champion Jack are absolutely flawless.
A nice, loose set at Montreux. —rusch
AHMAD JAMAL
FREEFLIGHT—Impulse AS-9217: Effendi; Dolphin Dance; Manhattan Reflections; Poinciana.
Personnel: Jamal, acoustic and electric piano; Jamal, bass; Suleiman, drums; Gant, drums.
OUTERTIME/INNERSPACE—Impulse AS-9226: Bogota; Extensions.
Personnel: as above.
Rating: ★★★★☆
Most of the energy Jamal puts into his electric piano excursions here is lost through distortion and a poor engineering pickup. The trio plays beautifully together, and when Jamal is on acoustic piano they achieve a fine, subtle swing even when the content is less than overwhelming. The audience at the Montreux Festival, where these albums were recorded in June of 1971, was extremely receptive, so enthusiastic in fact, that the listener can't help wondering if there was a visual dimension of some importance.
There are always surprises in a new Jamal performance of Poinciana, but none of them is made obvious. His treatment of this tune has become so elliptical that the pleasure of hearing him play it must come to the listener, as it obviously does to the trio, in an appreciation of the art of refining the refined. Dolphin Dance doesn't come off as well as in Jamal's recording of it in an earlier Impulse Lp (The Awakening, AS-9194).
The modal pieces Effendi and Manhattan Reflections suffer from that badly reproduced electric piano and, perhaps as a consequence of it, never really establish the intensity apparently intended for them. Nonetheless, there are moments in each in which one is reminded of what Ralph J. Gleason meant some years ago when he wrote of Jamal as an avant garde pianist capable of clothing his music in sounds acceptable to the average listener. Jamal does that without condescension and without copping out, and in his ability to present essentially difficult music so that it isn't difficult to hear may lie one of his most valuable contributions. It would be impossible to know how many listeners have been opened up to the more complex and intense modern jazz forms through an acquaintance with Jamal, but there must have been many thousands.
Jamal has better luck with the electric piano on Bogota, achieving an almost organ-like sound in the upper register, and a lifting, Latinate delicacy of feeling in the solo. His support and inspiration from Suleiman and Gant are beautiful to hear; these three waltz beautifully together.
The gem of the two albums is a new version of Extensions, in which Jamal excels himself and the sidemen are superb. Jamal's total range and control of the piano, usually revealed only in glimpses, are openly displayed on this piece, and the display is breathtaking. Each of the instrumentalists is featured in several passages. Suleiman has one solo that would establish him, if no other had, as a great bassist; it is a rubato masterpiece. Gant's drumming is light, fast, and propulsive in the Sid Catlett-Connie Kay tradition. There are harmonic riches in Jamal's several solos here, astonishing runs, daring ideas perfectly executed, and a great deal of humor. A snatch of melody quoted from Misty leads Jamal into a few bars of foursquare Erroll Garner who is immediately transformed into Cecil Taylor who becomes Art Tatum who emerges as Jamal who plays himself before becoming Rachmaninoff. Absorbing listening.
Extensions is successful, a five-star performance, and it brings the combined session rating up to four stars. —ramsey
KEITH JARRETT
EXPECTATIONS—Columbia KG 31580: Vision; Common Mama; The Magician in You; Roussillon; Expectations; Take Me Back; The Circular Letter (for J.K.); Nomads; Sundance; Bring Back the Old Way (II); There Is a Road; River's Rhyme.
Personnel: Dennis Redman, tenor sax (tracks 2, 4, 7, 9, 10); Sam Brown, guitar (tracks 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10); Jarrett, piano, organ, soprano sax, tambourine; Charlie Haden, bass (except track 1); Paul Motian, drums (except tracks 1 and 11); Airto Moreira, percussion, drums (tracks 2, 3, 6–10); strings (tracks 1, 5, 11) and brass (tracks 2, 8), arranged by Jarrett.
Rating: ★★★★☆
Jarrett is a musician with so much to say and so many different ways to say it that it has apparently been difficult for him to channel the facets of his talent into a totally cohesive album—until now. While not everything on Expectations is a complete success, and I find one entire track a drag, it is far and away the best thing Jarrett has done and so impressive in its totality that its few inconsistent moments become easy to overlook.
As a pianist, Jarrett sounds like absolutely nobody else. Technically he is without peer, but he never uses technique as an end in itself. If he fires off a lightning-fast cluster of notes, as he often does here, it is not to prove he can do it but because those notes fit. When he plays at ballad tempo, or unaccompanied (dig especially the intros to Bring Back and There is a Road and the short opening track, on which the strings take the place of his left hand), the richness of his voicings, and the deftness of his touch produce an effect that is as incontestably mellow as his uptempo playing is torrid and vital. But the single most impressive quality of Jarrett's playing is that even when the music is at its freest his solos always quite clearly sing—so much so that he is often moved to sing along.
He brings the same passionate intensity to his soprano playing that he brings to the piano, but his chops are not nearly as impressive. When he uses the soprano as an extra ensemble voice, or to improvise counterlines to Redman (as on Common Mama and Bring Back), it can be very effective. But when he puts it up front, which he does on Take Me Back, the resulting sound seems weak. That whole track, in fact, is as much a failure as the album as a whole is a triumph—it relies far too heavily on a repeated riff that becomes boring very quickly. I guess Jarrett is a man of so many ideas that, given four Lp sides to work with, it is almost inevitable that he would come up with one bum track.
The other ten tracks cover a range that is truly staggering, ranging from Magician, a straightforward rock ballad with exquisite changes, to Roussillon, a heartfelt nod in the direction of Ornette Coleman. Jarrett's writing for brass is fresh and pungent, especially on the irresistibly rhythmically-inflectuous Common Mama. His writing for strings is not entirely free of the cliches to be found in most people's writing for strings, but they are used sparingly and never get in the way, and on Vision they work to perfection against Jarrett's soaring right hand. Jarrett the composer commands the same mixed and seemingly inexhaustible bag of devices as Jarrett the player, most notably an impish sense of humor, a flair for the dramatic, a touch of una-
March 29 □ 21
bashed romanticism, a suggestion of gospel roots intermixed with classical ones, a knowledge of how to use freedom without abusing it, and above all a vast supply of energy and spirit. Every melody here (even the brief line of the otherwise dreary *Take Me Back*) is a dazzling, unpredictable, memorable, original statement.
The supporting musicians pick up on Jarrett's energy and respond in kind. Haden and Motian are old cohorts of Jarrett's, and besides providing rock-solid support they exhibit an interplay with each other and with Jarrett that borders on the telepathic.
Redman is a tough and even raunchy tenor player, but unafraid to take all manner of chances. Unlike some free players, he displays a keen sense of musical structure in everything he plays. His solos are a joy to hear unfold. Brown is a capable guitarist in the Coryell mold, but his playing moved me least of the sidemen here—he doesn't seem to have found his own voice yet. Airo is on so many records these days that his presence is often taken for granted, but he does things here that will surely make people take notice, particularly his double-drumming with Motian on *Letter* and *Sundance*, two very different tracks, but similar in their level of intensity—they both cook hard enough to wake the dead.
This is electric music that doesn't need to rely on watts and volts. It is super-charged with the energy and ideas and expressive capabilities of one of the most fascinating musical creators around. It is sometimes hard to find the words with which to describe Keith Jarrett's music, but ultimately one word will suffice for the two-record *Expectations: listen!*
—keepnews
---
**MILES DAVIS**
ON THE CORNER—Columbia KC 31906: *On the Corner; New York Girl; Thinkin' One Thing and Doin' Another; Vote for Miles; Black Satin; One and One; The Ballad; Mr. Freedom X.*
Personnel: Davis, trumpet; Cal Tjader, soprano/tenor saxes; Herbie Hancock, electric piano; Harold J. Williams, keyboards; David Creamen, guitar; Colin Walcott, sitar; Mike Henderson, bass; Jack DeJohnette, Billy Hart, drums; M'tume, percussion; Badal Roy, tabla.
Rating: ★★
The title is apt and maybe a little too close for comfort. In fact, it's almost as though Miles was "on the corner" during much of the recording.
Take some chunka-chunka-chunka rhythm, lots of little background percussion fiddle-around sounds, some electronic mutations, add simple tune lines that sound a great deal alike and play some spacy solos. You've got the "groovin'" formula, and you stick with it interminably to create your "magic." But is it magic or just repetitive boredom?
Miles is playing not much differently than he did in the '50s and '60s. The mean, tight little hard-edged lines are still there. The purity and simplicity of approach, the wide-open spaces to create that teasingly beautiful tension—it all remains. Sure, he's added some electronics, but it really doesn't alter his style much. Just thank God he's got more taste in the use of his electronic hookups than Don Ellis.
Pete Welding said it all too well in his review of Miles' last release, *Live-Evil* (db, 4/13/72). He said the music needs editing.
Miles' music has suffered from this since *In a Silent Way*, though the first side of the *Jack Johnson* album was smokin' and parts of the other albums since *Wav* have been grand.
Anyway, Miles solos here and there, and they're mostly fine solos—if you don't get bored by the supposedly hypnotic but ultimately static rhythm. There really aren't that many solo moments, however.
Garnett has more space than Miles. His soprano, which gets the most time in the spotlight, is reedy and fleet but somehow doesn't convince. On the other hand, his tenor work is strong and distinctive.
Guitarist Creamen is okay in a neo-soul bag. The rest of the group? Chunka-chunka-chunka. There are a few fleeting seconds from the keyboards, but so what.
The personnel information, not included on the album, was provided by Columbia. It would indicate that perhaps both new and old material has been included (Hancock's presence, for example).
The aforementioned Welding review asked for an affirmative answer from Davis' next album. Sorry, Pete. How about next time?
—smith
**SUN RA**
*IT'S AFTER THE END OF THE WORLD* — MPS-BASF 20748: *Strange Dreams—Strange Worlds—Black Myth; It's After the End of the World; Black Forest Myth; Watusi; Egyptian Myth; Myth Versus Reality (the Myth-Science Approach); Angelic Proclamation; Out in Space; Duos.*
Personnel: Kwame Hadi, trumpet; Ahk Tal Ebah, mellophone, trumpet; John Gilmore, Marshall Allen, Pat Patrick, James Jackson, woodwinds; Percussion: Danny Davis, Danny Thompson, Abshrom Ben Shlomo, Leroy Taylor, Robert Cummings, Augustus Browning, woodwinds; Ra, various keyboards, voice; Alan Silva, various strings; Alejandro Blake Fearon, bass; Lex Humphries, drums; Nimrod Hunt, Hazoume, Math Samba, Ite Tayo, percussion, June Tyson, voice.
Rating: ★★★★☆
Ra and arkestra are about black mysticism, black hokum, and most decidedly about black music/art.
This recording from the Donaueschingen and Berlin Festivals in October and November of 1970 shows the full sweep of the arkestra in nearly 50 minutes of startling music. It has clarity, direction, imagination and almost total inventiveness—and, on the other hand, has the somewhat ridiculous chanting of Ra and Miss Tyson. The corny externals are merely distractions in an over-all brilliant offering, however.
The arkestra's music often is a dichotomy. It can be alternately sophisticated and naive. The absurd aspects are downplayed for the most part here.
Ra's synthesizer, organ and piano solos are, in a word, remarkable (or whatever superlative you'd like to substitute). He's over, under, around and through the band.
Other stuff: On *Worlds*, Gilmore's absolutely stunning, brain-blowing tenor explosion (he's ordinary in mainstream contexts, but out of sight with the arkestra). The truly unbelievable bassoon solos by Taylor—like a massive smearing foghorn (he plays it with a trumpet-type mouthpiece). Silva does some strange things on cello here and there. And on *Duos* there are some out-of-this-world duets (Allen and Davis on altos, and Patrick and Thompson on baritones) with Ra charging about. The duets later become a quartet, then...
the whole orchestra enters before the track fades. Elsewhere there's Allen's piccolo, Davis' alto and some fine bass clarinet (probably Cummings).
*Magic City on Saturn* is perhaps the best of Ra albums of the '60s. This has a good shot at being one of his best of the '70s. Now that the arkestra has signed with Blue Thumb other interesting things should be forthcoming.
—smith
**VARIOUS ARTISTS**
**FRIDAY THE 13TH—COOK COUNTY JAIL**—Groove Merchant GM 25: *Freedom Suite, Part 1: Freedom, Suite, Part 2: Greer Dolphin Street; Everything Happens to Me; Cherokee*
Personnel: Tracks 1&2: Jimmy McGriff, organ; George Freeman, O'Donel Levy, guitars; Mickey Bass, bass; Marion Booker, Jr., drums. Tracks 3-5: Lucky Thompson, soprano sax; Cedar Walton, electric piano; Sam Jones, bass; Louis Hayes, drums.
Rating: ★★★★
This record presents some of the musical happenings that took place Oct. 13, 1972 in Chicago's Cook County Jail before a seemingly appreciative and responsive if a bit noisy audience.
The highlight of the album is Lucky Thompson, whose beautiful and joyful playing is in strange juxtaposition to his surroundings. On *Everything Happens* Thompson is particularly sensitive and poignant. The piece is sandwiched between the up-tempo *Dolphin Street* and the joyous *Cherokee*, the latter for the most part extended soloing by Thompson, who flies effortlessly and inventively through the changes at Bird-like altitude. The track ends with a crude edit—I wish there'd been more, and with only 16 minutes to the side (the other runs 24:43) I think there should have been. Maybe they ran out of tape....
The best Lucky Thompson recording, to my ears, in many years.
The Jimmy McGriff set, made up of two improvisations called *Freedom Suite, Parts 1 & 2*, is also straight ahead.
*Part 1* is strictly blues with no embellishments, the type of thing McGriff can really hang out a line on. It features George Freeman in a traditional, urban solo contrasting well with O'Donel Levy's strong up-tempo work on *Part 2*, more in the manner of Jimi Hendrix cum Wes Montgomery.
This is Levy's strongest showing to date, and, not coincidentally his first real stretching out on records. If this man is allowed to get out of the pop-jazz mold he has been cast in up to now, he could possibly become one of the major guitar voices in jazz.
Throughout, McGriff is effective and not overpowering or obtrusive.
—rusch
**TIM WEISBERG**
**HURTWOOD EDGE**—A&M SP 4352: *Tibetan Silver; Burlington Skyway; Hurtwood Edge; Another Time; Tyne Cube; Cement City; Summers Past; The Mundane; Maat; Our Thing; Ojai; Song for Lisa*
Personnel: Weisberg, flutes; Dave Pariato, piano, bass; Art Johnson, guitars, mandolin; Lynn Blessing, vibes, marimba, keyboards; backup orchestra and voices.
Rating: ★½
Forty-four minutes and 22 seconds of irritatingly non-descript music, well played, arranged with most of the acceptably hip commercial devices of the day, and utterly boring.
—ramsey
Observing Anita O'Day as she swung her way effortlessly through *Fly Me To The Moon* (in 3/4 and 4/4) during one of her recent gigs at Donte's in Los Angeles, I was doubly impressed. First and foremost by the honesty and tenacity with which she has clung to a personal manner of phrasing, and of dealing with jazz-based material, never making the commercial concessions so often indulged in by her contemporaries. Second, by the fact that the younger listeners in the room would have found it difficult if not impossible to believe that she was singing with Gene Krupa's big band in 1941. Nobody, they might have said, could look that good or sound that hip and still have been around so long.
Anita O'Day's time-defying face, figure and style (not necessarily in that order of importance) are now an occasional part of the California scene. Though she made many albums for Verve in the 1960s, presently she has her own label, Anita O'Day Records, and I'm glad to accede to her request to mention that they are obtainable from P.O. Box 442, Hesperia, Ca. 92345.
This was her first Blindfold Test since 6/30/66. She was given no information about the records played.
1. **MILDRED BAILEY. Willow Tree** *(from Her Greatest Performances, Columbia)*. Johnny Hodges, alto saxophone; Bunny Berigan, trumpet; Red Norvo, piano; Grachan Moncur Sr., bass. Recorded 1935.
That sounds like the era of the greatest jazz band in the world. It's got that dixieland-blues style. Earlier on I called four singers I was influenced by, and that's my girl Mildred. The way I can always tell Mildred is she use to sing the consonants, and everybody would say 'you can't sing consonants,' but it was her style . . . 'You don't sing n's and m's,' they'd say, 'you just sing vowels . . .' but Mildred could do it just that way.
For feeling and interpretation, we rate it . . . well. I like the girl, three stars. I really didn't know who the instrumentalists were. When it first started out, I pictured Jess Stacy, so I figured the singer's going to be Lee Wiley, which threw me off. . . . I wasn't all that knocked out by the backing; it's dixieland, which I don't dig that much. I didn't really get that groovy blues feeling from it; I don't think that was Mildred at her greatest.
2. **SARAH VAUGHAN. Deep In The Night** *(from Feelin' Good, Mainstream)*. Michel Legrand, arranger.
I really didn't care for it . . . because knowing Sarah, we know she can do a lot more. She did very well with the arrangement she was performing with . . . a nice full band in there; it was put together well; but just as the whole thing settled, it didn't make it for me. In the race, I think it came in sixth . . . which is out of the money, man. So I gotta say one and a half stars.
It was just a combination of things that put me off . . . the slow tempo, then the double time—that's a good bit, they use it a lot in arranging, but for Sarah it's too trite. With this beautiful voice, the arrangement was not up to par.
3. **CARMEN MCRAE. Didn't We** *(from Just A Little Lovin', Atlantic)*. Alex Gafa, guitar.
That's the one! That's the song of . . . 1970. I think I heard it . . . We can shut up shop and go home. Happy New Year! Carmen's version of this is superb, but the song is also great, the rendition is the best I heard. So what can you say—ding, ding, ding . . . ding, ding, ding . . . six stars!
Each tune an artist does has its own momentum that you hope will fall into the hearts of the people, and in the second eight there she takes 'this time we a-a-almost made it to the mo-o-on.' . . . they both fall down into that octave there, and evidently that's where it lays. She uses a tag ending, which is a repeat where you turn around.
When I first heard the guitar, I thought that's the way it should be done, although I didn't really give that much thought to the accompaniment.
4. **JEAN TURNER. You're The Top** *(from Stan Kenton-Jean Turner, Creative World, Inc.)*
That's quite a surprise. We just closed shop again; I'm leaving. I don't know what that was. I have no idea. It was a conglomeration of somebody singing a lyric that had no timing, had nothing to do with what the band was doing, and that immediately loses me because I'm precise on that—there is a time, so many beats in the bar, and let's get with it.
It's got a nice tone, it's clear; it's up and out there. I don't know who that is. I could make a stab, but I really have no idea. I'd give it a P for poor, because it didn't get together.
LF: The reason I played this is because she's an alumna, as you are, of the Stan Kenton orchestra . . .
A.O'D: Ann Richards? I had that passing thought . . . all right, I lose. . . .
LF: No, no . . . it's a girl named Jean Turner, the only black girl that ever toured with Stan; she was very attractive and a pretty fair singer. . . .
A.O'D: She's got a lot of tone, a lot of qualities, and if you say she's pretty, that probably helps. But she sure ain't no singer. She's up there shouting, she's not with the band. You gotta present a picture, man. And don't forget it's not easy to sing with that band!
5. **BETTY CARTER. This Is Always** *(from Inside Betty Carter, United Artists)*.
This is a true musician. This singer sings with the chords, has good intonation. I think it's pre-sketched, but it has open spots, so she fills in between. It was most pleasant.
I don't know her work that well. I hear it so little that I'm afraid to say . . . Nina Simone? If it is, it's the first time I've really had a chance to hear it . . . we're in the studio, it's quiet. I have a chance to really pay attention. Whoever it is, after you tell me, I will forever and ever know . . . and she's excellent. Five stars.
6. **KAY STARR. Baby Won't You Please Come Home** *(from How About This, Paramount)*. Count Basie Orchestra; Dick Hyman, arranger, conductor.
Well, I've heard Mary Ann McCall sound just like that . . . but then you give a little more of a listen, and Mary is more of a 4/4 time singer, whereas this has a 2/4 sort of dixieland . . . so I've got to say Kay Starr. Anyway, whoever it is, they got this style down real good. That's the queen of this sound, so I've got to say five stars.
The whole thing, the arrangement . . . very groovy thing. I was so with the whole thing, although I don't know whose band it is. But for the whole thing, the arrangement, the type of tune—we all know that tune—and for the version of the song . . . excellent on the arranger. As a whole, just for what they were saying, five stars.
7. **FLACK-HATHAWAY. Where Is The Love** *(from Roberta Flack & Donny Hathaway, Atlantic)*. Ralph McDonald, William Salter, composers; Arif Mardin, string & woodwind arrangements; Flack & Hathaway, arrangers.
I've got a new tune! I've been looking for new material, and that's it. I've got to ask you all about this, because this is the one.
I got to give it five stars because it gets to me. I like it. I don't know who it is, who arranged it, but it's all five stars.
8. **LEE WILEY. I've Got A Crush On You** *(from The One And Only, RIC)*. Fats Waller, piano; Pee Wee Russell, clarinet. George Gershwin, composer. Recorded 1939.
Well, from the top I gotta say five stars because that is the tune—in fact I've only heard that gal sing about three tunes, so this is her tune. It's a marvelous song. When you get to listening to the instrumentalists in there, I want to say Jess Stacy, because he played a lot for her—Lee Wiley—but maybe it isn't. Then when it got into the band part, with the clarinet coming in . . . maybe I'm off the track but I thought I heard Pee Wee Russell. All those people played together at that time, which kind of helped me. But I was really going by sound. It was a marvelous nostalgia sound, and I love it.
That's one of the Lee Wiley tunes, as I said. You know how we all find a tune that lays well with the person. . .
9. **ELLA FITZGERALD. I Concentrate On You** *(from Ella Loves Cole, Atlantic)*. Nelson Riddle, conductor, arranger.
Well, who can forget the immortal Judy Garland! . . . Of course, it's spelled E-l-l-a Fitzgerald. You know, it's peculiar, at the very beginning . . . it took about 12 or 16 bars to listen to who that was, because she has so many places to put her sounds. If she doesn't get too excited, it's so pure that you really can't tell who it is until she starts to get into her phrasing. Then, of course, who can make the interval jumps that she does in time?—Nobody.
The reason I said Judy Garland was, that was Judy's favorite tune—I Concentrate On You. I was living with her in New York just before she went to London.
Back to Ella's rendition . . . Well, Ella, right away five stars. The band sounded like a nice big studio band.
The members of War are among the best ensemble players in rock. For collective musical spirit they have few equals, although the Allman Brothers and the Grateful Dead come to mind.
However, the uniqueness of War's material sets them apart even from those excellent bands. It is written collectively, but its antecedents, other than, vaguely, the blues, are difficult to place.
The music is made up of group vocals (all of the members sing, at one time or another), spoken pieces (by Allen), some arresting saxophone-harp voicings and some highly original playing, particularly by Oskar and Jordan.
All of this is superimposed over subtle and complex internal rhythms that, when they're working properly, could stir the dead.
War took the stage before about 7,000 people and played five pieces, most of them, including the title tune, from their album *The World Is A Ghetto*.
*Get Down* offered a sighing repetitive vocal chorus by several members of the group and a display of Oskar's ability to rouse a crowd at the conclusion. *The World Is A Ghetto* included Allen's monologue. Oskar again, on the final *Slippin' In The Darkness*, played a pure-toned but soulful introduction that knocked everybody out, as did Scott's guitar wind-up.
The band is as much fun to watch as it is to listen to. Oskar's pyrotechnics are offset by Dickerson's deadpan demeanor. Allen, a very able percussionist, is also a natural showman whose brief excursions on some of his more exotic instruments approach theatrical pieces. Brown is an undemonstrative but consistently hard-working drummer.
Although they all solo, there are no soloists or stars, as such, in the band. (The names on the first War album are listed scrupulously in alphabetical order.) This is perhaps natural, considering their beginnings about three years ago as accompanists to British singer Eric Burdon. However, the rhythm section of War has been together ten years, and sounds it.
The band has been on its own for the past two years, but they are still associated with Burdon, and also with Jimmy Witherspoon (who was on the bill at the Civic Center) in a single cooperative company. War Productions, Inc., headed by their producer, Jerry Goldstein.
War's members are black and from Los Angeles, for the most part. The exception is Oskar, who is from Copenhagen, Denmark.
"They love each other," Witherspoon observed after the show. I don't know about that, although I suspect it may be true. I do know that they play as if they love music.
—James D. Dills
**Tony Bennett**
Venetian Room, Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco
I mildly knocked Bennett some time ago, and doing penance now is a pleasure. Then, on a bill with Duke Ellington, I thought he only half unrolled his spread of talents, and at best was rather indifferent to him. From bringing up the rear in accolades I've moved to the front ranks of idolatry.
Through the medium of a voice distinctive as gold, the contexts of songs were imbued with a subtle variety of phrasing and feeling, all the chameleon shades of ardor. Love hopeful: *Invitation* (a proffering anyone would have accepted). Love jubilant: *Something*. Love dejected: *End of a Love Affair* (up-tempo, breezy proof that you can be down and swing). Love nostalgic/ecstatic: *Midnight Sun*. (And here some of the most poetic lyrics to ever grace song got an extra blessing from the delivery.)
He's made *Wave* — a highlight — into something of a languorous classic. As with *Fly Me to the Moon*, he uses the nice trick of taking it from accepted tempo, mulling over the lyrics — slow sips instead of down-the-hatch delivery — and savoring them the better for it. His bottom register a compound of huskiness and velvet, he soared with aplomb to hit and hold highs — notes the envy of other notes.
*I Left My Heart in San Francisco* had a filmed backdrop of Bennett strolling around some of the better known spots of this city. Obligatory stuff, less the natives get restless. On this and *Smile*, he disappeared down a sentimental abyss, but even then he fell with a flair.
Of particular interest is his dash at handling beats at whatever tempo, taking a number on his own inimitable tangent without recourse to, say, a Mel Torme context, benefit of scat or bending of lyrics. *Get Happy, There Will Never Be Another You, O Sole Mio* (a little overblown on bravura; so what?). *Just in Time, Cute and Mimi* — the last two backed by rhythm only — all had an impressive swing spread.
And he's so solicitous of giving jazzmen a say in things. Indulging his yen for tenorists, he gave Tom Hart plenty of prettily seized opportunities; ditto for his own cohorts, pianist Bernie Leighton and drummer Kenny Clarke (John Mosher on bass fully rounded out the rhythm). In them, he had musicians to match his standard.
The whole band blossomed behind Bennett with arrangements never less than good and often an added tier to the cake. Ernie Hecksher's customary 14-piece band — his beats are usually in the nature of discreet coughs — forgot his diplomatic devotion to the sedate, stimulated by brass and reed extras of a decided jazz bent. A complement of 16 strings supplied required sweetening. The Venetian Room, a candelabraed cocoon where the winds of change are mere muted whispers, had its house record broken by Peggy Lee just prior to Bennett's engagement and he made even smaller smithereens of it.
He shouted: "Let's swing!" on his encore, *I Can't Give You Anything But Love*, and turned most of it over to Allen (ex-Benny Goodman, ex-Benny Carter) Smith's trumpet, who took it through umpteen toothsome choruses. A not-too-young cat, but the fur still glossy, claws still sharp.
Wineglass in hand, Bennett had opened the show with *The Good Things in Life*. He's one of them.
—Sammy Mitchell
music and the Commodore Music Shop as publisher, then rushed to the Post Office and filled out a copyright card to the Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress. Washington, D.C. purchased the necessary money order to pay for the registry, and posted the envelope to the Library of Congress.
Billie didn't know I was doing this, but it protected her rights, for once a song has been recorded, it is impossible to prevent another person from making a new version of it, if they are willing to pay the statutory mechanical licensing fee.
After I received verification from Washington, I personally delivered the record of *Fine and Mellow* to Decca. At that moment in 1939, I couldn't have known that in November, 1941 I would go to work for Decca, becoming an a&R man and later a vice president of the company. I stayed there for 30 years, recording everyone from Louis Armstrong and Bing Crosby through Bill Haley and the Comets and Bert Kaempfert, to mention just a few. But that's another story.
Sometime after the Decca *Fine and Mellow* incident, (Alberta Hunter "covered" the song for Decca), someone in my group at Billie's, the E.B. Marks Corp., wanted to publish the song for Billie, as they had done with *Strange Fruit* for Lewis Allan. I assigned the publishing rights to them so that Billie could get an advance for signing the rights over to them. (Marks also publish her *God Bless the Child* and *Billie's Blues*). I'm sure she made money on the deal.
Lady Day's Commodore recordings were her first "pop" hits, and her career zoomed from that point on. Her earnings in clubs skyrocketed, and she played every important jazz locale and big theaters where the big bands were packing them in. Unfortunately for me, she was still a Columbia artist, and I had to be content with rooting from the sidelines. I couldn't record her again until her contract had expired.
When Billie told me she was free and wanted me to try some new sessions with her, I was overjoyed. I went to Joe Glaser, her agent, president of the Associated Booking Corp., and long the mentor of Louis Armstrong. It was now 1944, and I paid Joe a very good price for Billie to do three sessions for Commodore. I had my favorite band over back, and we waxed 11 great standards and one more blues, *I Love My Man* (Billie's Blues).
I had Eddie Heywood, who was working at the same club as Billie at the time, do the arrangements, and we used his band to back her, adding Teddy Walters on guitar for two sessions. Eddie, a fabulous pianist, had just recorded *Begin the Beguine* for Commodore, and it was a monster record. He was a sensitive musician who loved Billie's singing as much as I. He wrote his head off. Eddie was a perfectionist, but so was I!
The recording dates were a joy. Billie was in great shape, and artistically at the peak of her career. I was working at Decca until 5:30 each afternoon. Then I would rush to my Commodore Music Shop for a few hours until it closed, and head for Swing Street to hear some live music—and of course Billie, if she was in town.
Between sets, Billie and I would go across the street to Tony's, where her good friend Mabel Mercer was working her particular brand of magic. Billie would have a Brandy Alexander, and I would stay with scotch. Mabel was one of the classiest singer of sophisticated songs in the business. Her choice of material is something special, and her presentation makes her the
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Rolls Royce of cafe singers. All the great ones wrote for her, and all the great performers came to listen and learn.
Decca never did like my working for two companies, theirs and my own, but my agreement with them allowed it. I never crossed them on artistic decisions that would affect both labels. One night, when I stepped into the club next to Ryan’s to hear Billie, she had the audience spellbound—ever more spellbound than usual. She was doing a new number, Lover Man. (The late Jimmy Davis and Roger “Ram” Ramirez and Jimmy Sherman wrote this song for her.)
To my trained ear, it was a natural hit and definitely a future standard, but as far as Billie was concerned, I had reached the point of no return to Commodore. If I made a record of Lover Man with her for myself, I’d surely be fired from Decca, I thought.
I told Billie that I would sign her to a Decca contract for our next session and do Lover Man. We had our first difference of opinion about how to do the song. Billie won. She wanted a string section on the date, and I gave it to her. She thus became the first black artist in her field to record with strings, and it was on the Lover Man session that she got them. I had the songwriters sign the song over to the Decca publishing firm, and it’s still there, in the MCA Music catalog.
Good Morning, Heartache and Old Devil Called Love are among the many songs I had written to order for Billie in this period, and I remember two young writers who adored her and followed her everywhere—with my encouragement. They wrote Deep Song for Lady, and it was almost autobiographical—the story of Billie’s life. Their names are George Cory and Douglas Hess, and I’m very proud of them; later, they wrote a song called I Left My Heart in San Francisco.
I could have become a wealthy man with Billie and the songs, but I’d never have been able to sleep at night, and I wanted to do what was best for Billie. She was becoming a little more difficult to work with. She’d arrive late for the sessions, and I would have the band all rehearsed on every number before she started. After a few run-downs, her voice would open up, sometimes with the help of some old brandy, and we’d be ready to record.
Billie was generally a one-take artist. Her rendition would never vary much from one take to another. Within a working 45 minutes or an hour, I’d complete Billie’s part of the session, and we would have our sides. If we didn’t, her throat would close up again, and we would call off the session. Billie never dogged it, and she always tried to make a good record—at least for me. But the later Deccas were agony—nothing like the Commodores.
Billie was her own worst enemy. She got mixed up with some pretty rough men. Once I had to send her money to get her out of Washington, D.C., and another time she sent her maid to me with a note to get the balance of a sum she needed to pay off a bail bondsman. My father and my brothers gave her cash from the old Commodore till the time she wanted it.
Billie was in trouble, though, and getting in deeper all the time. Worst of all was the legal restriction (no cabaret card) that kept her from working in clubs in New York for the last 12 years of her life. It also kept her away from me—I was chained to my desk at Decca, and she didn’t get into the big town that often. Decca didn’t want to renew her deal when the contract expired, and I got switched to their Coral label and was unable to record her at all.
I stayed at Decca for many reasons, but mainly for the excitement and thrill of working with the talented stars, writers and
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HANK MOBLEY
Continued from page 15
Given his skill, it's too bad he never recorded with Monk, though they played together for a few weeks in 1957. "It's hard to get your own thing together, then play something of Monk's. He's unique; if you try to go his way I don't think you'll bring your own self out. To me, if you're with Monk you should play in the upper register as much as you can. Then it blends with him. Trane always plays precise lines—few saxophones could play with Monk—one was Trane, one was Red, and the other was—me! I don't want to brag, but I happened to be a little on top of the case. He'd leave it to you how to play, and if he didn't like it he wouldn't say anything. Like Dizzy: 'Man, I never fire anybody, I just make it so bad for them they'll quit.' Round Midnight, now that'll be here until the sun dies; if I could write a song like that I'd be happy, most happy."
The dashing Clifford Brown became the dominant trumpet influence; in all other respects the original 1955-56 Jazz Messengers set the tone for the era. It was the best band Silver ever played with, and his best writing dates from his years with Mobley. When the Messengers broke up, Mobley remained with Silver, and in retrospect it seems Hank provided the musical continuity that really validated those early bands. His fully developed style was to remain substantially the same for some years. A light, sweet tone and a remarkable command of structure were his most obvious features: if the melodicism was largely a transformation of Parker, the deeply felt form was Mobley's own. Hearing those recordings, it's remarkable how Mobley, by subtle shifts of accent, striking understatement, and sudden introduction of fresh material, could create gripping solos.
Mobley considers a 10" LP set with Silver, Watkins and Blakey, and including early versions of My Sin and Avila and Tequila, the best of his early records—"I put a lot of work into it; Horace says he saw it in Europe, then." The same four plus Milt Jackson did Hank Mobley's All-Stars (Blue Note 81544), and we might consider that representative of the times. Immense sophistication informs his Ultramarine solo, a stunning work which Mobley enters sideways, after the unsubtle Jackson and Silver, and which chameleon-like, is continually transformed.
During layoffs, Miles kept his men on salary, and sometimes he and Mobley would go out to hear Ornette, etc. "Miles pulled my coat to a few things. He suggested just straight ahead, hit every note on the head—it's hard to explain. It means, you can play two or three ways: you can play romantic-type, the big sound, like that; you can play mathematical, like my man Lee Konitz used to do with Warne Marsh; and the other is similar to Trane, where you hit everything sharp. Every time you try to get an idea across, you don't labor, play behind the beat, or anything like that: you hit it, and bring something out of it."
The result was a profound change—in fact, the style he offers, with little modification, today. His melodic formations grew less involved as attention became focused on his rhythmic substructure. Now the tendency is to create a constant flow of shifting accents and ever-changing melodic material. The structure is, if anything, more subtle than ever. Precise timing is so crucial to this delicate art, every small run or grace note has its special importance. The surface lightness and naturalness may fool you: what Mobley actually projects is some of the most intense music of our time.
"I wrote a whole movie in Paris. It was about the French-Algerian war, and I wrote Algerian music and French music, back and forth. Then I came back and recorded it for Blue Note, and they didn't put it out. I had some of the same people I was playing with in New York—Cedar, Billy, Bob Cranshaw, Curtis Fuller, Freddy Hubbard . . .
"The best thing I ever did is the brass ensemble record they won't put out"—a Blue Note date. "It features tenor with two trumpets, French horn, James Spaulding on alto, two trombones, baritone horn and tuba. I've been talking to Muhal (Richard Agram), I'd like to write out some things and use them with his big band. There's no point going through two-three months trying to rehearse if they put it on the shelf. A friend of people saying, 'Do a record date,' and not go through all the effort, you write something and that should be heard, and they put it on. What's the point of it all? I have about five records on the shelf—Blue Note had half the black musicians around New York City, and now the records are just lying around. What they do is just hold it and wait for you to die. I bet they put out all of Lee Morgan's records now . . .
Of his currently available records, which does he consider the best? "Reach Out, Hi Voltage, The Turnaround, Caddy For Daddy, they're pretty much much the same." Soul Station (Blue Note 84031) is usually considered Mobley's most personal statement, one as intimate as Rollin's Saxophone Colossus or Coltrane's Giant Steps; I might add Workout (Blue Note 84080) and the blistering Roll Call (Blue Note 84058) as especially strong works. Over the years, his standards have stayed consistently high—a unique achievement for any artist.
As a musician he can reasonably expect his full performing career yet to come. How does he predict his own future? "I don't send anything in this area of the East Coast. The only attempt is in California, where Benny Golson and the rest of the fellows are writing. I haven't found a company I'd really like to record for since I got back—one that'd give me leeway and proper money. I'd like to write anything I felt like, strings, whatever. I'd like to write a symphony, if they'd produce it. It'd take three months to rehearse and get it together . . . maybe I could do what Marion Brown and Archie Shepp and everyone else is doing: get a grant from the government and write your thing.
I've got 20-some years of, not perfection, but of being a premier musician. I've written 90 songs—he! I'm not 21 any more, you know . . . Given the jazz upheavals of the last decade, it's perhaps not remarkable that Mobley is already considered an Old Master by the slightly younger Free musicians; recently he was startled to enter a Philadelphia club and hear Shepp play his 1954 Hankering. Fashions pass, but the likes of Mobley's sophistication and emotionality continue to teach us about the nature of art.
Away from music, his reading interests are along the lines of classic philosophers/psychologists. "We used to call things 'progressions,'" he muses. "It means you can go through a month or so, you don't hear anything new, you can't get anything together, and just all of a sudden everything hits you again. You can play the day before for hours, nothing's together. Then all of a sudden something might just say 'Bang!', and everything you do is right. You go through periods like that up-down, up-down."
Mobley's own fortunes have fluctuated along with those of the music as a whole. Nonetheless it's a pleasure to have him here, composing and playing, even if only for a little while.
was about 25 years old. I used to practice during the summer 12, 14 hours a day. Nothing else mattered. Even when I was in school, nothing else mattered. Which is why I was in the marching band. See, my father played every instrument, and I had to know every aria from every opera. He even taught me conducting. Everything was music, music, music. After I got married, I suddenly realized "Hey, there's a tree out there." And kids became important.
DB: How do you practice today? Any special techniques—or do you still practice. Am I asking the wrong people?
Bobo: Por favor.
Bellson: I still do. I got interested in the new rock things, so I'll get Paul Humphrey's book or maybe Joe Porcaro's book and I'll go home—I got a set of drums at home—and I'll get into odd times, and then I'll listen to certain records and try to emulate things.
Manne: You'd have to practice one solid week, every night and day, to equal one bashing set in a club. Something happens with just playing.
Bobo: Me, I could never practice. Not even when I was a kid. Everything I've ever played I've always played on the job.
Manne: Natural.
Bobo: Yeah, naturally. I'd go crazy. I couldn't do a five-stroke roll, but if the situation would present itself, and I was listening to the guys, I'd play it and ask myself later "How'd I do that?" Like when I joined Cal Tjader. I was more a timbales player than a drummer, but I told him I was of age; I was out of sight.
Bunker: You lied! (big laugh from everyone, including Willie)
Bobo: Sure I did. I played with one hand, but I said "If you got the pots on for me, man I can hear."
Manne: That's not so strange. Take a guy who doesn't think he has a lot of chops. If the band is swinging, everything turns to gold. You're propelled along by the whole movement when it's grooving. But as far as practicing, there have been times when I would practice just to stay loose. I'll go home, pick up a pair of sticks, and play on my knees.
DB: Is the rubber practice pad good for beginners?
Bellson: Use a full set. If you're gonna play drums, practice on drums.
Manne: It's also important for beginners to get together with other kids. Form a band and just play. It's like Louis says: practice on the instrument; the discipline is essential.
Bellson: You know, I've done a lot of clinics. And I asked some band leaders to give me some advice I could pass on to stage band drummers. Basie said, "Tell 'em just one thing: 'listen.'" Ellington said, "Style is the man himself." Buddy Rich made a good observation: "Make sure whatever tune you play, find that groove." And Harry James said, "The drummer is in the driver's seat."
DB: Any difference in playing drums for a combo or behind a big band?
Manne: I could never play for a big band what I do now for a combo.
DB: You prefer a small group?
Manne: I do. I think a small group leaves more room for creativity on the drummer's part. In a big band, a drummer has to give and take, aside from finding that groove, as Louis just said. You can't fight a band. When the brass come in, you have to give a little, take a little, push a little, and come back a little, all without changing the tempo.
Bellson: Davey Tough was so good at that.
Manne: Yeah, Davey. It's hard to explain, but it's a feeling from within. Anyone who has played a long time has that time in his body. You don't have to go ding ding ding all the time. Everyone else in the band also has the time in his body. It frees you enough so you can be loose. That's what they mean by playing loosely with a band.
Bellson: I remember one time when Shelly was with Stan Kenton's band and someone asked me if he would use that same bass drum for a small group and I told him it doesn't make any difference; it's the player. It's in the body. It doesn't make any difference if you use a 28-inch bass drum. I've seen some guys use a 20-inch bass drum with some bands and it still wall.
Manne: I recorded with Woody Herman and used 20-inch bass drums . . . it made no difference at all to me.
Bunker: For myself, I want a completely different set of drums, depending on whether I play with a small band, or big band, or play rock and roll.
Manne: Sure, it makes work easier to have a different set of drums.
Bunker: But also it's the difference in the quality of sound.
Bellson: But you could take my set and use it for either small or big band.
Bunker: I could. I wouldn't like it, but I could.
DB: We're running out of tape, so let me throw out one more thought. Now that the five of you are here together, is there anything any one of you always wanted to know about the other, but were afraid to ask? (Long silence; finally one volunteer.)
Bobo: Yeah . . . Shelly, did you buy your house playing re-bop? (Everyone breaks up except me. I'm still trying to figure that one out—especially that word re-bop!)
Ladd McIntosh has been very busy at Westminster College (Salt Lake City) putting the new jazz curriculum in high gear, writing a lot of new charts for Mission Music and his own publishing company, and rehearsing and conducting the College's jazz band (24 pieces with players from 12 different states). In mid-Jan., McIntosh led the band on a 12-day tour of northern Calif. performing concerts and clinics at high schools and colleges. The reception to the band was predictably excellent. After all, not many (or enough) people get to hear what is probably one of the most exciting and musically adventurous jazz bands anywhere in the U.S. McIntosh's writing and leadership inspire young musicians to play with a maturity and ability that would be lacking under a less empathetic personality.
Tom Hilliard, jazz saxophonist and arranger-composer, and Ken Bartosz, jazz trumpet clinician and band director and fine arts chairman at Loyola Academy (Wilmette, Ill.) have just completed the first in a successive series of 10-week jazz performance workshops for high school players from Chicago's north shore suburbs. Applicants audition before seven professional players and, if accepted, pay a $25 tuition fee. The band meets for three hours each Monday night for intensive rehearsing, and training in improvisation. The program provides an outlet for many young players who want more jazz playing and training than they can get at their own schools. Hilliard and Bartosz are making plans to bring additional Chicago area professionals to the workshop so the students can be exposed to a variety of jazz concepts in many forms.
Roger Scheuler's Millikin U. (Decatur, Ill.) Jazz Band will be the guest band to open the 6th Midwest College Jazz Festival (Elmhurst, Ill.), March 16-18. The second half of the opening night program will feature the second edition of the Jazz Adjudicators—Cannonball Adderley, David Baker, Rufus Reid, Nathan Davis, and Rich Matteson—who will also judge the 14 bands and six combos entered in the festival which is a regional event affiliated with the American College Jazz Festival. On Sat. morning, Baker will conduct a jazz improvisation clinic featuring (acoustic and electric) strings including violins, cellos, etc. The big band winners for the past three Midwest CJFs—U. of N. Iowa (1972); U. of Wis.-Eau Claire (1971), and Bowling Green State U. (1970)—are entered in the competition.
Kendor Music has acquired distribution in the U.S., Canada, and South America for the jazz charts of Johnny Dankworth. Ken Gibson, and other English arrangers-composers published by Stanza Music of England. . . . Tamalpais HS, Mill Valley, Calif., has two new courses this semester in its jazz studies program. The Jazz History course is taught by Ray Skjelbred and the Jazz Workshop (improvisation, etc.) is taught by Dick Fregulia. Both men are members of the English dept. and both play jazz piano professionally in the Bay area. Fregulia will also be conducting a 6-week jazz workshop this summer at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.
Mona Delitsky, Jazz Director for WHRW, Harpur College (Binghampton, N.Y.) reports that the student body gave a warm reception to a recent Duke Ellington concert. This year, the Harpur jazz ensemble has presented a number of jazz stars as guest soloists, among them: Urbie Green, Frank Wess, and Larry Coryell... Adolph Sandole, music director for Concert Jazz, Inc., a non-profit corporation, in Philadelphia, has published a new book: *A Beginners Method for Jazz Improvisation* (215 pp., 259 music examples). Sandole is a jazz composer, saxophonist, and teacher of advanced musical theory who has been associated the the Newport Youth Band, the N.Y. Jazz Sextet, the Rusty Dedrick Ensemble, and other groups. . . . The Ben Davis HS Stage Band (Indianapolis), Hal Meurer, dir., will be the guest ensemble for "An Hour with Sammy Nestico", April 13 at the Mid-East Instrumental Music Conference at the Pittsburgh Hilton Hotel. Later the same evening the Tactical Air Command Stage Band (Langley AFB, Va.) will perform the music of Thad Jones, Stan Kenton, and Maynard Ferguson. M. Sgt. Robert Ransom, the band's trumpet/flugelhorn soloist, will conduct. . . . The Holiday In Dixie Deep South Jazz Festival (that sho is a mouthful, Andy) will take place in Shreveport, La. on April 14. . . . The Calif. Chapter of the Percussive Arts Society will present its 2nd Percussion Festival, May 12-13 at Calif. State U.-Northridge. Two preliminary events are scheduled: North—April 14, College Park HS, San Francisco; South—April 28-29, Northridge.
**FESTIVAL RESULTS**
Feb. 10, 1st Tri-State Jazz Festival (Morningside College, Sioux City, Iowa) jury selected 10 bands (10 HS, 1 HS) finalists were Jefferson HS (winner), Jack Oates, dir.; Hoover HS, Des Moines, Ron Battani, dir.; and Ft. Dodge HS, John Grothe, dir. Clinic sessions by Woody Herman and members of his band. Eve. concert: near winner, featuring three finalist bands and the Woody Herman Thundering Herd.
**FESTIVAL CALENDAR**
March 17-18, 1st Great Plains Jazz Festival, contact Ray Shive, Music Dept. U. of Neb. Omaha. 15 bands (J-SHS). competitive Clinic and evening concert by Clark Terry.
March 24, 8th Jefferson (Iowa) Jazz Festival, contact Jack Oates, Jefferson HS. 16 bands (HS). Clinic and evening concert by Marv Slamn.
Sonny Stitt’s “Tune-Up” Solo
Transcribed and annotated by Greg George
This solo, a classic example of Sonny Stitt’s technical, rhythmic and harmonic dexterity, was transcribed from the recent LP Tune-Up (Cobblestone CST 9013). It was recorded in 1972.
The solo, based on a 16-bar tune by Miles Davis first recorded in 1953, is written in tenor key. The chord changes repeat at every new letter. Some of the highlights of the solo are:
1. Rhythmic Turnabout (B-5)
2. Wholetone halftone scale (B 13-15, B 21-22)
3. Use of upper-register harmonics (B 18); the relative ease with which Stitt executes this is notable.
Composition © Prestige Music, Inc.
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New York: Cab Calloway, at the Rainbow Grill, proved that he is still a singer of imposing range and power and a consumate showman. His daughter, Chris Calloway, who shared the bill with her father, is a gifted singer. The band, led by reedman Eddie Barefield, included Doc Cheatham and Francis Williams, trumpets; Clift Smalls, piano; Bill Pemberton, bass, and Steve Little, drums... Pemberton, of course, is a member of the J.P.J. Quartet, which gave a very successful concert at Carnegie Recital Hall. In the audience, digging Budd Johnson, was Sonny Rollins. The J.P.J. also did its thing at the Half Note opposite Grover Washington, Jr., following a bill of Zoot Sims and not Ahmad Jamal, as scheduled, but Joe Newman and group (it's rumored that Jamal didn't dig the club's piano, a relic many feel should have been left behind when the move uptown was made). Sylvia Sims, backed by the John Bunch Trio, and Billy Taylor and his threesome were on hand Feb. 26-March 3, and Horace Silver will be in through March 17. From March 19-31, it'll be Phineas Newborn, not seen hereabouts in far too long, heading up a trio opposite the MJQ... Phineas' guitarist brother, Calvin Newborn, was (and may still be) with drummer Jual Curtis' group at Frank Miller's Showplace, 155 St. at St. Nicholas. The ex-expatriate percussionist also has Gene Walker, tenor sax, and Roland Davis, organ, and the music happens Friday and Saturday... On April 6, the Beacon Theater, Broadway/74th, will have on tap reedmen Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Yusef Lateef and Stanley Turrentine with their groups. The next night, pianist Eumir Deodato will lead the 25-piece Juilliard Orchestra... Steve Allen does Carnegie Hall March 24 with Terry Gibbs as musical director and Bobby Rosengarden's band... On the same day, March 14, the Preservation Hall Jazz Band with Billie and DeDe Pierce played Philharmonic Hall and the Mahavishnu Orchestra did the Felt Forum... Jack Klein-singer's first monthly offering at the Theater De Lys was a smash enjoyed equally by musicians and audience. The former were Joe Newman; Zoot Sims and Al Cohn; Phil Bodner on clarinet; guitarists Gene Bertoncini and Bucky Pizzarelli; bassist Lyn Christie and Bobby Rosengarden. On March 5, Pee Wee Erwin, Dick Wells, Al Casey, Dick Hyman, Cliff Leeman and Bodner were scheduled, and on April 6, a bop groove will be cut by Howard McGhee, Jimmy Owens, Cecil Payne, Ted Dunbar, Richard Davis and Roy Haynes. The theater is at 121 Christopher St. in the Village... Miriam Makeba, in her first New York concert in three years, at Philharmonic Hall Feb. 14, was backed by a quintet led by guitarist Sivuca and including bassist Bill Salter. Also on the bill: West Indian singer Jon Lucien and his sextet... Mura Dehn's Jazz Dance Theater, featuring Pigmeat Markham, Lou Parks' Dancers, and stars of black vaudeville, performed March 13 at Town Hall, where the Wednesday Intertude concerts (5:45 p.m.) continue with Blossom Dearie (March 28) and Ellis Larkins April 11... At the Jazzboat, Sonny Stitt held forth Feb. 27-March 4, followed by a week of Charles McPherson's group... Thelonious Monk did two weekends at Top of the Gate, opposite organist-singer Bu Pleasant, around all week long... Downstairs, Sun Ra and his Intergalactic Discipline Arkestra performed for Jazz Interactions Feb. 26... Tiny Grimes did a week at the Cooksey between Teddy Wilson and Mary Lou Williams. The guitarist, with Kelly Owens, piano, and Jimmy Lewis, bass, performed March 2-8... Marian McPartland's cohorts at the Cafe Carlyle were bassist Rusty Gilder and drummer Joe Corsello... Billy Eckstine was at the Copacabana... Willie The Lion Smith was Brooks Kerr's guest at Churchill's Feb. 11... Tap dancing, with Baby Lawrence heading the cast, continues Sunday afternoons at the Jazz Museum. Informal jams precede the hoofing, and recent guests have included Mary Lou Williams, trumpeter Nat Lorber, clarinetist Rudy Rutherford, and multi-instrumentalist John John Robinson... Muddy Waters, who tours Australia and New Zealand in May, was at Carnegie Hall March 4, on a bill with Lightnin' Hopkins and Bonnie Raitt... Another blues veteran, T-Bone Walker, was at
Max's Kansas City, with a youthful sextet... On Mondays, when Ellis Larkins is off at Gregory's, Tommy Flanagan has regularly been heard in his stead—not a bad bargain... Beaver Harris' 360 Degree with Roland Alexander, Dave Burrell and Jimmy Garrison, was at The Fast in Brooklyn... The Guitar is moving to 400 Second Ave. (near 24th) sometime in April. The last active week at the old place ended Feb. 24, and the incumbents were Carl Thompson and Bill Crow, plus acoustic guitarist David Qualey, Skeeter Best and Tommy Bryant were next-to-last... At Shalimar By Randolph, 2065 Seventh Ave., Irene Reid and the Gloria Coleman Trio and Johnny Hartman split a week in February. This Harlem spot has featured live music on and off for many, many years... Paul Knopf's The Psalms was performed at St. Peter's Lutheran Church Feb. 18, with Sheila Jordan featured... The Joe Lee Wilson Plus 5 and Clifford Thornton's quartet did a Feb. 16 concert at Loeb Student Center. The singer had Monty Waters, soprano&alto sax; Danny Mixon, piano; Teruo Makamura, bass; Rashied Ali, Napoleon Revels, percussion, and Thornton had Jay Hoggard, vibes, piano; Jimmy Garrison, bass, and Clifford Jarvis, drums... The Frank Wess-Frank Foster Quintet and the Marvin Stamm Trio were held over at Sam's Jazz Upstairs, the new spot for weekend sounds on 64th and Second Ave... Beekay Friend's Flute Ensemble, Ken McIntyre and Noah Howard rung in March on consecutive weekends at Studio Rivbea, 24 Bond St. Dewey Redman will be there March 16-17. Steve Lacy (back from a long stay abroad) March 23-24, and Clifford Thornton, 30-31. Charles McGhee is in for all four Sundays of the month... Hilly's on the Bowery featured Rashid Ali's quintet (Earl Cross, cornet, fluegelhorn; Jimmy Vass, tenor&alto sax; James Ulmer, guitar; John Dana, bass) and Hakim Jam'i's fivesome (Kiane Ziwadi, euphonium, trombone; Ali Mustafa, saxes; Hilton Ruiz, piano; Billy Higgins, drums) in February... Bill Lee, Lisle Atkinson, Al Harewood, Carol Henry and Sheila Jordan performed Feb. 17-18 at Union Settlement on East 104th St., in conjunction with readers, dancers and slides... Miss Jordan also was at The Center for Exploration of Consciousness and Mercer Arts Center's Kitchen Feb. 9 and 13, with the Inner Peace Ensemble (Marc Whiteacre, reeds, flutes; Lori Turner, electric autoharp [new on us]) and percussion: Bobby Naughton, keyboards; Richard Youngstein, bass; Bruce Ditmas, percussion... Whitecage, with Mike Moss, Charles Stevens, Toni Marcus, John Shea, Shelley Rustin, Paul Bouliett and Mike Mahaffey, known collectively as Free Energy, will be at WBAL's Free Music Store March 31 at 9 p.m. (admission free)... Teo Macero presented an evening of his own compositions, accompanied by an eight-piece group and the Road Apples, a folk unit, at Cooper Union Forum March 1... Out New Jersey way, the 4th Annual Pee Wee Russell stomp, held Feb. 11, was an attendance success and a musical flop. Bobby Hacket graced the stand for a set, with members of Chuck Slate's band (sans Slate) and ringers Red Richards, piano, and Pete Pelician, clarinet; Balaban&Cats (Ed Polcer, trumpet; Dick Rath, trombone; Herb Hall, clarinet; Dave McKenna, piano; Balaban bass; Marquis Foster, drums) did a fine set, with Polcer in excellent form, and Nancy Nelson sang sweetly. Several scheduled bands did not show, but the guest of honor, Mrs. Lucille Armstrong, did. Among the groups that did make it was the Great Swamp Jazz Band, currently ensconced weekends at the Ferry Boat in Brielle, with Warren Vache Jr., trumpet, and Mark Heter, Alex Watkins, trombone; tuba, co-leaders; Chuck Maranzano, clarinet, soprano&tenor sax; Alan Cary, banjo, piano-guitar; Fred Stull, drums... On March 3, the YM-YWHA of Essex County presented in concert Bobby Hackett, the Al Cohn Quartet, and Nancy Nelson... Up in Connecticut, New Haven Sunday sessions have resumed, now at the Midtown Motor Inn. Sunny Costanzo produces in collaboration with Thom O'Rourke, manager of the Inn. Sonny Stitt, with Don Friedman, Vic Gaskin, and Mousey Alexander; George Coleman and group; the Thad Jones-Mel Lewis Quartet, and Zoot Sims took care of February action. March 4 saw Bill Watrous' 20-piece jazz band, and Kai Winding was set to follow.
Philadelphia: This city continues its musical resurgence of recent times with visits from prominent artists and openings of several new clubs emphasizing exposure of well-deserving local artists. A possible renaissance of musical awareness and concern within this city may finally be in the offing... At the forefront of concerned community action is a new club, the Black T. Serving as an outlet for expression within the black community, the club features "Kuumba" (Creativity) night once a week. The fine quartet of a local luminary, drummer Lex Humphries, lent its talents to help inaugurate the club's new endeavors... Though operating on an irregular schedule, the Empty Foxhole recently provided a rare appearance by Donald Byrd and
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his sextet. In addition to veterans Harold Vick, Roland Wilson and Joe Chambers, Byrd also featured two fine young musicians from Howard University, where he teaches: pianist Kevin Toney and guitarist Barney Penray.
It was nice to see four members of War at the Foxhole to check out Byrd. The group was in town for a total sellout concert at the Spectrum (over 20,000 seats). The Foxhole also featured appearances by native son Archie Shepp and by Carl and Earl Grubbs' group, The Visitors. A new policy of weekly Latin nights has also been implemented by the club . . . The Bijou Cafe has expanded its jazz policy. As a result of Weather Report's highly successful engagement, the club has recently featured Rahsaan Roland Kirk and Mose Allison. Weather Report is scheduled for another visit soon. The Bijou's expanded jazz activity is part of a mixed-bag policy which has run the gamut from Bette Midler and Dan Hicks' Hot Licks to Mort Sahl. Hope to see more jazz . . . Grendel's Lair, traditionally a folk club, has joined the ranks of local clubs featuring jazz artists. Larry Coryell brought in Foreplay, his new quintet, and Pat Martino followed, demonstrating Philadelphia's contribution to jazz guitar. We also note the appearance at Grendel's of a fine talent deserving of much greater recognition—blues singer-guitarist Ellen McIlwaine. Watch out for this lady . . . As more jazz musicians seem to be establishing residence in the Germantown section of the city, new clubs are emerging to take advantage of the resources. One such, Trey's Lounge, recently featured Byard Lancaster's Sounds of Liberation and a new group, Barron's New Art Cartel, featuring George Barron on tenor sax. These fellows cook . . . Philadelphia's concert scene has not been fallow in any respect. The Mahavishnu Orchestra graced the Univ. of Pennsylvania campus while the Modern Jazz Quartet visited Philadelphia Community College. The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis big band and Sun Ra and the Intergalactic Research Arkestra held forth at Glassboro State and Rutgers University, respectively . . . Things are really smokin' here.
Baltimore: Guitarist O'Donel Levy has been leading a group week-ends at Lenny Moore's consisting of Charles Covington, organ and Chester Thompson, drums. Jud Watkins is the singer . . . The Center Stage Theater sponsored a jazz concert in mid-January with reedmen Dr. Arthur Lamb and Jackie Blake, electric pianist Jimmy Johnson and Reggie Glascoe . . . Duke Ellington was the recipient of the Mayor's Honorary Citizenship Award and a special plaque at a December concert for the Left Bank Jazz Society. The presentation was made by the mayor's representative Quentin R. Lawson. The Society opened the 1973 season with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers on Jan. 21 and the Monty Alexander trio Jan. 28 at the Famous Ballroom . . . The echoes are still reverberating—in the form of television and nightclub offers—from the a cappella version of the National Anthem that Ethel Ennis sang at the Inauguration in Washington at the invitation of Vice President Agnew.
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"My tape recorder home study course completely reverses the meaning of personal instruction. 'No matter how nice, pleasant, and personable the teacher can be it is the fragmented content and lack of mass-produced drum method books, coordination exercises, and visual aids that make that instruction impersonal. The drum student experiences the same frustration as the factory worker who is both on an assembly line. Drum books do serve a purpose but the aim has nothing to do with learning to play the drums. They just teach you how to read charts. Drums books are written for students for the purpose of calming feelings of anxiety and depression caused by the drummer's self-image of illegibility. Even the innocent child immediately recognizes the sterility of drum books if he were only supplied with a recording by the author.—The PRACTICAL drum books will MAKE(S) you PERFECTIONAL.' How does this happen? The musically talented ear is often more aware of the problem than the hand and an act of self-preservation it unconsciously turns itself off as a protection against the daily racket and noise of the assembly line. As the learner learns to respond uniformly and mechanically to the specialized and stereotyped demands of the drum assembly line, the brain loses interest and dissociates itself from muscle memory. By the time a drummer gets through practicing and attempts to play with a band he has unknowingly psychosomatically lost interest and motivation to learn. Don't take my word for it. By all means find out for yourself! If you have the time, you'll be ready for the kind of technical mastery I'm offering when I visit the heart of your world for a three day drum seminar. The schedule: Chicago—May 18, 19, 21; Los Angeles—June 4, 5, 6; San Francisco—July 16, 17, 18; Atlanta—August 13, 14, 17; Houston, Texas—April 20, 21, 23; London, England—Sept. 16, 17, 18. (973.)—The difference between 'course' as compared with seminars is that once we make direct contact the personal instruction can proceed through my tape recorded home study course. That my course is more personal than 'personal instruction' is also an established fact that you can verify. When you listen to a recording I will send you after you write for information, you will hear recordings of drummers from Maine to California, from Scotland to South Africa, from Sweden to Brazil, and they reveal spontaneously how much they are getting from my course. You will find this electronic medium of a unique personal relationship between a teacher and his students all over the world to be electrifying. HOW CAN A GOOD DRUMMER GET TO PLAY BIG? He can get there by listening to the tape recorded home study course and the 3 day drum seminar, send one dollar (check or money order) along with your request for information to: STANLEY SPECTOR SCHOOL OF DRUMMING 200 West 58th St., Dept. 305, New York, NY 10019. Act immediately. Acceptance limited to the first 12 customers who qualify in each city. For information about qualifying for instruction with Stanley Spector, should you live in the greater New York Area, phone (212) 246-5661.
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- Arranging & Composing For The Small Ensemble: jazz/r&b/jazz-rock (1st Ed. 1970) 184 pp., spiral bound ........................................ $12.50
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Leaching of copper and nickel in soil-water systems contaminated by bauxite residue (red mud) from Ajka, Hungary: the importance of soil organic matter
Cindy L. Lockwood · Douglas I. Stewart · Robert J. G. Mortimer · William M. Mayes · Adam P. Jarvis · Katalin Gruiz · Ian T. Burke
Received: 12 December 2014 / Accepted: 24 February 2015
© The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract Red mud is a highly alkaline (pH >12) waste product from bauxite ore processing. The red mud spill at Ajka, Hungary, in 2010 released 1 million m$^3$ of caustic red mud into the surrounding area with devastating results. Aerobic and anaerobic batch experiments and solid phase extraction techniques were used to assess the impact of red mud addition on the mobility of Cu and Ni in soils from near the Ajka spill site. Red mud addition increases aqueous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations due to soil alkalisation, and this led to increased mobility of Cu and Ni complexed to organic matter. With Ajka soils, more Cu was mobilised by contact with red mud than Ni, despite a higher overall Ni concentration in the solid phase. This is most probably because Cu has a higher affinity to form complexes with organic matter than Ni. In aerobic experiments, contact with the atmosphere reduced soil pH via carbonation reactions, and this reduced organic matter dissolution and thereby lowered Cu/Ni mobility. These data show that the mixing of red mud into organic rich soils is an area of concern, as there is a potential to mobilise Cu.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4282-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
C. L. Lockwood · R. J. G. Mortimer · I. T. Burke (✉)
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
D. I. Stewart
School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
W. M. Mayes
Centre for Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Scarborough YO11 3AZ, UK
A. P. Jarvis
School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
A. P. Jarvis
Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, St Gellért sq. 4, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
K. Gruiz
Centre for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
Present Address:
C. L. Lockwood
Centre for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
Present Address:
R. J. G. Mortimer
School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF, UK
Published online: 12 March 2015
and Ni as organically bound complexes, via soil alkalinisation. This could be especially problematic in locations where anaerobic conditions can prevail, such as wetland areas contaminated by the spill.
**Keywords** Kolontár · Ajka · Red mud · Nickel · Copper · DOC · Soil organic matter · Solid phase extraction
**Introduction**
The accidental release of ~1 million m$^3$ (Reeves et al. 2011; Adam et al. 2011) of bauxite processing residue (red mud) from the Ajkai Timfoldgyar Zrt alumina plant in Ajka, western Hungary, in October 2010 focused world attention on the public health and environmental hazards associated with red mud. The spill caused damage to property, serious injuries and killed 10 people (Enserink 2010; Adam et al. 2011). An estimated 40 km$^3$ of low lying agricultural land and riparian wetlands were affected and the red mud was transported 120 km downstream by rivers, eventually reaching the Danube (Reeves et al. 2011; Mayes et al. 2011).
Red mud is the name given to the fine fraction residue produced during alumina extraction from bauxite by the Bayer process. The composition of red mud is dependent upon the bauxite ore used (Hind et al. 1999; Liu et al. 2007) but is typically comprised of iron oxides, quartz, sodium aluminosilicates, titanium dioxide, calcium carbonate/aluminate and sodium hydroxide (Hind et al. 1999; Grafe et al. 2011; Gelencser et al. 2011). Red mud also contains elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metal(loid)s including Al, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, V and Zn. Although the majority of these problematic elements are found associated with sparingly soluble minerals (Mayes et al. 2011; Rubinos and Barral 2013), several oxyanion-forming elements (e.g. Al, As, Mo and V) have been found to be mobile in waters associated with the red mud (Lockwood et al. 2014; Lehoux et al. 2013; Burke et al. 2013; Milacec et al. 2012). The use of NaOH during the Bayer process means that red mud is very caustic unless the waste is neutralised prior to disposal (Grafe et al. 2011; Power et al. 2011). At Ajka, the red mud had a pH >12 (Adam et al. 2011), making it a hazardous substance as defined by the Basel Convention (Secretariat of the Basel Convention 2011). It is also highly saline and sodic (e.g. Ajka leachate had conductivity of up to 160 mS cm$^{-1}$); therefore, Na stress to soils and plants has been noted as a consequence of the Ajka spill (Ruyters et al. 2011).
Several studies at Ajka have investigated the effects of red mud on human health (Gelencser et al. 2011), soil toxicity (Anton et al. 2012), freshwater and soil ecology (Klebercz et al. 2012; Rekasi et al. 2013), the mobility of red mud associated trace metals in the wider environment (Mayes et al. 2011; Burke et al. 2012; Lehoux et al. 2013), and the effects dosing of rivers and streams with acid and gypsum to reduce pH (Renforth et al. 2012; Burke et al. 2013). After the Ajka disaster, the affected land was treated in two different ways: (1) removal of the red mud where deposits were >5 cm and (2) ploughing the red mud into land where deposits were <5 cm. The land clean-up began a few weeks after the disaster, but in some areas, the red mud covered the soils for several months (Rekasi et al. 2013), and remediation of wetland areas was not attempted.
Humic acids are an important component of soil organic matter (SOM) whose solubility varies with pH. They are produced by microbial degradation of plant and animal residues and represent a range of chemically similar compounds that contain carboxyl and phenolate groups and behave functionally as a dibasic (occasionally tri-basic) acid (Stevenson 1994). As a result, the amount of dissolved organic matter (DOC) in soil pore water tends to increase as the pH increases (Cheshire et al. 1977; Yin et al. 2002). Indeed, addition of dilute NaOH is used as a standard method for extracting humic acids from soil (Parsons 1988; Sparks et al. 1998). Thus, the addition of red mud to soil, which increases the pH, tends to increase the amount of DOC in soil pore waters (Lombi et al. 2002; Lehoux et al. 2013; Rekasi et al. 2013). However, the degree to which a particular soil is affected will depend on the nature of that soil. For example, sandy soils will undergo a greater pH increase, as they lack the intrinsic buffering capacity of a clay soil, and an organic-rich soil will release more DOC into soil pore waters upon soil alkalinisation (Lehoux et al. 2013).
In the environment, copper and nickel most commonly occur as M$^{2+}$ cations and are generally more mobile under acidic conditions as they tend to adsorb strongly to minerals at neutral and alkaline pH. Nickel also can form insoluble hydroxides (as Ni(OH)$_2$) as pH increases above pH 9 (Richter and Thesis 1980; Bradbury and Baeyens 2009). However, Ni(II) and particularly Cu(II) can form strong complexes with organic molecules (Ashworth and Alloway 2004; Baken et al. 2011), especially those that contain carboxyl moieties (Moon and Peacock 2013). High DOC in soil pore waters can therefore have a major impact on the aqueous concentrations of trace metals in circumneutral and alkaline pore waters (Davis 1984; Ashworth and Alloway 2004) despite the tendency of the metal cations to adsorb to minerals at neutral to high pH (Wu et al. 2001, 2002).
Cu is redox sensitive and can be reduced to Cu(I) or Cu(0) in reducing environments forming insoluble oxides, sulphides and elemental Cu (Fulda et al. 2013a; Weber et al. 2009) that can significantly reduce the overall environmental mobility of Cu. The mobility of Ni is less affected by the changes in redox potential found in natural environments, but sorption of Ni to Fe and especially Mn oxides is very important in controlling aqueous Ni concentrations (Peacock and Sherman 2007).
Therefore, in reducing environments (where Mn and Fe oxides tend to be dissolved during bioreduction), Ni mobility can be indirectly affected by changes in the availability of sorption sites.
In previous studies of red mud-soil mixtures, increased Cu mobility has been observed in both field trials (Lombi et al. 2002) and laboratory tests (Rekasi et al. 2013). Since the Ajka spill, increased concentrations of both Cu and Ni have been found in the Torna and Marcel Rivers (Nagy et al. 2013). However, if reducing conditions developed with time in water-logged soil, Cu may speciate as less soluble Cu(I) and Cu(0) phases at lower redox potentials, or the reductive dissolution of Fe and Mn oxides may reduce the availability of sorption sites and promote both Cu and Ni solubility. Thus, it is important to understand the potential effects of red mud addition to soils on Cu and Ni mobility under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
This paper reports results from long-term aerobic and anaerobic batch experiments that investigate the mobility of Cu and Ni in red mud-contaminated soil-water systems that are representative of soil conditions after the Ajka disaster remediation efforts. The specific objectives of this study were (1) to determine the potential for Cu and Ni release in red mud affected soil-water systems, (2) to determine the effect of complexation with soil derived DOC on metal behaviour as a function of soil type, and (3) to discuss the long-term implications of ploughing in red mud to soils as an emergency remediation method and the potential hazards associated with unremediated wetland areas.
**Materials and methods**
**Field sampling and sample handling**
Sampling was undertaken in May 2011 (see Fig. 1). Red mud (RM) was sampled from within Cell X of the Ajka impoundment (Location 47° 05′ 18.48″ N, 17° 29′ 46.77″ E), and red mud leachate was collected from an open leachate pond at the same location. Three uncontaminated soils were sampled from locations in the Torna and upper Marcal river catchments unaffected by the release of red mud in 2010 (see Fig. 1 for sampling locations). Two were agricultural top soils (one was organic-rich (OR), the other a sandy soil (SS)) and the third was collected from 50 cm from below the surface (i.e. beneath the rootlet layer) of a wetland (WL). All samples were stored at 4 °C in polythene containers. The wetland soil was stored anaerobically using Anaerogen™ sachets.
**Long-term batch experiments**
Batch microcosm experiments were established under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Two different red mud-soil mixtures were prepared for each soil type, and triplicate microcosms were prepared for each condition. A 9 % red mud addition (by dry weight) was chosen as an analogue for where red mud had been ploughed into fields (based on ~5 cm ploughed to a typical depth of 40–50 cm, an approximate 1:10 mixing ratio). The 33 % addition was used as a worst case scenario for any unremediated wetlands. Deionised water was added in a 5:1 ratio to the amount of soil.
Anaerobic experiments were carried out in 120-mL glass serum bottles, which were purged with nitrogen before capping and crimp sealing. Aerobic experiments were carried out in 50-mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes and opened every week day for an hour in order to exchange the experimental headspace with air and prevent anaerobic conditions forming due to microbial respiration. Both aerobic and anaerobic experiments were incubated in the dark at 21 °C and sampled periodically over 100–120 days. During sampling, bottles/tubes were shaken, and 2- to 4-mL aliquots of soil/RM slurry were extracted. Aseptic technique was used where appropriate. Extractions were centrifuged (3 min, 6000g), and the water pH and oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) were determined. The aqueous phase was filtered (0.2 μm) and acidified with 2 % HNO₃ for ICP-MS analysis. At the end point of each experiment between 6 and 15 mL of slurry that was extracted and centrifuged, the solutions were used for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analysis and solid phase extraction (SPE) experiments. For each soil type, control experiments without red mud were incubated under anaerobic and aerobic conditions as described above.
**Fig. 1** Map of the area affected by the red mud spill in October 2010, showing sampling locations indicated by filled circles, from May 2011 taken from Lockwood et al. (2014)
Geochemical methods
ORP (as an indicator for Eh) and pH were measured using a Thermo Scientific Orion Dualstar pH/ISE benchtop meter (pH was calibrated daily at pH values of 4, 7 and 10; a new factory calibrated ORP electrode was used). Aqueous Cu and Ni concentrations were determined using a PerkinElmer Elan DRCII ICP-MS. DOC in end point solutions was determined by a multi N/C® 2100 analyser using thermocatalytic oxidation, MC-NDIR detection analysis. Sequential extractions were performed on triplicate Ajka red mud samples (collected from location K1 in Mayes et al. (2011) in December 2010) following an optimised Tessier procedure (Rauert et al. 1989) that partitioned Cu and Ni into five operationally defined fractions. Extractant pH was checked after each extraction stage and to ensure it conformed to protocol, and Cu and Ni concentrations were determined on an Optima 5300 DV ICP-OES.
SPE
The end point solutions were passed through Isolute™ C18 non-polar SPE filters (1 g/6 mL) to retain organic substances (and thereby any organically bound metals). These filters were conditioned according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the solutions acidified to pH 5.5 prior to filtration using HNO₃ (the optimum pH for maximum organic matter retention by Isolute C18 filters (Thomas 2000)). The filtrates were further diluted with 2% HNO₃ for ICP-MS analysis to determine the inorganic/free aqueous metal concentrations. The concentration of organically bound metals was calculated from the difference in aqueous metals concentrations measured before (total [M⁺]) and after SPE (inorganic/free [M⁺]). It should be noted that this is an operationally defined extraction, and a small percentage of metals bound to organic compounds may not be retained by C18 filters and thus appear in the aqueous fraction. The percentages calculated from this method will therefore be used as an indicator for the amount of organically bound metals.
Results
Sample characterisation
The RM and the three different soil samples have been fully described previously (Lehoux et al. 2013) and are summarised in Table 1. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of the samples is presented in Table A (Online Resource). Briefly, the RM mineral content was dominated by hematite (Fe₂O₃), calcite (CaCO₃), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), cancrinite (Na₆CaAl₈Si₁₀(CO₃)₂O₂₄·2H₂O) and hydrogarnet (Ca₃AlFe(SiO₄)(OH)₄) with residual boehmite (γ-AlOOH) and gibbsite (Al(OH)₃) phases, which is very similar to other red mud from the breach area (Gelencser et al. 2011; Burke et al. 2012). The concentrations of Cu and Ni in red mud were 104 and 361 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. In sequential extractions on the red mud (see Fig. 2 and Online Resource Table B), an extremely low proportion of the Cu and Ni was exchangeable with Mg²⁺. Most (~80%) of the Cu present was progressively leached from the red mud by a series of weakly acidic (pH 1.5–5) leaching solutions. The majority (~75%) of the Ni, however, was only released from the red mud by total digestion.
All three soils had similar mineralogy, with quartz as the dominant mineral, and feldspars and clays also present. The principal differences between them were in the organic carbon contents, and the proportions of the 0.5 N HCl extractable iron in the Fe(II) oxidation state (Table 1). Soil OR had the highest concentrations of Cu (12 mg kg⁻¹) and Ni (23 mg kg⁻¹). Soil WL had 6 Cu and 14 mg kg⁻¹ Ni. Soil SS had the lowest concentrations of Cu (2 mg kg⁻¹) and Ni (5 mg kg⁻¹). PCA analysis (Fig. A, Online Resource) shows that these soils were similar to other reference soils from the area that were unaffected by the 2010 RM spill (Mayes et al. 2011; Lehoux et al. 2013).
Effect of RM addition on microcosm pH and DOC
The pH of the soil-only control experiments was very similar under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions and was between
| Soil sample | Soil type | Total Cu (mg kg⁻¹) | Total Ni (mg kg⁻¹) | pH | % 0.5 M HCl extractable iron as Fe(II) | Major minerals present | TOC (%) | BET surface area (m² g⁻¹) |
|-------------|-----------------|--------------------|--------------------|------|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------|---------|--------------------------|
| Red mud | n/a | 104 | 361 | 12.3 | 22 (+3) | Hematite, calcite, hydrogarnet, boehmite, cancrinite | 0.23 | 14.40 (+0.07) |
| Soil OR | Sandy clay loam | 12 | 23 | 7.0 | 9.6 (+2) | Quartz, albite, clinohlore, muscovite, ilite | 4.15 | 1.78 (+0.20) |
| Soil WL | Sandy clay loam | 6 | 14 | 7.9 | 87.3 (+14) | Quartz, albite, clinohlore, muscovite, ilite | 1.14 | 2.61 (+0.01) |
| Soil SS | Sandy loam | 2 | 5 | 7.9 | 4.6 (+2) | Quartz, albite, clinohlore, ilite | 0.74 | 0.94 (+0.01) |
All data except for total Cu and total Ni was taken from Lehoux et al. (2013). Note that the samples’ names used here differ to those in Lehoux et al. (2013), for clarification soil SS was previously named H1, soil OR was named H2 and soil WL was named H3.
pH 7 and 8 for each soil type (Fig. B, Online Resource). The pH of the anaerobic and aerobic experiments developed differently over time. The pH of the RM-amended anaerobic systems (Fig. 3a–c) remained relatively constant after an initial equilibration period. For each soil type, the 33 % RM-amended systems had the higher pH, with final pH values of about 9.5, 10.5 and 11.5 for the OR, WL and SS soils, respectively. The 9 % RM-amended experiments also became more alkaline than the soil-only controls (final pH values ~8.5, 9.5 and 10 for the OR, WL and SS soils, respectively). The initial pH values of the aerobic experiments were very similar to those of the equivalent anaerobic experiments; however, the pH of the aerobic experiments containing red mud gradually decreased over time. The final pH values of the aerobic 9 % RM tests were pH ~8 with OR soil and just above pH 8.5 with WL and SS soil. The final pH values of the aerobic 33 % RM tests were between a half and one pH unit higher than the equivalent 9 % RM tests. In all anaerobic experiments, the ORP decreased to between −100 and −300 mV. In the aerobic experiments, it increased to +250 mV (Fig. 3d–f).
For each soil, the amount of DOC in solution at the end of testing increases with the RM loading in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, with significantly higher DOC concentrations in the anaerobic systems than in the equivalent aerobic systems (this is most apparent in the OR Soil, 33 % RM experiment, where the DOC concentration is ~850 mg L⁻¹ in the anaerobic system, but only ~82 mg L⁻¹ in the aerobic system). Comparison of the three soils indicates that the DOC concentrations in OR soil tests were higher than in the equivalent WL or SS soil tests (the WL and SS soils exhibited...
broadly similar DOC concentrations in equivalent tests) (Table 2).
Mobilisation of Cu and Ni from RM-affected soil-water systems
The aqueous Cu concentrations in the anaerobic soil-only controls were all $\sim 15 \mu g L^{-1}$ and did not vary much with time (see Online Resource, Fig. C). After an equilibration period, the aqueous Cu concentrations in the anaerobic RM-amended experiments were significantly higher than in the controls (Fig. 4a–c) and increased with the amount of RM added (a slight exception is the OR soil amended with 9 % RM, where the final concentration was only slightly higher than the control, $<25 \mu g L^{-1}$). The highest aqueous Cu concentration of $\sim 1450 \mu g L^{-1}$ was recorded after 30 days with the OR soil amended with 33 % RM, although this concentration subsequently decreased with time to $\sim 850 \mu g L^{-1}$. The aqueous Cu concentrations in the aerobic controls were generally higher than in the anaerobic controls (typically about 20 $\mu g L^{-1}$) and showed more variation but no trend with time. The aqueous Cu concentrations in the aerobic RM-amended experiments were generally slightly higher than in the soil-only controls (25–100 $\mu g L^{-1}$) but significantly lower than in the equivalent anaerobic experiments.
The aqueous Ni concentrations in the anaerobic soil-only controls were all $<10 \mu g L^{-1}$ and did not vary much with time. In the anaerobic RM-amended experiments, the aqueous Ni concentration was higher than in the anaerobic controls and followed a similar pattern to the evolution of aqueous Cu (although concentrations were about five times smaller). In the anaerobic systems amended with 33 % RM, the final Ni concentrations were 150, 42 and 34 $\mu g L^{-1}$ for the OR, WL and SS soils, respectively. The aqueous Ni concentrations in the aerobic controls were generally slightly lower than in the anaerobic controls (typically $<7 \mu g L^{-1}$). In the aerobic systems amended with 33 % RM, the final Ni concentrations were 25, 6 and 5 $\mu g L^{-1}$ for the OR, WL and SS soils, respectively (Fig. 4d–f). Thus, aqueous Ni concentrations in the aerobic RM-amended experiments were similar to those of the equivalent controls, with the exception of the OR Soil amended with 33 % RM, which was four times higher.
Organically bound Cu and Ni
In all the systems except the WL aerobic control experiment, a significant proportion of the aqueous Cu was organically complexed (Table 3(A), (B)). This proportion was generally higher in the experiments where red mud was added. In the WL and SS systems, there was generally slightly more organically complexed Cu in the anaerobic system than in the aerobic systems but very little difference in the OR systems. No organically complexed Ni was found in either set of controls experiments. However, organically complexed Ni was found in aerobic experiments with OR and WL soil where 33 % RM was added, and significant amounts of organically complexed Ni were found in all the anaerobic experiments where RM was added.
Discussion
Effect of red mud addition on soil pH and DOC
When red mud was added to the anaerobic soil-water systems, there was an immediate increase in pH which was related to the red mud loading, after which the pH remained relatively constant throughout the incubation period. The change in pH is due to NaOH in the red mud, but it varied with soil type due to differences in buffering capacity. The pH buffering capacities of these soils result from the clay minerals and particularly the organic matter they contain (Lehoux et al. 2013). Alkaline fluctuations are usually buffered by deprotonation reactions (Celik 2004; Stevenson 1994):
$$\text{Clay–M–OH} + [\text{OH}^-] \rightarrow \text{Clay–M–O}^- + \text{H}_2\text{O} \quad (1)$$
$$[\text{R–COOH}] + [\text{OH}^-] \rightarrow [\text{R–COO}^-] + \text{H}_2\text{O} \quad (2)$$
The dissolution of amorphous and poorly crystalline silica starts to become important in systems with a pH above 9.8 (Langmuir 1997), so this may also affect the buffering
---
**Table 2** DOC concentrations (mg L$^{-1}$) at experimental end points
| | Soil OR DOC (mg L$^{-1}$) | Soil WL DOC (mg L$^{-1}$) | Soil SS DOC (mg L$^{-1}$) |
|----------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|---------------------------|
| | Anaerobic | Aerobic | Anaerobic | Aerobic | Anaerobic | Aerobic |
| Unamended Control | 81 (+8) | 11 (+2) | 21 (+2) | 8 (+5) | NR | 13 (+3) |
| 9 % RM Addition | 150 (+3) | 31 (+4) | 95 (+16) | 37 (+1) | 149 (+22) | 22 (+4) |
| 33 % RM Addition | 850 (+6) | 82 (+8) | 209 (+39) | 67 (+3) | 262 (+4) | 58 (+7) |
NR not analysed
capacity of systems with a high pH and a high Si content (reaction 3 (Langmuir 1997)).
\[
\text{[SiO}_2\text{]} + 2[\text{H}_2\text{O}] \rightarrow [\text{H}_2\text{SiO}_4^- (+)\text{H}^+]
\]
Thus, at each red mud loading, the pH value of the SS system > the WL system > the OR system.
In aerobic systems, the initial increase in pH upon red mud addition was similar to that observed in the anaerobic systems; however, there was a subsequent gradual decrease of pH. The latter trend can be explained by carbonation by atmospheric CO$_2$, as formation of aqueous carbonate species consumes OH$^-$ resulting in a reduction in pH (Schwab et al. 2006). Carbonate ions tend to react with any divalent cations present (e.g. Ca(II) and Mg(II) from either the soils or the red mud) to precipitate carbonate minerals. Thus, the final pH of all the systems buffers to between 8.0 and 9.5 regardless of soil type. The lower final pH value of the aerobic experiments resulted in lower measured DOC concentrations in all systems compared to the equivalent anaerobic experiments.
For the anaerobic experiments, the DOC released from the OR systems was between three and four times higher than that released from the WL or SS systems at the same level of red mud loading. This suggests that the amount of soil organic matter present is the main factor controlling DOC release in these experiments (the OR soil has 4.15 % TOC compared to 1.14 and 0.74 % in the WL and SS soils, respectively). The higher initial pH values of the wetland and sandy soils compared with the OR soil (7.9, 7.9 and 7.0 respectively) may also have meant that SOM in these soils contained a lower proportion of humic acids. Humic acids are the main alkaline soluble
### Table 3
% Organically bound aqueous metals from anaerobic (A) and aerobic (B) end point solutions
| | % Cu | % Ni |
|------------------|------|------|
| **A** | | |
| Unamended controls | 37 (+13) | 0$^a$ |
| 9 % RM addition | 73 (+6) | 28 (+6) |
| 33 % RM addition | 70 (+7) | 46 (+10) |
| **B** | | |
| Unamended controls | 65 (+3) | 0$^b$ |
| 9 % RM addition | 72 (+2) | 60 (+3) |
| 33 % RM addition | 75 (+2) | 55 (+2) |
NR not analysed
$^a$ Inorganic/free[M$^{+}$] was ≥ total [M$^{-}$]; therefore, organically bound [M$^{-}$] was assumed to be zero
component of SOM. As conditions become increasingly basic, the humic acids dissociate, and therefore, their solubility is increased (Stevenson 1994). Under aerobic conditions, the DOC concentration in the batch experiment end point solutions was much lower than in the equivalent anaerobic tests (up to 10 times less at the same red mud loading). This was most likely to be due to the lower pH of the aerobic systems.
Controls on copper release
Cu solubility in soils is often controlled by pH. At neutral and high pH values, Cu$^{2+}$ adsorbs strongly to negatively charged mineral surfaces, and solution concentrations are low (Peacock and Sherman 2004). In the presence of DOC, Cu can form stable aqueous organo-metallic complexes thus increasing Cu concentrations in neutral and alkaline conditions (Davis 1984; Wu et al. 2002). It is therefore important to establish the main control of Cu mobilisation in these experiments where both pH and DOC are key variables.
In experiments with a red mud addition, there was no statistically significant correlation (Pearson’s $r = <0.5$, $p = >0.1$; Table 4) between aqueous Cu concentrations and pH in either the anaerobic or aerobic systems. However, there was a significant correlation (Spearman’s $r = >0.8$, $p = <0.001$) between aqueous Cu concentrations and DOC concentrations in both systems. Also, as a significant proportion of dissolved Cu was found to be organically complexed (the fraction retained by the SPE filters), this suggests that dissolution of SOM (specifically the humic acid fraction) is principal control on Cu solubility in both anaerobic and aerobic experiments. These findings are in agreement with previous work, which found that ~62% of Cu mobilised from soils amended with red mud was associated primarily with OM (Lombi et al. 2002).
For all the tests on the three soils, the amount of Cu released to solution is less than the amount of Cu that was present in the soil prior to the addition of red mud (the highest proportion was mobilised in the anaerobic OR 33% RM test, where it is equivalent to 90% of the Cu originally associated with the soil). The sequential extraction data (see Fig. 2 and Table B, Online resource) indicates that very little Cu is adsorbed to the red mud in exchangeable surface sites (~0.1 mg kg$^{-1}$). The fact that most of the Cu is released to solution by weak acid may be indicative of Cu present as inner-sphere surface complexes on red mud minerals (i.e. Cu(II) starts to be released from surfaces when the pH is below ~6, for example, the sorption edge value for Cu on ferrihydrite and hematite is ~pH 5.2 (Langmuir 1997; Christl and Kretzschmar 2001)) or that Cu is incorporated in solid phases that are dissolved by the leaching solutions. In the presence of soluble organic compounds, Cu(II) affinity for surfaces is reduced for all pH values (Ali and Dzombak 1996); therefore, it is possible that the high DOC present in red mud-affected soils may promote release of surface bound Cu(II) present in red mud. However, it is also possible to account for all of the Cu released to solution in these experiments by considering just the Cu originally present in the soils (i.e. the maximum Cu concentration observed in experiments is equivalent to ~30–100% of the original soil associated Cu). In this case, SOM-bound Cu would remain complexed to organic compounds solubilised by the high pH.
The aqueous Cu concentration in the OR 33% RM experiment peaked after 15 days and then decreased with time (Fig. 4a). As the pH did not vary significantly after day 15, this decrease in aqueous Cu concentration is unlikely to be associated with humate solubility. However, the ORP decreased rapidly between 15 and 30 days (Fig. 3d), and sulphate was removed from aqueous solution (see Online Resource, Fig. D) suggesting the occurrence of sulphate reduction. Cu(II) species are the most stable Cu species under oxidising conditions, but Cu(I) and Cu(0) species are formed under more reducing conditions (Leckie and Davis 1979). Both Cu(II) and Cu(I) can form stable complexes with organic matter, but inorganic sulphide is thought to outcompete OM for Cu(I) in sulphide-rich environments (Fulda et al. 2013b). The Eh/pH diagram for relevant inorganic Cu species (Fig. 5) confirms that the anaerobic OR 33% RM test reached an Eh/pH state where sulphide can compete for the Cu. There is also evidence for Cu removal from solution associated with the onset of sulphate reduction (see Online Resource, Fig. D) in the data from the OR 9% RM experiment (Figs. 4a and 3d: note that the ORP for sulphate reduction is higher at pH 8 than at pH 9.5). By the end of this test, there was very little Cu in solution despite an elevated DOC in comparison with the soil-only control (i.e. the end-point of this test did not follow the
---
**Table 4** Spearman’s rank correlation values for aqueous Cu and Ni concentrations vs pH or DOC for red mud-amended experiments after 100–120 days incubation
| Determinant | Experimental conditions |
|-------------|-------------------------|
| | Anoxic | Aerobic |
| | $r_s$ value | $p$ value | $r_s$ value | $p$ value |
| [Cu] vs | | | | |
| DOC | 0.86 | <0.001 | 0.79 | <0.001 |
| pH | 0.50 | 0.038 | 0.16 | 0.501 |
| [Ni] vs | | | | |
| DOC | 0.78 | <0.001 | 0.45 | 0.06 |
| pH | 0.43 | 0.08 | -0.46 | 0.05 |
Degrees of freedom was 16 for all correlations (Wessa 2014). Regarding the interpretation of Spearman’s $r_s$ and $p$ values, $-r_s$ can be a value between +1 to −1. An $r_s$ value of 1.0 indicates a perfect linear association, either positive or inverse, $r_s$ of 0 indicates that there is no association, and the closer to 0 the value then the weaker the association. This must be interpreted together with the $p$ value. If $p = <0.05$, the relationship is statistically significant; if $p = >0.05$, there is no statistical significance
trend of increasing aqueous Cu concentration with increasing DOC concentration). Thus, where the soil pH and the availability of organic matter favour sulphate reduction, the formation of sulphides can curtail Cu mobilisation by aqueous humates and therefore lower aqueous Cu concentrations.
Controls on nickel release
Nickel solubility decreases with increasing pH in inorganic systems due to the increased sorption of Ni(II) species on negatively charged mineral surfaces (Richter and Theis 1980), and the tendency of Ni(II) species [Ni(OH)$^+$ and Ni(OH)$_2$] to form hydrolysed surface complexes or precipitates when pH >9 (for concentrations <1 × 10$^{-3}$ M) (Bradbury and Baeyens 2009; Peacock and Sherman 2007). Whilst Ni speciation is not affected by redox chemistry (Brookins 1988), it is known to form stable complexes with OM which can increase the solubility of Ni in some systems (Richter and Theis 1980; Achterberg et al. 1997; Ashworth and Alloway 2004). As with Cu, correlations revealed (Table 4) that in experiments with a red mud addition, there was some correlation (Spearman’s $r_s=0.4$, $p=0.06$) between aqueous Ni concentrations and DOC concentrations in both the anaerobic or aerobic systems (and no statistically significant correlation with pH). However, the significance level ($p=0.06$ vs. <0.001) and the strength ($r_s=0.4$ vs. >0.8) of the correlation was not as high for Ni as was previously seen for Cu. This maybe because a smaller fraction of Ni was found to be organically complexed (i.e. retained by the SPE filters) in anaerobic experiments than for Cu. In aerobic experiments, organically bound Ni was only detected in the OR and WL experiments where there was a 33 % addition of red mud.
It is also possible to account for all of the Ni released to solution by considering only the Ni originally present in the soils (i.e. the maximum Ni concentration observed in experiments is only 2–3 % of the original soil-associated Ni). In contrast to Cu, most of the Ni present in red mud was associated with residual phases in the sequential extraction (i.e. those dissolved by HF/aqua regia). For red mud, this includes residual iron oxides including hematite (Mayes et al. 2011). Ni readily substitutes into hematite (Singh et al. 2000); therefore, it is very unlikely that the Ni present in red mud can be mobilised due to the presence of DOC in solution and SOM-associated Ni most probably dominates the Ni released in red mud affected soils.
An Eh/pH diagram for relevant inorganic Ni species is shown in Fig. 6, with the Eh/pH states of the anaerobic tests annotated on it. This figure shows that the thermodynamically stable Ni-containing phase is NiO without SOM present, except where strongly reducing conditions developed towards the end of the anaerobic OR tests, where sulphidic phase [NiS$_2$] should be the stable. However, unlike Cu, there is little change in the aqueous Ni concentration. This may be because a lower proportion of the Ni is organically bound or may reflect the significantly lower aqueous nickel concentrations (Cu concentrations are 10 times higher in this experiment,
These data indicate that DOC is an important mechanism for controlling Ni mobility, especially when DOC concentrations are elevated; although compared to Cu, the affinity for Ni to OM is weaker (Ashworth and Alloway 2004). Furthermore, most of the Ni present in red mud is not likely to easily mobilised, which has resulted in lower aqueous Ni concentrations despite all three systems containing higher total nickel concentrations when compared to copper.
Implications for red mud affected soils and wetlands
The ploughing of red mud into soil is an effective short-term measure for the prevention of dust formation following a spill to land (Gelencser et al. 2011). This addition of red mud to soil increases soil pH which in turn releases alkaline-soluble components of SOM into the soil pore water along with any metals complexed to the mobilised SOM. If metals associated with the red mud also become complexed to SOM, this could cause further mobilisation of contaminant metals. In soils taken from the Torna and upper Marcal River, catchments near to, but unaffected by, the Ajka red mud spill Cu were more readily mobilised by contact with red mud than Ni. This was despite both the soils and the red mud containing more Ni than Cu. Also, a higher proportion of Cu in the aqueous phase was organically complexed than Ni in all three soils under all the conditions investigated. Thus, the difference in Cu and Ni mobilisation by red mud addition is most probably associated with the higher affinity of Cu to form OM complexes and by the fact that the red mud associated Cu was much more likely to be mobilised than Ni.
If soils that received red mud are in contact with atmosphere (i.e. are aerobic; as would be expected for most agricultural soils, except during seasonal flooding), the pH of alkaline pore water is reduced by carbonation reactions; therefore, organic matter dissolution is reduced and the associated Cu/Ni mobility is lowered. Therefore, if agricultural soils are expected to remain aerobic over the long-term, then Cu and Ni mobilisation will be limited especially for smaller red mud additions.
However, where soils are not in contact with atmosphere (i.e. are anaerobic; as would be expected for a permanently flooded wetland environment), soil pH will remain high pH, and elevated Cu and Ni concentrations in the pore water may persist in the long-term. The potential risks are therefore higher in low lying riparian wetlands where large amounts of red mud may have been deposited. Cu and Ni mobility will be higher in anaerobic than aerobic soils, but if soil conditions become sufficiently reducing (that sulphate reduction occurs), Cu is removed from solution by reduction of Cu(II), decomplexation from SOM and the formation of insoluble Cu-sulphide mineral phases. However, in this study, this only occurred in experiments with high organic matter content and where potentially there could be very high Cu concentrations in solution.
Conclusion
The amendment of a range of soils with red mud resulted in mobilisation of Cu and Ni to solution. The high pH conditions imposed by the red mud on soils resulted in higher concentrations of DOC and organically complexed metals. Therefore, soils with higher organic matter content experienced larger metal releases. In all cases, Cu was preferentially released with respect to Ni, despite the higher overall abundance of Ni in solids, due to a higher affinity of Cu to form organic complexes. Aerobic conditions resulted in lower pH, due to carbonation reactions, lower overall DOC concentrations and lower Cu and Ni release. Carbonation was absent under anaerobic condition, and higher Cu and Ni concentration persisted in these experiments. In experiments where sulphate reduction was observed, Cu(II) reduction resulted in the partial removal of Cu from solution. Overall, the addition of high concentrations red mud to soils should be avoided, especially to organic-rich soils in permanently anaerobic environments.
Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge funding from the UK Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EP/P505593/1). We acknowledge additional support from UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/I019468/1). We thank Lesley Neve, Rachel Gassor (University of Leeds), Bob Knight (University of Hull), Nick Marsh (University of Leicester), Jane Davis (University of Newcastle) and Ann Meninm (University of Edinburgh) for assistance with XRD, DOC, ICP-MS/OES, XRF, sequential extraction and TOC analysis, respectively.
Conflict of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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Finding a proper role for human judgement in the examination system.
Alastair Pollitt
Gill Elliott
Research and Evaluation Division
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate
1 Hills Road
Cambridge
4 April 2003
In this paper we extend the discussion in the background paper, to consider some potential applications of the Thurstone method of Paired Comparisons. Because the analysis is modeled at the level of individuals rather than of groups it is much more powerful than the old method. There are two parts to it which may be called The Model and The Misfit. The model part constructs a single scale showing the relative value of all the scripts included, while the misfit part allows investigation of any effect that may perturb that common scale. Together they constitute a general system within which comparative data can be used to construct and validate any set of assessments.
Disclaimer
The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not to be taken as the opinions of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate or any of its subsidiaries.
Contact details
Alastair Pollitt & Gill Elliott, RED, UCLES, 1 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB1 2EU.
firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com.
Summary of background
Before considering the role of human judgement in both monitoring and maintaining standards in the future, it is worth revisiting the past to remind ourselves of the theoretical basis upon which both current and previous practice developed – reasoned consideration of the past can significantly determine the evolution of practice for the future. Two principle methods of using human judgement to investigate comparability between examinations have been used in the last quarter century. Both have considerable practical similarities – using balanced teams of examiners from each examination being compared to judge candidate performance at key reference points (usually borderlines), and generally carried out over the course of a two or three day residential meeting. There are, however, significant theoretical differences between the two models.
Old method – Home & Away Ratification
Awarding bodies began to use a structured method for eliciting examiner judgements about the relative comparability of parallel syllabuses in the mid-1970’s, and the methodology which developed continued to be used for the next twenty years. The methodology was based upon two premises:
i That human judgement represented the best means of ‘carrying’ a standard from one examination to another, because only a human mind can hold onto the essence of the existing standard whilst at the same time adjusting their opinion according to the differing context of the second performance being judged. Examiners (particularly senior examiners) have an inherent knowledge of the standard of the quality of work usually seen in their syllabus at given points of reference – i.e. borderlines. This remains a central factor in comparability work of this kind to this day.
ii That each judge would tend to be loyal, even biased, toward their ‘home’ examination – thus if all else proved equal they would judge their own examination as more stringent than an unfamiliar exam.
Examiner judges were asked to concentrate upon the standard they would expect in their home examination at the given reference point, and then to judge whether each candidate’s work was on the borderline, above or below it. Each judge carried out this task on home scripts first, to further entrench the home standard.
Results were compiled in much the same way as sports results with tables of wins and losses converted to scores. If both teams of judges detected an equal home advantage, a draw could be declared.
New method – Thurstone Comparative Judgement
In recent years the methodology has changed: the same teams of examiners are recruited but make their judgements in an altogether different way. Instead of judging the scripts against their internal standard, they compare one script directly
with another, and are required to determine which of the two scripts shows evidence of higher value. A Rasch analysis can then be carried out which combines all the judgements (by estimating a parameter value for every script in the study) and orders the scripts onto a single scale. This approach exploits a methodology called *comparative judgement* proposed by L. L. Thurstone (1927) for constructing scales to measure psychological phenomena.
**Power**
A great strength of the Thurstone paired comparison approach is that the data provide the means to test both **model** and **misfit**. The direct comparisons produce the model (the scale and the rank ordering of the scripts), whilst the differences between these judgements and the model’s predictions produce a measure of misfit for each comparison. Misfit statistics can be used in a huge variety of ways, to investigate any systematic effects which may be suspected, whether these apply to scripts or to judges; this is something we will return to later.
**A single trait**
**Scale construction**
Thurstone designed this methodology for psychologists to create, *de novo*, a scale for measuring the perceived value of any objects, concrete or abstract, on scales which might measure ‘attractiveness’, or ‘goodness’, or ‘radicalness’. It was used, for example, to explore people’s preferences for different kinds of food, or to construct ethical scales, or to explore perceptions of politicians and their policies. Whatever the objects used, participants in the study implicitly constructed a single trait to underlie them all, and located each pair of objects relatively on that scale.
In his experiments participants made instant judgements about the objects, and it is not immediately obvious that the same methodology can be safely applied to the extended and deliberate considerations involved in comparing examination scripts. Experience so far, however, suggests that it works surprisingly well: well enough to encourage us to explore further possibilities.
**Minority syllabus**
When we deliberately make the assumption of a common underlying trait more difficult, as happens when we include scripts from two or more syllabuses, there is a possibility of a simple bias against a syllabus that is somewhat different from the others. Suppose that we include four syllabuses, of which one differs by emphasising skills or knowledge not given as much value by the others. It is likely that scripts from that syllabus will be valued less by the majority of the judges, who are used to the values of the other syllabuses; the result will be that that syllabus appears to set a lower standard.
Model and Misfit
In such a case, however, where the model seems to fail to be fair, the second part of the system, the misfit shows us what is happening. All of the judges from the minority syllabus will show a bias in favour of scripts from their own syllabus, because they – honestly – value those scripts relatively higher than the majority do. This analysis clarifies the real issue, and should lead to a more informed discussion of the relative validity of the different forms of assessment. We can conclude that a ‘Home & Away’ analysis should always be included in any comparability study.
System
The example above shows the importance of the two parts of the system. Any comparison across two examinations, and even within one where other factors may play significant roles, should consider both parts. First a quantitative analysis will show how a (reasonably representative) set of experienced examiners (the judges) actually value the awards made by the different assessments. Then misfit analysis will explore the validity of the conclusions of the quantitative study and elucidate the effects of any hypothesised disturbing effects.
Kelly’s Personal Construct analysis
It is worth pointing out the remarkable congruence between Thurstone’s method and George Kelly’s personal construct approach to psychology (Kelly, 1955).
Kelly viewed a man as a scientist (these were days before political correctness), each one exploring the world for himself and coming to understand it through a process of hypotheses formation and testing; successful hypotheses become the basis for action and, consequently, the basis for conceptualising the world:
“A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events”.
Kelly saw this as particularly important in the realm of inter-personal relationships, and viewed personality as a set of constructs and working hypotheses formed through experience. The essential process of constructing the view of people and the world was one of comparison; for him it was the differences we see between one person and another that lead us to predict how each one will behave.
This led him to suggest an approach to psychological research which is widely favoured today. The researcher asks a subject to describe three people they know well, first describing how one of them is different from the other two, who are more the same in this respect, then repeating the process with each of the others singled out for comparison with the other two. The theory is that the features the subject uses spontaneously to distinguish one person from others will be the ones that are most salient for the subject, the ones he uses to construe the social world.
In his writings Kelly notes that it is not strictly necessary to use three ‘stimuli’; comparing just two is enough to elicit salient constructs since there is an implicit normative presence of the rest of mankind at all times. Thus we come to a useful complementarity of two methodologies: both Thurstone’s and Kelly’s methods
depend on the comparison of two ‘objects’ to elicit something meaningful to the judge about the differences between them, in the first case a quantitative judgement of which one has ‘more’ of a certain quality such as ‘ability at history’, in the latter a qualitative but prioritised description of the ways in which they differ. The combination of the two can lead to an illuminating analysis of the nature of the traits that judges actually use, just what they ‘see’ in examination scripts. (Pollitt & Murray, 1995)
**Qualitative Differences**
For these reasons it has become common to incorporate an element of Kelly’s approach to comparability studies, usually using a form of what is called ‘repertory grid analysis’, a rather more standardised research technique developed by Kellyian psychologists (for more information on Kelly and grid analysis see www.repgrid.com/pcp/; or www.enquirewithin.co.nz/HINTS/skills2.htm).
## Applications 1 Bias analyses
In this section we comment briefly on how the *misfit* part of the Thurstone paired comparison system can be used to explore perturbation in the data collected. It is possible simply to ‘trawl’ misfit data looking for patterns, and this may sometimes lead to valuable insights. For example, Abdullah (1989) showed how factor analysis of questionnaire data may be improved by removing the dominant first factor and analysing the residuals instead of the raw data, and the same may be true here. Even so, it is generally considered good practice to formulate hypotheses for study before analysing the data, and here we identify some hypotheses that might be explored in this way.
In all of these it should be remembered that *bias* is a technical term in statistics referring to any systematic source of error or misfit in an analysis. There is no necessary implication of moral or ethical fault implied here in describing a pattern in the data as evidence of bias.
### A Bias – Home & Away
The background paper showed how bias hypothesised to arise from the examiner’s experience of one particular syllabus or approach may be evaluated. In discussion below we describe why this may be an essential part of any comparability study.
### B Bias – Ascriptive variables
‘Home-ness’ is just one of many variables that can be used to describe candidates, their scripts or the judges. Others that could be investigated in a similar way include the sex, ethnicity or age of either candidate or judge, the type of school the candidate comes from (in whatever descriptive systems we choose to use) and – importantly – any combination of these. Since the residual data consist of one quantity for each judgement the analysis simply involves accumulating all of the residuals for whatever subset of the data we are interested in, and evaluating it for
significance. The subset we choose to be interested in may be defined in any way that amounts to stating a hypothesis.
C Bias – Handwriting
One variable worth singling out is handwriting. Previous attempts to investigate the impact of handwriting on assessment have always been carried out at group level, in effect using the hypothesis that every judge is biased against poorly written scripts to a small degree. Paired comparison analysis is an individual modeling analysis, and the hypothesis is effectively tested independently for each judge. In fact, this method will fail to detect bias if it is true that every judge is equally biased, since in this case ‘handwriting’ simply becomes one of the demands that together constitute the trait being assessed: the validity or otherwise of this demand is of course contentious, but it is arguable that there is no unfairness involved since the criteria are the same for everyone. But if some judges are more affected by poor handwriting than others, then there is clear unfairness since the rating a script gets will vary across different judges; this is the sort of bias that the paired comparison method will detect and describe.
D Judge Adaptability
One interesting hypothesis is that judges will change their behaviour as they progress through their series of judgements. We have some indications of this, in that judges occasionally ask if they can go back and change earlier decisions. There are several ways of testing for trends over time in the residuals, depending on exactly what concern is being checked.
E Judge Training
One direct application of this would be in the training of judges. We would expect judges who are new to the task to misfit more than experienced ones, in general, as they adjust their ‘home’ view of the trait being assessed to take account of the views of other syllabuses. If this is the first experience they have of other syllabuses we might expect a clear effect, though increasingly we are finding that examiners who take part in comparability studies have already experience of more syllabuses than the one they are supposed to represent.
In a training context we might choose to present particular scripts that illustrate particular problems for examiners, and provide feedback related to the judgements the trainees make of them.
3 Applications 2 Scale construction
The applications above all assume that there are two or more identifiable groups of scripts and/or judges, and arise out of the original intention to seek a better way to carry out studies of comparability. If, on the other hand, we remember that Thurstone’s intention was to construct scales to measure a single trait then some other, more radical, ideas suggest themselves.
A Construct this year's scale for an examination
- Replace marking
The purpose of the marking process – in the present scheme – is merely to create a rank order of the candidates. Whatever questions each one chose, if choice exists, and whichever ones they got right or wrong, the end result is a total score, a number which locates the student at some point in the relative ordering of all candidates in terms of ‘how much’ they know of the subject. The score is not in any significant sense a measure; a score of 50% does not mean you ‘know’ half the subject or twice as much as someone who scores 25%. Nor is someone who scores 75% better than you by the same amount as you are better than the one who scored 25%. The raw score scale is merely a rank order: in statistical terms it is an ordinal scale that approaches but does not achieve equal interval status. Marking is supposed to generate a rank order with as much reliability as possible.
Thurstone’s methods (paired comparison was only one of about 12 he described) all do better than this, creating scales with genuine equal interval properties. But, more importantly, the scale generates its rank order with as much validity as possible. Every judgement is made wholly in terms of the relative ‘validity’ of the scripts rather than through a proxy ‘score’ which we all know is an imperfect representation of ‘value’.
If all scripts were scanned optically the images could be sent electronically to markers in any desired combinations for comparison on-screen. The technology exists to create such a system, pilots have been carried out, and we may have a fully electronic on-screen marking system in just a few years (for the moment the costs are still rather too high). We estimate that, in a Thurstone system using on-screen comparisons in place of marking, each script could be judged about 7 times for the same expense as at present. Whether this is enough to achieve the accuracy we need will be considered further below, but it is at least clear that it is possible in principle to replace the whole marking process with paired comparisons.
B Include archive scripts
- Replace awarding
Why stop with marking? The earlier discussion showed that comparability can be checked by comparing archive scripts with current ones. If paired comparison were the method for setting up this year’s rank order then there would be no need to wait for post hoc comparability studies: the ‘ranking’ process could be seeded with archive scripts in such a way that boundaries would be automatically determined at the same time. The savings in time as well as cost would be considerable.
It’s not clear yet whether all, or only more senior (?), examiners should be involved in standard setting judgements, nor how the critical judgement pairings should be selected but, again, it is clear that this is possible in principle.
C Include other syllabus scripts
- Replace comparability studies
Electronic script marking has many advantages, and electronic paired comparison would share them all. Particular scripts can be fed automatically to particular examiners at any time, as part of their routine processing of scripts. In order to carry out comparability studies it would be necessary only to warn and prepare some examiners for the task before setting them cross-syllabus pairs to judge.
At present examiners prepare by studying the syllabus documentation, question papers and mark schemes associated with the ‘away’ examinations in order to understand the demands the students face in gaining marks on the questions. If we have abolished marking, however, there will be no mark scheme, and preparation will need to be slightly different.
It is generally considered good practice to write a question and its mark scheme simultaneously. Our research on question writing shows that an essential part of writing a good question is the process of anticipating the responses that candidates will make: what we call predicting the outcome space. Whether we need marking schemes or not we will continue to need this description of the expected outcome space as part of the writing process and as the material for training the examiners we are proposing in place of markers and comparability judges.
Would a board be prepared to use judgemental data from such a comparability exercise as part of its own awarding process? If they are, then comparability studies would simply become an operational process of diverting a few scripts from this (home) examiner to that (away) one some of the time, and receiving a few others diverted in exchange. The comparability process would probably use more scripts than at present but make fewer judgements on each.
D Include other subject scripts
- Equivalencing
Again – in principle – this idea can be extended to include the comparison of scripts from examinations in other more or less related subjects, to check on the relative standards of exams in these different areas. But we are really stretching Thurstone’s original idea to the limit now; the further we go from constructing a single homogeneous scale the more preparation there would need to be, the slower and more difficult it would be to make the comparisons, and the less consistency we would expect to find. And probably the less people would believe it.
E Include other modes?
The last of the comparability problems we listed in the background paper concerned the comparability of assessing the ‘same’ subject in different modes: the ‘Alternative to Practical’ paper compared to current practical exams, or the use of computer simulated science experiments in place of paper-based questions, or indeed any case where ‘paper and pencil’ are replaced by ‘on screen’ tests. It seems
unlikely that any human judge will be able to balance fairly the many changes in skills and in the level of demands in these skills that are involved.
F Include prelim scripts
- Replace forecast grades
One further possibility would be to include other evidence of achievement to check the consistency of the ranking process. If, for example, we were to include scripts from students’ school based prelim exams we would have an automatic check that students are not performing unusually well or badly in the examination, the role that teachers’ forecasts of students’ grades are supposed to fulfil but rather fail to do, in England at least. But see below for a better idea.
4 A new examining system?
In this final section we imagine how these proposals might be brought together to create a new system for examining, one which might overcome some of the problems we face every year with the present system. Many of the details need considerable further work, but everything we describe could be in place at least in principle within just a few years.
Teachers’ rank orders
The starting point of our system is that teachers should play a greater role in determining the outcome of their pupils’ school careers. In several European countries, most notably Sweden and Germany, teachers are trusted to award results with little or no external interference, but we are proposing a more controlled role. It is widely accepted that teachers are able to rank order their pupils with more validity than any external examination, and we suggest that boards require centres to submit rank orderings of their pupils, as close as possible to the exam date, drawing lines where they expect the grade boundaries to divide the pupils. This is, of course, traditional in Scotland.
Scale construction in place of marking
Next we would replace marking with Thurstone paired comparison judgements, using on-screen marking of scanned scripts to optimise the design, setting up comparisons of matched scripts as in current comparability studies. The initial pairings could be set up using the teachers’ forecasts, but these would be revised in the light of early comparisons.
Moderation of rank orders
At this point two options arise. In one approach, analysis of the teachers’ rankings as ordered sets could be used to merge them into a single overall rank order. This is based on the idea that the rank ordering within a single class can be converted into a set of paired comparisons, with the pupil ranked first being awarded a ‘win’ over
each other pupil, the second a ‘loss’ to the first and a ‘win’ over all the others, and so on. These ‘results’ are combined with the Thurstonian data for the full analysis. Alternatively, the main analysis could compute mean rankings for each school’s list and these could be used to moderate the teachers’ rankings in a more traditional way.
**+ scale equating**
As described earlier, archive scripts would be introduced judiciously to ensure that standards were maintained from an anchor year; we suggest that a single set of anchor scripts be used for four or five years to reduce the risk of drift.
Other scripts could be introduced as necessary to ensure automatic comparability, not only between times, but also
- between subject areas,
- between boards,
- between syllabuses, and
- between units.
**Review**
The only reason ever to review a pupil’s results would be a significant discrepancy between the teacher’s ranking or forecast grade, and the result of the main paired comparison analysis. Any such discrepancy would in the first place be investigated by submitting the script for extra judgements.
The current review system is biased, in that the reviewed script is identified, and will only be revised upwards. In our new system judges would merely see another pair of scripts without knowing which, or even that either, of them was the subject of some kind of review. The cost of raising one script – the automatic lowering of another - would be obvious in every decision made, and misleading notions like “the benefit of the doubt” would simply never arise.
Only if a discrepancy was confirmed would extra intervention be considered. Rules would need to be set for how to handle such a conflict between forecast and examination. In England & Wales at present it is clear that examination performance always wins, except in very extreme special cases; in Scotland it is accepted that the teacher’s judgement may sometimes over-ride the examination performance; with this new system we have the opportunity to consider a new balance between the two sorts of evidence of achievement.
**Conclusion**
If each script takes part in about seven comparisons, the results of the main analysis would be sufficiently accurate to support a system based fundamentally on the teachers’ ability to rank their pupils appropriately. Indeed, if we accept this as the essential strategy, then we do not need to scan every script, since twenty-eight judgements on a randomly selected quarter of each teacher’s set would be just as accurate in most circumstances, and more efficient.
Summative assessment should be about overall judgements, not about details. With this system marking of pupils’ answers, with its emphasis on where and why each pupil did or did not get credit, will happen only in the context of formative assessment, where the focus is on how to improve a pupil’s performance. Summative assessment will only look at the overall level of performance: marking should have no place in it.
The principal benefit of this new system would lie in the simple fact that it is, from start to finish, based on considerations of validity rather than ever relying on reliability as a proxy for validity as we do at present. Teachers would feel that their superior knowledge of the pupils’ true ability was properly recognised; judges would be free to give the decisions they believe are fair, rather than being required to follow a marking scheme literally; reviewers would seek justice for a pupil rather than mere accuracy in marking a script.
A higher priority for validity is surely worth seeking.
References
Abdullah, W M R. (1989) *The effects of teacher attitudes toward students on teacher planning, instructional support, and teacher's effort in maintaining order in the classroom*. Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Chicago, Dept. of Education.
Kelly, G.A. (1955). *The Psychology of Personal Constructs*. New York: Norton.
Pollitt, A. & Murray, NJ (1995) What raters really pay attention to. In M Milanovic and N Saville (Eds) *Performance testing, cognition and assessment. Studies in Language Testing, 3*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Thurstone, L. L. (1927) A law of comparative judgement. *Psychological Review*, 34, 273-286
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Research Synthesis: Teacher Preparation for Rural Schools
ELLEN MEIER\(^1\) AND EVERETT D. EDINGTON\(^2\)
A review of the literature on teacher preparation and inservice programs in rural areas encompasses dilemmas facing rural education, what colleges and universities can do, and implications for colleges and universities. Part one describes dilemmas facing rural educators, not only in terms of class load, multiple preparations, extracurricular duties, etc., but also in terms of isolation and community problems such as cliques, gossip, and small town talk. Part two shows how colleges and universities can provide needed interventions for rural schools by assessing rural needs, providing special training programs for rural educators, bringing visibility of universities to rural communities, responding to rural needs, creating off-campus centers to more effectively meet teachers' training needs, and building curricula around "Improvisation for Higher Education." Part three discusses expansion of the role of colleges and universities to include off-site training opportunities for preservice and inservice, shift in the role of the professors to "resource people for long-term staff development programs," creation of effective rural educator intervention models, and playing a more aggressive role in preparing teachers and administrators for rural areas. The conclusion stresses the need for colleges and universities to work directly with and in rural communities and maintain ongoing relationships with rural educators.
Rural America has been receiving increased attention during the last decade. Small towns are regaining some of their popularity as city dwellers migrate out of highly concentrated urban areas to find more satisfaction in rural styles. Historically, this is a recent trend, however. Since World War II, urbanization has been a principle characteristic of change in the U.S. population, with the result that "the people of rural America, in essence, have become a forgotten minority" [11, p. 10].
Rural America is more likely than other areas to have a higher percentage of poverty, poorer housing standards, fewer cultural attractions, less opportunity for adequate medical care, less opportunity to attract federal and state funding for programs and the lowest levels of education. Rural areas have been deprived of their fair share of America's wealth and public services and have been excluded from the standard of living enjoyed in metropolitan areas of the United States [14].
One should be warned, however, against generalizing about rural communities. Rural areas may be internally more homogeneous than urban communities, but they differ widely from each other. "Rural Americans may well represent the single most diverse and heterogeneous group of individuals and communities in our society. The island village off the coast of Maine, a coal-mining town in West Virginia, a ranching area in Wyoming, a college town in Minnesota, an impoverished community in the Mississippi Delta region, a ski-resort section of Vermont, a migrant-worker settlement in Texas, an Alaskan Native village near the Arctic Circle, and a prosperous grain-farming area in Iowa have little in common, except that they are all classified as rural areas of the United States" [14].
Schools are a key to the "quality of life" issues which face rural communities. Schools traditionally have been perceived as the means for integrating individuals into society, for providing an historical and cultural base, and for providing students with the skills to become productive members of society.
Additional responsibilities are placed upon the rural schools. Rural and small schools must not only prepare their students for life in the local community, but also for the adjustment into more urban communities, so that their students are able to function efficiently in both environments [6].
Further, our rapidly-changing technology demands that schools, and perhaps rural schools in particular, prepare students for an ever-changing society. Rural education is changing at an accelerated pace brought on by technological advances, energy problems, and demographic shifts. Students must be prepared through education to function well in an environment where accelerated change is the only constant.
Rural students also differ from their urban counterparts. Compared to the typical children in a urban area, the rural child still has fewer opportunities to study in a particular area of interest and fewer chances to become for post-high school experiences [12].
Teachers and administrators also face many challenges in a rural area. First, the very values that give some educators satisfaction in rural areas are the cause of grief for others not prepared for the experience [3]. Teachers and administrators must work in isolated communities, often juggling more than one subject, teaching more than one grade with little inservice support, and with limited budgets for the entire educational system [12]. Ad-
\(^1\)From the ERIC Clearinghouse on Urban Education and The National Diffusion Network, 22 Grandview Avenue, White Plains, NY 10603
\(^2\)From the ERIC/CRESS, New Mexico State University, Box 3AP, Las Cruces, NM 88003
ministrators often wear more than one hat, and are usually overworked as they try to coordinate curriculum, teach when needed, respond to the many forms required by state and federal education departments, and still serve as educational leaders.
Preparing teachers for rural areas is the role of the teacher education departments of colleges and universities. But institutes of higher education serving rural areas are also confronted with many demands. They are trying to comply with a multitude of professional and legal requirements mandated by state legislatures and federal court decisions. Typically, they do not have a separate department or unit to prepare teachers for rural areas; most do not even have specific courses for those interested in teaching in rural schools. Perhaps most discouraging, however, is that many are not aware of the special needs of rural schools. Without this awareness, concerns cannot be adequately assessed, and the resources of colleges or universities cannot be organized to address the issues facing rural educators.
The purpose of this document is to review the literature of teacher preparation and inservice for rural areas. The discussion will be organized into three parts: dilemmas facing rural education, what colleges and universities can do, and implications for colleges and universities.
Dilemmas Facing Rural Education
Colleges and universities interested in providing inservice and preservice programs for rural educators must first thoroughly understand the problems for rural educators must first thoroughly understand the problems facing rural youth and rural schools. Although "rural education" like "rural America" encompasses a great variety of settings, making it difficult if not impossible to generalize, rural schools have historically shared several common problems. Sher [15] cites several general problems which have troubled rural schools:
... reducing students enrollment and absenteeism, recruiting highly competent teachers and administrators, providing special education and other specialized services, securing needed capital and operating funds, and compensating for the inherent isolation and population sparsity of rural areas, are all problems which have persisted in public rural schools and which remain largely unsolved even today [p. 11].
Many things contribute to this list of difficulties. One overall theme found throughout the literature is financial in nature: financial constraints severely limit rural schools' ability to provide adequately for staff and students. A 1980 Rand Corporation study states, "If there was a single dominant theme that rural administrators sought time and time again to convey, it was that allocation of funds on a per pupil basis places rural districts at a disadvantage" [1, p. 25].
Frato [5], in a report examining educational services and aid to rural schools, shows that federal aid to metro-central schools in 1972-73 was $133.33 per student, but only $91.10 per non-metro student. His study demonstrates that during that year rural public schools spent less per pupil than metro-central or suburban public schools in all categories except student transportation. "Such an adverse allocation of federal funds to rural schools would be understandable if the problems of rural schools are proportionately less severe than those of urban schools. But just the opposite is clearly the case" [p. 11].
In talking with teachers, researchers have found a multitude of problems. Perhaps the biggest is the very fact that the community is rural and therefore isolated. Rural teachers still tend to come from the communities in which they teach, and practical considerations of distance and housing availability generally compel them to live near their schools. The close ties between school and teacher that inevitably develop are commendable, but can put pressures on teachers as well as children [14]. A survey by Muse, Hoppe and Parson [11] in 1975 reports that teachers find "community cliques, gossip and small town talk" among the chief drawbacks to country teaching.
Muse [12] identifies several other difficulties—economic and professional that influence teachers in rural areas.
1. They have 3-5 preparations daily.
2. They must teach a class or two in which they're not adequately trained.
3. Teachers are expected to take on extracurricular duties.
4. Junior and senior high schools are combined. Subjects like home economics and physical education are often made up of students from 2 or 3 grade levels.
5. Books and other learning supplies are not readily available.
6. Teachers' salaries are low.
7. Teachers are less apt to receive inservice training and must travel far to receive advanced degrees.
These are some of the conditions which shape teaching behavior in rural schools and can serve to deter professionals from devoting more time to the task of teaching itself. These conditions may also help explain a common criticism about rural teaching: the lack of "creative and innovative teaching." Sher [14] calls this the most frequent and serious problem cited in the literature.
The task of organizing the curriculum is usually left up to the teacher. Because of the diversity of subject areas and the range of grades, teachers face an enormous curricular challenge. Further, textbook companies and other curriculum development producers have ignored the needs or rural schools because the numbers involved are so small as to limit profitability. The widely accepted assumption is that, since education is a generic endeavor, rural schools are just smaller versions of large schools and the curriculum should therefore be the same [13]. Add to this the fact curriculum material available is often limited or outdated or both, and one begins to understand why it may be difficult for rural teachers to be creative and innovative.
In a study by Warner and Kale [17] the authors state that higher education has not responded to the needs of rural America. They also charge that teacher training institutes have been the victims of the lure of federal money that is tied to meeting urban needs.
They (institutes of higher education) continue to produce teachers who are far better prepared to work in more populated areas
than in sparsely populated communities. Perhaps even worse, these institutions are not focusing their research and development efforts on the problems of rural education. Even universities located in rural areas are neglecting this important area of research . . . Professional educators and teaching institutions must begin to recognize the need to prepare teachers for the less than adequately supplied classroom, the student reared in a less than cosmopolitan environment and the central office support staff which serve in more than a single capacity.
Sher also found that teacher training programs in the United States have paid little attention to the needs of teachers in small rural schools. "Although the literature is full of moaning about the poor quality of rural teachers, little systematic effort has been made to recruit the best people for rural schools, and even less effort has made to train them properly" [14, p. 28].
"Properly," according to Warner and Kale [17], includes more flexibility and responsiveness. "Currently, dual certification in many instances means an additional two years in course studies and internships. A teacher certified in one area forces specialization at a time when rural schools need good generalists." They conclude, "if higher education does not provide local educational agencies with the personnel, skills, talents, basics, they will ignore the university as a 'tomb' of philosophical rhetoric . . ." [p. 12].
Sher [14] points out that although rural schools could obviously benefit from better teachers, how "better" is defined makes all the difference.
In fact, a very persuasive case can be made that higher academic credentials, in and of themselves, have minimal validity as a measure of actual teaching competence; that rural schools require competent generalists far more than a variety of specialists; and that teachers trained to understand and work with the unique strengths and weaknesses of rural schools are much more desirable than urban-trained and urban-oriented teachers from even the most prestigious universities (p. 30).
What Colleges and Universities Can Do
Colleges and universities are in a position to provide the needed interventions for rural schools. According to Ivey [9] they are the logical entity to assume a large share of the responsibility for studying many aspects of rural education, including preparation of educators and delivery of service. However, for this to occur, it appears that new directions and priorities must be established. In this document, the discussion will focus on institutes of higher education and what they can do to contribute to solutions for rural schools. This is not to minimize the role of other institutions, state or federal governments, or individuals within the rural communities, but will provide a focus for consideration by institutes of higher education. Although at this time there is not a well-developed comprehensive effort among institutions of higher education, it should be noted that in the recent "rediscovery" of rural education, institutes of higher education are in many cases part of the ground swell [9].
The literature is replete with general recommendations for colleges and universities, and there seems to be overall agreement about several points. First, the need to assess rural concerns. Paul Nachtigal [13] makes the point more generally that the general lack of responsiveness of service delivery systems to rural education problems is due, at least in part, to the lack of good information about the nature of rural communities and rural schools. Warner and Kale [17] recommend that much more study and attention be given to understanding rural communities. They suggest specifically that institutes of higher education periodically study the status of rural education, analyze and synthesize successful rural classroom practices, including staff characteristics of rural "master teachers," and better understand community dynamics in school relations, including comparison of student aspirations and attitudes. Jacobsmeyer [10] agrees, noting that the role of higher education should include assessing rural needs, collecting data on small rural districts, and conducting research in rural schools.
Using this knowledge as a foundation, the second point that seems to have unanimous support is the need for colleges and universities to provide special training programs for rural schools. This general notion is given different emphasis by different researchers, but all are in agreement on the need to provide a specific rural approach. Jacobsmeyer [10] simply recommends that universities and colleges provide resources for establishing specialized rural preservice and inservice training programs. Jonathon Sher [14] elaborates on this point in two recommendations to legislators.
1. Require state-supported colleges and graduate schools of education across the country to create special training programs which will explicitly prepare teachers for service in rural schools.
2. Expand inservice training (and other professional development activities) for rural teachers and administrators [p. 30].
In addition, Sher asks legislators to establish a program of appropriate technical assistance to small rural schools and school districts. Ivan Muse [12] refines this point by suggesting that some university faculty be asked to specialize in rural education.
A third point made by several authors is the need to collaborate with rural schools. Whitefield [18] cites the need "for collaboration on the part of all parties involved." He defines collaboration, not as "just good will," but an agreed-upon "distribution of power, status, and authority." He advocates university visibility in the rural community, which would develop the feeling of accessibility from the community's perspective [p. 3]. Muse [11] also emphasizes the need for cooperative relationships: "... Schools must learn to utilize in positive and productive ways, the public school system, state educational agencies, regional educational service centers, teacher groups and all others in the larger community of which they are a part. Rural teacher training, to be effective, calls for new school roles and parity relationships through a consortium of concerned groups working together in a viable partnership" [p. 42].
This leads to the fourth theme - the need for responsiveness to rural needs by colleges and universities. Whitefield [18] notes that institutions of higher education need
"environments for functioning in field-responsive modes." Teacher education will shift from providing credit and credentialing to entering into long-term agreements with local school districts as resource people for long-term staff inservice development programs."
The fifth point made by several writers, often in tandem with the need to be more field-responsive, is the need to create off-campus centers which could more effectively meet teacher-training needs. Whitfield foresees a shift from the university campus to the field. Muse also suggests that any inservice or renewal opportunity, if truly responsive, would be held at least part of the time in the school districts.
Finally several authors discuss the need to build curriculum expertise. A recent paper by Gardener and Edington [6] details the need for help in organizing curriculum for rural schools. The paper cites Sher's [15] reasons for the scarcity of curricular offerings in rural areas: (1) there is no profit for commercial publishers to produce books specifically for rural or small schools; (2) neither the government nor philanthropic organizations have subsidized the development of curricula or curricular material; and (3) rural areas lack the funds, expertise and the time to develop their own curricular materials.
The need for curriculum expertise was substantiated by Dr. Benedict Surwill [16] who found in a survey completed in 1980 that administrators felt prospective teachers should be required to demonstrate effective curriculum planning for small schools. Gardener and Edington [6] and others [15; 11; 9] also cite the need to prepare teachers for teaching and managing multiple grade level classes or teaching subjects in which they have inadequate background. For high school teachers, experience in one minor and one major were suggested [16]. Finally, Gardener and Edington [6] quote a number of researchers to make the point that generalists rather than specialists are needed.
These general themes form a framework for institutes of higher education to use in building the curriculum for rural educators. If colleges and universities will assess rural needs, provide special training or programs, collaborate with rural communities and other institutions, insure institutional responsiveness to rural concerns, and create off-campus centers or train at least part of the time on school sites, they will have built the foundation for successful rural teacher preparation.
Once the framework is established, however, how should the curriculum be designed for training rural educators? At least part of the answer to this question lies in some of the assumptions which form the framework. That is, if institutions of higher education are accurately assessing rural needs and if they are truly responsive, they will build their curriculum around the present and emerging needs of rural schools.
Specific curriculum components can also be derived by examining the qualities possessed by successful rural educators. Tom Gjelton [7] describes fundamental elements of rural schools, stating that rural schools should incorporate:
1. A strong foundation in the teaching of basic skills and essential facts.
2. An emphasis on practical skills and learning by doing.
3. Training in self-directed study and the development of initiative.
4. A focus on the local rural community.
5. A commitment to familiarize students with the outside world.
6. An emphasis on the options available to rural youths both within and beyond the local community.
If these elements are defined behaviorally for educational students, they could easily become curriculum objectives for institutes of higher education.
Glendor Castro, director of a multi-state outreach project based in Utah, has defined several criteria to determine employee satisfaction and success in a rural school [3]. He tries to assess a prospective employee's strengths and needs in terms of the following criteria:
1. Experience in a rural environment.
2. Appreciation of rural cultures.
3. Professional independence.
4. Personal support system.
5. Rural recreational interests.
Without these attributes, Castro [3] suggests that teachers may not be appropriately matched with rural areas. This list is based on real problems faced by teachers in rural areas and could very well serve as a foundation for rural education programs, in institutions of higher education.
Retaining teachers has been another problem in rural areas. Again, Castro [3] identifies several criteria, grouping his points into two categories: job-related influences and local environmental influences. Under job-related influences, Castro lists the following variables: satisfaction with defined duties, physical environment in which work is conducted, salary and fringe benefits, relationships with supervisor and co-workers, reinforcement from students or clients, availability of support services, and finally, inservice training opportunities.
Under influences related to the local environment, Castro [3] describes the importance of cultural and recreational opportunities, acceptance by members of rural communities and acceptance of local geography and climate. Again, these factors could be most helpful to colleges and universities in building inservice programs relevant to rural needs. Specific sessions could be designed around topics to build the potential for teacher and administrator longevity in a particular location.
So far, a generic framework has been presented, along with two different methods of setting specific goals for rural educators. The final question is how to implement these ideas to bring about teacher improvement in rural areas. Paul Nachtigal [13] states that:
Central to any school improvement program is leadership development – creating within those involved the new perspectives, new skills, and understandings that will allow a program to move forward . . . Critical to such a strategy is a little money to buy the participants' time to develop their capabilities, coupled
with sensitive program leadership to help participants think about the problems they wish to address and point them in the direction of other individuals and programs that can be helpful.
A companion strategy for first people from day-to-day routines for personal and/or program development is to bring new ideas and assistance to small rural schools on a regular basis. We have noted earlier that how these ideas and assistance are brought is as important as the substance of the ideas and assistance. Timing is very important; help is needed when it is needed, not before or after. The establishment of a basic level of trust between those bringing the assistance and those receiving the assistance is also essential.
Care must be taken in whatever strategies are implemented, to be sure that they contribute to local capacity-building, and not to dependency on central education agencies, for it is at the local school level that more suitable education programs for rural communities need to emerge [p. 36].
This care and attention to the process of intervention and assistance is often overlooked in the excitement of building a rural center or sharing the latest technology. And yet, this understanding of how to effectively work with rural educators is perhaps the key for institutes of higher education. Warner and Kale [17] refer to this briefly when they urge universities to engage in more research to adequately understand the needs of rural educators, to determine how these needs can be met, and "equally important, to coordinate the dissemination and diffusion in the development of strategies which would bring about proper change for the improvement of rural America" [p. 8].
Implications for Colleges and Universities
If enacted, many of the suggestions and recommendations from the literature will require specific and concrete changes for colleges and universities. First, the role of the university will expand, with more emphasis being given to finding off-site training opportunities for preservice and inservice rural education. Muse [11] makes this point most strongly when he advocates partial training on campus and partial training in the school districts. Whitfield [18] agrees, predicting a major shift from the university campus to the field, along with a move from credentialing to providing noncredit staff development assistance.
The second major implication for higher education is a shift in the role of professor. Whitfield [18] explains that professors will become resource people for long-term staff development programs. This theme is echoed by Drummond [4] when he ventures that new roles would be in order for university professors. He foresees that faculty will move toward being "linkers, reference sources, resource retrievers, instructional managers, diagnoser and prescriber, designer of programs and materials for nontraditional students." Also, the educational professor will be called upon to serve as "organizational consultant, communications expert, outside observer, participant observer, situation describer, and school anthropologist." All of these roles, Drummond [4] feels, have to do with governance, funding, management, delivering instructional and technical services, and assessing and evaluating and disseminating data. He adds that shifts in perceptions and functions have already resulted in the formation of instructional teams, consisting of teachers, administrators, and university personnel.
The third major implication for higher education is that universities will pursue field-based models and begin to examine how to intervene effectively from the outside and to work with rural educators. Recent work in teacher centers has developed some relevant models. Teacher center "field agents" are persons who work with an organization in an attempt to facilitate change, but who are not part of the organization. According to Boston and Kingsford [2], many teachers agree with Gene Hall that change is made first by individuals, then by groups, then by institutions, and that failure to recognize this personal aspect of change is the major reason why so many change efforts have failed in our public schools. They believe the more field agents can communicate and work with their clientele on a face-to-face basis, the more they can build a sense of empathy and mutual trust, factors which greatly enhance the probability of the successful implementation and institutionalization of any change [1].
Paul Nachtigal [13] reinforced these concepts giving much of the responsibility for moving ahead to those working in rural education and those who live in the rural community.
In conclusion, it is clear that in order to improve rural education, institutions of higher education need to be much more aggressive about their role in preparing teachers and administrators for rural settings. They need to establish special programs, work directly with and in the rural communities and maintain ongoing relationships with rural educators. Only by identifying and pursuing the needs of the rural educational community will nearby colleges and universities become integral to rural education.
References
1. Bass, G., & Burman, P. (Rand Report). Federal aid to rural schools: Current patterns and unmet needs. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1979.
2. Boston, B.D., & Kingsford S. (Eds.) Field agency in teacher centers. Twin Falls, ID: Southeast Idaho Teacher Center Consortium, June 1981. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 207 958).
3. Castro, G., et al. Training, recruiting, and retaining personnel in rural areas. Making it work in rural communities. A Rural Network Monograph, Western Illinois University, August 1981. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 211 303).
4. Drummond, W.H., Houston, W.R., & Massonari, K. (Eds.) Emerging role of the college based teacher education. Emerging professional roles for teacher educators. Washington, DC: AACTE, 1978.
5. Frater, F.A. Rural education and rural labor force in the seventies. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Development Research Report No. 5, 1978.
6. Gardener, C.E., & Edington, E. The preparation and certification of teachers for rural and small schools. ERIC/CRESS, November, 1982.
7. Gjelten, T. Schooling in isolated communities. Portland, Maine: National Hair Project, 1978.
8. Herrriott, R.E. Federal initiatives and rural school improvement: finding the experimental schools program. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, 1980.
9. Ivey, E. H. *Developing and administering a nonmetropolitan teacher education program*. Buckhannon, WV: West Virginia Wesleyan College, August 1979. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 189 031).
10. Muse, I.D., Parsons, R.J., & Hope, E.W. A study of rural teachers and the rural schools as perceived by school administrators, teachers, parents and students. *Rural/Regional Education News*, Rural Regional Education Association, October 1975. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 119 921).
11. Muse, I.D., & Stonehoover, L. *A study of small rural high schools of less than 200 students: perceptions of teachers and administrators*. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, California, April 1979. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 168 778).
12. Nachtigal, P.M. *Improving rural schools*. National Institute of Education, September 1980. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 192 992).
13. Sher, J.P. *Revitalizing rural education; a legislator's handbook*. National Conference of State Legislatures, Washington, DC; National Rural Center, Washington, DC, September 1978. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 168 750).
14. Sher, J.P. (Ed.) *Education in rural America: a reassessment of conventional wisdom*. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977.
15. Surwill, B.J. *School of Education Quarterly*. Billings, MT: Eastern Montana Collage, 6(3), September 1980.
16. Warrer, R.W., Jr., & Kale, K.E. *Rural education: a field of study whose time has come in higher education*. 1981. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 207 757).
17. Whittfield, T. *Responsive staff development and continuing education for rural school districts. Some issues and approaches*. February 1981. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 199 234).
|
Antenna Design and Simulation
David Alvarez Outerelo, Francisco Javier Diaz Otero, Nelson Pinto
El Telecomunicacion, Campus Universitario s/n 36310 Vigo Spain
This chapter describes the design and simulation of several prototype antennas at different operation frequencies, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. The main objective of this chapter is to provide possible antenna designs that allow the generated symbols to be transmitted by radio frequency in bands corresponding to the emerging 6G systems [Rap19]. Two possible implementations are described: on-chip antennas and external antennas to the PIC in microstrip technology. The work presented is theoretical for chip-integrated antennas since there was not enough budget to deal with its manufacture and there is also no experimental characterization system. However, off-chip antenna designs have been able to be manufactured and measured in a special anechoic chamber for small-sized, high-frequency antennas.
In section 4.1, general questions are discussed as a preliminary step to the design, such as the selected frequency bands and the chosen technologies. In section 4.2, a two on-chip antenna models are introduced. Section 4.3 is dedicated to the off-chip antenna models.
4.1 General considerations
The objective initially proposed in this Thesis was to provide the CV-QKD transmitter with a radiofrequency transmission channel in addition to the optical output channel. Although the initial design frequency of the transmitter is 10GHz, the phase modulators can reach a higher modulation rate up to 35 GHz. The availability of two parallel transmission channels opens up the field of application of the proposed transmitter.
Since the designed CV-QKD transmitter is fully resettable it could be configured to transmit ten photons per symbol by simply increasing the laser power and diverting the power to the main waveguide via the variable splitters.
Two types of solutions are possible to radiate the output signal:
- **on-chip antenna**: the developed antenna could be integrated into the transmitter PIC itself or into an individual chip, on an InP or Si platform. Millimeter band values must be chosen as working frequencies. These high values of frequency allow to have effective wavelengths in the substrate small enough to be able to integrate the antenna design in an individual chip and even in the PIC of the transmitter. The achieved designs will have a limited power gain and can only be used in short-range applications.
- **off-chip antenna**: if longer ranges are required, the design must seek a technology that allows higher power gains to be achieved. Therefore, larger antennas will be achieved that must be located externally to the PIC. Microstrip technology appears to be the most suitable to achieve the requirements of millimeter band applications, such as the 60GHz band, in a compact size.
Except for the case of an antenna integrated in the transmitter PIC, and therefore operating in a lower frequency band than that given by the photodiodes, it is necessary to have intermediate circuitry between the PIC output and the designed antenna if bands of frequency higher than 35GHz. This intermediate circuitry would include elements to allow the output signal from the RF output of the transmitter to be upconverted to the higher frequency band of interest. Among other elements, this circuitry should require a mixer, filters, amplifiers and impedance matching balun.
The upconverter could be integrated with the antenna itself or be an additional chip. Wire bonding is required to connect these new chips (antenna w or without upconverter) to the InP transmitter PIC. An example of the connection via wire bonding is illustrated by Figure 4.1.
For future testing of antennas designed that will not be integrated within the transmitter PIC due to the higher frequency band to operate in, it was developed a printed circuit or PCB that enables the PIC to be connected by wire bonding to a series of coplanar microstrip lines matched in impedance to 50 Ohms which in turn will be connected to the antenna or upconverter chip.
The high complexity of the transmitter due to the number of outputs and inputs to be controlled simultaneously also makes it necessary to carry out the PIC packaging, since in the measurement setup it is impossible to have all the necessary RF and DC probes at the same time due to the reduced dimensions of the transmitter micropositioners.
Therefore, the PCB shown in Figure 4.2 has been designed, which will be manufactured and connected to the chip using wire bonding both for a future complete characterization of the transmitter and for testing in antennas whose frequency is higher than the modulation baseband.
A 3D model of the final packaging was also made with the radio frequency and fiber optic outputs necessary for the correct operation of the transmitter, as shown in Figure 4.3.
Figure 4.1. Example of wire bonding between a PIC and a support PCB.
Figure 4.2. Support PCB with transmitter layout.
4.2 On-chip integrated antenna design
In this section, the two on-chip antenna designs are presented. The first design would allow its integration within the transmitter PIC and, therefore, would not require any type of connection or intermediate upconverter device. The frequency band of operation for this InP antenna was 26GHz allocated for satellite segment in 6G systems [Saa20] [Let19] [Gio20].
The second design is proposed to be integrated in quartz, including a Graphene radiating patch. The operation frequency for this model was set to 1 THz. Federal Communications Commission decided to release frequencies from 95 GHz to 3 THz for potential use in mobile communications, with up to 21 GHz for unlicensed use [IEEE][FCC]. At THz wave bands, numerous design challenges arise to achieve a reasonable trade-off between technological design issues and commercial criteria - low cost, small size, radiation efficiency, antenna gain, broadband performance, real-time reconfigurable features, and so on [Yu13] [Han08] [Gom12] [Hwa08] [Car12] [Car13].
The two models of on-chip integrated antennas were composed by a rectangular microstrip patch and a microstrip feed line, disposed on InP or quartz substrate with relative dielectric constant $\epsilon_r$ of 9.61 and 3.75, respectively. This simple structure is generally used as basic radiation element for building an array antenna. This unit cell shows an input impedance of $140\Omega$, to make it compatible with the power dividers used in the feeding network connecting the single radiating elements of an array antenna.
In Figure 4.4 it is depicted the geometry of the antenna, with the rectangular patch and the feedline designed at an objective center frequency. The dimensions $L_W$ and $P_l$ determine the center frequency [Luo13] [Poz08] [Alv15] of the radiating patch. For a regular rectangular patch the edge input impedance is $144\Omega$. The dimensions $F_W$ and $F_l$ determine the center frequency of the feedline.
In absence of plasmonic modes, as in the upper THz range, there is no option for miniaturization, then and only the first fundamental mode of resonance of the rectangular patch can be used.
The width of the patch $P_w$ is given by (4.1):
$$P_w = \frac{c}{2f_r \sqrt{\frac{\varepsilon_r + 1}{2}}}$$
with $f_r$ the desired resonance frequency and $c$ the light speed in vacuum. The bandwidth of the antenna depends on the patch width $P_w$ [Luo13], [Poz08], [Alv15], and thus on the value of $\varepsilon_r$. The simulation software will determine the relative dielectric constant $\varepsilon_r$ of the material selected for the patch.
The effective dielectric constant $\varepsilon_{eff}$ is given by (4.2):
$$\varepsilon_{eff} = \frac{\varepsilon_r + 1}{2} + \frac{\varepsilon_r - 1}{2} \left(1 + \frac{12 \times h}{P_w}\right)$$
The length of the patch $P_l$ is calculated from (4.3):
$$P_l = L_{eff} - (2 * \Delta L)$$
with $\Delta L$ is the fields overflow, and $L_{eff}$ the effective length that is calculated as per (4.4):
$$L_{eff} = \frac{c}{2 \times f_r \sqrt{\varepsilon_{eff}}}$$
The width of the feed line $F_W$ is calculated from (4.5) in order to obtain a characteristic impedance of around 50 $\Omega$:
$$F_W = h \left(\frac{377}{50 \sqrt{\varepsilon_r}} - 2\right)$$
First of all, a single Gold patch was designed on InP, and its performance was then contrasted with a hybrid graphene-gold patch on quartz. Following both antenna models are described in detail.
### 4.2.1 InP antenna
The design of an integrated antenna within the transmitter's own substrate, that is, InP, with a maximum thickness of 250 $\mu$m, has been carried out. The substrate is considered as a monolayer of InP with a refractive index value of 3.1 at 1 THz.
One of the main problems when designing antennas in this type of substrate is the low transmission frequency, for a transmission frequency, such as the one considered to be 26 GHz. For said resonance frequency, the effective wavelength in the substrate is of 3.45 millimeters, which is a great handicap when designing integrated antennas within the PIC itself, since the
measurements of the typical DIE chip in HHI only have the following standard dimensions: 2x8 mm (4000€), 4x8 mm (8000€) and 12x8 mm (24,000€).
These limited dimensions and high prices make it necessary to design simple antenna prototypes for short-range communication applications with the transmitter, in such a way that the design of antenna arrays, which would occupy a large part of the useful surface of the chip, is not necessary.
Therefore, the design of a rectangular patch antenna is proposed, which will be directly connected to the photodiode (1) of the Power Reference output. This type of connection will allow the data transmission by the CV-QKD transmitter, but not the reception of information from an external device, this is due to the fact that the photodiode only provides output current based on the optical power received, and not the other way around.
The design, simulation and subsequent optimization have been carried out using the CST MICROWAVE STUDIO electromagnetic simulation software, which allows simulations to be carried out in the time and frequency domain, discretizing the 3D structure in a series of base cells and propagating the electromagnetic field along of these.
Table 4.1. Dimensions of the InP on-chip integrated antenna.
| Dimensions | Values |
|-------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Relative dielectric permittivity, $\epsilon_r$ | 9.61 |
| Substrate width | 6 mm |
| Substrate length | 6 mm |
| Substrate thickness, $\epsilon_r$ | 0.25 mm |
| Gold patch thickness | 0.0035 mm |
| Feed line width, $F_w$ | 0.0246 mm |
| Feed line length, $F_l$ | 0.35 · $\lambda$|
| Guide port dimensional factor | 4.62 |
| Wavelength, $\lambda$ | 3.45 mm |
| Patch length, $P_l$ | $(\lambda/2) \cdot F_1$ mm |
| Patch width, $P_w$ | 1.3 · $P_l$ mm |
| Inset feed width, $W_s$ | $(F_w + 0.2) \cdot F_2$ |
| Inset feed length, $L_s$ | 0.4 mm |
| $F_1$ | 1 |
| $F_2$ | 1 |
The parameters for the patch geometry are summarized in Table 4.1. To perform the optimization, the length of the patch $P_l$ and the width of the inset feed $W_s$ are taken as variable parameters, being multiplied by two scale factors, $F_1$ and $F_2$, respectively, with the following objective:
- The factor $F_1$ by multiplying the length of the patch $P_l$ causes the resonant frequency to
move towards the target value of 26 GHz, and
- the factor $F_2$ together with the variation of the length of the inset $L_s$ feed allows an optimum adaptation of impedances to be achieved, measured in terms of the scattering parameter $s_{11}(f)$.
The output of the optimization process is shown in Figure 4.5. An $s_{11}$ value of -32 dB was obtained at a frequency of 26 GHz, with which it is considered that the optimization has achieved its objective, as shown in Figure 4.6. The optimal values achieved for $F_1$, $F_2$ and are summarized in Table 4.2.
**Table 4.2.** Optimal values of the optimization variable parameters.
| Optimization variable parameter | Value |
|---------------------------------|----------------|
| $F_1$ | 1.0095794039874 |
| $F_2$ | 1.0361474785913 |
| Inset feed length, $L_s$ | 0.6 mm |
Finally, the simulation process is launched for the optimized values of inset feed length $L_s$ and the patch length $P_l$. The main antenna features obtained are:
- a final value of $s_{11}$ of -32 dB
- a bandwidth of 1.6 GHz
- a radiation pattern, for $\varphi = 0^\circ$ cut plane, with a main lobe of 5 dB gain and a beamwidth of $100^\circ$.
The 3D radiation pattern for $\varphi = 0^\circ$ cut plane is shown in Figure 4.7. Even though it is a simple design, it presents acceptable performance values for short-range transmission of information bits. In addition, it is a feasible and achievable design through a gold deposition process for the DC and RF clads in a PIC.
### 4.2.2 Hybrid Graphene antenna
This section describes the design and simulation of a Silicon platform antenna while exploring the properties of using a superconducting material such as Graphene. The antenna design bears in mind the use of the 6G band, in this case 1 THz as central frequency.
The base structure of the antenna is the same as the one described in previous sections but in this case with a graphene radiating cell consisted of a rectangular microstrip Graphene patch and a microstrip Gold feed line disposed on a quartz substrate with relative dielectric constant $\varepsilon_r$ of 3.75. The 3D model of the hybrid Graphene-Gold antenna is shown in Figure 4.8.
For matching the impedances of the patch element of 140$\Omega$ and the feedline of 50$\Omega$, the feedline does not join on the patch edge but in an interior point by using a rectangular notch. The feedline constitutes a cascade quarter wavelength impedance adapter, and its length $F_l$ is calculated. The notch dimensions – $S$, $L_S$ and $W_S$ – condition the fine tuning of the impedance matching.
For simulating the graphene on CST Microwave Studio a new material was created as a tabulated surface impedance $R_s$, calculated a priori as in (4.1)-(4.4):
$$R_s(\omega, \mu_c, \gamma, T) = \frac{1}{\sigma(\omega, \mu_c, \gamma, T)} \quad (\Omega) \quad (4.1)$$
$$\sigma(\omega, \mu_c, \gamma, T) = \sigma_{intra}(\omega, \mu_c, \gamma, T) + \sigma_{inter}(\omega, \mu_c, \gamma) \quad (4.2)$$
$$\sigma_{intra}(\omega, \mu_c, \gamma, T) = \frac{j e^2 k_B T}{\pi h^2 (\omega - j 2 \gamma)} \left( \frac{\mu_c}{k_B T} + 2 \ln \left( e^{-\frac{\mu_c}{k_B T}} + 1 \right) \right) \quad (4.3)$$
$$\sigma_{inter}(\omega, \mu_c, \gamma) = \frac{-j e^2}{4 \pi h} \ln \left( \frac{2 |\mu_c| - (\omega - j 2 \gamma) \hbar}{2 |\mu_c| + (\omega - j 2 \gamma) \hbar} \right) \quad (4.4)$$
One of the problems when implementing expressions (4.1)-(4.5) and verifying them is that some authors [Han08][Car13] consider the scattering rate given in electron-volts, or well the relaxation constant \((\tau_s)\) is provided instead of the scattering rate. Then, units can be swapped by using the following expressions (4.5)-(4.6):
\[
\gamma(s^{-1}) = \frac{1}{2\tau_s} \tag{4.5}
\]
\[
\gamma(ev) = \frac{\hbar}{2\tau_s} \tag{4.6}
\]
For a practical antenna design, actual values for \(\gamma\) and \(\mu_c\) obtained from measurements should be required. The scattering rate \(\gamma\) value depends of the fabrication method of graphene – graphite exfoliation, vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition – and it would need to be measured to achieve a greater precision design. However some many authors take a value close to 0.11\(ev\) (\(\tau_s = 5.98 \text{ ps}\)) [Han08]. This value of the scattering rate \(\gamma\) is chosen to be approximately the same as for electron-acoustic phonon interactions in single-layer of carbon nanotubes [Ada07]. A typical value of the chemical potential is \(\mu_c = 0.3ev\).
Assuming \(T = 300 \text{ K}\), \(\mu_c = 0.3ev\), \(\tau_s = 1 \text{ ps}\) The graphene surface impedance \(R_s\) was calculated shown in Figure 4.9. It can be observed that it is practically imaginary: whilst the real part (resistance) shows a constant value over frequency, the imaginary component (reactance) is largely dependent on frequency. At 1THz and for \(\mu_c = 0.3ev\), the value of \(R_s\) is \(17 + j53.43\).
After a software optimization process to maximize the power gain, the optimal dimensions of the antenna were obtained. The dimensions of this antenna (in mm) are summarized in Table 4.3.
In Figure 4.10 it can be observed that the optimized antenna presents a good impedance matching with a return loss \(s_{11}(f)\) of -40 dB at the central frequency, and a bandwidth of 38 GHz taking a criterion of \(|s_{11}(f)| \leq -10 \text{dB}\). Typical values of bandwidth for a rectangular patch are found between two and four percent of the central frequency.
The 3D radiation pattern is presented in Figure 4.11, and the \(\varphi = 0^\circ\) cut plane in Figure 4.12. It presents a maximum gain of 6.14 dBi, beamwidth of 73°, and the main lobe direction at \(\varphi = 0^\circ\).
---
**Table 4.3.** Dimensions of the Graphene integrated antenna.
| Dimensions | Values |
|-------------------------------------------------|-----------------|
| Relative dielectric permittivity, \(\epsilon_r\) | 12 |
| Substrate width | 211.5 \(\mu m\) |
| Substrate length | 179.54 \(\mu m\)|
| Substrate thickness, \(\epsilon_r\) | 10 \(\mu m\) |
| Graphene patch thickness | 0.0035 mm |
| Feed line width, \(F_w\) | 18.93 \(\mu m\) |
| Feed line length, \(F_l\) | 80 \(\mu m\) |
| Guide port dimensional factor | 4.68 |
| Wavelength, \(\lambda\) | 3.45 mm |
| Patch length, \(P_l\) | 90 \(\mu m\) |
| Parameter | Value |
|---------------------------------|----------------|
| Patch width, $P_w$ | 117 $\mu$m |
| Inset feed width, $W_s$ | 38.93 $\mu$m |
| Inset feed length, $L_S$ | 24.6 $\mu$m |
| Input impedance | 140 $\Omega$ |
**Figure 4.8.** 3D antenna model with a graphene patch and a gold feedline.
**Figure 4.9.** Surface charge density $n_s$ vs chemical potential $\mu_c$.
**Figure 4.10.** S-Parameters for the antenna model.
Figure 4.10. $S_{11}$ of the hybrid graphene-gold antennas.
Figure 4.11. 3D radiation diagram of the hybrid graphene-gold antennas.
Figure 4.12. Radiation diagram of the hybrid graphene-gold antenna, cut plane of $\varphi = 0^\circ$
Figure 4.13. Resistance (blue) and reactance (red) of graphene surface impedance $R_S$ for different values of chemical potential $\mu_c$.
Figure 4.14. Resonant frequency shift and $S_{11}(f)$ as a function of the chemical potential $\mu_c$ for hybrid-gold antenna.
One of the highlights of the graphene antenna design is that the conductivity of the graphene can be controlled by a bias tension [Yu13]. Voltage biasing is used to provide more or less electron mobility that produces a shifting on the resonance frequency of the antenna. The same effect can be obtained modifying the chemical potential by adding chemical doping, as micro particles of silver.
Therefore, there are some possibilities to affect the dielectric properties of the graphene which becomes a critical variable for design of some devices, very especially for the antenna design. The availability of a graphene dielectric model including reconfiguration via chemical potential is likewise relevant if the use of simulators is required to optimize some antenna performance parameters. These arrangements can be understood as a graphene property that provides us the reconfiguration capability of the resonant frequency by electronic control. This variable also affects the antenna design and performance, and provides a mean for tuning the resonant frequency.
Among other options, the chemical potential $\mu_c$ can be modified by a bias tension. However, this DC voltage bias tuning has limitation due to the breakdown voltage of the material.
The maximum chemical potential $\mu_{c,max}$ that can be applied to keep the material in the so-called safe region is related to the breakdown voltage $E_n$ as follows (4.7):
$$E_n = \frac{q}{\epsilon_0 \epsilon_r} n_s = \frac{q}{\epsilon_0 \epsilon_r} * \frac{1}{\pi} \left( \frac{\mu_{c,max}}{\hbar v_F} \right)^2$$ \hspace{1cm} (4.7)
Therefore $\mu_{c,max}$ is given as in (4.8):
$$\mu_{c,max} = \sqrt{\frac{E_n \epsilon_0 \epsilon_r \pi (\hbar v_F)^2}{q}}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4.8.)
where $E_n$ is the breakdown voltage in Volts per meter. As an example, the gallium arsenium GaAS has a breakdown voltage of $E_n = 4e7 \frac{V}{m}$ whence $\mu_{c,max} = 0.180 \text{ eV}$.
In Figure 4.13 the resistance and reactance of the graphene surface impedance $R_s$ is obtained for different values of the chemical potential $\mu_c$. The tuning effect produced by varying the chemical potential $\mu_c$ is due to the increasing of the surface charge density $n_s$ which results in a variation of the conductivity $\sigma$. The surface charge density $n_s$ is given by (4.9) and exhibits exponential behavior with frequency:
$$n_s(\mu_c) = \frac{2K_F^2}{\pi \hbar^2 v_F^2} \int_0^\infty d\epsilon \ \epsilon \left[ f_d(\epsilon) - f_d(\epsilon + 2\mu_c) \right]$$ \hspace{1cm} (4.9)
Another possibility of reconfiguration consists of modifying the relaxation time $\tau$ and equivalently the relaxation constant $\tau_s$. This parameter can be controlled by increasing the quality of the graphene, so that the charged impurity in the substrate is less and the carrier concentration increases as the Fermi energy does [Ada07]. Then when doping of graphene increased, its relaxation constant $\tau_s$ decreased. However, the Fermi energy in graphene can also be tuned via a back gate voltage which results in doping of graphene [Car15][Car13].
The relaxation constant $\tau_s$ influences, via the scattering rate $\gamma$, the value of the surface conductivity $\sigma$ and the surface impedance $R_s$ which, at the end, yields a resonant frequency shift of the radiating patch.
For quartz the breakdown voltage is $67 \cdot 10^7 \text{ V/m}$, using the expression in (4.9) the maximum chemical potential is 0.3972 eV that still lays on the safe region. $\mu_c = 0.34 \text{ eV}$.
Keeping the same antenna structure dimensions and performing a sweep of the chemical potential $\mu_c$ the antenna can be tuned to 1 THz. In Figure 4.14 the resonant frequency shift and the value of $s_{11}(f)$ are represented as a function of the chemical potential $\mu_c$. It is observed that the resonant frequency shift fits a linear variation with the chemical potential. However, it should be noticed that the tuning range must be reduced to the interval $[0.15, 0.3]$ eV or a rebound effect will occur.
The reconfiguration via the chemical potential $\mu_c$, attainable by a DC tension bias, would avoid re-optimizing the design in order to obtain physical dimensions of the patch that improves the antenna performance in terms of return loss. This is especially important if the antenna size is critical and must be kept below a limit, as in antenna packaging. We observe that the impedance matching on the tuning range stays over -20dB, that can be assumed as reasonable upon the aimed application.
Finally, although graphene has a number of advantages, when working at room temperatures around 25 degrees and being a monatomic layer, it presents large losses. This means that the radiation pattern has an efficiency of -3dB. Currently there are already multilayer graphene or graphene composed of graphene nanotubes that could improve efficiency [Car13].
4.3 Off-chip antennas
For the off-chip antennas, microstrip design with coplanar placement of radiation elements and feeding network becomes a choice to achieve a functional element with a proper balance of performance (i.e. high gain), compact size and manufacturing complexity for 6G applications [Alv15]. As an example, the 60GHz band corresponding to the WiGig or IEEE 802.11ad standard for vehicular communications [IEE6], among other applications, has been chosen as operation band of the implemented antenna prototypes.
4.3.1 Microstrip array antenna
The purpose of this design has been to obtain an antenna of reduced dimensions (12.28 x 12.28 mm) and a high gain (16 dB simulation 14.4 dB measured) for use in future 5G applications; in case said application requires higher gain must increase the number of patches in the array, in turn increasing its dimensions. To this aim, an array of 16 elements with low-cost microstrip technology has been implemented. The array was manufactured in Rogers RT duroid 5880 due to its low dielectric constant. The elements of the array are rectangular patches fed by inset feed. Due to the small space between patches, the power network has been constructed using triangular power dividers.
The substrate used was Rogers RT Duroid 5880 with $\epsilon_r=2.20$, $\tan\delta=0.0009$ and a thickness of 0.381 mm. This thickness was chosen based on the limitations of the milling machine [Alv15].
The array is made up of 16 rectangular patches and for simplicity it is designed as symmetrically as possible; this implies that all patches and feed lines must be symmetrically equal. Likewise, it was sought to achieve a good ratio of secondary lobes and avoid greater lobes, so the distance between elements of the array was tried to be optimized, being this closest to $(\lambda_0/2)$. This was the reason for the implementation of triangular power dividers, having achieved a distance between radiating elements of $0.7 \cdot \lambda_0$.
Initially the array was fed using the connector model 1892-04A-6 from SouthWest Inc. (Figure 4.15), choosing the central point of the array backside as the feeding point. The objective of this location was to avoid the influence of the radiation caused by the feed line between the connector and the feeding network.
 Original connectorl 1892-04A-6, and (b) modified version.
In Figure 4.16, a simulation demonstrated the radiation due to the connector if a coplanar location was chosen. The connector pin is attached directly to the central feeding line, its impedance being $100\Omega$, so as the connector sees a $100\Omega$ resistive parallel, a perfect impedance matching is achieved. The subsequent feed lines located below maintain the same impedance value.
All array design parameters were optimized using CST Studio with the goal of achieving the highest possible antenna power gain. Due to the chosen substrate with a value of $\varepsilon_r$ equal to 2.20 and a thickness of 0.381, the surface currents (Figure 4.17) will tend to affect the theoretical values of the dimensions of the elements and therefore a long optimization process was required.
**Figure 4.17.** Surface currents simulation of the 16-element array antenna.
The geometry of the array is shown in Figure 4.18. In Table 4.4, the optimized values of the involved dimensions are summarized.
The antenna was manufactured and assembled with the previously modified connector. The prototype, shown in Figure 4.19, was characterized in a compact anechoic chamber especially
designed for small size and high frequency antennas [Exp24] by using a vector network analyzer and a custom developed software at the Antelia Laboratory of the University of Vigo.
**Table 4.4.** Geometrical parameters of the 16-element array antenna in mm.
| W | W_A | W_p | L_p | W_1 | L_1 | W_2 | L_2 | W_3 | L_3 |
|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| 30 | 12.28 | 2.15 | 1.25 | 1.22 | 0.72 | 0.92 | 0.46 | 0.78 | 0.6 |
| W_{11} | W_{g2} | W_{12} | D |
|--------|--------|--------|---|
| 0.19 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2 |
 (a)
 (b)
**Figure 4.19.** Picture of the fabricated prototype: 8a) frontal and (b) back view.
**Figure 4.20.** $S_{11}$ of the array antenna: simulated (blue) vs measured (red).
The main obtained results were:
- a final value of $s_{11}$ of -38 dB at the resonant frequency of almost 60 GHz, as shown in Figure 4.20;
- a bandwidth of almost 4 GHz, for a criteria of -10 dB;
- a radiation pattern (Figure 4.21), for $\varphi = 0^\circ$ cut plane, with a main lobe of beamwidth of $100^\circ$ in simulation and $100^\circ$ once measured;
- almost 15 dB of power gain, as observed in Figure 4.22.
Based on the measured results, it is concluded that the objective of designing and manufacturing a 60 GHz array with a minimum deviation from the simulation results has been achieved.
The microstrip antennas with coplanar radiation elements and feeding network achieve an enough proper trade-off between performance and manufacturing complexity. Moreover, the choice of Duroid substrate for implementing these microstrip antennas have demonstrated performance results as good as those of LTCC [Che11], [Big11], [Wan15], [Li14], [Alt15].
Through a mechanical manufacturing process we have managed to develop a low cost array. The measurements carried out show a series of differences with respect to the simulation; these differences are due to errors in the manufacturing process, in addition to small variations in the dielectric constant along the substrate. Generally, a number of problems related to the design of a basic microstrip structure have been observed.
A symmetrical array antenna geometry shows less restrictive fabrication needs of resolution and accuracy with respect to other microstrip structures, fabrication restrictions can significantly influence this antenna features, such as resonant frequency and radiation efficiency. However, because the manufacturing process is a mechanical process, it has a series of limitations. The main limitation is the narrowest milling cutter that can be used, in our case and for this milling machine model, it is the Endmill RF 0.15 mm. Therefore the minimum gap distance between array elements (lines or patches) cannot be less than 0.15mm. In addition, the milling cutter not only removes the copper but also mills part of the substrate material and must be taken into account in the simulations, in our case 0.080 mm in thickness height. If this is not entered in the simulation, a deviation of 300 MHz occurs in the center or resonant frequency.
Once the work of designing and manufacturing the array has been completed, the several observed issues can be categorized in three main groups [Mv15]:
i. **Inaccurate value of relative dielectric permittivity $\varepsilon_r$:** even commercial substrates used for antenna fabrication do not indicate values of the $\varepsilon_r$ beyond 10GHz. This issue becomes a critical question when designing at millimeter wave frequencies, given that the value of $\varepsilon_r$ partly determines the geometrical dimensions of the basic patch.
ii. **Connector - feed line soldering:** it is commonly accepted that a soldering introduces noise. Even when not fully analytically modeled, the use of transition stages – soldering points and vias – made of a different metal, represents a not negligible design issue to be included in the theoretical design. The connector itself becomes a radiating element that can shadow the radiation pattern provided by the patches.
iii. **Fabrication mechanical inaccuracies and errors:** in a design it should be considered the minimal dimensions that the fabrication process can achieve as well as the effect on the final result due to the inaccuracies and errors shown up in the aimed dimensions.
### 4.3.2 Bull’s eye antenna
This section describes a low-cost leaky-wave millimeter antenna using surface waves propagating on a grounded dielectric. This design is based on previously existing prototypes of antennas implemented entirely in aluminum [Bea15]. However, the design presented here collects the fundamental principles of operation and transfers them to a prototype in microstrip technology at 60 GHz using the Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate.
The geometry of the antenna is shown in Figure 4.23. As observed, this structure is composed by eight concentric rings with circular microstrip patch that works as a point source of cylindrical surface waves.
The surface wave is generated by the circular microstrip patch, which also provides the circular polarization, and then perturbed into a leaky-wave regime by the gratings structure composed by the microstrip rings.
In first instance, the circular patch is simulated and optimized without the bull’s eye rings using CST Microwave Studio as FDTD solver. Next an overall optimization was made both of the rings and of the circular patch, searching the best goal on gain and $s_{11}$.
A coaxial feeding structure was designed and simulated in order to easily feed the antenna and facilitate its integration and miniaturization in existing devices.
With the aim of achieving a prototype that can be fabricated by mechanical process (LPKF H100 Protomat numerical milling) a substrate with low dielectric constant is chosen, specifically Rogers RT Duroid 5880 with $\varepsilon_r = 2.22$ and $h = 0.381 \mu m$ of thickness. This low dielectric constant allows for a feasible dimension on the fabrication process. With this $\varepsilon_r$ of 2.22 the $\lambda_{eff}$ is 3.35.
As illustrated in Figure 4.24, the distance between rings was chosen to satisfy the expression in (4.10):
$$\rho / \lambda_0 > \frac{1}{2}$$
In this design $\rho = 4.56$ mm and $\lambda_0$ at 60 GHz on air is 5 mm. When $\rho$ is sufficiently large, a fast complex (leaky) wave appears, which gives rise to radiation at some angle between backfire and endfire. The mutual interaction of the rings is responsible for mode-coupling resonances, thus affecting the formation of pass and stop bands, the operating bandwidth, as well as the radiation properties and scan angles. In this design all parameters are optimized to reinforce a low $s_{11}$ at 60 GHz and set the scan angle to zero ergo perpendicular to the plane of the antenna.
The Figure 4.24 shows in detail the center of the bull's eye antenna and the surface current distribution of the central patch. The feed point is located at distance $L_0 = 0.5245$ mm from the center of the antenna on an angle of 45°. This angle provides the circular polarization and the
distance $L_0$ is result of the optimization process procuring a good impedance matching. The square notches on the patch are not needed in first instance but its provides an enhancement of the bandwidth, and the optimization process set the notches length to 0.2 mm. The rings have a constant width of $w = 0.9958 \text{ mm}$.
The distance between rings is constant and fixed to $\rho$, however the distance between the circular patch and the first ring is quite different $d_0 = 0.8508 \text{ mm}$. The number of rings is chosen as an agreement between the surface needed of the antenna and the increment of gain per added ring. The optimal value is set to eight rings with a maximum gain of 19.8 dB.
The prototype was fabricated using mechanical process, in this case a LPKF H100 Protomat numerical milling was used. The substrate used Rogers RT Duroid 5880 includes PTE Teflon for obtain an $\varepsilon_r$ of 2.22, that makes this material to be really too soft for the milling machine. Then the milling will cause imperfections on the surface of the antenna that affect the final performance due to the impact on $s_{11}$. The mill causes defects in the shape of the rings, depressions in the substrate, deformations in the circular patch, deformed notches, and an excess of tin. Some of these imperfections can be observed in the Figure 4.25.
(a) Rear and (b) inspection microscope view of the circular patch.
For the electrical connection at the antenna feeding point, a connector model 1892-04A-6 from Southwest was modified in order to facilitate a rear connection through the ground plane, similarly to the array case described in Section 4.3.1. This connector was also introduced in the simulation to reduce possible deviations on the $s_{11}$.
The final prototype was measured in the same compact anechoic chamber described in Section 4.3.1 for the 16-element array, using a vector network analyzer and a custom developed software at the Antelia Laboratory of the University of Vigo. Even when the measurements were made in the same anechoic chamber and using the same equipment, the $s_{11}$ obtained shows a frequency shift of 3.6 GHz, as shown in the Figure 4.26. These deviations are due to poor impedance matching. Zooming in on the radiant element (Figure 4.25b) it can be appreciated the level of imperfection of the circular patch in addition to the excess of applied tin.
The imperfections of the fabrication process caused an impedance mismatching favoring the impedance matching of the second resonance that the measured $s_{11}$ only reached a value of -10 dB at the frequency of interest whilst it was of around -25 dB in the simulation.
The measured radiation pattern shown in Figure 4.27 indicates a main lobe wider (10° of beam width) than the one simulated (6° of beamwidth) but with the same side lobe level (SLL) of -12 dB. As observed in Figure 4.28, the maximum value of the simulated gain was 19.8 dB and the measured one was of 15.6 dB. The antenna resonates at 60 GHz, and that is why it reaches a good level of gain, but due to manufacturing errors or imperfections, a poor adaptation of impedances occurs at the frequency of interest.
Even when this antenna geometry shows less restrictive fabrication needs of resolution and accuracy with respect to other microstrip structures (antenna arrays), fabrication restrictions can significantly influence this antenna, such as resonant frequency and radiation efficiency. For this reason, to obtain better results, some type of laser manufacturing and oven welding or other alternatives should be used.
4.4 Conclusions and Related Publications
The CV-QKD transmitter was provided with a radiofrequency transmission channel in addition to the optical output channel by using photodiodes on the device outputs. To allow radio transmission, the design of two types of antenna solutions has been undertaken: on-chip and off-chip antennas.
The on-chip antennas have been conceptualized to be integrated into the transmitter PIC itself or into an individual chip, on an InP or Si platform. Millimeter bands of 26GHz and 1THz allocated for future 6G systems have been chosen as working frequencies to have effective wavelengths in the substrate small enough to be able to integrate the antenna design in an individual chip and even in the PIC of the transmitter. The achieved designs show a limited but sufficient power gain to allow their use in short-range applications.
The off-chip antennas are proposed for applications requiring longer ranges and higher power gains. Therefore, larger antennas will be achieved that must be located externally to the PIC. Microstrip technology was chosen as the most suitable technology to achieve a compact size, especially for use in millimeter bands applications. The operating frequency proposed of the WiGig or IEEE 802.11ad standard at 60GHz band was selected as resonant frequency.
The inaccuracies observed due to different factors during the design process (connectors, dielectric substrate, milling machine errors,...) have been analyzed, and published in an international conference paper that has received 84 citations so far.
A packaging PCB has been designed provided of coplanar microstrip lines matched in impedance to 50 Ohms for the PIC outputs and inputs, which will be connected to the chip using wire bonding both for a future complete characterization of the transmitter PIC and for testing antennas whose frequency is higher than the modulation baseband and will not be integrated within the PIC.
The main parameters of the designed antennas are summarized in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5. Summary of the main antenna parameters.
| Substrate / patch | Directivity / Gain (dB) | $S_{11}$ (dB) | $\theta=0^\circ/90^\circ$ ($^\circ$) | SLL (dB) | Dimensions (mm x mm) |
|------------------|------------------------|---------------|-------------------------------------|----------|----------------------|
| InP / Gold | 5 | -32 | | | |
| Quartz / Graphene| 2 | | | | |
| RT5880 / Cu | | | | | |
| RT5880 / Cu | 19.35 | -17.37 | 12 | 16 | 12.48 |
|
PHONICS FUN with Biff, Chip & Kipper
Parent Guide
With content from OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Welcome!
Welcome to PHONICS FUN WITH BIFF, CHIP AND KIPPER. With this software your child can strengthen their phonic skills through fun, interactive exercises in reading, writing and speaking.
Use this Parent Guide to learn more about the phonics method, to meet the well-loved characters from the stories and to get practical advice on helping your child while they are using the software.
Most importantly, all the exercises are explained inside. This will help you to answer questions your child might ask, like ‘What should I do?’ and ‘How does this work?’. If you ever need any extra support, take a look in this Parent Guide for lots of helpful tips!
The phonics method
Learning to read is one of the most important skills that your child will develop over the next few years. PHONICS FUN WITH BIFF, CHIP AND KIPPER makes use of the books in Oxford Reading Tree’s synthetic phonics programme, Floppy’s Phonics: Sounds and Letters. Through a step-by-step approach, this teaching programme introduces children to all the letters and sounds they will need in order to read and write English.
Synthetic phonics is a systematic method of teaching reading. First the individual letter sounds are introduced and after that children learn how to ‘blend’ them together in order to read a word. For example, to read the word ‘fish’ we say the sounds from left to right and then blend the sounds together to read the whole word:
f - i - sh
Some sounds can be made by more than one letter, such as ‘sh’ or ‘th’. There are approximately 44 sounds (or ‘phonemes’) in the English language which are represented in writing by different letters or letter combinations (the ‘graphemes’). The Floppy’s Phonics programme covers all of these sounds and letters.
Oxford Reading Tree: Floppy’s Phonics
Floppy’s Phonics books are divided into levels according to their difficulty, so that children can learn English in an easy and natural way.
At Level 1 children focus on the sounds they hear around them in daily life – at school, at home, in the park or in town. Levels 1+ and 2 move onto practising the actual sounds (phonemes) and also start to introduce some alternative spellings of certain sounds (consonants).
In Level 3 children continue practising new sounds and are introduced to alternative spellings of certain vowel sounds. Level 4 revises all the sounds already introduced, before moving onto further alternative spellings as well as different pronunciations of the ‘-ed’ ending.
By Levels 5 and 5M children put together their knowledge of all the alternative spellings and pronunciations they have learnt so far. The exercises help children reinforce the link between sounds and the different ways they can be written.
At Level 6 the emphasis is on increasing your child’s confidence and fluency through reading a range of Non-Fiction books.
HINT
Start each level by completing Sounds and Letters, then move on to Fiction, and finish with Non-Fiction. Always work from left to right on the bookshelf to slowly increase the challenge!
Your role as a parent
PHONICS FUN WITH BIFF, CHIP AND KIPPER has been designed to be used by children. However, it is both more enjoyable and more effective if you support them by using the software together.
As a parent you can support your child in a variety of ways. Your child will of course do the activities and read the stories, but you can help them build confidence by praising their progress and talking about the stories together.
Spend some time looking at the activities together to check your child understands what they are doing and encourage them to keep going. You could even help them out sometimes, for instance by recording your own voice to demonstrate a difficult sound.
Each book contains certain ‘focus sounds’ and ‘focus words’. The difficulty builds up carefully, so the best way to use the software is by doing the activities in the order they appear. Some of the sounds and spellings might be familiar to your child if they are already learning these at school, but the more they practise, the more confident they will become!
English as a second language
Not everyone learns English the same way, and there are some important things to consider, especially when your child is learning English as a second language:
- Make clear which language your child is practising at which moment. This avoids confusion for your child and it can be done easily, for instance by using specific items that act as a symbol for that particular language (like a scarf or a hat).
- Try to talk in English to your child when they are practising their English. This will make it easier for them to focus on one language at a time.
- If speaking English is difficult for you, this is a great opportunity to learn it together with your child. Your English does not have to be perfect, so try to speak English as much as you can when playing together!
HINT
For every completed exercise your child is rewarded with Stamps, Rule Cards and Vocabulary Cards. Please refer to the ‘Features’ section in the Quick Guide for more information!
Meet the family!
Floppy
Floppy is the Robinsons’ pet dog. He loves playing with a stick or a ball and running all over the place. He often ends up covered in mud!
Dad
Dad always tries to help, but things don’t always turn out how he intends!
Mum
Mum likes playing sports and taking Floppy for long walks.
Kipper
Kipper is the youngest in the Robinson family. He likes to play with Biff, Chip and Floppy.
Biff & Chip
Biff and Chip are twins. Biff is always ready to join in with any game and she likes making things. Chip is very good at drawing.
Look & Listen
(Sounds and Letters – Levels 1 to 5M)
Look & Listen links sounds to pictures. In Level 1 this reminds children that every sound has a meaning, and in the higher levels it helps them learn the spelling patterns of the sounds (and words).
- **What?**
Get familiar with the meaning of different sounds in English by listening to sounds that correspond to certain letters and words. At Levels 1+ to 5M, encourage your child to look at the word as they hear the sound.
- **Why?**
Look & Listen teaches your child to connect sounds to visual information. This builds up your child’s understanding of the connection between sounds and letters or words.
- **How?**
At Level 1, tap an icon on the touch screen to hear a sound. Try discussing what the sound is and what it means. For the higher levels, tap the Listen button to hear the new sound, or touch Revision to go through the sounds your child has learnt so far.
Listen & Tap
(Sounds and Letters – Level 1)
Encourage your child to find the sounds from Look & Listen in the big picture. Talk about what is happening in the picture and build a story together to help your child remember which sounds belong to which objects.
- **What?**
Listen to a range of sounds from daily life and ask your child: Where is that sound coming from and what is making it?
- **Why?**
Listen & Tap encourages your child to focus on a sound and match it to the correct picture, so that they learn each sound relates to an object, event or feeling.
- **How?**
Tap the audio icon next to the object the sound belongs to. Repeat the sound by touching Listen and reveal a visual clue on the top screen by tapping Hint.
Say the Sounds + Try Saying It
(Sounds and Letters – Level 1)
In Say the Sounds, your child copies the sound they hear by recording their voice. In Try Saying It, your child practises words with the focus sounds for the book by recording themselves. This also helps your child build up their vocabulary.
- **What?**
Listen to a series of sounds (Level 1) or words (Levels 1+ to 5M) and let your child practise saying them. Listen back to the recordings together to hear whether your child needs to practise a certain sound more.
- **Why?**
In Say the Sounds, your child will have a go at repeating the sounds they have heard, developing their understanding of the sounds they hear every day. In Try Saying It your child practises pronouncing words with the sounds they have already learnt.
- **How?**
Tap Listen to hear the sound or word and look at the top screen to see what it relates to. Your child can record themselves saying the sound or word by tapping Speak, and listen back to their recordings by touching My Voice.
Same Sounds
(Sounds and Letters – Levels 1+ to 5M)
Same Sounds shows your child how the same sound appears in lots of different words, and also that a sound can be spelt in different ways (for example rain and day). In higher levels, your child will also encounter two different sounds that are spelt in the same way (for example school and chef).
- **What?**
In the earlier levels, your child matches the sounds they hear to an object in the picture, while in higher levels they learn that a sound can have more than one spelling, or the same spelling can be pronounced differently.
- **Why?**
Same Sounds helps your child understand that the relationship between sounds and letters is not always the same: a sound can be represented by different letters, and the same letters can represent different sounds.
- **How?**
Tap the audio icon next to an object to hear and see the word. Use the Listen button to repeat the sound that your child has to find and tap Hint to reveal a visual clue on the top screen.
**HINT**
Some pictures extend beyond the screen. Slide the blue dot from left to right to discover everything there is to see in the picture!
Listen & Write
(Sounds and Letters – Levels 1+ to 5M)
In Listen & Write your child can practise writing the sounds they have been hearing and saying by following the examples shown on the top screen. Each time an example is written correctly, a tree on the top screen will grow a little. Practise a lot and make the sapling grow into a big tree!
- **What?**
Listen to a sound and then practise writing it, following the example shown on the top screen.
- **Why?**
This activity allows your child to practise their writing and spelling, thereby reinforcing sound-letter correspondences.
- **How?**
Listen to the sound and look at the top screen to see which letter(s) should be written, and encourage your child to copy them on the touch screen. The Listen button repeats the sound and Erase wipes clean the touch screen.
**HINT**
In the earlier levels, the top screen offers a hint on how to write each letter correctly. Encourage your child to follow the example to help them remember this!
---
Listen & Choose
(Sounds and Letters – Levels 1+ to 5M)
Listen & Choose offers the final practice of the focus sounds and words in each book, before moving on to the next book.
- **What?**
Your child has to remember the words from Same Sounds and find the correct object in the picture. Encourage your child to find all the matching objects and make the sapling grow into a big tree!
- **Why?**
In this exercise your child can show that they have understood the correspondence between the focus sounds and their spelling. After this, they can move on to a new book!
- **How?**
Listen to a word and let your child search for the matching object in the picture. By tapping Listen your child can hear the word again. Encourage them to do their best and show how much they have learnt so far!
Moving on to Fiction and Non-Fiction
On the following pages you can find detailed advice on each study activity included in the Fiction and Non-Fiction books, but here is some advice that you can use for all of these books.
Before Reading Talk together
- When you have selected a book to read, touch the Parent button to check which focus phonics and focus words are covered in the book. Practise these together as a fun warm-up before reading the book!
During Reading Enjoy the exercises together
- Ask your child to point a finger from left to right under each word whilst reading.
- If a word is still too tricky, simply say the whole word for your child.
- Use the pictures to talk about the story and learn the meaning of new words.
After Reading Discuss the story together
- Ask your child to tell you what happened in the story.
Story Time (Fiction – Levels 1+ to 5)
Now your child has practised all their sounds and letters, enjoy reading the exciting adventures of Biff, Chip, Kipper and Floppy!
- **What?**
Enjoy a narrated story with Biff, Chip, Kipper and their family and friends. Talk about what happens in the story and discover all the details in the pictures on the top screen.
- **Why?**
Reading stories will help your child strengthen their phonic learning as well as encourage them to develop a love of reading. Also, it is an entertaining way to learn new words and expand their vocabulary!
- **How?**
The story starts and progresses automatically. You can choose to Pause the story and Repeat a sentence by tapping the respective buttons on the touch screen.
**HINT**
Keep an eye out for the magnifying glass on the top screen, as it highlights what is happening in the story!
Read Aloud
(Fiction – Levels 1+ to 5)
Read Aloud enables your child to practise their reading skills by reading the story out loud, sentence by sentence. Encourage them to use lots of expression!
- **What?**
Encourage your child to pick a sentence they like and read the story bit by bit. Let them record and listen back to their own voice to hear how good their reading is!
- **Why?**
By reading aloud, your child builds their confidence in reading a story independently. Also, it is a good way to practise the different expressions they can use when reading a story out loud.
- **How?**
Your child can tap Listen to hear the sentence, use Speak to record their voice and tap My Voice to listen back to their recording. Touching Skip lets them skip a sentence and move on to the next line.
---
Story Questions
(Fiction – Levels 1+ to 5)
Time for a little quiz about the story you and your child have just read! Check how well your child has understood and remembered the story that they have read by asking them some Story Questions.
- **What?**
A question about the story appears on the top screen. Your child can answer it by tapping the correct option on the touch screen. The magnifying glass in the image on the top screen can help them find the correct answer.
- **Why?**
Story Questions checks how well your child understands the story. It also highlights the key words from the story, which contain many of the focus sounds for the level. This helps your child to extend their vocabulary.
- **How?**
Your child can tap Listen to hear the question and answers again, or touch Hint to find clues in the story text by scrolling with the yellow arrows.
---
**HINT**
Reading out 5 sentences is enough to complete the exercise. Therefore, try breaking up the story and read a different part each time so that your child is not overwhelmed by reading a whole story in one go.
---
**HINT**
If your child does not know the answer, try asking questions about the picture to see if they can remember the story.
Do You Remember?
(Fiction – Levels 1+ to 5)
Practise the key words from the story in Do You Remember? Try to listen carefully and encourage your child to show how many words they have remembered. Each correct answer will make the tree sapling grow bigger!
- **What?**
Your child practises the words they have read throughout the story by taking another quiz. Picking the right answer will reveal a picture of the correct word!
- **Why?**
Choosing the correct option out of two similar-looking words is another good way to practise the correspondence between sounds and letters. This exercise therefore builds on everything your child has learnt so far!
- **How?**
After hearing a word, your child has to choose the correct option on the touch screen to move on to the next question. Tap Listen to hear the word again.
Try Writing It
(Fiction – Levels 1+ to 5)
Now your child has learnt and practised several key words, it’s time to have a go at spelling some words. In this final exercise your child has to put together everything they have learnt about the correspondence between sounds and letters!
- **What?**
Try Writing It encourages your child to listen to a word and then try to spell it in the correct order. When they spell the word correctly, they can move on to the next one.
- **Why?**
In this exercise your child practises very important skills for writing. They learn to identify the individual sounds within a word and use their knowledge of the corresponding letters to write the word down.
- **How?**
Use the stylus to write the letters one by one on the touch screen. If your child does not know a letter, they can use the Hint button to see which letter comes next. The Listen button repeats the sound, and Erase wipes clean the touch screen.
**HINT**
Talk about the words your child is writing. Help them to identify the sounds of the letters. Encourage your child to write the letters correctly.
Non-Fiction
(Levels 1+ to 6)
The Non-Fiction books give your child lots of interesting information while they also practise their reading skills. Make sure to discuss the content together, giving your child the chance to ask questions and fully understand what they are reading.
- **What?**
Discover more on a range of topics and ask your child to talk to you about what they find out.
- **Why?**
To fuel a love of reading, children benefit from experiencing both fiction and non-fiction. The Non-Fiction books provide your child with an enjoyable and interesting way to learn more about the world and at the same time practise their reading skills.
- **How?**
Encourage your child to read each page carefully on the top screen before they tap the yellow arrow to scroll between pages. Selecting Auto allows the pages to scroll automatically, and tapping the Parent button reveals all the text on the pages.
Let’s Sing
(Levels 1, 3 and 5)
Increase your child’s confidence through entertaining songs. You and your child can choose to just listen, but singing along will certainly increase the fun!
- **What?**
Listen to a range of songs about the characters from the stories and other childhood experiences. Join in by singing along once your child knows the songs!
- **Why?**
Your child will enjoy listening to these songs! They can practise a range of words and rhythms by joining in.
- **How?**
Start the song by touching Listen and enjoy the music. Your child can even add their own rhythm to the music by tapping the instruments on the touch screen!
Encourage your child to read each page of the book on their own, and then discuss the information together to check their comprehension.
Tips & Tricks
- The quickest way to learn is by having fun! Use the software together and encourage your child to try doing the exercises without your help.
- Make sure your child takes time to practise and repeat difficult exercises, encouraging them to do as much of it as they can. This also helps to build your child’s confidence in reading.
- The Rule Cards and Vocabulary Cards that your child gathers by doing exercises are stored inside the Collection. Check the Card Book and use these cards to revise the sounds and vocabulary your child has learnt so far!
- Most importantly, remember that your child will learn much faster with lots of encouragement, praise and hugs!
For further help, visit www.oxfordowl.co.uk which provides more tips and phonics support for parents and children.
Also available:
© IE Institute Co., Ltd.
© 2014 Nintendo Co., Ltd.
Illustrations © Alex Brychta 2014
The characters in this work are the original creation of Roderick Hunt and Alex Brychta who retain copyright in the characters.
Read with Biff, Chip & Kipper is © Oxford University Press and is used under license
Trademarks are property of their respective owners.
Nintendo 3DS is a trademark of Nintendo.
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Lazy Decision Trees
Jerome H. Friedman
Statistics Department and
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305
email@example.com
Ron Kohavi
Data Mining and Visualization
Silicon Graphics, Inc.
2011 N. Shoreline Blvd
Mountain View, CA 94043-1389
firstname.lastname@example.org
Yeogirl Yun
Electrical Engineering Department
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305
email@example.com
Abstract
Lazy learning algorithms, exemplified by nearest-neighbor algorithms, do not induce a concise hypothesis from a given training set; the inductive process is delayed until a test instance is given. Algorithms for constructing decision trees, such as C4.5, ID3, and CART create a single “best” decision tree during the training phase, and this tree is then used to classify test instances. The predictions made by the constructed tree are good on average, but there may be better tests for classifying a specific instance. We propose a lazy decision tree algorithm—LazyDT—that conceptually constructs the “best” decision tree for each test instance. In practice, only a path needs to be constructed, and a caching scheme makes the algorithm fast. The algorithm is robust with respect to missing values without resorting to the complicated methods usually seen in induction of decision trees. Experiments on real and artificial problems are presented.
Introduction
Delay is preferable to error.
—Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
The task of a supervised learning algorithm is to build a classifier that can be used to classify unlabelled instances accurately. Eager (non-lazy) algorithms construct classifiers that contain an explicit hypothesis mapping unlabelled instances to their predicted labels. A decision tree classifier, for example, uses a stored decision tree to classify instances by tracing the instance through the tests at the interior nodes until a leaf containing the label is reached. In eager algorithms, the inductive process is attributed to the phase that builds the classifier. Lazy algorithms (Aha to appear), however, do not construct an explicit hypothesis, and the inductive process can be attributed to the classifier, which is given access to the training set, possibly preprocessed (e.g., data may be normalized). No explicit mapping is generated and the classifier must use the training set to map each given instance to its label.
Building a single classifier that is good for all predictions may not take advantage of special characteristics of the given test instance that may give rise to an extremely short explanation tailored to the specific instance at hand (see Example 1).
In this paper, we introduce a new lazy algorithm—LazyDT—that conceptually constructs the “best” decision tree for each test instance. In practice, only a path needs to be constructed, and a caching scheme makes the algorithm fast. Practical algorithms need to deal with missing values, and LazyDT naturally handles them without resorting to the complicated methods usually seen in induction of decision trees (e.g., sending portions of instances down different branches or using surrogate features).
Decision Trees and Their Limitations
Top down algorithms for inducing decision trees usually follow the divide and conquer strategy (Quinlan 1993; Breiman et al. 1984). The heart of these algorithms is the test selection, i.e., which test to conduct at a given node. Numerous selection measures exist in the literature, with entropy measures and the Gini index being the most common.
We now detail the entropy-based selection measure commonly used in ID3 and its descendants (e.g., C4.5) because the LazyDT algorithm uses a related measure. We will then discuss some of the limitations of eager decision tree algorithms and motivate our lazy approach.
Test Selection in Decision Trees
To describe the entropy-based selection measure, we follow the notation of Cover & Thomas (1991). Let $Y$ be a discrete random variable with range $\mathcal{Y}$; the entropy of $Y$, sometimes called the information of $Y$,
is defined as
\[ H(Y) = - \sum_{y \in Y} p(y) \log p(y), \]
(1)
where \(0 \log 0 = 0\) and the base of the log is usually two so that entropy is expressed in bits. The entropy is always non-negative and measures the amount of uncertainty of the random variable \(Y\). It is bounded by \(\log |Y|\) with equality only if \(Y\) is uniformly distributed over \(Y\).
The *conditional entropy* of a variable \(Y\) given another variable \(X\) is the expected value of the entropies of the conditional distributions averaged over the conditioning random variable:
\[ H(Y \mid X) = - \sum_{x \in X} p(x) H(Y \mid X = x) \]
(2)
\[= - \sum_{x \in X} p(x) \sum_{y \in Y} p(y \mid x) \log p(y \mid x) \]
(3)
\[= - \sum_{x \in X} \sum_{y \in Y} p(x, y) \log p(y \mid x). \]
(4)
Note that \(H(Y \mid X) \neq H(X \mid Y)\).
The *mutual information* of two random variables \(Y\) and \(X\), sometimes called the *information gain* of \(Y\) given \(X\), measures the relative entropy between the joint distribution and the product distribution:
\[ I(Y; X) = \sum_{y \in Y} \sum_{x \in X} p(x, y) \log \frac{p(x, y)}{p(x)p(y)}, \]
(5)
\[= H(Y) - H(Y \mid X). \]
(6)
The mutual information is symmetric, i.e., \(I(Y; X) = I(X; Y)\), and non-negative (Cover & Thomas 1991). As can be seen from Equation 6, the mutual information measures the reduction in uncertainty in \(Y\) after observing \(X\). Given a set of instances, the above quantities can be computed by using the empirical probabilities, with the variable \(Y\) representing the class labels and \(X\) a given feature variable.
The test selection step of common decision tree algorithms is implemented by testing the mutual information (or a similar measure) for each feature \(X\) with the class label \(Y\) and picking the one with the highest value (highest information gain).
Many eager decision tree algorithms, such as C4.5 and CART, have a post-processing step that prunes the tree to avoid *overfitting*. The reader is referred to Quinlan (1993) and Breiman et al. (1984) for the two most common pruning mechanisms. The current implementation of our LazyDT algorithm does no pruning because there is no simple analog between pruning in lazy decision trees and pruning in ordinary decision trees.
**Problems with Decision Trees**
The problems with decision trees can be divided into two categories: algorithmic problems that complicate the algorithm’s goal of finding a small tree and inherent problems with the representation.
Top-down decision-tree induction algorithms implement a greedy approach that attempts to find a small tree. All the common selection measures are based on one level of lookahead.
Two related problems inherent to the representation structure are *replication* and *fragmentation* (Pagallo & Haussler 1990). The replication problem forces duplication of subtrees in disjunctive concepts, such as \((A \land B) \lor (C \land D)\) (one subtree; either \(A \land B\) or \(C \land D\) must be duplicated in the smallest possible decision tree); the fragmentation problem causes partitioning of the data into smaller fragments. Replication always implies fragmentation, but fragmentation may happen without any replication if many features need to be tested. For example, if the data splits approximately equally on every split, then a univariate decision tree cannot test more than \(O(\log n)\) features. This puts decision trees at a disadvantage for tasks with many relevant features.
A third problem inherent to the representation is the ability to deal with missing values (unknown values). The correct branch to take is unknown if a feature tested is missing, and algorithms must employ special mechanisms to handle missing values. In order to reduce the occurrences of tests on missing values, C4.5 penalizes the information gain by the proportion of unknown instances and then splits these instances to both subtrees. CART uses a much more complex scheme of surrogate features. Friedman estimated that about half the code in CART and about 80% of the programming effort went into missing values!
**Lazy Decision Trees**
We now introduce LazyDT, a lazy algorithm for inducing decision trees. We begin with general motivation and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the lazy construction of decision trees to that of the eager approach. We then describe the specific algorithmic details and the caching scheme that is used to speed up classification.
**Motivation**
A single decision tree built from the training set is making a compromise: the test at the root of each subtree is chosen to be the best split *on average*. Common feature selection criteria, such as mutual information and the Gini index, average the purity of the children
by the proportions of instances in those children. Entropy measures used in C4.5 and ID3 are guaranteed to decrease on average (i.e., the information gain is non-negative) but the entropy of a specific child may not change or may increase. A single tree built in advance can lead to many irrelevant splits for a given test instance, thus fragmenting the data unnecessarily. Such fragmentation reduces the significance of tests at lower levels since they are based on fewer instances. A decision tree built for the given instance can avoid splits on features that are irrelevant for the specific instance.
**Example 1** Suppose a domain requires one to classify patients as *sick* or *healthy*. A Boolean feature denoting whether a person is HIV-positive is extremely relevant. (For this example we will assume that such persons should be classified as sick.)
Even though all instances having HIV positive set to *true* have the same class, a decision tree is unlikely to make the root test based on this feature because the proportion of these instances is so small; the conditional (or average) entropy of the two children of a test on the HIV-positive feature will not be much different from the parent and hence the information gain will be small. It is therefore likely that the HIV-positive instances will be fragmented throughout the nodes in the tree. Moreover, many branches that contain such instances will need to branch on the HIV-positive feature lower down the tree, resulting in the replication of tests.
The example leads to an interesting observation: trees, or rather classification paths, built for a specific test instance may be much shorter and hence may provide a short explanation for the classification. A person that is healthy might be explained by a path testing fever, blood-cell counts, and a few other features that fall within the normal ranges. A person might be classified as sick with the simple explanation that he or she is HIV positive.
Another advantage to lazy decision trees is the natural way in which missing values are handled. Missing feature values require special handling by decision tree classifiers, but a decision tree built for the given instance simply need never branch on a value missing in that instance, thus avoiding unnecessary fragmentation of the data.
**The Framework for Lazy Decision Trees**
We now describe the general framework for a lazy decision tree classifier and some pitfalls associated with using common selection measures, such as mutual information or the Gini index. We assume the data has been discretized and that all features are nominal.
---
**Figure 1:** The generic lazy decision trees algorithm.
As with many lazy algorithms, the first part of the induction process (i.e., building a classifier) is nonexistent; all the work is done during the classification of a given instance.
The lazy decision tree algorithm, which gets the test instance as part of the input, follows a *separate and classify* methodology: a test is selected and the subproblem containing the instances with the same test outcome as the given instance is then solved recursively. The overall effect is that of tracing a path in an imaginary tree made specifically for the test instance. Figure 1 shows a generic lazy decision tree algorithm.
The heart of the algorithm is the selection of a test to conduct at each recursive call. Common measures used in decision tree algorithms usually indicate the average gain in information after the outcome of the chosen test is taken into account. Because the lazy decision tree algorithm is *given extra information*, namely the (unlabelled) test instance, one would like to use that information to choose the appropriate test.
The simplest approach that comes to mind is to find the test that maximally decreases the entropy for the node our test instance would branch to and define the *information gain* to be the difference between the two entropies. There are two problems with this approach: the first is that the information gain can be negative, in which case it is not clear what to do with negative gains. If class $A$ is dominant but class $B$ is the correct class, then it may be necessary for the created path to go through a node with equal frequencies before class $B$ becomes the majority class. This means that avoiding splits on features that have negative gain is a mistake. A second, related problem, is that only the frequencies are taken into account, not the actual classes. If the parent node has 80% class $A$ and 20% class $B$ and the child node has 80% class $B$ and 20%
class $A$, then there will be no information gain (the entropy will be the same), but the feature tested at the parent is clearly relevant.
In light of these problems, we normalize the class probabilities at every node by re-weighting the instances such that each class has equal weight. The normalization scheme solves both problems. The entropy of the re-weighted parent node will be $\log k$, where $k$ is the number of classes (see Equation 1 and the text following it). The normalization implies that the information gain will always be positive and that the 80%/20% split described above will have large information gain.
**The LazyDT Algorithm**
We now describe the exact details of the LazyDT algorithm including the way it handles continuous features and the caching scheme used to speed the classification.
Since the LazyDT algorithm described is only capable of processing nominal features, the training set is first discretized (Dougherty, Kohavi, & Sahami 1995). We chose to discretize the instances using recursive minimization of entropy as proposed by Fayyad & Irani (1993) and as implemented in MLCC++ (Kohavi et al. 1994), which is publicly available and thus allows replication of this discretization step. The exact details are unimportant for this paper.
We considered two univariate test criteria. The first is similar to that of C4.5 (i.e., a multi-way split). The second is a binary split on a single value. To avoid fragmentation as much as possible, we chose the second method and have allowed splitting on any feature value that is not equal to the instance’s value. For example, if the instance has feature $A$ with value $a$ and the domain of $A$ is $\{a, b, c\}$, then we allow a split on $A = b$ (two branches, one for equality, one for non-equality) and a split on $A = c$. For non-binary features, this splitting method makes more splits, but the number of instances that are split off each time is smaller.
Missing feature values are naturally handled by considering only splits on feature values that are known in the test instance. Training instances with unknowns filter down and are excluded only when their value is unknown for a given test in a path. Avoiding any tests on unknown values is the correct thing to do probabilistically, assuming the values are truly unknown (as opposed to unknown because there was a reason for not measuring them).
The LazyDT algorithm proceeds by splitting the instances on tests at nodes as described in the previous section. Because we found that there are many ties between features with very similar information gains, we call the algorithm recursively for all features with information gains higher than 90% of the highest gain achievable. The recursive call that returns with the highest number of instances in the majority class of a leaf node that was reached makes the final prediction (ties from the recursive calls are broken arbitrarily).
As defined, the algorithm is rather slow. For each instance, all splits must be considered (a reasonably fast process if the appropriate counters are kept), but each split then takes time proportional to the number of training instances that filter to the given node. This implies that the time complexity of classifying a given instance is $O(m \cdot n \cdot d)$ for $m$ instances, $n$ features, and a path of depth $d$. If we make the reasonable assumption that at least some fixed fraction of the instances are removed at each split (say 10%), then the time complexity is $O(m \cdot n)$. In order to speed up the process in practice, we cache the information gains and create lists of pointers to instances, representing the sets of instances that filter to each node. After a few instances have been classified, commonly used paths already exist, and the calculations need not be repeated, especially at higher levels. The caching scheme was found to be very efficient time-wise, but it consumes a lot of memory.
**Experiments**
We now describe experiments that compare LazyDT with other algorithms for inducing decision trees.
**The Algorithms and Datasets**
We compare LazyDT to three algorithms: simple ID3, C4.5, and C4.5-NP. Simple ID3 is a basic basic top-down induction of decision trees algorithm. It selects the features based on information gain and considers unknowns to be a separate value. C4.5 (Quinlan 1993) is a state-of-the-art algorithm that penalizes multi-way splits using the gain-ratio, prunes the tree, and splits every instance into multiple branches when hitting unknown values. We used the default parameter settings. C4.5-NP is C4.5 without pruning and it is compared in order to estimate the effect of pruning. Because LazyDT does not prune, the difference between C4.5 and C4.5-NP might indicate that there is similar room for improvement to LazyDT if a pruning algorithm were added.
The datasets we use are common ones used in the literature and stored in the U.C. Irvine repository (Murphy & Aha 1996). The estimated prediction accuracy was computed by doing five-fold cross-validation for all domains except the artificial domains where a standard training set was used and the test set was the complete instance space.
Results and Discussion
Characteristics of the datasets and accuracy results are shown in Table 1, and a graph presenting the difference in accuracies and standard deviations is shown in Figure 2.
The LAZYDT algorithm is a reasonably fast algorithm. The largest running time by far was for mushroom with 8.4 Sparc-10 cpu minutes per cross-validation fold (equivalent to a run), followed by chess with 1.59 cpu minutes. These datasets have 8124 instances and 3196 instances, respectively.
From the table we can see that simple ID3 is generally inferior, as is C4.5 without pruning. Pruning improves C4.5-NP’s performance, except for a few cases. The LAZYDT algorithm and C4.5 (with pruning) behave somewhat similarly but there are some datasets that have large differences. The LAZYDT’s average error rate is 1.9% lower, which is a relative improvement in error of 10.6% over C4.5’s 17.9% average error rate. Three datasets deserve special discussion: anneal, audiology, and the monk2 problem.
Anneal is interesting because ID3 manages so well. An investigation of the problem shows that the main difference stems from the dissimilar ways in which unknown values are handled. Simple ID3 considers unknowns as a separate value whereas C4.5 has a special mechanism for handling unknowns. In this dataset, changing the unknown values into a separate feature value improves the performance of C4.5 to 98.7%. Schaffer (1993) showed that neural nets considerably outperformed C4.5 on the anneal dataset, but we can now attribute this difference to the fact that for backpropagation Schaffer has converted the unknown values to an additional discrete value.
The second file we discuss is audiology. The performance of LAZYDT on this dataset is significantly lower than that of C4.5. This dataset has 69 features, 24 classes, and only 226 instances. LAZYDT is likely to find a pure class on one of the features because of the small number of instances. Thus the extra flexibility to branch differently depending on the test instance hurts LAZYDT in cases such as audiology. This is a bias-variance tradeoff (Kohavi & Wolpert 1996; Geman, Bienenstock, & Doursat 1992) and to overcome such cases we would have to bias the algorithm to avoid early splits that leave only a few instances to classify the test instance.
The final file to discuss is monk2, where the performance of LAZYDT is superior to that of C4.5. The monk2 problem is artificial and the concept is that any two features (and only two) have to have their first value. Quinlan (1993) writes that “[The monk2 problem] is just plain difficult to express either as trees or as rules...all classifiers generated by the programs are very poor.” While the problem is hard to represent in a univariate decision tree, the flexibility of LAZYDT (which is still restricted to univariate splits), is helpful here. The root test in the examined runs indeed tends to pick a feature whose value is not equal to the first value and thus separate those instances from the rest.
Missing Values
To test the robustness of LAZYDT to missing values, we added noise to the datasets. The “noise process” changes each feature value to unknown with the 20% probability. The average accuracy over all the datasets changed as follows: ID3’s accuracy decreased to 68.22%, C4.5’s accuracy decreased to 77.10%, and LAZYDT’s accuracy decreased to 77.81%.
Some of the biggest differences between the accuracy on the original datasets and the corrupted datasets occur on the artificial datasets: monk1, monk2, and monk3; and pseudo-artificial datasets: tic-tac-toe, and chess. Hayes-roth and glass2 also have large differences probably because they have many strongly relevant features and few weakly relevant features (John, Kohavi, & Pfeferg 1994). If we ignore the artificial problems, the average accuracy for LAZYDT on the datasets without missing values is 82.15% and the accuracy on the datasets with 20% missing values is 78.40%. Thus there is less than 4% reduction in performance when 20% of the feature values are missing.
With many missing values pruning may be important, but our current implementation of LAZYDT does no pruning. For example, the worse difference in accuracy on the corrupted datasets is on the breast (I) dataset. LAZYDT overfits the data and has accuracy of 61.54% while majority is 70.28%.
Related Work
Most work on lazy learning was motivated by nearest-neighbor algorithms (Dasarathy 1990; Wettschereck 1994; Aha to appear). LAZYDT was motivated by Friedman (1994), who defined a (separate) distance metric for a nearest-neighbor classifier based on the respective relevance of each feature for classifying each particular test instance. Subsequently, Hastie & Tibshirani (1995) proposed using local linear discriminant methods to define nearest-neighbor metrics. Both these methods are intended for continuous features and thus they can control the number of instances removed at each step. In contrast, the caching scheme used by LAZYDT cannot be applied with these methods, and hence they are much slower.
Smyth & Goodman (1992) described the use of the J-measure, which is the inner sum of Equation 4. The
Table 1: Comparison of the accuracy of simple ID3, C4.5 with no pruning, C4.5 with pruning, and LazyDT. The number after the ± indicates one standard error of the cross-validation folds. The table is sorted by difference between LazyDT and C4.5.
| No. | Dataset | Features | Train sizes | Test sizes | Simple ID3 accuracy | C4.5-NP accuracy | C4.5 accuracy | LazyDT accuracy |
|-----|---------------|----------|-------------|------------|---------------------|------------------|---------------|-----------------|
| 1 | monk-2 | 6 | 169 | 432 | 69.91±2.21 | 65.30±2.29 | 65.00±2.30 | 82.18±1.84 |
| 2 | monk-1 | 6 | 124 | 432 | 81.25±1.89 | 76.60±2.04 | 75.70±2.07 | 91.90±1.31 |
| 3 | tic-tac-toe | 9 | 958 | CV-5 | 84.38±2.62 | 85.59±1.35 | 84.02±1.56 | 93.63±0.83 |
| 4 | cleve | 13 | 303 | CV-5 | 63.93±6.20 | 72.97±2.50 | 73.62±2.25 | 81.21±3.55 |
| 5 | glass | 9 | 214 | CV-5 | 62.79±7.46 | 64.47±2.73 | 65.89±2.38 | 72.92±1.81 |
| 6 | hayes-roth | 4 | 160 | CV-5 | 68.75±8.33 | 71.25±3.03 | 74.38±2.4 | 78.75±1.53 |
| 7 | glass2 | 9 | 163 | CV-5 | 81.82±6.82 | 72.97±4.05 | 73.60±3.06 | 77.92±1.11 |
| 8 | animal | 24 | 988 | CV-5 | 100.00±0.00 | 91.45±1.10 | 91.45±1.10 | 99.00±0.87 |
| 9 | heart | 13 | 270 | CV-5 | 77.78±5.71 | 75.93±3.75 | 77.04±2.84 | 81.11±2.89 |
| 10 | diabetes | 8 | 768 | CV-5 | 66.23±3.82 | 67.72±2.76 | 70.84±1.67 | 74.48±1.27 |
| 11 | soybean-small | 35 | 47 | CV-5 | 100.00±0.00 | 95.56±2.72 | 95.56±2.72 | 97.78±2.22 |
| 12 | labor-neg | 16 | 57 | CV-4 | 83.33±11.2 | 79.09±5.25 | 77.42±6.48 | 79.09±4.24 |
| 13 | lymphography | 18 | 148 | CV-5 | 73.33±8.21 | 74.97±2.98 | 77.01±0.77 | 78.41±2.19 |
| 14 | hepatitis | 19 | 155 | CV-5 | 67.74±8.54 | 76.77±4.83 | 78.06±2.77 | 79.35±2.41 |
| 15 | german | 24 | 1000 | CV-5 | 63.00±1.5 | 70.20±1.70 | 72.30±1.37 | 73.90±1.57 |
| 16 | pima | 8 | 768 | CV-5 | 67.33±3.79 | 69.71±2.1 | 72.21±1.5 | 73.15±1.58 |
| 17 | mushroom | 22 | 8124 | CV-5 | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 | 100.00±0.00 |
| 18 | iris | 4 | 150 | CV-5 | 96.67±3.33 | 95.33±0.82 | 94.67±1.33 | 94.67±0.82 |
| 19 | vote | 16 | 435 | CV-5 | 93.10±2.73 | 94.71±0.59 | 95.63±0.43 | 95.17±0.76 |
| 20 | monk-3 | 6 | 122 | CV-5 | 90.28±1.43 | 92.60±1.26 | 97.20±0.80 | 96.53±0.88 |
| 21 | chess | 36 | 3196 | CV-5 | 99.69±0.22 | 99.31±0.15 | 99.34±0.12 | 98.22±0.21 |
| 22 | breast-(W) | 10 | 699 | CV-5 | 95.71±1.72 | 93.99±1.05 | 94.71±0.37 | 92.99±0.69 |
| 23 | breast-(L) | 9 | 286 | CV-5 | 62.07±3.14 | 64.34±1.67 | 71.10±2.35 | 68.55±2.86 |
| 24 | horse-colic | 22 | 368 | CV-5 | 77.33±5.02 | 81.11±1.54 | 84.78±1.23 | 83.77±1.79 |
| 25 | australian | 14 | 690 | CV-5 | 78.26±3.52 | 82.90±1.14 | 85.36±0.74 | 81.74±1.56 |
| 26 | crx | 15 | 690 | CV-5 | 79.71±3.44 | 83.62±1.35 | 85.80±0.99 | 82.03±0.87 |
| 27 | votel | 15 | 435 | CV-5 | 85.06±3.84 | 86.44±2.00 | 86.67±1.13 | 81.84±1.56 |
| 28 | audiology | 69 | 226 | CV-5 | 80.43±5.91 | 76.52±3.30 | 78.74±3.05 | 66.36±1.69 |
Average 80.30 80.93 82.09 84.00
Figure 2: The difference between the accuracy of LazyDT and C4.5. Positive values indicate LazyDT outperforms C4.5. Error bars indicate one standard deviation.
J-measure can be used in LazyDT because it was shown to be non-negative. However, initial experiments showed it was slightly inferior on the tested datasets. Perhaps our measure would be useful in systems where the J-measure is currently used (e.g., IRule).
Holte, Acker, & Porter (1989) noted that existing inductive systems create definitions that are good for large disjuncts but are far from ideal for small disjuncts, where a disjunct is a conjunction that correctly classifies few training examples. It is hard to assess the accuracy of small disjuncts because they cover few examples, yet removing all of them without significance tests is unjustified since many of them are significant and the overall accuracy would degrade. The authors propose a selective specificity bias and present mixed results; Quinlan (1991) suggests an improved estimate that also takes into account the proportion of the classes in the context of the small disjunct. We believe that LazyDT suffers less from the problem of small disjuncts because the training set is being “fitted” to the specific instance and hence is likely to be less fragmented. The normalization of class probabilities in LazyDT is in line with Quinlan’s suggestions (Quinlan 1991) of taking the context (the parent node in our case) into account.
Quinlan (1994) characterizes classification problems as sequential or parallel. In parallel tasks, all input features are relevant to the classification; in sequential type tasks, the relevance of features depends on the values of other features. Quinlan conjectures that parallel type tasks are unsuitable for current univariate decision-tree methods because it is rare that there are enough instances for doing splits on all the $n$ relevant features; similarly, he claims that sequential type tasks require inordinate amounts of learning time for backpropagation based methods because if a feature $i$ is irrelevant, inopportune adjustment to a weight $w_{ij}$ will tend to obscure the sensible adjustments made when the feature is relevant. LazyDT might be inferior to backpropagation and nearest-neighbor methods on some parallel tasks with many relevant features, but it should fare better than decision trees. Good examples are the monk2 and tic-tac-toe domains: all features are relevant, but if a split is to be made on all features, there will not be enough instances. LazyDT makes the relevant splits based on the feature values in the test-instance and thus fragments the data less.
Australian dataset has 14 features, but the background knowledge file describes five features as the important ones. If we allow LazyDT to use only those five features, its accuracy increases from 81.7% to 85.6%. An even more extreme case is breast-cancer (L), where removal of all features improves performance (i.e., majority is a better classifier).
Data is currently discretized in advance. The discretization algorithm seems to be doing a good job, but since it is a pre-processing algorithm, it is not taking advantage of the test instance. It is possible to extend LazyDT to decide on the threshold during classification, as in common decision tree algorithms, but the caching scheme would need to be modified.
The caching algorithm currently remembers all tree paths created, thus consuming a lot of memory for files with many features and many instances. An enhancement might be made to allow for some space-time tradeoff. In practice, of course, the caching scheme might be avoided altogether; a doctor, for example, can wait a few seconds for classification. Our experiments required hundreds of test instances to be classified for twenty-eight datasets, so caching was a necessity.
The dynamic complexity of an algorithm (Holte 1993) is the number of features used on average. An interesting experiment would be to compare the dynamic complexity of C4.5 with that of LazyDT.
**Summary**
We introduced a novel lazy algorithm, LazyDT, that can be used in supervised classification. This algorithm differs from common lazy algorithms that are usually based on a global nearest-neighbor metric. LazyDT creates a path in a tree that would be “best” for a given test instance, thus mitigating the fragmentation problem.
Empirical comparisons with C4.5, the state-of-the-art decision tree algorithm, show that the performance is slightly higher on the tested datasets from the U.C. Irvine repository. However, since no algorithm can outperform others in all settings (Wolpert 1994; Schaffer 1994), the fact that they exhibit different behavior on many datasets is even more important. For some datasets LazyDT significantly outperforms C4.5 and vice-versa.
Missing feature values are naturally handled by LazyDT with no special handling mechanisms required. Performance on corrupted data is comparable to that of C4.5, which has an extremely good algorithm for dealing with unknown values.
The algorithm is relatively fast due to the caching scheme employed, but requires a lot of memory. We believe that a space-time tradeoff should be investigated and hope to pursue the regularization (pruning) issue in the future.
Acknowledgments We thank George John, Rob Holte, and Pat Langley for their suggestions. The LAZyDT algorithm was implemented using the MLC++ library, partly funded by ONR grant N00014-95-1-0669. Jerome H. Friedman’s work was supported in part by the Department of Energy under contract number DE-AC03-76SF00515 and by the National Science Foundation under grant number DMS-9403804.
References
Aha, D. W. to appear. AI review journal: Special issue on lazy learning.
Breiman, L.; Friedman, J. H.; Olshen, R. A.; and Stone, C. J. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth International Group.
Cover, T. M., and Thomas, J. A. 1991. Elements of Information Theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dasarathy, B. V. 1990. Nearest Neighbor (NN) Norms: NN Pattern Classification Techniques. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California.
Dougherty, J.; Kohavi, R.; and Sahami, M. 1995. Supervised and unsupervised discretization of continuous features. In Priedtis, A., and Russell, S., eds., Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference, 194–202. Morgan Kaufmann.
Fayyad, U. M., and Irani, K. B. 1993. Multi-interval discretization of continuous-valued attributes for classification learning. In Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1022–1027. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
Friedman, J. H. 1994. Flexible metric nearest neighbor classification. Technical Report 113, Stanford University Statistics Department.
Geman, S.; Bienenstock, E.; and Doursat, R. 1992. Neural networks and the bias/variance dilemma. Neural Computation 4:1–48.
Hastie, T., and Tibshirani, R. 1995. Discriminant adaptive nearest neighbor classification. Technical report, Stanford University Statistics Department.
Holte, R. C.; Acker, L. E.; and Porter, B. W. 1989. Concept learning and the problem of small disjuncts. In Proceedings of the 11th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 813–818.
Holte, R. C. 1993. Very simple classification rules perform well on most commonly used datasets. Machine Learning 11:63–90.
John, G.; Kohavi, R.; and Pfeifer, K. 1994. Irrelevant features and the subset selection problem. In Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference, 121–129. Morgan Kaufmann.
Kohavi, R., and Wolpert, D. H. 1996. Bias plus variance decomposition for zero-one loss functions. In Saitta, L., ed., Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Conference. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. Available at http://robotics.stanford.edu/users/ronnyk.
Kohavi, R.; John, G.; Long, R.; Manley, D.; and Pfeifer, K. 1994. MLC++: A machine learning library in C++. In Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 740–743. IEEE Computer Society Press.
Murphy, P. M., and Aha, D. W. 1996. UCI repository of machine learning databases. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn.
Pagallo, G., and Haussler, D. 1990. Boolean feature discovery in empirical learning. Machine Learning 5:71–99.
Quinlan, J. R. 1991. Improved estimates for the accuracy of small disjuncts. Machine Learning 6:93–98.
Quinlan, J. R. 1993. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Los Altos, California: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
Quinlan, J. R. 1994. Comparing connectionist and symbolic learning methods. In Hanson, S. J.; Drastal, G. A.; and Rivest, R. L., eds., Computational Learning Theory and Natural Learning Systems, volume I: Constraints and Prospects. MIT Press. chapter 15, 445–456.
Schaffer, C. 1993. Selecting a classification method by cross-validation. Machine Learning 13(1):135–143.
Schaffer, C. 1994. A conservation law for generalization performance. In Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference, 259–265. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
Smyth, P., and Goodman, R. 1992. An information theoretic approach to rule induction from databases. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 4(4):301–316.
Wettschereck, D. 1994. A Study of Distance-Based Machine Learning Algorithms. Ph.D. Dissertation, Oregon State University.
Wolpert, D. H. 1994. The relationship between PAC, the statistical physics framework, the Bayesian framework, and the VC framework. In Wolpert, D. H., ed., The Mathematics of Generalization. Addison Wesley.
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SUMMARY
The purpose of the audit was to perform the four-year audit of the Wadsworth Justice Court as required by the Minimum Accounting Standards (MAS) adopted by the Nevada Supreme Court. This included evaluating whether the procedures performed by Wadsworth Justice Court comply with the MAS requirements for Nevada justice courts.
Based on the results of these procedures, we noted certain items, which represent instances of non-compliance with the MAS.
The results of the review indicated:
The Court needs to improve its accounts receivable processes for outstanding monetary penalties imposed by the court. The Court needs the ability to create and maintain a computerized aging report with the amounts of monetary penalties imposed by the court by case, on a monthly basis. The State Supreme Court has developed an aging report using Crystal server, which it will send to the Court monthly.
Several instances were noted where accounting controls need improvement. This includes safeguarding cash receipts, using a change fund balancing form, requiring secondary review and approval for void receipts and void checks, depositing cash receipts timely, and recording payments received from external collection entities timely.
The Court needs to enhance its policies and procedures to comply with MAS requirements. Policies and procedures are essential for all financial operations as they provide a resource for staff and help to minimize the risk of loss of funds and theft of Court assets.
Finally, the Court should consider migrating to the Odyssey case management system, which is used by the other three Washoe County justice courts. The current case management system does not allow the court to comply with all MAS requirements and
its financial component is limited. The Court could use the Odyssey case management system at no charge and the Reno Justice Court is willing to provide assistance.
Each of the recommendations included in this audit report are either already implemented or in the process of being implemented. An implementation plan establishing responsibilities and timelines will be developed with the Wadsworth Justice Court. This plan will then be reviewed with the Audit Committee and updated at each of their meetings. Implementation of recommendations having fiscal impact will be brought to the Board of County Commissioners for approval.
County Priority/Goal supported by this item: Government Efficiency and Financial Stability
**PREVIOUS ACTION**
No previous action has been taken on this Board item.
**BACKGROUND**
The Wadsworth Justice Court’s mission is to promote and preserve the rule of law and protection of property rights by providing a fair, independent, and impartial forum for the peaceful resolution of legal conflicts according to the law. Further, it is the mission of the court to provide judicial services in such a manner as to: 1) promote access to justice; 2) adjudicate cases in an expeditious and timely manner; 3) utilize public resources efficiently and effectively such that it demonstrates accountability and engenders public trust and confidence; and 4) promote an understanding of the courts as a vital component of the tripartite system of government, independent of and co-equal to the Legislative and Executive branches.
Nevada’s justice courts are established by the Constitution of the State of Nevada. They are courts of limited jurisdiction for their respective townships. The Courts preserve order and the rule of law by adjudicating criminal and civil cases before the court pursuant to local ordinances, state laws, the Nevada Constitution, and the Constitution of the United States.
The Nevada Supreme Court provides oversight of all court functions within Nevada. The Chief Justice is considered by law to be the administrative head of the court system with the support of the Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC). NRS 1.360 states, in part, that under the direction of the Supreme Court, the AOC shall examine the administrative procedures used by all courts and make recommendations for improvement of those procedures. In addition, the AOC is to develop procedures for accounting, internal auditing, procurement, and disbursement to the state court system.
In February 1997, the Nevada Supreme Court issued an order adopting the MAS for Nevada’s justice and municipal courts. MAS version 3.0 issued January 2012 provides the courts with policy defining requirements for a court’s financial operations and internal accounting and financial management controls. The courts are required to use the MAS policies to develop their individual procedures for internal controls to ensure separation of duties to help prevent misappropriation of public funds or other associated
crimes. The court’s procedures will also establish means for ensuring the reliability of the court’s records and detection of errors.
The revised MAS requires all justice, district and municipal courts to submit their written procedures electronically to the AOC Audit Unit biennially no later than December 31 in the first year established for their submission in the Supreme Court’s Order. The first year established for Washoe County courts was December 2012. In addition, the courts must have an independent MAS conducted by either an outside audit firm or internal audit agency on each justice, district and municipal court every four years. For Washoe County courts, the first independent audit is due December 31, 2014. Based on discussions with the AOC staff responsible for the MAS, it was determined the County’s Internal Audit Division could perform the required independent MAS audit. This will save the court the cost of hiring a contractor to perform this work.
**SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY**
The scope of the audit included evaluating the practices used by the Wadsworth Justice Court for efficiency and effectiveness. It also included reviewing internal controls and compliance with County policies, applicable NRS, and MAS.
Prior to performing the Court’s MAS audit, the Internal Audit Division assisted the court in preparing its bank reconciliations over the period February through June 2014. Therefore, in performing the MAS required reviews of the court’s bank reconciliations during FY2014, the County Internal Audit Division was not independent pertaining to those bank reconciliations. As such, the MAS audit performed did not include a review of the bank reconciliations for the months identified.
This audit was conducted in accordance with Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards, and covered the period of July 2013 to June 2014. Fieldwork was conducted between November and December 2014.
**FISCAL IMPACT**
This report has no fiscal impact. However, implementation of some recommendations may have fiscal impact.
**RECOMMENDATION**
It is recommended the Board of Commissioners acknowledge receipt of the MAS audit report of Wadsworth Justice Court.
**POSSIBLE MOTION**
Should the Board of Commissioners acknowledge receipt of this audit report, a possible motion would be:
*Move to acknowledge receipt of the Wadsworth Justice Court MAS Audit Report from the Washoe County Internal Audit Division.*
ag
Attachments
Washoe County
Wadsworth Justice Court
MAS Audit Report
December 23, 2014
Executive Summary
Observations
1. The Court needs to improve its accounts receivable processes for outstanding monetary penalties imposed by the court. Specifically:
➢ The court needs the ability to create and maintain a computerized aging report with the amounts of monetary penalties imposed by the court by case, on a monthly basis.
➢ The State Supreme Court Trial Court Service Desk has developed an aging report of monetary penalties imposed by the court by case, which will be generated monthly and sent to the court.
2. The Court needs to enhance certain accounting controls. These include:
➢ Safeguarding cash receipts from the moment of receipt to deposit by using a locking bank bag,
➢ Using a balance form to document the daily change fund balancing,
➢ Ensuring void receipt and void checks receipt secondary review and approval,
➢ Making bank deposits at least weekly, and,
➢ Recording payments received from external collection entities timely.
3. The Court’s MAS policies and procedures need updating.
➢ As part of the audit, we compared the Court’s operations against their established policies and procedures and MAS requirements.
➢ The policies and procedures did not include certain MAS requirements.
4. The Court should consider migrating its court operations to the Odyssey case management system.
➢ The current case management system does not allow the court to comply with all MAS requirements and its financial component is weak.
➢ The three other Washoe County justice courts use the Odyssey system.
➢ The Court could migrate to the Odyssey system at no charge and the Reno Justice is willing to provide system migration guidance and other assistance.
Observations and Recommendations
1. Outstanding Monetary Penalties Imposed by the Court
Wadsworth Justice Court needs to ensure it is complying with Minimum Accounting Standards, MAS, requirements involving outstanding monetary penalties imposed by the court. Specifically, the MAS states the court should be able create and maintain either a manual or a computerized aging report with the amounts of monetary penalties imposed by the court on a monthly basis. This report should include the defendant’s name, the case number, the fees originally owed to the court, outstanding dollar amounts, and the number of days amounts are outstanding based on the 30, 60, 90, 12+ day aging periods.
During the review it was found the Courtview system did not have an aging report that showed the amounts past due for each case. The State Supreme Court Trial Services Desk was contacted and subsequently worked on creating an aging report. The Supreme Court Trial Services Desk will be sending this report to the court each month. In addition, the current policies and procedures do not address maintaining a monthly aging report.
As of the date of this report, the Court is receiving a monthly aging report that complies with the MAS.
Recommendations:
1.1 The Wadsworth Justice Court should have and maintain computerized aging reports showing the amounts of monetary penalties imposed by the court for each case on a monthly basis.
1.2 Develop and implement policies and procedures regarding the maintaining a monthly aging report of the outstanding amounts of monetary penalties imposed by the court, by case.
2. Accounting Controls
Safeguarding Cash Receipts
The Court needs to ensure cash receipts are adequately safeguarded. During the day and during transport to the bank, the cash receipts are stored in a non-locking zipper bank bag. MAS requirements include funds to be stored in a secure location from the moment they are received until they are deposited with the bank.
Without adequately securing cash receipts, the possibility exists that these monies could be subject to theft. A locking bank bag will help ensure cash receipts are adequately safeguarded.
Change Fund Balancing Documentation
The Court needs to document its balancing of the change fund on a balance sheet. Currently, the court balances its change fund each day. Any identified differences are investigated and resolved. However, the court does not document this balancing on a balance sheet as required by the MAS.
Void Receipts
The Court should comply with MAS requirements regarding void receipt documents. As part of the audit, a random sample of five void receipts was selected for testing. None of the void receipts showed evidence of approval by a second court employee. This review helps ensure voided receipts are valid.
Void Checks
The Court needs to ensure one individual prepares the voided check and a second individual performs review and approval. One or 100% of the court’s void checks during FY2014 was selected for testing. This check showed no evidence that it was reviewed and approved by a second individual.
MAS requirements include having void checks reviewed by a supervisor or another court member. This review helps ensure voided checks have been properly voided so no one can present it to a bank and be paid for it. Auditor
Bank Deposits
The Court needs to deposit its daily cash receipts at least once a week. During the review of the court’s bank statements, it was noted the court deposits its cash receipts on an irregular basis. For example, in January 2014 and June 2014, the Court deposited monies in the bank twice during each month.
The MAS requires the courts to make daily bank deposits of operating funds. Depending on the court’s operations, daily bank deposits are not required due to minimal funds or the location of the nearest bank. None of the deposits made in January and June 2014 were nominal and the bank is about 4 miles from the court.
Payments Received From Collection Entities
The MAS requires the Court needs to have procedures in place to ensure all payments received from collection entities are recorded for each specific case in the case management system, Courtview. The month of June 2014 was selected for testing. The County Collections Division processed two deposit wire transfers during this month. The court recorded the first deposit wire transfer to the applicable case file in the case management system timely. However, the second wire transfer was not recorded in the case management system until August 2014. Additionally, the County’s contracted collection service reported and deposited June 2014 payments that the Court did not record in Courtview until September 2014.
Best practices include recording payments collected by outside entities timely. This ensures all payments are recorded in the applicable cases.
**Recommendations:**
*The Court should ensure:*
2.1 Cash receipts are adequately safeguarded by using a locking bag to store receipts when in transport or out of the safe being used for court operations,
2.2 Change fund balancing is documented on a balance sheet,
2.3 Void receipts document a secondary review and approval,
2.4 Void checks are reviewed and approved,
2.5 Cash receipts are deposited at least weekly, and,
2.6 Payments received from collection entities are processed timely.
### 3 Policies and Procedures
The Wadsworth Justice Court’s policies and procedures need enhancement. Currently, the Court has policies and procedures documented. As required by the MAS Audit Guidelines, we performed a comparison of the Court’s policies and procedures addressing the MAS Checklist requirements and noted the current procedures do not fully address the controls required by MAS.
Policies and procedures are essential for all financial operations as they provide a resource for staff and help to minimize the risk of loss of funds and theft of Court assets.
**Recommendation:**
3.1 The Wadsworth Justice Court should ensure its policies and procedures are in accordance with MAS requirements.
### 4 Case Management System
The Court should strongly consider moving its operations to the case management system used by the three other Washoe County justice courts, Odyssey. Currently, the Court is using a State Supreme Court sponsored case management system, Courtview. The court makes an annual payment to use this software and during FY2014, the Court paid $5K. The State Supreme Court plans to migrate to a new case management system but are staying with the same vendor, Courtview Justice Solutions.
While the current Courtview system works well for Wadsworth Justice Court’s case administration, the system focus is not on a paperless or mostly paperless environment and the financial component of this software lacks certain features to allow complete financial administration. For example, the Court’s bank
reconciliations carry many adjusting amounts such as for bank fees and check orders, which can’t be recorded in Courtview. As such, the Court must record these adjustments in its bank reconciliations from year to year and result in external auditor inquiries. Additionally, the Courtview system prohibits the Court from complying with certain MAS requirements including an accounts receivable aging report which as previously discussed the State currently generates outside of Courtview on the Court’s behalf, and required monthly collection percentages.
The Odyssey case management system would afford the Court the ability to track all aspects of the case management. In addition, the Odyssey system includes a robust financial component that addresses MAS requirements. Another feature of this system is that it decreases dependence on paper and can be used to more Court processes towards a paperless environment. The Miami-Date County court system in Florida uses Odyssey and now manages its documents in a paperless environment. This local government found the system has streamlined its processes and “reduced the number of manual steps that it takes to process a piece of paper from 21 down to 7”. Finally, during the MAS audits of the other three Washoe County courts staff stated they found the Odyssey system was easy and straightforward to use both for case and financial administration.
Based on conversations with the Reno Justice Court, the Wadsworth Justice Court could implement and use the Odyssey system at no cost. Also, the Reno Justice Court would be willing to provide system migration guidance, Odyssey training and help to the Wadsworth Justice Court staff as needed.
Recommendation:
4.1 The Wadsworth Justice Court should consider migrating its court administration to the Odyssey case management system.
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Concerts, Recitals, etc.
FRIDAY, December 20
Concert by 39th Battalion Band, conducted by H. V. Stevens, assisted by Howard Andrews (baritone) and Rita Pannecost (soprano)—2FC, 9.15 p.m.
(Further details on Page 24.)
Arved Kurts (violinist) and Raymond Lambert (pianist). Assisted by William Evelyn Lynch (baritone)—2BL, 8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 25.)
Amateur Night—2SM, 9 p.m.
SATURDAY, December 21
"All the Fun of the Fair," a hilarious musical farce by Mark Makemah—2FC, 8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 29.)
The Zigeuner Band in a programme of Gipsy Songs and Dances—2BL, 9 p.m.
(Further details on Page 30.)
Light Orchestral Concert by the A.B.C (Melbourne) Concert Orchestra, conducted by Percy Cooper, and the Melbourne Four Quartette—2FC, 9.45 p.m.
(Further details on Page 30.)
Radio Dance Night with A.B.C. Dance Band, the Victor (crooner) and the Mastersingers' Quartette—2BL, 8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 31.)
SUNDAY, December 22
Brass Band Concert by the Malvern Municipal and Tramways Band, conducted by Captain Harry Smith—2FC, 7.45 p.m.
(Further details on Page 34.)
Short Vocal Recital by Dorothy Clarke (contralto), assisted by Harry Hutchins (violin)—2FC, 9.15 p.m.
(Further details on Page 34.)
"The Coming of Christ" by John Marshall. Produced by Frank D. Clewlow—2FC, 9.15 p.m.
(Further details on Page 35.)
Programme by the Singing Strings in conjunction with Dan Foley (tenor)—2BL, 8.30 p.m.
(Further details on Page 35.)
Leo Korolnarsky (violinist)—2UW, 9 p.m.
The Big Broadcast, 2UE, 7 p.m.
MONDAY, December 23
Recital by Florence Austral (soprano) and John Amadio (flautist)—2FC, 8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 42.)
"Christmas Stocking," variety—2FC, 8.35 p.m.
(Further details on Page 42.)
National Music Festival, concert, conducted by Stephen Yorks, with Stanley Clarkson (bassoon)—2FC, 2.30 p.m.
(Further details on Page 43.)
Merv. Bree (pianist).—2UW, 8 p.m.
TUESDAY, December 24
The Sydney Instrumental Trio—Beryl Ault (violinist), Olga Krassnik (pianist), Kathleen Tuchy (celist), assisted by Leonard Colton (soprano)—2BL, 8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 44.)
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 25
The Children's Hour—"Hansel and Gretel," fairy play in three tableaux by Adelheid Wette, with music by Engelbert Humperdinck. Performance under the artistic direction and conducted by Maurice de Abravanel, Organiser, Curt Preraner.—2FC, 6.15 p.m.
From the Melbourne Town Hall—Annual performance of "The Messiah" (Handel) by the Melbourne Philharmonic Society, conducted by Professor Richard Heimze, with full professional orchestra. Soloists: Irene Bennett (soprano), Dorcas Clark (contralto), Ruth Williams (tenor), and Sydney de Vries (baritone)—2FC, 8.8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 52.)
Programme by the New Note Octet—Laurence Masculay (basso) and Dan Foley (tenor)—2BL, 8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 53.)
Christmas Programme from the B.R.C. "The Great Family"—2BL, 12.30 p.m.
A Message from his Majesty the King—2BL, approx. 1 a.m.
"The Messiah," from the Sydney Town Hall, with the Philharmonic Society—2UW, 9.35 p.m.
(Further details on Page 56.)
THURSDAY, December 26
Recital by Helen Bainton (pianist) and John Buchanan (violinist)—2FC, 8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 57.)
"Bess o' the Barn," revue by Edmund Barclay. Produced by Lawrence H. Cech—2UW, 8.30 p.m.
(Further details on Page 57.)
2BL
Tal Ordell Tells a Story, 2BL, 9 a.m. and 2.30 daily, except Sunday.
Rosie, the Babe of the Circus, Children's Session, 2BL, at 8.30 p.m. every Monday and Wednesday.
The Young Adventurers, Children's Session, 2BL, at 1.30 p.m.; 2BL at 6 p.m. on Sundays.
Khyber and Beyond, an original production of the World's First Indian Frontier Writer, by Edmund Barclay—Episode the Fifth, "Catching the Train," 2BL, 8 p.m. Monday, December 23.
(Further details on Page 44.)
2GB
Daisy and Jean, daily, at 7.50 a.m., and Saturdays, at 7.45 p.m.
Frank and Archie in Hollywood, nightly, at 8.30.
Newspaper Adventures, Monday, at 6.35 p.m.
The Adventures of Jimmy Allen, 2GB, nightly, at 7.30.
The Storyteller, 2GB, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday, at 7.30.
The Seal of the Don, 2GB, each Tuesday, at 6.1 p.m.
The 2GB Breakfast Club, with Russell and Morga, daily, at 1.30 p.m.
Strange As It Seems, Tuesday and Thursday, at 9.30 p.m.
(Further details on Page 51.)
The Charm of the Orient, Monday night, at 7.30, and Thursday night at 9.15.
Chandu the Magician, 6.35 p.m. for four nights a week.
A Tale of Two Cities, nightly, at 7.50 p.m.
2UE
Secret Serial, read by St. Meredith, 2UE, 12 noon, Monday to Friday inclusive.
2UW
Mrs. 'Arris and Mrs. 'Ikes, 2UW, 8.30 p.m. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday.
Emma and 'Erbert, every evening, Monday to Friday, at 7 p.m.
Win and Wilbur, Monday, Thursday, and Friday, 4.15 p.m.
This, That, and the Other, Jack Win, Saturdays, 11.30 a.m.
Coast to Coast Programmes. Tuesday and Thursday, 8.35 p.m.
Riddle, the Lone Prince of Story-tellers, 2UW, Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday, 12 midday: "The Cricket on the Hearth."
Mr. Harris and Mr. Rabbitt, Comedy, 2UW, Tuesday and Thursday, 8.35 p.m.
Australian Landmarks of It. Toop—A Selection for Australian composers, 2UW, every Sunday, at 7 p.m.
2UW Theatrical Review, every Sunday evening, at 9.
2CH
Great Expectations (Dickens), read by A. S. Cochrane, every Tuesday, at 12.15 p.m., and every Thursday, at 4 p.m.
Bertie and Billy's Mission, every Monday and Wednesday, at 3.30 p.m.
The Scarlet Pimpernel, 2CH, Wednesday, 8 p.m.
Cavalcade of New South Wales Beauties, by Dion Wheeler, 2CH, Tuesday, 8 p.m.
Sky Scraper (Hope Suttor), 2CH, 11 a.m., Monday to Saturday, inclusive.
"Joan" and James Raglan, every Saturday, at 8.30 p.m.
2SM
John Tuttell Talks a Story, 2SM, 2.30 p.m., Monday, Thursday, and Friday.
One Man's Family, the Radio Star Serial—2SM, 7.55 p.m., Tuesday, "Proposals and Party Clothes."
(Further details on Page 50.)
The Grandad and the Grandame—2SM, 8.30 p.m., every evening.
Robin Hood, Chapter 32—"Robin Hood is being Slowly Poisoned," 4.45 p.m. Monday.
The new What Would You Do? Series—2SM, 5.15 p.m., Tuesdays.
2KY
Old Comrades' Session, Captain Blackfather, every Sunday, at 4.30 p.m.
Police Headquarters, every Sunday, at 10 p.m.
Anderson and Hastings, every Monday, at 7.45 p.m.
Grandpa's Diary, every Tuesday, at 9.30 p.m.
Rounding Round the World by Radio, every Tuesday, at 9.45 p.m.
Ginole and Flo, every Wednesday, at 7.35 p.m.
Sam and Bill, every Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday, at 8.25 p.m.
The Adventures of the Ponville Old Man, every Saturday to Saturday inclusive, at 8.30 p.m.
The Life of Victor Herbert, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 10.42 p.m.
Father Neptune's Garage, every Sunday, 7.30, and Wednesdays at 9.30 p.m.
2UE
The Sheridans, 2UE, 6.52 p.m., Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
Adventures of Bobby Filbert (written by Arthur Hemaley), 7.54 p.m., Monday to Friday inclusive.
Detective Story, read by Ronald Morse, 2UE, 10.50 p.m. Monday, Wednesday, Friday.
"The World's News" Glove-trotter, 4.30 p.m., Monday, Tuesday, Friday; 4 p.m. Thursday.
Plays
FRIDAY, December 20
The Mayor of Casterbridge, a play adapted by John F. Peters from the novel of Thomas Hardy—2FC, 8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 23.)
SATURDAY, December 21
Stanley Brookes in Scenes from Dickens—2FC, 9.30 p.m.
SUNDAY, December 22
Leaves of Memory, written and presented by Ellis Price assisted by Patricia Minchin—2BL, 9.30 p.m.
China Seas—2GB, 8.45 p.m.
(Further details on Page 29.)
Special Duty—2KY, at 2.30 p.m.
The March of Time, dramatic commentary of events in the news—2SM, 9.15.
The Theatre of the Air—2UE, 3.45 p.m.
(Further details on Page 29.)
MONDAY, December 23
On the Road to Adventure, Junior Theatre League—2UE, 8.15 p.m.
TUESDAY, December 24
Australian Helmsmen, Governor Macarthur—2OB, at 9.15 p.m.
(Further details on Page 50.)
A Child is Born—2OB, at 11 p.m.
(Further details on Page 50.)
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 25
Short Stories of the Air: Pent House—2OB, at 9.15 p.m.
(Further details on Page 55.)
Young Radio—2OB, 7 p.m.
(Further details on Page 55.)
The Grandfather Clock—8 p.m.
(Further details on Page 55.)
The Legend of the Love Seat—9 p.m.
(Further details on Page 55.)
THURSDAY, December 26
The Junior Theatre League Radio Players—2UE, 5.15 p.m.
In Town To-night, the drama of Sydney—2SM, 9 p.m.
Dance Music
2FC
A.B.C. Dance Band, conducted by Jim Davidson, 2FC, 11 p.m. Monday, 10.30 to 10.30 p.m. Monday; 11.10 to 11.40 p.m. Tuesday; 11.90 p.m. Thursday.
2CH
Romano's, 2CH, from 2.15 until 11.00 Saturday, at intervals, and Cabaret Cameo, by John Creighton, 2CH, every Friday, at 3 to 8.30 p.m.
2SM
Radio Dance Night, 2SM, Saturday, from 9 p.m. to 10.30 p.m.
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PICK YOUR PROGRAMME
[Continued from Page 2]
2KY
New Dance Records, every Saturday, from 8 p.m. Special Session, Saturday, 10 p.m.
2GB
Jack Davey's Session, 2GB, 11.30 p.m., Saturday, and at 10.30 Monday.
2UW
Maurice Gilman and his Ginger Jar Dance Band, 2UW, every Monday, 9.30 p.m.
2UE
Recorded Dance Music, 10.55 p.m., Monday to Friday, through the Dance Music by Amon Week's Orchestra, 9.30 to 9.45 p.m., Saturday, December 21.
Rey Starfield's Dance Band, 8.37 p.m., Thursday, December 26.
IRISH SYMPHONY (Harty) played by the Halle Orchestra, conducted by Sir Henry Wood.
5 p.m.—2CH: SYMPHONY NO. 6 IN F MAJOR, "Pastoral" (Beethoven), played by the Concert Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Paul Paray.
EVERY VALLEY SHALL BE EXALTED, "The Messiah" (Handel), sung by Hubert Eiseldt, tenor, with Orchestra.
ANGELIC GLORY OF THE LORD, "The Messiah" (Handel), sung by the BBC Choir.
FUR ELISE (Beethoven), played by Artur Schnabel, pianist.
7 p.m.—2CH: WAR MARCH OF THE PRIESTS (Mendelssohn), played by G. Thalben Ball, Organist.
NOEL (De Rousseque), sung by George T. Turner.
SANCTISSIMA (Corelli), played by Fritz and Hugo Kreisler.
THE THREE DWELLINGS (Liddle), sung by Richard Crooks, tenor.
8.15 p.m.—2CH: OVERTURE FIDELIO Beethoven, played by the B.B.C. Symphony Orchestra, con conducted by Sir Adrian Boult.
AT THE SOUND OF THE DRUM AND JOYFUL AND SORROWFUL (Beethoven), sung by Lotte Lehmann, soprano.
SONATA IN C MINOR (Beethoven), played by Wilhelm Backhaus, pianist.
TURKISH MARCH (Beethoven), played by Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.
9.15 p.m.—2CH: CONCERTO IN A MINOR (Grieg).
MONDAY, December 23
3 p.m.—2EL: CARNIVAL ROMANCE Overture (Berlioz), played by the B.B.C. Symphony Orchestra.
A SEA CALL (Ramos), DON JUAN (Mozart), "The Blue Danube" (Dvorak), and LIFE AND DEATH (Coleridge-Taylor), sung by Peter Pears, baritone, with Orchestra.
BERCEUSE (Chopin), and MINUETTO FROM SUITE (Sut), played by Ignaz Friedman, pianist.
BABES IN TOYLAND, and MARCH OF THE TIGERS (Honegger), played by Light Opera Company and the New Light Symphony Orchestra.
THREE MEN SUITE (Coates), played by the Light Symphony Orchestra.
LE KASLI (Arditi, and CHANSON ESPAGNOLE (Delibes), sung by Elizabeth Geraghty.
FINGAS (Leoncavallo), FUSQUITA (Lehar), and MIRAGE (Coates), played by de Groot and International Trio.
AUSTRALIAN GYPSY MUSIC, sung by Vladimir Rosine, tenor, and Olga Alexeeva, soprano, with chorus.
4.15 p.m.—2BL: TILL EULENSPIEGEL'S MERRY PRANKS (Strauss), played by the Berlin State Opera House Orchestra.
10.30 p.m.—2EL: CHRISTMAS OVERTURE (Taylor), played by the London Symphony Orchestra.
LA TORCA (Puccini), and MANZELLA MIA, Neapolitan Folk Song, sung by Dusolina Giannini, soprano.
WOOD NYMPHS (Coates), played by the New Queen's Hall Light Orchestra.
TUESDAY, December 24
3.15 p.m.—2FO: CARNIVAL SUITE, played by London Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Lamond Ronald.
THERE WAS A LOVE DREAM, and RED IS YOUR MOUTH (Tauber), sung by Richard Tauber.
FANTASIE IN F MINOR (Chopin), played by Solomon, pianist.
WEDNESDAY, Dec. 25
11 a.m.—2CH: CHRISTMAS CAROLS, sung by London Church Carol Choir.
THE MIRACLE (Humperdinck), played by London Symphony Orchestra.
PASTORAL SYMPHONY, "The Messiah" (Handel), played by Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham.
ONCE IN ROYAL DAVID'S CITY (Alexander), sung by 300 Boys of St. Mary of the Angel's Choir.
7.30 p.m.—2CH: MOTO PERPETUO (Paganini), played by the Newneapols Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Eugene Ormandy.
KING GEORGE I (Mozart), sung by Dora Labette and the Leeds Festival Choir, with London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham.
A NOEL FANTASY from "A Carol Symphony" (Hutchinson), played by the Royal Opera Orchestra.
NAZZARENE HYMN, sung by The Y.O. Old Fashioned Wagon.
SONG OF LOYALTY, played by Eric Coates and Symphony Orchestra.
9.35 p.m.—2GB: THE NATIVITY, recited by Lewis Casson.
EXTRACTS FROM "THE MESSIAH" (Handel).
Sport
A.J.C. Races: Saturday, December 21. Running descriptions, etc., from 2GB (Curtin), 2KY (Cyril Angles), 2KY (Ian Gardener and Eric Gordon), 2UE (Harry Solomons), etc. Recorded descriptions from 2SM 6.30 p.m. and 2UW 8.30 p.m.
Moonee Valley: Saturday, December 21. Running descriptions, etc., from 2UW (George Webb), and recorded descriptions, from 2FO. Recorded descriptions at 6.30 p.m. Don Harold Smith, Secretary. Descriptions from 2UW (Harry Solomons). Results from 2FO.
Wrestling: At Leichhardt Stadium, Saturday, December 7. A description by Ron Voigt from 2KY at 7.30 p.m.
Tuesdays, December 24, and Thursday, December 26; First and second descriptions, preceded by Test match Australia v. South Africa, played at Johannesburg, 2UW, ball-by-ball description, 2EL, 7.30 p.m.
Thursday, December 26; Spectator time, 7.30 p.m.; International match between Van Klaveren and Jack Carroll—2FO, 9 p.m.
Friday, December 26, and Saturday, December 27; Progress scores, N.S.W. v. S.A., from 2UW during Tuesday, December 24, and Thursday, December 26; N.S.W. v. Victoria, at Melbourne, stump scores—2UW, at 8.50 p.m.
Wednesday, December 24, 2UW: Scores, The Masters' Australian, S.A. at Johannesburg—Teams and weather at 7.5 p.m., toss at 7.29, ball-by-ball descriptions at 7.30, lunch, afternoon tea, ball-by-ball resumed 10.40, afternoon tea interval, 12.40, ball-by-ball resumed 10.30, stump 2.0, with comments by Alan Kippax.
Sport Shorts
Andy Flanagan, 2KY, 8.15 Friday, 7.15 Saturday.
Owen Lawrence, 2OB, 6.35 p.m., Thursday.
Crooks Lawrence, 2UW, 4.30 p.m., Friday.
Henry Hilliard, 2SM, 7.0, Tuesdays and Fridays (Racing).
Con Charlton, 2FO, 10.30 a.m., Tuesday, Wednesday, 7.0 p.m., 2BL, Friday.
S. Nagle, 2SM, 7.35, Friday, (Results); 7.10 p.m., Saturday (Results).
The 2BL Sporting Editor, 7.30 p.m., Friday.
2UW Sporting Editor, 10.30 a.m., Wednesday, and 10.0 a.m., Saturday.
Hughie Dwyer, 2SM, 7.35, *p.m., Wednesday (Boxing).
Ken Johnston (Boxing, etc.), JUE, Friday, 7.30 p.m.
Ken Johnston and Si Meredith, Fridays, 7.35 p.m.
O'Connor, Sporting Results, 2UE, Saturday, 7.15 p.m.
Cliff Carr (Track, Golf), 2UW, 9.30 p.m., Wednesday, Thursday.
S. Nagle, Field Sports Results, 2SM, 7.10 p.m., Saturday.
R. B. Button, 2SM, "Mighty Midgates," 7.35 p.m. every Friday.
B. C. Button, 2CH, Field Sports Results, every Saturday, 6.30 p.m.
Alan Kippax, 2UW, at 7.35 p.m., December 24, 26, 27, 28.
Women's Sessions
Hope Sutter, 2CH, 10.50 to 11.20 a.m.
Auntie Val, 2GB, 8.30 to 9.0 a.m. Dorothy Jordan, 2GB, 9.0 to 10.45 a.m.
Dorothea Vautier, 2GB, 10.45 a.m. 1.15 p.m., and 3.30 p.m. to 4.45 p.m.
Mrs. Siecle, 2OB, 2.0 to 2.30 p.m. Kathleen Jordan, 2GB, 3.30 to 4.45 p.m.
Mrs. Grey, 2KY, 10.30 to 11.45 a.m.
Doreen McKay, 2SM, 3.0 to 5.0 p.m.
Mrs. Filmer, assisted by Miss Grace Shaw, 2UW, 9.0 to noon.
Ellen Gibbs, 2KO, 9.30 a.m. and onwards.
Myra Dennsey, 2UW, 9.15 to 10.30 a.m. daily, Monday to Saturday.
Mrs. McLeod, 2SM, 10.50 a.m. "Green Tea with Hilda Morse," and 1.15 p.m. Hilda and J. McLeod entertain ladies, also at 10.40 to 12.0, and every afternoon, 2.0 to 3.0 or 3.30 to 5.15.
Talks for Women
FRIDAY, December 20
10.40 a.m.—2FO: "A Woman's Comments on Overseas Topics."
10.55—2FO: National Council of Women.
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The EMPIRE'S GREAT FAMILY PARTY
H.M. The King's Christmas Eve Broadcast
WHEN His Majesty the King spoke in the Christmas programme last year, he referred to "This Great Family"—words which made a deep impression on those who heard the royal message. The idea referred to by His Majesty has been made the basis for the Christmas Empire programme this year which is again being arranged by the British Broadcasting Corporation, London. The programme will be relayed through 2EH, over the national network, beginning at 12.30 a.m. (Boxing Morning).
The contributions from the various parts of the Empire will take the form of short relays from family gatherings. There will be no actors used in the broadcast, but genuine families. Australia's part in the programme will be a Christmas party at the home of a Welshman and his wife and their Australian-born children. Selecting the family was a rather difficult matter, for it was requested that the parents should be Welsh, their children born in Australia and that they should have relatives in Wales. The Cymmrodorion (Welsh) Society was approached and suggested a number of families who were interviewed. Finally, Mr. and Mrs. James John Jenkins, of Gordon, Sydney, who came out to Australia twenty-five years ago, were invited to participate.
Australia's entry into the broadcast will follow a cue of special greetings to New South Wales from a family in Wales. Listeners will then become unseen but welcome guests at the party of Mr. and Mrs. Jenkins, whose son, Idwal, and his wife will also be present.
Greetings will be returned to Wales while there will be an Australian song sung in community fashion, reminiscences, and a final three coo-ees. This Australian section of the programme is expected to last two and a half minutes.
Other parts of the Empire which will contribute to the broadcast will be Canada, South Africa and New Zealand.
It is hoped that the real family spirit of Christmas will be captured in this broadcast and felt by listeners throughout the Empire.
The broadcast will conclude with a special message broadcast by His Majesty the King.
Gone Far
REPLACING "Reflections of a Veteran Pilot," formerly broadcast over 2CH, at 8.30 p.m., every Saturday, a new and unusual session, entitled "Australia as I saw it," is causing considerable comment. This is the story (broadcast personally) of T. E. York—a young Englishman, who recently concluded a 12,000-mile walk round Australia, and in addition, travelled 8000 miles by car, and 2000 miles by camel. The young motor mechanic has seen more of Australia than most of the native-born. With a companion, he penetrated as far north as Darwin, passed through the Drysdale River country, where 'Kingsford-Smith and his companions spent such an uncomfortable time at Coffee Royal. He travelled west to Carnarvan, and to the dry dusty interior near Alice Springs. During his wanderings, he was at one time without food for 51 days in the Fitzroy River district in North Western Australia, and without water near Anna Plains—also in the far north.
New Records
LISTENERS who like to hear the newest tunes should follow 2UE every Friday, at 6.38 p.m., and Monday, at 4 p.m., when they can be sure of hearing a session of newly-released recordings.
Can You?
IF you can compose a song or write a verse, 2UW offers you your chance in the session entitled, "Australian and Proud of it TOO," programmed every Sunday evening, at 7 p.m. Each week one guinea will be paid for the best entry.
2UW's Price
ON December 2, Ellis Price joined the staff of 2UW. Mr. Price's ability as a producer of radio plays such as "Jane Eyre" and "Camille," and as a story teller is well-known, and his first appearance, since his illness will be in a series of story readings every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday at 12 noon. His first offering will be "The Cricket on the Hearth."
Pianists' Competition
EVERY morning, Monday to Friday, inclusive, at 9.30, Mr. Reg Lewis gives a short piano recital through 2KY. In connection with his Monday and Wednesday recitals, he is conducting a competition, details of which are given during every "Happy Hours" session. In addition to again being announced at 9.30 every Monday and Wednesday.
Christmas Tree
JOHN BEDOUIN is busy preparing 2SM's Christmas and New Year attractions. He is rather evasive when pressed for details, but admits there will be a special chapter of "One Man's Family," entitled "The Christmas Tree," for Christmas Eve. On Christmas Day there will be various goodwill programmes of specially imported 15-minute recordings. About New Year's Eve, Mr. B. remains absolutely silent.
John Dunne on Films
CAPTAIN FRANK HURLEY has just completed a film of South and Central Australia, and has engaged John Dunne, of 2SM, to do the commentary. Mr. Dunne has been spending all his mornings at the Cinesound Studios, synchronising music and speech with the film, and he says it's lots harder than announcing. Anyway, he has been doing a good job because his contract has been extended to include several more pictures.
Madame's Holidays
NEXT week Doreen McKay, of 2SM, will leave on a well-earned holiday. During her absence the Grocer will exchange persiflage with Madame's brother, who will be looking after the house in her absence. However, Doreen will return to Sydney on New Year's Eve for her role in "One Man's Family," and also for her special New Year presentation, "Hail and Farewell!"
The Gang
EVER since the school holidays began it has been the ambition of all "gangsters" to visit 2SM and take part in Uncle Tom's session. The big No. 1 studio has been absolutely jammed with gangsters, whose enjoyment is quite unaffected by the heat. Uncle Tom has promised an extra jolly party for Christmas Eve.
New Announcer
EDWARD HOWELL, who has joined 2CH as night announcer, and who will assist also in the arrangement of presentations and specialty sessions, is an Englishman who was educated in London and the Sydney Grammar School. It is 20 years since he first came to Australia, and he has, in that period, visited England twice, and spent over five years in the Fiji Islands. He is one of the old school in radio, as he had appeared before the microphone since 1929. His first experience was with the old A.B.C. Company, when he played in the radio play, "Literature," by Schnitzler, and for more than a year was chief announcer and producer at 4BC, Brisbane. His hobbies are surfing, music, and the theatre, and he will be remembered by many Sydney theatre-goers as amateur actor, who appeared some years ago with the Independent Theatre and other groups.
Our Accents
AMES RAGLAN'S series of talks from 2CH on Tuesdays and Thursdays are entertaining, and yet are backed by sound knowledge. On Tuesday, December 24, Mr. Raglan will discuss accents—those mysterious somethings that all students of voice and language, to say nothing of the man in the street and the newspaper correspondents, have closely in their heart and in their dictionaries. On Thursday, December 26, he considers Mannerisms, and what these special peculiarities give to or take from the stage and from acting.
CRICKET
Descriptions of the Second Test Match between South Africa and Australia, at Johannesburg, will begin at 7.30 p.m. (Sydney time), on Tuesday, December 24, continuing till stumps at 2 a.m. (Christmas Day), and will be given between the same times on Boxing Day, and on the Friday and Saturday, December 27 and 28.
The Commission's description will be given from the Sydney studios through 2BL, 3AR, 4QG, 5CL, 6WF, 2CO, 3GI, 4RK, etc.
2GZ
The Secretary of the N.S.W. Cricket Association, Mr. Harold Heydon, will give a complete service for 2GZ, Central N.S.W., from their Sydney studio.
2UW, etc.
The 2UW service will be in charge of Alan Kippax, the international, and supervised by L. G. Watt, who has been associated with ball-to-ball descriptions for the "A" and "B" stations since their inception.
Test Score sheets on pages 18 to 21.
Marie Ryan, attractive young soprano, who has been engaged for the variety programme, "Christmas Stocking," to be broadcast through 2FC on Monday evening, Dec. 23.
Christmas Dinner
THE 2UE Christmas Day programme will be on the air continuously from 7.30 a.m. to 11.30 p.m., with the feature of the day—12 noon to 2.0 p.m., "A Radio Christmas Dinner."
More Mystery
SUCH appreciation has been shown by listeners of the mystic knowledge of Rahman Bey in his "Mysteries of Egypt," that he is now programmed for a second season from station 2UW, Tuesday nights at 9.45.
Penny Wise
IT is quite like old times to see Warren Penny's face behind a 2CH microphone again. It is more than a year since he resigned from 2CH to travel overseas, and now—with John Creighton leaving for the country—the opportunity comes to rejoin the old team. He is being heard for the first time in the early morning session, and admits he can't sleep for worry that he will not wake up. He will also assist in arranging musical presentations.
Musical Boatbuilder
ALL the Fun of the Fair," a musical farce by Mark Makeham, will be broadcast from 3LO at 8 o'clock on Saturday evening, December 21, in a national relay. Cecil Fraser, who supplies a good deal of the music, conceived the idea of building a motor-boat. He bought a book and the necessary timber, and set to work following the specifications. Now this boat is practically completed, and it is the admiration of all his broadcasting pals, who are looking forward to some voyages on Port Phillip, which is more than we could dr
The Empire Broadcast from the Other End
Each year Australia shows her standard of broadcasting to the whole world. The Empire Broadcast has not only an Empire appeal, but is looked on as the greatest event in the world of radio. All Europe listens to it, and judges the contributors by their contributions. An article discussing new and old angles on this historic event appears below from our European correspondent, Dr. Keith Barry.
No broadcast programme prepared by the Australian Broadcasting Commission is anything like as important as the odd fifteen minutes or so arranged by them as part of the Empire Christmas Broadcast. Not only is His Majesty the King listening to them, but the whole of Europe and America as well. Till I came back to Europe this time I did not realise that the whole of the Continent, as well as the whole of the Empire, looks on our Christmas broadcast as the biggest programme of the year.
Last Christmas I was living in a private hotel at Hampstead, one of those hotels where you meet all peoples from all lands. After dinner a Russian asked us to go to his room to listen to the Empire broadcast. We were a motley crew. There was an engineer from the Argentine and an international banking expert from Switzerland, an American film director, and a member of a German Embassy, an Austrian student and a couple of Australians. Our Russian host gave us Christmas port, and we sat and waited for the world to talk to us.
COMRADESHIP.
In turn the peoples of our Empire had their say (it was difficult to suppress a lump in the throat when Sydney spoke its piece). Islands far and near, peoples of all rank and station, shepherds of the Gloucestershire hills and lighthousekeepers on a rocky coast—all spoke the comradeship of the British League of Nations. At the end came the King, a calm, fatherly, affectionate voice we have come to love. Then a moment's silence.
The American spoke first, and he had to swallow something before a sound would come. "That's great," he whispered. We nodded. "There is no better broadcast," said the Russian. "It is wonderful," said the German. The Austrian hadn't yet found a voice, nor had the Australians.
The Empire broadcast brands us for twelve months. If our contribution is feeble the world cannot forget it whenever our name is mentioned in broadcasting circles. If our announcers betray an accent then that is regarded as a typical Australian voice till the impression is removed. If the script is unintelligent, then Australia has set her own standard before the world for the next twelve months. If the tone of the broadcast is bombastic, then we are stamped by it.
Whatever has been done this year one pleads that from now on everyone concerned realises the importance of our one yearly contribution to international broadcasting audiences. The Commission doubtless realises its responsibilities in the matter, and will not refute the suggestion that no money nor effort should be spared to make the occasion the biggest in its yearly life. In the past one has had the uncomfortable feeling that our contributions might meet with wider approval had greater pains and more competent people been employed in the making of them. It is essential, one would suggest, that the final "OK" to the script be given by a man with a fairly wide knowledge of both sides of the world. It is essential that no one would imagine the opportunity one divinely ordained for propaganda or publicity. The world does not want to know how many surfers there were on Bondi Beach, nor how many acres are under sheep in Victoria.
A HUMBLE JOB.
The B.B.C. is right in suggesting that the essential point about the Empire Broadcast is that each country should give some brief picture of a job, however humble, being well done in that country. It is quite good that we should give our story of the life-saver at Bondi, the cattle-man at Charlotte Downs, and the fisherman at Hobart. From time to time other suggestions will arise, but as long as they follow some similar line they will not be far wrong. The main thing, of course, is not to let the thing get into the hands of the politicians, a greater danger than the ordinary person realises.
The Empire Broadcast is a magic moment in the lives of all members of the British Empire. It is the most subtle propaganda to the rest of the world, a propaganda which infers, but never says, that here are many millions of people united by a common bond and a common King. The King is the crowning point of the whole structure, and that is why His Majesty has agreed each year to take his turn at the microphone with the shepherd of the Cotswold Hills and the toll-collector of the Harbor Bridge. As well as being the crowning point of our broadcast, it is the crowning point of our democracy. And perhaps that is the most important point in the whole thing.
Hardy Play
THOMAS HARDY is established as one of the great English writers, yet it is doubtful whether, apart from such novels as "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" and "Under the Greenwood Tree," his works are well known. Mr. John F. Peters, who adapted Dumas, Cervantes, and other world-famous authors for broadcasting, has, by special permission of Mrs. Thomas Hardy, the novelist's widow, dramatised the tale of "The Mayor of Casterbridge." Michael Henchard, reckless and dissolute, sells his wife and child by auction to a sailor who happens to be passing through the village. Returning 18 years later, Susan finds that Michael, sobered and reformed by his rash deed, has become Mayor of Casterbridge, and thenceforward we follow the destinies of Michael, Elizabeth-Jane, his daughter, and the various characters with whom fate mingles their fortunes. This play will be broadcast at 8 p.m. on December 20 from 3LO in a national relay.
HANSEL and GRETEL
Rene Maxwell, soprano, as Hansel.
Thea Phillips, lyric soprano, as Gretel.
Raymond Beatty, basso, as the father of Hansel and Gretel.
Evelyn Hall, contralto, as the witch in the opera.
Alice Prowse, operatic mezzo, as the mother of Hansel and Gretel.
The opera will be broadcast at 6.15 on Christmas Day evening.
A Christmas-time Opera for Children and Grown-ups
Hansel and Gretel, the fairy story opera by Humperdinck, will be broadcast from 2FC and the National Stations on Christmas evening, beginning at 6.15.
It is not surprising that the personality of the giant Richard Wagner should have had its repercussions on the musical life of Europe, so much so that his influence on composers can be traced down to the present day.
At his lifetime and soon after his death nearly all composers tried to compose in the style of Bayreuth, and the strangest and most ridiculous creations were the result of their lack of distinction that one may assume the new elements of a style but must keep aloof from simple and brainless imitations. And, fortunately, all these operatic works with Gods and giants and other exterior appurtenances of Wagner have disappeared almost as quickly as they were composed.
The one composer who, during Wagner's lifetime, understood that he could well follow the tracks of the Master of Bayreuth, and yet obtain an independent work of art, was Engelbert Humperdinck (1858-1921). He had not the genius of Wagner, but he was no imitator, either. He enlarged rather than copied the new style by applying it to subjects which are as unreal as Wagner's figures, but belong to a quite different, though remotely connected, atmosphere. It is the atmosphere of the fairy-tale, with its witches and angels, which Humperdinck entered with his two operas, which are still to-day in the repertory of most of the Continental stages—"Hansel and Gretel" and "Koenigskinder."
WAGNER'S SON
Besides these he wrote still other operatic works, but which could not assert themselves for long (for instance, a clever comic opera, "Helrat wider Willen"). And it may be of some interest that Siegfried Wagner, the son of Richard, was a pupil of Humperdinck, and composed a number of fairy-tale operas, but, apart from the respect for his father, there is nothing to induce European theatre managers to produce Siegfried Wagner's operas.
Humperdinck, however, is popular, and "Hansel and Gretel" is usually given at Christmas-time, but it would be wrong to say that it is an opera only for children. It may be that children appreciate the easiness and the beauty of the melodies, which are not as difficult to understand as Wagner, but the real contents of musical knowledge and form and skill reach much farther than mere entertainment.
Humperdinck's compositions show an extraordinary amount of warmth of genuine feeling and of soul. He replaces Wagner's pretension through a nice and subtle sense of humor, and his figures do not stalk over the stage with weighty words, but they dance and play their children's games and sing their folk songs. The words of "Hansel and Gretel" are written by Frau Weite, the sister of the composer, and when doing so she was not aware that her verses would serve her brother as the subject for his opera. When she wrote them she simply had in her mind a dramatisation of the old fairy-tale of the two children lost in the wood, of the witch whom they ensnare and burn at last in her own oven, and of the gingerbread-house. The first production of "Hansel and Gretel" took place in 1893, in Weimar.
The Fairy Story of the Children Lost in the Wood
Hansel and Gretel, the children of a poor broom-maker, are alone at home. They are doing some work during their parents' absence in town in order to sell their brooms, but soon they begin to feel hungry. For a long time they have not had any substantial food, and when they discover a pot with milk they enjoy it immensely. Hansel, the boy, will not return to his work, and Gretel is easily persuaded to dance and play with him. Presently their mother enters the house; she is in despair because she has not sold her ware and could not bring home any food.
THEY FALL ASLEEP
When the children laugh at her she orders them to go into the wood and to pluck some strawberries. Left alone, she falls asleep. We hear the broom-maker coming home noisily; he has had a good day, sold all his brooms, and bought some good food—and at last he had some drinks. He is surprised to find that the children are out, and tells his wife that danger may threaten them, evil spirits and witches are hovering in the forest, and thus they go together to seek Hansel and Gretel.
The children, meanwhile, have plucked a whole basket full of strawberries, but they are still hungry, and eat them up; when they hear the cuckoo calling they answer him and are not aware that it grows darker and darker. But now they cannot find the way home, and Gretel breaks into tears. Her brother, though himself not too courageous, pretends to shelter her. Then the sandman, a good fairy, comes, and the children are feeling sleepy. They stretch on the ground and sing their prayer. Thereupon angels come to protect them in their sleep.
THE GINGERBREAD HOUSE
Next morning a dew-fairy wakes them up, and the children find themselves before a miraculous house, built altogether of gingerbread and Turkish delight. When they start nibbling they hear a warning voice, but, of course, they pay no attention, and eat more and more, until Hansel is seized by the witch. In vain they try to escape; the witch raises her wand and forces them to stay. She tells them that she will enjoy devouring Hansel, and Gretel shall poke the fire in her big oven so that Hansel would be well roasted. But Gretel is clever; with Hansel prompting her from where he is banned by the witch, she asks her to show what she wants to be done, and when the witch is busy with the fire the children push her into the oven, which explodes with a dreadful crash.
Hansel and Gretel are safe now, but immediately they hear soft voices—the figures at the house start singing and imploring the children to redeem them. Hansel touches them with the witch's wand, and all the gingerbread children are alive. Presently the broom-maker and his wife arrive, and all are happy together.
[Owing to a misprint the article last week on the "Tales of Hoffmann" omitted to mention that the new version of that opera was produced in 1932 in Berlin by the famous producer, Max Reinhardt.]
Masefield Play
The Poet Laureate has modelled his Nativity play, "The Coming of Christ," on the plan of chronicles written centuries ago by monks for the edification of their flocks—chronicles which constituted the beginnings and foundations of our drama. Poetic in their reverence and eloquent in their simplicity are the words of prayer and praise which fall from the lips of adoring angels, kings, shepherds, and apostles, to the accompaniment of organ and trumpet; as, in turn, high and low, they lay their varied gifts at the feet of the Child Christ. "The Coming of Christ" will be broadcast on Sunday evening, December 22.
Poor Announcers
Dear Sir,—With reference to pars, re the King's English, etc., may I make the suggestion that we had enough of school years ago, and as all this bickering, etc., keeps us on a treadmill, and to no practical purpose, I am in favor of giving them their marbles back. What difference does it make if the announcers do vary a little? I can see no glaring fault with the intonation of the voice. Why not give some encouragement to the announcer whose disposition amply compensates for the King's English? I have yet to see a man speak the same, perfectly, and I have lived in that country some time. And now for something practical. May I suggest the records be played first and announced later? I think I have the support of the general public in this matter, the reason being in collecting some good records, such as Brahms, etc., one is keenly disappointed to miss the title, which if the record was played first would allow one to take notice and record same if favorable. Let's hear the public's opinion on this point, and if possible have the matter carried farther, which would increase the sales of the records, and earn the satisfaction of at-least,—Yours, etc.,
M. FEATHERSTONE,
Malu Siding, W. Q'land (1/12/35).
Australian Actors
Dear Sir,—Some four or five months ago Mr. A. E. Bennett returned from America and publicly stated that the policy of his station, 2GB, would be the training of Australian radio artists and the presentation of Australian radio plays. This was accepted as an answer to the assertion that 2GB used a great many American transcriptions, and that when Australian talent was used, its use was confined almost entirely to George Edwards and his Players.
Others of your readers, like myself, have no doubt felt impatience at these promises not being carried out, but realising that a reasonable time is necessary for preparation, we have waited more or less patiently to hear from 2GB as to when we are to have a greater variety of Australian plays with Australian players.
While waiting, I have been entertained by transcriptions of American plays, and these, on the whole, have been excellent. I have been assuming that the delay in 2GB's presentation of Australian plays was due to careful preparation in order to ensure that they would be of the same high standard as the transcriptions on which this station has chiefly built its reputation—with all due respect to George Edwards! But apparently this assumption has been over-optimistic.
No doubt George Edwards, and possibly Mr. Bennett, will say that George Edwards employs outside talent, although I am impelled to add: seldom if ever, in a major part. What I and others have been expecting, however, are entirely new and different productions with different Australian artists playing the leading part.
Surely there are many excellent Australian artists who can present radio plays and many Australian writers who can write them, all of whom would be grateful for the opportunity.
As a regular listener, and one who enjoys good plays, I would like to hear from 2GB as to when we may expect the new radio artists and writers.—Yours, etc.,
INTERESTED,
Darlinghurst (10/12/35).
What Plays!
Dear Sir,—Evidently "LCombat" (W.W., 6/12/35) did not appreciate the fact that when I stated that "the Commission provides a splendid variety of music and plays" I meant that the music and plays were in themselves splendid, as well as the variety which accompanied their presentation. I thought that anyone with a normal amount of intelligence could realise that fact. Which leaves me with two alternative conclusions: either "LCombat" has no surplus of intelligence, or he merely used my remark as a loophole for his otherwise weak beginning; neither is anything to be proud of.
As regards the Commission's plays, may I contrast them to those broadcast from the B class stations? If the A.B.C. has never broadcast a thought-provoking play, and only once a play representative of the modern theatre, all I say is, what hope does there remain for the B's? Anyhow, I suppose "LCombat's" conception of the modern theatre lies in the direction of those abominable gangster yarns which so often appear on our screens and other forms of equal value. That is the only conclusion at which I can arrive, when I think of the great English novelists who are the authors of many of the Commission's plays.
There is one station which broadcasts about six of the type which constitutes the Saturday afternoon serial at the local cinema every evening, thus spoiling what would otherwise make a very presentable series of programmes. I suggest that all those adjectives you mention should be applied to these.
Incidentally, perhaps I don't know such a lot about foreign languages as you, but—shouldn't your pen-name be "Le Combat"?—Yours, etc.,
R.W.
Bondi (9/12/35).
HOWLERS AND HANDCLAPS
John Harper, 2KY (1.15 p.m., Nov. 24):
I could not get out there, but when I got out there I found the place closed.
Mr. Honeyfield, 2UE (Nov. 25), talk on dogs:
Generally speaking, dogs should have a head.
Si Meredith, 2UE (12.5 p.m., Nov. 25):
And she was cremated by her own wishes—er—cremated.
Huck Finlay, 2BL (3.36 p.m., Nov. 25), at Sydney Cricket Ground:
Parks is coming in. His leg appears very bad; he has an announced limp.
Si Meredith, 2UE (12.15 p.m., Nov. 25):
And then I found myself in the centre of the Atlantic, with nothing under my feet.
Len Maurice, 2UW (12.28 p.m., Nov. 27), advertising rocket ships:
To secure one of these muddles—er—models.
Hilda Morse, 2UW (11.29 a.m., Dec. 4):
Now we will go all military and bandy, and hear massed bands playing "Champion March."
Tal Ordell telling afternoon story, 2BL (24 p.m., Nov. 28):
She was utterly lacking feminine attire—er—attire.
Announcer, 2UE (7.10 a.m., Nov. 28):
No; don't do it to-day—do it now.
Announcer, 2KY (4.58 p.m., Nov. 28), giving call:
You must learn to be more careful than you have been in future.
A. Cochrane, 2CH (11.11 a.m., Nov. 28):
The continual drip-drip was only heard occasionally.
Jean Ball, Red Cross session, 2GB (Nov. 29):
Many girls are anxiously watching the sky to-night, wondering if the sun will peep through.
Sent in by Mrs. D. Greenham, Friecourt Avenue, Earlwood, who receives this week's prize of 10/-.
Sunrise Sam, 4BC (8.29 a.m., Nov. 30):
Here is Alfred O'Shea, the Australian-Irish terror, singing "Little Irish Girl," composed by L——.
Hilda Morse, 2UW (11.30 a.m., Nov. 30):
— destroys those horrible old household pets—er—pests.
Announcer, 2GB (8.35 p.m., Nov. 30):
And now for the ladies who wear the big sizes, O.X. and X.O.S.
Mr. Maxwell, 2GB (10.15 p.m., Nov. 30):
The motorists that run people down should be careful.
Cricket broadcast, 4QG (3.24 p.m., Nov. 30):
The bowler, Wyatt, is walking back with his diagonal run.
Mr. Ambrose, 2GB (10.32 a.m., Dec. 1):
If you have not taken any interest in your local parents and citizens' association, do not let it continue.
John Harper, 2KY (2.53 p.m., Dec. 1):
Listening in this afternoon are hundreds of chaps and thousands of their wives.
Auntie May, 2UE (11.2 a.m., Dec. 2):
These make the nicest gifts; the casket contains nothing—er—I mean, costs nothing.
Lady announcer, 2GB (2.10 p.m., Dec. 2), advertising a toilet preparation:
I know those who haven't tried it will never be without it.
Ellis Price during children's session, 2BL and 2NC (5.45 p.m., Dec. 3), "The Young Adventurers" serial:
Now, as you already know, Mr. Gilbert is lying very ill with a tropical fever in his cabin.
Uncle George, 2GB (1.10 p.m., Dec. 4):
It's not a cheap article, and yet it is, considering the price.
Uncle George, 2GB (5.40 p.m., Dec. 5):
Call in and see —, and she will give you the utmost inefficiency (in efficiency).
News announcer, 2FC (1.6 p.m., Dec. 4):
The Premier, Mr. Stevens, moved a revolution—resolution.
Uncle Jack Prentice, 2UW (10.0 a.m., Dec. 4):
A blind lady went into the "Smith Family" and saw Secretary Smith about a wireless set.
Mrs. Stelzer, 2GB (2.20 p.m., Dec. 4):
—no; this weather is no good for your leg, either, is it? Never mind; I hope it will soon break.
Jack Davey, 2GB (7.5 a.m., Dec. 6), reading news:
The seamen were advised to go back to work and share in the reward—er—award.
WHAT THEY WANTED TO KNOW
"Curious," Cott's Harbor Jetty:
Q.—What-oh the 2CH photographic competition, with £50 prize money for girls?
A.—It's a surf-girl competition, and you've got to wear a suit made of "Lastex" yarn, which "clings to the body, gives freely with every movement, and stretches in the same degree as the human skin"—that's their yarn. If it is stretched in the same degree as a monkey's skin, it wouldn't suit you so well, you see. Well, you fill in a form, giving date, full name, address, name of costume you bought, dealer's name, and an agreement to abide by decisions, and enclose this with a purchase docket for the costume you bought, in an envelope addressed to either Box 1442T, G.P.O., Queensland, or Box 200D, G.P.O., Sydney. If you write to the Competition Director, Charles Vivian, he will tell you where you can be photographed free.
Prizes are £50, £10, £5, and holiday trips for finalists. Competition closes on January 15, 1936.
A.W. Granville.
Q.—Record played just before Bobby Fibert, 2UE, November 22?
A.—"Pussy Cats' Parade," Parlophone 3769.
Q.—Record from 2UE, 8.10 p.m., of a massed band?
A.—No hand piece at this time from 2UE—you do not need it if it was 2UE, or what station.
D.M. Morrison.
Q.—Who spoke from 2BL on November 17 on "Savoy Tradition"?
A.—Cuthbert Shilling.
Q.—Is he an actor or a professional speaker employed by the Commission?
A.—No.
Q.—Was his talk original or supplied by the A.C.T.?
A.—Original.
Q.—Will he be speaking again?
A.—Not further programmed.
C.W.W., Tweed River.
Q.—"Oh in the Still Night" "Serenade" by Schubert, and "Drink to Me Only with These Eyes," sung by "The Singing Stockman," from 2GZ on November 18—were these recordings by Bryson Taylor "The Singing Stockman"?
A.—Bryson Taylor is the slick stockrider—the Singing Stockman, that is—and he sang these songs of which you speak.
E.M.P., Chumbera.
Q.—Who sang "I've Lost my Dog" from 2UE in the "Chalet Show," November 17?
A.—Miss Mickey Phillips, child impersonator, who sang it.
Mrs. H. Rose Bay.
Q.—Who are the young actors in "The Young Adventurers," from 2BL?
A.—Peter Ramsay, Ted Drutt, John Western, and Ron Randall.
D.J. Castle Hill.
Q.—Who played "teacher" in the 2FC "Cutie Kids" programme, November 27?
A.—Peter Possum, i.e., Heath Burdock.
N. McK., Lane Cove.
Q.—Can you spell the words, "I have a rendezvous with death," in the B.B.C. Armistice Day recording?
A.—Done.
Q.—The speakers were Robert Speight, Nelda Green, William Fass, Ion Stanley, and John Cheate. You could write to the B.B.C. Broadcasting House, London, and they would be sure to tell you.
R.D.W., Mowbray.
Q.—Who described the Melbourne Cup for the A.C.T. last year?
A.—Jim Carroll.
V.B.P., Cremorne.
THE SUNDAY PLAYERS
This talented band of players will be heard from 2GB on Christmas Eve in a special presentation from the Book of Books, entitled "A Child is Born."
SPECIALY appropriate for the Christmas season is "A Child is Born," which will be broadcast from 2GB on Christmas Eve between 11.0 p.m. and 11.30 p.m. It is a story of the first Christmas morn, and as listeners hear this drama, there will unfold the story of the coming of Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem for the Roman Census, their inability to find accommodation at the local inns, so that they are forced to lodge in a stable, where a Child is born to them, with a manger for a cradle. The story tells, too, of the coming of the wise men from the East, to do honor to the child, and of the appearance of the Angels to the humble shepherds guarding their flocks on a lonely hillside.
A CHRISTMAS CAROL
CHARLES DICKENS has undoubtedly returned to popularity again, especially by means of the radio and the screen, but it is hard for us to gauge the tremendous popularity that was his throughout the world during his own life-time.
When "Dombey and Son" was being published in instalments, and as it approached the last pages, where little Paul Dombey lay dying, people in America would go down to the wharves to meet the incoming boats, and call out to the passengers, as the boat hove to, "Is Paul Dombey dead yet?" In Tasmania, so popular was "Pickwick Papers," that an enterprising publisher issued a pirated edition of the adventures of the immortal Mr. Pickwick as soon as each instalment came to hand. And that edition, by the way, is one of the most valuable of the early Dickens' books.
Amongst his shorter novels, none has retained its popularity so well as "A Christmas Carol," in which the master re-created the message of Christmas in the strange transformation that took place in the life of the miserly old Scrooge. "A Christmas Carol" is almost as much a part of modern Christmas as "The Messiah." Listeners to 2GB will hear a dramatic version of this story each night during Christmas week at 7.50.
An Evening with Darby and Joan
THOSE delightfully human people, Darby and Joan, and their friends, relations, and stray visitors, with whom 2GB listeners have spent many a happy quarter of an hour on a Saturday evening, are in future to be heard between 7.30 and 7.45 p.m., that is a quarter of an hour earlier. So that in future people who wish to go out of a Saturday night, will just have time to hear this ever-popular comedy session. The new time commences on Saturday next, December 21. Don't forget, Darby and Joan, 7.30 each Saturday night.
PLAYED MOZART'S PIANO
The fingers of Elizabeth (Bessie) Coleman, which have frequently thrilled listeners in her duo-piano work with Dorothy Gibbs, tingled to a unique experience recently.
Writing from Vienna, Miss Coleman, who is now touring Europe, tells how, in Salzburg, she played on Mozart's own piano. It was an exceptional honor to be allowed to do so, and was accorded to her when the museum authorities learned that she was a professor of music from the Sydney Conservatorium.
"The piano was given to Mozart by the Empress of Austria," writes Miss Coleman, "and was the last one he used. It is in good condition. Its compass is only four and a half octaves, and the black and white notes are reversed in comparison with a modern instrument.
"It was closed, and there was a notice warning visitors not to touch it. I was dying to see it opened and longing to touch the keys, and when they knew who I was they very obligingly opened it for me. When I asked if it was in good condition still, the attendant smiled and lifted the strip of glass resting on the keys.
"Taking this as permission, I played a few bars of the Alla Turca, terribly thrilled all the time. I can hardly realise yet that it actually was Mozart's piano and that my fingers were touching the keys that his had so often car-
essed. The action is very light, but the tone quite sweet.
"It is one of the earliest pianos made, so the tone is neither deep nor very sustaining, and I played very lightly, of course.
"They then opened Mozart's spinet for me, and I tried a few bars on that, too.
Miss Coleman is now in Vienna for the opera season, and has attended many performances. Though operas and concerts are crowded, she says that Sydney audiences generally are no less discriminating than those in Vienna.
An Old English Christmas
Carol Singers—Christmas Day Church Service—Christmas Dinner, and then the family gathering round the Yuletide log. All will be depicted in the special presentation "An Old English Christmas," prepared by Frank Sturge Harty, and programmed from 2UE, at 8.0 p.m., on Sunday, December 22.
A Suggestion
During the Vox Pop. Session, on 2UE (Monday night, at 7.30), Frank Sturge Harty asked a passer-by his idea of water conservation.
The impromptu broadcaster thought it an excellent idea. Further, he suggested the water (formula H₂O) be divided into its constituent parts—H and O! and the H be sent to several of the radio announcers.
VARIETY in the CHRISTMAS DINNER
By CATH CURLY 2FC
If cold poultry is to be a feature of the Christmas Day menu, make it a little "different" by serving with peach salad.
PEACH SALAD.
You will require peaches, mayonnaise, chopped celery, lemon juice, nuts, cheese and lettuce.
Peel the peaches, cut in halves, sprinkle with lemon juice, and allow to stand for about a quarter of an hour. Add celery, cheese and chopped nuts to the mayonnaise. Fill the halved peaches, place on lettuce leaves and sprinkle with chopped parsley.
Have you ever tried devilled muscatels? You will find them a popular novelty for dinner and tea.
DEVILLED MUSCATELS.
Take 1½b. muscatels, salt, cayenne, ginger and butter.
Remove the stalks from the muscatels. Heat the butter in a frying pan, add the muscatels and fry for a few minutes without burning. Drain well, toss in the salt, pepper and ginger (which has been well sifted together), shake well, and serve on small dishes.
And if you would care to try out a new dessert, we can recommend nothing more thrillingly delicious than creamed pineapple.
CREAMED PINEAPPLE.
You will require 1 pineapple or 1 tin pineapple, 1 cup water (if fresh pineapple is used), 1 cup sugar, 2 eggs, 1 tablespoon cornflour, 1 tablespoon butter, ½ teaspoon lemon rind, 1 chopped nut.
Crush the pineapple if fresh, put into a saucepan with sugar, water and butter, cook till soft. Add, blended cornflour, yolks of eggs and lemon juice. Cook for two minutes. Allow to get quite cold. Add stiffly beaten whites of eggs. Pour into the dish, cover the top with whipped cream and sprinkle thickly with nuts.
HOME PAGES
CONDUCTED BY ISABELLE GRACE
Breaking-up Party
The annual breaking-up party of the 2CH Happiness Club was attended by 1200, including 100 representatives from the Newcastle District. During the year members raised £3920, and of this £3476 was used in charity.
Among the achievements of the club was the inauguration of a fund to establish a maternity hospital at Manly in conjunction with the district hospital.
Progress of 2CH Club
Janet Austen tells me that the Australian Women's League is flourishing and that every day in the week is taken up with sport and other activities. And as positive proof of its "go-ahead" policy the 2CH Golf Club is forming branches in the eastern, western, and northern suburbs.
December 18 was the date fixed for a Christmas party, with presentations for the golf competitions and tennis tournaments.
How is This for Adventure?
Margery Pulsford, just returned from the East, has many a tale to tell of days in Siam during the revolution, of a trip through the flood area in China when the train was almost washed away, and of travelling in Malaya on a newspaper delivery truck.
Other experiences were motoring a thousand miles in Java, travelling through Chinese military zones, which, she says, are "unbelievable and unprintable," climbing the holy mountain, Tai Shan (which few Australians have accomplished), and being accosted by bandits when she travelled across country to the village of Choufou. Arrived there, she put up at a thirty-cents-the-night hotel, which was besieged by soldiers and police. Later, she went to Souchou with a houseboy (who neither knew the district nor could speak the dialect), hired a sampan, and poked along the canals to see life.
Miss Pulsford commences a series of broadcast talks from 2FC at 3.0 p.m. on Friday, December 20—"Motoring and Marching in Malaya." Her second talk is on December 24—same time, same station—and there are four talks to follow.
Marchese Marconi has been appointed to the Chair of Electro Magnetics at the University of Rome, which was instituted by special decree on June 13.
| BATSMAN | RUNS | HOW OUT | BOWLER'S NAME | TOTAL |
|---------|------|---------|---------------|-------|
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| 11 | | | | |
| SUNDRIES | Byes | Leg Byes | Wides | No Balls | TOTAL |
|----------|------|----------|-------|-----------|-------|
| | | | | | |
| FALL OF WICKETS | 1 for | 2 for | 3 for | 4 for | 5 for | 6 for | 7 for | 8 for | 9 for | 10 for | TOTAL |
|-----------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|
| ODD GOING BATSMAN | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ANALYSIS OF BOWLING |
|---------------------|
| BOWLERS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|---------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| RUNS FOR EACH OVER |
|--------------------|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|----|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
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| MAIDENS | RUNS | WICKETS | NO BALLS | AVERAGE |
|---------|------|---------|----------|---------|
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| BATSMAN | RUNS | HOW OUT | BOWLER'S NAME | TOTAL |
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| 1 | | | | |
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| 7 | | | | |
| 8 | | | | |
| 9 | | | | |
| 10 | | | | |
| 11 | | | | |
**SUNDRIES**
| FALL OF WICKETS | Byes | Leg Byes | No Balls | TOTAL |
|-----------------|------|----------|----------|-------|
| 1 for | 3 for | 4 for | 5 for | 6 for | 7 for | 8 for | 9 for | 10 for | |
**OUTGOING BATSMAN**
**ANALYSIS OF BOWLING**
| BOWLERS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|---------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| BATSMAN | RUNS | HOW OUT | BOWLER'S NAME | TOTAL |
|---------|------|---------|---------------|-------|
| 1 | | | | |
| 2 | | | | |
| 3 | | | | |
| 4 | | | | |
| 5 | | | | |
| 6 | | | | |
| 7 | | | | |
| 8 | | | | |
| 9 | | | | |
| 10 | | | | |
| 11 | | | | |
**SUNDRIES**
- **FALL OF WICKETS**
- 1 for
- 2 for
- 3 for
- 4 for
- 5 for
- 6 for
- 7 for
- 8 for
- 9 for
- 10 for
- **No Balls**
- **Total**
**ANALYSIS OF BOWLING**
| BOWLERS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|---------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| BATSMAN | RUNS | HOW OUT | BOWLER'S NAME | TOTAL |
|---------|------|---------|---------------|-------|
| 1 | | | | |
| 2 | | | | |
| 3 | | | | |
| 4 | | | | |
| 5 | | | | |
| 6 | | | | |
| 7 | | | | |
| 8 | | | | |
| 9 | | | | |
| 10 | | | | |
| 11 | | | | |
| SUNDRIES | Byes | Leg Byes | Wides | No Balls |
|----------|------|----------|-------|----------|
| | | | | |
| FALL OF WICKETS | 1 for | 2 for | 3 for | 4 for | 5 for | 6 for | 7 for | 8 for | 9 for | 10 for | TOTAL |
|-----------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|--------|-------|
| OUTGOING BATSMEN | | | | | | | | | | | |
| BOWLERS | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|---------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| RUNS FOR EACH OVER | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|--------------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|----|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ANALYSIS OF BOWLING | MAIDENS | RUNS | WICKETS | WIDES | NO BALLS | AVERAGE |
|---------------------|---------|------|---------|-------|----------|---------|
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
2UE News... Views... and Reviews
“THE BIG BROADCAST OF 1936”
2UE Presents The Hollywood Premiere
If you’ve ever been screen-crazy, if you’ve ever thrilled to Bing Crosby’s crooning, to Jack Oakie’s wisecracks, to Burns and Allen’s teaming, felt the urge for your feet to flip up and down the boards to the music of Ray Noble’s orchestra, THEN—
There’s a short-cut to happiness for you when you hear the Premiere of “The Big Broadcast of ‘1936.’”
2UE will take pleasure in presenting the actual recording of what took place at the Hollywood First Night of the bumper Paramount picture which is here. The date of the 2UE broadcast Sunday, December 22, from 7 to 8 p.m.
You’ll hear Charles Ruggles and Mary Boland in a sketch as cute as cute can be, Willie Howard, the famous stage star, impersonating Al Jolson and Jack Oakie is M.C.-ing, and what an M.C. Jack is. If it didn’t sound as though we wanted to steal his thunder, we’d say he’s o-kay—but save your chuckles till the big night.
Don’t blame us if you laugh till your sides ache at Bennie Baker, and then pull yourself up to wonder what you’re laughing at, for Bennie says only “Yeah, Yeah,” or maybe its “Yeah, Yeah, Yeah”—but then, it’s the way Bennie says it, and the time he chooses so to do.
So—this is your opportunity to get the “low-down” on a bunch of snappy melodies from a screening that’s newer than the New Year—and to hear the most famous stars who ever caused the box office to be mobbed—not, mind you, on the screen, but off the screen at the Premiere of one of the snappiest zippiest, most gloriously glamorous pictures in which they’ve ever starred.
Left to right: Lydia Roberti, Jack Oakie, George Burns, Gracie Allen.
Eddie Cantor and other stars and more stars of screen, stage, and radio. And, if anything further were needed to bring you tip toe with excitement,
Charlie Ruggles and Mary Boland.
Henry Wadsworth and Wendy Barrie.
2FC SYDNEY, 610 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
EARLY SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 7.0 to 8.9 a.m. and to 2LO, 7.0 to 7.40 a.m., and to 3LO, 7.25 to 7.40 a.m.)
7.0: Big Ben, Opening musical item (r.).
7.1: Meteorological information.
7.9: This morning's news from the "Sydney Morning Herald." Cables (copyright) from the Australian Associated Press which comprises the principal Australian daily newspapers.
7.15: A sectional daily commentary for the man outback.
7.23: MARKET REPORTS—Fruit and produce reports supplied by the State Marketing Bureau. Wool and wheat report. Summary of the Homebush stock market.
7.40: Mails and shipping.
7.45: Sectional weather (repeated) and river heights.
7.48: A musical interlude (r.).
8.0: Close.
MORNING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 9.30 to 10.0 and 10.40 to 11.30 a.m.)
9.30: A musical interlude (r.).
9.35: Railway train arrivals. Musical miniatures (r.).
10.0: British Official Wireless News.
10.35: Music of the moment (r.).
10.35: Early overseas wheat quotations.
10.36: A musical interlude (r.).
10.40: A woman's comments on current topics.
10.55: National Council of Women.
11.10: An organ interlude (r.).
11.15: MORNING DEVOTION—BY PASTOR DAN WAKELEY.
11.30: Close.
MIDDAY SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 12.0 to 1.15 p.m.)
NOTE.—Progress Scores in the Cricket Matches, Victoria v. Queensland, played at Melbourne and South Australia v. N.S.W., played at Adelaide will be given throughout the afternoon.
12.0: Big Ben, Musical Interlude (r.).
12.30: Metropolitan forecast and weather synopses. Special produce market session, supplied by the State Marketing Bureau.
12.40: RELAYED FROM 3LO, MELBOURNE—
AT HOME AND ABROAD.
A new commentary by the WATCHMAN
1.0: FROM THE STUDIO (SYDNEY)—News, Stock Exchange and metal quotations.
1.5: A glance at the afternoon "Sun." Cables (copyright) from the Australian Associated Press which comprises the principal Australian daily newspapers. Additional news from the British Official Wireless News Service.
1.13: Sectional weather forecast.
1.17: Luncheon music (r.).
1.25: Stock Exchange, second call.
1.27: Programme announcements.
2.0: Close.
AFTERNOON PROGRAMME
(Relayed to 2NC, 3.0 to 4.0 p.m.)
3.0: "Motoring and Marching in Malaya" Talk by Miss Margaret E. Pulsford.
3.15: CLASSICS (r.).
LONDON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA—Conducted by ALBERT COATES; Symphony No. 41, in C Major (Mozart)
(Jupiter).
Allegro Vivace.
Andante Cantabile.
Minuet.
Molto Allegro.
3.45: GERHARD HUSCH, Baritone—
Winterreise . . . . . . (Schubert)
An der Wasserlilie (On the River).
Ruckblick (Looking Back).
Irlicht (Will o' the Wisp).
3.53: SIMON BARER, Pianoforte—Sonetto No. 104—Del Petrarca (List)
4.0: Eric Ramsden will speak on PERSONALITIES OF THE PACIFIC.
Two Famous Maori Knights.
4.15: Close.
EARLY EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 5.30 to 6.0 p.m.)
5.30: The Children's Hour.
6.15: Dinner music (r.).
7.58: What's on the air to-night?
EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 8.0 to 11.30 p.m.)
8.0: NATIONAL PROGRAMME—(Transmission from 3LO, Melb.)
UNIT ONE—
THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE
(See Panel)
9.10: UNIT TWO—
THE ABYSSINIAN CAMPAIGN—MAJOR D. A. WHITEHEAD, M.C.
3.45: GERHARD HUSCH, Baritone—
Winterreise . . . . . . (Schubert)
An der Wasserlilie (On the River).
Ruckblick (Looking Back).
Irlicht (Will o' the Wisp).
3.53: SIMON BARER, Pianoforte—Sonetto No. 104—Del Petrarca (List)
4.0: Eric Ramsden will speak on PERSONALITIES OF THE PACIFIC.
Two Famous Maori Knights.
4.15: Close.
EARLY EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 5.30 to 6.0 p.m.)
5.30: The Children's Hour.
6.15: Dinner music (r.).
7.58: What's on the air to-night?
EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 8.0 to 11.30 p.m.)
8.0: NATIONAL PROGRAMME—(Transmission from 3LO, Melb.)
UNIT ONE—
THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE
(See Panel)
9.10: UNIT TWO—
THE ABYSSINIAN CAMPAIGN—MAJOR D. A. WHITEHEAD, M.C.
9.15: UNIT THREE—
BRASS BAND CONCERT
BY
THE 39th BATTALION BAND,
(See Panel)
10.30: FROM THE STUDIO (SYDNEY)—Late official weather forecast and late news from "The Sun."
10.40: RELAYED FROM 3LO, MELBOURNE—Dance music by the A.B.C. Dance Band, directed by Jim Davidson.
11.30: Close.
2.0: FROM THE STUDIO—Afternoon News from "The Sun." Cables (Copyright) from the Australian Associated Press which comprises the principal Australian Daily Newspapers.
Metropolitan and Sectional Forecasts—(See Weekly Synopses.) What's on the air this afternoon?
NOTE: Progress scores in the match, Victoria v. Queensland, played at Melbourne will be given throughout the afternoon.
2.10: Music of the Moment (r.).
2.20: L. ORDELL — TELLS A STORY, 3.0: Studio Music (r.).
RADIO MATINEE
(Relayed to 2NC, 4.0 to 4.30 p.m.)
4.0: RELAYED FROM 5CL, ADELAIDE—Description of the Sheffield Shield match, South Australia v. New South Wales.
4.20: Trade Demonstration Music (r.).
4.30: Stock Exchange, Third Call.
4.55: Trade Demonstration Music (r.).
5.25: Weather Information.
5.30: Close.
EARLY EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 6.25 to 8 p.m.)
6.0: RELAYED FROM 5CL, ADELAIDE—Description of the Sheffield Shield match, South Australia v. New South Wales.
6.15: FROM THE STUDIO—Weather Report. Stock Exchange Report. General Market Produce and Fruit Report, and Late Sussex Street Prices, supplied by the State Marketing Bureau. Wool Sales. Wheat Sales. Truck Bookings.
6.35: THE A.B.C. RACING COMMENTATOR.
7.0: RELAYED FROM 5CL ADELAIDE—Resume of the Sheffield Shield match, South Australia v. New South Wales.
7.10: FROM THE STUDIO—Sporting Session—Results and Comments.
7.25: NATIONAL NEWS BULLETIN.
7.30: NATIONAL TALK—"PERSIA'S EPIC OF KINGDOMS—GREATER THAN THE WORLD."
By G. W. Thatcher, M.A., D.D., Warden Emeritus of the Capernum Theological College, Baghdad.
7.35: LOCAL NEWS.
7.38: What's on the air to-night?
EVENING SESSION
8.0: PROGRAMME BY—
ARVED KURKIN (Violinist).
FRANK LAMBERT (Pianist).
Assisting Vocalist—
EVELYN LYNCH (Soprano).
(See Panel).
8.20: INTERLUDE.
9.0: NEW RELEASES (r.).
10.29: Weather Information.
10.30: Close.
2BL SYDNEY, 740 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
OPENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 8.0 to 9.30 a.m.)
7.0: Announcements. Early Morning Music (r.).
7.50: Call-up Notices from the Government Labor Exchange.
7.55: Morning News from the "Sydney Morning Herald."
Cables (Copyright) from the Australian Associated Press which comprises the principal Australian Daily Newspapers.
8.0: Morning Music (r.).
8.15: British Official Wireless News.
8.25: Morning Music (r.).
9.0: L. ORDELL — TELLS A STORY, 9.30: Close.
MIDDAY SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 11.15 to 2.0 p.m.)
11.30: G.P.O. Chimes and Announcements.
An Orchestral Interlude (r.).
11.40: "ALEXANDER FERRY"—TALK BY ALEXA COOK.
11.55: Musical Item (r.).
12.0: Stock Exchange, First Call.
12.15: FROM THE SYDNEY TOWN HALL—
COMMUNITY SINGING CONCERT
(Arranged by the Australian Broadcasting Commission.)
12.40 to 1.15: Relayed from 2FC.
1.15 to 1.40: Relayed from 2BL.
2.0 to 4.0: Relayed from 2CS.
4.0 to 4.30: Relayed from 2BL.
5.30 to 6.5: Relayed from 2FC.
6.0 to 6.30: Musical evening session, by Halford Hooker.
6.35 to 8.0: Relayed from 2BL.
8.0 to 11.30: Relayed from 2FC.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 20 . . . . CONTINUED
2UE SYDNEY, 950 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
6:00 Wake-up Session—G. Agassiz.
6:30 Brass Band Music.
6:30 Weather and Shipping.
6:33 Meditation Music.
7:00 Sunshine Melodies.
7:15 The Object of My Affection; No Moon, No Stars, Just you—Harry Roy and his Orchestra.
8:45 News.
8:50 News from "The Telegraph."
8:55 Music.
9:00 The Friendly Road.
9:15 Feature Session, conducted by Mrs. Palmer.
9:45 Radio Talk.
11:15 Health Talk—JUE Radio Matron.
11:30 Household Hints and Recipes.
12:00 Secret Serial, read by S. Meredith.
12:30 Gardening, Dogs, and Poultry—C. Honeyfield.
12:45 Club for Gardening Enthusiasts by Mr. S. H. Hunter.
1:30 Close.
2FC 9.15
UNIT THREE—
Brass Band Concert
By
THE 39TH BATTALION BAND
Conducted by
H. V. STEVENS
Assisted by
HOWARD ANDREWS
Baritone, and
RITA PAUNCEFORT
Entertainer.
BAND—
March: Ravenswood ................................ Rimmer
Overture: Raymond ................................ Thomas
BARITONE—
The Lads in their Hundreds ................ Somerville
Sigh No More, Ladies .......................... Keel
BAND—
Waltz: Blue Danube ............................ Strauss
ENTERTAINER—
Hullo, Tu Tu .................................... Scott-Gatty
Ellen ........................................... Bernard Rolt
BAND—
Trombone Solo: Nirvana ........................ Stephen Adams
Soloist: MR. CHAS. SCOTT.
BARITONE—
My Love's an Arbutus—Old Irish Vaughan Williams
Linda Lea ..................................... Vaughan Williams
Down in Yonder Meadow ................ Armstrong Gibbs
BAND—
Selection: Norma ................................ Bellini
Selection: Cavalcade .......................... Coward
ENTERTAINER—
When Jack and I were Children .. Weatherley-Lohr
His Little Teddy Bear .......................... Sivori-Levy
BAND—
March: The Victor's Return .................. Rimmer
2CH SYDNEY, 1190 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
7:00 The Good Morning Man.
7:30 Ching Kaotomba. (Relayed by 2EA.)
7:35 Beach Forecast.
8:15 Stuart Beatle's Session for Kids.
9:30 Play, Pleasure, and Pastime—Janet Austen.
9:45 Music.
10:25 Morning Devotion.
10:30 Music.
10:45 Fashions, and Philosophy, by Hope Sutton.
11:15 Music.
11:30 Play, Pleasure, and Pastime—Janet Austen.
11:45 Music.
12:15 "HOW TO BECOME A SINGER," by RITA LANCASTER, with Vocal Illustrations.
12:15 Dion Wheeler, the 2CH Storyteller.
12:30 Music.
12:30 Close.
1:00 Chimes and Announcements.
3:15 Music.
3:15 Road Safety League.
3:21 Music.
3:45 Keith Howard's Microphone Melody.
4:15 A. S. Cochrane's Orchestral Hour.
5:00 Children's Session—"Fairy Godmother."
5:30 Music.
6:40 The Hello Man's Children's Session.
6:50 Dinner Music.
7:00 Isham Jones and Orchestra—A New Moon is Over My Shoulder—(French-Brown).
7:10 Paul Whiteman and Orchestra—I Saw Stars (Sigler-Goodhart).
7:7 Patricia Rossborough—Fox trot Meets.
7:15 Celebrity Call—Yvonne Arnaud.
7:15 Overture—Light Cavalry (Von Suppe).
7:24 Peter Dawson—Glory of the Northland (McCall).
7:27 Nat Shirett and Orchestra—Victory March.
7:30 "Cabaret Cameo."
8:00 Theatre—The Museums.
8:5 Light Opera Company—Ball at the Savoy.
2GB SYDNEY, 870 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
6:00 Morning Session, conducted by Jack Davey.
6:45 Market Reports.
7:00 No. 2 Musical Breakfast with Jack Davey and Cyril James.
7:30 2GB Breakfast Club.
7:45 Poetry and Music.
8:15 Rice and Shine.
8:30 Bluebird Session, by Auntie and Bimbo.
9:00 A Message from Dorothy Jordan.
10:00 A Talk by Mr. A. E. Bennett.
11:0 Banish Drudgery Session.
11:45 Feature Session—Dorotha Bennett.
12:00 Music.
12:45: Claire E. Byrne—"Stammering and Defective Speech."
1:00 Lunchtime Session, conducted by Miss Lunnadine.
1:45 Ellis Price, the Storyteller.
2:00 Mrs. Stelzer's Happiness Club.
2:45 The Music Album.
3:45 The Radford School of Domestic Science—Mrs. D. State.
3:50 College Daze, presented by Ethel Robinson and Theresa Carno.
3:15 Fashions, Fads, and Fancies.
3:30 Jeanne Vautier—"From Far and Near."
3:45 Afternoon Tea with Ella Field.
4:30 Harold Morton—"The Science of Life."
4:45 The Theatre of Youth.
4:40 Nursery Land.
5:15 Music.
5:30 Dinner Music.
5:30 Ships and Givers.
6:00 Dinner Music.
6:30 Midnight's the Night.
6:30 Canaries in Music—Egyptian Ballet, Hells of St. Mary's, Yesterday, Habanera.
7:00 Music.
7:30 The Air Adventures of Jimmy Allen.
7:45 George Edwards in "A Tale of Two Cities."
8:3 Mr. H. L. Pitt, Superintendent of the N.S.W. Division of the Australian Red Cross Society.
8:35 Music.
8:30 Frank and Archie in Hollywood.
8:35 Musical Auction—Buckin' the Wind, Sweet Madness, Espana, I've Got a Right to Sing the Blues, Hilo.
8:45 Wings of the Dragon.
9:00 Mr. Kaplan and his Band, featuring—Great Days, Champagne Waltz, Any Rags Any Song Today, Winter Parade.
9:15 Jack Lasalandra, the Radio Rascal—Songs at the Piano.
9:30 Mr. R. M. Pooley.
9:45 Special Music.
10:00 Musical Session.
10:15 "N.R.M.A. Service to Motorists," by Millward.
10:40 Grand Hotel Orchestra, vocal by John Hendrik—Moonlight Kisses—(Chopin), and Grand Hotel Orchestra—La Cygne (The Swan) (Saint-Saens). John Hendrik, piano, accompanied the Grand Hotel Orchestra—Remembrance (Allen - Green - Meiff). Grand Hotel Orchestra—The Ballad Prince (Rubens).
10:52 Norman Allin and Chorus—Great Bass Ballads, Pte. 1 and 2.
11:00 Slumber Music.
11:20 Good-night Song.
11:34 Close.
2UW SYDNEY, 1110 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
4:00 Milkman's Matinee.
4:45 Weather, Rivers, Malls, and Shipping.
5:00 Miss Crawcour—Dairymen's Interests.
5:30 Stock, Station, and Produce News.
6:00 Orchard and Poultry Review.
6:20 W. C. Hardy—Poultry Talk.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 20 . . . . CONTINUED
6.30: An Early Breakfast.
7.0: The Morning Parade.
7.30: Discovery Melodies—Vernon Sellars.
7.45: Good Morning Selection.
8.0: Music—Aldo.
8.45: Favorites of Yesterday.
9.0: Over the Top with the Digestors—See Verne Harris.
9.15: Don's Sporting Review and Competition Corner.
9.30: "Smilin' Thru"—Myra Dempsey.
10.0: In Town To-day.
10.45: Maurice Aarons at the State Theatre Organ.
10.55: Morning Tea with Hilda Morse.
11.45: Musical Toast—Your Health.
12.0: Eddie Price—the Story Teller.
12.15: Luncheon Music.
1.0: The Happy Half Hour.
2.0: Country Women's Association Meeting—Mabel McLeod.
2.45: Prelude to Afternoon Tea.
N.O.T.: Prize and Cricket Scores, N.S.W. v. South Australia, during the afternoon.
3.45: Albert — Piano—Accordion Melodies.
4.15: Win and Windle.
4.30: Sheffie, Harmony Girl.
5.15: Uncle Jack and Hilda.
5.30: Clifford Arnold—"When I Grow Up."
5.30: Children's Concert.
6.0: News of the World.
6.15: Fifteen Minutes of Brightness.
6.30: Norman Lyons—Model Aero-plane Association.
6.45: SCORING SESSION—CHARLIE LAWRENCE.
STUMPS SCORES, N.S.W. v. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. CONCILIATIONS FOR RANDWICK AND MELBOURNE RACES.
7.0: Erbert and Erbert.
7.15: Gem of the Evening.
7.30: Speedway Topics by Oscar Lind.
7.30: "Pirate Gold"—Drake Goes West (Sanderson); The Captain Harry Morgan; China Seas; Sail-brig.
7.45: "Cabaret Life"—The Cabaret Girls (Kemp); I Love You So Much (Spencer); Night and Day (Cole Porter); Make Those People Swell.
8.0: A Musical Toast—Your Health.
8.15: "Something About Elephants"—Pink Elephants; An Elephant Never Forgets; Parade of the Elephants; Angry Jungle.
8.30: "Shipmates"—Skip Ahoy March; Shipmates of Mine (Sutherland); The Pals in the Night (Stephenson); Larboard Watch.
8.45: Feature Recordings.
9.0: "Hail! Hail!" Youth and Vigor March; Gloynezza (Blanc); A Boy Saw a Rosebush; Portrait of a Young Soldier.
9.30: A Dance Bracket.
9.45: Songs of the Fair (Easthope-Macdonald).
10.0: Rhythm Cocktail—G. Bills Thompson.
NOTES: During the evening, Wimby by Jack Wills.
10.35: Tall Waggers' Club.
10.30: Radio Rhythm.
10.45: Fifteen Friday Minutes.
NOTE: At intervals rebroadcasts from Overseas Stations.
11.0: The Happy Hour.
12.0: The Station daily entertains Midnight Listeners.
1.0: Stop Radio News.
2.0: Afternoon Session.
3.0: British and Continental Relays.
Sunrise Salute.
2SM SYDNEY, 1270 K cycles [Commercial Station]
7.0: Angelus.
7.1: Count McCormack (Tenor)—Just for To-day—(Partridge)
7.2: Breakfast Session.
7.15: News.
7.30: Music.
7.45: The Listeners' Choice Session.
9.0: Close.
1.0-3.0: Luncheon and Early Afternoon Session, conducted by John Tuttell.
2.30: John Tuttell's Story Time.
3.0: Women's Session conducted by Miss Doreen McKay.
3.15: The Musical Bookstart.
2BL 8.0 PROGRAMME By ARVED KURTZ Violinist RAYMOND LAMBERT Pianist Assisting Vocalist EVELYN LYNCH Soprano
VIOLIN—Sonata in A Major Cesar Franck Allegretto ben Moderato. Allegro. Recitative Fantasia. Allegretto poco mosso.
SOPRANO—Deh Vieni, Non Tardar Mozart La Mammoletta Mozart Placeri Fancincheschi Mozart A Summer's Night Schumann Dedication Schumann
PIANO—The Joyous Island Debussy
4.0: Varieties and Notorieties.
5.0: Music.
5.30: Uncle Tom and his Gang.
6.0: Anglus.
6.1: Dinner Session, John Tuttell.
7.0: Review of To-morrow's Races by Mr. Harry Miller.
7.35: Review of To-morrow's Cricket Matches.
7.45: Our Daily Talks.
Notes: News Flashes throughout the evening.
8.15: Evening Session.
8.15: "Musical Prescriptions."
8.30: "The Grocer and Madame."
8.45: CAMDEN MORRISBY—MAN'S TALK.
9.0: THE MATINEE HOUR.
"CHAMPION OF CHAMPIONS" NEWS, Compered by JOHN DUNNE.
10.0: "The Newscaster."
10.35: When You Come to the End of the Day (Kahn), Paul Oliver.
10.50: Close.
2KY SYDNEY, 1020 K cycles [Commercial Station]
6.45: Weather Report, News and Commentary—Bert Beaver.
7.0: Happy Hours—Tom Dair.
10.0: Morning Session—Close.
10.10: Morning Story—Capt. Bairnsfather.
10.30: Women's Session—Mrs. Grey.
10.45: Music—Speaker.
10.55: Close.
11.0: Musical Session—Theatrette.
2.30: Suburban Session—Fred Garland.
3.0: Music.
3.15: News.
4.15: Melody Hour—John Harper.
5.15: Algy, Rion, and Esme in "King's Tale."
5.30: Dinner Divertissements. The Adventures of the Ponytail Kid.
6.0: "Yesterday and To-day."
6.0: Music.
6.30: Dinner Entertainment—Goodo.
6.45: Music—Humour.
6.45: "McMillan's Thief Catcher"—Adventure Serial.
2HD NEWCASTLE 1140 K cycles [Commercial Station]
6.0: Musical Clock.
6.15: News of the Day.
6.35: Morning Music.
6.45: Meditations.
7.10: News.
7.15: Breakfast Hash.
7.45: Popular Melodies.
8.0: Children's Session.
8.15: Lilies of the Valley played by London Theatre Orchestra.
8.30: Variety Music.
8.45: Intermission Hour.
10.0: General Slope.
10.15: Guide to Bargains.
10.30: News of Interests.
10.45: Serial Stories.
11.0: Christmas Box Session.
11.15: Christmas Jokes and Anecdotes.
12.0: Zephyrs of Music.
1.0: Musical Melange.
1.30: David and Ruth.
1.45: The Water Babies.
6.0: Round the Talkies with Projector.
6.25: Lecture.
6.30: Theatre Appointments for Joysters.
7.0: Musical Gems.
7.0: Medicine that Soothe.
7.15: Latest Releases.
7.30: Drama.
7.45: Choral Chorus.
8.0: Recital by Patrick Colbert, Bass.
8.30: N.R.M.A. NOTES.
9.0: Band Reflections.
9.45: Music.
10.0: Daily News. 10.30: Close.
2KO NEWCASTLE 1410 K cycles [Commercial Station]
7.0: Advance, Australia Fair.
7.15: The Old Ries Music.
7.45: To-day's Ballad Hour.
8.0: The Coo-ee Half Hour.
8.15: Request Session—Tom King on Piano.
9.0: Uncle Peter and Hospital Session.
9.30: Singing a Happy Song.
9.45: Interlude.
10.0: Morning Music.
10.15: Crazy Party.
10.30: Mac's Minute Menus.
11.0: Eastern Arts.
11.30: Our Affairs.
12.0: Intermediate Session.
1.0: Luncheon Session.
1.30: Music.
2.0: Popular Recordings.
3.0: Music.
3.7: Northern Districts Session.
4.0: Close.
5.0: At the Court of Old King Cole.
5.15: Santa Claus and Sunny.
5.30: The Song of Eternal Youth—2KO Players.
5.45: Dinner Music.
5.55: Birthday Calls.
6.0: What's On the Town To-night.
6.20: Race Talk by Mr. Bill Hemmery.
6.30: Music.
7.0: The Adventures of the Honourable Archie.
7.30: Advance, Australia Fair.
8.0: Ten Minute Minutes.
8.0: Chaser's Corner.
9.15: Stamp Talk.
9.30: Famous British Trials.
10.0: Suntime Presentation.
10.30: Close.
2GZ ORANGE, 990 K cycles [Commercial Station]
6.30: Wool Report.
6.45: Australian Stock Sales.
6.48: Produce.
6.48: Weather.
6.48: Breakfast Session.
6.48: Programme Projects.
9.0: Shopping Snapshots.
9.30: Close.
9.30: Music.
11.30: The Kitchen of the Air.
11.30: Interior Decoration.
12.0: Programme Projects.
2.0: Chaser's Corner.
3.35: Story.
4.0: Music in the Tuscany.
4.10: Health and Beauty Topics.
4.30: Film and Fashion Flashes.
4.30: Mothercraft and Child Psychology.
5.0: Children's Session—Mr. Touch and Mr. Go.
5.0: Seria Beer Club.
6.0: To-night's Highlights.
6.30: Dinner Music.
6.30: Talkie Film.
6.45: Sporting—Local and Metropolitan.
1.0: THE GRAZERS' ASSOCIATION.
3.0: Music.
7.15: Resume of Wool Reports.
7.24: Country Stock Sales.
7.24: Produce.
7.30: Weather.
7.30: Dinner Music.
8.0: Mixed Grill.
8.30: Emma and 'Erbert.
9.0: The Ranch Boys.
9.15: Piano Pickings.
9.30: News of Interests.
9.30: BOZ Good Companions.
9.45: Band Selections.
2MO GUNDEAH 1360 K cycles [Commercial Station]
7.0: Chimes. Good-morning Session.
8.5: News. Stock Sales.
8.30: Music. 8.45: Kiddie Kapers.
9.0: Close.
12.00 noon: Chimes. Midday Music.
1.0: Dinner Music. 1.0: Close.
2.0: Harry Cherrio Session.
6.30: Serial Story—Uncle Marc.
6.45: Cherrio Session (contd.).
7.0: Chaser's Corner.
7.10: 2MO Race Broadcaster. Acceptances.
7.24: Wool Report. Stock Sales.
7.35: Musical Pot-pourri.
8.15: News Service.
8.30: Chaser's Corner (contd.).
9.0: In Gunnedah Town, with Harry Wharf.
10.0: Close.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 20 . . . . CONTINUED
2CA CANBERRA 1050 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
12:30: Luncheon Music.
12:45: Horoscope Reading.
12:50: Music, 1:30: Close.
5:30: Music.
8:45: "The Golden Pathway"—Kiddies' Stories.
9:00: The Adventures of Ben, Sam, and Ossie.
9:15: Birthday Cheerios.
9:30: Music.
9:30: What's on in Canberra.
9:35: Popular Recordings.
From 9:35, KOB, 1000 K'cycles.
7:00: Popular Varieties.
7:15: Humorists of the World.
7:30: The Air Adventures of Jimmy Allen.
7:45: The Man on the Land—Marriage Rehearsal.
8:00: The Musical Atlas.
8:30: Frank and Archie in Hollywood.
8:35: Orchestral Music.
8:45: Jack Lumsdaine—the Radio Newsman.
9:00: 2CA resumes its own programme.
Council Man's Session.
9:15: Humorous Recordings.
9:30: Did You Know This?
9:45: The Big Band.
9:48: Relaxation Music.
10:00: Station announcements. Close.
2GN GOULBURN, 1390 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
12:00: Chimes, Weather, News, and Market Reports, 12:30: Music.
12:45: Lunchroom Music.
1:15: Lunchroom Music, 1:45: Close.
5:30: Bedtime Stories and Birthdays—Gladys Giggles—Aunt Judy.
5:45: Serial Story, by Uncle Fred.
6:00: Dinner Music.
6:30: Music.
6:35: Musical Comedy.
7:00: Musical Clock.
7:15: The Latest News from Empire Theatre, by R. N. Shaw.
7:30: Theme Songs from Motion Pictures.
7:45: Down Memory Lane.
8:00: Musical Pot-pourri.
8:30: Windings on the World.
9:45: Latest Music Releases.
10:00: Incidental Music, 10:30: Close.
2TM Tamworth, 1300 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
7:00: Koobakurras.
7:55: News.
7:20: Economy Session.
7:35: Bright Music.
7:45: Wake Up Session.
8:00: Sydney Signal and Second News.
8:15: Economy Session.
8:30: Music.
8:30: Close.
12:00: Lunchroom Music.
12:15: Lunchroom Session.
12:30: News on the Hour.
12:45: Underground Music.
1:00: Sydney Observatory Time Signal.
1:30: Music.
2:00: Close.
3:30: Music.
4:00: Afternoon Story.
4:30: Close.
5:00: Evening Club, conducted by Auntie Patsy and Uncle Bud.
6:00: Dinner Music.
6:30: Broadcasting Commentator.
6:45: Music.
7:00: Motorists' Service Bureau.
7:15: Quality Session.
8:00: News.
8:00: The Old Firm.
8:15: 2nd/41st Battalion.
8:30: Music.
8:45: Weather and Market Reports.
9:00: Music.
10:00: Spin a Web of Dreams.
Close.
2UW
ORANGES — Who'll buy my OR-ANG-ES
COMPLIMENTS TO LISTENERS
FOR THE CHRISTMAS FESTIVAL
2UW has secured 1000 cases of first-class oranges from Gosford growers, and are distributing them to listeners at the exceptional price of 1/- per case or dozen oranges, or 7/- per case for extra large oranges of 13 dozen to the case, delivered anywhere in the Metropolitan area. A fine gesture to the orange growers and to
2UW LISTENERS.
2CH 8.15
SO THIS IS JACK HYLTON
ARRANGED BY GWEN GIBSON.
An "intimate" glimpse of the great artist who has made dance music a matter for real appreciation. Hylton is the master of modern orchestral arrangement, and the classics lost a great man when he decided that the novelty of rhythm had no greater claim to his talents.
The things he says to his merry men; the places he takes them; the new things he asks them to do, are all featured amazing and amusingly in this bright session, which Keith Howard has made a head-liner, with his breezy presentation.
2UE, 9.0
POLITICAL AFFAIRS
MR. A. H. HAUTPMANN
7:37: Melbourne Corn Exchange Report. Tallow Report.
7:50: Weather Forecasts. Aviation Forecasts.
7:54: News.
8:00: Close.
8:30: A Recent Recording.
9:35: The Radio Serial—"Through Another Gate," by Roy Bridges. Read by "Sibbie."
10:00: Express Train Information. Aviation Forecasts. England-Australia Air Mail Information. British and Australian Rates of Foreign Exchange. London Silver Quotations. Food Market Reports.
10:10: Current happenings in Sport—By Mel Morris.
10:30: Women's Session, conducted by Judith. Household Hints, Daily Menus, Music.
Speakers.
Miss Beryl Horridge, a conkery chat, "Menu for Christmas Day."
Dr. Anita Rosenberg, "The German Christmas Tree."
11:00: Aviation Forecasts. Music.
11:15: Daily Broadcast Service.
11:30: Close.
12:00: Music—Light and Bright.
12:15: Corn Exchange Midday Report. Livestock Market Report. Cribb's Prices. London News "Editorial" News Service. Cables (Copyright) from the Australian Associated Press, including the Principal Australian Daily Newspapers. Police Messages.
12:30: Music.
12:45: "At Home and Abroad," by "The Watchman."
1:00: General Programme Announcements. Interstate Weather Forecasts. Noon. Coastal and Continental Rainfall Bulletins. River Gaugings. Shipping.
1:15: Stock Exchange Report. (High Prices). London Metal Prices.
1:35: Music.
2:00: Close.
3:0: Pre Arte Quartette (Concerto—Halleux-Prevost-Mass)—
"Quartette in B Flat Major, Op. 17, No. 1" . . . . . . (Haydn)
Allegro
Adagio
Scherzetto (Allegretto) and Trio Vivace
Richard Tauber, Tenor.
"Mein! Mein! Pledge" . . . . . (R. Strauss)
"To-morrow" . . . . . (R. Strauss)
Joan Massia, violin, and Blanche Selva, piano.
"Sonata for Violin and Piano." (Cesar Franck)
Allegretto ben moderato
Allegro
Recitative-Fantasia
Allegretto poco mosso
Serenade Pommier-Berlioz.
"Face, Face, Mot Die!"—Act 4.
"La Forza del Desino" (Verdi)
4:15: A Talk by Mr. G. F. Young.
4:15: Music.
5:30: The Arnaoutos' Theatre—Overland Australia Bush Songs (W. G. James), Bush Stories of the Northern Territory, Grenaders' March. Carford wins through. The conductor Chelmsford Grammár—drummed by George Mellion. Someone's Favorite Number—"The Results are out!"—Sandy by (1603e) Ahn.
5:45: Dinner Music.
5:50: "The Mayor of Castlebridge" (see 10:00 Programme).
9:30: The Abysmal Cannigan—Mater D. A. Whitehead, M.C.
9:15: Brass Band Concert. (See 2FO programme.)
10:30: Weather.
10:40: Dance Music by A.B.C. Dance Band, directed by Jim Davidson.
11:30: Close.
3AR MELBOURNE 580 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
7:00: Shipping.
7:15: Sixty Minutes' Melody.
8:00: Express Train Information.
Music.
9:00: Music.
9:14: March Tunes for School Assemblies.
9:30: Morning Music for Schools—Enjoyment in Listening—Frederic Earn.
9:45: Close.
11:25: From Melbourne Cricket Ground—a ball for ball description of the Sheffield Shield Cricket Match—Victoria versus Queensland.
11:40: Aviation forecasts. England-Australian air mail information. Stock Exchange report. (Market Changes), London Metal Prices.
12:00: Lunchroom Music.
12:45: From Melbourne Cricket Ground—a ball for ball description of the Sheffield Shield Cricket Match—Victoria—versus Queensland.
4:00: Music.
4:15: From Melbourne Cricket Ground—a ball for ball description of the Sheffield Shield Cricket Match—Victoria—versus Queensland.
4:30: Music.
4:55: From Melbourne Cricket Ground—a ball for ball description of the Cricket Match continued.
5:15: Women's Sporting Activities—Miss Marjorie Beekinsale.
5:30: Stock Exchange—Melbourne Stock Exchange daily reports (including London Metal Prices). London News "Editorial" News Service. Cables (Copyright) from the Australian Associated Press, including the Principal Australian Daily Newspapers. Police Messages.
5:45: Music.
6:15: Women's Sporting Activities—Miss Marjorie Beekinsale.
6:30: Stock Exchange—Melbourne Stock Exchange daily reports (including London Metal Prices). London News "Editorial" News Service. Cables (Copyright) from the Australian Associated Press, including the Principal Australian Daily Newspapers. Police Messages.
6:45: Music.
6:50: The Story of our Banks—Mr. Martin Whyte.
7:00: Sport Selection conducted by Mr. Morris. Selections will be given by our sporting experts for the Commonwealth Meeting at Moonee Ponds 10 to-morrow.
7:15: National News Bulletin.
7:30: Music.
to 1.15 p.m., 3.30 to 4.0 p.m., 5.0 to 6.0 p.m.; 6WF, 5.30 to 6.0 p.m.; 2BL and 6WF, 6.35 to 6.45 p.m. (resumes).
12.55: Weather, River, and Grain Reports.
6.0: Dinner Music.
6.15: Ways of the Roads? A Talk by Mr. S. J. Facy, under the auspices of the R.A.A.
6.35: Market Reports.
6.30: News Service.
6.35: Results of today's play in the match, N.S.W. v S.A., at Adelaide, relayed to 2BL and 6WF.
6.45: Official Stock Exchange Information.
6.50: From Sydney: National News Bulletin.
7.0: From Adelaide: Music.
7.3: From Sydney (SCL only): National talk by Dr. G. W. Thatcher, M.A., D.D.—"Great Empires of the World—Persia's Eyes of Kings."
7.45 (SCL): Tradesmen Demonstration Session.
7.55 (SCL and SCK): Interlude Music.
7.30: A Promenade Concert by the Palais Royal Orchestra.
9.0: Vocal and Pianoforte Recital by Gladys Lorimer, soprano, H. Brinsmead, tenor, and others.
9.45: International Variety, featuring Latest Release Recordings.
10.0: Arnold Trevarn's Racing Announcer.
10.5: World Radio, by "Shortwave."
10.15: News and Weather.
10.25: Modern Melodies.
11.30: Close.
7NT Launceston, 710 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
7.0: Time.
7.3: News, Weather, Mail.
7.45: Shipping News.
7.55: Index Prices of Tasmanian Products.
7.30: Music.
8.1: Music.
8.30: Items of Interest.
8.40: Music.
9.0: Close.
10.30: Morning Music.
10.45: Introduction to Daily Broadcast Service.
10.49: Daily Broadcast Service.
10.55: Music.
11.0: The A.B.C. Women's Section, conducted by Ellamary Rowlands. Talk, "The Modern and Ultra," Modern Music, by "Dannee" (Mrs. F. Brough).
11.15: "Dialogue on Househunting," by Miss Ellamary Rowlands and "Amber."
12.1: Midday Melodies.
12.20: Corn Report, Markets.
12.30: News.
12.35: Music.
12.40: Hobart Stock Exchange.
12.45: "Home and Abroad," by "The Watchman."
1.0: Weather Information, Music.
1.15: Melbourne Stock Exchange.
1.25: Music.
1.30: Chat, 2.0.
3.45: Talk by W. E. Fuller, "Turning Over a New Leaf."
4.0: Dance Session.
4.30: News.
4.30: Children's Corner, with "Topsy and Timmy."
5.10: Dinner Music.
7.0: Sporting.
7.10: Music.
7.15: National News Bulletin.
7.30: News.
7.30: News, Stock Exchange.
8.0: Talk, "The Week-end in the Garden," by J. Osborne.
8.15: Music.
8.20: DANCE NIGHT, interspersed with a Short Session by JACK and SYLVIA KEMPAY in COMEDY CAMEROS Sketch, "THE RECRUIT."
Say It With Music.
One Little Word Led to Another (Irving Berlin)
Ramblings of a Radiotron is the illustrated story of a Radio valve, written in humorous verse. It also includes items of national interest and a complete survey of Australian-South African Cricket History. Write to-day for free copy enclosing penny stamp for postage.
AUSTRALIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC LIMITED
SYDNEY MELBOURNE BRISBANE ADELAIDE HOBART
AMALGAMATED WIRELESS (A/SIA) LIMITED
47 York Street, Sydney.
167/9 Queen Street, Melbourne
(Advertisement of Amalgamated Wireless Valve Co., Ltd.)
2FC SYDNEY, 610 K cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
(Relayed to 2NC, 7.0 to 8.0 a.m., and to 2CO, 9.0 to 10.0 a.m., and to 2BL, 7.30 to 7.40 p.m.)
(Relayed to 2NC, 10.0 to 10.30, and 10.40 to 11.30 a.m.)
(Relayed to 2NC, 12.0 to 1.15, and from 1.15 to 2.0 p.m. for race descriptions only, and from 4.30 to 5.0 p.m.)
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
10.10: A racing talk by the A.B.C. racing commentator.
10.40: Dorothy Paul will speak on AMERICAN WINE.
11.0: George Cooper will speak on SOIL PESTS AND STERILISATION.
12.0: NOTE—Progress Scores in the Cricket Matches Victoria v. Queensland, and at Melbourne and South Australia v. N.S.W. will be given throughout the afternoon.
Big Ben Studio music (r.).
12.12: Metropolitan forecast and weather synopsis.
12.15: Musical interlude (r.).
12.45: Stock Exchange and metal quotations.
12.50: News items (r.).
1.0 (approx.): A glance at the afternoon "Bull" Cable (copy right) from the Australian Associated Press, which comprises the principal news of the day, and additional news from the British Official Wireless News Service.
1.10 (approx.): Sectional weather forecast.
1.12 (approx.): FROM RANDWICK AUSTRALIAN JOCKEY CLUB MEETING.
Description of the complete racing programme.
NOTE: Between races from Randwick, description of the Melbourne races will be given wherever possible.
5.0 (approx.): Close.
EARLY EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 8.30 to 6.0 p.m.)
5.30: The Children's Hour.
6.15: Dinner music (r.).
7.58: What's on the air to-night?
EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 8.0 to 11.30 p.m.)
8.0: A NATIONAL PROGRAMME.
(Transmitted from 3LO, Melb.)
UNIT ONE—
ALL THE FUN OF THE FAIR
(See Panel)
8.45: UNIT TWO—
FROM A CONVOCATION OF THE GREAT.
No. 2: MAE WEST MEETS ADOLF HITLER.
Arr. by T. W. ECKERSLEY.
9.0: UNIT THREE—
THE ZIEOENER BAND
(See Panel)
9.30: UNIT FOUR—
STANLEY BROOKES
SCENES FROM DICKENS.
9.45: UNIT FIVE—
LIGHT ORCHESTRAL CONCERT
(See Panel)
10.30: FROM THE STUDIO (SYDNEY)—Official weather forecast and late news from "The Sun."
10.40: Late sporting results.
10.50: Music, mirth and melody (r.).
11.30: Close.
2BL SYDNEY, 740 K cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
(Relayed to 2NC 8.0 to 9.0 a.m.)
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
11.30: Announcements.
An Orchestral Interlude (r.).
12.0: Stock Exchange First Call.
12.3: A Pianoforte Recital (r.).
12.45: VICTORIAN IMPROVISATIONAL Music for the Lunch Hour (r.).
1.15: RELAYED FROM SCL ADELAIDE.
Description of the Sheffield Shield Match—South Australia v. New South Wales.
2.15: FROM THE STUDIO—Studio Music (r.).
5.30: Complete Sporting and Racing Results.
5.38: Weather Information.
5.30: Close.
EARLY EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 6.0 to 7.10, and 7.20 to 8.0)
6.0: RELAYED FROM SCL ADELAIDE.
Description of the Sheffield Shield Match, South Australia v. New South Wales.
6.30: FROM THE STUDIO—Weather Report, Stock Exchange Report, Tasmanian Potato Report.
6.40: Sporting Session—Results and Comments.
7.0: RELAYED FROM SCL ADELAIDE.
Review of the match, South Australia v. New South Wales.
7.10: FROM THE STUDIO—Sporting Session—Results and Comments.
7.30: NATIONAL NEWS BULLETIN.
7.40: FROM THE STUDIO.
7.33: RELAYED FROM 4QG BRISBANE.
NATIONAL TALK.
IT WERE A MILLIONAIRE—SCIENTIST
Talk arranged by Mr. Aldcock, M.A. (Oxon), Professor of History and Economics, and President of the Universities Board, University of Queensland.
7.53: FROM THE STUDIO.
7.58: What's on the air to-night?
EVENING SESSION
8.0: Weather's Forecast by the A.B.C. Racing Commentator.
8.10: OUR RADIO DANCE NIGHT
12.0: Close.
(See Panel)
2NC NEWCASTLE 1230 K cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
7.0 to 8.0: Relayed from 2FC.
8.0 to 9.0: Relayed from 2BL.
10.0 to 10.30: Relayed from 3LO.
10.30 to 10.40: News service by courtesy of the "Newcastle Morning Herald."
10.40 to 11.30: Relayed from 2FC.
12.0 to 1.15: Relayed from 2FC.
1.15 to 4.30: Relayed from 2BL except for race descriptions from 2FC.
4.30 to 5.0: Relayed from 2FC.
5.30 to 5.50: Relayed from 2FC.
6.0 to 7.0: Relayed from 2BL.
7.10 to 7.20: Local sporting.
7.20 to 8.0: Relayed from 2BL.
8.0 to 11.30: Relayed from 2FC.
2UE SYDNEY, 950 K cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
8.45: Preview of To-day's Races by Harry Solomons.
9.15: Music.
9.45: Racing Talk.
11.45: Close.
DESCRIPTION OF RACES FROM RANDWICK by HARRY SOLOMONS interspersed with advertisements.
4.45: Entertainment for Young and Old conducted by "Aggie." 4.45: "Fashions of Tomorrow," 5.0: "Merry Mounds."
5.30: Music.
6.45: Review of To-day's Races.
6.50: Recordings.
7.15: Sporting Results, by Ken Johnson.
7.30: Music.
7.30: DESCRIPTION OF THE GREYHOUND CURRAGH throughout the evening from HAROLD PARK, by HARRY SOLOMONS.
8.22: Close.
8.37: "THE SUBJECT OF THE WEEK"—F. E. BAUME.
8.55: Music.
9.30: Dance Music by Amazon Week's Orchestra—Courtship, Rain, Rain, Go Away; Say It Isn't So; Me, Minus You; Fine and Dandy.
9.41: Recordings.
10.0: Dance Music, with Comedy Team Ronald Morse.
10.35: Resume of Greyhound Racing from Harold Park.
10.40: Dance Music.
12.0: Close.
2CH SYDNEY, 1190 K cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
5.0: Len Langford, Novelty Pianist.
8.0: The Good Morning Man.
9.15: Stuart Beattie's Session for Mothers.
9.30: Play, Pleasure, and Pastime with Janet Austen.
9.45: Music.
10.0: Morning Devotion—Brig. Edward Ward.
10.50: Food, Fashions, and Philosophy with Hope Suttor.
11.15: Music.
12.30: Close.
1.15: Betty and Bill—Sketch.
3.35: Music.
3.50: Betty and Bill—Sketch.
4.15: Music.
4.15: Sports News—Janet Austen.
4.45: Music.
5.15: The Hello Man's Children's Session.
6.0: Dinner Music.
6.30: "Field Sport," by H. C. Button.
6.45: Dinner Music.
7.0: Jazz Melodies and Orchestra—Turn Your Face to the Sun (Hassard Tenorini).
7.15: St. Louis Kings—St. Louis Blues (Hanly).
7.7: Gerardo and his Sweet Music (Send You, Ojay (Connors-Towers).
7.10: Celebrity Call—Lord Beaconsfield.
2FC 9.0
UNIT THREE—
THE ZIGEUNER BAND
In a Programme of
GIPSY SONGS AND DANCES
Introduction and Hungarian Overture
Cuban Serenade
Had a Horse Song
Oriental Dance
Hungarian Study—Piano
Mercedes—Spanish Dance
Pas d'Espagne—Balalaika Duet
Chants d'Espagne—Cordoba
Tina—Tango
Czardas
Victor Herbert
Korbay
Cut-Penn
McDowell
Miro
Traditional
Albeniz
Grosz
Hauser
2GB SYDNEY, 870 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions at Friday, except:
1:30: Hall of Song, featuring:
Lauritz Melchior, Tenor; Walther's Prize Song, from Die Meistersinger; "The Blue Danube," from Symphony Orchestra; Russian and Ludmilla, Overture (Glinka), Mercadante, "The Supremo," Silence O'er All, from Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti), Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, of New York, L'Apprenti Sorcier (Dukas), Julius Pataki, Tenor; On, Belles, from The Magic Flute (Mozart); The Berlin-Charlottenburg Opera Orchestra, Serenade, from C Minor (Bart), Dusolina Gianini, Soprano; Impatience (Schubert).
2:30: Music
3:30: Short Story by John Dease.
4:30: Music
5:30: Muddy Time—Your Mother's Son-in-law, Keep on Doin' What You're Doin', I Raised My Hat, from Rose Rosé
6:30: Humor
6:45: Tunes from the Radio Library
7:00: Exclusive Recordings
7:15: Special Session of New Recordings
7:30: Songs of the Pioneers
8:24: ARTISTS AT HOME
8:30: Pictures of the Stock Market—Keep Young and Beautiful, And I Still Do, Liza, Siboney, Over the River and Sideways
9:15: FILM QUESTION BOX
9:30: Musical Jigsaws—Bells of St. Mary, Get Campaign, Poor Old Jerry, Water Under the Bridge, Little Dutch Mill
9:45: Birthdays, Party Calls
10:15: Heartbeats of Yesterday
10:45: Montmartre Famous Bands and Orchestras, featuring Clouds, March, Wind, and April Showers, Anything Goes, I was Taken by Storm
11:00: Theatre of Youth
11:30: Nursery Land
11:45: Music
12:00: New Kollege
12:30: Music
6:30: Picture Session presenting Rhythm Revue—Let's Swing It; Malolo; Lauri's Back in Town; Little David; Caricato
6:30: Music
6:40: Final Sporting Resume—Mr. Carson Lawson
7:00: Special Session
7:15: Special Session
7:30: Special Session
7:45: An Evening with Darby and Joan
8:00: How to Travel
8:30: Frank and Archie in Hollywood
8:35: Happy Days
8:45: Messrs. and Coben
9:00: Banish Drudgery Session
9:10: Fun and Fiddle—Believe It, Believe It Not, Going Shopping With You; Do You Miss Me Tonight; Why am I Sweet, as You Are, Doing Nothing, How Che Chai; On the Beach at Waikiki
9:30: Works of William Nock and New Orleans—Brayton, Dance Orchestra, The Cockchafer's Tea Party (Waltz), New Orleans, Friendship, with Heather Thatcher, Moy Nugent, Maide Andrews, and His Majesty's Theatre Orchestra; Dear Little Soldiers, from Conversation Piece (Noel Coward); Beautiful Gallician, and his Orchestra; The Dance of the Dwarfs (Nosaki); Sidney Grammer, George Sanderson, Pat, Worthington, and Company Brian and His Majesty's Theatre Orchestra; Regency Rakes, from Conversation Piece (Noel Coward)
9:45: Spice of Life—I Don't Care; Down to Uncle Bill's, Hands Across the Table; Flirtation Walk; O.K., Toots; Fare Thee Well, Annabelle
10:00: Special Musical Session
10:15: Metropolitan Moods—Water Under the Bridge; Italian Street Song, Hungarian Dance, No. 2; Country Garden
10:30: Jimmie Grier and his Orchestra, presenting—Hopelessly in Love with You; Medley, Marjorie, Do You Ever Think of Me; Sweet Sue, I Would If I Could, but I Can't
10:45: Special Session of New Recordings
11:00: Dance Session—Jack Davey
11:30: Close.
2UW SYDNEY, 1110 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
9:30: Week-end Reading
9:45: Randwick Form, by Cyril Angles
10:08: SPORTING REVIEW BY JOHN WELLS, with Broadcasts for Randwick and Melbourne Races and Harold Park Dogs
10:40: Manny Aarons at the State Organ
11:00: Morning Tea with Hilda Moore
11:30: This, That, and the Other—Jack Win
12:30: COMPLETE SPORTING SESSION—CHARLES LAWRENCE, Results of all Sports, Reviews with Music.
Randwick Races described by Cyril Angles.
Melbourne Races described by Eric Welch.
NOTE: During the afternoon 2:30: Samson Jazz Patrol, and Progress Cricket Scores, N.S.W. v. South Australia.
4:00: Correct Prices all Races.
5:15: Uncle Jack and Hilda.
5:30: Cricket Scores and Comment
6:00: Talk of the Town.
6:15: Music
6:30: FINAL RESULTS SPORTING SESSION—CHARLES LAWRENCE with Reproduction of Randwick and Melbourne Races
7:00: Emma and Erben
7:15: Music at the Evening
7:45: Description of Harold Park Dogs by Cyril Angles
8:00: Description of Motor Cycling Race at Speedway Royal
8:10: Orchestra, conducted by Hamilton Wilson
8:20: At the Console
8:30: Dance Rhythm
8:45: Bitter and Twisted
9:00: Secrets of the Islands
9:15: The Love Mood
9:30: The Wanderers
9:45: Cabaret Memories
10:00: Under the Bridges of Paris
10:15: Correct Prices all Greyhound Races
10:30: The Happy Hour
11:00: Hilda usually entertains All-night Listeners
11:00: Stop Radio News
12:00: Appreciation Session
12:00: British and Continental Relays, Sunrise Salute.
2SM SYDNEY, 1270 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
12:00: Moon: RACING SESSION. During the afternoon a description of the runners will be given of the races from Randwick, with music.
8:00: Uncle Tom and his Gang.
8:15: Anglus.
8:15: Uncle Tom's Session
8:30: Rebroadcast of today's races, with Correct Starting Prices.
7:10: Samson Jazz Patrols).
7:15: Results of today's Cricket Matches.
7:30: "Musical Prescriptions."
7:45: Music
Note.—During the evening Results of Harold Park Greyhound Races.
8:00: Evening Session
8:15: Music
8:30: "Grocer Entertains."
9:00: 2SM'S RADIO DANCE NIGHT, presented by JOHN WELL and DOM. HARRETT.
10:00: The Newscaster.
10:00: When You Come to the End of the Day (Kahn), Paul Oliver, 10:30: Close.
2KY SYDNEY 1020 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
8:45: Weather Report, News and Commentary—Bert Beaver.
7:0: Music.
9:15: The World To-day in Boxing
Tom Turner.
9:50: Track Gallops.
10:0: From Empire Theatre—2KY
Radio Party, with Rion, Algy,
Katie Hananbry's Kutie Kids, and
a big programme of novelties.
11:0: Close.
*12:30: BROADCAST OF RACES—
I. GARDEN AND E. GORDON.
4:30: Close.
5:0: Algy in Jungle Tales.
5:30: Dinner Entertainments. The
Adventures of the Nashville Kid.
6:45: Pianoforte Cocktails.
6:0: Music.
6:30: Dance Entertainment—Goodo.
37: Shot of Humor.
6:45: Film Music.
6:0: Rhythm Music.
7:15: Resume of Day's Sports—
Andy Flanagan.
7:30: Music.
7:50: Resume of Day's Racing—
Eric Gordon.
8:0: Dance Music Hour.
8:30: BROADCAST OF WREST-
LING FROM LEIGHBRATT
STADIUM—DESCRIBED BY
Mr. VOIGT.
10:0: Highlights of Radio Hour.
10:42: Life of Victor Herbert.
11:0: Close.
2GZ ORANGE 990 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
6:30: Resume of Wool Reports.
6:39: Country Stock Sales.
6:48: Produce.
6:54: Weather.
7:0: Breakfast Session.
9:0: Shopping Snapshots.
9:30: Gardening Notes.
1:0: Programme Projects.
*1:30: J. SANDWICK AND
MOONEE VALLEY RACE DES-
CRIPITIONS.
Music.
6:0: Twilight's Highlights.
6:5: Dinner Music.
7:30: Weather Information.
8:0: Tunes from the Talkies.
8:5: Emma and 'Ebert.'
8:15: Music.
8:45: You're Telling Us.
9:15: Celebrity Vaudeville.
9:30: Dance Music.
16:30: Close.
2HD NEWCASTLE 1140 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
12:30: Legion Music.
2:10: KENSINGTON RACES.
15: Buttons and his Pals.
30: Father Christmas.
6:0: Dinner Music.
6:35: Lecture.
6:45: Pictures Worth Seeing.
6:55: Music—Rhythm.
7:0: Musical Brevities.
7:30: Radio Variety Theatre.
7:55: Topical Chorus and Pyjama
Parade.
8:15: ON SUNSHINE FARM—
A HUMAN INTEREST PLAY.
9:0: Amateur Hour.
9:30: Music.
10:10: On With the Dance.
12:6: Close.
2KO NEWCASTLE 1410 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
10:0: Opening Number.
10:3: Cheerio Calls.
10:30: Radio Trade Demonstration.
10:30: News.
11:0: Radio Trade Demonstration.
2BL 8.10
OUR RADIO DANCE NIGHT
With
A.B.C. DANCE BAND
ANN VIDOR
And
MASTERSINGERS QUARTETTE
Entertainers
11:30: Selected Recordings.
12:0: Close.
2:0: Music.
2:15: "THROUGH A WINDOW
IN NAPOLI," a romantic pro-
gramme of Italy, written by Ian
Healy, and featuring Lawrence
Gordon.
2:30: Saturday Afternoon Music
Hall Variety.
3:0: Organ Melodies.
3:15: SPECIAL FEATURE—
"WITTIN' THE TRAIL"—an un-
usual programme from Hill-
Billy's, presented by Ian Healy,
and presented by Lawrence Gordon.
The covered wagon rolls on
along the long, winding trail
that leads to a new land,
where nights are so perfect
and songs are so stirring and ro-
mantic that they cast
strange spells on a still
stranger people.
3:30: Dinner Music.
4:0: Silver Screen Broadcast—feat-
turing Silver Screen Orchestra
and Silver Screen Stars.
4:15: "We All Love All.
4:30: Music—"Romance and
Melody."
5:0: Orchestras of the World.
5:15: Music.
5:55: Birthday Calls.
6:0: Musical Feature.
6:30: Dinner Music Entertainment.
7:0: Music.
7:30: Adventures of the Honora-
ble Archie.
7:30: Melody Reminiscences.
7:45: Advance, Australia Fair.
8:0: Surprise Feature.
8:15: Music.
8:45: Krausmeyer and Cohen.
9:0: Programme of Selected Re-
cordings.
10:0: Records of the Week.
10:15: You're Invited to Dance.
10:30: Music.
10:56: 2KO Goodnight Melody.
11:0: Close.
2CA CANBERRA 1050 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
5:30 to 6:30: Children's Session—
Adventures of Ben Sam, and
Oogley and Early Dinner Music.
6:30 to 7:0: Music
From G.B., Europe—
Film Music.
7:0: Exclusive Recordings.
7:15: Famous Artists of the World.
7:30: Nothing but the Best.
7:45: An Evening with Darby and
Joan.
8:0: Montmartre Famous Bands
and Orchestras.
8:30: Frank and Archie in Holly-
wood.
8:35: Dance Session, conducted by
Jack Avery.
8:45: 2CA resumes its own pro-
gramme, Famous Orchestras.
9:15: New Record releases.
9:30: Dance Music.
10:0: Station announcements. Close.
2GN GOULBURN 1390 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
12:0: Chimes, Weather, News, and
Markets.
12:30: Music. 1:0: Close.
3:0: Uncle Fred with the Children.
3:45: Dinner Story.
6:0: Dinner Music.
6:45: Moments of Melody.
7:15: Sporting Results by Gordon
Miller, Boxing and Trotting
Commentator.
7:45: Musical Paraphases.
8:0: Operatic Gems.
8:15: Musical Comedy.
8:30: Memories of Yesterday.
9:0: Musical Highlights.
9:30: Dance Music. 10:30: Close.
2MO GUNNEDAH 1360 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as usual.
6:0: Harry's Cheerio Session.
6:30: Serial Story—Uncle Marc.
6:45: Cheerio Session (contd.).
7:0: Overture.
7:30: Market Report, Stock Sales,
Sporting Results.
8:0: "THE ADVENTUROUS ADVENTURES
OF FLASH GORDON and Dale Arden.
8:15: News Service.
8:45: Music.
9:0: Close.
9:30: Pension Club, conducted by
Auntie Patzy and Uncle Bud.
6:30: Build a Little Home.
6:45: Dancing with the Drummer.
7:0: Motorist's Service Bureau.
7:15: Quality Session.
7:30: Music.
8:0: The Old Firm.
8:15: Music.
8:30: Weather and Market Reports.
9:0: Old Time and Modern Dance
Music.
10:0: Spin a Web of Dreams.
Close.
2LO MELBOURNE 770 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
9:35: Oriental Studies: The Litera-
ture of China and Japan, Mr.
John Leach.
10:10: Current Happenings in
Sports, Australia and England.
1:35: During the afternoon Jim
Carroll will describe the Moonee
Valley Races (Compensation
Money).
2:00: Bnny Trial Hurdle, 2m. Hf.
Juvenile Handicap, 3r.
Three-Year-Old Handicap, 6f.
Essendon Highweight Handicap,
Im. 3f.
One-Welter Plate, 6f.
Glenroy Welter Purse, 6f.
Whenever possible, related de-
scriptions from the A.J.C. Meet-
ing at Randwick, Sydney, will be
given.
4:50: All Sporting Results to hand.
5:0: Close.
5:55: Overture: "Scenes Pittoresque
from Petes Bohemia." Who Does
Miss Bobbie? Miss Bobbie Russell
describes some quaint Christmas
Sayings. "We Three Kings of
Orient Are the British's Un-
cle?" Miss Bobbie, by Ethel
Turner, adapted by Leonore
Simonsen. "Blinking Eyes" and
"Wedding of Mr. Mickey
Mouse." "Mrs. Rainer received
a Letter"—we continue "Sandy."
Film Music.
6:15: Dinner Music.
7:0: Official Opening of the Mor-
tgagee Carnival by the Prime
Minister, Rt. Hon. J. A. Lyons,
supported by Mr. J. V.
Fairbrother, M.L.A., and the Hon.
Frank Groves, M.L.A.
7:30: Dinner Music.
8:0: "The End of the Fair."
(See 2PC Programme.)
8:30: From a Convocation of the
Grand No. 2, "The West Meets
Adolf Hitler," Art. by Mr. T. W.
Eckersley.
9:0: The Biggun Band.
(See 2PC Programme.)
9:30: Stanley Brookes in Scenes
from Dickens.
9:45: A.B.C. (Melbourne) Concert Or-
chestra.
(See 2PC Programme.)
10:30: Weather.
10:30: Dance Music by A.B.C. Dance
Band, directed by Jim Davidson.
11:30: Close.
3AR MELBOURNE 580 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
11:25: From the Melbourne Cricket
Ground—a ball for ball descrip-
tion of the Sheffield Shield Cric-
ket Match—Victoria v. Queens-
land.
12:0: From Melbourne Cricket
Ground—Cricket description con-
tinued.
12:30: From the Melbourne Cricket
Ground—A ball for ball descrip-
tion of the Sheffield Shield Cric-
ket Match—Victoria v. Queens-
land.
4:5: Music.
5:15: From Melbourne Cricket
Ground—Cricket description con-
tinued.
Note.—During the afternoon
scores in the match—South
Australia versus New South Wales—
will be given as they come to
hand.
2FC 7.45
Relayed from 3LO to 2FC and 2NC.
UNIT ONE—
BRASS BAND CONCERT
By
THE MALVERN MUNICIPAL AND TRAMWAYS BANDS
Conducted by
CAPTAIN HARRY SHUGG
Overture: La Rose de Peronne ........................................ Adam
Selection: The Student Prince ........................................ Romberg
Cornet Solo: The Butterfly ........................................ Bendix
Soloist: MERV. SIMPSON.
BAND—
Demande et Reponse .................................................. Coleridge Taylor
March: The Thunderer .................................................. Sousa
2FC 8.15
UNIT TWO—
SHORT VOCAL RECITAL
By
DOROTHY CLARKE
Contralto, Assisted by
HARRY HUTCHINS
Violin.
CONTRALTO—
Selections from her Repertoire.
VIOLIN—
Andante (Symphonie Espagnole) .................................... Lalo
Caprice in A Minor .................................................. Wieniawski-Kreisler
CONTRALTO—
Further Selected Numbers.
VIOLIN—
Hebrew Melody ...................................................... Joseph Achron
Caprice XIII .......................................................... Paganini
8.45: NAMES IN THE NEWS—
MR. JOHN OLDHAM.
8.50: UNIT THREE—
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS:
DR. G. L. WOOD.
9.10: Interlude (r.).
UNIT ONE—
BRASS BAND CONCERT
(See Panel)
8.15: UNIT TWO—
SHORT VOCAL RECITAL
(See Panel)
8.45: NAMES IN THE NEWS,
MR. JOHN OLDHAM.
8.50: UNIT THREE—
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS:
DR. G. L. WOOD.
9.10: Interlude (r.).
9.15: UNIT FOUR—
"THE COMING OF CHRIST,"
By
JOHN MASEFIELD.
(See Panel)
10.30: Close.
2BL 740 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
MIDDAY SESSION
10.35: Announcements and Weather Report.
11.0: FROM ST. ANDREW'S CATHEDRAL—
DIVINE SERVICE.
Preacher: The Most Rev. the Archbishop of Sydney.
12.15: FROM THE STUDIO—
Musical Interlude (r.).
12.50: Morning News from "Sunday Sun," "Truth," A.B.C. Service, British Official Wireless News, Relayed to 5CL and 5CK Adelaide from 12.50 to 1.10 p.m.
Relayed to 2NC Newcastle from 1.10 to 3.0 p.m.
1.10: SPECIALLY ARRANGED PROGRAMME OF RECORDED VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC.
2.0: "SHIPS AND SHOES AND SEALING WAX"
AN ARMCHAIR CHAT BY
F. S. BURNELL.
2.30: Studio Music (r.).
3.0: Close.
LATE AFTERNOON SESSION
4.30: Studio Music (r.).
4.45: "THE MATURANIA PASSER."
TALK BY ROY ALEXANDER.
5.0: CONCERT—
COLONNE SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA.
Conducted by Paul Parry.
Symphony No. 6 in F Major (Beethoven)
("Pastoral"),
Allegro ma non troppo.
Andante molto mosso.
Allegretto.
Adagio cantabile.
5.40: HUBERT HIRSSELL, Tenor,
with Orchestra—
The Messiah—
"Comfort Ye Shall be Exalted."
B.B.C. CHOIR—
And the Glory of the Lord ("The Messiah")
(Handel).
5.48: ARTUR SCHNABEL Piano-Recital.
6.0: FOR ELSIE
(Beethoven)
6.0: THE CHILDREN'S SESSION.
6.50: Musical Interlude (r.).
EVENING SESSION
7.0: FROM THE PETERSHAM BAPTIST CHURCH—
DIVINE SERVICE.
PREACHER: MR. ROBERTSON.
7.30: FROM THE STUDIO—
Programme by
THE SINGING STRINGS,
In Association with
DAN POLEY Tenor.
(See Panel).
8.30: LEAVES OF MEMORY
WRITTEN AND PRESENTED BY
ELISI DAVIES,
Assisted by
PATRICIA MINCHIN.
9.50: Weather Information.
10.0: Close.
2NC NEWCASTLE 1230 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.0 to 11.0: Relayed from 3PO.
11.0 to 12.10: From St. Andrew's
SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22 . . . CONTINUED
2FC 9.15
UNIT FOUR—
The Coming of Christ
By
JOHN MASEFIELD
CHARACTERS:
THE MALE SPIRITS—
THE POWER. ANIMA CHRISTI.
THE SWORD. PETER.
THE MERCY. PAUL.
THE LIGHT.
CHORUS:
THE HOST OF HEAVEN.
TWO TRUMPETERS.
MEN:
Kings:
BALTASAR. MELCHIOR.
BASPAR.
Shepherds:
ROCKY. SANDY.
WOMEN:
MARY, THE MOTHER OF JESUS.
Production: FRANK D. CLEWLOW.
A.B.C. (MELBOURNE) WIRELESS CHORUS AND ORCHESTRA,
Under the direction of PERCY CODE.
2GB SYDNEY, 870 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
2.30: Temperance Half-hour—Francisca Wilson.
3.0: SYMPHONIE FANTASTIQUE (Berlioz—Orchestra, The Stravinsky-Quartet of Paris), conducted by SELMAR METROWITZ.
4.15: Independent Order of Rechabites.
4.30: Book Reviews, by Rev. W. A. Marsh.
5.0: Children's Session, by Aunty Margaret.
5.40: Service for the Sick.
6.0: N.E. Session for Youth Workers.
6.15: Close.
7.0: Evening Service—St. Stephen's Presbyterian Church, Sydney.
8.15: G. Thaiken Ball at the Orangewell March of the Priests (Mendelssohn).
8.18: Georges Thill, Tenor—Noel de Roquemaure.
8.21: Krejci and Krejci—Krejci-Santacilia (Corelli).
8.34: Richard Crooks, Tenor—How Lovely Are Thy Dwellings (Liddel).
8.45: Albert Sandler, Violinist—Abide With Me (Liddle).
8.51: "THE MUSIC OF BEETHOVEN" (B.O. Symphony Orchestra), conducted by BRUNO WALTER: Overture Fidelio. LOYTE LEHMANN: At the Sound of the Drum (Joyful and Soothing). WILHELM BACKHAUS: Sonata in C major. VIENNA PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA: Turkish March.
9.0: The Bible Man—Rev. A. W. Higginbotham.
9.15: CONCERTO IN A MINOR (Grieg).
9.45: Epilogue—Presented by Rev. Dr. R. L. Watson.
10.0: Close.
Love, a Little Kiss (Rose-Silesu).
Ferd Hartley's Quintette—Musette (Peter).
9.25: Val Roxing, Vocalist—I Believe in Miracles (Lewis-Wedding-Music). Paul Hartley, Tenor, and Orchestra—The Object of My Affection (Tomlin-Poe-Grier). Billy Cooper, with his Big-Ten-Cities Orchestra in the Dark (Pollack-Webster). Dick Powell, Vocalist, with Jimmie Grier and his Orchestra—Two Words Are in My Heart (Dubin-Warren).
9.37: Exclusive Recordings—Edith Piaf and her Orchestra, Das Negene Traume (The Swans River) (Myrdleton). Herbert Ernst Gross, Tenor: Blumenlied (Moser-Herrmann). Paul Robeson, Tans Orchestra: Lebléng (Little Loved One) (Lachner). Charles Koppelman, Tenor: Ich will dasch-Duhn (Edith Lorand and her Orchestra: So Schon wie's einmal war (It was so Beautiful Once).
9.52: Ashmoor Burch, Baritone—The Laughing Cavalier (Sanderling). Albert Sandler and his Orchestra—For Love of You, Young Ashmoor Burch, Baritone, with Smith and a Song (Sleiver-Wood). Albert Sandler and his Orchestra—Sardar Serenade, Pts. 1 and 2.
10.0: Famous Overtures—Zurich Ton Halle Orchestra, conducted by Hans Volkmar: II Seraglio. Overture, Andrias (Mozart, arr. Busoni).
10.15: Mrs. P. E. Flirkin, Member of the Executive of the Federation of Parents and Citizens' Associations.
10.30: Morning Service and Organ Music from St. Alban's Church.
11.45: Music.
12.0: Midday Ballad Concert.
12.45: Luncheon Music, conducted by Jack Lumdaine and Noel Watson.
1.15: Film Stars and Orchestras—Lillian Harvey and her Truly Rubens Orchestra; Truly Rubens, from Have Ever After (Heymann-Furber). Paramount Studio Orchestra: Rhythms from Bolero (Baling). Conrad Veidt (in an excerpt from the film, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari).
1.21: Where the Lighthouse Shines on the Bay (Gray-Leigh). EKO Studio Orchestra: Caricosa-Rumba, from Flying Down to Rio. Jack Lumdaine, Bass, with Orchestra: Paul Robeson Medley No. 2.
1.35: Ruth Brownley and her Gypsies—Ziegenweissian: Dark Night; Shadow of the Pass; I Remember; Dance.
1.45: Highlights from Operas.
2.0: Lotus Land—Theme. Waltz Suite, Danse de Mirlitons; Busy Bee. Gavotte Lemaire: Slaving Dance.
2.15: GLEN SOUTHERN AS THE VOICE FROM HOLLYWOOD.
2.30: Karl Kayer and his Band, presenting the following Pictures: Lisa; Vladi Su; Rain Rhymes; Singing in the Rain.
2.45: Selections from the Masters.
3.0: Stuart Robertson, Bass-Baritone—Come to the Fair (Eastgate-Martin). The Blue Bayou—Polonaise Militaire (Copini, arr. Walter). Stuart Robertson, Bass-Baritone, with Piano and Male Chorus—Songs That Everybody Should Know. Orchestra—Parade of the City Guards (Nordoff).
3.15: Musical Scrapbook—Theme, Vocal, and Instrumental: Hints Bits Vocal Music; Theme; Turcane Casey, Organist, Snacks in Mara; Elegy.
3.15: Fred Hartley's Quintette, with vocal by Webster Booth. Tenor—A Brown Bird Singing (Baker-Haydn). Tenor—Fred Hartley's Quintette—Butterflies in the Rain (Myers). Fred Hartley's Quintette, with vocal by Webster Booth, Tenor—A Little
AMAZING NEW SIDE
REVELATION IN VALVE CONSTRUCTION
Sweeping away all radio's prejudices, side contact valves bring new short-wave performance — a triumph of the special "P" base and super-rigid construction featured in every type.
Silver-plated wiping contacts, air gaps, and isolating ribs combine to eliminate the losses which hitherto kept the weaker stations out of range.
In the new series are to be found improved types for every socket of the modern A.C. receiver — including an improved Octode which makes possible an even higher signal to noise ratio.
When buying your new receiver be sure that it is truly modern—and that means equipped throughout with Philips new Golden Series. You can identify them by the base.
PHILIPS
NEW GOLDEN SERIES
METAL-CLAD VALVES
SILVER CONTACTS
ISOLATING RIBS
METAL-CLAD
E-CONTACT BASE
SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22 . . . CONTINUED
2BL 8.30
Programme By
The Singing Strings
In Association with
DAN FOLEY,
Tenor
INSTRUMENTAL—
Babilisse ........................................ Gillet
Serenade ........................................... Rhode
Intermezzo ......................................... Blome
Selection from Der Heilige Ambrosius ........ Fall
TENOR—
Believe Me, If All Those Endearing Young Charms
Molly Brannigan .................................. Stanford
INSTRUMENTAL—
Simonetta .......................................... Curzon
Serenade (Violin Solo) .......................... Elgar
A Potpourri of Kela Bela Melodies .............. Rhode
TENOR—
Kitty of Coleraine ................................ Moffat
Little Town in Auld County Down ............... Sanders
9:30: LEAVES OF MEMORY. Written and presented by ELLIS PRICE, assisted by PATRICIA MINCHIN.
9:30: THEATRICAL REVUE.
9:45: 2UW Feature Parade.
10:00: J. M. PRENTICE DISCUSSERS FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
10:30: The Happy Hour.
12:00: Miss Reilly entertains the All-night Listeners.
1:00: Stop Radio News.
2:00: Appreciation Session.
Sunrise Salute.
2SM SYDNEY, 1270 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
11: HIGH MASS, ST. MARY'S BASILICA.
11:30: Sermon—St. Mary's Basilica.
12:15: Radio Music selected by Dominic Hartnett.
4 p.m.: CELEBRITY RECITAL presented by ROBERT McCALL.
6:30: Angelus.
6:45: Uncle Tom and Joan.
6:50: Band of H.M. Coldstream Guards—Mikado.
6:55: "FATHER WALSH, S.J."
7:00: "A HAPPY CHRISTMAS."
7:05: REV. DR. RUMBLE, M.S.O. QUESTION BOX.
7:10: Father Thompson, C.M.—Lecture.
Note—News Flashes throughout the evening.
8:30: Folliers of 1935.
8:45: A Musical Bouquet.
9:00: "THE MARCH OF TIME" written and produced for Radio by JOHN BEDDING.
10:00: "THE DEAD SHIP," piloted by JOHN DUNNE.
10:30: Close.
2KY SYDNEY, 1020 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
9:00: Theatrical Revue.
9:45: 2UW Feature Parade.
10:00: J. M. PRENTICE DISCUSSERS FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
10:30: The Happy Hour.
12:00: Miss Reilly entertains the All-night Listeners.
1:00: Stop Radio News.
2:00: Appreciation Session.
Sunrise Salute.
2MO GUNDEAH 1360 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22 . . . CONTINUED
2UE, 3.45
LIFE SENTENCE
By MAUD FOSTER.
A brilliant young medico faced with the charge of murder, and knowing that to clear his name will mean the death of an innocent woman.
Presented by the 2UE Players.
2KY, 7.30
FATHER NEPTUNE'S GARAGE
A comedy sketch flavored generously with out-back humor and witlessness, is presented through 2KY, every Sunday at 7.30, and every Wednesday at 6.45 p.m.
2GB, 8.45
CHINA SEAS
ADAPTED FROM THE STORY BY CROSBIE GARSTIN
"China Seas," based on the well-known novel of Crobbie Garstin, is an exciting tale of the remote and adventure thrills and the most unusual love story. It tells how a British naval officer takes command of a Chinese mail boat. The mail boat puts to sea, and from thence onwards there are numerous adventures due to the fact that the captain is a young woman of somewhat easy virtue, who, in the climax, as an American critic remarked, proves herself to be a nervous, adjutant to the peculiar demands of eternal virtue. In the meantime a typhoon hits the ship, letting loose a tractor among the natives on the shore. Suddenly they seize the boat and take a number of unpleasant tides with that instrument of torture known as the Chinese boot. But villainy hasn't the entire run of the ship, and a little humor is added by an amusing series of misunderstandings between other passengers who find the storm and the mutiny disturb their contract. From which you can see that "China Seas" is a most satisfying combination of fascinating, absorbing humor, drama, and a hint of tragedy. It will be broadcast through the 2GB network on Sunday, December 22, at 8.45 p.m.
Soprano—
"Daybreak" (from "Summer-time") . . . (Landon Ronald) Violin—
"Hymn to the Sun" (Rimsky-Korsakov-Kreisler) Baritone—
"Through the Field in Summer" (D. M. Stewart) Piano—
"A Holiday Tune" (Benjamin Dale) Violin—
"Summer is Waning" (Alfred Hill) Vocal Duet—
"Oh, the Summer" (Clercidge-Taylor)
AUTUMN
Baritone—
"A Song of Autumn" .. (Elgar) Piano—
"In Autumn" . . . (MacDowell) Soprano—
"An Autumn Day" (Mirrie Hill) Violin—
"A Song of Autumn" (Gretchaninoff-Hartmann) Ensemble—
"The Turn of the Year" (Charles Wilbye)
WINTER
Soprano—
"Snowflakes" . . . (Mallinson) Violin—
"Vendredos" . . . (Tchaikowsky) Baritone—
"The Wind's an Old Woman" (York Bowen) Piano—
"Truks" ("In the Sleigh") (Tchaikowsky) Ensemble—
"The Rain's Soft Curtain Falls" (George Findlay)
SPRING
Baritone—
"It was a Lover and His Lass" (Roger Quilter) Piano—
"To the Spring" . . . (Grieg) Soprano—
"Heflie Cuckoo Fair" (Martin Shaw) Violin—
"Drone-Flies" . . . (Zsolt) "The Bee" . . . (Schubert) Vocal Duet—
"The Enchanted Spring" (Percy Fletcher) 9.30: Interlude.
9.45: A Short Story Masterpiece—Prof. E. H. C. Oliphant. 10.0: Weather Notes and Close.
3AR MELBOURNE 580 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.0: Items of Interest.
10.11: Divine Service from First Church of Christ, Scientist. Oratorio Prelude—"Pastorale" (Rheinberger). Solo, "The Heavens Declare the Glory" (Beethoven). Liturgy sermon—"To the Universe, including Man. Evolved by Atomic Force." Offertory. Anecdote of the Rev. John Wesley. "The Scientific Statement of Being," from the Christian Science Textbook. "The Narrative Scripture, according to I. John 3:1-3. Postlude, "Prologue Tragedy" (Kara Ebert).
12.15: Music Symphony Orchestra, conducted by A. Albergoni. Overture, "Il Trovatore" . . . Verdi. Music, McEachern. Bass—"Danny Deever" (Kinling-Damrosch) "The Witch of Bowden" (Ogilvie-Smith)
Eugene Ormandy and the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra—"Tales from the Vienna Woods" (Strauss)
Lydia Pons, Soprano—"Ah, I Know I Feel," from "Magic Flute" (Bleomont-Markart) "Lo! Here the Goblet Lark" (Bishop)
John Lemmon, flute—
Danse Romantique (Lemmon) "A Fantasy" . . . (Lemmon) Fritz Kreisler, Violin—
"Serenade" (Enesco) (Glazounoff, arr. Kreisler) "Jota" . . . (Falla) "La Cucaracha" (Polo Chimes. Interstate Shining Network.)
1.3: Berlin State Opera Orchestra, conducted by Clemens Schmalstich. Overture, "Tannhauser" (Wagner) R. Pomelle, Soprano; G. Martell, Tenor; Ezio Pinza, Bass—"No Muoio Confessioni," from "Tosca" (Verdi) Berlin State Opera Orchestra, conducted by Clemens Schmalstich—"Ein ausmubatt" (Wagner, arr. Wilhelmj) William Backhaus, Piano—"Naila Valse" (Delibes-Dohnanyi) "Liebestraume No. 2" (Liszt) Esate Ackland, Contralto—"O Divine Redeemer" (Guiond-Phillips) "My Heart Is Wildly" (Thomas) 1.45: "Questions and Answers." 2.15: Music.
2.30: An Organ . . . Arnold Colman
3.0: Chat.
4.30: Music Lover's Hour of Specially Chosen Records. Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra—"Rondelle Ensemble" (Ravel) Prelude a la Nuit Malagana Habanera
SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22 . . . CONTINUED
2CO COROWA, 670 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.10: See 3LO. 10.45: Musical Interlude. 11.00: 2CO. 11.15: St. Andrews Presbyterian Church, Wagga. 12.15: Close. 1.0: See 3AR. 3.0: See 3LO. 4.45: Close. 6.0: See 3LO. 10.30: Close.
4QG BRISBANE, 800 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.0: Cricket Scores. Weather. 10.5: From 2FC—National News Bulletin. 10.25: News. Weather. Music. 11.0: Morning Service from City Congregational Church, Brisbane. 12.15: Music. 12.30: Specially Selected Music. 13.0: Close. 3.0: Love Nestle's Waltz—A Radio Operetta. Books and Lyrics by James Derynforth. Music by K. Leslie Smith (a B.B.C. Recording). 4.30: Music. 4.30: Talk by Sir Josiah Stamp—The Causes of War (B.B.C. Recording). 4.45: Music. 5.0: Close. 5.45: Council of Churches' Session for Children.* 6.15: Music. 6.25: From 2FC—National News Bulletin. 6.35: Interlude. 6.45: From 3LO—News Behind the News. By The Watchman. 6.57: Cricket Scores. 7.0: From 3LO—Discussion between A Bright Young Thing, A Polite Young Man, and a Gentleman of the Old School—Is Politeness Undemocratic? 7.20: News. 7.30: Evening Service from St. Andrew's Church of England, South Brisbane. 8.45: Interlude. 8.50: From 3LO—Talk by Dr. G. L. Wood—International Affairs. 9.10: Interlude. 9.15: The Streets of England (8)—Thomas Gray. A Dramatic Review by Max Scovell. Enacted by Dorothy Fyffe and Miss Sorrento. 9.30: The Orpheus Male Quartette present a Cycle of Carols. 10.15: The Story of Great Hymns and Their Writers—Told by A. E. Durrant. 10.30: Close.
4RK R'H'TON, Q, 910 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.0: Relayed from 4QG. 10.25: Morning Service from St. Paul's Anglican Cathedral, Rockhampton. 11.15: News. 11.20: Close. 12.30: Relayed from 4QG. 1.30: Close. 6.0: Relayed from 4QG. 6.15: Close. 8.45: Relayed from 4QG. 7.30: Local Sports Review. 7.45: Evening Service from St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Rockhampton. 8.45: Relayed from 4QG. 10.30: Close.
5CL ADELAIDE, 730 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Main Features:
1.0: Morning Divine Service, from Maughan Church. 3.1: A Pleasant Sunday Afternoon Service from Central Mission. 4.30: Light Classics. 8.45: Sunday Night Sing Song Selections conducted by Mrs. Lindsay Sowton. 9.55: From Sydney—The Radio Forum. The National News Bulletin. 6.3: Interlude.
2KY, 2.30
SPECIAL DUTY
(ONE-ACT RADIO PLAY)
This play incorporates a very delightful story which tells of the love of a woman. A patrolman is seeking a notorious bandit and falls in love with the bandit's daughter, who, in an effort to save her lover's life, loses her own.
ON THE SHORT WAVES
[Eastern Standard Time (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Hobart) is given]
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—1
| Time | Event |
|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 8.15 a.m. | (Mon.): Big Ben. Musical Interlude.† |
| 9.30 a.m. | The B.B.C. Orchestra (Section C), conducted by Warwick Brinkworth, Antonia Butler (violincello). |
| 4.20 a.m. | Oratorio.* |
| 4.30 a.m. | The B.B.C. Theatre Orchestra; leader, Montague Brearley; conductor, Stanford Robinson. |
| 4.55 a.m. | A Recital by Olga Haley (mezzo-soprano) and Leff Poushannoff (pianoforte). |
| 5.55 a.m. | A Religious Service, relayed from Richmond Parish Church, Yorkshire. |
| 6.45 a.m. | Close. |
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—2
| Time | Event |
|---------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 10 p.m. | Big Ben. Weekly Newsletter and Sports Summary. |
| 10.20 p.m. | Music by Tschaikowsky.* |
| 10.30 p.m. | A Recital by Marie Hall (violin). |
| 12.55 p.m. | Wales v. New Zealand.* Interval summary and a running commentary on the second half of the Rugby Union football match, by Captain H. B. T. Wakelam. Relayed from Cardiff Arms Park. |
| 1.0 a.m. | The Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra; leader, Bertram Lewis; conductor, Richard Austin. Relayed from the Pavilion, Bournemouth. |
| 8 a.m. | Weekly Newsletter (second reading) and Sports Summary. |
| 8.20 a.m. | The Leslie Bridgewater Harp Quintette. Olive Groves (soprano). |
| 8.45 a.m. | Close. |
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—3
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSB 17,790 kc/s (16.86 m.), GSB 15,140 kc/s (19.82 m.), GSB 11,650 kc/s (23.20 m.), or GSB 9510 kc/s (31.65 m.).
12.0 a.m. (Mon.): Big Ben. A Religious Service,* relayed from the Carmelite Priory, Kensington, London (Roman Catholic).
12.50 a.m.: Musical Interlude.*
12.55 a.m.: Talk: "Revisited."*
1.15 a.m.: The Deben Bridge Band; conductor, Sam Townsend.
2 a.m.: The Serge Krish Septette. Greenwich Time Signal at 2.30 a.m.
2.30 a.m.: Weekly Newsletter and Sports Summary.
2.50 a.m.: The Celebrity Trio. Air (Goldmark). Molly on the Shore (Grainer). 3.0 a.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—4
Part I. Two or three of the following frequencies will be used: GSB 15,200 kc/s (19.66 m.), GSB 11,750 kc/s (23.53 m.), GSB 9510 kc/s (31.33 m.), GSL 6110 kc/s (49.10 m.).
*Gramophone records.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—5
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSC 8550 kc/s (31.32 m.), GSB 9510 kc/s (31.65 m.), GSL 6110 kc/s (49.10 m.), GSA 8590 kc/s (49.59 m.).
9.0 a.m. (Mon.): Big Ben. A Religious Service,* relayed from St. Margaret's, Lee.
9.45 a.m.: The B.B.C. Empire Orchestra; leader, Daniel Meiss; conductor, Eric Fogg. Arnold Matters (baritone).
Greenwich Time Signal at 10 a.m.
10.45 a.m.: Weekly Newsletter and Sports Summary.
11.5 a.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—6
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSB 11,750 kc/s (23.83 m.), GSC 8580 kc/s (31.32 m.), GSL 6110 kc/s (49.10 m.).
1.0 p.m.: Big Ben. Evensong.* Relay from Westminster Abbey, London. Greenwich Time Signal at 1.30 p.m.
1.50 p.m.: News. 2.10 p.m.: Close.
*Gramophone records.
7NT Launceston, 710 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
(Relayed from 7ZL)
10.30: Weather. Music. 11: Divine Service from St. Joseph's Catholic Church, Hobart. 13.0: Close. 3.0: Programme of Pleasant Sunday Afternoon Music.
5.0: Close. 5.45: Music. 6.10: Music. 6.25: National News Service. 6.35: The News Behind the News. By The Watchman. 6.55: Music. 7.0: Divine Service from Holy Trinity Church, Hobart. 8.35: Music.
8.40: OPENING RECITAL BY WALTER KINGSLY.
Ave Maria . . . (Percy Kahn)
Litany . . . . . . . . (Schubert)
Les Rameaux ("The First Palm Sunday") . . . . . . (J. Faure)
Oh, for a Burst of Triumphant Song . . . . . . (P. Alltisen)
The Blind Ploughman (R. C. Clarke)
The Watchman (W. H. Squire)
9.45: Programme by the Hobart Municipal Band, conductor, L. M. Barnett. Assistant Artist: Beryl McDonald, contralto. March: Brigade Guards (Greenwood)
Contralto—
At Dawnings . . . . (Cadamant)
Concert Adaptation: II Bach . . . (Arditti)
Idyll: Moon Madrigal (Willey)
Contralto—
Just a Wearying for You (Jacobs-Bond)
Foxtrot: Kashmiri (Woodfords-Finden)
Contralto—
I Love You Truly (Jacobs-Bond)
Waltz: Sunset on the St. Lawrence (Heller)
Contralto—
Down Here . . . . . (Brabe)
Humoreske: March of the Manjusha (Percy Fletcher)
10.0: News. Weather. 10.15: Epilogue: The subject round which to-night's Epilogue is built is "Joy and Happiness."
10.30: Close.
HUGE DAYTIME AUDIENCE RESPONDS TO 2UW OFFER
SWITZERLAND and other mountainous countries are not the only places where avalanches occur.
2UW has just experienced an avalanche of a different type to that of snow countries, but the station has been "snowed in" just the same. It came about this way.
As a mark of appreciation of the interest displayed by listeners in station activities the management of 2UW decided to mark the occasion of Christmas with a useful gift.
During the children's session the first announcement concerning the gift offer went over the air.
On the Saturday morning—64 hours later to be exact—the offer had to be withdrawn. Although arrangements had been made for the purchase of 4000 gifts for distribution, applications were greatly in excess of that number at this early stage.
It became necessary to engage a special staff for the opening and sorting of the letters, and at the time of going to press thousands of unopened applications are still before the sorters.
Naturally it appeared that hosts of people would be disappointed, but although most of these tardy listeners had applied after the closing of the offer, the 2UW management is considering a means of satisfying all applicants with some Christmas token.
The interesting side of this tremendous response on the part of the public lies in the fact that these Christmas gift announcements were put over the air during early morning and later daytime sessions.
Yet in a little more than two days thousands upon thousands of radio listeners had responded to the offer.
Which goes to prove the enormous possibilities from an advertiser's point of view in 2UW's daytime audience.
A Happy Crowd — The Cast of the Sportsman's Smoko
THE COUNT!
These three 2UW girls are counting in their sleep these days! Picture shows them counting, sorting, and filing one day's mail of requests from listeners for the recent Christmas offer. The enormous response was further proof of the great popularity of 2UW.
GREAT BOXING RELAYING THE NIGHT BILL — SPORTSMAN'S SMOKO
FROM a sporting viewpoint, 2UW's Boxing Night programme will be—to quote from the Americano—a "smoko."
At 7.30 the ball-by-ball description of the day's play in the second South African Test will begin, and then, at approximately a quarter-past 8, the big Sports Ground fights are sure to attract attention.
Both the Carroll-Van Klaveren and Bishop-Blatch fights will be described from the ringside, and at the end of each three-minute round a return will be made to 2UW studios for Test cricket.
At the conclusion of the fights, of course, the full ball-by-ball Test commentary will be resumed, and continue until the drawing of straws at 2 a.m., Sydney time.
So the whole cricket Test and fight programme which holds world interest, all on the one night—the Boxing Night programme from 2UW.
NO more do womenfolk fail to understand what a man can see in his "bothering old smoko."
The "Sportsman's Smoko," a 2UW highlight, has altered all that and brought into the homes the entertainment that previously had been considered sacred to mere man.
It's a type of entertainment that is different to anything yet attempted in radio. It conveys an atmosphere of true fun and comradeship that has intrigued listeners of both sexes since it was first presented over 2UW some three months ago, and which has now become one of the popular features of the air.
There's a laugh packed into every minute of half an hour of really bright entertainment, compered by Charles Lawrence, and supported by the thunderous Vernon Bullard voice, the comedy of Rynie (Frank Ryan), and Chilla (Charles Dunn), the butt of the show as well as one humor and songs of Len Maurice.
Now the Sportsman's Smoko is to find its way into Victorian homes, which means a change of night and time. Up to date the show has been presented over 2UW at 2.30 p.m. on Friday nights, but beginning on December 23, it will be broadcast at 8.15 p.m. every Monday and relayed to 3AW, Melbourne.
The group at the left of this column is the cast of the cast of the Sportsman's Smoko. From left to right: Vernon Bullard, Rynie, Ward Lewis, George Thomson, George Davis, Frank Ryan, Charles Lawrence, and Cliff "Chilla" Dunn (at the back) Len Maurice and Keith Blakeney. Organiser is Mr. S. A. Maxwell.
2FC 8.0
Relayed from 2FC to SLO, 6WF, and 2NC.
A RECITAL
By
FLORENCE AUSTRAL
Soprano
and
JOHN AMADIO
Flautist
JOHN AMADIO—
Andante and Allegro from Sonata in G Minor Bach
FLORENCE AUSTRAL—
Valse (Revised and Translated by Nina Koshetz)
O Never Sing to Me Again ... Rachmaninoff
The Island ... ... ... Rachmaninoff
Spring Waters ... ... ... Rachmaninoff
JOHN AMADIO—
Ave Maria, for Bass Flute ... ... Schubert
Valse in D Flat ... ... ... Chopin
FLORENCE AUSTRAL—
Aria: Vissi d'arte (Love and Music), from "La Tosca" Puccini
2.30: Interlude (r.).
2FC 8.35
CHRISTMAS STOCKING VARIETY
THE HARMONIQUES, a Novelty Quartette.
ATHOL TIER and PEGGY ROSS, Entertainers.
ROY HART, Crooner.
E. C. MORSE, Bird Mimic.
HARRY MARCONI, Piano Accordion.
GEORGE IRVINE, Comper.
Supported by THE NEW THEATRE ORCHESTRA,
under the direction of
FARNSWORTH HALL.
2BL 740 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
2.0: MUSICAL (r.)
B.B.C. SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
Carnival Romaine Overture.
A Sea Serenade (Ramon)
Don Juan's Serenade
Life and Death (Tchaikowsky)
An Oriental Interlude (r.)
J. K. BOWEN WILL GIVE A TALK ENTITLED "THE UNIVERSE UNMINDANT."
Musical Interlude (r.)
12.0: Musical Instrumental Music for the Lune Hour (r.)
Radio Rhythm (r.)
2.34: LIGHT SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA—
Voyageen Suite ... (Costea)
Man from the Country.
Man About Town.
Song from the Sea.
3.0: ELIZABETH GERBO, soprano—
L'Estasi ... (Arditi)
Chanson Espagnole ... (Delibes)
3.35: THE GROOT INSTRUMENTAL TRIO—
Zingari ... ... (Leoncavallo)
Fr. Quinta ... ... (Lehar)
Minare ... ... ... (Goles)
4.10: VLADIMIR ROSING, Tenor, and OLGA ALEXCEVA, Soprano, with Chorus—
Black Eyes (Russian Gypsy Music)
Hindu Tanka.
Old Waltz.
Two Guitars.
4.15: BERLIN STATE OPERA HOUSE ORCHESTRA—
Til Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (Strauss)
4.30: CHAT OVER THE TEACUPS
BY PAT COTTON.
4.35: Trade Demonstration Music (r.)
4.55: Weather Information.
5.30: Close.
EARLY EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 6.0 to 8.0 p.m.)
6.0: Musical Item.
6.5: BOY SCOUTS AND GIRL GUIDES SCOUTING.
6.15: THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN.
6.25: Weather Report. General Market Produce and Fruit Report at 6.25. Sussex Street, Sydney, supplied by the State Marketing Bureau. Homebush Stock Sales (Sheep) at 6.25, supplied by the State Marketing Bureau. Wool Sales. Truck Bookings.
7.0: Sporting Session—Results and Comments.
7.10: NATIONAL NEWS BULLETIN
7.30: Musical Item (r.)
7.35: ANNOUNCED FROM SAR MELBOURNE—
NATIONAL TALK—
"SHAPING THE FUTURE OF AUSTRALIA."
L. V. OBILIN, D.S.O., M.G. M.A. (Canberra, President of Economics in the University of Melbourne will give a talk entitled "Australian Economist Plans for the Future.")
7.53: FROM THE STUDIO—
(See Panel)
7.58: What's on the air To-night?
EVENING SESSION
EVERY MONDAY NIGHT AT 8 O'CLOCK
"KHYBER AND BEYOND."
(See Panel)
8.25: INTERLUDE.
8.30: "AUSTRALIA LOOKS ON THE WORLD"
TALK BY PROFESSOR A. H. CHARTERIS.
8.50: ROY AGNEW, Pianist.
9.10: "WEST END CARPET."
B.B.C. RECORDING.
(See Panel)
10.20: Weather Information.
10.30: Close.
2NC 1230 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
7.0 to 8.0: Relayed from 2FC.
8.0 to 9.30: Relayed from 2BL.
9.30 to 10.30: Relayed from 2FC.
10.30 to 10.40: News Service by courtesy of the "Newcastle Morning Herald."
10.40 to 11.30: Relayed from 2FC.
12.0 to 2.0: Relayed from 2FC
2.0 to 3.0: Relayed from 2FC.
3.35 to 4.0: Chat Over the Teacups
by Celia Starfield.
4.0 to 4.15: Relayed from 2PC.
4.15 to 5.0: Relayed from 2FC.
6.0 to 6.5: Relayed from 2BL
8.0 to 11.30: Relayed from 2FC.
2UE SYDNEY, 950 K cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
8:43: Preview of the Races at Kensington by Harry Solomons.
10:45: "Publishing Your Future"—Miss Sadie Parker, Editoress of "The Telegraph" Younger Set.
A Discussion on RACES from KENSINGTON by HARRY SOLOMONS, interspersed with music.
4:48: Entertainment for Young and Old conducted by "Angie." Favorites of To-morrow. 5:0 Music.
5:15: "CHRISTMAS PROLICS" presented by THE JUNIOR THEATRE LEAGUE RADIO PLAYERS, directed by MARION LANDON.
5:30: Music.
6:45: Racing Talk.
6:55: "The Sheridans."
7:0: Music.
7:34: "The Adventures of Bobby Fisher" (written by Arthur Hemley).
7:50: "Von Pop." The Voice of the People.
7:45: Music.
7:53: Gracie Fields.
8:00: "Christmas Memories"—Can't You Hear Me Calling; Caroline; Oh, Golden Golden Slippers; Harmonica Blues; Massa's in de Cold Cold Ground; Darling Nellie Gray.
8:15: Music.
10:0: A Talk on the News, from the Office of "The Telegraph."
10:10: Music.
10:30: The Storyman reads "The Witch Aunty."
10:35: Dance Music by Matovani and his Tiptoe Orchestra.
11:15: Tranquillity Music.
11:30: Close.
2CH SYDNEY, 1190 K cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
9:15: Warren Penny's Session for Mothers.
9:30: Play, Pleasure, and Pastime—Janet Austen.
10:2: Morning Devotion—Rev. G. C. Short.
11:0: Peggy Ross, Popular Soprano.
11:30: Australian Women's League Session—Janet Austen.
12:0: Helen Sutton conducts the Home Science Session.
2:30: Meanderings of Betty and Bill—"Chance Rules All."
3:45: Keith Howard's Microphone Melody.
4:0: Dora Marquita—Fashion and Beauty.
4:15: "Social Outings"—Margaret Herd.
4:30: Music.
5:0: Children's Session—"Fairy Godmother."
5:30: Music.
5:40: The Hebe Man's Children's Session.
6:0: Dancer's Music.
7:0: Three Virtuosos at the Piano—Little Silhouette (Plessow).
7:4: Otto Dobrindt Dance Orchestra—Canté (Grau).
7:7: Connie Boswell—Caricato Kahn.
7:10: Celebrity Call—A. E. R. Gilligan.
7:15: Andre Kostelanets and Orchestra—Rumba Fantasy.
7:20: Kardeche Singers—My Sweetheart Beneath the Vine (Conrad).
7:24: Banjo Dance Orchestra—Singing Guitar (Schmidseder).
7:28: Richard Himber and his Tsalabat Band—Sunday Afternoon (Fred-Brown).
7:31: Concert Grand Orchestra—The Musical Quirk of Madame Pompadour (Noack).
7:35: Richard Tauber—Forget-me-Not (Lombard).
7:39: Walford Hydens Chizankys—Russian Mosaics.
8:0: "YOU'RE TELLING ME!" A Presentation of the AMAZING AND AMUSING. (Relayed to 2EAJ.)
2FC 9.20
A National Military Band Concert
Conducted by STEPHEN YORKE
With STANLEY CLARKSON
Basso
BAND—
Procession and Children's Dance from "The Miracle" Humperdinck
A Christmas Overture Coleridge Taylor
Suite: Santa Claus Holland
1. Toyland.
2. On Tiptoe.
3. Christmas Joy.
STANLEY CLARKSON—
A Boy was Born at Bethlehem Blake
Bethlehem Broocknez
BAND—
Bohemian Dance Godard
An Evening Breeze Langey
Valse: L'Enfant Prodigue Wormser
STANLEY CLARKSON—
Two Carols—
In Excelsis Gloria 16th Century
Good King Wenceslas Trad.
BAND—
Dream Phantasy: Christmas Memories Flack
2GB SYDNEY, 870 K cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
12:0: COMMUNITY SINGING FROM THE SAVOY THEATRE.
4:45: The Playhouse of Youth.
4:46: Nursery Land.
4:50: Music.
5:30: Krug College.
2UW SYDNEY, 1110 K cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
6:20: W. C. Hardy Talks to Orchardists.
9:18: "Current Jottings"—Myra Dempsey, Arts and Competition Corner.
10:30: Anticipations for Kensington Races.
12:30: KENSINGTON RACES. Described by CYRIL ANGLETON. ANTICIPATIONS, SCRATCHINGS, JOCKEYS, PRICES, AND DIVIDENDS.
4:50: Correct Prices at all Kensington Racecourses.
5:15: Uncle Jack and Hilda.
5:30: Music.
3:45: Housebush Market Quotations J. A. Crawcour.
6:0: News of the Town.
6:15: Music.
6:30: Norman Lyons—Model Aeroplane Association.
6:40: Reproduction of Kensington Race Course.
6:50: Music.
7:0: Emma and 'Erbert.
7:15: Gem of the Evening.
7:30: Mr. Arndt and Mrs. Trapp.
7:50: "Merrymongers," or Swing Me Up Higher (Mackenzie); Come for a Waltz (Martin); Varletie (Kuester); Village Fair in the Tyrol (Prouse).
7:50: "From Dawn to Night"—Daybreak (King); Early in the Morning (Phillips); In the Shadows (Pincus); Under a Ring Around the Moon (Green).
8:0: Mr. Merr Bree, Pianist.
8:15: Sportsmen's Smoko.
8:45: Wireless Service Bureau—S. Maxwell.
9:15: Exclusive Recordings.
9:30: Maurice Gullman and his Dance Band.
NOTE: At intervals, rebroadcasts from Overseas Stations.
11:0: The Happy Hour.
HEALTH BY WIRELESS
A leading Macquarie Street Specialist was unable to stop the pain of arthritis in his feet and hands. When the Thermo-Ray or Wireless Wave Apparatus was used in a Public City Hospital, he submitted himself for treatment. Under one treatment the pains entirely disappeared.
Numerous cases of Rheumatism, Arthritis, have been cured by this ultra-short-wave treatment. Patients suffering from 10 to 20 years have been able to discard their crutches, and their recoveries have been called miraculous.
Although the entire range of the possibilities of Short-wave Therapy have not yet been investigated, many ailments have definitely been cured by this treatment, and we shall from week to week inform the public of the remarkable results obtained with Radio-Waves, or Thermo-Ray Treatment.
Should you require information regarding and ailments you may be suffering from, our medical officer will advise you that this treatment will benefit you.
The Thermo-Ray Institute, Ltd., with its headquarters in Sydney, is equipped to offer the services of a fully qualified medical staff, and of the Dutch Specialist who invented the Thermo-Ray Apparatus. Please address your letter to: THERMO-RAY INSTITUTE, LTD., 135 Macquarie Street, Sydney, or 'phone BW 5143.
MONDAY, DECEMBER 23 . . . CONTINUED
12.0: Marjua Reilly entertains All-night Listeners.
12.0: Shop Radio News.
12.0: British And Continental Stations.
3.0: Appreciation Session.
Sunrise Salute.
2SM SYDNEY,
1270 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday except:
12.0: RACING SESSION—During the session a brief description of the running will be given of the races from Kensington with music.
3.0: Uncle Tom and his Gang.
6.0: Angelus.
6.1: Dinner Session, Dominic Harrelle.
6.30: "IMPORTANCE OF PROMPT TREATMENT OF DISEASE OF DOGS AND CATS." "OUR VETERINARY SURGEON."
6.45: Re-broadcast of to-day's Races with Correct Starting Prices.
7.0: "Musical Prescriptions."
7.1: The Plain-speaking Gentleman.
7.45: "Robin Hood and his Merry Men." Chapter 12. "Mutely Plots to Save Maid Marion from an unhappy marriage with Sir Guy."
Note.—News Flashes throughout the evening.
8.0: Evening Session.
8.1: A Variety Programme.
8.15: "A Musical Bouquet."
8.30: "The Grocer and Madame."
8.45: "The Joy of Living."
9.0: The Social Credit Commentator.
9.15: Teddie Garratt in Keyboard Kapers.
9.45: The Music of Ketelby.
10.0: "The Newscaster."
10.30: RESUMES OF TO-NIGHT'S FIGHTS from Rushcutters Bay Stadium.
10.45: When You Come to the End of the Day (Kahn), Paul Oliver.
10.30: Close.
2KY SYDNEY,
1020 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
2.0: Home Missions—Mrs. Williams.
4.0: Melody Hour—John Harper.
15.0: Rien, Algy, and Eame in Jungle Talk.
30.0: The Adventures of the Ponyville Kid. Dinner Divertissement.
5.30: Yesterday and To-day.
6.0: Music.
6.22: Sam and Bill Sketch.
6.30: Home Entertainment—Goodo.
6.37: Spot of Humor.
45: Racing Serial.
6.45: Life's Major.
7.0: Music.
7.20: A.M. Sports Resume.
30: From EUR.
45: Adventures of Algernon and his servant Rastus.
7.45: Music.
8.0: HON. J. S. GARDEN—WORLD TOPICS AND FORUM.
8.15: Music.
8.45: The Good Oil.
9.0: Music.
9.15: Talk on the Garden—G. L. Gelatity.
9.30: Musical Arrangement.
10.0: Highlights of Radio Hour.
10.42: Honor the Law—Radio Serial.
11.0: Close.
2GZ ORANGE,
990 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
4.0: Country Women's Association.
8.0: Children's Session—Mr. Touch and Mr. Go.
Serial Box Club.
6.0: To-night's Highlights.
6.5: Dinner Music.
6.30: Talkie Time.
6.45: Racing Talk.
2BL 8.0
EVERY MONDAY NIGHT AT 8 O'CLOCK
KHYBER —And Beyond
An Original Radio Serial of the Empire Frontiers
Written by EDMUND BARCLAY
Production: LAWRENCE H. CECIL
EPISODE THE FIFTH
"CATCHING A TARTAR"
Myra is accused by Malkoff of shooting General Lung Chi, and her fate lies in the hands of the beautiful but callous Zwani. Myra's life is in the gravest danger, as added to Zwani's heartlessness is the mad desire of the fanatical priest Zyla for revenge for blasphemy committed in the temple of the Sun Worshippers.
CHARACTERS:
MAJOR MICHAEL GARVIE, M.C.
SERGT. NOBBY CLARK, D.C.M.
MYRA DEEMING, Betrothed to Garvie.
ZWANI, Daughter of the Sun God.
ZYLIA, her High Priest.
MALIKOFF, her Agent.
CHUNDER LAL, a Babu Cook.
VANYA, Daughter of a Tartar Chief.
8.25: Interlude (r.).
8.30: "AUSTRALIA LOOKS ON THE WORLD."
TALK BY PROFESSOR A. H. CHARTERIS.
8.50: Interlude. ROY AGNEW, pianist.
2BL 9.10
WEST END CABARET
B.C.C. RECORDING
FEATURING—
EFFIE ATHERTON.
MAY, JUNE, and JULIE.
THE MYSTERY SINGER.
THE TWO CHARLADIES.
MADGE STEPHENS and PEGGY RHODES.
PIPING by EX-PIPE MAJOR MASSIE.
PHILIP WADE AS A TAXI DRIVER.
ORD HAMILTON and his 20th CENTURY BAND.
And
INTERRUPTIONS by LEONARD HENRY as THE VISITOR.
Devised and Produced by CECIL MADDEN.
7.24: Homebush Stock Sales.
7.33: Produce.
7.39: Weather.
7.45: NOTES ON SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF PIGS FOR EXHIBITION—By T. H. F. O'BAY, Dept. of Agriculture.
8.0: Emma and "Erbert.
8.15: Musical Moments.
8.20: Men of Mirth and Melody.
8.45: Fantasy.
9.0: Music Echoes.
9.15: Singing Stockman.
9.30: Fascinating Facts.
9.40: Comedy Camera.
9.45: Down Memory Lane.
2HD NEWCASTLE
1140 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
8.15: On the Air with the Children.
8.30: Birds of a Feather.
6.0: Dinner Music.
6.30: Leisure.
6.45: Fun in Boots.
6.55: Musical Gem.
7.0: Pinto Pete and his Ranch Boys.
7.20: MRS. 'ARRIS AND MRS. 'TOUS.
7.55: Topical Chorus—Pyjama Parade.
8.0: The Ghost Corps.
8.45: Shamrocks—Gems of Irish Melody.
9.0: "Metropolis"—True to Life Drama.
9.20: Christmas Session.
9.45: Music.
10.0: News Digest.
10.30: Close.
2KO NEWCASTLE
1410 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
8.15: Request Session—Tom King at Piano.
5.0: The Train to the Land of Adventure.
5.5: Story.
5.15: Mail and Music.
5.30: THE LAND OF ETERNAL YOUTH, a mystery thriller on behalf of Victors, written by Eric Healy, and featuring 2KO Players.
5.45: Birthday Calls.
6.0: What's on in Town To-night.
6.15: Music.
6.20: Bill Hemmety Greets the Racing Fans.
6.30: Spot of Humor.
7.0: Gems of Melody.
7.15: The Adventures of the Honourable Mr. Justice.
7.30: The Mystery Ship Programme.
7.45: Health Programme.
8.0: Children's Programme.
8.15: Popular Recordings.
8.30: Music.
8.45: The British Trials.
9.45: Dance Away the Blues.
10.0: Suppertime Presentation.
10.30: Close.
2MO GUNNEDAH
1360 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as usual.
11.15: A Musical Session (sponsored).
11.30: Music.
6.0: Harry's Cheerio Session.
6.30: Serial Story—Uncle Marc.
6.45: Cheese Biscuit (contd.).
7.0: Overture Music.
7.30: Market Report. Stock Sales.
7.50: Musicale.
8.0: News Service.
8.20: "Gunnedah Town"—Harry Wharf. 10.0: Close.
2CA CANBERRA
1050 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as usual.
5.30: Music.
5.45: "The Golden Pathway"—Kid-dice' Stories.
6.30: Adventures of Ben, Sam, and Oopay.
6.15: Birthday Cheerios.
6.25: Music.
6.30: What's on in Canberra.
6.35: Popular Recordings.
From 2GB, Sydney.
7.0: Exciting Recordings.
7.15: Now and Then.
7.30: The Air Adventures of Jimmy Allen.
7.45: The Man on the Land—Market Reports.
8.0: Musical Comedy Selections.
8.20: Frank and Archie in Hollywood.
8.25: Miniatures Ballad Concert.
9.0: 2CA resumes its own programme. Light Music.
9.30: What's Your Name This?
9.33: The Week's Story.
9.45: Relaxation Music.
10.0: Announcements. Close.
2GN GOULBURN, 1390 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
12.0: Chimes, Weather, News, and Market Reports. 12.30: Music.
1.0: Household Hints and Recipes.
1.30: Radio Joke.
1.5: Luncheon Music. 1.45: Close.
2.0: 2CA resumes its own programme. Light Music.
2.30: What's Your Name This?
9.33: The Week's Story.
9.45: Relaxation Music.
10.0: Announcements. Close.
2CH, 9.0
THE SCARLET PIMPERNEL
By the Baroness Orczy.
Episode the Fifteenth.
"ATTACKING THE BARRIERS."
CHARACTERS:
SIR PERCY BLAKENEY ........ JAMES RAGLAN
LORD TONY DEWHURST ........ KEITH HOWARD
CITIZEN CHAPELIER ............. CLIFFORD CROOK
JEAN DE CASSELLS ............... ROSALIND KENNEDALE
CITIZEN CHAUVEUIL ............. VIVIAN EDWARDS
Robespierre, incensed by Sir Percy Blakeney's cool insolence, has taken affairs into his own hands, and, despite Chauveuil's protests, has ordered the arrest of the Englishman. As he and Lord Tony Dewhurst, together with Jean de Cassells, are leaving Mama Thénard's boarding house, Mama Thénard is suddenly and hideously murdered, and the Scarlet Pimpernel is arranging for their escape, which they are surprised by the arrival of Robespierre, Chauveuil, and a squad of soldiers.
Again Robespierre warns Robespierre that such measures are useless against the almost superhuman audacity of the Pimpernel, but Robespierre ignores his advice, and the English prisoners are immediately arrested, and second only to death.
Driving through the streets of Paris in an old tumbril, disguised as soldiers and prisoners of the Republic, the rescued Jean de Cassells and Lord Tony Dewhurst are told by the luckless Lady Mama Thénard's establishments are several children of aristos, and that if they are left they will surely be slaughtered by the party searching for the Pimpernel.
By another of those stratagems for which his name is famous, Sir Percy secures the escape of the children, and then goes ahead of his party towards the south gate of the city. Chauveuil and his men are guiding the northern exit, convinced that through the north gate the Pimpernel will try to smuggle the doomed queen, Marie Antoinette.
The episode closes as the false attack is made on the north gate, and at the same time, the Pimpernel, heading the caravan of four coachloads of aristos, hold up the guards at the south.
2TM Tamworth, 1300 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
12.30: Hair Hints.
1.0: Pharmacy Dispensary.
1.45: Flemington Market Report Telegram.
2.0: Economy Session.
5.30: Possum Club, conducted by Aunty Patsey and Uncle Bud.
6.20: Build a Little Home.
6.30: Possum Session.
6.45: Music.
7.0: Motorists' Service Bureau.
7.35: Quiz Session.
7.30: Flemington Market Report Telegram.
7.45: Busy Bees.
8.0: The Old Firm.
8.15: Adventures of Flash Gordon.
8.30: Possom Session.
8.45: Weather and Markets Reports.
9.0: Music.
9.15: Golfers' League.
9.45: Music.
10.0: Spin a Web of Dreams.
Close.
3LO MELBOURNE, 770 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
8.35: Tell 'Em a Tale: Miss Bereslee Touma.
10.10: Current Happenings in Sport: Wally Sharland.
10.20: Music: Hogan's Christmas in Virginia.
12.0: Dr. Dale, the Melbourne Medical Officer of Health: The Week's Health Talk, "Blood Pressure."
12.0: The Foreign Police of France: Mr. Raymond L. Ponsot.
12.45: At Home and Abroad—Daily New Commentary.
1.0: From the Constitutional Club: Luncheon Speeches.
3.0: Berlin Grand Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Hans Knappertsbusch:
Symphony No. 100 in G Major (Haydn).
(See 2PC Programme.)
Adagio-Allegro,
Allegretto,
Menuetto
3AR MELBOURNE, 580 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
10.0: From Albert—An Opera Festival by Leslie Needham. A.T.C.L.—A Group by Griss: "Morning," "Midday," "Evening." To the Spirit: "Eleanor," "Melodie Lyrique," "Romance in E flat" (Rubinstein). "The Star of Bethlehem" (Pears).
9.0: Technical Advice to Listeners by Mr. H. Waller.
9.15: League of Nations Short Wave Station, "Radio-Nation," Geneva.
9.30: Counterman's Session.
9.45: The Songs of Our Banks—Mr. Martin Whyte.
9.50: Sporting Session—conducted by Wally Sharland.
7.20: National News Bulletin.
7.30: Music.
7.33: National Talk—Melbourne, Shaping the Future of Australia
The "Economist Plans for the Future," Prof. L. F. Giblin.
D.B.O. M.C., M.A.
7.35: Victorian News Bulletin.
7.38: Music.
8.0: Brass Band and Ballad Concert, by Brisbane City Band and Bandmaster: Hugh Nixon, assisted by Greta Callow, soprano, and Austral Harmonists' Quartette.
The Band—Overture: "Lustpfe" . . . (Bellini)
Austral Harmonists' Quartette—"Song of the Sea" . . . (Moral)
"Leavin' Time" . . . (Ager)
The Band—Selection: "Der Freischutz" . . . (Weber)
Greta Callow—
"Dreams of Eden" (Robert Eden)
"Lady June" . . . (Cyril Scott)
"Laillaby" . . . (Cyril Scott)
The Band—
Pot-Bellied— "Musical Snatches" (Rimmer)
Austral Harmonists' Quartette—
"Southern Skies" (Rimmer)
"Seclin' is Believin'" . . . (Ager)
The Band—
Trombone Solo—"The Fire Fly" (Moss)
(Soloist: L. Tombs)
Greta Callow—
"The Japanese Tune" (Esther Rofe)
"An Ode" . . . (Esther Rofe)
The Band—
Priscilla— "The Maid of Orleans" . . . (Laurent)
9.0: Interlude.
9.15: "Messages from Mars," by Richard O'Neill.
Principals' Characters—Horace Parker, His Aunt Martha, Minnie Temple, His Fiancée, Arthur Dicey, Tramm, a Messenger from Mars.
Scene: London.
Time: The Present.
Production: Frank D. Clewlow.
10.20: News.
10.30: Close.
3GI SALE, 830 K'cycles
[Regional Station]
7.0: See 3AR. 7.30: See 3LO. 8.0: See 3AR. 8.30: See 3LO. 11.30: Close. 12.0: See 3LO.
1.35: See 3AR. 2.0: Close. 3.0: See 3AR. 3.30: See 3LO. 6.15: Local News, including Gippsland Market Reports. 6.30: See 3AR. 8.0: See 3LO. 11.30: Close.
3CO COROWA, 670 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
7.0: See 2PC. 7.37: See 3LO. 8.0: See 3AR. 9.30: See 3LO. 11.30: Close. 12.0: See 3LO. 12.33: News.
12.45: See 3LO. 1.25: See 3AR.
1.50: Organ Recital from Albany (continued), 2.0: Close. 3.0: See 3LO. 4.15: Close. 5.30: See 3LO.
6.15: Local News, including Market Reports from Albany. 6.30: See 3AR. 10.30: Musical Interlude from 2CO. 10.30: See 3LO. 11.30: Close.
4QG BRISBANE, 800 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
11.0: Time Signal. The Daily Broadcast Series, conducted by Rev. David Galloway.
11.40: Talk by Mrs. Shand Findlay—Merry Christmas.
12.0: From City Hall, Brisbane—Concert Society Concert with Gerald Cashin (Tenor), Bert McLeod (Baritone), conducted by Bert Waller and the Blue Moon Orchestra.
12.30: From City Hall, Brisbane—Community Concert (Continued), 2.0: Children's Programmes. 5.30: Children's Corner, Cap and Aunty Dot.
6.10: Dinner Music.
6.30: Weather. Lake Market Reports. General Commercial News. Cricket Scores.
7:10: Interlude.
7:16: From 2HR—National News Bulletin.
7:30: Interlude.
7:33: From 3AR—National Talk by L. F. Giblin, D.Sc., O.M., C.M., M.A. (Cantab.), Professor of Economics in the University of Sydney—Shaping the Future of Australia: The Economic Plans for the Future.
7:58: Close.
8:0: Further Adventures of The Three Musketeers, by Alexandre Dumas Dramatised by Ernest Barclay. Twenty Years After. Episode 1—The Call Comes.
Cast:
Queen of France, Molly Gordon
Cardinal Mazarin, Nevill Shaw
Captain Valentin, John Maxwell
Count de Buckingham, Max Sorrelle
Count de la Fer, Athos
Abbe d'Herblay, Aramis
Leo Guvatt
Seigneur du Vallon, S. H. Harris
Production: Ian Maxwell.
8:10: Recital by Winifred Burston (Piano).
Nocturne in C Sharp Minor (Chopin)
Preludes (Chopin)
Etudes (Chopin)
8:30: Talk by F. W. Robinson, M.A., Ph.D., Lecturer in Modern Languages, University of Queensland, on Santa Claus.
9:10: Whims and Whimseys—A Variety Programme involving Ralph Scott, George Rainsford, Pendleton, Max Sorrelle, Norma Campbell, and Kathleen Dalton, supported by the Brisbane Concert Orchestra, Conductor, Stefan de Polotynski. Leader, Eric Mayne. The Brisbane Harmonium Trio.
10:0: Talk by W. R. McDonald, T.D., The World Wars On.
10:20: News.
10:30: Weather.
10:35: The Brisbane Concert Orchestra presents a Medley of Favorites.
11:0: From 3LO—The A.B.C. Dance Band directed by Jim Davidson.
11:30: Close.
4RK R'HTON, Q. 910 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
1:0: Relayed from 4QG. 6:00 p.m.
10:30: News. 11:30: Relayed from 4QG.
2:0: Close.
3:0: Relayed from 4QG. 4:30: Close.
5:0: Relayed from 4QG. 6:10: News. 6:20: Relayed from 4QG. 11:30: Close.
5CL ADELAIDE, 730 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Main Features:
12:35: Weather, River, and Grain Reports. News Notes.
5:30: The Children's Session.
8:45: Dinner Music.
6:25: Market Reports.
6:30: Stock Exchange.
6:35: News.
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6:45: From Sydney—National News Bulletin.
7:0: Interlude.
7:3: From Melbourne—National Talk, by Professor L. F. Giblin, D.Sc., O.M., C.M., M.A.—"The Economic Plans for the Future."
7:23: Interlude.
7:30: Advance Young Australia! The SCL Boys' Club Session, with the Boys' Club Entertainers, in a Special Concert.
9:0: Khyber—The Fourth Episode of the Great Drama of the Indian Frontier. Round Barclay. Presented by The Radio Players under the direction of James Anderson.
2:30: From Melbourne—A Military Band Concert.
10:15: News and Weather.
10:23: Modern Dance Music.
11:30: Close.
7NT Launceston, 710 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
(Relayed from 7ZL)
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
11:0: Talk at 11 a.m. by Leslie, by Mr. H. Lord ("Bee Lover").
11:15: Talk—A National Institution by a G.P.O. from Within, by An Officer of the S.P.O.
3:45: To-day's Short Story by Witteina.
5:30: Children's Corner, with Taffy and Judy.
6:10: Dinner Music.
7:0: Sporting.
7:10: Dinner Music.
7:20: National News Service.
7:30: Music.
7:50: News, Markets, Stock Exchanges.
8:0: The Golden Hour.
9:0: From London—The Launceston Players present two One-act Plays, entitled "Campbell of Kilmore" by A. Ferguson and "Mary Stewart" by Harold Holland, supporter of Bonnie Prince Charlie.
Daniel Stewart (her son, likewise a loyal supporter of Prince Charlie), Mary Cameron (niece of Mary Stewart), Captain Sandeman (an English officer in the army of King George II.), Archibald Campbell (a typical Highland chieftain, a supporter of King George II., because he believed it to suit him to be a Highland Prince entitled for the reward such a capture would bring him), James McEwan (his clerk).
The scene is the interior of a lonely cottage on the road from Sandeman's Ranch to North Perthshire some time after the raising of '45.
"Mary Flummery," by A. A. Milne.
Robert Crawshaw (Member of Parliament for the borough of Margaret Crawshaw (this wife, "small, comfortable, and certain, fond of her children, and certainly call her a dear, but might sometimes call her a poor dear.") Victoria Crawshaw (their daughter, young and pretty).
Richard Meriton (Member of Parliament in love with Vera).
Denis Clifton (a solicitor, theatrical tastes).
The scene is at Robert Crawshaw's town house, on a June morning, some time before the war.
10:0: News, Weather, Dance Session.
11:30: Close.
THE SPORTING SMOKO
CHARACTERS:
CHARLES LAWRENCE Compero
VICTOR SEARLE Australia's Baritone
FRANK RYAN "Rynie"
CHARLES DUNN "Chilly"
CLIFFORD GOLD At the Piano
GEORGE DAVIS Continuity
VERNON SELLARS Musical Director
KEITH BLANEY Stage Manager
The Cast includes other 2UW Artists.
This original session aims to entertain the actual atmosphere of a Sports Concert without the necessity of being present at the actual festive board.
Ladies who have never been admitted to admission to these purely male functions will find their curiosity satisfied by these realistic broadcasts. And those listeners who are lucky enough to be among the first or 30 invited guests to the buffet supper, held in the adjacent studio, will indeed be fortunate in being able to partake at such close quarters of the fun of a 2UW Sportman's Smoko.
RELAYED TO 2AW, MELBOURNE.
ON THE SHORT WAVES
[Eastern Standard Time (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Hobart) is given]
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—1
GSF 15.140 kc/s (19.82 m.), GSF 9510 kc/s (31.55 m.)
6:30 a.m.: Big Ben. An extract of New Hampshire Records.
7 p.m.: Sports Talk.
7:15 p.m.: A Recital by Parry Jones
Greenwich Time Signal at 7:30 p.m.
7:30 p.m.: The B.R.C. Dance Orchestra, directed by Henry Hall.
8:15 p.m.: News. 8:30 p.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—2
GSG 17.792 kc/s (16.88 m.), GSG 9310 kc/s (31.32 m.)
9 p.m.: Big Ben. "The Empires"—Fourth Edition. A kind of variety entertainment, with Rifle Atherton, Ronald Hill, George Hirste, Jack Clarke, Ben Williams, and the Proctor Beaumans. The programme presented by Ronald Hill and William Lasseter.
9:45 p.m.: The Scottish Studio Orchestra, Greenwich Time Signal at 10 p.m.
10:45 p.m.: Sports Talk.
11:15 p.m.: News. 11:20 p.m.: Opera.
11:45 p.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—3
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSC 9380 kc/s (16.88 m.), GSC 15.140 kc/s (19.82 m.), GSC 11.860 kc/s (28.29 m.), or GSB 9510 kc/s (31.55 m.).
7:15 a.m.: Some Yarns about Unusual Christmasses, by Jerry Nunn.
7:30 a.m.: The Vario Trio.
8:00 a.m.: Greenwich Time Signal at 8 a.m.
8:00 a.m.: The News.
8:15 a.m.: Dance Music. The Camisi Orchestra, directed by Charles Kunz. Relayed from Camisi's Club, London.
8:45 a.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—5
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSD 9660 kc/s (31.32 m.), GSB 9310 kc/s (31.55 m.), GSB 6110 kc/s (49.10 m.), GSA 6050 kc/s (49.59 m.).
9:00 a.m. (Tues.): Big Ben. An Organ Recital by Berkeley Mason, from the Concert Hall, Broadcasting House.
9:30 a.m.: Talk: "I Knew a Man."
9:50 a.m.: A Recital by Parry Jones (tenor).
Greenwich Time Signal at 10 a.m.
10:15 a.m.: News. 10:30 a.m.: Opera.
10:45 a.m.: News. 11:00 a.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—6
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSD 9660 kc/s (31.32 m.), GBC 9610 kc/s (30.48 m.), GSB 6110 kc/s (49.10 m.).
2:15 a.m.: The Hungary Gipsy Band, conducted by Miklos Loray. Relayed from the Hungary Restaurant, London.
Greenwich Time Signal at 2:30 a.m.
2:30 a.m.: The News.
2:50 a.m.: Recital by Irene Scharer (pianoforte). 3 a.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—4
Part I. Two or three of the following frequencies will be used: "Electrical recordings,
Gramophone records."
Greetings... from the station that entertains.
The Management and Staff of Broadcasting Station 2CH send greetings and sincere good wishes to all those listeners who, during 1935, enjoyed 2CH programmes, and who helped so materially with their thoughtful response and unvarying encouragement.
1935 has been a satisfying year for 2CH. The Station has progressed with remarkable rapidity, and there is every reason to believe that this development will be even more noticeable during 1936.
Many splendid new features have been planned for the coming year; new artists have been discovered; new services to the public have been organised, and everything possible has been done to ensure that your radio entertainment will be of the highest standard when you listen to 2CH.
It is our hope that these efforts will bring amusement, interest and relaxation into your home life, and that Christmas, 1935, will be among your happiest memories.
BROADCASTING STATION
11:30: Australian Women's League Session—Janet Austen.
12:0: Hope Suttor conducts the Home Serenade Session.
12:10: A Dickens Reading by A. S. Cochrane.
12:30: A. S. Cochrane presents "Merry Melodies."
12:45: "Plays and People," by James Roche—Annie Doherty.
12:45: Australian Women's League Session—Janet Austen.
5:45: Children's Session → "Fairy Godmother."
5:55: Music.
5:45: Hello Man's Children's Session.
6:20: Dinner Music.
6:30: Weather in the Air.
7:00: New Recordings.
7:10: Celebrity Call—Ruth Chatterton.
7:15: "Seaside Syncopation."
7:30: Paul Whitman and Orchestra—Way Back Home (Waring-Lewis).
7:35: Mischa Spokansky—Killing Song (Spokansky).
7:45: German Showboat (Hammerstein-Kern).
7:45: Debray Somers Band—Love Song (Debray).
7:47: Lawrence Tibbett, Baritone—Wanting You (Romberg).
7:51: "The Little Drummer"—Musical Box Miniatures.
8:00: THE 30th DRAMATIC PLAY—THE ENDING OF "BAYVIEW CRESCENT." Written and Produced by DICK WHEELER. (Relayed to 5EA.)
8:15: New Recordings.
8:30: James Moran and "Joan" in Music and Nonsense.
8:45: "Radio Parade"—Robert Hood Powers and His Orchestra, Brass Band, George Hall and his Orchestra.
9:0: John Longden, Famous Stage and Screen Star, presents a Special Radio Programme.
9:15: "Gems of Gaelyt"—Presenting: Turn Your Face to the Sun; Three Jolly Fellows; I Write an Eyeful of Heaven; Thrilled.
9:30: H. CAMPBELL JONES, INTERNATIONAL NEWS & COMMENTARY.
9:45: Interlude—"Gasparone."
9:51: Children's Family—Presenting: The Green-eyed Dragon; Toad of Toad Hall; Little Tommy Tucker.
10:0: The Musical Philosopher—Waltz for Forget; Life is a Song; Take Me Back; Life Begins Again; Smiling Through; Here Comes that Rainbow.
10:24: Musical Comedy Gems.
10:30: "The Big Show."
10:40: Tranquillity Tales.
10:44: Slumber Music.
10:50: Meditation and Music.
11:0: Close.
---
2GB SYDNEY, 870 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
10:0: Richard Want, B.A.—"Child Problems."
10:30: Dorothy Jordan—"Beauty Through the Ages."
12:45: Irene Allan—"Contract Bridge."
4:45: The Playhouse of Youth.
4:46: Nursery Land.
5:15: Music.
5:30: Krazy Kollege.
5:35: Quips and Quavers.
5:45: The Talk on the Don.
6:10: Dinner Music.
6:30: To-night's the Night.
6:35: Special Selection of Favorite Carols and Yuletide.
6:55: Chandu, the Magician.
7:15: Special Presentation—Vagabonds of the Prairie.
7:30: The Air Adventures of Jimmy Allen.
7:45: Christmas Carols.
8:35: Pick and Pat Minstrels.
8:35: Frank and Archie in Hollywood.
8:35: Build a Little Home.
8:45: Krauseneyer and Cohen.
9:0: Special Presentation—Viennese Nights.
9:15: AUSTRALIAN HELMSMEN—by George Edwards Production.
9:30: Strange As It Seems.
---
2BL 8.0
Relayed from 5CL Adelaide.
BALL FOR BALL DESCRIPTION of the First Day's Play of the SECOND TEST MATCH AUSTRALIA v. SOUTH AFRICA PLAYED AT JOHANNESBURG
9:45: Harmony Highlights, with Jack Lomazdine, the Radio Bass-call; Cyril James, Baritone.
10:0: Musical Session.
10:15: Musical Programme, featuring Old-time Memories.
10:30: The Last Tune of To-day, featuring Guy Lombardo and his Orchestra.
10:45: Special Presentation of Christmas Carols—Silent Night, Holy Night; White Shepherds Watch; O Come, O Come, Emmanuel; Bark, the Herald Angel Sing. Richard Crooks, Tenor-Star of Bethlehem.
11:0: SPECIAL PRESENTATION—"A CHILD IS BORN."
11:25: 2GB Good-night Song.
11:30: Close.
---
2SM SYDNEY, 1270 K cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday except—
Note.—During the afternoon results of Richmond Races.
5:0: Uncle Tom and his Gang.
5:0: Angelus.
5:30: Dinner Session, Dominic Harbeck.
7:0: Review of Thursday's Races at Randwick, Harry Millard.
7:30: "THE MAN'S FAMILY." Book 3, Chapter 12, "The Christmas Tree," Produced for Radio by John Bedouin.
Note—News Flashes throughout the evening.
8:0: Evening Session.
8:15: "WHAT WOULD YOU DO?" Radio Drama.
8:30: "The Grand Hotel Madame," Jerome Kern Medley.
9:0: "Musical Prescriptions."
9:15: "An English Revue."
9:30: From the Victor Herbert Album.
9:45: Eric Costas, Composer and Conductor.
10:0: "The Newscaster."
10:25: When You Come to the End of the Day (Kahn), Paul Oliver.
10:30: Close.
---
2KY SYDNEY, 1020 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
12:30: FULL PARTS OF PROVINCIAL RACE MEETING.
4:15: Melody Hour—John Harper.
5:15: Rion, Algy, and Esme in "King of the Valley."
5:30: Dinner Divertissements. "Adventures of the Ponville Kid."
5:45: Pianoforte Cocktails.
6:0: Music.
6:20: Listen to the Band.
6:22: Sam and Bill Sketch.
6:30: Dinner Entertainment—Good, the Man of Honor.
6:45: Radio Serial.
7:0: Race Talk.
7:10: Racing Talk.
7:20: Racing Talk.
7:27: Music.
7:30: Music for Fun.
7:45: Music.
7:50: Eric Gordon.
8:0: Hammett.
8:15: Music.
9:0: GRANDPA'S DIARY—CAPTAIN BAINSFATHER.
9:45: Rambling Round the World by "Ro"—Capt. Bainsfather.
10:0: Highlights of Radio Hour.
10:42: Life of Victor Herbert.
11:0: Close.
---
2KO NEWCASTLE 1410 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
5:30: FATHER CHRISTMAS.
6:0: Musical Aid to Digestion.
6:25: Watch Tower.
6:45: Merry Boots or Fairy Boots.
6:45: Musical Guest.
7:0: Pleasant Interlude.
7:0: Oates Family, the Permanent Play.
7:55: Topical Chorus and Pyjama Parade.
8:0: Songs Without Words.
8:20: Heart Songs.
8:35: Mr. and Mrs. and Mr. Rubber.
8:45: and Zen.
9:0: Racing Talk.
9:30: The Impresarios.
9:45: A Musical Fountain.
10:0: Close.
---
2MO GUNNEDAH 1360 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as usual.
6:0: Harry's Cheerio Session.
6:30: Skit Story—Uncle Margo.
6:45: Cheerio Session (contd.).
7:0: Literature.
7:30: Market Reports. Stock Sales.
7:40: Musical Pot-pourri.
8:15: News Service.
8:30: Musical Pot-pourri (contd.).
9:0: "In Gunnedah Town"—Harry Wharf. 10:0: Close.
2CA CANBERRA 1050 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as usual.
6.30: Music.
6.45: "The Golden Pathway"—Kiddies' Stories.
6.60: Adventures of Ben, Sam, and Oogie. 6.15: Birthday Cheerios.
6.30: Music.
6.30: What's on in Canberra.
6.45: Popular Recordings.
From 2GB, Sydney—
7.00: Simpli Time.
7.15: Jack Davy in Popular Numbers.
7.30: Magic Air Adventures of Jimmy Allen.
7.45: Special Session of New Records.
8.00: Novelty Recordings.
8.20: Frank and Archie in Hollywood.
8.30: Presenting Rhythm Review.
9.00: 2CA resumes its own programme. Famous Overtures.
9.15: Light Music and Amateur Trials.
10.00: Announcements. Close.
2GN GOULBURN 1390 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
12.0: Children. Weather News and Market Reports. 12.30: Music.
1.0: Beauty Aids by Judy.
1.30: Luncheon Music. 1.45: Close.
6.30: Frank Judy and Stacey from "The Dream Girl's Garden."
6.45: Serial, by Uncle Fred.
6.50: Diving Cruise.
6.15: Talkie Time.
7.30: To-morrow's Sporting Programme.
6.45: Emm and 'Erbert.
6.49: The Grazer's Association.
6.50: Wool Report, Country Stock Sales.
7.10: Produces. 7.19: Weather.
7.30: Sport and Descriptions—First South African Test Match. Morning play.
8.0: Lunch Adournment.
10.3 to 2.8: Afternoon Play.
2CH 8.30
TUESDAY AND THURSDAY.
MUSICAL NONSENSE
WITH "JOAN" AND JAMES RAGLAN.
The mysterious "Joan" has certainly got Jimmy Raglan as she sets her poached eggs—well on toast. And now Keith Howard is wondering where he gets off, too. The little lady with the big voice is still puzzling these two with the same ease that she sings her songs.
At one time Jimmy, up in the clouds, as he comes to earth with a bump, asks Keith to inform him of what happened LAST night, and then she passes her attentions back to Jimmy, and leaves her other admirer gasping at the sheer wonder and beauty of her voice.
Now Keith hatches a plot with her to take Mr. Raglan down a peg or two—"Just for a joke, of course," he says, and he is delighted when Joan is taken prisoner and made woe-begone. But is his face red when Joan, just to show that she really is only joking, takes Jimmy under her wing, and leaves Keith on the mat.
What a girl!
2SM 7.30
ONE MAN'S FAMILY
produced by JOHN BEDOUIN.
Episode 11. Book 3.
"THE CHRISTMAS TREE."
While you are enjoying your own Christmas, tune in and hear how the Barbour's spend theirs. This is a merry episode, with all the family decorating their Christmas tree. And there is much of the precious laughter around the tree. Pansy reads the cards. She tells Claudia that she will have a message from someone out of the past; the telephone rings, and the drama becomes tense.
Concerto in D Major, Op. 61 (Beethoven).
Allegro non troppo.
Larghetto.
Rondo: Allegro.
Marjorie: Contralto.
Agnes Del (Biset).
Nora (Cadam).
Mark Barbour, Piano.
Aufschwung (Schumann).
La Campanella (Paganini-Liszt).
4.00: "The Settlers." By Irving Laving.
Authors: Miss J. G. Shinn.
5.30: "The Argonauts' Theatre."
Overture: Christmas Songs.
Mandy Lou tells how the Circus Celebrates Christmas.
The Prisoner tells how the World Celebrates Christmas.
Christmas Carols. "Sleigh Ride"—a Christmas Eve Sea Song, written by "Sparka." A New Christmas Release. "Sandy Makes a Decision"—made by Sandy, by Isabel Ann. Finale.
6.15: Dinner Music.
6.30: Program of Christmas Music and Carols, by A.B.C. (Melbourne) Concert Orchestra and Wireless Band, conducted by Percy Code. Assisted by Madame Hilda Sedley, Contralto, Orchestra. Christmas Overture (Coleridge Taylor).
Fantasy. Dream of Christmas (Korngold).
Chorus: Carols.
Night Night (Arr. A Dare).
God Rest You Merry Gentlemen (Arr. A. Dare).
Good King Wenceslas (Arr. A. Dare).
Contralto: Quiet (Sanderson).
Sing, Red Sun (Del Riego).
Duet: Santa.
The Nutcracker Suite (Tschaikowsky).
Minstrel Overture.
Arabian Dance.
Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairies.
Russian Dance.
March.
Chinese Dance.
Valse des Fleure.
Chorus and Orchestra:
Sleigh Ride (Arr. A Dare).
Angel and the Shepherd (E. H. Thorne).
Corelli Carol (E. H. Thorne).
A Star was His Candle (Del Riego).
Cantabile: My Ship (Barrett).
Butterfly Wings (Phillips).
Orchestra: Suite—
In a Manger (Kingman).
The Doll in the Cradle.
The Rocking Horse.
Prelude on the Cradle.
The Doll on the Stage.
The Dolls.
9.15: Christmas Greetings.
9.30: Christmas Music. Something out of the Bag. A Seasonable Variety Programme.
With Nellie Elmore, Nell Fleming, Austral Harmonists Male Quartette, Ken Mountain, June Mills, Albert Smith, the Father Christmas and Jim Davidson, and his A.B.C. Dance Band.
10.30: News.
10.40: Dance Music by A.B.C. Dance Band directed by Jim Davidson.
11.30: Close.
2GB 9.15
"AUSTRALIAN HELMSMEN"
BLIGH AND MACQUARIE
The outcome of the deposing of Governor Bligh was the appointment of a military officer as Governor, bringing out with him his own regiment in place of the New South Wales Corps, which had grown too powerful in the days of the great Bligh. This lasted for one day, and major was re-admitted on his return home. Major Johnson was dismissed from the army against his will, and was sent to England, and from England to New South Wales for a period of eight years. So Governor Macquarie entered upon his period of governorship with more powers than any Governor before him, and this enabled him to steer the affairs of the colony. It had been a prison for the worst of England's convicts; it was not to be a great experiment in reform. Macquarie was a victim of a great experiment in reform. Macquarie was a man of vision and imagination, marred by petulance and a somewhat dogmatic belief in his own importance. The result of all this faithful Governor, so shaped for good the destiny of New South Wales. "Australian Helmsmen," from 2GB on Tuesday December 24, at 9.15 p.m., will carry the story of New South Wales a step farther on to complete self-government.
3AR MELBOURNE 580 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
11.25: From Melbourne Cricket Ground. A ball for ball description of the Sheffield Shield Cricket match—Victoria v. New South Wales.
11.45: Music.
12.0: Community Singing from King's Theatre.
12.15: From Melbourne Cricket Ground. Description of Sheffield Shield Cricket Match, continued.
1.20: From the King's Theatre, Community Singing, continued.
3.30: From Melbourne Cricket Ground. A ball for ball description of the Sheffield Shield Cricket match—Victoria v. New South Wales.
4.15: Acceptances and barrier positions for the Melbourne Races, to be held Saturday, December 28, 1935.
5.15: From Melbourne Cricket Ground. Description of Sheffield Shield Cricket Match, continued.
6.0: The official weekly report of
TUESDAY, DECEMBER 24 . . . CONTINUED
2GB, 9.30
STRANGE AS IT SEEMS
The first submarine was conceived as early as 1625 by Cornelius van Drebel, a Dutchman in the service of King James I. of England. He was the first man to plan, build, and successfully navigate an undersurface boat. Van Drebel formulated his plans for a vessel that would be propelled by a 10-h.p. steam engine, and which would float or submerge according to the tautness of the towing rope. He reasoned that a boat would react in similar fashion to a kingfisher diving for its prey. His operations, and Van Drebel built submarines in four years of experimenting. His submarines resembled large rowing boats, over which was attached a water-tight breastwork. King James took a ride in one of these quaint contraptions together with twelve rowers and several passengers. The boat remained submerged for several hours, remaining at depth from 10 to 13 feet. Thus, strange as it seems, King James was the first King to travel by submarine. Many equally as strange things are happening today, and we are being told in "Strange as It Seems," radio's newest entertainment, from 3GB each Tuesday and Thursday night at 9.30.
News. 6.20: Relayed from 4QG.
7.30: Relayed from A.R.C.Q. Test Cricket, Results, News, South Africa—Authentic Description of the Second Test Match. 2.0: Close.
5CL ADELAIDE, 730 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
7.0: News and Weather.
7.10: Music.
12.55: Weather, River and Grain Reports. News Notes.
4.00: A.R.C. Bridge Club, conducted by "No Trump."
5.30: News. Children's Session.
6.45: Dance Music.
6.15: Agricultural Session.
6.25: Market Reports.
6.35: News.
6.40: Stock Exchange.
7.0: News. Sydney—National News Bulletin.
7.0: Interlude. The Spirit of Christmas—a Popular Promenade Programme. Special Arrangement, by The Palais Royal Band, with Test Cricket Results and Commentaries interspersed.
7.0: Pantomime, "A Good Ship Lollypops—A Cruise by Land or Make Believe, with Santa Claus." Special arrangement for a Full Test Cricket Service on board.
2.0: Christmas Carols, by The Laydon Choir, arranged by Clifford Lathean, and conducted by John Horner.
10.0: News and Weather.
10.10: National Relay Resumed—Christmas Carols, by Members of the Second Test, South Africa v. Australia, at Johannesburg.
12.0: Christmas, Ancient and Modern, "In the Name Old Spirit—Peace on Earth Good Will to All." A community presentation of Old-Time and Modern Melodies and Dance Music, with Test Cricket Results and Commentaries between.
12.0: Cricket commentaries.
12.15: Christmas Morning Chimes, Carols, and Seasonal Themes, with Test Cricket Results and Commentaries.
2.0: Close.
7NT Launceston, 710 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
(Relayed 'from ZXL)
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
11.0: Talk—Health, by the City Health Officer (Dr. C. N. Atkins).
11.15: Talk—Last Minute Christmas Gifts, by Mrs. C. Harrison.
12.45: Home and Abroad, by Wotanman.
3.45: To-day's Short Story, by Witena.
5.30: Children's Corner, with Taffy and Judy.
6.0: Dinner Music.
7.0: Song.
7.10: Music.
7.15: National News Service.
7.30: Music.
7.50: News, Markets, Stock Exchange.
8.0: Music.
8.0: Christmas Eve in Many Lands in Music, Song and Story.
9.20: Music.
9.30: Comedy, "Campe by Jack and Wally Keilway (Entertainers). Sketch, "The Guarantee." Say It With Music (Irvine Berlin). Nimble Fingers" (Michael Slowitzky) "When My Ship Comes In" (Oscar Kahn-Walter Donaldson)
9.45: Music.
10.0: News, Weather.
10.0: British Official Wireless Dance Session.
11.30: Close.
2FC SYDNEY, 610 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
CHURCH HOUR
(Relayed to 3LO, 10 to 12.15 p.m.)
10.0: Programme Announcements and Weather Report.
10.5: RELAYED TO NATIONAL STATIONS—News morning's news from "The Telegraph." Cables (Copyright) from the Australian Associated Press which comprises the principal Australian Daily, News and British Official Wireless Services.
10.25: Completion of Relay to National Stations. Musical Interlude (r.).
10.30: FROM ST. ANDREW'S CATHEDRAL
Part of the CHRISTMAS SERVICE
Preacher, Ven. S. M. Johnstone.
M.A., Archbishop of Camden.
11.45: FROM THE STUDIO—Musical Interlude (r.).
12.15: Close.
AFTERNOON PROGRAMME
(Relayed to 2NC 3.0 to 4.45 p.m.)
NOTE: Progress Scores in the Sheffield Shield Cricket Match, South Australia v. Queensland, played at Adelaide, will be given throughout the afternoon.
3.0: FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY—CARILLON RECITAL
By
MR. J. D. GORDON.
1. Hark! The Herald Angels Sing . . . (Mendelssohn)
2. Once in Royal David's City (H. J. Gauntlett)
3. O Little Town of Bethlehem (Walford Davies)
4. The First Nowell (17th Century)
5. Two French Carols: Gloria in Excelsis, Noel . . . (Medieval)
6. God Rest You, My Soul Gentle, Amen . . . (Traditional)
7. O Come all ye Faithful (18th Century)
8. Cæciliachorale: Good Shepherds watched their Flocks; Listen to Me Little.
9. The Hare and the Jay (Gloucestershire-Traditional)
10. Three Kings of the Orient (Traditional)
11. Good King Wenceslas (A Carol)
12. Schubert's Cradle Song (Approx.) FROM THE STUDIO — A Musical Interlude (r.).
4.45: Close.
EARLY EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 6.0 to 8.8 p.m.)
6.0: Musical items (r.).
6.15: RELAYED TO NATIONAL STATIONS
THE CHILDREN'S HOUR
"HANSEL AND GRETEL"
Fairy Play in Three Tableaux, by Adelheid Wette, with Music by ENGELBERT HUMPERDINCK.
CAST:
HANSEL . . . BENE MAXWELL
ORELIE . . . THE PRINCESS
WITCH . . . EVELYN HALL
MOTHER . . . ALICE BROWSE
FATHER . . . RAYMOND BRUCE
SANDMAN . . . ETHEL DAW
DEWMAN . . . DORIS ROBINSON
THE BIRDS . . . SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
Performance under the Artists' Management of MAURICE DE ABRAVANEL.
Organiser: CURT PREUBAUER.
Deputy Conductor and Pianist: MASTER JOSEPH POST.
7.45: National News Bulletin.
7.55: A Musical Interlude (r.).
EVENING SESSION:
(Relayed to 2NC, 8.8 to approx. 10.50.)
8.8: A NATIONAL PROGRAMME. (Transmission from 3LO Melbourne.)
2FC 8.0
Relayed from 3LO to 2FC and 2NC.
FROM THE MELBOURNE TOWN HALL
ANNUAL PERFORMANCE of
THE MESSIAH
(Handel)
By
THE MELBOURNE PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY
Conducted by
PROFESSOR BERNARD HEINZE, F.R.C.M.
with
FULL PROFESSIONAL ORCHESTRA
SOLOISTS:
IRENE BENNETT, Soprano
DOROTHY CLARKE, Contralto
BEN WILLIAMS, Tenor
SYDNEY DE VRIES, Baritone
FROM THE MELBOURNE TOWN HALL
ANNUAL PERFORMANCE
"THE MESSIAH" (Handel). (See Panel)
10.30 (approx.): FROM THE STUDIO (ANNOUNCEMENT) Talk: Major E. H. Booth, M.C., B.Sc., will speak on "THE STRATOSPHERE."
10.50 (approx.): Close.
Note—Relayed to 2NC, 1.0 to 2.0 p.m.
2.0: SHIPS AND SHOES AND SEALING WAX.
AN ARMCHAIR CHAT BY F. S. BURNELL.
Progress Scores for the Sheffield Shield Match, South Australia v. Queensland, played at Adelaide, will be given throughout the afternoon.
2.30: Studio Music (r.).
3.0: Close.
2BL SYDNEY, 740 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
MIDDAY SESSION
10.55: Announcements and Weather Report.
11.0: FROM ST. MARY'S BASILICA
HIGH MASS.
Messe, Sanct. Coelest. (Gounod)
Offertory, Adiae Fideles.
Conclusio, Hallelujah Chorus (Handel)
(From The Messiah)
CONDUCTOR, W. J. Caspers.
12.15: FROM THE STUDIO
Musical Interlude (r.).
12.50: Morning News from "The Telegraph." Cables (Copyright) from the Australian Associated Press which comprises the principal Australian Daily News, British Official Wireless News.
1.10: A SPECIALLY ARRANGED PROGRAMME OF RECORDED VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC.
2NC NEWCASTLE 1230 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.0 to 12.15: Relayed from 2FC.
1.0 to 3.0: Relayed from 2BL
3.0 to 4.45: Relayed from 2FC.
6.0 to 10.50: Relayed from 2FL
10.50 to 1.7: Relayed from 2BL
2UE SYDNEY, 950 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
7.30: "Merry Christmas" Wake-up Session.
7.31: Christmas Carols (arr. Macaulay)—The London Church Carol Choir.
7.32: A Dream of Christmas—Organ Solo by Charles Saxby.
7.45: Adeste Fideles (O Come, All Ye Faithful), performed by the Associated Glee Clubs of America.
7.49: Star of Bethlehem (Adams)—Richard Crooks, Tenor.
7.50: A Singing Morn (Synfort)—Ye Olde Fashioned Waits.
7.56: It Came Upon the Midnight Clear (arr. Sullivan)—The Royal Choral Society.
8.3: Music.
8.30: News from "The Telegraph."
8.35: Music.
9.0: "The Friendly Road" Programme.
9.10: The Better Land; The Children's Song—Catherine Stewart (Contralto).
9.23: Recordings.
9.45: Racing Talk.
9.52: Selected Programme.
10.0: REQUEST NUMBERS, Served by GRACE QUINE (Vocalist).
12.0: "A Radio Christmas Dinner"—Featuring Bright Music.
2.0: Recordings.
2.10: Christmas Bells at Eventide—Gracie Fields. The Ghost of the Turkey—Reginald Purcell and Male Quartette. Jingling Bells (Traditional)—The Shrewsbury Quartette. Food—Beautiful Food (Weston)—Reginald Purcell and Male Quartette.
3.0: Recordings.
4.45: Entertainment for Young and Old, conducted by "Aggie." 4.49: "Favourites of To-morrow," 8.0: Music.
6.53: "The Sheridan."
7.0: Music.
7.20: "The Adventures of Bobby Filbert" (written by Arthur Hemsley).
7.30: Music.
7.53: Stanley Holloway.
8.2: Recordings.
8.30: Richard Tauber.
8.22: "American Gems" by Teddie Garratt (Novelty Pianist).
8.30: Recorded Music.
8.45: "Plantation Echoes"—The Mosman Musical Society.
8.52: p.m.: Music.
9.0: "The Irishman of Ireland"—The Mosman Musical Society.
9.22: Recordings.
9.45: "Favorites of Yesterday"—The Mosman Musical Society.
9.52: Recordings.
10.0: The Storyman reads a Story.
10.30: Dance Music by Richard Himor and his Ritz-Carlton Orchestra.
11.15 p.m.: Tranquillity Music.
11.30: Close.
2CH 1190 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
11:30 London Church Carol Choir — Christmas Carols.
11:35 London Symphony Orchestra — The Miracle (Humperdinck).
11:40 Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Thomas Beecham — Pastoral Symphony from The Messiah (Handel).
11:45 Boys of St. Mary of the Angels Choir, Choristers in Royal David's City (Alexander).
11:50 Address.
11:55 BBC Chorus — Lord's Prayer.
11:58 Methodist Union Conference — O, Thou Thousand Tongues to Sing (Wesley).
11:40 Chicago Symphony Orchestra — Lauda Sion.
11:44 Philharmonic Choir—Agnes Deli Lux Aeterna; Cum Sanctus.
11:46 BBC Orchestra—Ave Maria (Bach-Gounod).
11:50 Hallelujah Chorus from The Messiah (Handel).
12:00 Chorus.
7:30 Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra conducted by Eugene Ormandy—Moto Perpetuo (Paganini).
7:35 Dora Labette and the Leeds Festival Orchestra with London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham—Kyrie Eleison (Bach).
7:44 Royal Opera Orchestra—A Noel Fantasy, from a Carol Symphony (Hindemith).
7:45 Ya Qale Mashong Waita—Nazareth (Gomodi).
7:55 Eric Coats and Symphony Orchestra—Loyalty (The Prayer Within Our Hearts).
8:00 FROM SYDNEY TOWN HALL THE MESSIAH, THE ROYAL PHILHARMONIC SOCIETY OF SYDNEY.
KATHLEEN CONGREVE (Soprano).
ETHEL DAW (Contralto).
ROBERT COOPER (Tenor).
STANLEY CLARKSON (Bass).
Conductor: HOWARD CARR.
11:00 Close.
2GB SYDNEY, 870 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
9:00 Norman Finck and his Orchestra, with Chorus—Christmas Memories; a Dream Phantasy (arr. Finck); B.B.C. Choir—The First Noel; Good King Wenceslas.
9:15 Musical Programme, featuring Miss Helen Boughey (Soprano).
9:25 Lewis Cassou—The Nativity.
9:30 Extracts from The Messiah, by Handel—Messiah Comfort, My People; Every Valley Shall be Exalted; And the Glory of the Lord Rejoice Greatly; O Desolations of Zion; Hallelujah Chorus.
10:00 CHRISTMAS SERVICE from ST. ALBAN'S CHURCH.
11:45 Morning Session, conducted by Dorothée Vautier.
12:30 News.
1:00 Luncheon Session, conducted by Jack Lumsden.
2:30 Mrs. Nellie's Happiness Club.
2:45 The Radio School of Domestic Science, Mrs. D. State.
3:00 Colleen Davis, presented by Eileen Robinson and Theresa Carmo.
3:15 Parlours, Fads, and Fancies.
3:45 Afternoon Tea with Rte. Field. Bransby Williams and Company—A Christmas Dickens Christmas (Wrenn and Lee).
3:50 Music.
4:00 The Playground of Youth.
4:40 Nursery Land, 8:15 Music.
5:30 Krasy Kollege.
5:35 Quins and Quavers.
6:00 Dance.
6:15 Features the Carlyle Cousins, Vocal Trio—Carlyle Carols; Hill-Billies.
6:30 To-night's the Night.
6:35 Tunes we Know and Love.
6:45 The Orchestra.
7:15 Special Session—The Vagabonds of the Prairies.
7:30 The Air Adventures of Jimmy Allen.
7:50 Christmas Carols.
8:00 THE KINGSMEN, featuring—Persons Says I Love You; I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl who Married Dave Old Man; She Should Cackle, or She Never Would Have Heard Avalon; My Scandinavian Gal.
8:20 Frank and Archie in Hollywood.
8:35 To Build a Little Home.
8:45 "Wings of the Dragon."
8:50 Easy Chair Music, featuring—Ah So Pure: My Bonnie; The Old Oak Bucket.
9:10 SPORTS SHOW of the AIR.
9:30 Travel with Music presented by The Melody Travellers (Albert Russell and Reg. Morgan).
9:45 Special Session.
10:15 Reflections of Romance—Spirit of the Spirit; Deux Aires Russes; Kiss Me With Your Eyes; L'Amour toujours l'amour; Valse Buette.
10:30 Light Music of the Empire—Mr. Flotsam and Mr. Jetsam; Singin' Out in England; Spirit of Romance; Deux Aires Russes; Kiss Me With Your Eyes; L'Amour toujours l'amour; Valse Buette.
10:45 The Air Adventures of Jimmy Allen.
11:00 Angelus.
11:10 Christmas Music.
11:15 "Your Radio" A Drama.
11:25 Studio Music.
8:00 "Grandfather Clock." A Drama.
8:15 Studio Music.
9:00 "The Legend of the Love Seat." A Drama.
10:00 Studio Music.
10:10 Close.
11:15 a.m. (Thursday): CHRISTMAS MESSAGE FROM KING GEORGE.
2KY SYDNEY, 1020 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
6.45: Weather Report, News and Commentary—Bert Beaver.
7.0: Happy Hour—Tony Dare.
10.0: Music.
10.25: Music.
10.30: Women's Session—Mrs. Grey.
11.30: Editor of "Woman."
12.0: Close.
14.15: Melody Hour—John Harper.
15.15: Rion and Esme in Jungle Tales.
16.30: Dinner Divertissements. Adventures of the Ponyville Kid.
18.45: Yesterday and To-day.
19.0: Music.
19.15: Listen to the Band.
22.22: Sam and Bill Sketch.
30.0: Dinner Entertainment—Goode.
37.30: Sport of Humor.
45.45: Radio Serial.
7.0: Rhythm Music.
7.15: Fred Witt, Vocalist.
7.35: CONNIE AND FLO OVER THE FENCE.
7.45: Music.
7.50: Miss Gordon.
8.0: Harmony.
8.15: Music.
8.43: Neptune's Garage.
9.0: Music.
10.0: Highlights of Radio Hour.
10.42: Honor the Law—Radio Serial.
11.0: Close.
2BL 10.30
PAGEANT BRITANNICA
A TOUR OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE
A compilation of Tone Pictures, selected from the Works of British Empire Composers and presented by World-famous British Artists.
RECORDED.
Pageant Britannica is a musical review of the British Empire, England, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Africa—all have been photographed in tone by British Composers, and pass in review as units in a Pageant of Empire.
12.30: CHRISTMAS PROGRAMME FROM THE B.B.C. "THIS GREAT FAMILY."
1.0 a.m. (Approx.)
A MESSAGE
From
HIS MAJESTY THE KING
1.7 a.m. (approx.): Close.
2TM Tamworth. 1300 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
3.0: Music.
3.30: Christmas Story.
4.0: Music.
4.25: Close.
7.0: Music.
7.30: "Wings of the Dragon."
7.45: Music.
8.15: The Adventures of Flash Gordon and Dale Arden.
8.30: Music.
9.30: Christmas Carols.
10.0: Close.
3LO MELBOURNE 770 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.0: Time Signal. Express Train Information. Telegraph Rates of Postage Exchange London Silver Quotations. Police Messages.
10.5: National News Bulletin.
10.25: Music.
11.0: From St. Patrick's Cathedral Mass. His Grace the Archbishop will celebrate. Agnus Dei. D. Milne, "Ave Maria Stella," by Don Mario Martelli. Conductor: Alois G. Melichar.
12.15: Close.
3.0: Christmas Music.
Berlin State Opera House Orchestra, conducted by Dr. Weismann.
Christmas Concerto, No. 8
Vivace Grave—Allegro
Adagio Allegro Adagio.
Vivace Allegro.
National Largo.
London Church Carol Choir—Vocal Gems—Christmas Carols
Arr. Mason
Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra—Shepherd's Christmas Music
Bach
Christmas Oratorio—
Christmas Chorale. Tenor—Star of Bethlehem ... Adams
Royal Holy City ... Adams
Royal Opera Orchestra, Covent Garden, conducted by Hely-Hutchinson
Noel Fantasy, from A Carol Symphony ... Hutchinson
Royal Carol Societies
Royal and the Ivy arr. Stainer
See Amid the Winter Snow ... Art. Goss
God Rest You Merry Gentlemen ... Traditional
I Saw Three Ships ... Arr. Stainer
Dr. Prendergast, Organ Solo—Offertoire sur deux Noels
Coronation Music ... Guilmant
Ernie Ackland, Contralto—Still Night, Holy Night ... Gruber
Royal Choral Society—Bethlehem ... Gounod
London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Einar Nilsson
Excerpts from The Miracle of Humperdink
Introducing—Children's Spring Song.
Mary, Holy.
Song of Glory.
Valse.
Coronation Dance.
Choral Music.
Salve Regina.
15.0: Close.
15.15: The Argonauts' Theatre—Overture—Christmas Carols.
Geoff's Christmas Visitors, by Irons and Curran. Carol.
"Mama Baboushka"—A Christmas Carol from Russia. Read and dramatised by Russell Bavinton. Special Christmas Recording—The Liberty Stables.
We Continue to Attend the Stable.
16.15: "Hansel and Gretel." (See 2PC Programme.)
17.0: National News Bulletin.
17.35: Interlude.
18.0: Annual Programme of "The Mermaids" (See 2PC Programme).
19.0: The Sydney Eye—National Talk—"The Strathgordon," Major E. H. Booth, M.C., B.Sc.
19.50 approx.: Close.
3AR MELBOURNE 580 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.55: Items of Interest.
11.0: Divine Servant from Wesley Church.
12.15: The B.B.C. Wireless Symphony Orchestra. Conducted by Percy Pitt.
The Christmas Overture (Coleridge-Taylor)
Royal Choral Society:
I Sing the Birth (Elgar)
Orchestre de la Societe des Concerts du Conservatoire
Conducted by Pierre Coppola.
Children's Corner Suite (Debussy)
12.45: At Home and Abroad—
A Daily News commentary.
1.0: G.P.O. Chimes. Interstate Shipping News.
1.3: Massed Bands of the Aldershot Camp, at the Searchlight Battalion 1934. Conducted by Leslie Seymour.
Grand March, Tannhauser (Wagner)
Pilgrims' Chorus, Tannhauser (Wagner)
Richard Crooks, tenor—
The Prayer Perfect (Speake)
How Lovely are Thy Dwellings (Liddle)
Members of La Scala Orchestra, Milan. Conducted by Ettore Panizza.
Petite Suite D'Orchestra, Op. 22—
Jeux d'enfants . . . (Bizet)
Marche Rompante Duo, Galop
Herron Finch and his orchestra with chorus—
Christmas Memories—A Dream
Flandrau (Herman Finck)
San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. Conducted by Alfred Herbert.
Liebesleid . . . . (Kreisler)
Serenade . . . . (Mozzkowski)
Auber
Paul Robeson, bass—
Mary has a Baby.
The Lord Is Calling (arr. Jackson)
Len Pillia and His Novelty Orchestra:
Summer Home
Alfred Cortot piano—
Impromptu No. 3 in C Flat Major (Chopin)
Fantasie Impromptu in C Sharp Minor (Chopin)
Mizza Korzina, soprano—
"Una sera Poco Fa" from "Barber of Seville" (Rossini)
Ah! Vous Dirai-Je Marianne (Voltaire) (arr. Ramin)
Light Symphony Orchestra. Conducted by Eric Coates:
The Three Musketeers (Quates)
(a) The Man from the Country.
(b) The Man about Town.
(c) The Man from the Sea.
Wood Nymphs—Valzer (Coates)
Walter Davidson, Pianist—
Powell, from "Songs of the West" (Newbolt-Stanford)
Voyage of the Nations, from "Messiah" (Handel)
London Philharmonic Orchestra: Conducted by Sir Landon Ronald:
Lyric Suite On 54 . . . (Grieg)
Shepherd Boy
Mozartian Rustic March
Nocturne
March from the Flute.
John McCormack, tenor:
Green Pastures (Taylor-Sanderson)
A Little Prayer for Me (Russell)
Grand Symphony Orchestra, Paris:
Voice of the Bells . . . (Ludwig)
2.30: Close.
3.30: Arthur Schnabel, piano, and the London Philharmonic Orchestra. Conducted by Dr. Malcolm Sargent:
Concerto No. 4 in G Major, op. 58 (Beethoven)
Allegro Moderato; Andante con Moto
Rondo—Vivace
Charles Kullman, tenor—
I Love Thee (David-Crutchfield)
Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra. Conducted by Leopold Stokowski:
Casse-Noisette Suite (Tchaikowsky)
Overture Miniature
Marche
2SM, 6.0
CHRISTMAS GREETING PROGRAMME
6 p.m.-10 p.m.—A special programme of music and jollity with John Dunne, Doreen McKay, John Tuttell, Dick Fair, Dominic Harnett, and Claude Healy, to wish you Merry Christmas.
The programme features three special 15-minute plays—human dramas of "Man's Home"—
7.30 p.m.—"Ruddy."
8 p.m.—"The Grandfather Clock."
9 p.m.—"The Legend of the Lost Seat."
There will also be broadcasts at:
1.15 a.m. (29th Dec.)—The Christmas Message from H.M. The King.
Paul Robeson, bass, with Jack Hyton and his Orchestra:
"Negro Spirituals Medley."
Mischa Elman, violin:
"Traminedi" (Krever)
"Valse Sentimentale" (Schumann)
"Valse (Schubert, arr. Franko)
8.0: A PROGRAMME OF INTERNATIONAL CELEBRITY TALENTS AND SPECIAL INNOVATIONS BY RUDOLF HIMMER.
Fantasie in C Major (Wanderer) (Schubert)
Allegro con Fuoco, ma non troppo
Adagio
Presto
Edwin Fischer, piano.
Sonata No. 3 in D Minor Op. 108 (Brahms)
Allegro
Adagio
Un poco presto e con sentimento
Presto agitato
Ferdinand David, violin. Arthur Rubinstein, piano.
A Talk.
How B.C. met A.D.—Prof. J. Alexander Gunn.
A Group of Roger Quilter songs sung by Mark Hammett, baritone:
"When be you come?"
"Over the Land is April"
"Go, little Rose"
"Out of the Month of May"
"WEEP you no More."
Roger Quilter at the Piano.
Quartette in E flat Major (Lalo)
Allegro vivo
Andante non troppo
Vivace
Appassionato
Quatuor Francois Maurice Blon-Ricercare a 6 voix aus dem Musikalischen
Uber ein Thema Friedrichs des Grossen . . . (Bach, arr. Fischer)
Edwin Fischer Chamber Orchestra.
10.0: Scene from Dickens by Stanley Brookes: "Gabriel Grubb's Dream."
10.30: Weather.
10.30: A Music Tour through the British Empire.
10.30: From Sydney: A Special Programme, arranged in conjunction with the British Broadcasting Corporation.
1 a.m. (Thursday): Close.
2CH, 8.35
FOLLOW A STAR
presented by Kenneth Fowles.
NO. 8—BING CROSBY
Why IS he called "BING"? Where did he start to sing, and when to sing? What did he intend to be before he found that crooning got by? Is he interested in sport, and if not, what does he do for money? What does he wear about the house, and where did he get his D.L.C. Legs?
All these things are discussed in "Follow a Star," which Kenneth Fowles presents each Saturday night at 8.35, in a style all his own, this announcer makes biography a thing not perhaps of beauty, but certainly a joy forever. He introduces music at the right proportion, and this, combined with the interest in the life of the star himself, gives listeners 15 minutes of keen enjoyment.
It has been said that one has to have a special kind of mind to appreciate Kenneth Fowles to the full, and there are also those who say that the same qualification is necessary if one is to enjoy Mr. Crosby. When the two of them get together, then, it would seem that ordinary mortals will shiver in awe.
Try listening, and see what kind of a mind you've got.
2GB, 9.15
"SHORT STORIES OF THE AIR"
PENT HOUSE
The mind, it is said, in moments of tense emotion can work extraordinarily fast. Drowning people are said to go through the whole course of their lives in the few moments preceding complete oblivion. What then would a man jumping from an Attic window, or leaping from a roof, or on a journey over a dirty old floor, as he passed the window of his creditor, the window of the office where he had to work, the window of the office where his old friend worked? This is what the author of Pent House, one of the "Short Stories of the Air" series, sets out to solve. Listeners who tune in this interesting radio drama, which will be broadcast from 2GB on Christmas night, December 25, at 9.15, will find it a surprise from start to finish.
Dance of the Sugar-Plum Fairy.
Trejan (Russian Dance).
Dance Arabesque.
Chinese Dance.
Dance of the Flutes.
Waltz of the Flowers.
5.30: The Evolution of Christmas: Mr. H. W. Allen.
5.45: Sir Thomas Beecham, conductor.
The London Philharmonic Orchestra:
The Fair Maid of Perth—Suite (Bizet)
Prelude
Aubade—Serenade.
March
Gipsy Dance
Lina Pena, soprano:
Il Seraglio, Blondine's Aria, Act 2
Mazurka (Mozart)
Magic Flute, Pamina's Aria
Ah Io so (Mozart)
Eugene Ormandy and the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra:
Moto Perpetuo . . . (Paganini)
Alfred Cortot, piano:
Barracolle in F Sharp Major, op. 69 (Chopin)
Tito Schipa, tenor:
Plaisir D'Amour
De Fédjan-Martin
Waltz
Scene
Dance of the Little Swans
Hungarian Dance (Gardas)
Scene
Gagliardi (Galilei, arr. Respighi)
Alfredo Ballerini, Violin.
Liebestraum . . . (Liszt)
Thais—Meditation . . . (Massenet)
Eugene Borello, soprano:
"Jung, Reine, Nahm—Based on Canzonetta from Violin concerto" (Tartini)
The B.B.C. Symphony Orchestra, Conducted by Dr. Adrian Boult.
"Mazurka—Overture" (Auten)
London Festival Choir with London Philharmonic Orchestra—conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham:
"Prince Igor—Choral Dance. No. 17" (Borodin)
(Polovetsian Dance)
Eugene Ormandy conducting the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra:
"Scherzo Capriccioso"
Eileen Joyce, Piano:
"Dance of the Gnomes" (Liszt)
"Serenade"
(From art. Gleeking)
John McCormack, tenor—
"Lilt' Boy Blue" (Nevin)
London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by John Barbirolli:
"The Swan Lake—Ballet Suite" (Tchaikowsky)
2CO COROWA 670 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.0: See 3LO. 12.15: Close. 3.0: See 3LO. 4.15: Close.
5.30: See 3LO. 6.30: See 2AR. 1.0 a.m. (Thursday): Close.
4QG BRISBANE 800 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
6.0: From St. Barnabas' Church of England, Itasca—Holy Eucharist, Service. Canon D. J. Chadwick.
6.30: Grieg's Sacred Music.
11.0: Morning Service from St. John's Anglican Cathedral, Brisbane. 11.30: Mass.
12.30: Specialty Selected Music.
1.30: From 5CL—Sheffield Shield Cricket, South Australia v. Queensland.
4.15: Music.
4.30: From 5CL—Sheffield Shield Cricket, South Australia v. Queensland.
4.45: Music.
4.45: From 5CL—Sheffield Shield Cricket, South Australia v. Queensland.
6.30: From 2FC—Hansel and Gretel—Fairy Play in Three Tableaux. Also, Selections from Music in Engelbert Humperdinck.
**Character:** Peter; The Broommaker; Gertrude, his Wife; The Children: Hansel, Gretel; The Witch; the Sandman; The Dwarf.
**The A.B.C. (Sydney) Symphony Orchestra** Performance under the direction and conducted by Maurice de Abravanel.
7.45: From B.B.C.-National News Bulletin.
7.55: Interlude.
7.58: From "Recordings of today's News" in Cricket Match South Australia v. Queensland.
8.6: Interlude.
8.10: 2QO—The Melbourne Philharmonic Society presents The Messiah (Handel), Conductor, Prof. Bernard Heimze, P.R.O.M.
8.40: From 2QO—National Talk by Major E. H. Liddell, M.C., B.A., F.Inst. P. Eng., Lecturer in Physics in the University of Sydney—New Discoveries Explained—The Stratosphere.
11.0: Special Selection Music.
12.30: A special programme arrangement in conjunction with the British Broadcasting Corporation.
1.0 (approx.): Close.
---
**4RK R'HTON, Q.**
910 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
10.30: Relayed from 4QO. 1.45: Close.
2.30: Relayed from 4QG.
1.0 (approx.): Close.
---
**5CL** **ADELAIDE,** 730 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Main features:
Continuous day.
Crickets—Queensland v. South Australia, at Adelaide Oval. Ball for ball descriptions between: 12 p.m. and 1.30 p.m.; 2.15 p.m. and 4 p.m. 1.30 p.m. to 2.15 p.m. Relayed to Station 4QG; 4.25 p.m. to 1.15 p.m., 2.15 p.m. to 5 p.m.
4.15 p.m.: News. 4.45 p.m.: Relayed to 6QW; 5.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. Relayed to 4QG and 6WF; 7.26 to 7.36 p.m. (approx.).
10.1: Stump scores in the match South Africa v. Australia, at Johannesburg.
6.5: From Sydney—Opera—Hansel and Gretel, by Humperdinck. Performed by The Australian Broadcasting Commission's Grand Opera Company.
7.15: The National News Bulletin.
7.35: Interlude.
7.58: Scene of the day's play in the match Queensland v. South Australia, relayed to Stations 4QG and 6QW.
7.30: Interlude.
7.45: Vocal Recital, by Gladys Lorimer, Soprano.
8.0: The Messiah—Selected Excerpts.
8.30: German Folk and Christmas Songs, by Marzi Romberg, in association with H. Brewster-Jones, pianist.
8.50: Sounds of the British Isles, arranged by Professor W. Harold Davies.
10.0: News and Weather.
10.10: Christmas In Many Lands—A Musical and Descriptive Cruise.
11.0: Christmas in the Orphanas.
11.30: Carols and Madrigals.
12.0: From Sydney—The B.B.C. Empire Christmas Programme.
12.30: Closing Carols. Close.
---
**7NT** **Launceston,** 710 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
(Relayed from 7ZL)
10.30: Music.
11.0: Divine Service from the Memorial Congregational Church, Hobart.
12.15: Music.
12.45: News Home and Abroad, by The Watchman.
4.0: Music.
4.30: Close.
---
**2UW 8.0**
**A MUSICAL TREAT**
Two Great Artists.
LEO CHERNAVSKY,
Violinist,
assisted by
SENIK GHOSTAKOFF,
Tenor.
One of the original members of the Don Cossack Choir.
PIANO—
Ave Maria ........................................ Schubert-Wilhelm Ganz
Canzonette ........................................ Ganz
Serenade ........................................... Schubert
Polonaise ........................................... Vieuxtemps
VIOLIN—
Old Evening Bell, Russian Monastery Song, arranged Jaroff
Lolita ............................................. A. Buzzi-Pecchia
Light Shades ...................................... Zuboff
Star Concert of Popular Ballads—12.30 p.m.: "This Great Family" 1.0 a.m.: Excerpts from "The Messiah."
1.0 a.m.: The Hastings Municipal Orchestra, conducted by John Harrison. Relayed from the White Rock Pavilion, Hastings.
Greenwich Time Signal at 2.30 a.m. 2.45 p.m.: The News.
2.50 a.m.: The John MacArthur Wireless, broadcast by John MacArthur. 3.0 a.m.: Close.
---
**EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—4**
Part I. Two or three of the following frequencies will be used: GSB 15,269 kc/s (19.66 m.), GSD 11,750 kc/s (26.58 m.), GSA 8510 kc/s (31.55 m.), GSB 6110 kc/s (49.10 m.).
3.15 a.m. (Thurs.): Big Ben. The B.B.C. Palace Orchestra, directed by Henry Hall.
4 a.m.: The News.
4.15 a.m.: "This Great Family."
4.40 p.m.: Orchestra Concert.
5.0 a.m.: Greenwich Time Signal at 5 a.m.
5.15 a.m.: The Boar's Head Ceremony, relayed from Queen's College, Oxford.
5.30 a.m.: A Radio Christmas Party. Quadrille dance music; ghost stories; chorus songs; charades and pantomimes; all kinds of happy-go-lucky entertainment—tune in at any time between 5.30 a.m. and 7.30 a.m., and take your chance.
7.30 a.m.: Close.
Part II. Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSC 3830 kc/s (31.32 m.), GSB 9510 kc/s (31.55 m.), GSA 6050 kc/s (49.39 m.).
7.45 a.m.: A Recital by Bernard Fels (pianoforte).
8.0 a.m.: Greenwich Time Signal at 8 a.m.
8 a.m.: The News.
8.15 a.m.: Dance Music. Joe Less and his Band.
8.20 a.m.: Variety Act.
8.30 a.m.: Dance Music. Joe Less and his Band (continued).
8.45 a.m.: Close.
---
**EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—5**
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSC 8580 kc/s (31.32 m.), GSB 8580 kc/s (31.32 m.), GSA 6110 kc/s (49.10 m.), GSA 6050 kc/s (49.39 m.).
9.0 a.m. (Thurs.): Big Ben. Christmas Day Programme.
9.20 a.m.: "Christmas Anthology." A Christmas Box of verse and fables, presented by John Puckett.
Greenwich Time Signal at 10 a.m.
10.10 a.m.: Part of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols in King's College Chapel, Cambridge, upon Christmas Eve. 1935. Relayed from King's College Chapel, Cambridge.
11 p.m.: The News.
11.5 p.m.: Charles Manning and Orchestra. Relayed from the Granada, Wallingford.
11.30 p.m.: English Folk Songs.
11.45 p.m.: Close.
---
**EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—6**
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSC 8580 kc/s (31.32 m.), GSA 6110 kc/s (49.10 m.).
1.00 a.m. Big Ben. A Carol Service by the B.B.C. Chorus (Squadron C) and members of the B.B.C. Military Band, conducted by Leslie Goodwin. Relayed from St. Mary's, Whitechapel, London.
Greenwich Time Signal at 1.30 p.m.
1.30 p.m.: The Yarns from our usual Christmases, by Jerry Nunn.
1.45 p.m.: News. 2.0 p.m.: Close.
---
**EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—3**
The following frequencies will be used from 1.30 a.m. to 1.5 p.m.: GSC 17,790 kc/s (18.86 m.), GSD 15,140 kc/s (19.82 m.), GSD 41,750 kc/s (25.53 m.).
GSD will continue to the end of the transmission. At 1.5 p.m. approx. GSO and GSP will be replaced by GSB.
12.0 a.m. (Thurs.): Big Ben. All Electrical recordings.
Gramophone records.
---
**The Jolly Miller**
(Arr. Roger Quilter)
The Pretty Creature
(Arr. Lane Wilson)
When Dull Care Comes
(Arr. Lane Wilson)
9.55: Music.
10.0: Weather. British Official Wireless.
10.15: Epilogue. The subject chosen for tonight's Epilogue is built on "The Message of Christmas."
10.30: Close.
2FC 8.0
RECITAL
By
HELEN BAINTON
Pianiste
and
PAT BUCHANAN
Violiniste
SONATA IN B FLAT MAJOR . . . William Babell
For Violin and Piano.
Prelude. Hornpipe.
Giga. Gavotte.
Air.
SONATA IN E MINOR, OP. 82 . . . Elgar
For Violin and Piano.
Allegro. Romance Allegro non troppo.
NOTE: Progress scores in the match South Australia v. Queensland, played at Adelaide, will be given throughout the afternoon.
2.10: Musical Interlude (r.).
AFTERNOON SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC, 3.30 to 4.0 between races from 2FC).
3.05: Studio Music (r.).
3.30: RELAYED FROM 3AR MELBOURNE—
Description of the Sheffield Shield Match, Victoria v. New South Wales.
4.15: FROM THE STUDIO—
Studio Music (r.).
4.15: RELAYED FROM 3AR MELBOURNE—
Description of the Sheffield Shield Match, Victoria v. New South Wales.
4.5: Close.
EARLY EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC 6.35 to 7.20, and 7.25 to 7.30)
6.35: Weather Report.
6.45: Evening Session—Results and Comments
7.10: RELAYED FROM 3AR MELBOURNE—
Results of the Sheffield Shield match, Victoria v. New South Wales.
7.20: FROM THE STUDIO—
Musical Item.
7.23: National News Bulletin.
EVENING SESSION
(Relayed to 2NC 7.30 to 2.30 a.m.)
7.30: NATIONAL PROGRAMME.
Ball for Ball. Description of the Second Day's Play in the Second Test Match, Australia v. South Africa, played at Johannesburg.
2.30 a.m.: Close.
2FC 8.30
BESS O' THE BARN
By
EDMUND BARCLAY
In this wildly facetious play the author has burlesqued the conventional historical drama, with its artificial "grand manner," its rhymed couplets, and its blank verse; in fact, the author claims the blank verse in "Bess o' the Barn" is the blankest ever written.
Production: LAWRENCE H. CECIL.
2.55: Interlude (r.).
9.0: FROM THE SYDNEY SPORTS GROUND—
Description of the International Match between Ben van Klaveren, Welterweight Champion Europe, and Jack Carroll, the welterweight Champion of Australia.
10.30: Late Official Weather Forecast and Late News from 'The Sun.'
10.40: Dance Music (r.).
11.30: Close.
2BL 740 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
(Relayed to 2NC 8.0 to 9.0 a.m.)
(Relayed to 2NC 12.45 to 1.20; between races from 2FC.)
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
11.30: G.P.O. Chimes and Announcements.
An Orchestral Interlude (r.).
12.0: Studio Music (r.).
12.45: RELAYED FROM 3AR MELBOURNE—
Description of the Sheffield Shield match, Victoria v. New South Wales.
1.20: FROM THE STUDIO—
Studio Music (r.).
2NG NEWCASTLE 1230 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
7.0 to 8.0: Relayed from 2FC.
8.0 to 9.0: Relayed from 2BL.
10.0 to 10.30: Relayed from 2FC.
11.30 to 12.0: News bulletin by courtesy of the "Newcastle Morning Herald."
12.0 to 11.0: Relayed from 2FC.
12.0 to 12.45: Relayed from 2FC.
12.45 to 1.20: Relayed from 2BL.
1.20 to 2.00: Relayed from 2FC.
2.30 to 4.5: Relayed from 2BL (except for race descriptions from 2FC).
4.5 to 5.0: Relayed from 2FC.
5.30 to 6.35: Relayed from 2FC.
6.35 to 7.0: Relayed from 2BL.
7.20 to 7.25: Local Sporting.
7.25 to 2.30 a.m.: Relayed from 2BL.
2UE SYDNEY 950 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
8.45: Preview of the Races at Randwick by Harry Solomons.
9.45: Racing Talk.
10.45: Fashion and Beauty Hints from "The Wood."
DESCRIPTION OF THE RACES FROM RANDWICK BY HARRY SOLOMONS, interspersed with Race Reports.
4.45: Entertainment for Young and Old, conducted by "Aggie," "Favourites of To-morrow." 5.0: Music.
5.15: THE JUNIOR THEATRE OF THE RADIO PLAYERS, Directed by MARIE LANDON.
5.30: Music.
6.45: Racing Talk.
6.55: Music.
7.24: "The Adventures of Bobby."
**2BL 7.30**
**CALL FOR BALL DESCRIPTION**
of the Second Day's Play in the
**SECOND TEST MATCH**
**AUSTRALIA v. SOUTH AFRICA**
**PLAYED AT JOHANNESBURG**
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
9:15: Warren Penny's Session for Mothers.
9:30: Play, Pleasure, and Pastime—Janet Austen.
10:20: Morning Devotion—Rev. F. R. Churton.
11:30: Australian Women's League Session, conducted by Hope Suttor.
12:00: Hope Suttor conducts The Home Service.
12:30: A. S. Cochrane presents "Memories in Melody."
2:00: Close.
3:00: Dickens Reading by A. S. Cochrane.
4:15: Australian Women's League Session—Janet Austen.
5:00: Children's Session—"Fairy Godmother."
5:30: Music.
6:40: The Hello Man's Children's Session.
7:00: Neil Maynard Dance Orchestra—Who's Been Polishing the Sun (O'Keefe).
7:40: Raie Da Coats—Waltz Romantique (Da Coats).
7:50: Grand Note Orchestra, directed by Leslie Jeffreys—Musical Comedy Gems (Cramer).
7:50: Celebrity Call—Dion Houldsworth.
8:15: Music.
8:15: Ashmoor Burgh—with a Smile and a Song (Sievier-Wood).
8:30: New York Dance Orchestra—Music (Parri).
8:35: Kardosh Singers—The Little Postilion (Froude).
8:37: Al Burt with Orchestra—Red Sala in the Sunset (Kennedy-Williams).
8:50: The Released Bands—The Great Little Army (Alford).
8:55: Oscar Lawson—Sports Flash.
9:00: Columbia Light Opera Company—Hold My Hand (Cartier and Gelb).
9:45: Weston Bros.—Keeping Up the Old Traditions (Kenneth-George).
9:51: New Mayfair Orchestra—Selection Stop Press.
10:00: 2CH DRAMATIC PLAYERS IN "THE KINGTONS OF BAYVIEW CREEK"—Produced and Presented by DION WHEELER. (Relayed to 2KA.)
10:15: Music.
8:30: JAMES RAGLAN AND "JOAN" in "MUSICAL NONSENSE."
8:45: Music.
9:00: John Longden, Famous Stage and Screen Star, presents a Special Programme.
9:15: Music.
9:40: Story-telling Tales.
9:45: Slumber Music.
9:50: Meditation and Music.
10:00: Close.
10:15: Music.
10:30: Dinner Divertissements. The Adventures of the Ponyville Kid. Mignonette Cocktails.
6:00: Music.
6:15: Listen to the Band.
6:20: News and Sketch.
6:30: Dinner Entertainment—Goodeo.
6:37: Spot of Humor.
6:45: Music Serial.
7:00: Melody.
7:15: Music.
7:30: News Talk.
7:37: Music.
8:00: Fashions and Fancies.
8:15: Music.
9:00: John Harper.
10:00: Highlights of Radio Hour.
10:45: Life of Victor Herbert.
11:00: Close.
---
**2GZ ORANGE, 990 K'cycles**
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
11:50: The Pictorial of the Air. 12:00: The Household Scrapbook.
11:45: Luncheon Record.
1:00: Programme Progrees.
1:30: BIDWICK AND FLEMINGTON RACE DESCRIPTIONS.
Music.
6:00: Tonight's Highlights.
6:50: Dinner Music.
6:30: Talk Time.
6:45: Morning Resume—Local and Metropolitan.
7:00: Emma and Erbert.
7:30: Weather.
7:35: CRICKET DESCRIPTIONS AND SOUTH AFRICAN TEST MATCH—Morning Play.
5:00: Lunch Advertisements.
Reception Film and Radio Stars.
9:15: The Smoke Social of the Air. While the Cigars Rolls.
9:45: Music that Endures.
10:30 to 2:30: Afternoon Play.
---
**2HD NEWCASTLE 1140 K'cycles**
[Commercial Station]
8:00: Children's Session.
8:15: Music.
8:30: In Holiday Mood.
9:00: Farmers' Session.
9:15: Rhythms of the Sea.
10:00: Close.
10:00: A.D.C. RACES.
10:45: Bill Mack and Jimmy.
6:00: Dinner Music.
6:20: The Golden Age.
6:30: Finance News.
7:20: MRS. ARRIS AND MRS. KOGG.
7:45: After-end Sports.
7:55: Topical Chorus.
8:00: Evening Melodies.
8:15: Mr. Haynes and Mr. Rubber.
8:45: Eb and Zeb.
9:00: Contests and Prizes.
10:00: News Digest.
10:30: Close.
---
**2KO NEWCASTLE 1410 K'cycles**
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
8:15: Request Session—Tom King at the Piano.
9:00: Sound of the Little Toy Drum.
9:15: Serial.
9:15: Music.
9:30: The Australian Adventures of the K.O. Kids.
9:45: Chandu, the Magician.
6:00: Saturday Calls.
6:15: What's on Tonight To-night.
6:10: Music.
6:30: Spot of Humor.
6:45: Tantalizing Memories.
7:00: Max Dolin and Grenadiers.
7:15: The Adventures of the Honorable Mrs. Muff.
7:30: A Retiring Session.
7:45: Health Programme.
8:00: Health Programme.
8:15: Krausser and Cohen.
9:15: Health Society.
9:30: Famous British Trials.
10:00: Music.
10:15: Suppertime Presentation.
10:25: It's Time to Say Goodnight.
10:30: Close.
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 26 . . CONTINUED
2MO GUNNEDAH
1360 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as usual.
6.0: Harry's Cheerio Session.
6.30: Serial Story—Uncle Marc.
6.45: Cheerio Session (contd.).
7.0: Music.
7.30: Market Reports. Stock Sales.
7.40: Musical Pot-pourri.
8.15: News Session.
8.30: Musical Pot-pourri (contd.).
9.0: "In Gunnedah Town"—Harry Wharf. 10.0: Close.
2CA CANBERRA
1050 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
Day Sessions as usual.
3.45: "Golden Pathway"—Kidgier's Stories.
6.0: The Adventures of Ben, Sam, and Oegley.
6.15: Morning Cheerios.
6.20: Music.
6.30: What's on in Canberra.
6.35: Popular Recordings.
From SOB, Sydney.
7.0: Uncle George and Bimbo.
7.15: Special Session, featuring Australian Artists.
7.30: The Air Adventures of Jimmy Allen.
7.45: The Man on the Land. Market Reports.
8.0: Music from Sydney Shows.
8.20: Frank and Archie in Hollywood.
8.35: Orchestral Music.
8.45: The Krazy.
9.0: 2CA resumes its own programme. Popular, new Jazz Music.
11.30: Jack and Joe Competition.
9.30: Popular Recordings.
10.0: Gypsy Songs and Music.
10.15: Relaxation Music.
10.30: Station announcements. Close.
2GN GOULBURN
1390 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
12.0: Chimes, Weather, News and Goulburn Stock Market Report.
12.30: Music.
1.0: Cooking Recipes, by Judy.
1.15: Luncheon Music. 1.45: Close.
3.30: Pupils of Krazy Kindergarten.
5.45: Serial Story, by Uncle Fred.
6.0: Dinner Music.
6.45: Radio Rhythm.
7.0: Musical Clock.
7.15: St. Saviour's Cathedral Session.
7.30: Musical Gems from the Treasure Store.
8.0: Radio Entertainment.
9.0: Musical Airs from Foreign Lands.
9.0: "You're Telling Me," by Punch and Judy.
9.30: Old and Modern Dance Music.
10.30: Close.
2TM Tamworth
1300 K'cycles
[Commercial Station]
12.00 noon: Luncheon Music.
12.15: Luncheon Session.
12.30: Cooking Hints.
12.45: Music.
1.0: Economy Session.
1.15: From the Dispensary.
1.30: Musical Jewels.
2.0: Coffee.
2.0: Music.
3.15: Night Music.
4.0: Talk on the Home.
4.15: Music.
4.30: Story.
5.0: Close.
7.0: Motorists' Service Bureau.
7.15: Quality Session.
7.35: Build a Little Home.
7.50: Music.
8.0: The Old Firm.
2UW 9.15
AT LAST!
THE BIG FIGHT.
BEP VAN KLAVEREN
v.
CARROLL
And at 8.10 p.m.,
BISHOP v. BLATCH.
Bep is the welterweight champion of Europe, and No. 1 contender for the welterweight championship of the world. In Australia he is the middleweight champion. Jack Carroll is the middleweight champion of Australia.
In the latest American lists, Jack Carroll is rated fourth in the world. The fight will be Jack Carroll's most strenuous test.
Bishop and Blatch are fighting for the Australian lightweight championship.
2UW has the exclusive 'B' Stations' right to the descriptions.
3.15: Musical Presentation.
8.30: The Mirth Parade.
4.45: Music.
10.0: Spin a Web of Dreams. Close.
3AR MELBOURNE
580 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
Day Sessions as Friday, except:
11.25: From the Melbourne Cricket Ground: A ball-for-ball description of the Sheffield Shield Cricket Match, Victoria v. New South Wales.
12.45: From the Melbourne Cricket Ground: Description of the Cricket Match (continued).
2.1: During the Afternoon, Jim Carroll will describe the V.A.T.C. Races at Caulfield.
2.30: From the Melbourne Cricket Ground: Description of Cricket Match (continued).
5.15: From Melbourne Cricket Ground: Description of the Cricket Match (continued).
6.0: Music.
6.15: Care of Your Garden and Plants during the Holidays; Mr. A. Antolice.
6.30: Counterman's Session.
7.0: Sporting Session: Conducted by Mel Morris.
7.10: A Resume of the Day's Play in the Cricket Match, Victoria v. New South Wales.
7.20: Music.
7.23: National News Bulletin.
7.36: A Ball-for-ball Description of the Second Day's Play of the Second Test Match, Australia v. South Africa, Johannesburg, 8th. Dec. (See 2BL Programme.)
2.30 a.m. approx. (Friday): Close.
3GI SALE
830 K'cycles
[Regional Station]
7.0: See 3AR. 7.30: See 3LO. 8.0: See 3AR. 9.0: Close. 10.0: See 3LO. 11.30: Close.
12.0: See 3LO. 12.35: See 3AR. 1.0: See 3AR. 2.0: See 3AR. with Race Descriptions from 3LO. 5.0 (approx.): Close.
5.30: See 3AR. 6.15: Local News. 6.30: See 3AR. 2.30 a.m. (Friday): Close.
4RK RH'TON, Q.
910 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
7.0: Relayed from 4QG. 8.30: Close.
11.0: Relayed from 4QG. 11.15: News. 11.30: Relayed from 4QG. 6.30: News. 6.45: Relayed from 4QG. 2.0: Close.
5CL ADELAIDE
730 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
CRICKET
Second day's play in the match Queensland v. South Australia, at the Adelaide Oval. Ball for ball descriptions between 12 p.m. and 1.30 p.m., 2.15 p.m. and 4 p.m., 4.15 p.m. and 6 p.m., 6.35 p.m. and 6.45 p.m. (Resume.) Relayed to Station 4QG: 12.45 p.m. to 1.15 p.m., 2.15 p.m. to 4 p.m., 4.15 p.m. to 6 p.m. Relayed to Station 6WF: 3.30 p.m. to 6 p.m. Relayed to Stations 4QG and 6WF: 3.35 p.m. to 6.45 p.m. (Resume.)
1.0: Cricket Descriptions.
During the afternoon, running descriptions of all events at Port Adelaide Racing Club Christmas Meeting at Cheltenham, by Arnold Treloar. All events at Caulfield, by Jim Carroll. Interspersed with news, music, and cricket as above.
6.0 (approx.): Dinner Music.
6.5: Junior Red Cross Session.
6.15: Boy Scouts' Session.
6.25: Market Reports.
6.30: Evening News.
6:35: Resume of the day's play in the match Queensland v. South Australia, at Adelaide. Relayed to 4GQ and 6WF.
6:45: Music.
6:50: From Sydney—National News Bulletin.
7:0: From Sydney—Test Cricket. A description of the Second Day's Play in the match South Africa v. Australia, at Johannesburg. With commentaries by leading cricket authorities.
2.0 (approx.): Stump scores. Close.
7NT Launceston, 710 K'cycles
[Aust. B'casting Commission]
(Relayed from 7ZL)
Day Sessions at Friday, except:
11.0: A programme of Request Numbers, interspersed with Social and other Notes.
12.45: At Home and Abroad, by Eric Twickham.
During the afternoon running descriptions will be given of the V.A.T.C. Races, rebroadcast by 3AR Melbourne.
5:30: Children's Corner, with Taffy and Judy.
9:10: Dinner Music.
8:45: All Sporting Results to hand.
7:30: National News Service.
7:35: Music.
7:50: News.
8:0. Music.
2:15: The Melody Hour.
9:15: Music.
9:20: A Radio Sketch entitled "Bob and Marion," produced by Brian Hodgman.
9:30: Music.
9:40: Comedy Cameos by Jack and Sylvia Kellaway (Entertainers).
Sketch:
"The Music Lesson."
Say It With Music (Irving Berlin)
I'm Just a Little Boy Blue
(Noel Cowdery Washington)
Got Me in the Spring
(Car Medley, introducing:
Home.
What a Little Moonlight can do.
Stay with Me.
Have You Ever See a Dream Walking?
(Mack Gordon)
9:55: Music.
10:00: Weather.
10:10: British Official Wireless.
10:15: Mediation Session.
11:30: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—1
GSP 15,140 kc/s (19.82 m.), GSB 9510 kc/s (31.55 m.)
6:30 p.m.: Big Ben, A Recital by Robert Geddes (New Zealand baritone).
6:45 p.m.: Some Yarns about Unusual Christmas Trees by Jerry Nunn.
7 p.m.: The B.B.C. Empire Orchestra; leader, Daniel Melia; conducted by Clifton Helliwell. Overture, The Jolly Roger Walter Leigh. Selection, H.M.S. Pinafore (Singers are, Hely Hutchinson), Valetta, Wood Nymphs (Eric Coates). Intermezzo, Little Gadabout (Clifton Helliwell). Suite, (1) A State Procession (Buckingham Palace), (2) The Cockney Lovers (Laubette Way), (3) At the Palais de Danse (anywhere), (4) Bank Holiday (Appy Amputead) (Ketelhey). Greenwich Time Signal at 7.30 p.m.
7.40 p.m.: The News.
ON THE SHORT WAVES
[Eastern Standard Time (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Hobart) is given]
7.55 p.m.: "This Great Family."
8:30 p.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—2
GSO 17,790 kc/s (16.86 m.), GSP 15,140 kc/s (19.82 m.)
9 p.m.: Big Ben. "This Great Family" (See panel).
9.35 p.m.: The B.B.C. Northern Ireland Orchestra; leader, Philip Whiteway; conductor, E. Godfrey Brown.
Greenwich Time Signal at 10 p.m.
10.15 p.m.: "Christmas Cabaret." A sleek, sophisticated, surprise show with Queenie Leonard and Warren Cooper; with Lyle; Jack Clewes; sketch: Jack Mitchell's Apache Band. Produced by Cecil Madden.
11 p.m.: The News.
11.15 p.m.: The Argyle Theatre Orchestra, directed by W. H. Sydney Jones. Relayed from the Argyle Theatre, Birkenhead.
11.45 p.m.: Close.
EMPIRE TRANSMISSION—3
Two of the following frequencies will be used: GSP 17,790 kc/s
Gramophone records.
12.0 a.m. (F.T.): Big Ben. "The More We Are Together." An Empire Christmas Party.
1 a.m.: London Counties v. New Zealand. Interval summary and a running commentary on the second half of the Rugby Union football match by Captain H. B. T. Wakeham. Relayed from Twickenham.
1.30 a.m.: The Central Band of the Royal Air Force, Conducted by Flight-Lieut. D. O'Donnell, M.A., Director of Music, Royal Air Force. Relayed from the Royal Air Force Headquarters, Uxbridge.
Greenwich Time Signal at 2.30 a.m.
2.30 a.m.: The News.
2.45 a.m.: A Recital by Vivian Langrish (pianoforte).
3 a.m.: Close.
CUT THIS OUT AND KEEP IT FOR REFERENCE
THE W.W. DUAL-WAVE "PENTAGRID FOUR" WITH LEKMek COLOUR CODE CIRCUIT.
Lekmek have produced a special Kit and Chassikit specially simplified for the construction of the "Wireless Weekly" Dual-Wave "Pentagrid Four." As with all Lekmek products quality has been the keynote, and all components have been carefully tested and matched.
THE KIT—is completely colour coded and includes Lekmek Simplified D.W. Coil and Switch Box, Lekmek Gang Condenser, Mulli-Litz Inter-meshed Coils, etc. It is remarkably priced for such a high-grade product at £2.4/10/- Cat. No. 2203. As a service special prices are offered by Lekmek on Chassis Bases completely drilled and cut for this set.
THE CHASSIKIT Contains everything to build the receiver except valves, speaker, and batteries. Type No. 4-DWF. Price £7.10/6.
Both Kit and Chassikit are available through all leading Wholesale and Radio Dealers throughout Australia.
This Circuit Diagram has been developed by LEKMek Radio Laboratories for Mr. John Moyle's Dual-Wave "Pentagrid Four." Exclusively for Lekmek Kits and Chassikits
Lekmek Radio Laboratories (N. S. Gilmour) 75 William Street, SYDNEY.
Have you seen LEKMek lately?
MORE ABOUT THE DUAL-WAVE PENTAGRID
In the article published in our Christmas issue describing the Dual-wave Pentagrid Four we remarked that for the man who likes playing round with his receiver and trying new ideas this set provides several opportunities for experiment.
In this article we are covering some points which can be taken as suggestions for any builder of the set who would like to get the very last ounce out of his four valves.
As we remarked in the original article, one is working in rather fine limits when building up four-valve sets of any kind. Every available avenue of amplification must be explored. To carry the thing to its logical conclusion, one would inevitably come out with a rather complicated design, which in the original receiver was just the thing we wanted to avoid.
VOLTAGE REDUCTION
For instance, take the matter of voltage reduction for the broadcast band. This idea uses a form of switching to reduce the voltage on the KK2 screen and oscillator plate for the broadcast band, and bringing it to a higher value for short waves, under which conditions it will give a better performance.
The net result is to save a mill or two of B battery current on the broadcast band.
To add this switching one needs a rotary switch, two more resistors, and two more bypass condensers, quite an amount of gear to accomplish the job. However, if the constructor so desires, there is nothing against including it in the circuit, and he will be able to make the saving in B current, small though it actually is.
The Dual-wave Pentagrid Four obtained all voltages from the full high tension, with a dropping resistor to lower the voltage on the KK2 screen.
To obtain the lower voltages needed for broadcast another voltage dropping resistor is included in series with the 50,000 ohm resistor already in the screen lead, and another resistor is wired in series with the lead from the oscillator plate coil to the high tension.
Both these resistors have a section of the switch wired across them, so that for short-waves they are short-circuited.
It would be possible to arrange this switching as a section of the wave-change switch, but the fact that the tuning box is complete in a unit does not make this easy. Probably the best type of switch would be one of the small rotary types which is able to undertake the double short-circuit by making use of two of its sections.
We are giving here a circuit showing how it is all done. There is nothing very complicated about it, and it works quite effectively.
DELAY VOLTAGE FOR A.V.C.
Another easy addition to the original circuit is a potentiometer to control the...
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Battery-saving switch for broadcast reception.
set first of all be built exactly as described. Then, if the designer likes to feel he has the very latest of everything, they can be added. By the time the set has been built and adjusted the builder should have enough confidence in his ability to carry out the additions quite safely.
Another change which might be preferred in some cases is to increase the .001 condenser coupling the 1B5 grid to the potentiometer volume control to .01 mfd. The only result of this is to increase the bass response somewhat, and some constructors might like it better this way.
The diagrams accompanying this article will make the additions described here quite clear.
Bloch & Gerber's Expanding Organisation
The Travellers, etc.
The travellers representing the company are as follows:
IN THE RADIO AND ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT—
Messrs. G. Boyt, S. Grantham, R. Barron, and R. A. J. Smith, who not only looks after some of the metropolitan area, but does interstate as well. Mr. A. W. Payne is also connected with this department, and specialises in electrical work.
Messrs. E. Relfe and A. Tyrrell are the representatives of the Sports Department. Mr. H. Tyler looks after customers in the north and north-west of the State, while Mr. R. Horan covers the south and south-west.
Well-Known Lines
WHEN one reads that Bloch and Gerber are distributors for such lines as Crosley Refrigerators, Radiola Receivers, Airzone, Philips, Emmco, S.T.C., Weldon, Amplion, Mullard, Radiotron, Kehrad, and many other popular lines, one cannot help but admire the enterprise of this organisation. Still further, one finds the watch and clock department has been in operation since 1917, and from 1925 has been under the direction of Mr. J. A. Levy, a director of the company. Bloch and Gerber are wholesale suppliers to recognised jewellers right throughout New South Wales.
It is extremely interesting to hear Mr. Gerber say that they have been smashing all records in their sales figures of late, and that for November he was more than gratified.
It is said, and there seems to be adequate basis for this statement, that Bloch and Gerber are about the biggest wholesale organisation in Australia handling radio and electrical products. One can see practically every branded line of sets, valves, parts, etc., along the vast counter, where a big staff is continually busy. Their spacious showrooms enable the large variety of radio receivers and refrigerators to be displayed to great advantage.
One of the main live wires behind this progress is Mr. Otto Raz, a director and general manager of the concern, in relation to its radio and electrical activities. Mr. Raz is well known by practically every radio dealer, and is assisted by Mr. E. Eckert, who, until a few months ago, was well known as city representative for the firm for the past six years. Mr. P. E. Gerber is in full charge of the mail order department and interstate activities, and Mr. Purssey, sales manager of the radio department, is also an energetic worker, continually interviewing the large number of suburban and country dealers visiting the showrooms.
everybody happy. Fourthly, their motto is "Utmost service to the client," in every direction, which meant carrying sufficient stocks to be able to supply all requirements and to render a delivery service that was second to none. Coupled with this was a large army of travellers who contacted their clients very frequently.
A MARVELLOUS PENTAGRID
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"The most successful Battery Set we have ever described to date, W. W. has just told us, is his latest job from the CROWN KIT SET. This accurately matched Kit includes even the nuts and bolts—parts are all exactly with "W. W." descriptions guaranteed 12 months, and each Coil is tested in an A.V.C. "Pentagrid 4," on the air! The CROWN KIT SET is £6/5/- (Valves, Batteries, and Speaker not included.) The special COIL KIT as used in this set, only £1/-
If unobtainable at your dealer, send to any wholesale supplier or direct to us.
Send 2d Stamp for Our Latest Catalogue!
CROWN RADIO MANUFACTURING COY.
155 BOURKE ST. SYDNEY, N.S.W.
"12-50"
Bakelite-Cased R. F. Chokes and Precision-Wound Oscillator-matched Coils are standardised and reliable. Standardised Products, Ashfield, N.S.W. Telephone U3957. Ask your Dealer.
Good value Scribblers.
1d — 2d — 3d Obtainable at all newsagents and "The Sun" Office Ground Floor
JOHN HEINE & SON LTD.
METAL WORKING MACHINES
for RADIO MANUFACTURERS
We manufacture PRESSES and DIES, GUILLOTINE SHEARS, FOLDERS and BENDERS HYDRAULIC PLASTIC MOULDING PRESSES (for Bakelite and similar powders).
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OFFICES, WORKS AND SHOWROOMS:
ALLEN STREET, PETERHAM, SYDNEY, N.S.W.
Phones: Petersham 1697-J698
Representatives:
McPherson's Pty., Ltd., Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth; E.S.C.A., Brisbane; John Chambers and Son New Zealand.
Inspect also our "USED-REBUILT" Machine Dept.
Speaking of Speakers...
What should you expect?
Only three things—true reproduction, long service and efficiency.
Technically, a high magnetic flux available in the air gap, a carefully designed diaphragm assembly and first grade constructional material play a leading part in securing true reproduction, long service and efficiency. The Rola K7 guarantees you these three things.
Rola K7
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N.S.W. DISTRIBUTORS
GEO. BROWN & CO. LTD.
267 Clarence St., SYDNEY.
How to
THE new "magic eye" tuning indicator valve, which was fully detailed in our issue of October 25, is now available to the public. Our original article described the valve but did not give the necessary data for the fitting to a set. Since the valve is suitable for application to many existing receivers, and since it is almost certain to be found on a big percentage of the sets to come, we feel sure that these installation instructions will become valuable and we suggest that all enthusiasts tear this article out and put it away in a handy place where it can be easily found when the time comes to use a 6E5, as the new valve is type-numbered.
The "magic eye" valve, type 6E5 has just been introduced to perform the function of a tuning meter. The advantage claimed is that the 6E5, being a form of electronic valve, has no moving parts, and, consequently, there is nothing to wear.
In appearance, the "magic eye" resembles a valve, having the same six-pin base and type ST-12 bulb as the popular 56 type valve.
It is mounted horizontally above the dial, so that the top of bulb protrudes through the front of the cabinet, being visible just above the normal dial.
When in operation, the inside of the bulb lights up with a circle of blue-purple glow, the circle opening up as the set is tuned off a station and forming a complete circle or even overlapping when correct tuning is obtained.
MOUNTING
In order to fit the valve the first thing necessary is a bracket on top of the gang condenser to carry the valve socket, to take the valve horizontally. This is not an easy thing to arrange in a neat manner, and most manufacturers seem content to rig up any rough form of bent sheet metal to serve the purpose, since the whole assembly is well hidden in the interior of the cabinet. An ordinary six-pin socket is used.
HEATING
The heater of the 6E5 needs energising in the usual manner of valve heaters, 6.3 volts at 3 amperes being required.
USE THE MAGIC EYE
This can be taken from the ordinary filament supply of the set, provided it is of 6.3 voltage. To fit a 6E5 to a set using 2.5 or 4-volt valve, it will be necessary to install a small filament transformer to heat the 6E5.
The low current consumption (.3 amperes) means that even if the heater leads to the valve are a foot long and of fairly fine gauge wire there is not much chance of the voltage drop in the wires seriously affecting the performance.
SUPPLY VOLTAGE
For the control voltage it is necessary to pick up the a.v.c. voltage which is fed to the r.f., converter and i.f. valves. In most cases this can be done most conveniently from the "F" lead of the second intermediate transformer. This voltage is then brought up to the control grid of the 6E5.
A supply of high tension voltage is also needed for the target, this being picked up from the high potential end of the voltage divider in the set or from anywhere on the filtered high tension line. The makers ratings state that the voltage should be 250 volts, but doubtless the valves can be operated with the usual 275 volts found in most modern sets.
For the triode plate a small potential is required and this is best obtained by feeding the plate through a 1 megohm feed resistor from the main h.t. supply which is on the target. This is clearly shown in our diagrams.
CURRENT FIGURES
The target draws high tension current, about 4½ milliamperes under normal operating conditions. The triode plate also draws current through the 1 megohm resistor, about .25 milliamps (indicating that there is practically no voltage on the plate, certainly not measurable on any ordinary meter).
ESCUTCHEONS
Special escutcheons for the "magic eye" are available in moulded bakelite, making a neat finish to the front of the cabinet when the valve is fitted.
HOW IT WORKS
In the basic design of an electron-ray valve, a hot cathode provides a source of electrons. These are attracted to a positively-charged target, coated with a fluorescent material. Electrons impinging on the coated target cause it to glow. The extent of the fluorescent area can be controlled by means of a third electrode placed between cathode and target. The pattern developed on the fluorescent target depends on the contour of the target as well as on the position and shape of the third electrode.
Startling Features
"Magificent"—that is what you will say when you read full details of the Radiokes "Dual-Wave" "International" Kit—It has 3 METAL VALVES, high selectivity Pi-wound coils, IRON CORE Litz-wound Air Tuned I.F. transformers, etc.
You will be astounded for how little you can get this great Superhet. Send 6d stamps for large full colour 32-page handbook and the FREE FOLDER, which reveal all the facts about this sensational receiver.
SEND IN THIS COUPON NOW!
Radiokes, Ltd.,
Box 10, P.O., Redfern, N.S.W.
Send me your handbook and free folder. Enclosed is 6d in stamps.
NAME ...........................................
ADDRESS ...........................................
MAKE MORE MONEY! SELL THESE!
Household Necessities to users in your district. Send your name and address, part time brigade, or full week's work. No outlay—use our capital. Buy from manufacturer—best quality, lowest prices, good profits. Nothing so permanently profitable as your own business. No obligation. Write JOHN GILMOUR COY. LTD., Depot 119, Gur. Pyrmont Bridge and Parramatta Roads, Camperdown, Sydney, N.S.W.
IDEAL XMAS GIFT
Self Generating ELECTRIC CYCLE LAMPS---No Batteries Used
No batteries—no upkeep cost—last forever. These everlasting Lamps flood the road with a broad beam of powerful light yet they cost not a penny to operate. Permanently in perfect order. Revolving motor operated by generator electricity and operates head and tail light. Lamp frames are nickel chromium plated—motor box is of rustless metal. All fittings are included. Extra lamps in attached container FREE! Price is less than half what such outfits have been sold for heretofore. Send P.N. or Money Order, stating Model required, to
ROYALTY TRADERS
Room 40A, 3 Castlereagh St., Sydney, N.S.W.
QUALITY and SERVICE
Send us your enquiries and orders and be assured of complete satisfaction and prompt attention
Featuring the "Wireless Weekly" Kits and Sets.
| THE DUAL WAVE PENTAGRID FOUR | THE PRETUNED FIVE | THE METAL DUAL-WAVE SIX |
|-------------------------------|------------------|------------------------|
| An Outstanding Overseas Performer. Complete Kit of Parts, including Valves, Permagneic Speaker, and Heavy Duty Batteries | Anyone can operate it. Complete Kit of Parts, including Valves and Speaker | Absolutely the Latest. With Lekmek Kit. Complete Kit of Parts, including Valves and Speaker (Radiotron Valves) |
| £13/10/0 | £9/19/6 | £14/17/6 |
| Chassis assembled, tested, and guaranteed, as above | Chassis assembled, tested, and guaranteed, as above | Chassis assembled, tested, and guaranteed, as above |
| £13/12/6 | £10/12/6 | £16/15/0 |
| License Plate, 17/6 extra. | License Plate, 17/6 extra. | License Plate, 21/- extra. |
Trade Enquiries Welcomed
Mail Orders Our Specialty
ALL GENERAL AND TECHNICAL INQUIRIES APPRECIATED.
QUOTES FREELY GIVEN.
PROMPT ATTENTION.
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ONE QV BUILDING
THE OLDEST RADIO SHOP IN TOWN.
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Our Reputation Your Guarantee.
Money-Back Guarantee.
HAMMOND ELECTRIC CLOCKS
The CORRECT TIME for ALL TIME from your Power Point
AN INEXPENSIVE CHRISTMAS GIFT FOR ALL TIMES
Years ago, time was told by burning candles, sundials and Hour Glasses, and in later years by manually wound spring clocks. Now Hammond gives you Electric Clocks—that tell the correct time—the day and the date—when to get up—to keep that appointment. Beautiful models, harmonising with all surroundings.
No winding, No loss, No regulating, No gain, No ticking, No attention.
ONLY Observatory time all the time
THE PICARDY (Synchronous). Pleasing Kitchen Clock, obtainable in Green and Ivory. 4½in. Dial. PRICE ... £1/5/-
THE PARIS (Synchronous). A dainty Desk or Bedside Alarm Clock, obtainable in Walnut and Ivory. 3in. Dial. PRICE ... £1/5/-
THE DE LUXE FIREFLY (Synchronous). This Alarm Clock has illuminated dial. Is available in Green and Ivory. 3in. Dial. PRICE ... £1/15/-
THE CLERMONT (Synchronous). Calendar and Alarm. Ideal for Office or Home. Black Case. PRICE ... £2/15/-
THE MODERN WALL (Bichronous). With Minute Meter for clocking trunk calls, etc. The ideal Office Clock. Chromed plated, 8½in. Dial. PRICE ... £2/4/-
THE GLENMORA (Bichronous). A magnificent Mantel Clock, housed in solid Walnut Case. 8½in. Dial. PRICE ... £7/10/-
THE AVONDALE CALENDAR (Bichronous). Tells the day and date as well as time. In Black bakelite case. 3¾in. Dial. PRICE ... £4/4/-
THE SENTINEL (Bichronous). For Central Factory. 150 feet visibility. Walnut Case. 14in. Dial.
THE CLARION (Bichronous). A handsome Office Clock in Walnut Case. 12in. Dial.
OBtainable from all leading stores, radio and electrical merchants, etc.
Write for Publication No. 40, illustrating all models.
Australian Factory Representatives:—
AMPLION (A/sia) LTD., 70 CLARENCE ST., SYDNEY
W.J.M. (Melbourne). Many thanks for your letter. We should be interested to know what you think of the "Frequency" in this Xmas issue, as although it doesn't exactly follow out your suggestions, it has an appeal which is quite fascinating after using it for a while.
A.B. (Mallongup) asks about some special type valves.
Q.—Are these valves obtainable in Australia?
A.—The answer is "Yes," but we observe:
A.W.A. We are not certain about the position of the other two. We suggest that you write to the Australian representatives who, even if the valves themselves are not here, will probably be able to give you advance data on them.
F.P. (Katoomba) would like a small set to tune in Sydney stations on the loud speaker.
Q.—What would be the best set for me to build.
A.—As the reception conditions in your area are apt to be trying, we think that a four-valve receiver would be about the smallest you could get away with. If you have the A.C. power available, we suggest that a 4/8 460 kc. set would be about the smallest you could build, and for a battery set a four-valve job such as the Pentagrid Four or A.V.C. Pentagrid Four.
A still smaller set comes down to the 4/35. In an A.C. set, we might suggest the 4/35 set with the reflex circuit which virtually makes it into a 4/5 set, although it only uses four valves. Copies of this issue are also available on receipt of 4d in stamps to cover cost and postage.
J.C. (Double Bay) is another reader who has some suggestions to make about ideal receivers. He says it's no use just to please everybody, but next year we might be able to do something about it, calling in the advice and suggestions of our readers.
"Palfresco" (Boorooroo Centre) writes an interesting letter with many suggestions for a number of articles reviewing battery design in all its aspects, such as consumption, valves to use for special purposes, and so on. Thanks for your letter, which we shall certainly refer to. How many other readers would like to see articles of this type next year?
H.P. (Bertley). The converter was designed for use with a 6AT, and probably has too much oscillator coupling for the A6T. We suggest that you try putting R. in the meters, to think of its performance in detail, and ask if they can revise it to make it suitable for the Octode. Strangely enough, most of our sets were made without any type of receiver you are using, and results were excellent.
C.H.T. (Sale). Thanks for your letter and its interesting comments. You can probably get the circuit of the set you mention from the makers—we understand they issue these to dealers on application.
W.D. (Glopendra) has a four-valve table model receiver.
Q.—Could I receive overseas stations direct on my set? What adjustments would be needed to receive these stations?
A.—We have received overseas stations quite well with our own receivers and a single-band converter. You should be able to do the same with a converter such as the Single-band job described earlier in the year. We do not advise you to attempt alterations to the set, as you are not likely to be successful, and would almost certainly spoil the adjustment of the receiver as it is at present.
FORWARD THIS COUPON
PLEASE ANSWER THE ACCOMPANYING QUERY:
(a) Free of charge through the columns of "Wireless Weekly" at your earliest convenience
(b) In a special letter by early mail for which I enclose one shilling in postal notes money order stamps
RULES: All branches of the "Wireless Weekly" Information Service are governed by the following rules: (1) Readers are requested to limit their questions to one or two points of inquiry each week. (2) Replies by post will not exceed 500 words. (3) Information cannot under any circumstances be given over the telephone. (4) As nearly as possible all preferential distinctions between trade brands will be avoided. (5) No special circuits can be supplied, and no special designs for transformers, coils, or other apparatus can be given. (6) The scope of the service does not include the answering of general questions, such as "What is Electricity?" Readers are invited to make suggestions for topics dealing with wireless, in which they are interested. (7) All questions are answered sincerely and efficiently to the best of the ability of the Technical Editor, and to the extent of the channels of information available to him. No liability attaches to "Wireless Weekly" for any misinterpretation or misdirection of the information thus supplied.
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5 m.a. full scale . . . 14/6
10 m.a. full scale . . . 12/6
15 m.a. full scale . . . 9/6
0.15.150 twin scale . . 14/6
0.20.100 twin scale . . 14/6
Write for quotations for all Radio equipment.
WE PAY FREIGHT.
WRITE TO DESK "A2."
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This time last year their were many men and lads looking for better jobs, advancement, bigger money. They decided to make Radio their career. Now, after training with the Australian Radio College, their future is assured.
**ADVANCEMENT**
Many who had not had jobs before are working, others who were engaged in some industry showing little or no opportunity are now in good radio positions, yet many others who were engaged in Radio, but were held back through lack of knowledge, have now obtained promotion and bigger money. Through A.R.C. training and assistance they have forged ahead.
---
**A Happy Xmas & a Prosperous New Year.**
To all A.R.C. students in far corners of Australia and New Zealand we extend sincere greetings. To all, who in the past have expressed an interest in the College, to the entire radio industry, and to every ambitious man and lad we send this message of goodwill for Xmas and the coming year. May YOUR future also be bright.
---
**YOU CAN SUCCEED**
Decide to make a fresh bid for success. Cast aside all negative thoughts. YOU CAN SUCCEED. Commence the New Year with a course of A.R.C. training. Study at home in your spare time for YOUR success in Radio.
---
**A FREE XMAS GIFT FOR YOU**
Accept a copy of our free book, “Careers in Radio and Television.” If you take the advice this book offers you, it will prove the best Xmas present you ever received. Complete the coupon, and mail it right away for YOUR copy.
---
**AUSTRALIAN RADIO COLLEGE**
BROADWAY (OPPOSITE GRACE BROS.), SYDNEY.
Principal.
L. B. Graham.
---
Dear Sir,
I would like to take advantage of your Xmas offer. Will you please send me with no obligation on my part, your free book "Careers in Radio and Television."
Name________________________________________
Address_______________________________________
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A Comb with Live Fingers
Ideal Gift. Just Arrived—Second Shipment. "The Mighty Mite," a wonderful Little Crystal Set. Fits into your pocket or ladies handbag. Plush case. Fine quality. A toy, a real receiver. The first shipment sold out in 7 days. Hurry your order. 15/- With Headphone, 25/-
No. 1 Type, with Handle. As Illustrated, Silver Finish ... 15/6
No. 2 Type, for Pocket or Handbag. 12/6. As illustrated. All fitted ready for use.
"Mitrolite"—More than a torch! More than a mirror!
Fits the pocket or handbag, for use night or day. Essential to every motorist; in fact, every person should possess one. All fitted ready for use. It's indestructible. It's everlasting.
The "Electra Ray" Electric Hair Wavers
Permanently wave the hair in the home. Safe. Simple. Brings new life to the hair. "Oxidize" shockproof. Set of 6, 12/6.
"Cosmocord" English Bakelite Gramophone Pick-up, with Volume Control, 25/-. fitted with arm rest.
"Cosmocord" De Luxe Gramo. Pick-up, with Volume Control, fitted with arm rest and pin chamber. 35/- Bakelite model.
"Ampion" English Gramophone Pick-up, complete with control, bakelite model. 27/6. The name's enough.
"Paillard" Gramophone Pick-up, nickelled model with separate Volume Control, 25/-. Wire 55/-
"Phonex" Gramophone Pick-up Heads 10/6. With Gramophone tone arm to suit, 2/6 extra.
Like-a-Flash A.C. Electric Gramophone Mechanism with all fittings and turntable. A really fine piece of mechanism, positively bulletless. £3/5/-. Now 25/-
Levenson's Radio take this opportunity of sending their best wishes to thousands of customers throughout the length and breadth of this Continent and surrounding lands. Happy Christmas and Most Prosperous New Year.
Pocket Volt Meters. 0 to 12 volts, 0 to 120 volts. 2/6.
Levenson's Radio
226 Pitt Street, Sydney.
AND RADIO CHEAPSIDE, 240A Pitt Street, Phones: M2525 & M2526
Goods forwarded C.O.D. Post or Rail (C.O.D. Rail Within N.S.W., Only Not Interstate). We Welcome Prepaid Telegrams and Long Distance Phone Calls. We can supply by mail all General Merchandise at a better price. Quotations with pleasure. Special 'phone, country orders, M2787.
Printed and published for the Proprietor by Sun Newspapers, Limited at the registered office of the Company. 60-66 Elizabeth Street, Sydney.
|
The LASATER Ranch lies just west of Matheson, Colo., north of Highway 24. After pulling off the blacktop, you head up the long drive and pass through a gate bearing two signs. One reads, “Wildlife Sanctuary,” and the other, “Society for Range Management: Excellence of Grazing Award.” It is easy to get mixed signals. One sign seems to suggest environmentalism and the other, good old-fashioned, smart ranching.
As the drive continues, the mind tries to work out the seeming contradiction. It is like a puzzle with one piece that just doesn’t fit. In fact, the more information you have about the accomplishments of Tom Lasater, the less it makes sense.
Lasater grew up on his father’s ranch in south Texas, near the town of Falfurrias. At the time, his father, Ed Lasater, ran Herefords and Shorthorns on the large, brush-country ranch. In 1908, Ed bought a herd of Brahma cattle from the Pierce Ranch and began to cross-breed the cattle, drawing the more resilient aspects of the Brahma blood into the Hereford and Shorthorn breeds.
When Ed Lasater died in 1930, Tom was 19 years old and a freshman in college. The following year, he left school and tried to salvage what he could of the ranching operation. Unfortunately, the Lasater Ranch, like most big outfits of the day, was heavily leveraged; most was sold off during the Depression to satisfy creditors. By the time Tom returned, he was faced with a much depleted ranch and no way to raise working capital.
“The land was worthless and the cattle were almost worthless. Everything that had value and had produced a great life was gone. It was a time when no one had any cash,” says Dale Lasater, describing the conditions under which his father, Tom, began his career as a cattleman. “His goal was simply to be able to be in the cattle business.”
As Tom struggled to survive, he developed a train of thought. Perhaps it was nothing more than a notion driven on by desperation and success, but he developed a philosophy that would provide the key to the puzzle. He began to implement this philosophy by breeding better cattle.
Dale recalls that his father’s idea of “better” cattle was something that would make the lease payment. “He didn’t have any complicated genetic goals in mind. He had watched his father breed and cross-breed cattle, and he had an idea of what he wanted from the process.”
As Tom experimented, searching for the most productive combination, he eventually developed one of the most dominant breeds of beef cattle.
in the nation—the Beefmaster. This breed was created by crossing Shorthorn with Brahma, Hereford with Brahma, and then breeding those half-breeds back to each other. When he felt that he had come up with a pretty good combination, Tom wrote to the various breed associations to determine what criteria they considered ideal for the different breeds. As the responses began to come in, and after surveying the long lists of criteria, he realized that most of what the associations found desirable had little or nothing to do with beef production.
Tom then set out to determine what he thought were the most desirable traits for beef production. He came up with six essentials that are still a part of the Lasater philosophy of raising cattle—disposition, fertility, weight, conformation, hardiness, and milk production.
To put together a herd that satisfied the six essentials, Tom developed a method of direct selection and ruthlessly culled the Beefmaster cattle he had already developed. He also vigorously bred strength into his herd.
After developing Beefmasters, it became apparent that the strength that made a good beef animal also made the animal adaptable to varying climates and conditions. Word of this strong, adaptable breed began to spread around San Antonio sale barns.
To best take advantage of the growing interest in the breed, Lasater considered various names for his new breed and finally settled on Beefmaster. In 1945, Tom began to take out advertising space in several publications,
promoting his cattle. This was somewhat innovative in those days, but it got word of this unique breed to ranchers all over the country and helped to make Beefmaster one of the most popular beef breeds in the world.
As a continuation of his culling program, Tom spent a great deal of time studying the herd to find its weaknesses and strengths. He noticed that some bulls were covered with flies, while others were not bothered by them. He noticed that some of his cows had lice, and some did not.
It occurred to him then, that there was more going on than just raising cattle. Nature was playing a big part in the process as well. Tom began to cull the afflicted animals from the herd, refusing to pass those weak tendencies on to the next generation. This practice of culling and breeding would be the cornerstone for the development of Beefmaster cattle, and it continues to this day.
This might sound too drastic to most cattlemen, but the basic concept is that whatever makes an animal weak or unable to produce is something to be dealt with. Sometimes it may be the animal’s fault or it may not. The bottom line: An animal must produce. Tom Lasater is not in the habit of making excuses for his cattle.
“The way we approach raising cattle on the short-grass prairie,” notes Dale Lasater, “might be summarized by the
Disposition, fertility, weight, conformation, hardiness, and milk production are the six essentials Tom Lasater considers important in breeding cattle.
A 4-year-old Beefmaster sire from the Lasater Ranch.
The hardy breed does well in varying climates.
Tom Lasater’s Beefmaster cattle are user-friendly, if this photograph is any indication.
phrase, ‘working with nature.’ In 1969, before the environmentalists came onto the front pages of our consciousness, Dad had stopped using all insecticides. That wasn’t in response to environmentalists’ concerns about insecticides; he was simply tying that into his method of natural selection.”
As the Beefmaster breed became more established, the elder Lasater found this approach to be valid. He was able to produce better beef animals and contain the costs of insecticides. Yet, there was more to be learned from watching nature at work.
“Two or three years ago, I got a form from the Colorado Department of Agriculture,” Dale recalls. “It was a survey on pests—pocket gophers, prairie dogs, red ants, etc. The survey wanted to know how many acres we had that were infested with these pests, and some estimate of what the economic damage might be.
“Using the pocket gopher as an example, a person can look out at hillsides on the ranch and find that they are covered with fresh mounds from the gophers. There are mounds that are a month old, and mounds that are a year old. This is going on constantly, but they are not pests—they are doing a very vital job.
“Along with red ants and other burrowing animals, the gophers are aerating the soil. It is fascinating to me that you can go out and look at a live red ant hill and find a 3- or 4-foot bare space. But, you can go off a few feet and find another one that was abandoned 2 or 3 years ago, and it will be solid western wheat grass.
“So, here we have 3 or 4 feet of western wheat grass that has been given a seed bed, where the soil has been turned over and cultivated. All of a sudden, this bare spot where the ants have been is a solid area of grass.”
The Lasater philosophy encompasses not only pests, but predators as well. “If we lose any calves to coyotes, it would be very few,” observes Dale. “We don’t watch our mature cows at all with their calves, but we see our first-calf heifers every day. When you’ve got 150 first-calf heifers, you’re going to lose a few calves, and you know what happens when the calves die.
“The coyotes are right there to clean up the carcass. But, we lose very few to the coyotes. Again, it gets back to the cow and whether she is taking care of her calf.
“I’ve seen coyotes ambling right through a herd of cows and calves that
(Continued on page 166)
are 2 or 3 months old. The cows could care less because they don’t sense any danger. But, if you let that coyote come close when there are newborn calves, there will be four or five cows bellowing and running him off into the distance.
“That is what the cows are supposed to be doing, and if they lose that trait, they have lost something very important. If a cow has been in a place where there have been no predators, she will lose that trait.”
Whether it is raising cattle or managing the range, the Lasater Ranch follows one common thread—work with nature, watch the results, and act in the best interest of the land and the herd. This practice makes as much economic sense as common sense.
“We live in a day and age where there are many products and someone on every corner saying, ‘If you spend a dollar here, it will return you $3,’ and, ‘If you want to be a good manager, you better do this to control that,’” says Dale.
“Now, all of these things are good on paper, but we’re still putting too much emphasis on treating the weakest, and we are continuing to breed weak animals. Somewhere along the line, that has to have a cumulative effect.”
The Lasater philosophy extends to the Foundation Beefmaster Association, which came into existence in 1961 as a result of the changing ideas within Beefmaster Breeders Universal. Tom Lasater, the founder of BBU, felt that many of its members were paying too much attention to science in breeding procedures and were not allowing nature to make decisions. Subsequently, he formed the FBA when the differences could not be reconciled.
“The difference, basically, is that some people feel better able to make genetic progress with more numbers, more measurements, more weights, and more direct involvement,” explains Dale. “We feel these decisions should be left to the natural process. We have every confidence in that natural approach that dictates that the strongest, the fittest, and the most environmentally adaptive animal will survive.”
Tom Lasater has no real confidence in breeders’ associations, partly from his experiences with them in the 1930s, and partly because he recognizes their limitations.
“Dad doesn’t believe in their ability to monitor quality and/or integrity,” says Dale. “So he feels that, if an association can’t do it, the burden ought to be placed on the individual breeder.”
If a breeder works hard, and does the right things, he will develop a better herd. If the breeder does not, then he will spend his profits correcting the genetic mistakes, rather than building the herd. This makes the breeder accountable, especially because FBA prefers to hyphenate Beefmaster with the name of the ranch or individual breeder. This links the ranch or individual with his product rather than making the association responsible for the whole spectrum of different approaches to breeding Beefmaster cattle.
One of the things that makes the Lasater Ranch unique is the recognition of nature as a partner, not an obstacle. “I think our principal problem in cattle breeding,” Dale said, speaking of people in general, “is that we would like to think that, because we have great minds, because we are creative thinkers, because we have science and technology, we ought to be able to design the perfect beef animal.
“I think it requires an element of humility to be able to take a step back and say, ‘Maybe we aren’t going to come up with the perfect design, but maybe there is a way to get there by letting other things happen by themselves.’ And, by us being on the sidelines saying, ‘You didn’t make it, and you did,’ and not trying to decide ahead of time which one will breed.”
Nature has its way at the Lasater Ranch. A brief visit might easily reveal the large numbers of antelope that roam on the fringes of the cattle herd. A lone coyote might trot across the lawn near the office. A rattlesnake might slither across the drive in the afternoon.
Perhaps CNN was able to witness such sights on their recent visit. Perhaps they found it unique and strange, and therefore, newsworthy.
Then again, maybe it is just sad that ranchers and environmentalists seem on different ends of the spectrum. At the Lasater Ranch, it is a partnership that has been able to yield great dividends.
*The Lasater Ranch in Colorado is one of many ranches in the Lasater family partnership, which owns or leases ranches from Texas to Colorado. Only two ranches are managed by Tom Lasater’s children; Lawrence manages a ranch in San Angelo, Tex., and Dale is the managing partner in charge of the Matheson ranch.*
*T.L. Davis is a free-lance writer from Loveland, Colorado.*
|
All the Way Down Ocean
Alex Woolf & Isobel Lundie
ALL THE WAY DOWN OCEAN
Hatch
Author: Alex Woolf has written more than 150 books, both fiction and non-fiction, mostly for children. He has written on a huge range of subjects including Romans, chocolate, asteroids, sharks, volcanoes, flying machines, bees, and acne. Many of these have sold around the world and his words have been translated into over a dozen different languages.
Illustrator: Isobel Lundie is an illustrator and designer who works in Brighton. Since graduating from Kingston University with a First-Class Honours in Illustration and animation, she has specialised in children's publishing. Isobel has been lucky enough to make books for Salarinya, Usborne, Random House, DK and the Good Book Company. She uses a wide variety of materials such as collage papers, pencil, ink and digital media. She likes creating detailed work with wacky characters that makes children laugh.
Consultant: Helen Lambert (née Proctor) BSc Hons, MSc, PhD (candidate) is an animal welfare scientist who is recognised around the world for her expertise and research into animal emotions. Helen has spent years working and researching for the charity sector, and she now runs her own consultancy business: Animal Welfare Consultancy.
Editor: Nick Pierce
First published in the USA in 2023 by The Salariya Book Company Ltd
This edition published in the UK in 2024 by Hatch Press,
an imprint of Bonnier Books UK
4th Floor, Victoria House
Bloomsbury Square, London WC1B 4DA
Overseas: Bonnier Books AB
Sveavägen 56, Stockholm, Sweden
www.bonnierbooks.co.uk
Copyright © 2024 by Hatch Press
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-1-80078-830-9
Printed in 2024
Written by Alex Woolf
Illustrated by Isobel Lundie
INTRODUCTION 6
CHAPTER 1 THE SUNLIGHT ZONE
WHAT IS THE SUNLIGHT ZONE? 8
THE INTERTIDAL ZONE 10
ESTUARIES 12
KELP FORESTS 14
SEAGRASS MEADOWS 16
CORAL REEFS 18
THE OPEN OCEAN 20
CHAPTER 2 THE TWILIGHT AND MIDNIGHT ZONES
WHAT IS THE TWILIGHT ZONE? 22
TWILIGHT-ZONE PREDATORS 24
GLOW-IN-THE-DARK ANIMALS 26
WHAT IS THE MIDNIGHT ZONE? 28
PREDATORS OF THE MIDNIGHT ZONE 30
DEEP-SEA SCAVENGERS 32
CHAPTER 3: THE ABYSS AND THE TRENCHES
WHAT IS THE ABYSS? 34
AMAZING ANIMALS OF THE ABYSS 36
HYDROTHERMAL VENTS 38
WHAT ARE THE TRENCHES? 40
LIFE IN THE TRENCHES 42
CHAPTER 4: HUMANS AND THE OCEAN
EXPLORING THE OCEAN DEPTHS TODAY 44
CLIMATE CHANGE 46
RISING SEA LEVELS 48
POLLUTION 50
WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT? 52
GLOSSARY 54
INDEX 56
INTRODUCTION
There are five oceans on Earth – the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern and Arctic. Between them, they cover 71% of our planet’s surface – that’s around 362 million square kilometres (140 million square miles). As for the bottom of these oceans, we know very little about them. In fact, we have more detailed maps of the surface of Mars than we do of the ocean floor.
ZONES OF THE OCEAN
Scientists divide the ocean depths into five zones. Nearest the surface is the sunlight zone. Beneath that is the twilight zone, then the midnight zone, then the abyss, and finally, at the very bottom, the trenches. Each zone has different characteristics, including the light available, temperature, pressure and food sources. These characteristics influence the kinds of creatures that live there.
THE ABYSS
3,000–6,000 M (9,843–19,685 FEET)
The abyss is the biggest environment on Earth, making up 83% of the ocean and covering 300 million square kilometres (116 million square miles), or 60% of the planet’s surface.
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK
In this book, you can journey all the way down to the bottom of the ocean, exploring each of these zones in turn. Discover the weird and wonderful animals that inhabit them and learn how they have adapted to their particular environment.
Have a good trip!
Due to its warm temperatures, low pressure and abundance of food, the sunlight zone is teeming with life. In fact, 90% of all ocean life is found here, even though it’s the smallest zone in terms of volume. Life here is incredibly diverse, from microscopic phytoplankton to enormous whales, but it’s not distributed evenly. It’s far more concentrated in food-rich coral reefs, for example, than in the open ocean.
**WHAT IS THE SUNLIGHT ZONE?**
The sunlight zone – also known as the photic zone – is the uppermost layer of the ocean. It covers the region from the surface to 200 metres (656 feet) down. There is plenty of light and warmth in this zone and the pressure is very low. This is the only zone that has enough light for photosynthesis and is therefore the only zone where plants can live.
**HABITATS**
There are many different habitats within the sunlight zone, each varying in terms of temperature, depth and closeness to land. The habitat affects the kinds of creatures that live there. In this section, we’ll be looking at the intertidal zone, estuaries, kelp forests, seagrass meadows, coral reefs and the open ocean.
**WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT IN OUR OCEANS?**
Photosynthesis is a chemical process that takes place inside a plant. The plant takes light from the Sun and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and converts them into food (to grow and reproduce), and oxygen. For photosynthesis to take place, plants need carbon dioxide, water and light – all of which are available in the sunlight zone.
THE INTERTIDAL ZONE
The intertidal zone is an area of the coast that is underwater at high tide and uncovered during low tide. Animals living here must tolerate being covered by saltwater and also being exposed to air and sunlight, as well as rough waves. Intertidal species have developed different adaptations to cope with these challenging conditions.
1. **OCHRE STARFISH** Ochre starfishes can tolerate up to eight hours exposed to air at low tide. They feed on mussels, snails and barnacles, and are known as ‘keystone species’ because they help maintain a diverse intertidal community.
2. **MUSSELS** Mussels live in a narrow band of the intertidal zone. Too far from the sea, they cannot get enough food; too close and they fall prey to sea stars. They group together in clusters to reduce each one’s exposure to sunlight, so that they don’t dry up.
3. **HERMIT CRAB** The hermit crab lives in a shell scavenged from other creatures, such as sea snails. The shell stores water and shelters the crab from the Sun during low tide.
4. **BARNACLES** Barnacles survive the strong waves by anchoring themselves to rocks. During low tide they close their shells to stop their moist bodies from drying up. Their shells are made up of hard plates that protect them from predators.
5. **PERIWINKLE SNAIL** When the tide is low, periwinkles excrete a mucus that traps the water in their shell to prevent them from drying out. The mucus also glues them to the rock so they don’t get pulled out to sea.
6. **BLUESPOTTED RIBBONTAIL RAY** At night, as the tide rises, bluespotted ribbontail rays gather in groups and swim onto the sandy flats of the intertidal zone to feed. They dig into the sandy bed in search of molluscs, worms, shrimps and crabs.
ESTUARIES ARE COASTAL AREAS WHERE RIVERS MEET THE SEA. THE WATER IS BRACKISH – PART FRESH, PART SALTY. ESTUARIES ARE WELL-PROTECTED WITH FEW WAVES, MAKING THEM IDEAL FOR MARINE ANIMALS TO RAISE THEIR YOUNG. TIDAL MOVEMENTS AND THE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT LIFE CREATE A WEALTH OF FOOD FOR ANIMALS LIVING THERE. ESTUARY ANIMALS RANGE FROM TINY PLANKTON TO ENORMOUS WHALES.
1. **GREAT BLUE HERON** This large, long-legged bird lives around estuary marshes and mudflats, feeding on fish, shrimp, crabs, aquatic insects, small mammals and birds. It hunts by wading slowly through shallow water and spearing its prey with its long, sharp bill.
2. **COMMON SNAPPING TURTLE** This turtle lives in ponds, streams and estuaries. It often lies on the muddy bottom with only its head exposed. It eats plants and small fish, frogs, reptiles and birds.
3. **HARBOUR SEAL** Harbour seals frequently gather in groups around estuaries in search of prey fish such as salmon, sea bass, herring and cod. They spend about half their lives on land, resting on rocky areas and sandbanks close to their feeding sites.
4. **SALMON** Salmon are born in rivers, then make their way to the ocean. Estuaries play a vital role in this life cycle. Salmon spend a year or more in their brackish waters preparing themselves for the salty sea. At the end of their lives, salmon return to the estuary before heading upstream to spawn.
5. **DRAGONFLY** The dragonfly is a very common estuary insect. It starts life underwater as a dragonfly nymph, eating tadpoles and fish eggs. Adults consume other aquatic insects by capturing them while flying.
6. **STARRY FLounder** Starry flounders lay their eggs in estuaries. They cannot tolerate very salty water, so spend their lives in brackish estuary waters, occasionally venturing upriver into fresh water. As a defence, they change colour to blend in with the sandy or muddy estuary bottom.
KELP FORESTS GROW IN COLD, CLEAR, SHALLOW COASTAL WATERS. THEY ARE FOUND MAINLY ON ROCKY COASTLINES, SUCH AS IN NORWAY OR ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. DURING STORMS, MANY ANIMALS RETREAT TO KELP FORESTS FOR SHELTER. THE FORESTS ALSO ACT AS A SAFE SPACE FOR ANIMALS TO RAISE THEIR YOUNG AND SEEK REFUGE FROM LARGER PREDATORS.
1. **SEA OTTER** Sea otters eat purple sea urchins, a major threat to kelp forests, helping to conserve the habitat. Sea otters wrap themselves in ribbons of kelp to anchor themselves so they don’t drift into deeper water while sleeping.
2. **PURPLE SEA URCHIN** Purple sea urchins live in the kelp forests along the eastern edge of the Pacific, and their main diet is kelp. Since 2014, their population has exploded, partly because of the effects of climate change. This has caused the disappearance of large areas of kelp forest off the western coast of North America.
3. **GIANT KELPFISH** The giant kelpfish lives in rocky areas where kelp grows, off the western coast of North America. It eats the small fishes, crustaceans and molluscs living there. Its elongated body is shaped like a kelp blade for camouflage. Its eggs are sticky so they attach to the kelp.
4. **KELP** Kelp is a large, brown algae – a type of seaweed. It has a long, tough stalk with broad, leaflike structures called blades, and is anchored to the seabed by a clawlike growth called a holdfast. It can grow very fast – up to half a metre a day!
5. **GREY WHALE** Grey whales, migrating from Baja California to their feeding grounds in Alaska, use kelp forests as a refuge to keep their calves safe from their major predator, the killer whale. They feed on the many small animals that live there.
6. **KELP ROCKFISH** The kelp rockfish eats the small fishes, shrimps and other crustaceans that inhabit the kelp forest. It does most of its hunting at night. During the day it commonly rests on a kelp blade, sometimes upside down.
IN SHALLOW COASTAL SEAS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, SEAGRASSES CAN BE FOUND. SEAGRASSES HAVE ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES JUST LIKE PLANTS ON LAND. THERE ARE AROUND 72 SEAGRASS SPECIES AND THEY GROW IN DENSE UNDERWATER MEADOWS. SOME BIG ENOUGH TO BE SEEN FROM SPACE. THEY PROVIDE SHELTER AND FOOD FOR A DIVERSE RANGE OF ANIMALS.
1. **MANATEE**
- Length: 2.8–3 m (9–10 feet)
- Depth range: 0–10 m (0–33 feet)
2. **STALKED JELLYFISH**
- Length: 2 cm (1 inch)
- Depth range: 0–21 m (0–69 feet)
3. **ALGAE OCTOPUS**
- Length: 25 cm (10 inch) legs
- Depth range: 0–1 m (0–3 feet)
4. **SPONGE**
- Length: up to 2 m (6.5 feet)
- Depth range: 0–8,500 m (0–27,887 feet)
5. **GREEN SEA TURTLE**
- Length: 1–1.2 m (3–4 feet)
- Depth range: 0–21 m (0–69 feet)
6. **SHRIMP**
- Length: 4–8 cm (2–3 inches)
- Depth range: 0–1.5 m (0–5 feet)
**1 MANATEE** Manatees, also known as sea cows, are perfectly adapted to their seagrass-meadow habitat. They graze in the shallow waters, using their flippers to move along or to dig up the grass and move it to their lips. The lips have special muscles to manipulate and tear up the grass.
**2 STALKED JELLYFISH** This unusual jellyfish spends its life attached to rocks or seagrass. Its umbrella-shaped body has eight stinging tentacles pointing upwards, which it uses to catch passing prey.
**3 ALGAE OCTOPUS** The algae octopus lives in dens in the sandy seafloor near seagrass meadows, where it feeds on small crabs. As part of its defence against predators, the octopus will camouflage itself to look like a shell covered in algae.
**4 SPONGE** Sponges, which nestle between blades of seagrass, release nitrogen, a nutrient that seagrasses need to grow. Sponges are also an important prey for fish, sharks and turtles hunting in the meadows.
**5 GREEN SEA TURTLE** Adult green sea turtles spend much of their lives grazing in seagrass meadows, and they play an important role in keeping the meadows healthy. By trimming off the tips of the blades with their serrated beaks, they improve the growth of the seagrass, while leaving the roots completely undisturbed.
**6 SHRIMP** Some species of shrimp not only eat seagrass, but also use it as a building material. The thalassinid shrimps of Indonesia tear seagrass leaves off their stems, cut them into pieces and use them to line their underground burrows.
Coral reefs cover less than 1% of the ocean but are home to around a quarter of all marine species! They are made of layers of a hard material called calcium carbonate, secreted by tiny animals called coral polyps. Coral reefs host an incredibly diverse range of animals including sponges, crustaceans, molluscs, fish, turtles, sharks, dolphins and many more.
1. **Picasso Trigger Fish** These fish live in the sandy areas of coral reefs and eat squid, shrimp, clams and small fish. They constantly swim around and will vigorously defend their territory against intruders. At night, they sleep on their side, wedging themselves between corals or rocks.
2. **Whitetip Reef Shark** Whitetip reef sharks lurk hungrily around coral reefs, hunting eels, fish, octopuses and crabs. Their slim, agile bodies can wriggle into narrow crevices in the reef to extract prey. They feed mainly at night, sometimes teaming up to block a prey’s exit route from the reef.
3. **Napoleon Wrasse** The Napoleon wrasse is one of the largest fish in the coral reef. It swims in the outer reef during the day, feeding on molluscs, reef fish, sea urchins and crustaceans. At night it sleeps in reef caves or below coral ledges.
4. **Hawksbill Sea Turtle** Adult hawksbills are found mainly in tropical coral reefs. They feed on sponges, using their narrow, pointed beaks to extract them from crevices. By removing sponges from the coral, they give better access to reef fish to feed.
5. **Clownfish** Clownfish make their home amid the stinging tentacles of the sea anemone. The clownfish is immune to the stingers, and the anemone offers protection against predators. In return, the clownfish keeps the anemone healthy and clean.
6. **Lionfish** Lionfish are aggressive predators of smaller fish, and can harm coral reefs if their numbers get too large. Their prey eat algae from the coral, and if the lionfish eat too many of them, the algae grow unchecked, which can damage the health of the reef.
THE OPEN OCEAN
The open ocean is by far the largest habitat in the sunlight zone. It lies beyond the coastal areas and extends from the polar regions to the tropics. Creatures living here spend their entire lives surrounded by water on all sides. Some animals, like plankton, drift on the currents. Others, like whales, dolphins and sharks, swim long distances.
1. FLYING FISH
Flying fish have evolved their own unique way of escaping predators in the open ocean – by opening their long, wing-shaped fins and gliding above the waves. Most flights are around 50 metres (164 feet), but by catching updrafts of wind they can achieve distances of up to 400 metres (1,312 feet).
2. SWORDFISH
Like all open ocean dwellers, swordfish are agile swimmers with streamlined bodies and are capable of long-distance journeys. Swordfish migrate to colder regions to feed in summer. They are very fast when hunting, using their ‘sword’ to slash at prey.
3. WHALE SHARK
The whale shark is the largest fish in the world. Yet it is a peaceful animal, feeding on plankton and small fish. It filters them from the water, which it sucks into its enormous mouth. The shark lives in warm parts of the open ocean.
4. BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN
These dolphins live in groups for hunting and self-defence in the vast ocean. They find their prey by means of echolocation, and make high-pitched whistles and squeaks to alert the group to nearby food or approaching danger.
5. MAUVE STINGER
Unlike most jellyfish, the mauve stinger spends its entire life in the deep ocean, so it doesn’t have a bottom-dwelling polyp stage in its life cycle. Spending its life in this vast, nutrient-poor habitat, it feeds on any small organism it comes across.
6. GREAT WHITE SHARK
Each year, great white sharks migrate up to 4,000 kilometres (2,485 miles) across the Pacific to reach their feeding grounds. They use oil stored in their livers as a source of energy on these epic journeys. The oil keeps them buoyant, so by the end of the journey they are heavier in the water.
The twilight zone – also known as the Mesopelagic zone – is the layer of the ocean directly beneath the sunlight zone. It ranges from 200 to 1,000 metres (656–3,281 feet) in depth and is called the twilight zone because it has extremely low levels of sunlight. Just 1% of sunlight reaches the top of the twilight zone, and no light reaches the bottom.
**CONDITIONS**
Apart from being dark, the twilight zone is also very cold. Temperatures range from 20°C (68°F) at the top to around 4°C (39°F) at the bottom. The weight of water above means that pressure in the upper twilight zone is 20 times greater than it is at the ocean surface, and at the bottom it’s over 100 times greater!
**UNDER PRESSURE**
To cope with the high pressure, creatures living in the twilight zone can have no gas-filled spaces in their body such as lungs or swim bladders. They tend to have jelly-like flesh with few bones. Animals found at these depths include jellyfish, sea cucumbers, shrimps, squid, sponges and some strange-looking fish. We’ll meet a few of them on the following pages.
**LIFE**
In such extreme conditions, one might assume that life at these depths would struggle, yet the twilight zone hosts a wide variety of creatures. One challenge they all face is finding food. With so little light, photosynthesis is impossible, so plants cannot grow. As a result, animals living here must eat any organic matter that drifts down to them from above, or else prey on other twilight-zone animals.
**TWILIGHT ZONE**
**MIGRATION**
Another option for twilight-zone animals is to travel into the sunlight zone to feed, and that is what many of them do. Each night, billions of twilight-zone dwellers swim up to surface waters to feed on plankton and krill. They return to the relative safety of deeper waters at daybreak to avoid becoming food themselves. This is the largest animal migration on the planet.
TWILIGHT-ZONE PREDATORS
VISITORS FROM THE SUNLIGHT ZONE DIVE DEEP TO HUNT HERE. THEIR BODIES ARE SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO WITHSTAND THE HUGE PRESSURES. THERE ARE ALSO PREDATORS THAT PERMANENTLY INHABIT THE DARK DEPTHS. THEIR EYES ARE ALWAYS LOOKING UP TRYING TO GLIMPSE PREY SILHOUETTED AGAINST THE DIM LIGHT FROM THE SURFACE.
1. BIGEYE TUNA
Bigeye tuna are uniquely adapted to hunt in the upper twilight zone. Their bodies can cope with the lower oxygen levels and stay warm despite the cold temperatures. Their large eyes give them good vision in the low-light conditions.
2. SABRETOOTH FISH
These fish have upward-pointed eyes, adapted for picking out prey silhouetted against the dim waters above. With their big jaws and expandable stomachs, they can catch and eat prey bigger than themselves – useful, as meals can be rare.
3. SPERM WHALE
Sperm whales can dive to great depths in search of prey such as giant squid. They can withstand the pressures by collapsing their lungs (thanks to a flexible ribcage) and decreasing their heart rate to preserve oxygen supplies.
4. BARRELEYE
These fish have barrel-shaped eyes inside their transparent heads. The eyes mostly point upwards to catch silhouettes of prey, but can also rotate forwards. They eat zooplankton and small species of crustaceans.
5. VELVET WHALEFISH
This deep-sea hunter makes nightly vertical migrations to the twilight zone to prey on small crustaceans. Whalefish have big eyes to see better in the dark waters. Their bright red colour makes them invisible to most other twilight-zone dwellers.
6. OCEAN SUNFISH
The largest bony fish in the world, it has a strange, almost circular shape because the tail fin never grows. It hunts jellyfish, small fish and crustaceans in the chilly twilight zone, then returns to the surface to bask in the sun and get warm again.
GLOW-IN-THE-DARK-ANIMALS
IT’S NOT COMPLETELY DARK IN THE TWILIGHT ZONE. MANY ANIMALS LIVING HERE PRODUCE THEIR OWN LIGHT THROUGH A PROCESS CALLED BIOLUMINESCENCE. PREY FISH MAY PRODUCE LIGHT ON THEIR BELLY SO THAT PREDATORS BENEATH THEM CANNOT SEE THEIR SILHOUETTES AGAINST THE LIGHTER-COLOURED WATERS ABOVE. SOME PREDATORS USE BIOLUMINESCENCE AS A MEANS OF ATTRACTING PREY.
1. **HUMPBACK ANGLERFISH**
Female anglerfish have a large mouth full of sharp teeth. A slender piece of their spine juts out above their mouth and acts as a built-in fishing rod. At the end of the rod is a fleshy glowing bulb that lures small fish and other prey.
2. **DEEP-SEA HATCHETFISH**
These fish have light-producing organs in rows along their bellies. The organs shine a pale blue light, which they can adjust to match the light filtering down from the sunlight zone above, hiding them from predators below.
3. **SALP**
Salps are translucent, barrel-shaped, jelly-like creatures that travel up to the surface at night to feed on phytoplankton. Sometimes they form into long chains. They use bioluminescence to communicate with others in the chain, or to attract prey and potential mates.
4. **VAMPIRE SQUID**
Almost entirely covered in light-producing organs, this squid produces flashing light displays that can last up to ten minutes to dazzle and confuse its predators. Despite its name, the vampire squid doesn’t suck blood – it feeds on marine snow (see page 28).
5. **STOPLIGHT LOOSEJAW**
This fish has red and green light-producing organs near its eyes, a bit like a traffic light, hence its name. As most deep-sea creatures cannot perceive the colour red, it is able to hunt quite stealthily.
6. **ATOLLA JELLYFISH**
The deep red light of this jellyfish makes it invisible to its predators. When touched, the atolla flashes bright blue circles of light. These attract larger species of predators, scaring away its attacker.
WHAT IS THE MIDNIGHT ZONE?
The ocean’s midnight zone, also called the Bathypelagic zone, is the region between approximately 1,000 and 3,000 metres (3,281–9,843 feet) deep. No sunlight penetrates these depths. Any light that exists comes from creatures that can make their own. The seabed in this region is formed from the lower slopes of continental shelves and seamounts rising up from the abyss.
CONDITIONS
The average temperature of the midnight zone is around 4°C (39°F). Ocean currents are extremely slow or non-existent at this depth, and the water is essentially stagnant and contains very little oxygen. Pressure ranges from 100 times surface pressure at 1,000 metres (3,281 feet), to 300 times surface pressure at 3,000 metres (9,843 feet).
LOW ENERGY
Nutrients are extremely scarce and hard to locate in the vast darkness, so creatures living here conserve energy by having slow metabolic rates. Speed is unimportant for prey animals, as predators cannot see them. They generally have weak muscles and move slowly. Many have soft, transparent skin, small eyes and slimy bodies.
LIFE
Despite being much bigger than the zones above it, the midnight zone contains far fewer organisms. Animals include specially adapted fish, sharks, eels, squid, octopuses, crustaceans, sponges, jellyfish, worms, sea urchins and sea stars. Certain whales, such as Gavin’s beaked whale and sperm whales, can withstand the crushing pressures to hunt in the midnight zone.
BIOLOGICAL PUMP
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere through a process called the biological pump. Phytoplankton absorb atmospheric CO₂ with a form of photosynthesis. The phytoplankton are then eaten by creatures that eat the phytoplankton. When these creatures produce waste or die, the CO₂ sinks into the ocean – this is called marine snow. Some of the marine snow briefly returns in a process called upwelling, as currents bring deeper, cooler waters to the surface. However, all marine snow eventually ends up on the seafloor, and this is how the ocean lowers the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere.
**Predators of the Midnight Zone**
Prey is scarce in the midnight zone, and predators have developed adaptations to survive there, including long, sharp backward-pointing teeth to ensure that prey once caught can’t wriggle free. In the absolute quiet of the midnight zone, many predators have highly developed hearing. One family of snake-tooth fishes listen with their faces.
1. **Colossal Squid**
- Length: up to 14 m (46 feet)
- Depth range: 1,000–2,000 m (3,281–6,562 feet)
2. **Sea Toad**
- Length: up to 30 cm (1 foot)
- Depth range: 1,320–2,460 m (4,331–8,071 feet)
3. **Deep-Sea Dragonfish**
- Length: up to 15 cm (6 inches)
- Depth range: up to 1,500 m (4,921 feet)
4. **Cookiecutter Shark**
- Length: 42–56 cm (1.3–1.8 feet)
- Depth range: 0–3,000 m (0–9,843 feet)
5. **Frilled Shark**
- Length: up to 2 m (6.5 feet)
- Depth range: 120–1,570 m (394–5,151 feet)
6. **Gulper Eel**
- Length: 1–2 m (3–6.5 feet)
- Depth range: 500–3,000 m (1,640–9,843 feet)
DEEP-SEA SCAVENGERS
IN THE MIDNIGHT ZONE, SCAVENGERS ARE EITHER OPEN-WATER DWELLERS, SUCH AS THE AMPHIPOD, CONSUMING MARINE SNOW AS IT FALLS, OR BOTTOM-DWELLERS, LIKE THE SLUMESTAR, SIFTING THROUGH THE SILT ON THE OCEAN FLOOR FOR ORGANIC MATTER. AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF NUTRITION IS WHALE FALL – WHALE CARCASSES THAT FALL TO THE OCEAN FLOOR.
1. ACORN WORM
Acorn worms live in burrows on the seafloor. Some eat by swallowing sand or mud that contains organic matter. Others collect particles from the water. A third species moves across the seabed, sucking up detritus and excreting a trail of waste.
2. SQUIDWORM
The squidworm is a worm with ten tentacles on its head, making it look a bit like a squid – eight are used for breathing and the other two are for collecting food in the form of particles of marine snow (see page 28) falling from above.
3. HEADLESS CHICKEN FISH
This unusual-looking sea cucumber spends most of its time swimming, landing only briefly on the seafloor to feed. Its webbed fins allow it to journey up to 1,000 m (3,281 feet) to find new feeding grounds and avoid predators.
4. GIANT ISOPOD
These crustaceans look like huge woodlice. They spend most of their time on the seabed waiting for food to fall from higher up. Their very slow metabolisms allow them to wait sometimes years without eating.
5. ZOMBIE WORM
These worms eat the bones of dead whales on the seafloor. Lacking a mouth and stomach, they don’t eat the bone directly. Their skin secretes an acid that dissolves the bone into fat and protein, which is eaten by bacteria that are living inside the worm.
6. SQUAT LOBSTER
Squat lobsters lack a shell, and hide in crevices to protect themselves from predators. From here, they reach out with their long arms and sift through the sand for sunken food. Sometimes they steal food from sea anemones.
WHAT IS THE ABYSS?
Usually lying between 3,000 and 6,000 metres (9,843–19,685 feet) below the surface, the abyss is vast – the biggest environment on Earth, making up 83% of the ocean and covering 300 million square kilometres (about 116 million square miles), or 60% of the planet’s surface. Most abyssal waters originated as sea ice in the polar regions. Because of its density, sea ice gradually sinks and flows down to the bottom of the ocean.
CREATURES OF THE ABYSS
The abyss contains a range of animals, including crustaceans, molluscs (such as snails and squid) and fish. The majority of these creatures live on the seafloor or less than 5 metres (16 feet) above it, where most of the nutrients can be found. To cope with the lack of food, these animals have a very slow metabolism. They move very slowly and reproduce quite rarely to conserve energy. Some animals attached to the seabed have stalks to rise above the water at the bottom, where oxygen is scarce. There are no sharks or rays in the abyss, but some visit from the midnight zone in order to hunt.
CRUSTACEANS
Crustaceans are a family of invertebrates that include crabs, lobsters and shrimps. One common deep-sea crustacean is the amphipod.
MOLLUSCS
Molluscs are a family of soft-bodied invertebrates, including squid, snails and sea slugs. The most common deep-sea molluscs are bivalves, which have a hinged shell, such as clams.
CONDITIONS
More people have gone into space than the abyss. It is a world of crushing pressures (up to 600 times higher than at sea level), zero light and little food. Temperatures are around 2 to 3°C (35.6–37.4°F). Animals that live here must feed on each other, or on the dead organic matter falling from above. The water on the seafloor contains little or no oxygen, yet it is dense with nutrients, because of all the decomposing organic material from above that collects there. In general, the abyss is richer in nutrients than the upper zones of the ocean.
1. **DUMBO OCTOPUS**
- Length: 20–30 cm (8–12 inches)
- Depth range: 2,987–3,962 m (9,800–13,000 feet)
2. **FACELESS FISH**
- Length: up to 38 cm (1.2 feet)
- Depth range: 3,935–5,100 m (12,910–16,732 feet)
3. **SEA SPIDER**
- Length: 1–700 mm (0.04 in.–2.3 feet)
- Depth range: 0–7,000 m (0–22,966 feet)
4. **PEANUT WORM**
- Length: 2–720 mm (0.07 in.–2.3 feet)
- Depth range: 0–6,860 m (0–22,506 feet)
5. **SEA CUCUMBER**
- Average length: 10–30 cm (4–12 inches)
- Depth range: 0–10,687 m (0–35,062 feet)
6. **TRIPOD FISH**
- Average length: up to 30 cm (1 foot)
- Depth range: 900–4,700 m (2,953–15,420 feet)
---
**AMAZING ANIMALS OF THE ABYSS**
The creatures that dwell in these depths have developed extraordinary adaptations to survive. They tend to be small but have large, flexible stomachs and big mouths so they can swallow as much food as possible on the rare occasions they find any. Scientists believe that more than 90% of abyssal animals use bioluminescence to lure or find prey or find mates.
1. **DUMBO OCTOPUS** The arms of the dumbo octopus are connected by a web of skin, making them look like umbrellas when their arms are spread. They move slowly by flapping their ear-like fins hunting for invertebrates living just above the sea floor.
2. **FACELESS FISH** The mouth of this strange fish is underneath its body, and its eyes are buried deep beneath its skin, making it look like it doesn’t have a face. Scientists believe it uses sensory organs in its jelly-like head to navigate and find prey.
3. **SEA SPIDER** Sea spiders live deep in the ocean around Antarctica and can grow to enormous sizes. They have no body, just eight legs that carry their vital organs, and a long, tubular mouthpart that sucks up their prey. They breathe through holes in their legs.
4. **PEANUT WORM** The peanut worm’s body is made up of a bulging trunk and a narrower front part called the introvert. It feeds by extending the introvert to gather food particles and draw them into its mouth. If threatened, it can retract the introvert and shrink into a ball.
5. **SEA CUCUMBER** These are soft-bodied creatures that live on or near the ocean floor, sometimes partially buried in it. They use tentacle-like tube feet to move around and to feed. Their diet consists of plankton and tiny particles of decaying organic matter.
6. **TRIPOD FISH** This fish has three fins up to a metre (3 feet) long, which it uses for standing on the seafloor. They place it at a height to catch any passing crustacean. The fish senses its prey with its front fins.
HYDROTHERMAL VENTS ARE OPENINGS ON THE OCEAN FLOOR FOUND AT DEPTHS OF 1,600–7,200 M (5,249–23,622 FEET). SUPER-HOT, MINERAL-RICH WATER SPEWS FROM THESE VENTS. BACTERIA CONVERT CHEMICALS FROM THE VENT INTO NUTRIENTS, CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT THAT CAN SUPPORT A DIVERSE COMMUNITY OF ANIMALS.
1. **KIWA CRAB** This crustacean, also known as the yeti crab for its hairy pincers, feeds off the bacteria growing on these hairs. It encourages the bacteria to grow by waving its pincers through the waters around the vent, and then scrapes them off and eats them.
2. **VULCAN OCTOPUS** The vulcan octopus feeds on small crustaceans living around the hydrothermal vents. Adapted for the dark of the deep ocean, it uses touch and smell, not vision. Its two front arms are longer and used for feeling its way and hunting, while the rear arms are used for moving around.
3. **ZOARCID FISH** Zoarcids, or pink vent fish, are top predators in the vent community. They eat tubeworms, shrimps, limpets and snails. By eating limpets attached to rocks, they help other organisms to settle there, improving biodiversity.
4. **SCALY-FOOT SNAIL** The bacteria living within the scaly-foot snail help build it an armour-plated shell made of iron sulphide, giving it a powerful defence against predators. No other animal on earth is able to use iron in this way.
5. **GIANT VENT MUSSEL** These huge mussels have bacteria living in their gills that consume sulphides and methane from the hydrothermal vent and convert them into organic carbon that the mussel can use for energy and food.
6. **GIANT TUBE WORM** Giant tube worms are free-swimming as larvae, but then attach themselves to rocks. They have no mouth or digestive tract. The bacteria living inside them convert chemicals from the hydrothermal vent into food for them to live on.
WHAT ARE THE TRENCHES?
Beneath the abyss there exists yet another zone – the deepest of all the ocean habitats. Scientists call it the Hadal zone, named after the underworld Hades in Greek mythology. It is made up of a series of V-shaped chasms called trenches and deep basins called troughs. They span depths of 6,000 to nearly 11,000 metres (19,685–36,089 feet). There are 46 hadal habitats worldwide, comprised of 33 trenches and 13 troughs. Most of them are found in the Pacific Ocean. Temperatures in the Hadal zone range from 1–4°C (33.8–39.2°F).
COLD SEEPS
Like hydrothermal vents, cold seeps are cracks in the ocean floor caused by movements of the Earth’s crust. These are found at all depths, but especially in the Hadal zone. The deepest yet found is in the Japan Trench at a depth of 7,326 m (24,035 feet). Hydrogen sulphide, methane and other chemicals leak out of these cracks. They are not super-hot like hydrothermal vents, but they provide an environment for life in a similar way: bacteria obtain energy from the chemicals and convert them into organic nutrients that support a community of animals.
MOUNT EVEREST
8,848 m (29,028 feet) above sea level.
SPEcies OF THE HADAL ZONE
Remarkably, in spite of the extreme conditions, life exists in the trenches. Currently we know of around 400 species living in this zone, including fish, sea cucumbers, bristle worms, sea anemones, snails and crustaceans. By far the most common lifeforms are amphipods – tiny, soft-shelled, flea-like crustaceans found as deep as 9,100 m (29,856 feet). Amphipods feed on marine snow as well as other small organisms, including other amphipods. Scientists believe amphipods are at the bottom of the Hadal zone food chain, supporting all other life that is found there.
CHALLENGER DEEP
The deepest point in the oceans, indeed anywhere on Earth – is Challenger Deep at the southern end of the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific. It reaches around 11,000 metres (36,089 feet) in depth. This gives a sense of how deep it is: if Mount Everest, the tallest mountain in the world, were placed there, its peak would be more than 2 kilometres (1.2 miles) underwater. The pressure at the bottom of Challenger Deep is 1,085 times sea level pressure – strong enough to crush metal.
HADAL ANIMALS OFTEN LACK EYES AND HAVE EVOLVED SENSES THAT CAN DETECT MOVEMENTS IN THE WATER. MOST ARE SCAVENGERS, FEEDING OFF ORGANIC MATTER ON THE TRENCH FLOOR. FISH TEND TO HAVE TRANSPARENT, GELATINOUS FLESH, WITH SKELETONS OF CARTILAGE RATHER THAN BONE TO HELP THEM SURVIVE THE EXTRAORDINARY PRESSURES. THE DEEPEST FISH EVER DISCOVERED WAS A CUSK EEL FOUND AT 8,370 M (27,461 FEET).
1. **CUSK EEL**
These blind, eel-like fish hunt amphipods and plankton using sensory pores on their head that detect vibrations. They can withstand the pressures thanks to a jelly-like layer of tissue beneath their skin and a skeleton strengthened with extra bone material.
2. **SNAILFISH**
The dominant fish of the Hadal zone; they have gelatinous, tadpole-shaped bodies, a skeleton of cartilage, and translucent skin revealing their inner organs. To survive the high pressures, they produce a substance that keeps their cells from collapsing.
3. **HIRONDELLA GIGAS**
These amphipods survive by scavenging particles of wood from trees that get swept into the ocean and then sink to the bottom. Unsurprisingly for animals with such a particular diet, they are able to survive a long time between meals.
4. **GRENADIERS**
Hadal-zone grenadiers have evolved a sensory organ called a lateral line to sense movement in the surrounding water. They are bottom feeders, often found around cold seeps.
5. **SUPERGIANT AMPHIPOD**
These scary-looking crustaceans are more than 20 times larger than the typical amphipod. They only live at extreme depths, on the abyssal plain and in the trenches.
6. **BENTHESICYMUS PRAWN**
This crustacean is a decapod, related to shrimps and crabs. Until it was discovered living in the Kermadec and Mariana trenches in 2009, scientists believed decapods could not survive in the Hadal zone. It preys on small amphipods for food.
For most of human history, the deep ocean has been a realm of mystery. It’s only in the last century that we’ve begun to develop technologies that allow us to penetrate this alien world far beneath the waves. The deepest dive by a human using SCUBA equipment is just over 300 metres (984 feet) – a little way into the twilight zone. Systematic exploration of the deep ocean can only be done using underwater craft – submersibles.
**PILOTED SUBMERSIBLES**
Exploration with submersibles began in the 1930s with ball-shaped vehicles called bathyspheres, lowered by cables from a ship. They couldn’t move around or collect samples. Later, bathyscaphs (‘deep boats’) were developed that had some ability to manoeuvre. The most famous of these was *Trieste*, which took its two occupants to Challenger Deep, the deepest point on Earth, in 1960. Four years later, the deep-ocean research submersible, *Alvin*, was built. *Alvin* can carry three people and has made more than 5,000 dives for the study of the landscape and lifeforms of the deep ocean.
**ROVs**
Exploration has gone a step further with the development of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) that allow scientists to study parts of the ocean they can’t visit. A pilot steers the ROV from a surface ship, and the ROV sends back data and live video. The ROV has manipulator arms for collecting samples of rock, sediment or ocean life.
**AUVs AND HYBRIDS**
Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have no cable and are used to survey particular areas. AUVs use sonar to generate maps of the seafloor. They analyse conditions in the deep ocean. Hybrids combine the best of ROVs and AUVs: they can either be steered by a remote pilot or can function autonomously.
**JUST THE BEGINNING**
Despite all our technological progress, we still know very little about the deep ocean. New species are being identified every year and we can only imagine what we will discover in future decades!
Since the Industrial Revolution, the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere has increased by over 35%, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels. The extra CO₂ traps more of the Sun's heat in the atmosphere, causing a rise in average global temperatures and changing weather systems. This is known as climate change.
**THE ARCTIC OCEAN**
The Arctic Ocean is warming at twice the rate of the global average, threatening the wildlife living there. Polar bears, for example, rely on sea ice as a platform from which to hunt. With sea ice melting earlier each spring and forming later in the autumn, the bears have to go longer without eating, causing many of them, and their cubs, to starve.
**CHANGING MIGRATION PATTERNS**
Each winter, blacktip sharks migrate south to the coast of Florida, USA, where they help preserve the ecosystems of coral reefs and seagrass beds by eating weak and sick fish. With rising ocean temperatures, many of these sharks now remain in cooler, northern waters and no longer play this vital role. Similar changes in migration patterns have been observed among right whales, salmon, mackerel, Atlantic cod and up to 412 species. Marine life in general is shifting towards the cooler polar regions. This disrupts complex food webs and the patterns of ocean life.
**ALGAL BLOOMS**
Warming temperatures have also led to destructive algal blooms (a rapid increase in the population of algae), which reduce the oxygen content of parts of the ocean, creating lifeless 'marine deserts'. Algal blooms damage coral reefs, seagrasses and kelp forests and harm the animals that live in the habitats by lowering the oxygen levels in the water.
**ACIDIFICATION**
The ocean plays a major role in reducing the effects of climate change. Over the past 200 years the ocean has absorbed about a third of the CO₂ and 90% of the extra heat produced by human activity. At the same time, the ocean is being damaged by climate change. The continual absorption of CO₂ has increased the acidity of the oceans by 30% over the past two centuries. When combined with warming temperatures, it can cause the destruction of coral reefs – an effect known as coral bleaching – with devastating consequences for the species that live there.
RISING SEA LEVELS
One of the major impacts of climate change has been rising sea levels. Average sea levels have risen by around 23 cm (9 inches) since 1880. Every year, the sea rises by another 3.2 mm (0.1 inches), and the rate is increasing. Some scientists estimate that in the next 90 years, the seas could rise by 1 metre (3.2 feet). This is a major threat to offshore and coastal habitats and the people and animals that live there.
CAUSES
There are three main reasons for the change in sea levels. Firstly, when water gets warmer, it expands. Secondly, global warming is causing the ice sheets that cover Greenland and Antarctica to melt at a faster rate, and more of this meltwater runs into the ocean. Thirdly, mountain glaciers (dense bodies of ice) are also melting more than they used to during the summer months, sending yet more meltwater into the ocean via rivers and streams.
OFFSHORE HABITATS
Many of the environments we have looked at in this book, such as coral reefs, seagrass meadows and kelp forests, need stable sea levels. As shallow seas get deeper, the amount of sunlight reaching seagrass, kelp and the algae living in coral, which depend on photosynthesis, will be reduced. Sea level rises also increase coastal erosion, washing sediment into the sea and further reducing the sunlight coming through the water.
BEACH HABITATS
Sea turtles make their nests in beach sand, and many species return to the same beaches where they hatched to lay the eggs for the next generation. Sea level rises could erode beaches and flood turtle nests. The loss of beaches will also affect other species such as shorebirds, sand crabs and beach hoppers.
COASTAL WETLANDS
Rising sea levels will flood coastal wetlands such as mangrove forests and salt marshes. Some scientists predict that mangrove forests, which grow in the coastal intertidal zones of warmer regions, could be wiped out by the year 2100. As well as providing a habitat for countless plants and animals, coastal wetlands provide a buffer against floods and storm surges that threaten coastal communities.
Human activity produces vast amounts of waste every year, and much of this goes directly or indirectly into the ocean. Even the waste we produce inland often gets swept into the ocean via storm drains, sewers, rivers and streams. Pollution includes everyday litter, sewage, industrial waste and oil spills.
**PLASTIC**
Eighty percent of the litter that ends up in the ocean comes from the land. Most of this is plastic – shopping bags, water bottles, yoghurt pots, drinking straws etc. It is estimated that humans send 2.41 million tonnes of plastic into the ocean each year. This is particularly bad news as plastic can take up to a thousand years to biodegrade and is a serious menace to marine life. Animals can get entangled in it or die from eating it. Small organisms such as plankton feed on particles of broken-down plastic called microplastic and absorb the chemicals from it into their tissues. When they are eaten by larger animals, they absorb the same chemicals into their tissues, and so on up the food chain.
**CHEMICAL POLLUTION**
Chemical waste from farms and factories runs off the land into waterways that ultimately flow into the ocean. Many of these chemicals, especially nitrogen and phosphorus used in agricultural fertilisers, aid the growth of algal blooms. These create toxins, block sunlight, clog fish gills and lead to dead zones in the ocean where nothing can live or grow.
**THE GREAT PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH**
Ocean currents transport plastic litter over great distances and much of it collects in five giant areas. The largest of these is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) between Japan and California, USA. The GPGP is actually made up of two garbage patches, one in the west and one in the east. The total size of the garbage patch has been estimated at 1.6 million square kilometres (618,000 square miles).
**OIL SPILLS**
The Exxon Valdez tanker oil spill in 1989, and the BP Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling disaster of 2010, as well as many smaller spills, have spread millions of litres of oil into the ocean, devastating coastal and marine life. The clean-up efforts following these spills remove only a small amount of the oil, and the chemicals used to disperse the oil slicks can be toxic themselves.
WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT?
There are many actions we can take in our everyday lives to help protect our oceans. We can do our bit to lower CO₂ emissions by saving energy – switching to compact fluorescent lightbulbs; riding a bike, walking or using public transport instead of a car; turning off appliances when not in use; and wearing a jumper instead of turning up the thermostat when it’s cold.
REDUCE PLASTIC
To reduce plastic waste that may end up in the ocean, avoid single-use plastic items like drinking straws and drinks containers. Carry a reusable water bottle, use cloth grocery bags and store food in reusable containers.
PROTECT THE BEACH
When you visit the beach, always clean up afterwards so none of your litter ends up in the sea. Bring a bag with you for picking up trash. You could even go further and volunteer for local beach clean-ups.
BE CAREFUL WHAT YOU BUY
Fish stocks are declining around the world because of loss of habitat and overfishing. Talk to your family about the fish and seafood you buy. Choose items labelled ‘line caught’, ‘diver caught’, ‘sustainably caught’ or ‘sustainably harvested’. You could think about cutting down on eating fish and eating more plant-based foods instead.
GIVE YOUR SUPPORT
There are many organisations that are working to protect ocean habitats and wildlife. Why not become a member and volunteer for some hands-on work or to help spread the word? Contact local politicians and find out what they are doing for ocean conservation. Ask your family to support local restaurants and food stores that only stock sustainable seafood.
NEVER STOP LEARNING
All life on Earth is connected to the ocean, and it’s vital that we educate ourselves about this mysterious and beautiful realm. The more we learn, the more we will want to protect it. So when you discover something new and amazing about the ocean, share that knowledge and inspire others.
EXPLORING
Enjoy exploring nature, but try not to disturb the wildlife, and don’t remove rocks or coral.
GLOSSARY
**ALGAE** Plural of alga, simple plants, such as seaweed, that have no real leaves, stems or roots. They grow in or near water.
**BACTERIA** Plural of bacterium, the simplest and smallest forms of life. Bacteria are found in air, water and soil, and also in living and dead animals and plants, and are often a cause of disease.
**BIODEGRADE** To be broken down by bacteria and other organisms.
**BIODIVERSITY** The variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat.
**BIOLUMINESCENCE** The emission of light by animals such as deep-sea fish. The light is produced by chemical processes in the creature’s body.
**BUOYANT** Able to keep afloat.
**CARTILAGE** Firm and flexible tissue, like soft bone, found in many animals.
**CRUSTACEAN** A member of a large family of mainly aquatic animals that includes crabs, lobsters, shrimps and barnacles.
**DETRITUS** Waste.
**ECHOLOCATION** Finding objects using reflected sound; used by animals such as dolphins and whales.
**ECOSYSTEM** All the plants and living creatures in a particular area and their environment.
**FOSSIL FUELS** A fuel such as coal or oil formed millions of years ago from the remains of living creatures.
**GELATINOUS** Jelly-like.
**GLOBAL WARMING** A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the Earth, caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, methane and other gases, which trap heat in the atmosphere.
**GUYOT** An undersea mountain with a flat top.
**HABITAT** The natural home or environment of an animal or plant.
**INVERTEBRATE** An animal that doesn’t have a backbone, such as insects, squid and worms.
**KEYSTONE SPECIES** A species that has a bigger-than-average effect on its natural environment, helping maintain it and affecting many other species.
**LARVA** An insect at the stage when it has just come out of an egg.
**MARINE SNOW** The continuous shower of mostly organic matter that falls from the upper ocean to its deepest parts.
**METABOLISM** The chemical processes that happen inside an organism in order to maintain life.
**MIGRATION** A regular movement of animals from one region to another.
**MOLLUSC** A member of a large family of soft-bodied animals that includes snails, slugs, mussels, squid and octopuses.
**NUTRIENT** A substance that keeps a living thing alive and helps it to grow.
**ORGANIC MATTER** Material composed of living or dead organisms.
**PHOTOSYNTHESIS** The process by which plants use sunlight to obtain nutrients from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water, and release oxygen.
**PHYTOPLANKTON** Plankton made up of plants or plant-like organisms.
**PLANKTON** Small and microscopic organisms drifting in the sea, including algae, small crustaceans and the eggs and larvae of larger animals.
**POLYP** A phase in the life cycle of a jellyfish, or a small animal such as a sea anemone with a column-shaped body and a mouth at the top surrounded by a ring of tentacles.
**SCAVENGER** An animal that feeds on dead animals or plant matter.
**SEAMOUNT** An undersea mountain.
**SERRATED** Having a jagged edge.
**SILHOUETTE** The dark shape and outline of something that can be seen in low light.
**STAGNANT** Water with no current or flow, and no life.
**SWIM BLADDER** A gas-filled sac in the body of many bony fishes, used to control buoyancy.
**SEDIMENT** Matter that settles at the bottom of a body of water.
**TRANSLUCENT** Allowing light to pass through, but not completely clear.
**ZOOPLANKTON** plankton consisting of small animals and the growing stages of larger animals.
Abyss 6–7, 28, 34–37
Abyssal plain 35
Acidification 47
Algae 15, 17, 19, 47–48
Algal blooms 47, 50
Alvin 44
Amphipods 34–35, 41–43
Arctic Ocean 6, 46
AUVs 45
Bacteria 33, 39–40
Biological pump 28–29
Bioluminescence 7, 26–28, 31, 37
Birds 12–13, 48
Camouflage 17, 27
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) 6, 8–9, 28, 46–47, 52
Challenger Deep 41, 44
Climate change 6, 15, 46–49
Coastal areas 10–17, 48–49, 51–52
Cold seeps 40, 43
Continental shelves 28, 34
Coral reefs 8–9, 18–19, 46–49, 53
Crustaceans 10–11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 23, 25, 29, 31–35, 37–39, 41–43, 48
Currents 28
Eels 19, 29, 31
Estuaries 8, 13
Fish 11–15, 17–21, 23–27, 29–31, 34, 36–39, 41–43, 46, 50, 53
Fossil fuels 6, 46
Human exploration 44–45
Hydrothermal vents 38–39
Insects 13
Intertidal zone 8, 10–11, 48–49
Octopuses 16–17, 19, 29, 36–39
Oil spills 51
Open ocean 8–9, 20–21, 34
Oxygen 6, 8–9, 25, 28, 34–35, 47
Pacific Ocean 6, 40, 51
Photosynthesis 8–9, 22, 28, 48
Phytoplankton 6, 8–9, 27–28
Plankton 13, 21, 37, 43, 50
Plants 8–9, 13, 15, 17, 22, 48–49
Plastic waste 50–52
Kelp forests 8–9, 14–15, 47–48
Keystone species 11
Mammals 8, 12–17, 19, 21, 24–25, 29, 46
Marine snow 22, 27–28, 33, 35, 41
Metabolism 29, 33–34
Midnight zone 6–7, 28–33
Migration 21, 23, 25, 27, 46
Molluscs 10–11, 15–16, 19, 25–27, 29–31, 34–36, 38–39, 41
Sea anemones 19, 33, 41
Sea cucumbers 23, 33, 37, 41
Seagrass meadows 8–9, 16–17, 46–48
Seamounts 28–29, 35
Sea urchins 14–15, 19, 29
Senses 25, 31, 37, 43
Sharks 18–21, 29–30, 34, 46, 53
Snails 11, 35, 39, 41
Sponges 17, 19, 23, 29
Squid 19, 23, 25–26, 29–31, 33, 35
Starfish 10–11, 29, 33
Submersibles 44–45
Sunlight zone 6, 8–21, 23, 25
Tides 11
Trenches 6–7, 40–43
Trieste 41, 44–45
Tropical regions 19, 21
Troughs 40
Turtles 12–13, 17–19, 48, 53
Twilight zone 6–7, 22–27
Whale fall 33
Whales 8, 13–15, 21, 24–25, 29, 33, 46
Worms 11, 29, 32–33, 36–37, 39, 41
|
ALL-WAVE RADIO
SEPTEMBER 1935
Vol. 1 No. 1
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COMPLETE 10-PAGE ALL-WAVE STATION LIST
"Channel Echoes" by ZEH BOUCK - - - "Globe Girding" by J.B.L. HINDS
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Aerials by ARTHUR H. LYNCH - - - Comments by G. S. GRANGER
ULTRA SHORT AND SHORT WAVE • BROADCAST AND LONG WAVE
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Recent Numbers of Communication and Broadcast Engineering have carried the following articles:
N. B. C.'s Studio System .................................................. by T. H. Phelan
High Fidelity Remote Pickup Equipment ............................ by John P. Taylor
Maintaining and Measuring the Frequency of Transmitters .... by V. J. Andrew, Ph.D.
Coupling the Broadcast Antenna to the Transmission Line ...... by Paul Rosekrans
An Efficient Remote Amplifier ........................................... by J. C. Bailey
Accounting System for Broadcast Engineers ......................... by R. C. Powell
WOR's Directive Antenna ............................................... by J. F. Morrison
Design of Pads ............................................................. by L. W. Barnett
Ultra High Frequency Police Radio ................................. by Paul F. Godley
Concentric Transmission Line at KDYL ............................. by John M. Baldwin
High Fidelity Broadcasting .............................................. by John J. Long, Jr.
Commercial Radio Trends .............................................. by Haraden Pratt
Continuous Aural Frequency Monitoring ............................. by Robert C. Moody
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The SCOTT Imperial HI-FIDELITY ALL-WAVE achieves still another great scientific feat—combining Full Range High Fidelity with startling sensitivity and selectivity beyond that ever known before. It brings in station after station—on both broadcast and short wave bands—that you have never heard before. Only Scott gives you a radio that is a true musical instrument, and also a world-cruiser to take you on journeys-by-ear to the most distant points of earth...
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CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1935
Cover Illustration
20 KW Short-Wave Transmitter of Station VK 2ME, installed at Radio Centre, Pennent Hills, New South Wales.
Features
| Topic | Author | Page |
|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|------|
| Debunking Radio Circuits | Louis Martin | 7 |
| 5-Meter Receiver | J. A. Worcester, Jr. | 10 |
| Signals and Noise | Arthur Lynch | 26 |
| New 22-Tube "Full Range" High Fidelity Receiver | E. H. Scott | 32 |
| Answers to Some Frequent Questions Asked About Radio Reception | Engineering Dept., Columbia Broadcasting | 34 |
Departments
| Topic | Author | Page |
|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|------|
| Dial Light | | 5 |
| Globe Girdling | J. B. L. Hinds | 12 |
| Channel Echoes | Zeh Bouck | 15 |
| Star Short-Wave Broadcasters | | 16 |
| All-Wave Station List | | 18 |
| Short-Wave Station Addresses | | 21 |
| U. S. Broadcast Station List | | 22 |
| The Footloose Reporter | G. C. B. Rowe | 30 |
| Radio Proving Post | | 36 |
| Back Wash | | 40 |
| Roses and Razzberries | Beat Note | 41 |
| Queries | | 42 |
| Pointers | | 43 |
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THIS IS A MAGAZINE for the radio listener and experimenter and no one else. If you like to build your own receivers, we can offer you the best there is in the way of design: if your impulse is to tinker, we can offer you no end of ideas: if your interest in radio rests entirely in the enjoyment of programs, the enchantment of distance reception and the thrill of the unexpected, we can offer you sound advice, accurate station data, seasoned news and a dramatic panorama of radio of our own making.
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The time is ripe for a magazine devoted solely to the incidents, the drama, the technical phases and the criticism of the transmissions from one end of the wavelength scale to the other...in other words, a publication dealing with the non-commercial side of all-wave radio.
ALL RADIO FANS are not interested in quite the same things. You may devote the major part of your listening time to the short-wave broadcast bands, or you may find the amateur, police, aircraft and commercial phone bands of such absorbing interest that you are content to ignore the other classes of transmissions. On the other hand, you may not have been initiated into the realm of the short waves, with the result that your interest lies entirely in the broadcast band.
Some radio fans are technically minded and seem never to tire of building new receivers or redesigning old ones. You may be a fan of this cut, or you may have no interest in this phase of the hobby. In the latter case you wish to have knowledge of the respective merits of manufactured receivers that you may exercise your own judgment in purchasing.
KNOWING THE DIFFICULTIES that might beset us in this venture, we evolved what we believe to be a new departure from the ordinary plan of editorial supervision. Rather than place the supervision in the hands of one man, we have created a board of editors and engineers to run the publication. These men, selected from the commercial field, serve on a consulting basis and are paid retainers for this work. Their activities are coordinated by the editorial director, a man who has had fifteen years experience as an editor of radio publications. Each member of the board was selected for his specialized knowledge in some phase of radio and each member is free to handle his work after his own dictates.
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WE HAVE MADE IT a policy that all material to reach these pages must first be passed upon by the board. This procedure will provide an authenticity to signed and unsigned articles alike, not to be gained outside of the material prepared by an engineer of outstanding fame. Moreover, before the data on a receiver may be published, the receiver must pass three tests: First, the circuit must be straightforward; second, the receiver must at least meet set standards of sensitivity, selectivity and frequency response (the standards depending upon the class of reception the receiver is designed for) and, third, the receiver must pass tests that serve to assure its practicability in every-day use.
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NOW IN USE
IN
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Debunking Radio Circuits
By LOUIS MARTIN
REVOLUTIONARY IDEAS are rare, and revolutionary ideas that really work and can stand the test of time and use are almost nil. Every so often either through sheer accident or diligent research, a brilliant idea materializes, but such classic innovations are very few and very far between. But to judge from some editorial and most glowing advertising claims, this condition does not exist in the radio business. Regeneration is rediscovered almost every day in the week; the virtues of the beat note in picking up and tuning in telephone stations have been expanded to such proportions that the lay reader has come to endow it with the same cosmic powers as befits the crystal gazer; noise-reducing antenna systems have been explained and expounded and exploded until the imagination does more noise-eliminating than the system"; the crystal detector has been used, discarded, and used again, each time with new authority and with breath-taking possibilities.
Nor is this all. Every new circuit or design presented to the readers of popular radio literature is disgustingly complete and modern: every last detail always has been worked out; every last crumb always has been raked and sifted and counted until there is nothing left of the signal but trash; tremendous volume with little or no signal input is always claimed; and every tube (especially the multi-grid tubes) is given five or six jobs to perform in order to be sure that no single grid or plate is laying down on the job while the others are busy pumping signals into the next chaotic stage.
This rather caustic description of certain present-day authors and their receivers is not over-exaggerated to the extent that one might glean from the previous paragraphs. After all, their claims are not exactly lies, unless, of course, you define a lie as the exaggerated truth. With the kind consent of the Editorial Board of this magazine, I would like to devote the following material to a systematic debunking of these revolutionary circuits.
ONE TUBERS
Single-tube short-wave receivers are almost always of the regenerative type. This type of circuit yields maximum gain per tube, and this maximum is the same regardless of how ingenious the scheme used for controlling the regeneration. Whether the tube is a triode, tetrode or pentode, the maximum gain due to regeneration is the same, and moreover this gain is the same regardless of whether the tickler is connected in any of the grid or plate circuits and coupled to the control-grid circuit or whether feedback is accomplished through the grid-plate capacity, as in triodes. No amount of armchair coaxing can increase regenerative gain, although this classical circuit has been redrawn more different ways and garbed with more different pseudonyms than anything else in radio.
Fig. 1, at A, shows the true, recognizable circuit of the regenerative connection, and B of the same figure shows how the circuit may be redrawn and the parts changed about so as to justify its existence. The (1), (2), and (3) circuits show the tickler in the plate, screen and suppressor-grid of different tubes. If you should trace the connections of the "B" set, you will find them identical with the A schematics.
The point to be emphasized is that regardless of the grid or plate circuit in which the tickler is placed, the gain due to regeneration is the same; and if some bright manufacturer of regenerative receivers wants to make an improvement, he could place a good high-ratio tuning dial on the regeneration control. Remember, the theoretical maximum gain in a regenerative stage is infinite, and the practical limit of gain is determined almost solely by how close to the oscillation point you can bring the tube.
REFLEXING THE SINGLE TUBE
Not satisfied that the multi-grid tube is hitting on all five grids, certain cirCircuit tinkerers use a single tube as a regenerative detector and then reflex the audio into the front-end of the tube again for additional confusion. The reflex circuit is perfectly good when properly designed and when the relative r-f and a-f voltages are carefully calculated so that you know the distortion that can arise and the limitations of the circuit. But the mere connection of an audio transformer from the plate back to the grid circuit and the addition of regeneration to compensate for the evils of design do not constitute good reflexing. It is perfectly permissible to use a non-regenerative r-f amplifier tube as an audio amplifier, but for the love of the signal, don't attempt to add regeneration!
**EXCEPTION TO RULE**
There is one exception to this statement. The 6F7 tube may be used as an audio amplifier and regenerative detector with good success; but the 6F7 is truly two separate tubes in a single envelope, and you can do with this one envelope—within limits—what ordinarily takes two tubes to accomplish. A simplified diagram, not suitable for constructional purpose, is shown in Fig. 2 to illustrate the mode of connection.
Now, some may argue that this circuit is not reflexed because the audio is not returned to the same tube elements. But the point is that the audio is returned to the same tube, and if you want to think of it in this manner, then it is reflexed. In any event, the 6F7 is about the only tube which can be reflexed in this manner and can use regeneration to advantage at the same time.
If regeneration is removed in order to stabilize a one-tube reflexed circuit, the maximum gain will be about the same as that obtained with regeneration and no reflexing. It's six of one and half-dozen of the other.
**MULTI-TUBE TRF CIRCUITS**
When the circuit manipulator decides to use more than one tube in a home-constructed receiver, he usually wants to make sure that the signal is squeezed dry after each tube. This procedure is sound economics, but poor engineering. Stability is an important consideration when more than one model of a receiver is to be built, especially when hundreds of different people are going to invest money. It is far safer to obtain a little less gain per tube and increase the stability than to attempt to regenerate the detector, feed the audio into the second tube, remove it, then feed it back to the first tube again, and finally pull it out of the first tube and try and sneak it into the second tube through some idle grid.
Tubes are relatively cheap these days, and in fairness to constructors there should be a golden rule to the effect that a single tube intended for a single purpose should be used only for that purpose unless there is a darn good reason for doing otherwise.
**STANDARD REGENERATIVE RECEIVERS**
Standard versions of two-tube receivers are as follows: regenerative detector and one stage of audio; tuned r-f stage and tuned regenerative detector; and untuned r-f stage and tuned regenerative detector. During all the years of radio and the vacuum tube, these combinations have given sure-fire results without the necessity for resorting to prayer and soliciting the good graces of Lady Luck.
Three-tube receivers give very excellent results on short waves, and for the average listener are quite sufficient unless loudspeaker results are desired.
Standard combinations of such sets are as follows: tuned r-f stage, tuned regenerative detector, and one audio stage (the best combination in the opinion of the writer); untuned r-f stage, regenerative detector and one audio stage; regenerative detector and two audio stages (recommended for the reception of local stations on a loudspeaker). Any additional trick items give considerably more noise and not much more signal.
**THE SUPERHETERODYNE**
When not abused, the superheterodyne is without doubt the most efficient circuit in commercial use today. And it is because of its efficiency that many designers of short-wave receivers (for publication) completely disregard some of its finer qualities. The selectivity of a super resides to a large extent in the i-f amplifier; and so many early designers neglected to add a stage of tuned r-f ahead of the mixer to eliminate image interference. In just what they have put their faith the writer has been unable to determine, and when some aggressive engineers decided to raise the i-f to about 460 kc in order to reduce image interference, these self-same men kicked because they lost a little gain. We all know now that image interference elimination is more important than the slight loss in gain obtained with the 460 kc i-f.
One nationally-known manufacturer deliberately inserted a tuned r-f stage on the broadcast and one short-wave band of his receiver, and just as deliberately cut it out on the highest-frequency bands. At that same time, another nationally-known set manufacturer had one r-f stage ahead of the mixer on all but the highest-frequency band—and put two there!
The coil-switching business is another headache. Aside from shielding each coil separately, it is essential that at least one unused coil—the next lower-frequency coil—be short-circuited to prevent absorption and consequent dead spots. The switching arrangement requires another arm on the switch and several more wires, but it is worth
Using the 6F7 as a regenerative detector and reflexed audio amplifier.
while at the end. A typical switching system is shown in Fig. 3.
AVC SYSTEMS
The purpose of an avc system in a broadcast receiver is to prevent the overloading of the audio amplifier on strong local stations. The purpose of the avc system in a short-wave receiver is to prevent, or, rather, minimize, fading. These two requirements require different types of design for their fulfillment. The broadcast-set avc system must be designed for strong signals and have a relatively large time constant; the short-wave receiver avc system must be capable of varying the sensitivity of the receiver quickly, so that any decrease in signal strength is immediately compensated for by increased sensitivity of the set.
Fig. 4 is a representative circuit of a typical avc system. The theory is that the rectified voltage across R2 charges the "tank" condenser C through R. If the detector is linear, the voltage drop across C is proportional only to the carrier voltage, and it is this voltage across C that is applied to the grids of the tubes under control. If the signal strength should suddenly drop, the voltage across R2 drops, and the voltage applied to the grids of the controlled tubes should also drop almost instantly. If R1, C1, C or R are made too large, then the condensers cannot discharge fast enough to lower the bias, and the signal keeps dropping in strength as it fades.
It is difficult to give values to these components unless the specifications for the receiver in which the system is to be used are available. But the point to be emphasized here is that there are no definite values for all sets, and most receivers have values that are too high for the high-frequency bands, although perfectly good for the broadcast band. In the opinion of the writer, the proper solution to this problem is a compromise in an all-wave set, but little compromise is required in a strictly short-wave receiver.
BEAT OSCILLATORS
The one and only purpose of the beat oscillator is to provide an audible means of properly tuning-in a phone station, and this purpose is distinct from its purpose of enabling the reception of continuous-wave signals. The beat oscillator beats with the carrier and side bands of a station, and if the percentage modulation of the station is low, then the audio will disappear when the beat oscillator is turned off. The beat oscillator does not and cannot increase the sensitivity of a receiver as many would have us believe—it is a good station hunter and nothing else.
THE LINEAR DETECTOR
There has probably been more ballyhoo written about the second detector than any other single receiver function. To begin with, all detectors are linear if the signal strength and circuit proportions are correct. The diode is called a linear detector because it becomes linear with relatively small signal voltages, and is especially valuable with large signals, though it is insensitive when linear. This means that it is useless to use a diode detector with an insensitive receiver unless only local stations are desired.
The writer has seen more than one, two and three-tube receiver, designed to pick up everything on the air, using a diode detector. And the designers brag about it as a valuable feature! The diode detector is suitable only when large signal voltages are to be handled with small distortion and when a simple and economical avc system is to be used. For sensitivity, the good old-fashioned grid-leak and grid-condenser detector is yet to be improved upon, and for large signals, the diode is the best we have. And lest we forget, the good quality that can be obtained from a diode cannot compensate for the poor design in the audio system.
THE AUDIO SYSTEM
All of which brings us to the audio system. For one and two-tube receivers, the type 30 tube or its 2.5 and 6.3 volt equivalents is as good as any. The mere fact that a new tube is announced does not mean that it is good anywhere in the circuit. The type 58 tube is one of the best r-f amplifiers, but it is hopelessly inadequate as a final output tube. The four- or five-tube short-wave receiver should use a pentode output tube because of the high power-sensitivity of pentodes. When there is plenty of audio gain then one or two triodes are fine.
THE ELECTRON-COUPLED OSCILLATOR
Fig. 5 is the circuit of the garden-variety of electron-coupled oscillator. If we forget about the plate and suppressor-grid in the tube, then we have a simple Hartley triode oscillator circuit with which we are familiar. The electron-coupled oscillator is not a peculiar oscillator circuit, it is a unique method of coupling the oscillator to the load, or output. The coupling to the load is not magnetic or electrostatic, but electronic; hence the name.
This circuit is stable simply because the load cannot react upon the tuned circuits through the tube capacity because the suppressor grid shields the plate from the oscillator elements. It is stable in this respect only, and is not any more stable than any other oscillator of the Hartley type. In fact, if the tube has no suppressor grid, then the plate-screen capacity should be neutralized by any of the popular neutrodyne or Rice systems so popular before the 1929 fiasco.
IN CONCLUSION
The writer does not wish to leave the impression that all designs are poor and that all articles ballyhoo everything. He merely wishes to point out some very common exaggerations of the truth and some things that some authors seem to forget in their haste to convince the reader. In general, there are more good designs than poor ones, but the trouble seems to be that some poor designs get more sales talk than the good ones.
A typical Hartley oscillator circuit with an additional plate and suppressor grid makes an electron-coupled oscillator.
5-METER RECEIVER
By J. A. WORCESTER, Jr.
• A TWO-TUBE SET USING A CLOSED-END LINE INSTEAD OF A TUNING COIL. THE CIRCUIT IS THE OSCILLODYNE.
Here is a simple, smooth working, five-meter receiver that has a conservative range of 75 miles under average night-time receiving conditions. Consistent reception at this distance has been obtained on numerous occasions with nothing more elaborate than a short, indoor wire, about 10 feet long, as an antenna. Although during the period of testing no outstandingly good reception periods were noticed, it is felt that when such conditions obtain the effective range will be much greater than the above value; particularly if the receiver is situated in the path of a directive antenna array.
There is undeniably as much thrill in receiving a five-meter station located 75 or 100 miles away as there is in receiving Australia or some equally distant station on the regular short-wave bands. Consequently, if you are a bit fed up with reception on the regulation channels, here is a chance to get a new thrill by setting up reception records on the five-meter band and here is a receiver capable of holding its own with the best of them.
"CLOSED-END LINE"
The secret of this receiver's success lies in the tuning inductance, which really is not an inductance at all but a long, closed-end line. It is a well-known fact that such a line, when less than a quarter wavelength long, will exhibit an inductive reactance and when such a line is substituted for the customary coil a marked improvement in results obtainable is immediately evident. This is perfectly reasonable since a coil at these ultra-high frequencies has too low a "Q" to result in an effective tuned circuit, while a line really comes into its own at these frequencies.
NO "PRUNING" NECESSARY
An inspection of the photograph of Fig. 3 will indicate that the line consists of parallel conductors separated by about one-eighth inch and wound around a plug-in coil form. Since the wires are connected at the top, the current in one wire at any point is equal in magnitude but flowing in the opposite direction from that in the other wire. Consequently the inductive fields cancel and no inductance is introduced by the use of a plug-in coil form to support the wires.
In will be noted that the total amount of wire is very much greater than that employed when using the customary small self-supporting coil, and consequently proper operation in the five-meter band is easily obtained without the pruning and squeezing together of turns generally associated with the initial adjusting procedure of five-meter receivers.
THE CIRCUIT
The receiver employs the self-quenching type of super-regenerative circuit, as shown in Fig. 1. This form of super-regeneration was introduced by the writer about two years ago in the form of the Oscilloydyne Receiver and since that time has been almost universally employed in ultra-short-wave receivers. The action of this circuit differs radically from that of the customary super-regenerative circuit in that all signals regardless of their initial amplitude build up to the same r.f. amplitude; while in the latter circuit the final amplitude is directly proportional to the initial value of the signal. Hence, the self-quenching circuit provides maximum amplification automatically while the ordinary super-regenerative circuit requires circuit adjustment for each signal in order to obtain maximum results. The result is that the self-quenching circuit is more sensitive to weak signals and easier to tune than the typical hook-up.
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR USED
The oscillator circuit employed is the Colpitts arrangement. This was used instead of the conventional Hartley circuit because of its greater simLEGEND
C1, C2—Hammarlund Equalizers, 3-35 mmfd, EC-35.
C3—Hammarlund 20-mmfd Variable Condenser, MC-20-S. (One stator plate removed as per text).
C4—Cornell-Dubilier .0005-mfd Mica Condenser.
C5—Cornell-Dubilier .005-mfd Mica or Paper Condenser.
C6—Cornell-Dubilier .5-mfd Tubular By-Pass Condenser.
C7—Cornell-Dubilier .001-mfd Mica Condenser.
L1, L2—See text for details. Wound on 4-prong Hammarlund XP-53 Low-Loss Coil Form.
L3—Hammarlund 2.3-mh R-F Choke.
T1—A-F Transformer, 3 to 1 ratio.
R1—I.R.C. Metallized Resistor, 250,000 ohms, ½ watt.
R2—Electrad 50,000-ohm Volume Control.
R3—Electrad 250,000-ohm Volume Control.
R4—I.R.C. Metallized Resistor, 2000 ohms, ½ watt.
Aluminum chassis (see Fig. 4).
Hammarlund 4-prong Isolantite Socket.
Hammarlund 5-prong Isolantite Socket.
I.C.A. 5-prong Wafer Socket.
Hammarlund Flexible Coupling.
Bakelite or brass shaft, 4" x ¼".
Crowe No. 123 Airplane-Type Dial.
Eby Twin Binding Post.
Eby Twin Speaker Jack.
Alden 4-prong Connectorald Socket.
Two RCA Type 56 Tubes.
plicity and smoother operation. As is customary when employing a self-quenching detector, transformer coupling is used in preference to other forms. A fairly large condenser is employed to by-pass the "interruption frequency" and for best results this value should not be decreased. The potentiometer, R2, is used to adjust the detector plate voltage to its best operating value; while R3 is employed as a volume control. This latter control is necessary as the hiss level in the output of the audio tube is too high for comfortable headphone reception when full gain is utilized. The gain is sufficient to operate a small dynamic or magnetic speaker on signals within at least a 35-mile range.
CONSTRUCTION
The chassis employed is constructed from 14 gauge sheet aluminum and measures 7 in. square by 2 in. deep. The proper location of the various parts can be determined from an inspection of the photographs of Figs. 2 and 3. It is imperative that this layout be rigidly adhered to; particularly as regards the placement of the detector circuit components. It will be noted that the isolantite sockets for the coil and detector tube are mounted above the chassis by means of bushings and that the variable tuning condenser, C3, is mounted between them. The adjustable grid condenser, C2, is mounted directly to the grid terminal of the tube socket; while the adjustable antenna coupling condenser, C1, is directly mounted to the proper terminal on the coil socket. The plate blocking condenser, C4, is completely insulated from the chassis by employing an insulated bushing for support at the desired height as well as an insulated washer under the screw head. The hole through the chassis is sufficiently large for ample clearance. The shaft of the condenser is connected to the airplane dial on the front of the chassis by means of a flexible coupling and bakelite rod. This is clearly shown in Fig. 2.
The half-watt grid leak, R1, is mounted directly between the grid and cathode tube socket terminals and the choke, L3, is mounted directly under the tube socket and as close to it as feasible.
It should be emphasized again that the location of the various parts discussed should be rigidly adhered to if satisfactory results are to be obtained. The wiring of the audio circuit is entirely conventional and requires no detailed comment.
TUBES REQUIRED
The tubes employed in this receiver are the type 56, requiring a 2.5-volt heater supply and, in this case, 90 volts plate supply. Although 37's were not available for test, it is likely that this type will also work satisfactorily although its mutual conductance is not as high as the 56.
The "coil" is wound on a Hammarlund XP-53 form and this form should be employed if pruning is to be avoided. The winding consists of four double turns of parallel wires separated by one-eighth inch.
(TURN TO PAGE 44)
IT AFFORDS ME great pleasure to greet my old and new friends of radio and to express the wish for each of them that much pleasure and success will come to them in their efforts through the assistance of ALL-WAVE RADIO. Our utmost efforts will be expended to furnish that which you desire in the way of information regarding short-wave stations and reception. Your requests and suggestions will be of material help and will be much appreciated.
STATION LISTS
Your attention is invited to the lists of best short-wave stations or stations broadcasting programs, and telephone and experimental stations. The time given is Eastern Standard Time. The latter class of stations include many which broadcast music on test programs and special broadcasts. A great many phone stations are on voice only and test only on voice, but quite a few are sending verifications on reception reports received; others acknowledge but do not specifically verify. The address section contains many addresses of both classes of stations. These lists will be revised and enlarged upon from month to month. Any information regarding changes which should be made will be gratefully received.
INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTS
The day has passed when one must depend upon the broadcasting chains to relay to their homes the varied programs of foreign cities from all corners of the earth. There was a time when one received quite a thrill from hearing such a program through the medium of the long waves, but since they have built receivers that will bring them in directly with equal clarity, the tide has turned and listeners are purchasing such sets and receiving more and more enjoyment from them as they progress in the art of tuning.
There is no doubt, however, that the international transmitting was the cause of the present ever-growing interest in short-wave receiving. American and foreign newspapers are devoting more and more space to short-wave matters and the short waves seem to be coming into their own. European and other countries have not been slow to recognize the value of their overseas broadcasts. Take for illustration the English, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Belgian and Japanese. Many of these broadcasts continued for a long time on an experimental basis and with no seemingly fixed time schedules. The rapid advancement in facilities and conditions of transmission and reception have made it possible for definite programs to be arranged and adhered to. There is considerable pleasure derived in listening to the varied programs emanating from these stations located many thousands of miles from your receiver, and more particularly when the programs can be heard without the use of headphones and with reasonable strength and clarity. The British Broadcasting Corporation, through their wonderful Daventry transmitters, have done much to stimulate the present interest.
INCREASING ACTIVITY
There are now considerably more than 100 transmitters broadcasting regular programs from Africa, Austria, Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Canada, Costa Rica, Canary Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Denmark, England, Ecuador, France, Fiji Islands, Germany, Guatemala, Holland, Hungary, Italy, India, Java, Japan, Malaya States, Mexico, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Portugal, Peru, Singapore, Switzerland, Spain, U. S. S. R., Vatican, Venezuela and the United States, and I venture to say that those with the present-day receivers are intercepting regularly a majority of the programs from these transmitters when they are on the air.
While the writer has not a verification from China, Fiji Islands, Malaya States and Singapore, he has received verifications on the balance and like all ardent fans, hopes to gather in the rest. If you are a collector of verifications, there are many other countries to be added to the above list of stations other than regular broadcast stations.
Generally speaking reception for the past few months has been above the average. Many new stations have come on the air and we may look forward for continued improvement in facilities in the various countries and additions made to the number of ever-growing short-wave transmitters. While we cannot expect as good reception conditions in the coming few months, we know we can at all times receive certain countries well, due to seasonal conditions. As the seasons change, certain stations fade out but others come into hearing, which makes DXing all the more interesting.
Consistent tuning the year around brings results. I toy and tune daily over the various bands of the stations.
known to be on the air at stated times and keep a log of how they are received. I employ the loudspeaker entirely in operating my receivers. I never was very keen for using headphones and do not feel that I miss many signals, especially with a band-spread set.
ANTENNAS
I lay considerable stress upon experimentation in antennas as they bring in the signals, and believe everyone should do his utmost to find an antenna to suit his particular location and receiver. I have tried several systems and am still experimenting. I believe directional antennas assist some but not as much as some experts claim. What an antenna will do for one it will not do for another. So experiment until you find one to suit you.
Claim is made that this kind of a doublet antenna and that kind of a double-doublet will take all the auto ignition out of your receiver if it is erected in the proper direction. I would ask how this can be done if your building is surrounded by four streets of traffic?
In other words, I am not yet sold on any one antenna system to eliminate noise, or any filtering system to eliminate noises through the house line. The latter trouble to my mind is the source of more annoyance to the average operator than the former. Especially is this true to the operator of a receiver in a city apartment building and it would be interesting reading to hear how the many electrical interferences could be eliminated or controlled. And all operators know how much it exists but none talk about it. Is there no way to overcome it? Let us make this a live subject and arrive at a solution if there is one, for it is a vital question.
VERIFICATIONS
Among the many verifications received lately are: YNLF, Nicaragua; SUZ, Egypt; VUB, India; JVM, Japan; PRF5, Brazil; PLV, Java; HP5B, Panama; The Graf Zeppelin, VK3LR, Australia; LU5CZ, Argentina; ORG and ORK, Belgium; ZFB, Bermuda; TIEP, Costa Rica; HJ5-ABC, HJ2ABC and HJA7, Colombia; CO9GC, Cuba; FGW, Guatemala; H14D, Dominica and HAS3, Hungary.
ITEMS OF INTEREST
A recent letter from CQN, Macao, China, calls attention to a change in time—3:00 to 5:00 A. M. (E.S.T.) on Mondays and Fridays on 49.8 meters. They advise that this is the only broadcast station in Macao and of all man's hobbies, none can compare with the enchanting diversion of drawing from space transmissions from the remote corners of the earth. Young and old have found in this hobby a new world and thrills beyond expression. Aside from this, there are the lasting satisfactions of special attainment, the "chalking up" of new stations and the receipt by mail of station verifications from the far ends of the globe.
This great hobby of stalking down stations has become universal. The technique of the sport has been developed in much the same way as the technique of any other sport—through practice and experience. The art of tuning is not to be gained overnight.
To a handful of men goes the credit for making of this hobby a really worth-while pursuit. Much of this credit should go to Mr. J. B. L. Hinds. He is a veteran whose experience has made of him an authority on the subject of distance reception. He has lent council to many listeners, has been instrumental in furthering the art of the hobby and has reached his present high standing through sheer merit.
We consider ourselves fortunate in having obtained the services of Mr. Hinds. He is to conduct this Department of ALL-WAVE RADIO and we rest in the assurance that his informal articles regarding distance reception will prove both highly interesting and valuable to each and every one of our readers.
For the sake of those who are not as yet acquainted with Mr. Hinds through his many contributions to radio periodicals, we might add that he is Member No. 17 in that much-cherished fraternity of aces—"The Heard All Continents Club." He has an impressive array of over 200 verification cards and letters, and recently won a substantial prize in a contest sponsored by the International Short Wave Club. He also won fifth place in the recent Denton Trophy Contest.
Mr. Hinds will be pleased to assist readers of ALL-WAVE RADIO in their reception problems. You are invited to correspond with him regarding stations, reception conditions, tuning, etc., and he will be pleased to receive reception reports from other parts of the country for publication in this Department. All such letters should be addressed to Mr. J. B. L. Hinds, 85 St. Andrews Place, Yonkers, N. Y. If you wish a personal reply, be sure to enclose a stamped and addressed envelope with your letter. Letters with regard to technical subjects should be addressed to Queries Editor, ALL-WAVE RADIO, 200 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR.
was installed October 9th, 1933, being installed especially for telephone communication with Hongkong, Canton and Manila, but at present only broadcasting. A scheme of their plant and photo of amplifier and rectifier were enclosed. It will be noted that they do not broadcast on Sunday, and I guess you all know that they never have.
No doubt you often listen to the identification signal used by XEBT, Mexico City, at announcement periods and which sound like the old time rubber bulb auto horn, only higher pitched. The instrument used, which is a home-
One of the more than 200 verification cards and letters received by Mr. Hinds from stations in all parts of the world.
made affair, consists of two pieces of board with a spring fastened to one end, all covered with leather, with two holes in the top board. The announcer presses down on the top board and when it comes back to place by aid of the spring, the sound is emitted through the two holes. The siren call which you hear occasionally on this station is usually used once a day in connection with Missing Persons Bureau announcements.
HJ1ABE, Cartagena, Colombia advises that they have installed a new Collins transmitter and that their programs on 49.05 meters should come to us much better. They are now broadcasting with 180 watts power. It is hoped that they will realize their desire, but W2XE is in very close proximity.
CARACAS TRANSMITTER
A request for information from Radiodifusora Venezuela, YV3RC, Caracas, brings the following: YV3RC transmits daily on 6150 kc. and 1200 kc. from 11:00 A. M. to 2:00 P. M. and from 5:00 P. M. on to 10:30 P. M., Caracas time. Eastern time is one-half hour earlier. The transmitters are located about four and one-half miles from Caracas on the site called, "Las Barrancas." They use a half-wave doublet fed through a 280-foot, 500-ohm transmission line, and coupling to the antenna is made with a transformer. The studio is located in the center of Caracas and is coupled with the plant through a seven-mile line. Both transmitters use Class B modulation. The ground around Caracas is very sandy and the city is situated in a valley. To the north runs a ridge of mountains about 3300 feet above the level of Caracas. Excellent programs are broadcast from this station and much enjoyed here.
CT1AA, Lisbon, Portugal, who style themselves, Radio Colonial, have lately been testing on 50.17 meters early evenings and asking for reports. They also announce they are testing on 25.4 meters between 2:00 and 3:00 P. M. It is assumed that they are coming on the air with a new line of transmitters, which seems to be the fashionable idea these days.
THE JAP STATIONS
The International Telephone Company of Japan, Ltd., which is designated in Japan as Kokusai Denwa Kaisha, Ltd., and located in the Osaka Building in Tokio, is still attracting much attention, as they have for the past year. The programs from their Nazaki transmitters were first heard for quite a spell on JVM on 27.98 meters, with an occasional broadcast on JVN on 28.14 meters, or simultaneously on that wavelength with JVM. They then began coming over JVT on 44.44 meters but of late have been found on JZG on 47.39 meters with a similar program. The transmitters of these stations are putting out a fairly strong signal, but the carriers are all extremely shaky or wavering. The programs of these stations consist of dialogues, addresses songs and music peculiar to the country.
WAVERING SIGNALS
The steady wavering or "beat" in their carriers brings to my mind my continued reception sometime ago of F31CD, Radio Saigon, known as the "Voice of France in Indo-China," which, of course, is not now on the air. Radio Saigon was then transmitting daily on approximately 49.10 meters and W8XAL, Cincinnati, on 49.18 meters. Some complained that these two stations interfered with each other. I conducted some correspondence with the Engineer of W8XAL at the time and received some interesting information on the subject of the "beat" in Saigon's carrier on account of its location and extreme distance from my receiver. Still, I have never been able to quite reconcile the data when making comparisons with other carriers in the Far East which do not have such a decided "beat" or wavering to their carriers. I was told that the beat, or unsteadiness, which I mentioned as being on Saigon's carrier, was a natural phenomena on all long-distance, short-wave reception; that in ordinary broadcasting most of this signal travels near the surface of the earth and is called a ground wave and is picked up directly by the receiving antenna; in the case of short waves the ground wave does not go very far but the station radiates a strong wave which goes up into the sky, strikes the Heaviside layer, and is reflected back to earth, where it is picked up by the receiving antenna. In the case of reception of the Saigon station, I was undoubtedly receiving at least two separate signals coming from opposite directions around the earth. Since the distance that these signals travel is slightly different they do not reach the antenna simultaneously and at times the phase relationship of these two signals is such that they interfere with each other, rather than add. Since the Heaviside layer is constantly shifting, this interference varies, causing the unsteadiness mentioned.
While I am not a technician and would not pass comment, it is interesting information and I am passing it on to you as such.
NEW STATIONS BEING HEARD
CO9GC—Santiago, Cuba; 48.79 meters, relaying the programs of long-wave station CMKB daily from 9:00 to 10:00 A. M., 11:30 A. M. to 1:30 P. M., and 3:00 to 4:30 P. M.
VE9AS—Fredericton, New Brunswick; 6425 kc., 46.695 meters, on the air with test programs between 6:00 and 8:00 P. M.. Address; Short Wave Station VE9AS, c/o Electrical Engineering Dept., University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N. B.
CSL—Emissora National Portugues, Lisbon; 6150 kc., 48.78 meters, in early evening.
XECW—Del Caballero Santokan, Mexico, D. F.; 10 watts, 5980 kc., 50.17 meters. A fair signal for a 10 watter, if the code does not cover. Daily, 10:30 to 11:30 P. M. Address, Calle del Bajio, 120, Mexico, D. F.
HC2JSB—Guayaguil, Guayas Province, Ecuador, on 38.96 meters. On the air from 8:15 to 11:15 P. M.
HJ1ABJ—La Voz de Santa Marta, Santa Marta, Colombia, on 5925 kc., 50.63 meters, in early evenings.
HJ4ABL—Ecos de Occidente, Manizales, Colombia, on about 49.18 meters. Some report the call letters HJ4ABN.
ALL WAVE RADIO
IN THE SPRING a young fan's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of Australia—and it is just about now that these stations begin coming in well again. VK2ME, VK3ME and VK3LR, around thirty-one meters, make merry with the ether in the wee hours. They can usually be heard as early as four A.M., and by the time the flowers that bloom in the spring tra-la have definitely put in appearance, these stations will hold up well unto breakfast.
SOME FOLKS LIKE to sit up all night, waiting for the Australians to come through. This however, is not our idea of the correct procedure. We prefer coming home just in time for 'em. The approved technique is to tune in the laughing kookaburra bird with one hand, while mixing the bicarb with the other.
MANY SHORT-WAVE enthusiasts are lured to the region of megacycles, with the idea that there they will find surcease from the plugging that so definitely mars many of our own sponsored programs on the long waves. True, on the British programs, this desired emancipation can be achieved—the Daventry stations having nothing to sell other than excellent entertainment with a British flavor that is delightful rather than otherwise. Quite the same cannot be said of the German stations. While we may not be asked to buy some brand of tooth-paste or mouth-wash, you'll have to swallow a lot of Nazi soft-soap.
AS FOR THE Latin Americans, from COH to HJ1ABB, they plaster it on more thickly than Captain Henry and a dozen Show Boats. A short tango of the type imported from New York cabarets will be followed by a lengthy talk describing the beatitudes of some particular undertaker. (The term is used ill-advisedly. Having been down in those parts, we appreciate that few undertakers can afford to be particular.) Follows then another abbreviated number on a couple of guitars introducing an elaborate speech extolling the virtues of a midwife. Next, La Cucaracha followed with intimate details concerning the strength of the very excellent pants made by one Senor Lopez.
BUT AT LEAST one thing can be said of South American stations—they advertise reasonably essential things.
turned on every faucet in the place, in which condition we saw to it that they remained upon our departure.
WE WERE FLYING north from Rio the next morning anyway.
WE HAVE TWO grand opera programs now on the air—one sponsored by a tooth-paste manufacturer and the other by a packer of coffee. As our dissipations include neither product, we hold no particular brief for either sponsor. One broadcast is from the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House, on Saturday afternoons, and the other, a studio performance, in English, from eight to nine Sunday evenings.
THE FORMER IS by far the better and more enjoyable presentation—but not because the entire opera is broadcast. Rather despite this fact; for most grand operas become slow moving vehicles and heavy when shorn of the action and spectacular effects behind the footlights. For radio purposes, a one-hour condensation is ideal.
THE PALM GOES to the Metropolitan broadcasts because they are actually more beautifully done, and this we feel is partially due to the fact that they are presented in the original tongues. In translating foreign operas into English, and singing them in this language, nothing is gained and a good bit lost. Half the time, the words in the arias cannot be distinguished anyway—and this goes for Jaegel, Mario, Bori and most of the artists who have sung on the Sunday evening broadcasts. And when the words can be actually understood, the illusion of the opera is often disintegrated, because the idea of yelling at one another flowery declamations set to music is contrary to American psychology. (It should be unnecessary to state here that we are not arguing against light opera in English, or even the grand variety, when conceived and worded after the American tradition.).
THE THIRD, and to our mind the most serious objection to Anglicized presentations, is the probability that the artists, forced to concentrate on the articulation of unfamiliar words to familiar tunes, cannot give performances up to their standards as witness the unsatisfactory showing of Bori in Manon.
(TURN TO PAGE 44)
## STAR SHORT-WAVE BROADCASTERS
TO READ IN KILOCYCLES, CHANGE DECIMAL TO COMMA. HOURS LISTED IN E. S. T.
### AFRICA
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 12.830| CNR | Rabat, Morocco Sun., 7:30—9 A.M. |
| 8.050 | CNR | Rabat, Morocco Sun., 2:30—5 P.M. |
### 40-METER BAND
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 6.100 | ZTJ | Johannesburg, S. Afr. 3:30 A.M.—4 P.M. |
| 6.060 | VQ7LO | Nairobi, Kenya Col. 11 A.M.—2 P.M. |
### ASIA, OCEANIA AND FAR EAST
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 13.070| VP1A | Suva, Fiji Islands 12:30-1:30 A.M. Daily except Sat. and Sun. |
| 10.740| JVM | Nazaki, Japan 1:30-7:30 A.M. 7-11 P.M. (Irregular) |
### 31-METER BAND
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 9.590 | VK2ME | Sydney, Australia Sun. 12:2-4:30;8:30 9:30-11:30 A.M. |
| 9.580 | VK2LR | Melbourne, Australia 3-4 A.M. except Sun. |
| 9.570 | VUY | Bombay, India Wed., 11-12:30 P.M. Sat., 11-12:30 P.M. |
| 9.510 | VK3ME | Melbourne, Australia Wed., 5-6:30 A.M. Sat., 5-7 A.M. |
| 2.880 | JYR | Kemikawa-Cho, Japan 4 A.M.—8 A.M. |
| 6.750 | JVT | Nazaki, Japan 1:30-7:45 A.M. |
### 40-METER BAND
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 6.130 | ZGE | Kuala Lumpur, Malaya Sun., Tues., Fri., 6:40—8:40 A.M. |
| 6.120 | YDA | Bandung, Java 4 A.M.—11 A.M. |
| 6.110 | VUC | Calcutta, India Daily, 9:30 A.M.—12 Noon Sat., 11:45 P.M. |
| 6.020 | CQN | Macao, China Mon., Fri., 3—5 A.M. |
| 6.010 | ZHI | Singapore, Malaya Mon., Tues., 5:30—8:15 A.M. Sat., 10:30 P.M.—1:15 A.M. |
| 4.250 | RV15 | Khabarovsk, U.S.S.R. 1 A.M.—9 A.M. |
### CANADA
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 11.720| CJRX | Winnipeg, Manitoba 8-11 P.M., 11:30 P.M.—12 A.M. |
### 40-METER BAND
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 6.150 | CJRO | Winnipeg, Manitoba 8-11 P.M., 11:30 P.M.—12 A.M. |
| 6.110 | VE9HX | Halifax, N. S. 8:30-11:30 A.M.—6-10 P.M. |
| 6.090 | VE9GW | Bowmanville, Ont. 3 P.M.—12 A.M., Thurs., Fri., 7 A.M.—12 Noon; Sat., Sun., 1—9 P.M. |
| 6.090 | VE9BJ | St. John's, N. B. 5—11 P.M. |
### CUBA, MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 13.420| TIEP | San Jose, Costa Rica Sun., 1-4 P.M. |
| 11.880| TGW | Guatemala City, Guat. 8—11 P.M. |
| 9.430 | COH | Havana, Cuba 11-12 Noon, 5-6 P.M.; 8-9 P.M. |
| 6.800 | HIH | S. Ped. de Macoris, R.D. 4-7 P.M. |
| 6.710 | TIEP | San Jose, Costa Rica 3-6 P.M. |
| 6.710 | YNLF | Managua, Nicaragua 6 P.M.—12 A.M. |
| 6.530 | HIL | Santo Domingo, R. D. Sat., 8-10 P.M. |
| 6.480 | H14D | Santo Domingo, R. D. 11:45-12:40 P.M., 4:40-7:30 P.M. |
| 6.320 | HIZ | Santo Domingo, R. D. Daily, 4:40-5:40 P.M.; Sat., 11 A.M.—12:40 P.M. |
| 6.230 | H11A | Dominican Republic 12:10-1:40 P.M.; 7:40-9:40 P.M. |
### 25-METER BAND
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 12.230| CT1CT | Lisbon, Portugal Sun., 7-8 A.M.; Thurs., 4-6 P.M. |
| 12.000| RNE | Moscow, U.S.S.R. Sat., 10-11 P.M.; Sun., 8-7 & 10-11 A.M. |
| 11.900| Pontoise, France 11:15 A.M.—2:15 P.M. 3—6 P.M. |
| 11.860| GSE | Daventry, England 6-10:45 A.M. |
| 11.770| DJD | Berlin, Germany 12 Noon—4:30 P.M. |
| 11.750| GSD | Daventry, England 3—6 P.M.; 12 Noon-4:30 P.M. |
| 11.730| PHI | Huizen, Holland Mon., Thurs., Fri., Sat., Sun., 8:30—11 A.M. |
| 11.710| Pontoise, France 7 P.M.—10 P.M., 11 P.M.—12 A.M. |
| 10.330| ORK | Brussels, Belgium 2:45—4:15 P.M. |
### 49-METER BAND
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 6.150 | CO9GC | Santiago, Cuba 9-10 A.M., 11:30 A.M., 1:30 P.M., 3-4:30 P.M. |
| 6.030 | HP5B | Panama City, Panama 12 noon—1 P.M., 3-12:30 P.M. |
| 6.010 | COC | Havana, Cuba 9:30 A.M.—12:30 P.M., 4-6-8-10 P.M. Daily, Sat., 11:30 P.M.—1:30 A.M. |
| 6.980 | HIX | Santo Domingo, R. D. Tues., 11-12 Noon, 1:10-10 B.M., Sun. 8:40-10:40 A.M., 2-4:40-4:10 P.M. |
| 5.370 | XECW | Mexico City, Mexico 10-11:40 P.M. |
| 6.960 | XEBT | Mexico City, Mexico 8 P.M.—2 A.M. |
| 5.840 | TGX | Guatemala City, Guat. 11 A.M.—2:30 P.M., 6—10 P.M. |
| 5.940 | TGW | Guatemala City, Guat. 8—11 P.M. |
| 5.820 | TIGHP | San Jose, Costa Rica 8—11:30 P.M. |
### EUROPE
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 21.470| GSH | Daventry, England Irregularly |
| 17.790| GSG | Daventry, England 6—7:30 A.M. |
### 19-METER BAND
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 15.370| HAS | Budapest, Hungary Sun., 8-9 A.M. |
| 15.280| DJQ | Berlin, Germany 12:30—2 A.M. |
| 15.250| Pontoise, France 7—11 A.M. |
| 15.220| PCJ | Huizen, Holland Sun., 8-11:30 A.M. |
| 15.200| DJB | Berlin, Germany 3:45-7:15 A.M. |
### 49-METER BAND
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|--------|----------------------------------------------------|
| 6.200 | CT1GO | Parede, Portugal Daily, 7-12 P.M., Sat. & Mon., 7:20 P.M.—8:30 P.M., Sun., 11:40 A.M.—1 P.M. |
| 6.140 | CSL | Lisbon, Portugal 3—7 P.M. |
ALL WAVE RADIO
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|------------|--------------------------------|
| 6.130 | LCL | Jeloy, Norway |
| | | 11 A.M.—6 P.M. |
| 6.090 | IRA | Rome, Italy |
| | | Mon., Wed., Fri., |
| | | 6-7:30 P.M. |
| 6.070 | OER2 | Vienna, Austria |
| | | 8 A.M.—5:30 P.M. |
| 6.060 | OXY | Skamleback, Denmark |
| | | 1—6 P.M. |
| 6.050 | GSA | Daventry, England |
| | | 10:45 A.M.—12:45 P.M. |
| | | 4:30—8 P.M. |
| 6.020 | DJC | Berlin, Germany |
| | | 12 Noon—1 P.M., |
| | | 5:30—7:30 P.M. |
| 6.000 | RV59 | Moscow, U.S.S.R. |
| | | 1 P.M.—6 P.M. |
| 5.970 | HVJ | Vatican City, Rome |
| | | 2—2:15 P.M. Daily; |
| | | Sun., 5—6:30 A.M. |
| 5.400 | HAT | Budapest, Hungary |
| | | Sun., 3-9 P.M. |
**SOUTH AMERICA**
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|------------|--------------------------------|
| 10.350| LSX | Buenos Aires, Arg. |
| | | 6:15—7:15 P.M. Daily; |
| | | Wed., 10 P.M. |
**31-METER BAND**
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|------------|--------------------------------|
| 9.500 | PRF5 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| | | 5:30-6:15 P.M. |
| 8.190 | PSK | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |
| | | 6-7:30 P.M. (Irreg.) |
| 7.820 | OA4AC | Lima, Peru |
| | | 9—11:30 P.M. |
| 7.400 | HJ3ABD | Bogota, Columbia |
| | | 11-11:30 P.M. |
| 7.220 | HKE | Bogota, Columbia |
| | | Mon., 6-7 P.M.; Tues., |
| | | Fri., 8-9:30 P.M. |
| 7.140 | HJ4ABB | Manizales, Columbia |
| | | 4-7 P.M. (Irregular). |
| 7.000 | HJ5ABE | Cali, Colombia |
| | | 7—10 P.M. (Irreg.). |
| 6.670 | HC2RL | Guayaquil, Ecuador |
| | | 10-11:45 P.M. |
| | | Tues., 9:15-11:45 P.M. |
| 6.620 | El Prado | Riobamba, Ecuador |
| | | Thurs., 9-11:30 P.M. |
| 6.480 | HJ5ABD | Cali, Colombia |
| | | 7-10 P.M. |
| 6.450 | HJ1ABB | Barranquilla, Colum. |
| | | 4:30-10 P.M. |
| 6.370 | YV4RC | Caracas, Venezuela |
| | | 4:30-10:30 P.M. |
| 6.230 | OAX4B | Lima, Peru |
| | | Wed., Sun., 7-9:30 P.M. |
**40-METER BAND**
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|------------|--------------------------------|
| 6.170 | HJ2ABA | Tunja, Columbia |
| | | 1-2 P.M., 7-10 P.M. |
| 6.170 | HJ3ABF | Bogota, Columbia |
| | | 6-11 P.M. |
| 6.150 | YV3RC | Caracas, Venezuela |
| | | 10:30 A.M.—1:30 P.M. |
| | | 4:30—9:30 P.M. |
| 6.120 | HJ1ABE | Cartagena, Columbia |
| | | Daily, 11-11 P.M.; |
| | | Sun., 8-11 A.M. |
| 6.110 | YV2RC | Caracas, Venezuela |
| | | 10:30 A.M.—1 P.M., |
| | | 5:15—10 P.M. |
| 6.100 | HJ4ABL | Manizales, Columbia |
| | | 6—7:30 P.M. |
| 6.100 | HJ1ABD | Cartagena, Columbia |
| | | Daily, 7-8-3 P.M.; |
| | | Sun., 11:30 A.M.—1 P.M. |
| 6.080 | CP6 | La Paz, Bolivia |
| | | 8—9 P.M. |
| 6.070 | HJN | Bogota, Columbia |
| | | 6—11 P.M. (Irreg.). |
**19-METER BAND**
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|------------|--------------------------------|
| 15.340| W3XAD | Schenectady, N. Y. |
| | | 2:30—3:30 P.M. |
| 15.270| W2XE | Wayne, N. J. |
| | | 11 A.M.—1 P.M. |
| 15.210| W3XK | Pittsburgh, Pa. |
| | | 7 A.M.—4 P.M. |
**25-METER BAND**
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|------------|--------------------------------|
| 11.870| W3XK | Pittsburgh, Pa. |
| | | 4:30—10 P.M. |
| 11.830| W2XE | Wayne, N. J. |
| | | 3—5 P.M. |
**31-METER BAND**
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|------------|--------------------------------|
| 9.590 | W3XAU | Philadelphia, Pa. |
| | | 12 Noon—7:50 P.M. |
| 9.570 | W1XAZ | Boston, Mass. |
| | | 10 A.M.—1 P.M. |
| 9.530 | W2XAF | Schenectady, N. Y. |
| | | 6:30 P.M.—11 P.M. |
| 6.430 | W3XL | Bound Brook, N. J. |
| | | Irregular |
**40-METER BAND**
| Mc-Kc | Call | Location-Time |
|-------|------------|--------------------------------|
| 6.140 | W5XK | Pittsburgh, Pa. |
| | | 4:30 P.M.—2 A.M. |
| 6.120 | W2XE | Wayne, N. J. |
| | | 6—11 P.M. |
| 6.100 | W3XAL | Bound Brook, N. J. |
| | | Mon., Wed., Sat.: 5 P.M.—1 A.M.|
| 6.100 | W3XF | Chicago, Ill. |
| | | Tues., Thurs., Fri., |
| | | Sun., 4-9:30 P.M. 11 P.M.—2 A.M.|
| 6.080 | W3XAA | Chicago, Ill. |
| | | Daily, Irregular: |
| | | Sun., 11:30 A.M.—9 P.M. |
| 6.060 | W3XAL | Cincinnati, Ohio |
| | | 6-10 P.M., 11 P.M., |
| | | 10 P.M.—2 A.M. |
| 6.040 | W1XAL | Boston, Mass. |
| | | Sun., 5-6:30 P.M.; |
| | | Tues., Thurs., 7:30-8:45 P.M. |
---
**"BRIDGE"**
By WEBSTER
CALLING ALL CARS!
CALLING ALL CARS!
TWO BRIDGE PLAYERS WANTED!
THAT'S PROB'LY AL AL JOE AT HE'S QUARTERS.
THEY BOTH PLAY A ROTTEN GAME.
WHADDYA SAY WE GO TO THE TAP?
HOLD UP? WE MIGHT GET PLUGGED BUT THAT'S BETTER'N BEING DROPPED STIFF WITH ONE OR A DUFFERS LIKE THEM GUYS.
Courtesy of N.Y. Herald Tribune
## All-Wave Station List
### Stations and Bands from 5 to 2142 Meters, or 60 Megacycles to 224 Kilocycles
#### 3-Meter Amateur Band
- 60,000 to 56,000 Mc.
#### 7-Meter Police Band
- 36,000 to 30,000 Mc.
#### 10-Meter Amateur Band
- 30,000 to 28,000 Mc.
#### 11-Meter Broadcast Band
- 26,200 PLX Malabar, Java.
#### 13-Meter Broadcast Band
- 20,850 EHY EDM Madrid, Spain P-2
- 20,380 GAA Rugby, England P-2
- 20,040 OPL Leopoldsville, Belgian Congo P-2
- 20,020 DHO Nauen, Germany P-2
- 19,810 WKN Lawrenceville, N. J. P-1
- 19,690 CEC Santiago, Chile P-2
- 19,600 LSF Buenos Aires, Arg. P-2
- 19,520 IRW Rome, Italy P-2
- 19,500 LSQ Buenos Aires, Arg. P-3
- 19,350 PMA Bandoeng, Java P-2
- 19,270 PPU Rio de Janeiro, Br. P-3
- 19,250 DFA Nauen, Germany P-D
- 18,890 ZSS Klipkeuval, S. Afr. P-2
- 18,830 PLE Bandoeng, Java P-2
#### 10-Meter Broadcast Band
- 18,580 OCI Lima, Peru P-3
- 18,620 GAU Rugby, England P-2
- 18,470 KTO Manila, P. I. P-O
- 18,460 HJY Bogota, Columbia P-D
- 18,400 PCK Kootwijk, Holland P-1
- 18,350 FZS Saigon, Indo-China P-1
- 18,350 WLA Lawrenceville, N. J. P-D
- 18,310 GAS Rugby, England P-2
- 18,300 YVR Maracay, Venezuela P-2
- 18,250 FTE St. Assise, France P-2
- 18,200 GAW Rugby, England P-2
- 18,180 CGA Drummondville, Ont. P-D
- 18,180 PMC Bandoeng, Java P-1
- 18,120 LSY Buenos Aires, Arg. E-O
- 18,050 PCV Kootwijk, Holland P-2
- 18,040 GAA Rugby, England P-D
- 17,760 IAC Piza, Italy P-1
- 17,750 DJE Nauen, Germany E-20
- 17,750 BSP Bangkok, Siam P-1
- 17,540 VTY Porto Alegre, Brazil P-1
- 17,520 DFB Nauen, Germany P-2
- 17,270 DAF Ocean Gate, N. J. P-OS
- 17,120 WOC Norden-Land, Ger. P-OS
- 16,300 WLK Lawrenceville, N. J. P-D
- 16,040 KKP Kaukuku, Hawaii P-3
#### 19-Meter Broadcast Band
- 15,760 JYT Kemikawa, Japan E-1
- 15,620 OCJ2 Lima, Peru P-D
- 15,610 JVF Nazaki, Japan P-1
- 15,600 JVE Nazaki, Japan P-1
- 15,410 KWO Dixon, California P-3
- 15,350 KWU Dixon, California P-3
- 15,250 RIM Tashkent, U.S.S.R. P-1
- 15,070 WNC Hialeah, Florida P-D
- 15,040 KRY U.S.S.R. E-2
- 14,980 KA'V Manila, P. I. P-1, 4
- 14,960 HJB Bogota, Columbia P-D
- 14,690 PSF Rio de Janeiro, Br. P-D
- 14,600 JVH Nazaki, Japan P-1
- 14,590 WMN Lawrenceville, N. J. P-D
#### 20-Meter Amateur Band
- 14,250 to 14,150 Mc.
#### 25-Meter Broadcast Band
- 11,990 FZS Saigon, Indo-China P-1
- 11,970 KKQ Bolinas, California P-4
- 11,950 FTA St. Assise, France P-2
- 11,710 KIO Kaukuku, Hawaii P-4
- 11,680 PPQ Rio de Janeiro, Br. E-4
- 11,580 XAM Merida, Mexico P-3
- 11,000 PLP Bandoeng, Java P-1
- 10,990 ZEP Wellington, N. Z. P-1
- 10,970 DCI Lima, Peru P-1
- 10,850 DFL Nauen, Germany P-O
- 10,840 KWV Dixon, California P-D
- 10,770 GBP Rugby, England P-O
- 10,680 WNB Lawrenceville, N. J. P-D
- 10,670 CEC Santiago, Chile P-4
- 10,660 JVN Nazaki, Japan E-1
- 10,610 WEA Rocky Point, N. Y. E-O
- 10,550 WOK Lawrenceville, N. J. P-D
- 10,520 VK2ME Sydney, Australia P-1
- 10,420 XGW Shanghai, China P-1
- 10,420 PDK Kootwijk, Holland P-2
- 10,400 YRG Medan, Sumatra P-2, 4
- 10,400 KEZ Bolinas, California E-O
- 10,380 WCG Rocky Point, N. Y. E-O
- 10,330 ZFD Hamilton, Bermuda P-3
- 10,320 PPM Rio de Janeiro, Br. P-4
- 10,290 DIQ Zessen, Germany E-O
- 10,260 PMN Bandoeng, Java P-1
- 10,220 PSH Rio de Janeiro, Br. P-4
- 10,170 RIO Bakou, U. S. S. R. P-2
- 10,140 OPM Leopoldsville, Belgian Congo P-D
- 10,070 EHY Madrid, Spain P-3
- 10,050 SUV Cairo, Egypt P-3, 4
- 10,050 ZFB Hamilton, Bermuda P-DS
---
**The All-Wave Station List is progressive by frequency. Frequencies are in megacycles (Mc), but may be translated into kilocycles (Kc) by merely changing the decimals to commas.**
Wavelength markers are inserted at the points where the principal Broadcast, Amateur, Police, Aircraft, Foreign Broadcast and Weather bands are located in the frequency spectrum. The vertical rules indicate the stations operating in a given band. In the case of Police, Aircraft and Weather Report stations, the listings are alphabetically by call letter, for convenience in checking location.
The Commercial Phone and Experimental stations listed by frequency, are coded. "P" indicates a Phone station; "E" an Experimental station; "O" indicates that transmissions are irregular, and "D" indicates that the station operates daily. The numbers 1 to 5 indicate the time of day the stations operate. In other words, a day is broken up into five progressive units: 1 is early morning; 2, morning; 3, afternoon; 4, evening; 5, night. This is an easy code to follow, for it indicates to a nice degree not only the general time of day but also the general wavelength most commonly used for each of the five units of a day. Thus, 1 is early morning when wavelengths of 11, 13, 16 and 19 meters are commonly used; 2 is late morning when the 25-meter band comes into use; 3 is afternoon when the 31-meter band becomes active, etc. Thus LSL Buenos Aires, Argentina, appears in the accompanying list at 7,900 megacycles (close to the 31-meter band), and is coded "P-3,5." This coding indicates it is a Phone station and operates in the afternoon and night (3,5). Note that the "3" practically establishes the wavelength of the station.
| M.-K. Call | Location-Time | Location | Time |
|------------|---------------|----------|------|
| 9.570 KAZ | Manila, P. I. | KFO | Oakland, Cal. |
| 9.580 GCU | Rugby, England | KGE | Medford, Ore. |
| 9.230 HKB | Bogota, Colombia | KGJW | Brownsville, Tex. |
| 9.900 LSN | Buenos Aires, Arg. | KGQZ | Santiago, Cal. |
| 9.870 WON | Lawrenceville, N. J. | KGSB | Alameda, Cal. |
| 9.840 JYS | Kemikawa, Japan | KGSP | Denver, Colo. |
| 9.830 IRM | Rome, Italy | KGSR | Pueblo, Colo. |
| 9.800 GCW | Rugby, England | KSTA | Fresno, Cal. |
| 9.800 LSI | Buenos Aires, Arg. | KGTB | Winslow, Ariz. |
| 9.760 VKME- | Sydney, Australia | KGTB | Wichita, Kans. |
| 9.750 WOF | Lawrenceville, N. J. | KGTB | Salt Lake City, Utah. |
| 9.710 GCA | Rugby, England | KGTB | Las Vegas, Nev. |
| | | KGTB | Kingman, Ariz. |
| | | KGTB | Las Vegas, Nev. |
| | | KGTB | Springfield, Mo. |
| | | KGTB | Robertson, Mo. |
| | | KGTB | Omaha, Neb. |
| | | KGTB | Beaumont, Tex. |
| | | KGTB | Pocatello, Idaho |
| | | KGTB | Butte, Mont. |
| | | KGTB | Spokane, Wash. |
| | | KGU | El Paso, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Houston, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Fort Worth, Tex. |
| | | KGU | San Antonio, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Brownsville, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Dallas, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Big Spring, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Waco, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Shreveport, La. |
| | | KGU | Abilene, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Douglas, Ariz. |
| | | KGU | Tucson, Ariz. |
| | | KGU | Phoenix, Ariz. |
| | | KGU | Indio, Cal. |
| | | KGU | Burbank, Cal. |
| | | KGU | Blythe, Cal. |
| | | KGU | Robertson, Mo. |
| | | KGU | Ponca City, Okla. |
| | | KGU | Elk, Nev. |
| | | KGU | Omaha, Neb. |
| | | KGU | North Platte, Neb. |
| | | KGU | Kansas City, Mo. |
| | | KGU | Dallas, Tex. |
| | | KGU | Tulsa, Okla. |
| | | KGU | Oklahoma City, Okla. |
| | | KGU | St. Paul, Minn. |
| | | KGU | Pembia, N. Dak. |
| | | KGU | Cheyenne, Wyo. |
| | | KGU | Rock Springs, Wyo. |
| | | KGU | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| | | KGU | Bakersfield, Cal. |
| | | KGU | Des Moines, Iowa |
| | | KGU | Iowa City, Iowa |
| | | KGU | Little Rock, Ark. |
| | | KGU | Boise, Idaho |
| | | KGU | Pasco, Wash. |
| | | KGU | Lincoln, Neb. |
| | | KGU | Jackson, Miss. |
| | | KGU | Burbank, Cal. |
| | | KGU | Kansas City, Mo. |
| | | KGU | Albuquerque, N. M. |
| | | KGU | Tulsa, Okla. |
| | | KGU | Redding, Cal. |
| | | KGU | Portland, Ore. |
| | | KGU | Seattle, Wash. |
| | | KGU | Pittsburgh, Pa. |
| | | KGU | Harrisburg, Pa. |
| | | KGU | Camden, N. J. |
| | | KGU | Newark, N. J. |
| | | KGU | Cresson, Pa. |
| | | KGU | Milwaukee, Wis. |
| | | KGU | Detroit, Mich. |
| | | KGU | Springfield, Ill. |
| | | KGU | Mobile, Ala. |
| | | KGU | Baltimore, Md. |
| | | KGU | Charleston, S. C. |
| | | KGU | Spartanburg, S. C. |
| | | KGU | Greensboro, N. C. |
**31-METER BROADCAST BAND**
| M.-K. Call | Location-Time | Location | Time |
|------------|---------------|----------|------|
| 9.670 DGU | Nauen, Germany | P-D | |
| 9.430 PLW | Bandeong, Java | P-1 | |
| 9.470 WET | Rocky Point, N. Y. | E-O | |
| 9.420 PLV | Bandeong, Java | P-1 | |
| 9.330 CGA4 | Drummondville, Ontario, Can. | P-D | |
| 9.280 GCB | Rugby, England | P-3 | |
| 9.170 WNA | Lawrenceville, N. J. | P-4 | |
| 9.140 YVR | Maracay, Venezuela | P-D | |
| 9.020 GCR | Rugby, England | P-4 | |
| 9.010 KEJ | Bolinas, California | P-O | |
| 9.980 WYV | Poona, India | P-1 | |
| 9.850 WEL | Rocky Point, N. Y. | E-4 | |
| 9.770 PNI | Makassar, D. E. I. | P-1 | |
| 9.680 GBC | Rugby, England | P-O | |
| 9.570 WOO | Ocean Gate, N. J. | P-O | |
| 8.470 DAF | Norden-Land, Ger. | P-O | |
| 8.380 IAC | Pisa, Italy | P-O | |
| 7.900 LSL | Buenos Aires, Arg. | P-3,5 | |
| 7.280 FPT | Nauen, Germany | P-3 | |
| 7.160 SUX | Cairo, Egypt | P-3,4 | |
| 7.710 KEE | Bolinas, California | E-O | |
| 7.630 RIM | Moscow, U. S. S. R. | P-1 | |
| 7.610 KWX | Dixon, California | P-5 | |
| 7.560 KWY | Dixon, California | P-O | |
| 7.520 KKH | Kaukuku, Hawaii | P-4 | |
| 7.500 RKI | Moscow, U. S. S. R. | P-1 | |
| 7.390 ZLR | Wellington, N. Z. | P-1 | |
| 7.370 KEQ | Kaukuku, Hawaii | P-5 | |
**40-METER AMATEUR BAND**
7.300 to 7.000 Mc. Code
| M.-K. Call | Location-Time | Location | Time |
|------------|---------------|----------|------|
| 6.900 GDS | Rugby, England | P-5 | |
| 6.750 WOA | Lawrenceville, N. J. | P-5 | |
| 6.740 WEJ | Rocky Point, N. Y. | E-4 | |
| 6.730 WQO | Rocky Point, N. Y. | E-O | |
| 6.670 YVQ | Maracay, Venezuela | P-5 | |
| 6.650 IAC | Pisa, Italy | P-5 | |
| 6.420 HJA3 | Barranquilla, Col. | E-O | |
| 6.350 JZG | Nazaki, Japan | E-1 | |
**49-METER BROADCAST BAND**
(See "Star" Broadcast List)
| M.-K. Call | Location-Time | Location | Time |
|------------|---------------|----------|------|
| 6.080 ZHJ | Penang, S. S. | E-1 | |
| 5.820 HJA2 | Bogota, Columbia | P-4,5 | |
| 5.800 KZGF | Manila, P. I. | P-1 | |
| 5.660 CFU | Rossland, Canada | E-O | |
| 5.150 PMY | Bandeong, Java | P-2 | |
| 5.080 WCN | Lawrenceville, N. J. | P-4 | |
| 5.020 ZFA | Hamilton, Ber. | P-5S | |
| 4.980 GBC | Rugby, England | P-O | |
| 4.900 CGAS | Drummondville, Ontario, Can. | P-O | |
| 4.750 WOO | Ocean Gate, N. J. | P-O | |
| 4.510 VFW- | Nassau, Bahamas | P-3,4 | |
| 4.320 GDB | Rugby, England | P-4 | |
| 4.320 GRX | Rugby, England | E-4 | |
| 4.310 WTDV-WTDW | Virgin Islands | E-3 | |
| 4.100 WND | Hialeah, Florida | P-O | |
**AIRCRAFT BAND**
52 to 60; 87 to 97; 100 to 113; 126 to 128 Meters.
(List Follows)
KEU Burbank, Cal.
KFM Sacramento, Cal.
WEEH McRae, Ga.
WEEJ Jacksonville, Fla.
WEEM Miami, Fla.
WEEN Linden, N. J.
WEOO Orlando, Fla.
WEER Richmond, Va.
WHG Columbus, Ohio
WHM Indianapolis, Ind.
WKDL Miami, Fla.
WMDV San Juan, P. R.
WNAK Cleveland, Ohio
WNAL Brooksville, Pa.
WNAM Bellefonte, Pa.
WNAO Newark, N. J.
WNAT Orlando, Twp., Ill.
WNAU Moline, Ill.
WQDQ New Orleans, La.
WQPD Atlanta, Ga.
WSDC Newark, N. J.
WSDD Boston, Mass.
WSDE Birmingham, Ala.
WSDK Memphis, Tenn.
WSDL Duluth, Minn.
WSDR Madison, Wis.
WSDS Chicago, Ill.
WSDT Nashville, Tenn.
WSID Cincinnati, Ohio
WUCG Chicago, Ill.
**80-METER AMATEUR BAND**
4.000 to 3.900 Mc.
**120-METER POLICE BAND**
2.800 to 2.850 Mc.
(List Follows)
## 120-METER POLICE BAND
(Continued)
| Call | Location | KHz |
|------|---------------------------|-----|
| WMO | Highland Park, Mich. | |
| WPDA | Tulare, Cal. | |
| WPDE | Louisville, Ky. | |
| WPDF | Flint, Mich. | |
| WPDG | Youngstown, Ohio | |
| WPDH | Richmond, Ind. | |
| WFDI | Columbus, Ohio | |
| WPDK | Milwaukee, Wis. | |
| WPDL | Lansing, Mich. | |
| WPDM | Dayton, Ohio | |
| WPDN | Auburn, N. Y. | |
| WPDO | Akron, Ohio | |
| WPDF | Philadelphia, Pa. | |
| WPDR | Rochester, N. Y. | |
| WDDS | St. Paul, Minn. | |
| WDPD | Kokomo, Ind. | |
| WDPV | Charlotte, N. C. | |
| WDPW | Washington, D. C. | |
| WPDX | Detroit, Mich. | |
| WPDY | Atlanta, Ga. | |
| WPDZ | Fort Wayne, Ind. | |
| WPEA | Syracuse, N. Y. | |
| WPEB | Grand Rapids, Mich. | |
| WPEC | Memphis, Tenn. | |
| WPEE | Brooklyn, N. Y. | |
| WPEF | New York, N. Y. | |
| WPEG | New York, N. Y. | |
| WPEK | New Orleans, La. | |
| WPEM | Woonsocket, R. I. | |
| WPES | Saginaw, Mich. | |
| WPFC | Muskegon, Mich. | |
| WPFE | Reading, Pa. | |
| WFFG | Jacksonville, Fla. | |
| WFFH | Baltimore, Md. | |
| WFFI | Columbus, Ga. | |
| WFFJ | Hammond, Ind. | |
| WFFK | Hackensack, N. J. | |
| WFFM | Birmingham, Ala. | |
| WFFO | Knoxville, Tenn. | |
| WFFP | Clarksburg, W. Va. | |
| WFFQ | Swarthmore, Pa. | |
| WFFT | Lakeland, Fla. | |
| WFFU | Portland, Me. | |
| WFPV | Pawtucket, R. I. | |
| WPFX | Palm Beach, Fla. | |
| WPFZ | Miami, Fla. | |
| WPGA | Bay City, Mich. | |
| WPGB | Petoskey, Mich. | |
| WPGD | Rockford, Ill. | |
| WPGE | Shreveport, La. | |
| WPGH | Albany, N. Y. | |
| WFGI | Portsmouth, Ohio | |
| WPGJ | Utica, N. Y. | |
| WFGK | Cranston, R. I. | |
| WFGL | Binghamton, N. Y. | |
| WFGM | La Grange, Ga. | |
| WFGN | South Bend, Ind. | |
| WPGO | Huntington, N. Y. | |
| WPGS | Mineola, N. Y. | |
| WRBH | Cleveland, Ohio | |
| WRDQ | Toledo, Ohio | |
| WRDR | Grosse Pt., Mich. | |
## 160-METER AMATEUR BAND
2,000 to 1,800 Mc.
## 175-METER POLICE BAND
1.712 to 1.555 Mc.
(List Follows)
| Call | Location | KHz |
|------|---------------------------|-----|
| KGHK | Palo Alto, Cal. | |
| KGHO | Des Moines, Iowa | |
| KGHY | Whittier, Cal. | |
| KGJX | Pasadena, Cal. | |
| KGPC | St. Louis, Mo. | |
| KGPD | San Francisco, Cal. | |
| KGPJ | Beaumont, Tex. | |
| KGPL | Los Angeles, Cal. | |
| KGPM | San Jose, Cal. | |
| KGZE | San Antonio, Tex. | |
| KGZI | Houston, Tex. | |
| KGZL | Wichita Falls, Tex. | |
| KGZQ | Waco, Tex. | |
| KGZT | Santa Cruz, Cal. | |
| KGZY | San Bernardino, Cal. | |
| KSW | Berkeley, Cal. | |
| KVP | Dallas, Tex. | |
| WEY | Boston, Mass. | |
| WKDT | Detroit, Mich. | |
| WKDU | Cincinnati, Ohio | |
| WMP | Framingham, Mass. | |
| WPDB | Chicago, Ill. | |
| WPDC | Chicago, Ill. | |
| WPEL | Middleboro, Mass. | |
| WPET | Lexington, Ky. | |
| WPEW | Northampton, Mass. | |
| WPF | Newton, Mass. | |
| WPFN | Fairhaven, Mass. | |
| WPGC | Schenectady, N. Y. | |
| WPGF | Providence, R. I. | |
| WPGG | Findlay, Ohio | |
| WRDS | E. Lansing, Mich. | |
## "BROADCAST" BAND
(See Separate Domestic List)
| Mc-Kc | Location | KHz |
|-------|---------------------------|-----|
| 1.149 | Washford Cross, England | 50 |
| 1.149 | Brookmans Park, England | 50 |
| 1.120 | XENT; Nuevo Laredo, Mex. | 150 |
| 1.104 | Madona, Latvia | 50 |
| 1.077 | Bordeaux, France | 20 |
| 1.059 | IIBA; Bari, Italy | 20 |
| 1.050 | Falkirk, Scotland | 50 |
| 1.031 | Konigsberg, Germany | 60 |
| 1.013 | Slaithwaite, England | 50 |
| 0.995 | PX1, Amsterdam, Holland | 25 |
| 0.977 | G5WA; Cardiff-Bristol, Eng.| 50 |
| 0.963 | Paris, France | 20 |
| 0.922 | OKBE; Brno, Czechoslovakia| 32 |
| 0.913 | Toulouse, France | 60 |
| 0.904 | Hamburg, Germany | 100 |
| 0.890 | XEW; Mexico, D. F. | 50 |
| 0.877 | G2LO; London, England | 50 |
| 0.841 | "Witzleben," Berlin, Ger. | 100 |
| 0.832 | RW39; Moscow, No. 4 U.S.S.R.| 100 |
| 0.830 | LR5; Florida, Argentina | 30 |
| 0.814 | IMI; Milan, Italy | 50 |
| 0.804 | G5SC; Falkirk, Scotland | 50 |
| 0.785 | Leipzig, Germany | 120 |
| 0.767 | G5GB; Daventry, England | 25 |
| 0.740 | Munich, Germany | 100 |
| 0.713 | Tallinn, Estonia | 20 |
| 0.722 | RW5; Kiev, U.S.S.R. | 36 |
| 0.713 | I1RO; Rome, No. 1, Italy | 50 |
| 0.704 | SDA; Stockholm, Sweden | 55 |
| 0.677 | Sottens, Switzerland | 25 |
| 0.668 | Slaithwaite, England | 50 |
| 0.650 | XGOA; Nanking, China | 75 |
| 0.658 | Cologne, Germany | 100 |
| 0.638 | Prague, No. 1, Czechoslovakia | 120 |
| 0.629 | Trondelag, Norway | 20 |
| 0.620 | Cairo, Egypt | 20 |
| 0.619 | KZRM; Manila, P. I. | 50 |
| 0.609 | Florence, Italy | 20 |
| 0.592 | Vienna, Austria | 120 |
| 0.574 | Stuttgart, Germany | 100 |
| 0.565 | Athlone, Irish Free State | 60 |
| 0.558 | Beromunster, Switzerland | 100 |
| 0.546 | HAL; Budapest, No. 1, Hung.| 120 |
## FOREIGN BROADCAST BAND
550 to 2000 Meters
| Mc-Kc | Location | KHz |
|-------|---------------------------|-----|
| 0.401 | RCZ; Moscow, No. 3, U.S.S.R.| 100 |
| 0.375 | RWS; Sverdlovsk, U.S.S.R. | 50 |
| 0.355 | U.S.S.R. | 20 |
| 0.280 | RW7; Tiflis, U.S.S.R. | 35 |
| 0.271 | RW49; Moscow, No. 2, U.S.S.R.| 100 |
| 0.260 | LKO; Oslo, Norway | 60 |
| 0.256 | RW11; Tashkent, U.S.S.R. | 25 |
| 0.245 | RW53; Leningrad, U.S.S.R. | 100 |
| 0.238 | Kalundborg, Denmark | 75 |
| 0.232 | RW20; Kharkov, U.S.S.R. | 20 |
| 0.230 | Luxembourg | 150 |
| 0.224 | Warsaw, No. 1, Poland | 120 |
| 0.217 | RW76; Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R.| 100 |
| 0.216 | SBG; Motala, Sweden | 30 |
| 0.208 | RW10; Minsk, U.S.S.R. | 35 |
| 0.200 | Droitwich, England | 150 |
| 0.191 | Berlin, Germany | 60 |
| 0.182 | Paris, France | 75 |
| 0.174 | RW1; Moscow, No. 1, U.S.S.R.| 500 |
| 0.166 | Lahti, Finland | 40 |
| 0.160 | Rootwijk, Holland | 50 |
| 0.160 | Brazov, Roumania | 20 |
## WEATHER REPORT BAND
732 to 2142 Meters
(List Follows)
| Call | Mc-Kc | Location |
|------|-------|---------------------------|
| KCAA | 296 | Tulsa, Okla. |
| KCAC | 284 | Butte, Mont. |
| KCAD | 359 | Idaho Falls, Idaho |
| KCAE | 308 | Winslow, Ariz. |
| KCAF | 296 | Albuquerque, N. M. |
| KCAG | 248 | Amarillo, Texas |
| KCAH | 350 | Kingman, Ariz. |
| KCAJ | 272 | Little Rock, Ark. |
| KCAK | 250 | Shreveport, La. |
| KCAL | 266 | Yuma, Ariz. |
| KCAM | 338 | Tucson, Ariz. |
| KCAN | 365 | Fargo, N. Dak. |
| KCAO | 314 | El Paso, Texas |
| KCAP | 326 | Big Spring, Texas |
| KCAQ | 350 | Minneapolis, Minn. |
| KCAR | 302 | Pueblo, Colo. |
| KCAS | 344 | Spokane, Wash. |
| KCAT | 320 | Milford, Utah |
| KCAU | 332 | Houston, Texas |
| KCAY | 254 | Springfield, Mo. |
| KCAW | 254 | San Antonio, Texas |
| KCQ | 290 | St. Louis, Mo. |
| KCR | 308 | Boise, Idaho |
| KCS | 260 | Pasco, Wash. |
| KCT | 234 | Los Angeles, Cal. |
| KCU | 344 | Fresno, Cal. |
| KCV | 322 | Oakland, Cal. |
| KCX | 266 | Medford, Ore. |
| KCY | 254 | Portland, Ore. |
| KCZ | 365 | Seattle, Wash. |
| KDA | 350 | Chicago, Ill. |
| KDN | 290 | Rock Springs, Wyo. |
| KGD | 338 | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| KGS | 271 | Iowa City, Iowa |
| KJF | 350 | Omaha, Neb. |
| KJJ | 365 | Fort Worth, Tex. |
| KJL | 254 | Reno, Nev. |
| KOJ | 314 | Elko, Nev. |
| KRC | 359 | Kansas City, Mo. |
| KSG | 326 | Cheyenne, Wyo. |
| KVM | 284 | North Platte, Neb. |
| WEK | 332 | Wichita, Kans. |
| WFT | 248 | Spartanburg, S. C. |
| WHZ | 266 | Atlanta, Ga. |
| WNR | 260 | Richmond, Va. |
| WRW | 320 | Greensboro, N. C. |
| WSG | 224 | La Crosse, Wis. |
| WSX | 266 | Boston, Mass. |
| WWAB | 266 | Buffalo, N. Y. |
| WWAC | 314 | Nashville, Tenn. |
| WWAF | 365 | Miami, Fla. |
| WWAG | 338 | New Orleans, La. |
| WWAH | 322 | Albany, N. Y. |
| WWAP | 254 | Pittsburgh, Pa. |
| WWAQ | 260 | Jackson, Miss. |
| WWAR | 320 | Jackson, Mich. |
| WWAS | 332 | Cincinnati, Ohio |
| WWAU | 326 | Birmingham, Ala. |
| WWAV | 344 | Jacksonville, Fla. |
| WWAW | 332 | Charleston, S. C. |
| WWBC | 248 | Titusville, Fla. |
| WWBF | 248 | Mobile, Ala. |
| WWBO | 344 | Cleveland, Ohio |
| WWBQ | 284 | Bellefonte, Pa. |
| WWBU | 338 | New Brunswick, N. J. |
| WWX | 272 | Washington, D. C. |
ALL WAVE RADIO
## In Writing For Veries...
### ADDRESSES OF PRINCIPAL SHORT-WAVE-STATIONS BY COUNTRY
#### AFRICA
| Call | Address |
|------|---------|
| CNR | Director General des Postes, Rabat, Morocco. |
| OPL-OPM | Radio Leopoldville, Congo Belge, Africa. |
| SUV-SUX | Post Office Box 795, Cairo, Egypt. |
| VQILO | P. O. Box 777, Nairobi, Kenya Colony, Africa. |
| ZTJ | Radio ZTJ, Johannesburg, South Africa. |
#### ASIA, OCEANIA AND FAR EAST
| Call | Address |
|------|---------|
| CQN | Government Broadcasting Station CQN, Postmaster General, Post Office Bldg., Macao (Portuguese), China. |
| FZS | Postale Boite 238, Saigon, Indochina. |
| HSP | Government Post & Telegraph, Bangkok, Siam. |
| Java Stations | H. Van der Veen, Engineer, Java Wireless Stations, Bandung, Java. |
| JVM-JVT | International Wireless Telephone Company of Japan, Osaka Bldg., Kojimachiku, Tokyo, Japan. |
| JYR | Radio JYR, Komikawa-Chou-Chiba, Ken, Japan. |
| KAY et al. | Philippine Long Distance Telephone Co. Manila, P. I. |
| RVI5 | Far East Radio Station RV-15, Khabarovsk, U.S.S.R. |
| VK2ME | Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., Wireless House, 47 York St., Sydney, N.S.W. Australia. |
| VK3LR | Australian Broadcasting Corporation, B. E. House, 264 Pitt St., Sydney, Australia. |
| VK3ME | Amalgamated Wireless Ltd., P. O. Box 1212-L, Melbourne, Australia. |
| VPIA | Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Suva, Fiji Islands. |
| VUC | Indian State Broadcasting Service, 1 Garstin Place, Calcutta, India. |
| VUY-VUB | Indian State Broadcasting Service, Irwin House, Sprott Road, Ballard Estate, Bombay, India. |
| XGW | Radio Administration, Sassoon House, Shanghai, China. |
| YBG | Radio Service, Serdangweg 2, Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. |
| YDA | H. Van der Veen, Engineer, Java Wireless Stations, Bandung, Java. |
| ZGE | Radio ZGE, Kuala Lumpur, Malaya States. |
| ZHI | Radio Service Company, Broadcast House, 2 Orchard Road, Singapore, Malaya. |
| ZLT-ZLW | Sun Post & Telegraph GPO, Wellington, New Zealand. |
#### CANADA
| Call | Address |
|------|---------|
| CGA-CJA, et al. | Marconi Station, Drummondville, Quebec, Canada. |
| CJRX-CJRO | Royal Alexander Hotel, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. |
| VEBBJ | Capitol Theatre, St. Johns, N.B. Canada. |
| VE9CS | 743 Davie St., Vancouver B.C., Canada. |
| VE9DN | Canadian Marconi Co., Box 1490, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. |
| VE9GW | Rural Route No. 4, Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada. |
| VE9HX | Post Office Box 993, Halifax, N. S. Canada. |
#### CUBA, MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES
| Call | Address |
|------|---------|
| CO9GC | Laboratorio Radio-Electrico, Grau y Caminero, Apartado 137, Santiago, Cuba. |
| COC | Post Office Box 93, Havana Cuba. |
| COH | Estacion COH, Calle B No. 2 Vedado, Havana, Cuba. |
| HI1A | Radiodifusora HI1A "La Voz de los Caballeros," Santiago de Los Caballeros, R. D. |
| HI4D | Radiodifusora HI4D, "La Voz de Quisqueya," Dominican Republic. |
| HIH | Radio HIH, "La Voz del Higueron," San Pedro de Macoris, R. D. |
| HIL | Radio HIL, Apartado 623, Santo Domingo City, R. D. |
| HIX | Radio HIX, La Altagracia, Director of Radio Communication, Santo Domingo, R. D. |
| HP5B | Radio HP5B, P. O. Box 910, Panama City, Panama. |
| TGX | Radiodifusora TGX, Director M. A. Molican Novales, 11 Avenida, Zone 6, Guatemala City, Guatemala. |
| TGW | Radiodifusora Nacional TGK, Republic de Guatemala. |
| TIEP | "La Voz del Tropico," Apartado 357, Costa Rica. |
| TIGHI | Radiodifusora TIGHI, "Alma Tica," Apartado 775, San Jose, Costa Rica. |
| VPN | Station VPN, Nassau, Bahamas Islands. |
| WTDV | H. M. McKenzie, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. |
| WTDW | S. I. Winde, Christiansted, Virgin Islands. |
| XAM | Director General de Correos, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. |
| XDA-XDC | Secretaria de Comunicaciones, Mexico, D. F. |
| XEBT | El Buen Tono, S.A., Apartado 79-44, Mexico D. F. |
| XECW | Radio XECW, Mexico, D. F. |
| YNLF | Radiodifusora YNLF c/o Ing. Molina Le Franc, Calle 15 de Set No. 206, Managua, Nicaragua. |
#### EUROPE
| Call | Address |
|------|---------|
| 2RO | 5 Via Montello, Rome, Italy. |
| CSL | Radio CSL, Emissora Nacional, Lisbon, Portugal. |
| CT1AA | Antonio Augusto de Aguair, 144, Lisboa, Portugal. |
| CT1CT | Oscar G. Lomellino, Rua Gomez Freire 79-2 D, Lisbon, Portugal. |
| CT1GO | Portuguese Radio Club, Paço de Portugal. |
| DAF | Hauptfunkstelle Nordelch, Norden-Land, Germany. |
| DJA, et al. | German Short Wave Station, Broadcasting House, Berlin, Germany. |
| EAQ | P. O. Box 951, Madrid, Spain. |
| EHY-EDM | English Phones |
| English Ships | Radio Section GPO, 89 Wood St, London E.C. 2, England. |
| French Phones | Connaught House, 63, Aldwych, London W.C. 2, England. |
| 166 Rue de Montmartre, Paris, France. |
#### SOUTH AMERICA
| Call | Address |
|------|---------|
| CP5 | Radio CP5, Casilla 637, La Paz, Bolivia. |
| El Prado | Apartado 98, Riobamba, Ecuador. |
| HC2ET | Radiodifusora del Telegrama, Casilla 249, Guayaquil, Ecuador. |
| HC2RL | P. O. Box 759, Guayaquil, Ecuador. |
| HCJB | Casilla 691, Quito, Ecuador. |
| HCK | Radiodifusora HCK, Quito, Ecuador. |
| HA7 | Radio HA7, Cucuta, Colombia. |
| HJ1ABB | Apartado 715, Barranquilla, Colombia. |
| HJ1ABD | Estacion HJ1ABD, Cartagena, Colombia. |
| HJ1ABE | Apartado 31, Cartagena, Colombia. |
| HJ1ABG | Apartado 816, Barranquilla, Colombia. |
| "La Voz de Santa Marta," Radio HJ1ABJ, Santa Marta, Colombia. |
| HJ2ABA | "La Voz Del Pais," Tunja, Boyaca, Colombia. |
| HJ2ABC | Pomplio Sanchez, Cucuta, Colombia. |
| HJ3ABD | Colombia Broadcasting, Apartado 509, Bogota, Colombia. |
| HJ3ABF | Apartado 317, Bogota, Colombia. |
| HJ3ABH | "La Voz de La Victor," Bogota, Colombia. |
| HJ3ARI | Apartado 513, Bogota Colombia. |
| HJ4ABR | Radio Manizales, Apartado 174, Manizales, Colombia. |
| HJ4ABE | Radiodifusora de Medellin, Medellin, Colombia. |
| HJ4ABL | "Ecos de Occidente," Manizales, Colombia. |
| HJ5ABC | "La Voz de Colombia," Radiodifusora, HJ5ABC, Cali, Colombia. |
(TURN TO PAGE 25)
| Cell | Location | Kc | Watts | Call | Location | Kc | Watts | Call |
|-----------|-------------------|-----|-------|--------|-------------------|-----|-------|--------|
| WKJC | Lancaster, Pa. | 1200| 100 | WNEB | Silverhaven, Pa. | 1200| 400 | WRUF |
| WKOK | Sunbury, Pa. | 1210| 100 | WNBO | Memphis, Tenn. | 1430| 500 | WRVA |
| WKRC | Cincinnati, Ohio | 650 | 500 | WNEK | Springfield, Vt. | 1260| 1000 | WSAI |
| WKY | Oklahoma City, Ok.| 900 | 1000 | WNEZ | Saranac Lake, N. Y.| 1290| 50 | WSAJ |
| WKZO | Kalamazoo, Mich. | 530 | 1000 | WNEL | San Juan, P. R.* | 1290| 500 | WSAN |
| WLAC | Nashville, Tenn. | 1470| 5000 | WNEW | Newark, N. J. | 1250| 1000 | WSAR |
| WLAP | Lexington, Ky. | 1420| 100 | WNRA | Knoxville, Tenn. | 1010| 1000 | WSAZ |
| WLB | Minneapolis, Minn.| 1250| 1000 | WNOX | Muscle Shoals, Ala.| 1420| 100 | WSB |
| WLBC | Muncie, Ind. | 1310| 50 | WNYC | New York, N. Y. | 810 | 1000 | WSCB |
| WLBF | Kansas City, Kan. | 1420| 100 | WOAI | San Antonio, Tex. | 1190| 50000 | WSBT |
| WLBL | Stevens Point, Wis.| 900 | 2500 | WOC | Carter Lake, Iowa | 1420| 100 | WSFA |
| WLBZ | Bangor, Maine | 620 | 500 | WOCL | Jamestown, N. Y. | 1210| 50 | WSGU |
| WLEU | Erie, Pa. | 1420| 100 | WOI | Ames, Iowa | 640 | 5000 | WSKX |
| WLHL | Lowell, Mass. | 1370| 100 | WOKO | Albany, N. Y. | 1430| 500 | WSJS |
| WLIT | Philadelphia, Pa. | 560 | 600 | WOL | Washington, D. C. | 1210| 100 | WSM |
| WLNH | Laconia, N. H. | 1310| 100 | WOMT | Manitowoc, Wis. | 1210| 100 | WSMB |
| WLS | Chicago, Ill. | 870 | 50000 | WOOD | Grand Rapids, Mich.| 1270| 500 | WSMK |
| WLTH | Brooklyn, N. Y. | 1430| 500 | WPI | Kingsport, Tenn. | 1500| 100 | WSOC |
| WLVA | Lynchburg, Va. | 1200| 100 | WOR | Newark, N. J. | 710 | 50000 | WSPA |
| WLWJ | Cincinnati, Ohio | 700 | 50000 | WORC | Worcester, Mass. | 1280| 500 | WSPD |
| WLWL | New York, N. Y. | 1100| 5000 | WORK | York, Pa. | 1000| 1000 | WSUI |
| WMAL | Washington, D. C. | 630 | 250 | WOS | Jefferson City, Mo.| 630 | 500 | WSUN |
| WMAQ | Chicago, Ill. | 670 | 5000 | WOSU | Columbus, Ohio | 570 | 750 | WSVA |
| WMAS | Springfield, Mass.| 1420| 100 | WOW | New York, N. Y. | 1130| 1000 | WSVS |
| WMAZ | Macon, Ga. | 1180| 500 | WOW | Omaha, Nebr. | 590 | 1000 | WSYR |
| WMBC | Detroit, Mich. | 1420| 100 | WOFO | Ft. Wayne, Ind. | 1160| 10000 | WSYB |
| WIBD | Peoria, Ill. | 1440| 500 | WPAD | Paducah, Ky. | 1420| 100 | WTA |
| WMBF | (See WIOD) | | | | | | | |
| WMBG | Richmond, Va. | 1210| 100 | WPAX | Thomasville, Ga. | 1210| 100 | WTAG |
| WMBH | Joplin, Mo. | 1420| 100 | WPEN | Philadelphia, Pa. | 920 | 250 | WTAM |
| WMBI | Chicago, Ill. | 1050| 5000 | WPBB | Hattiesburg, Miss.| 1370| 100 | WTAQ |
| WMBO | Auburn, N. Y. | 1310| 100 | WPG | Atlantic City, N. J.| 1310| 100 | WTAO |
| WMBQ | Brooklyn, N. Y. | 1650| 100 | WPRO | Providence, R. I. | 1210| 100 | WTAX |
| WMBR | Jacksonville, Fla.| 1370| 100 | WPTF | Raleigh, N. C. | 680 | 1000 | WTBO |
| WMCM | Memphis, Tenn. | 750 | 500 | WQAM | Miami, Fla. | 560 | 1000 | WTCN |
| WMCA | New York, N. Y. | 570 | 500 | WQAN | Scranton, Pa. | 880 | 250 | WTEL |
| WMEX | Chelsea, Mass. | 1500| 100 | WQBC | Vicksburg, Miss. | 1360| 1000 | WTFI |
| WMPD | Wilmington, N. C.*| 1370| 100 | WQDM | St. Albans, Vt. | 1370| 100 | WTIC |
| WMPF | New Britain, Conn.| 1380| 250 | WRAK | Willamsport, Pa. | 1370| 100 | WTJS |
| WMPF | Plattsburg, N. Y.*| 1310| 100 | WRAW | Reading, Pa. | 1310| 100 | WTMJ |
| WMPG | Hibbing, Minn.* | 1210| 100 | WRAX | Philadelphia, Pa. | 920 | 250 | WTNJ |
| WMPH | Boston, Mass.* | 1120| 500 | WREB | Columbus, Ga. | 1200| 100 | WTOC |
| WMPI | New Haven, Conn.* | 900 | 500 | WREX | Roanoke, Va. | 1410| 250 | WTRC |
| WMFJ | Daytona Beach, Fla.*| 1420| 100 | WRC | Washington, D. C. | 950 | 500 | WVPW |
| WMPK | Ponce, P. R.* | 1420| 100 | WRD | Augusta, Maine | 1370| 100 | WWAE |
| WMMN | Fairmont, W. Va. | 890 | 250 | WRDW | Augusta, Ga. | 1370| 100 | WWJ |
| WMPC | Lapeer, Mich. | 1200| 100 | WREC | Memphis, Tenn. | 600 | 500 | WWL |
| WMT | Waterloo, Iowa | 600 | 500 | WRED | Topeka, Kansas | 1220| 1000 | WWNC |
| WMNA | Boston, Mass. | 1220| 100 | WEGA | Rome, Ga. | 1500| 100 | WWPA |
| WMND | Kerman, Okla. | 1010| 1000 | WERJ | Racine, Wis. | 1370| 100 | WWRL |
| WMNX | Yankton, S. Dak. | 570 | 1000 | WROK | Rockford, Ill. | 1410| 500 | WWSW |
| WNBE | Binghamton, N. Y. | 1500| 100 | WROL | Knoxville, Tenn. | 1310| 100 | WWYA |
| WNBH | New Bedford, Mass.| 1310| 100 | WRR | Dallas, Texas | 1280| 500 | WXYZ |
### U. S. AND CANADIAN BROADCAST STATIONS BY FREQUENCY
| Frequency | Station | Location |
|-----------|---------|-------------------|
| 540 KC | CJRM | |
| 550 KC | CFNB, KFUO, KFYR, KOAC, KSD, DDEV, WGR, WKRC, WSVA* |
| 560 KC | KJFM, KLZ, KTA8, KWTO, WFI, WIND, WLIT, WQAM |
| 570 KC | KGKO, KMTR, KV1, WKBN, WMCA, WNAX, WOSU, WSYR, WSYU, WWNC, WZQ |
| 580 KC | CHRC, CKL, CKUA, KMJ, KSAC, WCBS, WDBO, WIBW, WTAG |
| 590 KC | KHQ, WEEL, WKZO, WOW |
| 600 KC | CGC, CFCC, CJOR, KFSD, WCAC, WCAO, WICC, WMT, WREC |
| 610 KC | KFRC, WDAF, WIP, WJAY |
| 620 KC | KGW, KTAR, WFIA, WSUN, WHJB, WLBZ, WTMJ |
| 630 KC | CFCY, CJGX, CKOV, KPRU, KGFX, WGBF, WMAL, WOS |
| 640 KC | KFL, WAIU, WOI |
| 650 KC | KPCB, WSM |
| 660 KC | WAAW, WEAF |
| 670 KC | WMAQ |
| 680 KC | WFBQ, KPO, WPTF, CFBB, CJCJ |
| 700 KC | WLW |
| 710 KC | KMPC, WOR |
| 720 KC | WGN |
| 730 KC | CPFL, CJCA, CKAC |
| 740 KC | KMMJ, KTRB, WHEB, WSB |
| 750 KC | KGU, WJR |
| 760 KC | KXA, WEW, WJZ |
| 770 KC | KFAB, WBBM |
| 780 KC | CHWK, KELW, KFDY, KFQD, KTM, WEAN, WMC, WTAR |
| 790 KC | KCO, WGY |
| 800 KC | WBAP, WFAA, WTBO |
| 810 KC | WCOO, WNYC |
| 820 KC | WHAS |
| 830 KC | KOA, WEEU, WHDH, WRUF |
| 840 KC | CFQC, CRCT |
| 850 KC | KIEV, KWKH, WWL, WWPA* |
| 860 KC | WABC, WBQO, WHB |
| 870 KC | WENR, WLS |
| 880 KC | CFJC, CRCO, KPKA, KLX, KPOF, WCOC, WGBI, WQAN, WSUI |
ALL WAVE RADIO
| Frequency | Station Callsigns |
|-----------|-------------------|
| 890 KC | CJIC, KARK, KFNF, KSEI, KUSD, WBAA, WGST, WILL WJAR, WMMN. |
| 900 KC | KFJU, KHJ, WBEN, WJAX, WKY, WLBL, WMFL. |
| 910 KC | CJAT, CRCM. |
| 920 KC | KFEL, KOMO, KPRC, KVOD, WAAF, WBLO, WPEN, WRAX, WWJ. |
| 930 KC | CFAC, CFCH, CFLC, CHNS, CKPC, CKPR, KGBZ, KMA, KROW, WBRC, WDBJ. |
| 940 KC | KOIN, WAAT, WAVE, WCSH, WDAY WDX. |
| 950 KC | CRCS, KFWB, KGHL, KMBC, WRC. |
| 960 KC | CKY. |
| 970 KC | KJR, WCFL, WIBG. |
| 980 KC | KDKA. |
| 990 KC | WBZ, WBZA. |
| 1000 KC | KFDL, WHO, WORK. |
| 1010 KC | CHAL, CHWC, CKCD, CKCK, CKCO, CKIC, CKWX, KGGF, KQW, WHN, WIS, WNAD, WNOX. |
| 1020 KC | KYW. |
| 1030 KC | CFCN, CKLW. |
| 1040 KC | KRLD, KTHS, WBSG, WKAR. |
| 1050 KC | CRCA, KFB1, KNX. |
| 1060 KC | KWJJ, WBAL, WJAG, WTIC. |
| 1070 KC | KJBS, WCAZ, WDZ, WTAM. |
| 1080 KC | WBT, WCBD, WMBL. |
| 1090 KC | KMOX. |
| 1100 KC | CRCV, KGDM, WLWL, WPG. |
| 1110 KC | KS00, WRVA. |
| 1120 KC | CKSO, CHSJ, CKOC, KPIO, KFSG, KRKD, KRSC, WDEL, WISN, WMFH, WTAW. |
| 1130 KC | KSL, WJJD, WOV. |
| 1140 KC | KVOO, WPAI. |
| 1150 KC | WHAM. |
| 1160 KC | WOWO, WWWA. |
| 1170 KC | WCAU. |
| 1180 KC | KEX, KOB, WDGY, WINS, WMAZ. |
| 1190 KC | WATR, WOAI, WSAZ. |
| 1200 KC | CHAB, CKTB, KADA, KETM, KEFB, KFXD, KFJ1, KODE, KGEK, KGF1, KGH1, KGVO, KMLB, KOGK, KUSN, KVOS, KWG, WABL, WBZZ, WBHS, WBNO, WCAT, WCAV, WCHO, WFAM, WFBS, WFCB, WFBY, WFKX, WJBC, WJBL, WJBW, WKBO, WKJC, WLVA, WMPC, WNB0, WPFR, WRBL, WWAE. |
| 1210 KC | CHNG, CKBL, CKCH, CKMC, KASA, KDLR, KFJ1, KFOR, KFPW, KPVS, KFXM, KGY, KIEM, WPPC, KWEA, KWFT, KXAN, KXBR, KXAX, KXBL, WBRS, WCBS, WCOL, WCRV, WEBO, WEDC, WFAS, WGBB, WGCM, WGNY, WHBF, WHBU, WHBY, WBY, WIJU, WIJS, WIJU, WIJU, WKOL, WMBC, WMFG*, WOCL, WOVT, WPAX, WPRO, WSSC, WSIX, WSOC, WTAX. |
| 1220 KC | KFKL, KTW, KWSC, WCAD, WCAE, WDME, WREN. |
| 1230 KC | CJOC, KGBX, KGGM, KYA, WFBM, WNAC. |
| 1240 KC | CJCB, KGCU, KLPM, KTAT, KTFL, WKAQ, WXYZ. |
| 1250 KC | KFOX, WCAL, WDSU, WHBI, WLB, WNEW, WTCN. |
| 1260 KC | CFTP, KOIL, KPAC, KRGV, KUOA, KVOA, WHIO, WNBX, WTQC. |
| 1270 KC | KGGA, KOL, KVOR, KWLC, WASH, WFBF, WJDX, WOOD. |
| 1280 KC | KFBB, WCAM, WCAP, WDOD, WIBA, WORC, WRR, WTNJ. |
| 1290 KC | KDYL, KLCN, KTSA, WEBB, WJAS, WNBZ, WNEL. |
| 1300 KC | KALR, KFAC, KFH, KFJR, WBBR, WEVD, WFBF, WFBG, WHAZ, WIOD, WMFB. |
| 1310 KC | CKCK, CIKL, CILS, CKCV, KGR1, KFBB, KFPL, KFPM, KFX1, KFYO, KGBX, KGCX, KGEZ, KGFW, KIT, KIUJ, KMED, KRM1, KTSM, KXRO, KXRY, KXSO, KXSW, KXSW, KXSW, WDAH, WEER, WEXL, WFBG, WFDF, WGH, WHAT, WJAC, WLCB, WLNH, WMO, WMF*, WNBH, WOL, WRAW, WRC, WSAJ, WSGN, WSJS, WTEL, WTJS, WTRC. |
| 1320 KC | KGHF, KGMB, KID, KSO, WADC, WSMB. |
| 1330 KC | KGB, KMO, KSCJ, KTRH, WDRC, WSM, WTAQ. |
| 1340 KC | KFPY, KGDY, KGN0, WCOA, WFEA, WSPD. |
| 1350 KC | KIDL, KWK, WAWZ, WBNX, WEHC, WQBC, WSBT. |
| 1360 KC | KGEM, KGIR, WCSC, WFBL, WGES, WQBC. |
| 1370 KC | CKCW, KCRC, KERN, KFGL, KFJM, KFJZ, KFRO*, KGAR, KGFG, KGFL, KGHA, KIKA, KIKA, KMAC, KGOO, KRE, KRO, KSLM, KUJ, KVE, KWWC, KWYO, WABY, WAGF, WBTM, WCB, WDAS, WGL, WHBD, WHBQ, WHDF, WHEA, WHTL, WLLH, WMBR, WMFD*, WPPB, WQDM, WRAK, WRDO, WRJN, WSVS. |
| 1380 KC | KOH, KQV, WALA, WKBH, WMFE*, WSMK. |
| 1390 KC | CHI, KLRA, KOY, WHK. |
| 1400 KC | KLO, KTUL, WARD, WBBC, WKBF, WLTH, WVFV. |
| 1410 KC | CKFC, CKMO, KGPS, WAAB, WBCM, WEG, WMBL, WHIS, WRHS, WRK, WROK, WSFA. |
| 1420 KC | CKGB, CKNC, KABC, KABR*, KBPS, KEBP, KGFF, KGCC, KGWI, KGIX, KIDW, KORE, KRIK, KYUA, KNA, WACO, WAGM, WAMC, WAZL, WBAO, WEHS, WELL, WGPC, WHDL, WHFC, WHFL, WHFS, WHGL, WKB1, WLAP, WLBF, WLBU, WMAS, WMAS, WMAS, WMF*, WMFK*, WNRA, WOC, WPAD, WSPA. |
| 1430 KC | KECA, KGNE, KWGR, WBNS, WHEC, WHP, WNBR, WROK. |
| 1440 KC | KDNV, KXXY, WBIG, WCBA, WMBD, WSAN, WTAD. |
| 1450 KC | CPCT, CKX, KTBS, WGAR, WHOM, WSAR, WTFI. |
| 1460 KC | KSTP, WJSV. |
| 1470 KC | KGA, WLAC. |
| 1480 KC | KABA, WKBW. |
| 1490 KC | WCKY. |
| 1500 KC | CHGS, KDB, KGFL, KGFK, KGKB, KGKY, KNOW, KOTN, KPIM, KPQ, KRO, KQCO, WCBV, WCBV, WCBV, WHEF, WIKK, WKB8, WKBV, WKBZ, WKEU, WMBO, WMEX, WNBF, WOPI, WDRD, WRGA, WSYB, WWRL, WWSW. |
| 1510 KC | CFRC, CKCR. |
**IN WRITING FOR VERIES**
(Continued from Page 21)
HJ5ABD "La Voz del Valle," Cali, Colombia.
HJ5AEE Radiodifusora HJ5ABE, Cali, Colombia.
HJB Marconi Telegraph Co., Apartado 1591, Bogota, Colombia.
HJN Ministerio de Correos y Telegraph, Bogota, Colombia.
HJY All-America Cables, Inc., Bogota, Colombia.
HKE Observatorio Nacional de San Bartolome, Bogota, Colombia.
LSN-LSL Compania Internacional, 143 Defensa, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
LSX Transradio Internacional, San Martin 129, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
---
**UNITED STATES**
Address
Cali
Dixon
Stations
W1XAL
W1XAZ
W2XAD
W2XAF
W2X2E
W2XAU
W2XL
W2XAL
W2XAL
W2XK
W2XAA
W2XF
140 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal.
70 Brookline Ave., Boston, Mass.
Hotel Statler, Boston, Mass.
General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
485 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y.
1622 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.
30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y.
Crosley Radio Corp., Cincinnati, Ohio.
William Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Navy Pier, Chicago, Ill.
20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Ill.
A RECENT LETTER, from a listener in California, advises us that its writer was listening to two of the English stations, with volume and clarity comparable to regular local reception. One of the stations was in the 25-meter band and the other in the 31-meter band. The time was 7:30 A.M., in San Francisco, which would be 10:30 A.M., in New York.
We mention this letter because it indicates how it is generally possible to secure similar results, if the proper precautions are taken. It is our purpose to explode some of the theories which have been touted as facts by self-proclaimed radio "experts" and "engineers," who know so much that "isn't" that they have gone a long way toward discouraging the more discriminating listener, who, as a result, is missing much of the pleasure and instruction which the modern all-wave receiver can be made to provide.
"POOR RECEPTION"
Before getting into the whys and the wherefores, let us mention that our friend in California wrote us regarding the fine results he was getting, after he had written several rather warm letters. These letters gave details regarding the failure of his receiver to give him the satisfaction he expected from it, as a result of the advertising claims made by its manufacturer. Then, too, he was equally vehement in his comments upon the performance of the special antenna system, purchased from the present author's company, which displayed a similar inability to live up to the claims made for it. These points are presented with a view to pinning the present article right down to cold facts so as to avoid the customary hypothetical case, which offers so much room for the imaginative author to expound theories as though they were facts.
FOREIGN RECEPTION ANYWHERE
Some years ago, an attempt was made to permit listeners in the U. S., Canada and Mexico to hear broadcasting from various stations in Europe. In order to provide programs which would be attractive to American listeners, Lloyd George, Senator Marconi and other important personages, were invited to speak from the English stations, while Owen D. Young, Henry Ford, General Harbord, David Sarnoff and many others of prominence, addressed remarks to European listeners from radio stations in all parts of this continent.
Europe broadcast to America for an hour each night, for an entire week. During the foreign transmissions, every station on the American continent ceased operations. During the transmissions from this side, which were of similar duration, the foreign stations were off the air, for the same reason. These tests were carried on in the regular broadcast band and they were quite successful. They were run in the same fashion, for three successive years and served to stimulate an interest in international broadcasting. With the introduction of short-wave broadcasting, they were no longer necessary and were abandoned.
When foreign reception was first found possible on the short waves, it was more or less in the nature of a laboratory venture. In fact, it was looked upon by one group of engineers as being possible but practically worthless. These gentlemen, who, it is pleasant to relate, have made many valuable contributions to the art, had such strong convictions concerning the negative value of foreign reception on short waves, that they prepared and circulated a rather costly and comprehensive booklet which purported to explain just why long-distance, short-wave reception would never have any real entertainment value and that, while it was possible to hear some of the foreign stations with reasonable regularity, the value of the programs was nullified by the terrific background noise which accompanied them. The reputation of these gentlemen was very good and their past accomplishments had been such as to lend much weight to their findings, especially in view of the strength with which their statements were made. Fortunately, the radio engineering field is not entirely free from dissenters and many continued their investigations in spite of the fact that they were told they were wasting their time and that nothing of any importance could come of their work.
NOISE-FREE RECEPTION
Today, it is not at all uncommon for listeners in all parts of this country to bring in programs from various European centers, and from Japan, Australia and South Africa as well. And, we may say, not only bring them in, but do so with a freedom from the noise which accompanied the first attempts, which makes the foreign reception compare favorably with much of the local broadcasting. Certainly, in suitable locations, with suitable equipment and with reasonable precautions taken in connection with the installation, the actual program value from the standpoint of material, as well as faithfulness of reproduction, is certainly good enough to warrant the attention of the most discriminating listener or critic. Reception conditions are being improved all the time; they are very much better than a year ago, and will continue to improve.
Before we are misunderstood with regard to the "reception anywhere"
title heading the previous paragraphs, may we explain that we mean the word as a description of any normal location. There are a few locations, where the local interference is so great that it is impossible to secure satisfactory foreign reception regardless of the precautions taken to avoid noise interference. On the other hand, it is pleasant to record that such locations are few and far between. Our contact with hundreds of thousands of listeners, in all parts of the world, leads us to believe that suitable foreign reception may be had in just about ninety-nine cases out of a hundred.
"MAKING" GOOD LOCATIONS
We are not suggesting that nearly all locations are good ones and the reception of foreign stations is just as simple as rolling off a log. It is no such thing. Some advertising has been a bit optimistic and certainly misleading in this respect.
This optimism is pardonable and should be understood by the present or the prospective short-wave listener. When radio receivers came to be operated from the electric light line instead of from batteries and when they were changed from multi-control to single dial control, they were also made much more sensitive. With this increase of sensitivity came simplicity of installation. Shorter and shorter aerials were needed and, in some instances, the more elaborate receivers were provided with self-contained antennas. These receivers performed remarkably well and since the quality of reproduction which they made possible was far superior to the phonograph, they found their way into homes of people who, up to that time, would not countenance a radio.
To avoid confusion of thought, it must be borne in mind that these receivers were designed for reception on the regular broadcast channels. That is, they were not designed for short-wave reception. Then the engineering departments of various manufacturers began to realize that something in the nature of fair results could be obtained from the short waves, if certain precautions were taken.
Receivers were designed and displayed to the sales departments and many of the executives took the new creations home with them for trial. Their enthusiasm at being able to hear the foreign stations overshadowed the fact that the programs were not entirely unalloyed with noise. In a great many cases it was possible to secure satisfactory foreign stations with little or no noise. As more and more companies got into the production of short-wave and all-wave receivers, it was but natural for them to exploit the merits of their particular products to compete with the claims made for similar receivers of competitive makes.
It was a sorry day for some of them when dealers and department stores, having sold the receivers on time or to charge accounts, found it increasingly difficult to collect because the receivers, while satisfactory on the broadcast band, were anything but a pleasure to hear when they were tuned to England, Germany or any of the other foreign stations, which they were supposed to bring in with ease.
SOLVING THE PROBLEM
It soon became evident to those engaged in this very interesting and potentially profitable field, that something had to be done if short-wave broadcasting was to amount to anything. It was suggested by some that a certain amount of improvement could be had if reasonable attention was given to the antenna system. The constant increase in popularity of the short-wave and the all-wave receivers may well be credited to the vast improvement which the modern antenna makes possible and without which, foreign reception in many localities would be entirely unsatisfactory.
Nor must it be thought that a suitable antenna for satisfactory reception entails a knowledge of radio, a considerable expense, or a great expanse of open territory, free from the sources of waves which would interfere with the desired stations.
For the present owner of an all-wave receiver or the prospective purchaser of one, a knowledge of the fundamentals which are to be applied, in order to assure the best results are both worth while and interesting. Furthermore, they are not anything like as difficult to understand as many would have us believe. They are just the simple fundamentals which have been employed in the electrical and the telephone fields for many years. Their use involves no great difficulties, even though the practical applications of the fundamentals has caused the manufacturers no end of research to bring them to the efficiency and the simplicity of installation which they boast today.
The California friend, to whom we have referred, may well be considered as representative of thousands of others, in all parts of the world. It may aid us in getting a more complete understanding of the entire matter if we review his case. It is truly typical.
TYPICAL CASE
Attracted by the advertising of one of the all-wave receiver makers, he made a purchase. The receiver he
purchased is a very good one. It is not a cheap one, nor is it one of those extremely expensive outfits which cause the heart to skip a beat when the price is mentioned. It is an excellent and very popular receiver—one with which we are very familiar and which we know to be capable of bringing in the foreign stations with excellent volume and clarity.
We were advised of the purchase and asked if we could recommend an antenna which would help the purchaser to secure the results which he was led to expect and which he was most emphatically not getting. Being familiar with the receiver and having most of the information regarding the location of local potential sources of noise supplied to us by our correspondent, we made what we thought were the necessary recommendations. A purchase was made. Our instructions were carried out to the letter. The results were anything but satisfactory. Our correspondent was disappointed and requested us to look further into the matter and make further suggestions.
In the meanwhile an identical receiver and the same type of antenna, were installed in our laboratory and the performance observed. It was discovered that a slight upsetting of the tuning was apparent on some of the short-wave bands, because of the failure of the antenna system to match the receiver perfectly. Two courses for remedying the trouble were open to us. Both were tried, with just about equal results. It was possible to readjust one of the "trimmer" condensers, with which all receivers are equipped, or a new type of transformer could be used to bring about the desired result in an entirely different fashion. Hesitating to suggest that our correspondent, who claimed to be without any knowledge of radio circuits, start making adjustments on his receiver, the latter course was decided upon, with the complete solution of the problem resulting.
Similar results may be secured in nearly every such instance. We do wish to emphasize, however, that there are certain locations which are just the "bad news," as far as radio reception is concerned, even though they are not very numerous. The only solution to the interference problem in such a location, is to move!
FUNDAMENTALS SIMPLE
In considering short-wave reception, we are often asked why there is more interference on the short waves than we find in the regular broadcast bands. The answer is relatively simple. Any electrical device which is attached to either the electric light circuit, the telephone line, or is operated from local power-supply sources, is a potential generator of electrical radio waves. If the operation of the device is accompanied by electrical sparking such as may be observed between the brushes and the commutator of the ordinary electric fan, this interference may be enough to cause untold trouble with the short-wave radio. Devices of this nature cause the emission of waves which are similar in many respects to the desired radio waves. Their wavelength is determined largely by the character of the circuit to which they are attached as well as by their own electrical characteristics. In most instances, these electrical constants are such as to create interference in the short-wave bands. Electric fans, vacuum cleaners and most other devices operated by small motors, cause interference in the 25- and 49-meter bands, while the average automobile ignition system causes most trouble in the vicinity of 17 meters. The interference caused by the operation of dial telephones is noticeable over the entire dial of the receiver, but more noticeably at the shorter wavelengths. These disturbing electrical impulses are picked up by or fed back into, the house wiring system with the result that the wires become radiators of the undesirable electrical disturbance. This is picked up by the radio-receiver system and comes out of the loudspeaker or headphones in the form of noise, which blights the desired program.
Fortunately, most of the interference caused by such devices is of rather limited intensity and the extent of the field it covers is comparatively small. Furthermore, most of it is considered to have electrical characteristics—polarization, to be specific—which are exactly the opposite to those of the desired radio wave.
Thus, we are brought to the realization that suitable reception should be possible if we are able to have an antenna for picking up the desired radio wave, without picking up the local interfering waves. It is not too difficult to find such a location for the antenna.
THROUGH THE NOISE ZONE
We are then faced with the problem of bringing the desired wave to the receiver, through a zone in which we know that interference is to be encountered. In other words, we are faced with much the same problem met when it is desired to run a stream of water from a lake to a town without having the water polluted by other water mixing with it. It is common to incorporate this principle in our reservoirs and water-supply systems. In certain cases, the supply actually passes through other lakes, without coming in contact with them, because the supply is fed through pipes. Much the same sort of thing is found in connection with the pipe lines which connect oil-producing territories with refineries, sometimes several hundred miles distant.
This procedure has given rise to the term "transmission-line" which, in the electrical and radio fields, performs the same function as the pipe line.
Even before the introduction of short-wave reception for general use, the need for a transmission-line was found to exist for broadcast reception, over comparatively long distances, or where local interference was found to be excessive.
There is nothing particularly new about the principles necessary to employ to secure the desired result and simple, inexpensive devices were placed on the market which enabled the owners of good radio receivers to obtain reception with so much freedom from interference that it was possible for them to listen to distant stations with much the same degree of satisfaction previously enjoyed when listening to "locals."
BROADCAST AERIAL SYSTEM
This equipment has come into general use and is generally sold at the
The same time as the receiver, except in those stores which cater to the "hard" buyer. Salesmen sometimes hesitate suggesting the additional expense of the antenna system for fear of losing the sale of the receiver or for fear of having the customer demand that the antenna be included with the receiver, without additional cost.
In its most popular and efficient form, such an antenna system is illustrated in Fig. 1. The fundamentals upon which its performance depends are apparent to the layman with even a meagre understanding of electrical principles, if the circuit is observed. No better system has yet been developed for the regular broadcast receiver or the new "high-fidelity" receivers which, incidentally, have high-fidelity characteristics only in the regular broadcast band. This important point is not generally understood.
**SHORT-WAVE RECEPTION MORE DIFFICULT**
While such an antenna and transmission-line are ideal for broadcast reception, the system shown in Fig. 1 is totally unfit for satisfactory reception on short waves. In order to have a suitable transfer of radio energy from the antenna, through the transmission-line and to the receiver, it is necessary to have all of the circuits suitably in tune with each other. Otherwise serious losses, resulting in insufficient volume, will result.
The first attempt to develop a system which would permit the antenna to be tuned to the short-wave stations and then have the desired program carried over the transmission-line to the receiver, without picking up interference and without undue loss, was very effective and became quite popular, in spite of the fact that it was rather expensive and was both unsightly and somewhat difficult to install. It comprised a "doublet" antenna and a two-wire transposed transmission-line, with various forms of transformers or other coupling devices between the lower end of the transmission-line and the receiver. A simple diagram of such an antenna and transmission line is shown in Fig. 2. This type is now almost obsolete.
**"SINGLE-WAVE" CHARACTERISTICS**
Unfortunately such an antenna is much more efficient on a single wavelength than on the other wavelengths we may desire to receive. Since most receivers are inherently more efficient on long waves than on short waves, it was found desirable to strike a compromise by designing the antenna to be most efficient on the shortest wavelength to be received and then trust that the decreasing efficiency of the antenna on the longer waves would be made up for by the increasing efficiency of the receiver itself. This compromise system was generally satisfactory on all of the short waves but it was woefully lacking as a collector of signals in the regular broadcast band.
An attempt to make the antenna more useful in the entire short-wave range was later brought about by the introduction of the "double-doublet" which, in effect, is two doublets, tuned to different wavelengths, suitably coupled together. While this type of system does help to give a more even response throughout the short-wave range, it provides no improvement worth consideration, in the broadcast band. It is costly and difficult to install because of the great space it requires.
This brought another compromise, by which the doublet and noise-reducing transmission-line were utilized in the short-wave range and the whole system converted into an ordinary antenna, with no noise reducing properties whatever, in the regular broadcast band. The change from the former to the latter was brought about by the manipulation of a switch attached to the transformer placed between the end of the transmission line and the receiver itself.
In passing, a word should be said about the unfortunate and misleading statements made by one of the radio commentators, under the auspices of a large and reputable radio company, concerning a so-called "short-wave" antenna, which was nothing more than a common antenna, made to smaller proportions than the ordinary broadcast antenna and possessed of no noise-reducing properties whatever. And it was still more unfortunate for the same commentator to expound the value of a noise-reducing antenna system sold by his company which, while incorporating noise-reducing principles in the broadcast band, was just an ordinary type of antenna on short waves. Current comments on a "new" system, now being offered for sale, suggests that the "latest system eliminates interference on all bands." There just isn't any such animal and, while a good antenna system, suitably designed and put up, can reduce interference on all bands, it can not be counted upon to eliminate such interference under all conditions. Furthermore, a good, all-wave, noise-reducing antenna system can be made to provide such a marked improvement over the ordinary type of antenna, in the vast majority of cases, that the use of superlatives and exaggerated claims is unfortunate and not at all necessary. There is no cure-all for radio interference.
**MODERN ALL-WAVE SYSTEM**
Recognizing the desirability of using the doublet type of antenna for the short waves, yet realizing its shortcomings in connection with broadcast reception, radio engineers began to seek some method of securing the desired result. Much of the credit for accomplishing this result must be given to Mr. J. G. Aceves, who, incidentally, is the man whose patent
(TURN TO PAGE 44)
Improved results may be obtained in certain cases by replacing the type of receiver coupler shown at A, with the "variable impedance" type shown at B. When this latter type coupler is used with a receiver having a "floating" primary, the connections are made as shown at C.
IF NOISY CONFUSION could be compared with the opening of a bottle of champagne in inexperience hands, then the opening of the elevator door on the Hotel Montclair roof-garden was indeed the popping of the cork with the resulting confusion—and good time. No doubt could linger for a second that the members of the Veteran Wireless Operators Association were glad to see one another. That fact was most apparent—with sound and plenty of it.
Bill McGonigle, erstwhile operator on the S. S. Commewijne and now the Association's secretary when he isn't keeping the stock of the A. T. & T. above par in his spare time, told us where to sit so we could see the doings. Bill is a diminutive, black-haired son of Erin, whose brain tires you out trying to keep up with it, but he always has time to be a good fellow. He left us precipitately to greet Dr. Kolster, whose decimeter that was developed many years ago, is still used in its prehistoric form. John V. L. Hogan of research renown came in and Henry Hughes and Arthur Lynch and Theodore Haubner and Ernest Cole of the S. S. Mohawk and and George Rogers of the Morro Castle and—here I was nudged violently.
"Isn't that Reilly coming through the door?"
"Where and what Reilly?"
"Hauptmann's counsel. Look...that fat man with glasses."
Not having visited Flemington during the trial, we could only identify the man by his pictures. This stout, sparsely haired individual with his tortoise-shelled spectacles certainly made us wonder if the well known barrister had ever been to sea in a shack. Many eyes followed him to the table near the center of the room and we heard several other sotto voce references to lawyers amid the general uproar and the dah-dit-dits coming over the public-address loudspeakers.
The Gold Medal awarded George Rogers, of the Morro Castle, by the Veteran Wireless Operators Association
So many events were on the program that it was started long before the ice cream was brought in, but the one that interested us beyond all the others was the presentation of the Association's awards for meritorious radio work. George Clark, the president of the V. W. O. A., announced that Mayor Donahue of Bayonne, New Jersey, would make the presentation of the Association's gold medal to George Rogers, who lives in that town. Up to the table, covered with amplifiers and tangles of wires with telegraph keys shining through and a long stemmed microphone, walked the stout man who we had mistaken for Reilly. Rogers, a huge, shy man, walked ponderously to the table and stood with downcast eyes, while Hizzoner said the usual trite remarks that are always repeated on such occasions. Rogers turned from the microphone with the gold medal and the Testimonial Scroll in his hand to return to his table, when the Mayor recalled him and then presented him with a gold medal from the Board of Commissioners of the city of Bayonne, in recognition of Rogers' splendid work on the Morro Castle.
Like Mayor Donahue, we feel that the heroism Rogers displayed on board the Morro Castle is too well known a story to repeat here. Somehow or other, you generally expect to see a fat man full of fun and the life of the party. Not so Rogers. He seemed like a man who having stood for a few eternal minutes at the brink of hell, can not realize that he was pulled back. His eyes have seen and his body endured a holocaust. The man can not pull a curtain over his thoughts.
Several other names were read...operators awarded the Testimonial Scroll for carrying on the traditions of radio men at sea. Two scrolls were awarded posthumously to Robertson of the British freighter Usworth, who remained at his key for four days while his ship wallowed helpless in a heavy sea with a broken rudder, and to McDonald, of the Mohawk, who went down with the ship when it collided with the Talisman off the New Jersey coast in January of this year.
McDonald's assistant, Ernest Cole, was awarded a Scroll. He was awakened out of a sound sleep by quick blasts of the ship's whistle and after partly dressing, he hurried to the radio shack. He acted as messenger between the bridge and the shack, telling McDonald that the Mohawk then was four miles off Sea Girt, New Jersey. Back and forth in the icy gale he climbed four or five times, with the list of the ship getting greater and greater. Between trips he helped McDonald with the emergency radio apparatus and then when he went to the bridge to report to the captain that more ships were coming to their aid, he found the bridge deserted. He rushed to the port end of the bridge and looked over...no one in sight. Then to the starboard side. Nobody. Had he and McDonald been left?
He rushed to the shack and reported to his chief and was ordered to go at once to his post at the lifeboats. There he found a group of men struggling to get the boat over the side. Everything was frozen. Gloves were practically useless...coats and
sweaters offered hardly any protection against the biting gale. Working against the weather's handicap, the men managed to swing the life-boat about and then literally had to force it down the side of the ship, the list was so great.
When it was finally launched, it seemed as though all their disheartening efforts were in vain, for the enormous waves tossed the life-boat back against the now sinking Mohawk. Men whose hands were numb pulled with the strength of desperation at the unwieldy oars, Cole doing his part at that back-breaking task. The frantic shouts, "For God's sake, pull away from the suction," spurred them on to even greater efforts, which were rewarded, for the Mohawk was slowly getting farther away.
For more than an hour Cole's life-boat was urged toward the Limon and Algonquin, that had come to the aid of the Mohawk. They came towards the Algonquin's stern and shouted for a rope, but before one could be cast off, they were half way to the ship's bow and then beyond it. They tried to reach the Limon, but could not work their way to the lee side. Cole noticed the Algonquin turning towards them and with a flash-light, luckily in the life-boat, dot-dashed the message, "Unable to buck sea." By remarkable seamanship on the part of the Algonquin's captain, a line was made fast to Cole's boat and one by one his fellow passengers went to safety on the Algonquin's deck.
This was "off the record" as far as the other diners were concerned, for I hunted up Cole and asked him for details, amid the constant code coming from the loudspeakers. He wound up his story with:
"As soon as I hit the deck I went to the Algonquin's shack to see if I could help out the boys there and when I couldn't, I went down to ask the doctor about my ears, which hurt. I found him busy, so I turned to and helped until he had a chance to examine my ears. They were frost-bitten, my left one pretty badly... Oh, it's all right now; it stopped peeling a couple of days ago."
I asked Cole if he had ever been on another ship that had sent out an SOS.
"Yes, I was on the Sujameco back in May, 1926 or 1927, when she went ashore at Coos Bay, Oregon. We were running in a bad fog. I raised the nearest radio compass station and asked for our position. I got the answer that we were inland with the ocean two miles away. The compass station man evidently forgot about the bay we were in, but that news, even though wrong, told us we were near land. Within a short time, we felt the ship stop suddenly when we hit the shore."
"Was there anyone hurt or lost?", I inquired.
No, indeed," Cole laughed. "We all got ashore safely... we came over the side and down a ladder, whose bottom was on dry land. We sent out an SOS for help to get us afloat, but it seemed as though the more they hauled on the Sujameco, the deeper she went into the shore. It took them three months to get us off, but we had a swell time hunting and fishing, for it was all wild country around there."
Cole's story of the Mohawk disaster is typical of the way ships' operators place duty first and foremost. Even though he had passed through a harrowing experience in that open boat, before he went to see about his paining ears, he went to the shack to see if he could be of assistance. Duty is surely spelt with capitals in the code of these men.
Our conversation with Cole was interrupted with calls to pipe down for it was time to exchange greetings with the San Francisco, Chicago and Boston chapters of the V. W. O. A., who were also having similar dinners and cruises. A loudspeaker in the middle of the room was connected into the telephone line and we heard the other diners telling how many were present at their parties. Although this was strictly a radio affair, yet the telephone was resorted to for this part of the program.
A radio message was received from the Byrd Antarctic expedition, of which two members of the V. W. O. A. have been doing their part in keeping the expedition in touch with civilization. Peterson and Bailey's message said in part they were taking a look at the ice all about them and were thinking of the gang in New York with something to put ice into.
When other messages of greeting had been read to the diners—incidentally there was one from Marconi, an Honorary Member of the Association—the master of ceremonies announced that Theodore D. Haubner was going to give something away. The gray-haired man who walked towards that table of miscellaneous apparatus, was described as being the first operator to send an SOS, which occurred while he was on the S. S. Arapahoe well over a score of years ago. Mr. Haubner told how in those distant days every operator provided himself with a pair of phones, which were carried with him all over, even though phones were always a part of the ship's radio equipment.
Before embarking on his first assignment, Mr. Haubner bought a pair of Schmitt and Wilkes phones, which were taken all over the world. It was through those phones that he had received a reply to his historical SOS and he now presented the head-set to Mr. Clark, Director of the RCA Museum, and president of the V. W. O. A. This was the first memorial presented to the Association.
The rest of the party was radio operators' fun—dancing, horseplay and all that. They were a fine crowd of men and from their conversation one could not help but be impressed that though they razzed their jobs between themselves, yet there is something that holds their jobs above all else.
This is most certainly tradition.
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NEW 22-TUBE
"FULL-RANGE"
HIGH-FIDELITY RECEIVER
A REMARKABLE NEW RECEIVER WITH FREQUENCY RANGE FLAT FROM 25 TO 16,000 CYCLES — AN UNDISTORTED OUTPUT OF 50 WATTS—SELECTIVITY CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE—10 KC AT FIVE THOUSAND TIMES FIELD STRENGTH—DOUBLE AVC SYSTEM—COVERING ALL WAVELENGTHS FROM 13 TO 550 METERS.
By E. H. SCOTT
THE HEADING OF this article tells you it is a description of a 22-tube radio receiver, and I can imagine a number of readers asking themselves why we are using 22 tubes, when the average receiver only uses from 8 to 10. The answer to that question is that this new receiver incorporates some very outstanding developments in radio receiver design recently perfected in our research laboratories, and accomplishes results never before secured in a radio; results, I might say, which cannot be secured with less than 22 tubes. A careful analysis of the circuit would show that every single tube has a very definite function to perform, and that not one of them can be eliminated without decreasing the efficiency or performance of the receiver.
In a short magazine article, only a few of the outstanding features can be covered. One of the first things asked about any receiver is—What is the tone like? Before answering this question, perhaps, it would be well to give an idea of what constitutes good tone.
What is Good Tone?
If a radio receiver is to give complete and perfectly natural reproduction on all sounds and tones, it must have a frequency range which covers the entire audible tonal range of the human ear. Scientific laboratory tests show that this audible range, including the fundamental frequencies and their harmonics, to be from 25 to 16,000 cycles.
When you are listening to any musical instrument or a human voice, you do not hear simply a pure tone consisting of one single frequency, but you also hear a succession of weaker tones called harmonics or overtones of the fundamental frequency, and it is only by these harmonics that you are able to recognize one musical instrument from another. Some instruments are richer in harmonics or overtones than others. For example, the important overtones of the cello go up to 8,500 cycles, the bass clarinet goes up to 10,000 cycles, the violin and oboe up to 14,000 cycles and the flute to 15,000 cycles.
It can clearly be seen, therefore, that if you are to secure natural and life-like fidelity of musical instruments or voice, the receiver must be capable of reproducing all frequencies, without appreciable attenuation, that the human ear can hear, and that is from as low as 25 to as high as 16,000 cycles.
The frequency response of the finest "High Fidelity" receivers so far introduced is 7,500 cycles. Obviously, this covers just half of the audible frequency range, and that part of the music which consists of the harmonics and overtones between 7,500 and 16,000 cycles is lost.
Frequency Range.
The new Scott Imperial Allwave incorporates a remarkable new continuously variable Fidelity-Selectivity Control. When this control is set for maximum Fidelity, the receiver has a practically flat response covering the whole frequency range from 25 to 16,000 cycles. The first time you listen to a program on this new receiver from a high-quality station, is an extremely interesting experience. The instruments in the orchestra come in so clearly and with such realism, that you have no difficulty in visualizing the harpist plucking each individual string; the scrape of the bow on the violin, with the highest notes coming through clear and strong above those of the other instruments. When the cymbals clash, you immediately visualize the two round brass plates striking. To hear a piano selection is an absolute revelation.
However, it is quite impossible, without an actual listening test in which a direct comparison can be made between what is now considered a high-class receiver, and this new full range
High-Fidelity instrument, to appreciate the tremendous difference there is in the reproduction when the frequencies above 5000 cycles are brought in. Visualize yourself in a dimly lighted room in which you can barely distinguish the various objects, then imagine turning a control, which gradually brings up the illumination in the room until everything is clear and distinct. Your reaction will be very much the same when you listen for a few minutes to a regular radio receiver, then for the next few minutes on the new Scott Imperial Allwave. First you hear music which you consider perfectly pleasing and satisfactory until you switch over to the Imperial, and then, and then only, do you know what you have been missing, and begin to realize that up to this time, you have only been hearing about half of the musical tones of the various instruments being broadcast.
Reserve Power.
The transmissions from broadcast stations are continually improving, but if you are to secure smooth, undistorted reproduction from all classes of programs, it is necessary that the power amplifier be capable of handling every loud passage or "peak" that comes in without overloading. Most of the time the audio level does not exceed 6 watts, but there are often dozens of passages in the course of a single program where "peaks" or loud passages may rise to as high as 30 or 40 watts, and it is necessary that we have a reserve power of about five times the normal audio level if we are to entirely eliminate distortion or raspiness on the loud passages or "peaks" in music and speech reproduction, and bring it in clear and distinctly at any degree of volume.
The very large undistorted output of the power amplifier incorporated in the Scott Imperial Allwave is attained through the use of an absolutely constant fixed bias; practically ideal plate voltage regulation having a very low resistance; the use of a total filtering capacity exceeding 100 mfd.; a first audio stage using a duplex diode triode type 6A6 tube; a second audio stage using two super triode type 76 tubes in push pull; and a third audio stage using 4 high mutual-conductance power amplifier triode type 2A3 tubes, operating as push-pull pure Class "A" tubes. This amplifier has an absolute undistorted output, with strict Class "A" operation up to 35 watts, and from 35 watts to its full 50 watts, the amplifier becomes Class "A" Prime.
Although the amplifier has such a very large undistorted output, it is under perfect control at all times, and any degree of volume can be secured, from the faintest whisper to full volume. One feature that will be especially appreciated by the critical listener, is the fact that there is no detectable hum, even under the quietest listening conditions, and this in spite of the fact that its frequency range is considerably greater than even the most gifted human ear.
Degree of Selectivity.
The degree of selectivity possessed by a receiver naturally determines its ability to tune through powerful local stations and bring in weak distant signals. The selectivity of the Scott Imperial is variable so that any desired degree of selectivity can be secured. In the maximum selective position, the selectivity is 10 kc. or better at 5000 times field strength, which is more than sufficient to reach out and bring in weak distant stations which ordinarily would be blanketed by interference from powerful nearby stations on adjacent channels.
On the other hand, when listening to local stations, a high degree of selectivity is not necessary, or desirable, and under these circumstances, the selectivity can be broadened out, and the receiver will then reproduce every tone from the lowest fundamental to the highest harmonic, which the highest fidelity station on the air is capable of broadcasting.
Another very interesting feature of this new variable Fidelity-Selectivity Control, is that with it you secure maximum sensitivity when the receiver is in the maximum selective position, which makes it the ideal receiver for those who are particularly interested in DX reception from very distant foreign stations, as well as those who are interested primarily in tonal perfection.
It is not a very difficult matter to incorporate extreme sensitivity in a receiver, provided the word "usable" is not inserted before the word "sensitivity." But it is an extremely difficult matter to provide a high degree of usable sensitivity, that is, sensitivity free from noise.
In the Scott Imperial Allwave, special precautions have been taken in the form of very careful and complete shielding, with thorough filtration of r-f, i-f, oscillator and audio systems to prevent feed-back between one element of the system to another. This, in addition to the very advanced design and high degree of efficiency developed in the antenna coupler, the antenna tuner, r-f stage, and the four i-f stages, combined with an especially efficient double avc system, makes it easy to bring in, at good volume, numbers of foreign distant stations that would not ordinarily be heard.
Double AVC System.
There are few things in radio more annoying than to tune in a distant station and have the pleasure of your reception spoiled by the constant fading in and out of the signal. To attain the best possible reception of stations in all parts of the world, the new Scott Imperial Allwave incorporates, not merely the regular single type avc, but two distinct avc systems, each designed to provide the most efficient avc action and keep the signal practically constant at any desired volume level, irrespective of variations in signal strength.
In locations where electrical or local interference is bad, it is very desirable that some means be provided for limiting the sensitivity of the receiver so that this noise can be eliminated. The system incorporated in the Scott Imperial Allwave is another new development of our research laboratory, and is quite different to the usual Noise Suppression Systems, whose principal fault has been to destroy the effectiveness of the avc when the Noise Suppressor was in operation, and also to cause considerable distortion on medium weak signals. The Noise Suppressor incorporated in the Scott Imperial Allwave, however, does not impair the action of the avc in any way, nor does it affect the tone quality, or cause distortion on any station, either local or distant. It is continuously variable, enabling you to adjust your receiver to the point where
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ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENT QUESTIONS ASKED ABOUT RADIO RECEPTION
By the Engineering Department of COLUMBIA BROADCASTING SYSTEM
AT SOME TIME or other almost every member of the radio broadcast audience has experienced the annoying phenomenon of fading or "mushing" of a radio program to which he is listening. When this occurs to the programs from a broadcast station 100 or more miles away, most listeners accept the distortion as one of the natural results of broadcasting over long distances with our present facilities.
Under certain conditions, however, (and only at night) fading and "mushing" are experienced by listeners within 30 miles or so of the transmitter. When this occurs the listener is inclined to suspect the broadcast station of faulty operation. The responsibility, however, rests upon a mysterious electrical "cloud" in the stratosphere and beyond—known to scientists as the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer. To explain this we must first describe the different "waves" which carry the radio program from the broadcast station to the home.
The "Ground" Wave for Primary Transmission.
Radio waves in their journey from the transmitter to the receiver may travel over one, two or more paths simultaneously. There is, first of all, the so-called "ground" wave, which travels directly over the surface of the earth from the transmitter to the receiver. (See Fig. 1).
It is this wave that serves the primary listening area of a radio broadcast station. Its transmission is unaffected by any meteorological or seasonal conditions and is of the same intensity during both the day and the night. The useful range of the ground wave depends upon the power of the transmitter, the frequency upon which it is operating, the nature of the intervening terrain, the conditions at, and the sensitivity of, the radio set in the home.
During the daytime, the nature of this cloud is such that it cannot reflect the waves in the broadcast frequency spectrum. For this reason, no fading effects on broadcast transmission manifest themselves during the daylight hours. Only direct "ground" waves from the broadcast station reach the listener and no fading or "mushing" disturbs the quality of the program.
At night, however, conditions of the upper atmosphere are favorable for refraction of the radio waves of broadcast frequencies. But... because of continual movement of the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer, its virtues as a "mirror" are, to say the least, uneven. As a result, the "sky" wave itself, returning from its contact with this rolling surface, is subject to a great deal of variation or fading.
Fading.
At times, the ground wave and a sky wave arrive at the receiving point after having traveled over two paths of different lengths. The two waves do not, therefore, arrive at precisely the same instant and are said to be "out of phase." Under these conditions fading or "mushing", or any number of odd effects, may occur—to the irritation of the broadcast listener—and of the broadcast station engineering staff!
This phenomenon, which usually manifests itself at distances greater than 50 or more miles from the transmitter, and never in the daytime, is sometimes disagreeably evident to listeners relatively close to the transmitter. At night-time, during certain
seasons of the year, and at particular times during the eleven-year sunspot cycle, these fading effects are unusually prominent. Under these conditions, listeners in a metropolitan area served by high-powered transmitters are apt to suspect the management of the broadcast station of faulty operation. The unfavorable results, however, are caused by the admixture of the "sky" and the "ground" waves at the receiving points, which may be many miles from the transmitter (usually located beyond the city limits).
All broadcast stations have certain areas wherein "mushing" of the signal occurs at night and these areas change with the seasons of the year and various other factors. Strenuous efforts are being made to overcome such effects which, of course, curtail the service area of a station to some degree. But it is not an easy matter to deal with invisible waves traveling through an invisible, inaccessible cloud of electrons, many miles above the earth!
Although matters of this nature are beyond the control of the broadcast listener, there are several vital factors which the listener should pay particular attention to if he desires the greatest enjoyment possible from his radio.
**The Importance of the Home Antenna.**
An item of paramount importance is the type of receiving antenna employed and its location. In thickly populated areas there is almost always a certain amount of man-made, electrical noise which, unless carefully guarded against, will mar, if not completely ruin, the reception of broadcast programs. In order to guard against this it is necessary to have a good antenna installed in a suitable place and in a workmanlike manner. It must be erected in a location that careful tests show to be free from electrical noise or at least where the noise is at a minimum. The lead-in from the antenna to the set must be a transmission line type* in order that the advantage of the noise-free antenna location be realized. If the lead-in is not of the shielded type it will, of its own accord, pick up electrical disturbances and bring them to the radio set.
After an antenna is installed it must be periodically inspected and serviced. An antenna which has been exposed to the destructive forces of the elements is always a potential source of trouble because of corroded connections, weather-beaten insulations and defective leads in strips and insulators. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the importance of this often neglected phase of a radio installation.
As the use of the better grade of radio receivers which will reproduce the high audio frequencies increases, the listener will become more and more aware of the need of a good antenna installation. As the tone range of the receiver is extended into the high audio-frequency region the amount of electrical noise that is heard also increases. Obviously, the way to overcome this difficulty is to use an antenna which is efficient and provides the receiver with a strong, noise-free signal.
**Modern Radio Transmission is EXACT.**
One of the foremost achievements of the modern broadcast station is the excellent fidelity with which it transmits its programs. Ever since the event of radio broadcasting, unceasing efforts have been made to improve the faithfulness with which the radio station transmits its program material. Years ago a great deal of effort was made on the part of the broadcasters and the radio set manufacturers to obtain true reproduction of all the low tones. Today, reproduction of the low frequencies is an accepted accomplishment and, of late, a great deal of attention has been given to the matter of obtaining faithful reproduction of the high audio frequencies.
In anticipation of a greater demand for the better grade of radio sets which will reproduce the high audio frequencies, the broadcasters have continued the development of their equipment. At the present time most of the large stations in this country have greatly improved the fidelity of their transmission by extending the frequency range of their transmissions to 8000 cycles or higher. Wide tone-range broadcasting of this kind results in more realistic reproduction of such musical instruments as the violin, clarinet, oboe, flute, piccolo, trumpet, tamborine and triangles. Sounds incidental to the performance being broadcast are reproduced with much greater fidelity and become more readily distinguishable by the listener.
**Service Your Radio.**
In order to take full advantage of these latest advances in the art of radio broadcasting the listener must provide himself with equipment which is capable of receiving and reproducing this wide band of audio frequencies. But it is not sufficient merely to obtain a good radio set—its installation must be made with the utmost care and it must be properly serviced at regular intervals.
A modern radio set is a very complicated mechanism. Just as in the case of the modern automobile, it requires proper servicing if it is to operate efficiently at all times. The average radio set is probably in use many more hours of the day than is the average car. The small amount of attention it sometimes receives is a tribute to the manufacturer, but it will eventually exact toll in imperfect reception and lessened enjoyment of programs. If the listener will periodically have a competent radio man service his receiver from antenna to loudspeaker he will immeasurably improve the performance of his radio set and thereby enhance his enjoyment of this modern miracle of entertainment.
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*Read the article by Mr. Lynch in this issue.—Ed.*
WE CAN RECOMMEND this receiver to anyone wishing a very fine all-wave set.
The dial deserves praise. It consists, essentially, of two dials in one. The first is used for rough tuning and has a ratio of about 5.5 to 1; the second is used for fine tuning and has a ratio of about 135 to 1. Tuning-in a short-wave station with this dial is just about as simple as tuning in a broadcast station on the standard band. The face of the dial is divided into two main sections, the first calibrated in megacycles for all except the broadcast band and the second is calibrated from 1 to 100, and is used only for the fine-tuning knob. The "rough" and "fine" knobs are mounted on concentric shafts.
CALIBRATION
The calibration of this receiver seems much better than average. Checks on 12, 7.5, 6, and 4 megacycles convinced us that the calibrations could be relied upon to a comforting degree. There are no trick markings or crazy-shaped indicators to confuse the listener; everything is simple and reliable.
TUNING BROADCAST BANDS
The broadcast band was tackled first. Tuning is sharp, quality is exceptionally good, and the sensitivity more than adequate for the DX broadcast hunter. Nothing much can be said about the second, 1.5- to 5-mc band. There are so many stations here, including the harmonics of some poorly filtered broadcast stations, that an intelligent analysis of the performance of a receiver is impossible by listening in this band. Probably in a more isolated section of the country this band may have some value, but such is far from the case in a city.
The 4- to 12-mc band takes in the 25-, 31-, and 49-meter international broadcast stations, and most of the listening was done here. With the aid of the "second-hand," we tuned in fully fifteen different broadcast stations in one sweep of the dial. We got so used to this "second-hand" business that we found it difficult to go back to the "standard" s-w set after a few days. Just imagine, one rotation of the "second-hand" knob covers 1/135 of the dial, and since it is a simple matter to move this knob 1/100 of a rotation, it is possible to rotate the tuning condenser 1/3500 of its semicircular swing! This is real mechanical band spread.
And the set brings them in too. The 100 as well as the 20,000-watt boys can be understood. You know, many receivers demodulate a signal when it is too weak, so that the carrier is audible, but the voice or music sounds like it had passed through a saw mill. The design of this receiver seems to be such that demodulation is nil on
weak stations, and they can be interpreted easily.
Little need be said about the 11- to 25 mc band. The usual stations were heard and some that could not be tuned in with a receiver using an "ordinary dial." Quality, of course, is excellent, and an entire lecture in French, from one of the French 19-meter stations, and lasting over half hour, was listened to and understood. That station took so long to announce that we were forced to move to another station before the sun set.
TECHNICAL FEATURES
This receiver has eight tubes used in the following manner: a 78 as r-f amplifier; a 6A7 as first-detector and oscillator; two 78's as i-f amplifiers; an 85 as avc tube and second detector; a 76 as first audio amplifier; a 42 as output tube; and an 80 as a rectifier. Although the particular model proved (Fig. 1) has but four bands, there is available another model of this chassis having five bands, the fifth covering the long-wave European broadcast band.
The antenna circuit, shown in Fig. 2, is designed for use with any type of antenna, single wire or doublet; and part of the wave-band switch, also shown in the same figure, has provision for short-circuiting one unused section of the tapped coil.
When a single antenna is used, it is connected to posts DA and SA. On bands 1, 2, and 3, the DA post connects through the 3-30 mmfd. condenser to the tuning condenser; on band 4, the antenna connects to the special primary shown in the diagram. If a doublet is employed, the DA section is cut out on the broadcast band and the primary used.
Section 1 of the coil is for the No. 1 Band; Sections 1 and 2 for the No. 2 Band; Sections 1, 2 and 3 for the No. 3 Band, and Sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the No. 4 Band. The tuning condenser tunes only part of the coil on the No. 1 Band.
The plate of the r-f tube connects to a tuning system exactly the same as the coil section shown in Fig. 2, and the output is resistance-coupled to the grid of the 6A7 mixer tube. The right-hand section of the switch in the second coil arrangement is unused, since there is no antenna circuit to switch. The oscillator grid coil is also the same, but four separate plate coils are used, consecutively connected in series as the wave-band increases.
The i-f amplifier is "standard," but the second detector and avc system may require some explanation. See Fig. 3. The signal from an i-f transformer feeds one diode of the 85 and the rectified voltage appears across the .1- and .5-megohm resistors, the latter being the volume control. Part of the signal is also coupled to the second diode through the 500-mmfd. condenser; this diode is biased through the qavc control a maximum amount of 3 volts, secured in the power supply circuit. When the signal on this second diode becomes greater than 3 volts, the second diode rectifies, and this rectified voltage appears across the .5-megohm resistor shown connected between the arm of the qavc control and the avc diode. By varying the qavc control, the avc diode bias may be decreased to .5 volt. The avc is applied to the controlled tubes (the r-f, mixer and two i-f stages) through half-megohm resistors.
The same minus 3 volts also biases the r-f, mixer, i-f, triode section of the 85 and the first audio tube through the star resistor arrangement shown within the dotted first-audio section.
IMAGE RESPONSE
Tests for image response failed—no image interference could be found. This condition is a healthy sign of good design, and must be considered by those interested in obtaining a receiver free from unwarranted interference.
THE LITTLE EMERSON (Fig. 4) is typical of the "skip band" receivers that are available. This particular set (all the model numbers listed above represent the same chassis) is an a-c, d-c affair designed to operate over two tuning ranges: the broadcast and limited police range from 545 to 1750 kc; and the most active short-wave broadcast bands, extending from 5.5 to 15.5 mc. This latter band includes the 19-, 25-, 31-, and 49-meter broadcast channels. Either band may be selected by means of a switch located at the back of the cabinet. (This receiver is now being produced with this switch on the front panel—a much needed improvement.)
About 180° of the circular dial is graduated for the broadcast band, and the remaining arc is reserved for the short-wave band. By means of a dual lighting system, that part of the scale in use is illuminated while the other half remains in the dark. About the only adverse criticism with regard to the dial is the fact that the knob-to-condenser tuning ratio is but 3.5:1, too small for such a wide frequency band.*
The receiver was placed in operation and the switch turned to the broadcast position. Selectivity was good, quality better than average for a set of this size, and the sensitivity was sufficient to bring in many DX broadcast stations with good volume.
Before discussing the results obtained on the s-w band, one or two points about receiver reviews should be emphasized. In the first place, receivers vary in price and in the service
*This has been changed. Current models have the periphery type dial action. Tone control has also been added.—Ed.
they are designed to render. A receiver with three or four short-wave bands obviously is better suited for s-w reception than another set designed with but a single s-w band. But there are many people who prefer the smaller receiver and who are aware of the limitations of the small set but who want information, both technical and otherwise. So bear in mind, please that the "goodness" of any receiver mentioned in this department must be compared with others designed for the same class of service.
SHORT-WAVE RESULTS
Results on the s-w band were surprisingly good. We must admit that we tuned the receiver at first with some doubt as to what could be heard; but we revised this attitude after what we thought was W2XE turned out to be GSD. Tuning, of course, was a bit difficult because of the low-ratio dial, but after developing the knack of close tuning, many stations missed at first were tuned in.
The one outstanding feature of this receiver was the utter lack of fading of most of the dozen foreign stations tuned in. We do not recall ever tuning a short-wave receiver to as many stations and having so few fade in and out every few moments. The scale is very crowded, as expected, but it seems that once a station is tuned in, it stays put.
Interference was experienced on the broadcast channels, but this was attributed more to the difficulty of properly bringing the circuits to resonance than to poor selectivity. During the many sweeps of the dial, the same station was tuned in several times, and sometimes there was interference and other times there was none. It is practically impossible to accurately calibrate the dial in terms of dial settings because of the thickness of the pointer and the small arc available for each channel.
This type of receiver is excellent for the man who wants to play with the short waves a little before deciding to get bitten by the bug. It is not recommended for the dyed-in-the-wool listener. But make no mistake, it brings in s-w stations—and plenty of them.
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
This receiver is equipped with six tubes, five of which are useful on the broadcast band, and six on the short-wave band. This sixth tube (which is really the first tube in the circuit) acts as an untuned r-f amplifier, and is connected as shown in Fig. 5; this tube is a 6D6; the oscillator-mixer tube is a 6A7; the first i-f amplifier is a 6D6; the second detector and avc tube is a 75; the audio output tube is a 43, and the rectifier is a 25Z5.
Let us revert to the circuit of Fig. 5. C1-L1 is a 456-ke trap; in other words it is a circuit connected between aerial and ground and tuned to the i-f to prevent any signals having a frequency near or equal to the i-f from entering the receiver. Such a circuit is necessary in this form of receiver because of the untuned antenna circuit. All frequencies appreciably higher or lower than the i-f will appear across L2; incidentally, those lower than the i-f will be sufficiently detuned by the regular tuned circuits not to be bothersome.
The higher frequencies are induced in L3, and when the wave-band switch is in the broadcast position, L3 is tuned in the ordinary manner by the tuning condenser shown. When the switch is thrown to the s-w position, L3 is disconnected and the antenna signal appears across choke L4 through the condensers C4 and C2 and is amplified by the 6D6 tube. The tuning condenser is now connected across and tunes L5 through the tracking and isolating condenser C3. Of course, part of the signal is applied to the first 6D6 tube even on the broadcast band, but the amplified output is not used and is small because of the small size of C2 at the comparatively low broadcast frequencies.
The remainder of the circuit is perfectly standard, and requires no special comment.
THE TWO MODELS of this receiver are identical except for the wave ranges covered. The five-band receiver covers the range from 370 to 140 kc and from 585 kc to 24 mc. The four-band receiver, on the other hand, merely covers the 530 kc to 24 mc band. We were provided with one of the four-band models, Fig 6.
FIRST TESTS
At 1 o'clock in the afternoon the receiver was warmed up and the knobs twirled to get the feel of the set. The dial is large and calibrated in megacycles, except for the broadcast band, which is calibrated in kilocycles. Wavelength markings do not appear at all. The dial is plainly marked, and is not confused by fancy script. The pointer traverses about $270^\circ$ of arc and the knob to condenser ratio is 12:1.
The highest frequency-band is from 10 to 24 mc. This range includes the 14-, 19-, 25-, and the beginning of the 30-meter broadcast bands. Results were very good. The noise level was low with the tone control turned up to "brilliant," the avc system seemed to function quite well in maintaining steady signals, the quality (often forgotten in s-w sets) enabled clear understanding of speech, and a complete operetta from GSD on 11.75 mc was thoroughly enjoyed. This band was tuned carefully for image interference, but none could be found. Amateurs rolled in from all over the country on phone. We reluctantly turned the switch to the 4- to 10.5-mc band to see what happens on the crowded 49-meter band.
49-METER CHANNEL
Short-wave listeners know the chaos that prevails here. Commercial code and broadcast stations are to be found on every point of the dial. IRU, Italy, on about 9.83 mc and EAQ, Spain, testing on 9.86 mc, interfered with one another at times, but we attributed this interference to the fact that EAQ was testing on code with low-frequency ICW. In the late afternoon GSB, on 9.51 mc, came on the air, and was received like a local.
The set behaved exceptionally well. There were fully half a dozen stations pumping soup into the 49-meter channel and each and every one was received without interference from the others. Here again, the tuning was smooth, the noise low, and the avc system maintained steady signals. The remaining part of the dial was swept carefully for image interference and dead spots, but none could be found.
The 4.2- to 1.5-mc band was turned on about 7 in the evening, but there were so many stations plying their trade that we gave up. It is unfortunate that a number of regular broadcast stations are located near one of the test positions and it seems that many of these stations try to kill several birds with one stone by radiating intense harmonics. One of these stations on 1400 kc was traced down, during a lecture on spaghetti, to 4.2 mc, the highest frequency in the band, the third harmonic being almost as loud as the second.
In conclusion, then, this receiver gave excellent service on the short-wave and broadcast bands. The results were not phenomenal, but they were darn good, and the stability of the signals and the low noise background indicates good engineering.
TECHNICAL POINTS
Either of the two models of this receiver has ten tubes used in the following manner: one 6D6 as an r-f amplifier; one 76 as an oscillator; one 6D6 as a mixer, or first detector; one 6D6 as an i-f amplifier (465 kc); one 76 with grid and plate strapped together as a diode detector and avc tube; one 75, with the two diode plates grounded, as an audio amplifier; one 42 as an audio driver stage; two 42's in the output stage, push pull; and one 5Z3 rectifier.
The circuit itself is perfectly standard with, perhaps, a few exceptions which will now be considered. Fig. 7 shows a detail of the r-f, mixer and oscillator coil secondaries. The ends of these coils indicated by the arrows connect to the grids of the respective tubes through the range switch. The coils are numbered from 1 to 4 inclusive, and these numbers refer to the wave-band covered: 1, from 550 to 1500 kc; 2, from 1.5 to 4.2 mc; 3, from 4 to 11 mc; and 4, from 10 to 24 mc.
**Fig. 7**
The r-f, mixer and oscillator circuits of the Lafayette Model 60 All-Wave Receiver.
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The antenna switching arrangement used in the Lafayette Model 60.
**Fig. 8**
The antenna switching arrangement used in the Lafayette Model 60.
The first thing to note is that the avc is on the r-f tube on all bands and on the mixer tube on bands 1, 2 and 3 only. This means that the avc is not on the mixer on the No. 4 band, which accounts for the relatively high sensitivity of the set on this band. The avc is on the one i-f stage on all bands.
The second thing to note is that inductive trimming is used in the No. 4 band on the mixer and oscillator coils. This receiver is one of the few now being manufactured which employs this form of trimming. A good idea, since it is well known that capacitive variations can never completely compensate for inductive deviations.
The trimmer condensers, from one end of the coil to ground on the Nos.
"BACKWASH"
To the Reader:
Instead of dispensing with this "Letters-From-Readers" department for the first issue, we are appropriating the space for our own use...we shall write letters to you. Thus we can discuss in an informal way, the sum and substance of ALL-WAVE RADIO. Should the idea prove appealing, suppose you reply to our letters on this page, giving your own impressions of the magazine. Does it fill the bill?
There is but one article in this issue dealing with the construction of a receiver. No doubt you would have been more satisfied had there been three or four such articles. We should have liked to have included a few more, but our manner of dealing with receiver designs does not permit us to release the data for publication until we are completely sure of our ground. It takes time to design a good receiver and more time still to put it through its paces. The radio engineering field is not so rich in new ideas that good receivers can be turned out in batches. We could, of course, resort to "armchair engineering" which is a very ineffectual—and unfair—way of going about the design of a receiver, but we much prefer to take our time, select only proven features and rest in the assurance that the receivers described in ALL-WAVE RADIO are really worth building.
We have a number of sets "in the works." Two or three should be ready for the next issue. These sets incorporate new ideas and when we say new ideas, we don't mean old stunts done over.
In the meantime, we trust that you will find the receiver described in this issue of sufficient interest to give it a trial. It is simple in detail, costs but little to construct, yet has good efficiency. The 5-meter band is highly interesting and well worth investigating. However, this band is in the early stages of development and is far from being as active as the higher wavelength bands. Consequently, before investing any money in a 5-meter receiver, it might be well to determine if there is any 5-meter activity within a radius of, say, 50 miles or so of your home. If you reside some distance from a densely populated area, there is a possibility that you would hear nothing at all on this band. We issue this warning to those who are under the impression that 5-meter signals may be picked up anywhere. This warning will probably go unheeded with the result that many people "out of range" will build the set and pick up signals in spite of this!
The "readibility" of the All-Wave Station List is further enhanced by the "spotting" of the active bands. Since most fans continue to think of these bands in terms of wavelength, the bands are referred to in this manner. Thus, prominent markers are placed in the continuous frequency listing to denote the locations of the active regions, such as the 49-meter broadcast band. Moreover, vertical rules are extended along the list so as to include all stations in a given band.
There are a number of other things with respect to the All-Wave Station List we should like to remark upon. For example, the short-wave broadcast stations and the short-wave commercial phone and experimental stations are listed separately. This simplifies both lists, eliminates the possibility of confusion and yet does not make it difficult to spot a station rapidly, since both the lists have the vertical rules with wavelength markers.
A marker is also inserted for the standard broadcast band, but here again the listings are separate for the sake of convenience. There are, as a matter of fact, two lists, one arranged alphabetically by call letters and the other by frequency. The listing by frequency is particularly handy for the person who wants to know what stations he can angle for in each channel.
The "Police" and "Aircraft" band listings are by call letters only as more often than not, the only information required is the location of a station giving a certain call. Knowing the actual frequency upon which one of these stations operates is of little, if any, value, since frequency reading in such narrow bands is next to impossible even with good band-spreading systems.
We believe the All-Wave Station List to be about as convenient as one can make it. You may differ with us on this point. If so, we should be pleased to have your views as to the manner in which the list should be prepared.
The All-Wave Station List is much too long to repeat each month. With
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A RED ROSE EACH to Marconi, Westinghouse (Co.), Amos and Andy, Armstrong, Big Ben, DeForest, Jack (Ya hear me?) Benny, the conductivity of God's atmosphere and the Kookaburra bird, for having made possible the existence of this magazine.
A NICE, BIG razzberry to the Hills of Nebraska which, though having provided a few lush lines for the play Rain, have consistently thwarted the efforts of two expectent experimenters to hear each other on 224 megacycles over a distance of ten miles.
THIS DEPARTMENT wishes to cast a flower in the direction of Alexander Woollcott who, while Rome burned and the Town cried, had the goodness of soul to make his appearance in the Ritz Bar so your commentator might broadcast the news that the Little Man is more of the rosy-cheeked cherub and less of the dissipated minstrel than many of his photographs would indicate.
When he barged out, this department was given the opportunity of appraising his physical and sartorial immaculateness, so different from our mind's picture of him.
Are there others who, through some queer psychological influence, had also pictured him as a flabby gourmand? If so, dispel such visions and the next time you hear him painting indelible scenes with his word brushes, rest in the knowledge that he is all lovely and pink.
TOO OFTEN we find the night a hell of wakefulness. Sleep will not come and the passing hours add to our discomfort. With such earthly distractions menacing our well-being, it is but natural that we should offer up thanks for those sweet moments of slumber that seem to enrich the soul and rejuvenate the body.
Our mind turns to such an evening some months-past—an evening when Morpheus fluttered into the room whilst GSA gently massaged our ears with a Blattnerphone reproduction of a sermon by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
MUST WE CAST berries on the waters? What of these Central and South-American short-wave broadcasters who consistently (or inconsistently?) skip from one frequency to another like excited grasshoppers. Or have they ants in their pants?
of the household and twirl the dial into a commercial dotter. The steady stream of dots, or the monotonous repetition of the V wheel, brings us peace.
Thus we sit, absorbing etherial pulses, when suddenly the mechanical robot awakens from its subconscious murmurings and hurls a call at London. Man is at the tape... things are ready to pop!
Then traffic—good old TFC—drumming the contacts, clean as a whistle, etching words into the ether. It's a thrill—it's poetry to the old timer.
In these intervals of wakefulness the station is mighty. The perfectly timed dots and dashes flash the brain. Thoughts are instantly laid down at the four corners of the earth. And then—in the midst of this supremacy the station falters as if shaken to the core. The tempo changes: the signals are blurred, drugged. It sounds as though a keen intelligence had suddenly been devitalized. What has happened? Man is at the key! Nuts!
A GREAT ART is waning. The brass pounders of yesteryear had fists that would charm a cobra. The boys of the north sent clean-cut stuff that could be read easily at top speed: many of the Navy men could sing you a lullaby with the "tropical swing"—a dreamy tempo with elongated dots and dashes.
When those men put fist to key they sent.
There's some of the old gang left, but the mechanical senders are ruining 'em. No practice any more. The old touch just isn't there. Soon it will sound as though they are sending with their feet.
Will the Hams keep the old art alive? We trust so. It's sunk commercially.
A ROSE TO W9ARK (20-meter phone band) for demonstrating the art of diplomacy... in functioning as a go-between for W6CNE and W2HFS, when these two stations were hurling messages for us, he referred to your commentator as a gentleman.
This has given us more poise and a renewed confidence in our importance.
We have been addressed as "Esquire" but all such letters came from people or concerns after our money. Never have we been called "gentleman."
SHORT-WAVE CONVERTER
Q.—May a short-wave converter be used with any type of broadcast receiver? What results may be expected?
A.—A short-wave converter may be used with any type of broadcast receiver. Less undesirable response (frequency interference) will be had when the converter is used with a tuned radio-frequency receiver. When the converter is used with a superheterodyne, the combination is a "double superheterodyne" with so many frequencies involved that spurious interference is apt to be troublesome. This will depend a great deal on the design of the superheterodyne used. If the receiver has a stage of pre-amplification, the interference will be reduced.
The over-all sensitivity of such a combination is dependent upon the sensitivity of the converter and the broadcast receiver. It may be said that a poor converter used with a good broadcast receiver will not prove as sensitive a combination as a good converter used in conjunction with a receiver having only moderate sensitivity.
A really good converter—and there are only a few of them—used with a well-designed tuned radio-frequency receiver, is a combination hard to beat . . . yet a combination difficult to obtain.
B. F. OSCILLATOR
Q.—Can a beat-frequency oscillator be used with a tuned radio-frequency receiver?
A.—No. These oscillators or "signal beacons" can be used only with superheterodyne receivers as they operate at one frequency only.
REGENERATION CONTROL
Q.—Is condenser regeneration control superior to resistance regeneration control?
A.—Condenser control is smoother in most instances, but usually not so precise as the regulation of voltage by means of a potentiometer. The latter is to be preferred, principally because of its ease in handling, yet constant. Nevertheless, "built-in" coils, as you call them, are not to be sneezed at. They are very much better today than they were a year ago, as are the switches used with them. It is no longer possible to condemn them . . . one can condemn only the occasional improper application of the coils and switches to wave-changing systems.
FOREIGN B. C. RECEPTION
Q.—Can foreign stations, operating in the broadcast band, be received in the United States?
A.—Yes. Many such stations are received in this country. Stations in Australia, New Zealand, China and Japan are picked up regularly by radio fans on the West Coast and less regularly by fans on the East Coast. The best listening time lies between 1:00 A.M. and 6:00 A.M., when these stations are most active and our locals have shut down.
The European stations are most active at the time our own local stations are going full blast, but many of them continue transmissions into the early morning hours. Some of them are picked up as early as 6:00 P.M., E.S.T.—but here again, the chances of reception are best after midnight, when local transmissions have thinned out and left the air moderately clear.
A list of foreign stations that operate in the broadcast band is included in the All-Wave Station List, published in this issue. Run through the list until you spot the Broadcast Band marker. Note that these stations have powers of 40 kilowatts or more. Theoretically, these "big fellows" are the ones that should "break through," though practically, it is often the "little fellow" that is heard. Should you receive stations other than those listed, we would appreciate having your reports.
Note that the All-Wave Station List also includes foreign broadcasters operating on frequencies much lower than our own, namely: in the European broadcast band ranging from about 1000 to 2000 meters. Some American broadcast receivers—mainly those
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ADDING YOUR OWN BAND SPREAD
There are many fine all-wave receivers in use not having the convenience of band spread. It is next to impossible to log short-wave stations on the dials of such sets, even though the dials may be equipped with high-ratio drives.
Band spread may be added to such receivers providing that the dial-drive mechanism is not subject to slippage and the tuning knob is not too close to the edge of the dial.
The accompanying illustration shows how the band-spreading or logging system may be added. A small, etched metal dial is mounted on the receiver panel directly over the shaft of the dial-drive knob. A narrow pointer is then attached to the dial knob either by forcing it into the set-screw hole or fastening it to the under surface of the knob with a thin application of Duco cement. Or the knob may be replaced by one having a pointer.
The band-spread dial may be any of the various types of metal or celluloid dials on the market, but should preferably have a 360-degree scale. However, if an additional pointer is added to the dial-drive knob, as indicated by the dotted lines in the illustration, the scale may be 180 degrees.
It is obvious that with the addition of this supplementary scale, it is possible to log "between divisions" on the main tuning scale. Thus, the log of a station might be 11.0 on the main scale and 50 on the supplementary scale. Just so long as there is no dial-drive slippage, the station will always turn up at the same double-scale reading. Moreover, adequate logging may be kept even though there may be dial-drive slippage, providing care is taken never to allow the knob to be turned beyond the point where the main scale pointer reads minimum or maximum.
GROUND WIRING
More potentially excellent short-wave receivers are actually poor in operation because of the manner in which the sets have been wired. No matter how good your present home-constructed set may be, it can be improved in the event that the "ground" or return connections are made to a number of points on the chassis, as in A of the accompanying illustration.
The point is that the chassis should not be used as a portion of any radio-frequency circuit. The ground or return connections should be made just as if the chassis were not there—the chassis should be grounded to the circuit, not the circuit to the chassis.
When return connections and ground connections are made to a number of points on the chassis, as in A, unwanted differences of potential are created which are apt to result in instability or oscillation. Furthermore, it is difficult to make good contacts to a chassis, unless the chassis is copper plated, with the result that high-resistance contacts are created that may lead to noisy reception.
It is preferable to bunch ground and return leads in the manner shown in B of the accompanying illustration. This eliminates noisy contacts and places all connections at the same r-f ground potential. If two stages are well separated, two terminal points may be used, as indicated, and these two points connected together with heavy copper wire. The chassis should then be grounded to the bus connection so formed.
ON WINDING COILS
Contrary to general belief, plug-in coils are not difficult to wind if one goes about the job in the proper way. Furthermore, it is not at all necessary to smear the windings with coil dope to keep the turns in place. This is, as a matter of fact, a poor way of doing things as the dope reduces the efficiency of the coils.
If the coil form hasn't the holes necessary for running the ends of the windings through to the inside of the form, take some string having about the same diameter as the wire to be used and wind trial coils to determine where the various holes should be located. Thus, if a secondary calls for 15 turns of wire, space wound, make just such a coil with string and mark the places on the form where the holes should be made.
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CHANNEL ECHOES
(Continued from Page 15)
It seems to us that a compromise could and should be achieved. Translate the spoken dialogue into reasonably natural English. (It will not be necessary to discard altogether the poetic flavoring.) Have these lines delivered by actors who speak English fluently. Such dialogue can usually be made sufficient to indicate action and to carry the plot. Surely, not more than an occasional explanation by such a commentator as Deems Taylor should be necessary—as is the case, even in the one-hundred percent English renditions. And then permit the arias to be sung by the artists in the tongues in which they have thrilled countless thousands from the stage!
When one hears the comment that something or another is "just around the corner," you can't be quite sure these days whether the speaker is referring to television or prosperity. We can only hope that prosperity doesn't take so long in turning the corner.
In making the transition from long to short waves, the average fan all too often jumps clean across the stations bordering on two-hundred meters, and goes in for megacycle tuning. Some excellent entertainment, not to mention fairly good DX, is available from American stations just above the upper police band.
Several French stations can be heard about three o'clock in the morning, as a rule, (something else to come home for) just below and above two-hundred meters.
And there are the police broadcasters themselves which offer their own unique delights. One may lean back comfortably in his easy chair, and revel vicariously in the knowledge that some man, at three six La Salle Street, is beating his wife.
The best we ever ran across on the police bands was the broadcast to all cars that a fire engine—glorified in its red and brass trimmings—had been stolen. We understand that the firemen were not in it at the time.
SIGNALS AND NOISE
(Continued from Page 29)
covers the principles which have made the modern radio receiver possible: One of his patents covers most of the principles involved in making it possible to operate a receiver directly from the power line, instead of using batteries.
Without going into the technical details of the antenna system, which are rather involved, a general understanding of its physical properties and overall performance is well worth while. The details of the system, as shown in Fig 3, have been developed to a nicety. The more technically inclined reader will find no trouble in understanding the principles upon which the system is based, by referring to the diagram in Fig. 4. A photo of the principal units comprising this system, is shown in Fig. 5.
Considering that the doublet, or the double-doublet is suitable for operating on the short waves, but is deficient in the regular broadcast band, it was desired to improve the efficiency in the broadcast band without sacrificing any of the noise-reducing properties of the antenna system, as a whole.
Suitable performance on the short waves had previously been brought about by replacing the transposition blocks and "open line" with a new type of transmission-line, which had a very low resistance on short waves and which matched the impedance of the doublet without any transformers or similar devices. Furthermore, suitable coupling units for insertion between the lower end of the new transmission-line and the receiver had also been developed.
By the use of the arrangement shown diagramatically, in Fig. 6, the desired result was accomplished. With this new type of antenna coupler, the antenna functions satisfactorily on all waves and it does so without the need for doing any switching. Reception of the short-wave bands is of the order of magnitude indicated by our friend in California. What the coupler does is to adjust the impedance of the transmission-line to the input impedance of the receiver. Since all receivers do not have the same input impedance, the coupler is made variable.
5-METER RECEIVER
(Continued from Page 11)
length of the winding is 1\(\frac{3}{4}\) inch. In order to secure the turns in place, small drops of duco cement are applied along the ridges of the coil form.
A single wire more than 8 feet in length is generally satisfactory for an antenna. A non-resonant antenna is used so that fairly tight antenna coupling can be used without encountering dead spots. If you have the time and inclination, it may, of course, be advisable to experiment with more pretentious antenna systems.
OPERATION
To put the receiver in operation, the antenna coupling condenser, C1, may
be adjusted initially so that the edge of the adjustable plate just touches the mica dielectric. The grid condenser, C2, should be adjusted until a loud hissing sound is heard throughout the tuning range. This condition will obtain with the plate nearly all-in. During these adjustments, R2 should be all-out and the volume control, R3, at maximum gain. R2 should then be backed down until it is just above the point where the hiss decreases abruptly. If R2 can be all-in with some hiss still remaining, the antenna coupling condenser should be increased slightly. R3 should now be backed down until the hiss level is at a satisfactory value for headphone reception. It should now be possible to tune in 5-meter stations providing any within range are on the air. Preferably a listening test should be made in the evening when activity is at its peak. The 5-meter band should occupy somewhat more than half the dial and it may be necessary, due to small alterations in individual layouts, to adjust the length of the coil winding slightly to get the band in the center of the dial.
RADIO PROVING POST
(Continued from Page 39)
1 and 2 coils, have values of 4 to 50 mmfd, and those directly across the coil on the Nos. 3 and 4 bands have values of 3 to 40 mmfd. All other values are marked on the diagram. The tuning condensers for the three bands connect, of course, to the band switches.
The antenna circuit is equipped for either a single wire or doublet antenna, and the change from one to the other in the case of the doublet is made in the receiver through the switching arrangement shown in Fig. 8. With a single-wire aerial, the ground jumper is left attached and the aerial is connected to the ANT post of the set; the A1 post is left blank. The primary coil selector switch then selects the proper antenna primary, and the bottom ends of all the primaries are grounded, as shown. When a doublet antenna is used, the ground jumper is disconnected and the ground left on the G2 post; G1 is open. Now, with the antenna switch in the Nos. 1 and 2 position, the doublet wires are connected together to function as a T-type aerial, and the bottom ends of these primaries are grounded. In the 3 and 4 positions, line A1 connects to the bottom ends of coils 3 and 4, while the top ends connect to the ANT line, in turn. This arrangement results in more uniform sensitivity over the entire tuning range of the receiver.
Fig. 9 is an interesting detail drawing of the second detector and first a-f circuits, showing the ave, phonograph, tone control and volume control circuits.
With the switch in the Radio position, rectification of the signal takes place in the first 76 across the .5-megohm resistor. The full audio is taken through a .05-mfd condenser to the grid of the 76 audio tube through a .1 meg resistor, designed to maintain a high input impedance to the 76 audio tube at low volume-control settings. With the switch in the Phono position, the pickup is introduced in the grid circuit of the 76 audio tube and the radio output disconnected. The tone control is available on both radio and phonograph.
**RADIO HEROES**
*(Continued from Page 31)*
The men who follow the sea from time long past have had their traditions and they live up to them and die for them. A captain is always the last to leave his ship or else he sinks with her. A radio operator "stands by" at his key until ordered otherwise by his captain. Down at the tip of New York City in Battery Park, past which thousands of ships sail each year, a stone monument bears the names of operators who have followed this tradition of the sea. They stood by their keys, ignoring their own danger, thinking only of that which tradition called upon them to do. The latest neophyte to that grand fraternity, who have gone down into the silence of the sea, is the radio operator of the U. S. N. Dirigible *Macon*—Ernest M. Dailey, who stayed at his post sending direction signals to the rescue ships until just before the ship struck the water. He jumped from the ship into the water and was not seen again by his shipmates.
Another incident of the devotion to duty of seagoing operators.
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**22-TUBE FULL-RANGE HIGH-FIDELITY RECEIVER**
*(Continued from Page 33)*
noise caused by local interference, etc., is eliminated, after which all stations tuned in will be heard without interference or noise. This allows the receiver to be operated at the maximum sensitivity possible in your particular location, to give the most satisfying reception.
**Other Features.**
In addition to the features mentioned, this new receiver has an improved Beat Frequency Oscillator for
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locating weak short-wave stations easily, using a special compensating circuit which gives a clear audible note on both weak and strong signals; an Attenuation Equalizer or Filter which effectively chops out the 10,000-cycle whistle from adjacent channels when using full frequency range, but which does not impair the frequency response either above or below this one frequency; a Self-Stabilized Oscillator with voltage regulation which keeps the plate voltage on the oscillator constant at all times to within \( \frac{3}{4} \) of a volt, irrespective of the fluctuation in line voltage or signal strength, thus eliminating the peculiar twisting or distorting effect which often mars the reception of weak or distant stations on the short-wave bands; a Perfected Bass Control which enables the bass response to be adjusted at five separate cutoff points between 25 and 150 cycles so that when listening to a program from a high-grade broadcast station which is not overmodulating its carrier, and whose output is free from station hum, the deep bass tones of all instruments can be fully enjoyed. However, when tuned to a station which is overmodulating badly or whose carrier hum is objectionable, this control enables all audio frequencies below 150 cycles to be eliminated, so making it possible to obtain the most pleasurable reception from the station.
All four wave bands are very accurately calibrated, and the receiver is custom built to order for those desiring something above the ordinary.
**QUERIES**
*(Continued from Page 42)*
manufactured for export—have this added band. If you own such a receiver, try for some of these fellows.
**AIRCRAFT BANDS**
*Q.—I have listened to conversations on frequencies I presume to be the Aircraft Bands, but do not recall ever hearing the call letters of any of the stations. Is this customary and what are the Aircraft Bands?*
*A.—Most of the Aircraft Stations operate in groups and on a single frequency or wavelength, thus forming what might be termed a “national party line.” However, they do not operate at all times on the same frequency. Each station or group of stations has a number of frequency assignments. Unlike, say, the Police Radio Stations, they do not “stay put,” but alter frequency when expedient. There are, however, four distinct Aircraft Bands. These are grouped together in the All-Wave Station List. The higher frequencies are used during daylight hours, the lower frequencies after dark. But, there are no hard and fast rules regarding their use since the “skip distance” effect of signals brings on many freak conditions.*
**“SHIP-TO-SHORE” PHONE**
*Q.—Why isn’t it possible to hear “both ends” of a ship-to-shore radiotelephone conversation?*
*A.—In a few cases it is possible, when both the ship and the shore station operate on the same frequency. In most instances, however, the ship transmits on one frequency and the shore station on another frequency. Consequently, two receivers are necessary to pick up both ends of the conversation.*
**DETECTION AND AVC**
*Q.—Is it good practice to use a diode detector for both rectification and automatic volume control?*
*A.—Yes, providing you have no objections to a marked reduction in receiver sensitivity brought on by the avc control feature. The usual way of getting around this objection is through the use of delayed automatic volume control, in which case the avc does not “take hold” until the signal...*
voltage is comparatively large. In this case, the receiver is at maximum sensitivity for the reception of weak signals and has its sensitivity reduced only when a strong signal is tuned in.
Delayed automatic volume control calls for a negative bias on the paralleled diode plates of the detector tube. This bias is not conducive to good rectification under all circumstances and, in consequence, many receiver designers prefer to separate the two functions by using one diode plate for rectification and the other diode plate for delayed automatic volume control. Then, bias may be kept off the detector diode by returning it to the cathode of the tube, and placed on the d-avc diode by returning it to ground. In this case, the bias on the d-avc diode will be equal to the drop in voltage across the cathode resistor.
**BACKWASH**
*(Continued from Page 40)*
the exception of the short-wave broadcast stations, schedules, frequencies and calls are not changed very often. We intend publishing it once every four months. It is necessary to run the short-wave broadcast station list each month as changes are constantly being made in the schedules and operating frequencies.
**POINTERS**
*(Continued from Page 43)*
Go through the same procedure for the primary winding—and the tickler, if there is to be one.
Now the coil is "planned out" and we have sections of string of the proper length for each coil. Say there is just a primary and secondary winding—therefore, we have two sections of string, one a "primary" and one a "secondary," each of different diameter and length.
The next thing to do after drilling the holes in the coil form, is to cut off sections of wire for the primary and secondary coils, these sections to be about 7 inches longer than the string sections. After that is done, cut two lengths of heavy (aerial) wire to serve as leads from the coil-form prongs to the holes which are to serve the upper ends of the primary and secondary windings. These two heavy wires are soldered into the proper prongs and the upper ends carried through the coil-form holes so that about a half-inch of the wire is left sticking straight out in each case. This is shown in A of the accompanying illustration. These half-inch ends should be scraped clean and then coated with solder.
Now we come to the winding of the coils. Let us say that we start with the secondary winding and that this is to be of fairly heavy wire, space wound. The first thing to do is to stick one end of the wire through the hole for the lower end of the coil and solder this end into the proper coil-form prong. This is shown in B of the illustration. The loose end of the wire (which, you will remember, is over-length) is fastened to a hook or some other strong anchorage so that the wire may be drawn taut.
The string now comes into play so that the coil may be space wound. The string may be held with the thumb at the start of the winding and then wound on to the form along with the wire so that the two are running parallel.
Now, holding the coil firmly in both hands, and at all times keeping the wire taut, start winding both the string and the wire onto the form by slowly working toward the wire anchorage. This is done by turning the coil form and slowly walking toward the anchorage, making sure to maintain a strong pull on the form so that the wire will be wound on very tight.
Keep winding in this manner until the end of the string has been reached, at which point there should be the correct number of space-wound turns of wire on the form. This should also bring the end of the secondary wire right up even with the heavy wire sticking out of the hole.
Now comes the real stunt...it's easy enough if you go about it the right way. Maintain your hold—and pull—on the coil form with the left hand—so that the turns cannot possibly lose any of their tightness—and with the right hand, take a knife and scrape clean that part of the coil wire in the general vicinity of the heavy terminal wire, as shown in C of the illustration. Then take a pair of pliers, grab both wires over the hole and give a good twist toward the right. This anchors the secondary wire to the terminal wire and is sufficient to hold the turns "as is" while you clip the secondary wire end loose from the hook. Then a few more good turns of this scraped wire around the terminal wire will complete the anchorage and at the same time increase the tightness of the secondary winding. This must be done with pliers, however. The result will be similar to the sketch in D of the illustration.
The next move is to solder the combined connection and anchorage and snip off the projecting ends of the wires to make a neat job.
This all sounds harder than it really is. If it is done correctly, it will be almost impossible to displace the turns on the coil-form. No coil dope is required and the turns will maintain their positions even with rough handling.
Primary and tickler windings are made in the same manner with the exception that no string is used, as such coils are not usually space wound.
**PUBLICITY RELEASE**
The 1935 Electrical and Radio Exposition, which will be held in Grand Central Palace, New York City, September 18 to 28 inclusive, under the sponsorship of the Electrical Association of New York, is expected to be the most comprehensive and complete display of the latest advances in the fields of domestic and industrial appliances and services, and radio, yet held. It is well described as a National Review of Electrical Progress, and is the largest exposition to be held anywhere in the country.
A feature that will be of great interest to the general public is the "Hall of Science," in which will be shown and demonstrated the many electrical and scientific achievements of which the average layman knows little, if anything, but which are in themselves of consuming interest.
Under the supervision of Dr. Orestes H. Caldwell, well-known writer and lecturer, and Editor of *Radio Today*, as Science Director in the "Hall of Science," there will be a group of scientific men of standing to show and demonstrate and explain such mystifying scientific discoveries as The Electric Eye, which does so many amazing jobs, the radio knife, which marks a new advance in modern surgery, the electric brain, which thinks like a man, the talking book for the blind, the ship's eye which enables it to pierce the fog, the electric tongue, how the scientist puts more vitamins in the milk we drink how electricity bakes bread without crust, the "electric frisker" for concealed weapons, the "lie detector," the electric guide for the blind, the electric valet for the helpless, the music of the electrons, the home radio printing press, transmitting pictures over the telephone wires, how the ultraviolet ray works, and the dance of the molecules, a special exhibit by the New York Museum of Science and Industry which will demonstrate how to hear your voice in telephone conversations, the fathometer, used in submarine signalling, the Barkhaussen effect which allows the visitor to hear the reversal of magnetism, and many other interesting inventions in the field of electrical science.
*ALL WAVE RADIO*
DON'T TAKE OUR WORD FOR IT . . . .
But read what others have to say.
"The books should be of interest to engineers as well as Service men."
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"All these books avoid complex mathematics and will appeal to the amateur, service man, set builder and SWL as well as the advanced radio engineer."
Radio.
"This trio of informative pamphlets were intended to meet the demand for technical and semi-technical data on modern receiver design. In producing them Mr. Granger has performed his task well."
The New York Sun.
"May I congratulate you on having secured the services of such an excellent writer as Mr. G. S. Granger, who thoroughly understands the practical and technical details of his work."
J. E. Smith, President
National Radio Institute.
"The information contained in these books is not only presented in a very clear and concise manner, but I must say that the information completely covers the field of design in a modern and efficient manner."
R. E. Moore
Denver School System.
"...and might add in closing that the books are most up-to-date and highly informative."
Rod Stanley
Montreal, Canada.
"...these (Granger Books) will be quite valuable and we hope to list them in our next catalog."
Radio Laboratories
Kansas City.
"...delighted to read that Mr. Granger has decided to write three booklets on receiver design."
N. J. McHugh & Co.,
Bruxelles, Belgium.
These Books Have Already Been Sold in Twenty Countries!!
MANSON PUBLISHING COMPANY
200 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y.
Gentlemen:
Send me postpaid volumes checked below, for which I enclose $ . . . .
( ) Broadcast Receiver Design ........................................... $ .50
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|
Antisense DNAs as Targeted Genetic Medicine to Treat Cancer
Yoon S. Cho-Chung
Cellular Biochemistry Section, Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1750, U.S.A.
(Received August 30, 2002)
Nucleic acid therapies represent a direct genetic approach for cancer treatment. Such an approach takes advantage of mechanisms that activate genes known to confer a growth advantage to neoplastic cells. The ability to block the expression of these genes allows exploration of normal growth regulation. Progress in antisense technology has been rapid, and the traditional antisense inhibition of gene expression is now viewed on a genomic scale. This global view has led to a new vision in antisense technology, the elimination of nonspecific and undesirable side effects, and ultimately, the generation of more effective and less toxic nucleic acid medicines. Several antisense oligonucleotides are in clinical trials, are well tolerated, and are potentially active therapeutically. Antisense oligonucleotides are promising molecular medicines for treating human cancer in the near future.
Key words: Antisense, Oligonucleotides, Cancer, Chemotherapy, Gene expression, Growth inhibition
INTRODUCTION
The use of antisense oligonucleotides (ODNs) to turn off specific genes dates to the 1970s, when single-stranded DNA was shown to inhibit the translation of a complementary RNA in a cell-free system (Paterson et al., 1977), and a short antisense ODN could inhibit Rous sarcoma virus replication in tissue culture (Zamecnik and Stephenson, 1978). These investigations provided the first hints of the therapeutic utility of antisense nucleic acids, and Zamecnik later received a Lasker prize (1996) in recognition of this work.
Antisense inhibition of gene expression relies primarily on the simple rules of Watson-Crick base pairing of nucleic acids. A synthetic small single-stranded oligonucleotide (13-21 nt) that is complementary to a specific gene, via hybridizing to corresponding mRNA, inhibits the translation of that gene into a protein. Targeting gene expression at the RNA level gives cells another level of regulatory control, allowing them to turn off protein production even if RNA is abundant. If the protein product of translation were important for cell growth and/or viability, antisense inhibition of gene expression could produce a lethal phenotype. Because a particular 15- to 17-mer sequence has been estimated to occur only once in the entire human genome (Stein and Cheng, 1997) antisense inhibition of gene expression is exquisitely specific.
Unmodified phosphodiester ODNs are not suitable therapeutic agents because they are too readily digested by nucleases. To resolve this problem, considerable effort has been made to develop more stable ODN analogs while maintaining desirable antisense properties (Agrawal, 1996a, 1996b; Akhtar and Agrawal, 1997; Bennett, 1998; Stein and Kreig, 1998). A number of ODN analogs have been introduced, but phosphorothioate ODNs (PS-ODNs) have been extensively studied in various models (Agrawal, 1996a, 1996b; Akhtar and Agrawal, 1997; Stein and Cheng, 1997; Bennett, 1998; Crooke, 1998; Stein and Kreig, 1998; Wickstrom, 1998; Cho-Chung, 2002) and are now being tested in human clinical trials (Dorr, 1999; Cho-Chung, 2000; Gewirtz, 2000; Tamm et al., 2001; Uhlmann, 2001; Dove, 2002). Second-generation antisense ODNs that are superior to PS oligos have also been introduced (Agrawal, 1996; Agrawal et al., 1997; Akhtar and Agrawal, 1997; Agrawal and Zhao, 1998; Bennett, 1998; Cho-Chung, 2002). This review focuses on the status of research and development of antisense ODNs as a single agent as well as a combinatorial agent for treatment of cancer. Recent studies in preclinical models and clinical settings are described. In addition, proof of the antisense mechanism...
from the classical and genomic-scale views, non-specific side effects and CpG immune-stimulatory effects are discussed.
**ANTISENSE AS A TARGETED GENETIC MEDICINE**
Hybridization of antisense ODNs to their target mRNAs can physically block the translation machinery or activate RNase H cleavage at the RNA-DNA duplex site (Agrawal, 1996a, 1996b; Agrawal et al., 1997; Bennett, 1998; Crooke, 1998; Stein et al., 1998; Wickstrom, 1998). The mRNAs of cancer-specific genes, growth factors, protein kinases, cytokines, or cell survival genes have been chosen as targets for antisense ODNs. An extensive amount of literature points to the sequence-specific antisense mechanism of action (Agrawal, 1996a, 1996b, 1998b; Agrawal et al., 1997; Akhtar and Agrawal, 1997; Bennett, 1998; Crooke, 1998; Stein and Kreig, 1998; Wickstrom, 1998; Agrawal and Zhao, 1998a, 1998b; Cho-Chung et al., 1999) at the single-gene level, but exploration of its effect on global gene expression in the cell have been scarce. Here, I discuss antisense ODNs targeted to the Rlx regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) to illustrate the antisense mechanism from the classic and genomic views.
**THE CLASSIC VIEW OF ANTISENSE**
The Rlx subunit of cAMP-dependent PKA Type I (PKA-I) (Krebs, 1972) is upregulated in human cancer cell lines (Cho-Chung et al., 1991) and primary tumors (Handschin et al., 1979; Miller et al., 1993a, 1993b; Bold et al., 1994; Bradbury et al., 1994; Young et al., 1995; Gordge et al., 1996; Simpson et al., 1996; McDaid et al., 1999). Expression of this subunit is also enhanced in cells transformed with the Ki ras (Tortora et al., 1989) oncogene or TGF-α (Ciardiello et al., 1993), and on stimulation of cell growth with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or phorbol esters (Tortora et al., 1991a). Conversely, a decrease in Rlx expression correlates with growth inhibition induced by site-selective cAMP analogs in a broad spectrum of human cancer cell lines (Cho-Chung et al., 1989).
The PKA-1 isoform has been correlated with poor prognosis for various cancers, including colon, breast, and ovarian cancers (Miller et al., 1993b; Bradbury et al., 1994; Simpson et al., 1996; McDaid et al., 1999). Antisense strategies have been used to determine whether the Rlx subunit of PKA-I is a positive regulator essential for cancer cell growth. Antisense ODNs targeted to the Rlx subunit N-terminus not only inhibit PKA-I expression, but ultimately induce cell growth arrest, apoptosis, and differentiation in a variety of cancer cell lines (Tortora et al., 1991b; Yokozaki et al., 1993; Srivastava et al., 1999; Alper et al., 1999; Cho-Chung et al., 1999; Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000). These ODNs also exhibit antitumor activity in nude mice (Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 1995; Zhang et al., 1998; Cho-Chung et al., 1999). In cancer cells *in vitro* and tumors *in vivo*, antisense Rlx exhibits strict target specificity. This antisense does not affect expression of Rlβ, a structurally related isoform, but it does upregulate the differentiation-inducible isoform Rlβ, which is not detected in untreated control tumor cells (Tortora et al., 1991b; Yokozaki et al., 1993; Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 1995; Alper et al., 1999; Cho-Chung et al., 1999; Srivastava et al., 1999b; Srivastava et al., 1999; Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000). Thus, antisense-directed inhibition of Rlx expression suppresses growth by down-regulating PKA-I and concomitantly upregulating PKA-IIβ.
Like other polyanionic macromolecules, PS-ODNs do interact with other proteins and growth factors (Fennewald and Rando, 1995; Guvakova et al., 1995), which may cause nonspecific effects. The polyanionic nature (Agrawal and Zhao, 1998a) of the antisense Rlx PS-ODN has been minimized, and the immunostimulatory (GCGT motif) (Krieg et al., 1995) has been blocked in a second-generation RNA-DNA mixed-backbone Rlx antisense ODN (Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000). Such second-generation ODNs have been shown to improve antisense activity (Monia et al., 1993; Metelev et al., 1994; Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000), are more resistant to nucleases, form more stable duplexes with RNA (Metelev et al., 1994; Shibahara et al., 1989), and retain the ability to induce RNase H (Metelev et al., 1994).
The target specificity of Rlx antisense has been thoroughly addressed using RNA-DNA antisense Rlx. Pulse-chase experiments have revealed that Rlx has a relatively short half-life, which, along with its message downregulation, is consistent with the rapid Rlx downregulation observed in antisense-treated tumors (Nesterova et al., 1995; Nesterova et al., 2000). Concomitantly, the half-life of the Rlβ protein is markedly increased in antisense-treated LS-174T colon carcinoma and LNCap prostate cancer cells (Nesterova et al., 2000). Thus, the PKA-I:PKA-II ratio decreases in tumor cells. The half-lives of Rlβ and Cα (a catalytic subunit of human PKA) are unchanged in antisense-treated cells (Nesterova et al., 2000). Rlx antisense-induced stabilization of the Rlβ protein is consistent with results observed in Rlβ and Rlβ knockout mice, in which compensatory stabilization-induced elevation of the Rlx protein appears in tissues that normally express β isoforms of the R subunit (Amieux et al., 1997).
In addition to the loss of Rlx and the compensatory stabilization of Rlβ, in LS-174T colon cancer cells and LNCaP prostate cancer cells, which express PKA-I and
PKA-II (Nesterova et al., 1996), Rlk\(\alpha\) antisense treatment also increases the activity of the cAMP-inducible enzyme PDE4 (Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000). However, in the case of HCT-15 MDR colon carcinoma cells, which primarily express PKA-I, the antisense-directed loss of Rlk\(\alpha\) shortens the half-life of C\(\alpha\) (Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000). Thus, cAMP signaling is reduced as evidenced by reduced PDE4 activity (Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000). These results are consistent with those observed in S49 lymphoma cells, which also primarily express PKA-I (Steinberg and Agard, 1981). The RI subunit becomes much more labile in mutant cells lacking a functional C subunit than in wild-type cells, and in cells treated with cAMP analogs than in untreated control cells (Steinberg and Agard, 1981). Thus, the effects of Rlk\(\alpha\) antisense RNA-DNA ODN on the cAMP-signaling cascade depend on the overall expression of PKA-I and PKA-II in the cell.
In support of the Rlk\(\alpha\) antisense effect on apoptosis, inactivation of Bcl-2 by PKA-specific phosphorylation (Srivastava et al., 1998a) and a structural link between PKA-I and cytochrome C oxidase (Yang et al., 1998) have been observed. Moreover, RNA-DNA antisense Rlk\(\alpha\) can induce Ecl-2 phosphorylation cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3 activation in breast cancer cells (Srivastava et al., 1998b; Srivastava et al., 1999). In androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells, antisense Rlk\(\alpha\) induces hyperphosphorylation of Bcl-2, hyperphosphorylation of Bad [phosphorylated Bad is antiapoptotic (Harada et al., 1999)], and increase in Bax, Bak, and Bad proapoptotic proteins (Cho et al., 2002). The effect of this antisense results from target- and sequence-specific inhibition of Rlk\(\alpha\) expression and PKA-I holoenzyme formation (Cho et al., 2002).
The RNA-DNA Rlk\(\alpha\) antisense ODN also inhibits tyrosine kinases signaling (Alper et al., 1999) and deregulates the cell cycle (Cho-Chung et al., 1999; Nesterova et al., 2000). GEM:31 (RNA-DNA antisense Rlk\(\alpha\)) (Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000; Agrawal et al., 1998a) inhibits cell growth in various types of cancer cells \textit{in vitro} and tumor growth in SCID mice without systemic toxicity (Zhang et al., 1998; Cho-Chung et al., 1999; Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000; Tortora et al., 2000).
**ANTISENSE IN GENOMIC-SCALE VIEW**
A cDNA microarray (Schena et al., 1995) has been used to investigate sequence-specific effects of antisense Rlk\(\alpha\) on global gene expression in cancer cells \textit{in vitro} and tumors: \textit{in vivo} in nude mice (Cho et al., 2001). To verify the specificity of antisense effects on gene expression signatures, three distinct antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-ODNs) are used—one with the immunostimulatory CpG motif (Krieg et al., 1995), the other without— and a second-generation RNA-DNA antisense PS-ODN (Nesterova and Cho-Chung, 2000). This study also shows the expression profile in cells that endogenously overexpress the Rlk\(\alpha\) antisense gene (Cho et al., 2001). This system bypasses problems of delivery and stability inherent in ODN treatment.
On the array, expression is altered in prostate and colon cancer cells for approximately 10 percent of the 2,304 cDNA elements. Affected genes include those that express transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, cell cycle regulators, proteins involved in DNA synthesis and regulation, G-proteins, and cytoskeleton regulatory proteins. Rlk\(\alpha\) antisense thus directs a cellular regulation superimposed on that arising from the Watson-Crick base pairing mechanism of action.
The classical view of antisense Rlk\(\alpha\) demonstrates that, in addition to growth inhibition, Rlk\(\alpha\) antisense treatment induces changes in cell morphology, including a flat phenotype similar to the reverted phenotype of transformed cells (Cho-Chung et al., 1999). To identify global changes in the molecular portrait of cancer cells and tumors following antisense treatment, a hierarchical clustering algorithm was used to group genes on the basis of similarity in the pattern with which their expression varied over all samples (Schena et al., 1995). Clusters of coordinately expressed genes are called signatures and are named for the cellular process in which component genes participate (Alizadeh et al., 2000). The map reveals that Rlk\(\alpha\) antisense, in a sequence-specific manner, affected one signature involved in proliferation and another involved in differentiation (Cho et al., 2001).
Genes that define the proliferation-transformation signature are markedly suppressed in cells exposed to antisense treatment. Conversely, genes that define the differentiation-reverse transformation signature are upregulated. Strikingly, expression signatures induced by exogenously supplied antisense ODN mirrored those induced by endogenous antisense gene expression. These expression signatures may reflect the profile of non-malignant or reverted phenotypes.
Antisense-directed depletion of the PKA Rlk\(\alpha\) subunit modulates signal transduction signatures of multiple pathways beyond the cAMP pathway. This is not surprising because intracellular signaling pathways are interrelated and interdependent, and crosstalk occurs even among such opposing pathways as the negative-versus-positive regulation pathway. The antisense thus blocks Rlk\(\alpha\) expression and ultimately remodels the total intracellular trafficking network, resulting in reversion of the tumor phenotype to a normal-like phenotype in which cells stop growing. The genomic approach has therefore confirmed and enhanced the findings of a decade’s worth of classical approaches to antisense, including biochemical,
molecular biology, and translational methods, and brought about a new vision in antisense technology.
Results from these studies provide critical assessment of ODN pharmacokinetics and toxicity, and offer insight into the mechanism of action of these molecules on their own targets and on total cellular gene expression. Thus, genomic approaches narrow the number of selected target genes and reveal new target genes for antisense therapeutics.
**NONSPECIFIC SIDE EFFECTS**
Although antisense technology has many benefits, there are some caveats. Like other polyanionic macromolecules, ODNs interact with other proteins and growth factors, potentially generating effects unrelated to antisense. Some effects depend on the ODN sequence; others do not. A major problem with PS-ODNs is their ability to bind in a length- and somewhat sequence-dependent manner to heparin-binding proteins (Fennewald and Rando, 1995; Guvakova et al., 1995), which include a number of growth factors and growth-factor receptors. PS-ODNs that have four contiguous guanosine residues can form quadruplex-stranded tetraplexes and other higher-order structures (Wang and Patel, 1993; Wyatt and Stein, 1999). Therefore, using ODNs that do not have four contiguous guanosine residues will bypass the problem of nonspecific interactions.
**CpG MOTIF-FIMMUNE-MODULATORY EFFECT**
Oligonucleotides that contain a CpG motif—a CG dinucleotide flanked by 5' purines and 3' pyrimidines—can stimulate an immune response by inducing the production of IL-6, IL-12, γ-interferon, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (Klinman et al., 1996; Pisetsky, 1996; Zhao et al., 1997; Krieg, 1998). This induction can lead to ODN-related toxicities, including thrombocytopenia and elevation of hepatic transaminases (Hendrzak and Brunda, 1995; Strieter et al., 1996). Methylation of cytosine in the CpG motif or replacing a few neighboring DNA nucleotides around CpG with RNA will block the immunostimulatory effect (Agrawal and Zhao, 1998b; Uhlmann, 2001). Now that we understand the medical chemistry of CpG ODNs in more detail, it is possible to suppress observed, undesired immunotoxic effects of CpG-containing antisense ODNs.
**SECOND-GENERATION OLIGONUCLEOTIDES**
Second-generation antisense oligonucleotides exhibit the beneficial properties of antisense ODNs, along with minimal polyanionic or immunostimulatory side effects. Mixed-backbone ODNs are an excellent choice of second-generation antisense ODNs; they have increasing biological activity, reduced polyanionic side effects, and increased *in vivo* stability.
**ANTISENSE TREATMENT OF CANCER: PRECLINICAL STUDIES**
Advantages of antisense ODNs over cytotoxic agents for cancer chemotherapy include specificity for the target gene and reduced overall toxicity. Targets for therapeutic antisense ODNs include growth factors and receptors, transcription factors, proto-oncogenes, cytokines, cyclin-dependent kinase, protein kinases, DNA demethylase and methyltransferase, telomerase, matrix metalloproteinases, angiogenin, integrins, MDM 2, and Bcl-2 family members (Sharma et al., 1996; Buolamwini, 1999; Cho-Chung, 2000).
More than 51 abstracts discussed the subject of antisense ODNs or antisense genes at the AARC 2002 annual meeting (*Proceedings of the AACR*, Vol. 43, 2002). The following selected new targets appeared in these abstracts: BAG-I antisense DNA (gene) for many cancer cell lines/tumors, MDR (abstract 4378); PDE5 antisense (gene) for colon cancer (abstract 323); antisense TGFβ2 for malignant glioma (abstract 429); antisense thymidylate synthase for Hela cells (abstract 507); antisense Tbdn-1 for Ewing's sarcoma (abstract 1792); antisense cytochrome p450IA1 and p4501B1 for breast cancer (abstract 1911); antisense MMR2 for metastasis inhibition (abstract 2647); antisense L-FABP (liver fatty-acid-binding protein inhibitor) for prostate cancer (abstract 2917, locked nucleic acid); antisense HIF1α for glioblastoma multiforme (abstract 4763); β-catenin antisense phosphorodiimidate morpholino ODN for developmental blockade (abstract 5626); and antisense heparanase gene for blocking pleural dissemination (abstract 428). Thus, antisense technology has been developed for basic research and clinical medicine.
**CLINICAL TRIALS**
Antisense oligonucleotides complementary to selected targets, such as c-myc (Calabretta and Skorski, 1997), c-myb (Gewirtz, 1998), C-raf (Monia, 1997), PKC (Geiger et al., 1998), PKA-Rλ (Chen et al., 2000), H-ras (Cowser, 1997) and Bcl-2 (Waters et al., 2000) have been studied extensively in *in vitro* and *in vivo* models and are now being evaluated in human clinical trials (Table I). All antisense ODNs in human clinical trials are PS-ODNs, except for the second-generation ODN that targets PKA-Rλ and DNA methyltransferase (Table I). These ODNs have inhibited tumor growth in human tumor xenografts in nude/severe combined immune deficiency mice, suggesting their potential use at least as cytostatic agents. In initial human clinical trials, various dosing regimens have been used to explore and establish an optimal treatment regimen.
Table 1. Antisense oligonucleotides in clinical trials or approved in hematology and oncology
| Oligonucleotide | Status | Target mRNA | Indication | Company |
|----------------------------------|------------|---------------|---------------------|----------------------------------------------|
| LR-1001 (anti-c-myc) | Phase I | CMYb | CML | University of Pennsylvania/Lynx |
| Fosfomycin (Vitravene™) | Launched | CMV | CMV-retinitis | Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc. |
| G-3139 * dacarbazine | Phase III | Bcl-2 | Melanoma | Genta Inc/Aventis SA |
| G-3139 † | Phase II | | Lymphoma | |
| G-3139 + docetaxel | Phase II | | Breast cancer | |
| ISIS-3521† + carboplatin or paclitaxel | Phase III | PKCα | NSCLC | Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc/Eli Lilly & Co |
| GEM-231† | Phase II | PKA-Rlα | Solid tumor | Hybridon Inc |
| GEM-231† + irinotecan | Phase III | | | |
| ISIS-2533* + gemcitabine | Phase II | Ha-Ras | Pancreas tumor | Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc |
| ISIS-2533a | Phase II | | Breast tumor | |
| ISIS-2533a | Phase II | | Colon tumor | |
| ISIS-2533a | Phase II | | NSCLC | |
| GTI 20-0 + capecitabine | Phase II | Ribonucleotide| RCC | Lorus Therapeutics Inc |
| GTI 20-0 | Phase II | Reductase | | |
| MG-38b | Phase II | DNA | RCC | Hybridon Inc/MethylGene Inc/MGI Pharma Inc |
| MG-38b | Phase II | methyltransferase | HNC | |
| MG-38b | Phase III | | AML/MDS | |
*a*Phosphorothioate, †second-generation chimeric oligonucleotide.
NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer, CML chronic myelogenous leukemia, RCC renal cell carcinoma, HNC head and neck cancer, AML relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia, MDS myelodysplasia.
Early results of these studies suggest that antisense ODNs are generally safer than cytotoxic agents, and anticancer activity has been observed in ODNs targeting Bcl-2 (Waters et al., 2000), PKCα (Geiger et al., 1998), c-raf (Monia, 1997) and c-myc (Luger et al., 2002).
The most recent illustration of an antisense drug in clinical development involves oblimersen Bcl-2 antisense (Genasense™, G3139, Genta Inc., Berkeley Heights, NJ) (Klasa et al., 2002). Tumor cells isolated from patients treated with oblimersen have exhibited downregulation of the Bcl-2 protein, and more than 300 human subjects with advanced cancer have received oblimersen. Phase I trials show a limiting toxic effect of fatigue and thrombocytopenia. In Phase 2 trials, oblimersen has exhibited single-agent activity in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Preclinical evidence supports a synergistic therapeutic role for oblimersen with cytotoxic agents in a wide spectrum of human cancers, including breast, lung, colon, prostate, gastric, Merkel cell, epidermoid, bladder, hepatoma, cholangiocarcinoma, lymphoma, malignant melanoma, and acute and chronic leukemia. Clinical studies have provided evidence that oblimersen exhibits some activity when administered as a single agent and is especially effective when used in combination with traditional anticancer strategies (Klasa et al., 2002).
**COMBINATORIAL THERAPY**
Combination therapy is the preferred chemotherapy method, and results of preclinical studies in diverse disease models support the possibility of using antisense ODNs in combination therapy for cancers. In detailed preclinical studies, ODNs targeting bcr-abl, Bcl-2 (Jansen et al., 2000; Chi et al., 2001), PKC-α (Geiger et al., 1998), c-myc (Citro et al., 1998), MDM2 (Chen et al., 1998), and PKA-Rlα (Tortora et al., 1997) have shown additive or synergistic activity with various classes of cytotoxic drugs. These include mafosfamide, camptothecin, cisplatin, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin. Proposed mechanisms for the observed synergistic activity include cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, but further studies are needed to understand the complex mechanisms of action and the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic issues related to combination therapy with antisense ODNs. Most importantly, functional genomics studies of antisense ODNs in combination with cytotoxic drugs currently in clinic would facilitate the development of clinically relevant antisense therapeutics.
**PERSPECTIVE**
As discussed in this review, antisense ODNs block gene expression and ultimately control abnormal cell proliferation. Downregulation of genes that contribute to cancer progression has been the goal of antisense research, with the expectation that such an approach may lead to selective or preferential inhibition of tumor growth without harming normal cell growth. Overall, oligonucleotide-based therapeutics have the potential to generate new approaches to cancer treatment with fewer side effects. Recent rapid
advances in ODN-based technology are encouraging, and such a gene-targeting approach is now an exciting possibility for cancer treatment.
Although most classical antisense experiments have demonstrated a strong potential for these agents as targeted nucleic-acid-based medicines, the genomic-scale view of these drugs has not previously been explored. Microarray technology has allowed a new vision in antisense technology. For the first time, cDNA microarrays have revealed that antisense PKA R\(\alpha\) can modulate a wide set of genes related to cell proliferation and differentiation in a sequence-specific manner. Differentiation and proliferation expression signatures are specifically upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in tumor cells; these signatures are quiescent and unaltered in the host livers of antisense-treated animals. This observation clearly indicates that separate and distinct cAMP signaling pathways regulate growth for normal cells versus cancer cells. Thus, R\(\alpha\) antisense induces molecular signatures of differentiation in cancer cells in a sequence-specific manner, leading to induction of a new reverted phenotype which stops growing.
Unlike conventional chemotherapy regimens, which depend on the maximum tolerated dose of a given drug to achieve optimal tumor-cell kill, treatment regimens involving antisense ODNs may rely more on the concept of an optimal biological dose. The ultimate goal of therapeutic ODNs is their use as biological gene modulators for long periods of time with minimal or no toxicity. In that case, antisense ODNs would respect cytostatic rather than cytotoxic drugs. As such, ODNs can induce tumor cells to differentiate or revert, eventually leading to apoptosis, and reduce or eliminate the chances of relapse in cancer patients following initial treatment. Thus, these biological target-based antisense drugs can be used alone or in combination with conventional cytotoxic drugs/radiation therapy at nontoxic minimum doses.
**ACKNOWLEDGEMENT**
I thank Cheryl Pellerin of Palladian Partners, Inc., who provided editorial support under contract number N02-BC-76212/C2700212 with the National Cancer Institute.
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Supporting the Vulnerable
A “sign-post” of agencies Supporting the Vulnerable.
A resource for those who want to help any in need.
Supporting the Vulnerable
This will always be “work in progress”.
Not all of the contacts have been tested and may not be available at time of drafting.
Do let us know what you think about this project:
- if it helps
- what should be added.
Please email HIFN at email@example.com or contact by telephone at 07791 966276.
The purpose is to empower those approached with a request for help: the Front Line providers.
If you find yourself in the situation of wanting to help, we hope that this document may prove helpful.
Agencies Offering Support for the Vulnerable
Categories
Addiction 3
Finance 3
Health & Wellbeing 4
Homeless 5
Housing 5
Legal 5
Loss & Loneliness (Including bereavement) 5
Mental Health 7
Other 7
Physical - & Domestic Abuse 7
Youth 8
ADDICTION
AA Alcoholics Anonymous
For details of local meetings: http://www.alcoholics-anonymous.org.uk/AA-Meetings/Find-a-Meeting
London Contact Telephone 020778330022.
Al-Anon Al-Anon Family Groups for friends and relatives of alcoholics.
http://www.al-anonuk.org.uk/contact
Confidential Helpline Telephone 020 7403 0888.
EACH Enabling Change
Work with diverse communities across West London to provide specialist services to individuals and families to address their alcohol, drug, mental health and domestic violence concerns.
Part time Outreach Worker is Mahamoud Ahmed whose email is firstname.lastname@example.org.
Website: www.eachcounselling.org.uk
FRANK Drug Action Team (Hillingdon)
Drug & Alcohol Action Teams (DAATs) bring together representatives of all the local agencies involved in tackling the misuse of drugs and alcohol, including the health authority, local authority, police, probation, social services, education and youth services, and the voluntary sector.
c/o Hillingdon Primary Care Trust, Kirk House, West Drayton UB7 7HJ
Telephone 01895 452098.
Mon - Fri: 9am - 5pm.
HAGAM Hillingdon Action Group for Addiction Management
Managing Addiction-For drugs and alcohol addictions.
Referrals only.
http://hagam.com
Appointments by telephone, 01895 207 788.
HDAS Hillingdon Drug and Alcohol Services
Old Bank House, 64 High Street. Telephone 01895 207777.
London Street Rescue
Drugs and alcohol advice
http://www.thamesreach.org.uk/advice/drugs-and-alcohol/
Refer to website for specific advice and contacts.
Mens Centre
Freephone Advice Helpline for housing debts and drugs and alcohol advice only. Telephone 0808 801 0327.
Sanctum Drop-in/Referral Centre-Deals with drugs/alcohol addiction referrals.
Referrals by GP only. Telephone 0330 555 0002.
SORTED a confidential service for 12-21 year olds in Hillingdon who are experiencing a drug or alcohol-related problem.
Drop in at Fountain’s Mill Young People’s Centre
http://young.hillingdon.gov.uk/index.jsp?articleid=14269
FINANCE
Aon Hewitt-Home visits for accessing benefits.
By appointment only.
Telephone 0800 372 3469
Benefits Applications
National number to make benefit applications for JSA and ESA.
Telephone 0800 655 6688.
CAB Citizens Advice Bureau
Advice and Information. Assistance with negotiating with agencies. They enable the client to make decisions. They will refer the client to other specialist agencies.
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday: 9.30am to 12.30pm and 1pm to 3pm. Automated information service at other times.
Website: www.hillingdoncab.org.uk
Telephone 0844 848 7903
CAB **Specialist Financial Capability Coordinator**
Susan Carr, is happy to come and talk to local groups. She can be contacted by email email@example.com or by phone 01895277822.
CAP **Christians Against Poverty**
A national charity, working across the UK to lift people out of debt and poverty. They offer free debt counselling through a network of debt centres based in local churches.
Use the website to find local centres: https://capuk.org/
**Consumer Credit Counselling Service**
For debt advice and advice for making payments to creditors. Also assistance given for filling in forms.
Website: www.stepchange.org
Freephone 0800 138 1111.
**DOORWAY Advice Information and Care Service**
Provides a comprehensive service, confidential and free of charge.
Bell Farm Christian Centre, South Road, West Drayton, Middlesex UB7 9LW.
Drop in service:
Tuesdays: 10:00 am to 1:00 pm and 2:00 pm to 4.30 pm
Thursdays: 10:00 am to 1:00 pm and 2:00 pm to 4.30 pm
Telephone 01895 422544
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org Website: www.bfcc.org.uk
**Fassnidge Memorial Trust**
For the benefit of old persons residing in the area of the former Urban District of Uxbridge.
Website: http://hillingdon.tripod.com/fassnidge_memorial_trust.htm
Telephone: 01895 821818/ 821817
Email email@example.com.
**Hillingdon Credit Union**
Savings and Loans Co-Operative. Providing Financial Services to Members.
Website: www.hillingdoncu.co.uk. Telephone 01895 250951.
**Help for people with no recourse to Public Funds**
Phone contact initially then book an appointment at local borough.
Telephone 0870 606 7766.
**Hillingdon Benefit Welfare Association**
Visiting residents at home to assist in filling in and making benefit applications. Telephone 01895 250 122.
**St Mungo’s Advisory Service**
Advocacy Service-advice given regarding benefits, housing and debts.
Referral only to Renu Vhid on 01895 279 030 or 07771833210.
**Tenant’s Rent Arrears**
Referral only by CAB/Housing Needs. Advice.
Telephone helpline, 01895 556 056.
**Uxbridge United Welfare Trusts**
Uxbridge United Welfare Trusts is a charitable organisation whose purpose is to help relieve poverty in the area once defined as the old Urban District of Uxbridge.
Address: Trust Office, Woodbridge House, New Windsor Street, Uxbridge, UB8 2TY
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org. Telephone: 01895 232 976
---
**HEALTH & WELLBEING**
**Age Uk Hillingdon**
Our aim is to improve the quality of life and promote a positive view of all older people in the London Borough of Hillingdon, www.ageuk.org.uk/hillingdon/ Telephone 020 8756 3040.
**Hillingdon’s shadow Health and Wellbeing Board** is a multi-agency group. It aims to make Hillingdon a borough with excellent health, social care and housing, where all residents can enjoy fulfilling and happy lives. https://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/article/20047/Health-and-Wellbeing-Board
HOMELESS
Hillingdon Housing Options
Needs-Assists with homelessness and the urgent housing of vulnerable people. Telephone 01895 556 666.
Harefield Academy for Homeless Young
Homeless sheltered housing. Telephone 01895 250 388.
Sheltered night time housing. Telephone 0808 800 4444.
High Street Practise – emergencies
Emergencies, social services and housing during night time and weekends. Areas covered: Hayes, Hillingdon, Uxbridge and West Drayton.
Telephone 0845 770 8090.
Hillingdon Womens Centre
For victims of crime and homelessness. Telephone 01895 259 578.
London Street Rescue
Helps rough sleepers off the street and into accommodation.
www.thamesreach.org.uk/what-we-do/on-the-street/
St Mungo’s
Their mission is to house, support and care for vulnerable and excluded people who either have been, or are at risk of, sleeping rough and homelessness. To make a referral to an outreach team within London for NSNO.
Website: www.mungos.org/help_and_services_in_london_and_beyond Telephone 0870 383 3333.
StreetLink
For rough sleepers
www.streetlink.org.uk/ Telephone 0300 500 0914
New Day Housing
Referral only by Housing Options/Needs. Telephone 01895 556 056.
No Second Night
www.nosecondnightout.org.uk/rough-sleeper-referral-form/
24/7 rough sleeping helpline on: 0870 383 3333
Trinity
www.wearetrinity.org.uk/housing.htm
Telephone 020 8797 9500.
HOUSING
Hillingdon Housing Options
Needs-Assists with homelessness and the urgent housing of vulnerable people. Telephone 01895 556 666.
LEGAL
CAB For details, see Finance.
Hillingdon Law Centre
12 Harold Avenue, Hayes, UB3 4QW. Monday - Friday 10am - 5pm
email@example.com
www.hillingdonlaw.org.uk. Telephone: 0208 561 9400.
LOSS AND LONELINESS (Including bereavement)
CRUSE Hillingdon CRUSDE closed in 2012
There are a number of centres in Hillingdon offering bereavement support and advice. For details of a centre in your area, contact
www.harrowbereavementcare.co.uk. Telephone 0208427 5720
Hillingdon Dining centres
Voluntary dining centres and lunch clubs where over 60s can socialise and enjoy a warm welcome and a meal.
Age Concern Hillingdon Interactive Older People’s Club
Open: Tuesday and Thursday from 9.30 am to 2.00 pm and Wednesday 10.30am to 3.00pm. Lunch is served between 12.30pm and 2.00pm. The cost is £5 for a meal and drinks or £2.50 for members of Age UK.
Location: Salvation Army Hall, 71 Coldharbour Lane, Hayes.
Phone: 0208 573 7341
Bell Farm Christian Centre
Open: Tuesdays only - 11am to 3pm
Location: South Road, West Drayton, Middlesex UB7 9LW
Phone: Donna Rall - 01895 444 406 Ex 202
Dovetail Dining Centre at Hillingdon Park Baptist Church
Open: Monday to Friday - 11am to 2pm
Location: 25 Hercies Road, Hillingdon, Middlesex UB10 9LS
Phone: Catering Manager Ray Wadham 01895 814424
Northwood Live at Home
Open: Wednesdays only
Location: St Johns United Reform Church.
Phone: Angela O’Mally on 01923 842494 for further details.
The scheme will provide a nutritious freshly cooked meal and an opportunity for older people to socialise.
Older Peoples Welfare Dining Centre
Open: Wednesday and Thursday - 11am to 1.30pm
Location: Older People’s Welfare Committee, at the Manor House, Hayes.
Phone: Jeanne Smith 0203 3751 243
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Website: www.olderpeopleswelfare.co.uk
Ruislip Northwood Old Folks Association (Tudor Club)
Open: Monday to Friday - 10.30am to 2pm
Location: Tudor Lunch Club, 461 Field End Road, Eastcote, Middlesex HA4 9NZ
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 020 8866 8603
Website: www.tudorclub.co.uk
Elm Park Club
Open: Monday – Friday 10.30am to 2pm
Location: Park Way, Ruislip Manor, Middlesex
Contact: Roger Draper - email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 01895 634962 and 020 8866 8603
Uxbridge Old People’s Welfare Association
Open: Monday to Friday - 10.30am to 2pm (varies each days)
Location: Fassnidge Memorial Hall, 61 High Street, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 1JB
Phone: Rita Wilson - 01895 234 052
Yiewsley Methodist Luncheon Club
Open: Wednesdays only 10.30am to 1.30pm
Location: Yiewsley Methodist Church, Fairfield Road, Yiewsley, Middlesex UB7 8EY
Phone: Eileen Barker - 01895 445 060
The Oasis Coffee Shop
Open: 9am-4pm, Monday to Saturday
Location: St Margaret’s Church in the centre of Uxbridge – opposite the underground station.
Wide range of quality coffee. Fresh varied menu, including toasted sandwiches, paninis and salads. Fairtrade products. Great value. Free wifi. Friendly people. Beautiful surroundings. We say we serve ‘Coffee with a heart’ because we aim to care for every person who comes through our doors. We also have Outreach Pastoral Workers available each day to talk, listen and pray with people.
Silverline
The Silver Line is a free confidential helpline providing information, friendship and advice to older people, open 24 hours a day, every day of the year.
www.thesilverline.org.uk
Telephone 08004 708090.
MENTAL HEALTH
EACH Enabling Change
For details, see Addiction section.
Harrow and Hillingdon Early Intervention Service
For people aged 14-35 experiencing their first episode of psychosis
http://directory.mindinharrow.org.uk/Pages/Organisations.aspx?OID=2675
Telephone 01895 627762
Hillingdon MIND
Mental Health Service Groups for socialising, befriending and counselling.
www.hillingdonmind.org.uk Telephone 01895 271 559.
Maytree
A sanctuary for the suicidal
72 Moray Road, Finsbury Park, London, N4 3LG
email@example.com
Telephone 020 7263 7070
Samaritans
www.hillingdonsamaritans.org.uk
Telephone 08457 90 90 90
Thames Reach
www.thamesreach.org.uk/advice/mental-health/
OTHER
Hillingdon Association of Voluntary Services (HAVS)
Network of the voluntary sector in the London Borough of Hillingdon.
www.hillingdonconnected.org.uk
Telephone 01895 442722
Hillingdon Carers
Delivering a wide range of support services
www.hillingdoncarers.org.uk/about-hillingdon-carers/
Telephone 01895 811206
LBH Contact details for Emergency out of hours service
01895 250111 24 hours
www.hillingdon.gov.uk/article/9493/Contact-details-for-
LBH Useful Contacts list June 2010
www.hillingdon.gov.uk/media.jsp?mediaid=20684&filetype=pdf
LBH Single Non-Priority People: Options Available
http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/media.jsp?mediaid=19438&filetype=pdf
Priority to those with a connection to LB Hillingdon.
101 - The police non-emergency number
http://www.police.uk/contact/101/
PHYSICAL AND DOMESTIC ABUSE
For a comprehensive list, link to Domestic Violence directory link
www.hillingdon.gov.uk/media/pdf/f/h/dv_forum_directory.pdf
HIDVA Hillingdon Independent Domestic Violence Advocacy
Telephone helpline for victims of violence. Appointments and assistance given. Freephone National Helpline number: 08082 000 0247.
EAVES - Putting women first
www.eavesforwomen.org.uk/
firstname.lastname@example.org
Monday – Friday, 9:30am – 5:30pm. Telephone: 020 7735 2062
Hestia
Empowering people, changing lives
Hestia Housing & Support, 1st & 2nd Floor, Maya House.
134-138 Borough High Street, SE1 1LB
www.hestia.org/about-us/contact-us Telephone 020 7378 3100.
Hillingdon Asian Women’s Group
Social, health and welfare group for Asian women.
www.hillingdonconnected.org.uk/HAWG
Email: email@example.com
Telephone: 020 8561 0231
Hillingdon Women’s Centre
For victims of crime and homelessness.
Telephone 01895 259 578.
Southall Black Sisters
Helpline
http://www.southallblacksisters.org.uk/
Telephone 0208 571 0800
Hillingdon A Directory of local and National Agencies and helplines
www.hillingdon.gov.uk/media.jsp?mediaid=14304&filetype=pdf
YOUTH
LBH Advice and assistance for young and single people
http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/14580;jsessionid=6EA970A38198D40A9BD5691B3A4B720F
NetMums
Find support for single parents in Hillingdon. This listing provides details of groups and organisations dedicated to helping single parents, including contact names and numbers, email addresses and websites.
www.netmums.com/hillingdon/local/index/support-groups/single-parents
Papyrus
Prevention of Young Suicide
www.papyrus-uk.org/
Telephone HOPELineUK 08000864141.
P3 Navigator Young People’s Advice Centre,
1st Floor, 10a Station Rd, Hayes, UB3 4DA
Telephone 02085811054 & 02085811055
P3 Navigator Yiewsley Housing Advice and support centre
firstname.lastname@example.org
Telephone 01895 426074/5
Teenager fathers
(I failed to find any useful contacts!)
http://teenadvice.about.com/od/teenfathers/a/teenfathersFAQ.htm
Young Homeless
Target group is young people aged 16-25 who are working, studying or want to do so. Must be in housing need and be able to benefit from living in a semi-independent setting. Priority to those with a connection to London Borough of Hillingdon.
Jupiter House, 150 Clayton Road, Hayes, UB3 1RX.
Telephone: 020 8573 9196
www.homelessuk.org/details.asp?id=HO1000928
Challenger House, 76-77 Mint Close, Hillingdon, UB10 0TL
01895 462078
www.homelessuk.org/details.asp?id=HO1007795
|
PAKISTAN GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
Volume 32 Number 1
1977
EDITORIAL BOARD
Editors
K. U. Kureshy
M. K. Elahi
Associate Editor
A. A. Abbasi
Advisory Board
Sahibzada Mohammad Zubair, University of Peshawar
Shamsul Islam Siddiqi, University of Karachi
Qazi Shakil Ahmad, University of Sind
Corresponding Editors
R. O. Buchanan, London, United Kingdom
Sirri Erinc, University of Istanbul, Turkey
Carl Troll, University of Bonn, West Germany
Chauncy D. Harris, University of Chicago, U. S. A.
Oskar H. K. Spate, Australian National University, Australia
## CONTENTS
| Title | Author | Page |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|------|
| Location Analysis in Central Area: a Case Study of Coventry | Mohammad Aslam Khan | 1 |
| Determining Industrial Regions | Hasan Garanejad | 25 |
| Lahore: a Study in Space and Time | M. Mushtaq | 31 |
| Iranian Agriculture and its Development | Ahmad Mujtahedi | 43 |
| **Short Notes** | | |
| Population Census of Pakistan 1972 | | 51 |
| Author Index of P. G. R. [1968-1976] | | 57 |
| Title Index of P. G. R. [1968-1976] | | 61 |
---
*The editor assumes no responsibility for statements and opinions expressed by authors.*
---
**EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICES**
**DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB**
**NEW CAMPUS, LAHORE.**
LOCATION ANALYSIS IN CENTRAL AREA: A CASE STUDY OF COVENTRY*
MOHAMMAD ASLAM KHAN**
ABSTRACT.—Various techniques which have been evolved for the study and analysis of Central Area/CBD by research workers in different parts of the world, have been briefly reviewed with reference to the city of Coventry (U.K.).
The study analyses in detail the spatial distribution of activities in Coventry’s Central Area in relation to various factors affecting their distribution. Data for this paper was collected by field work.
One of the most important functional zones in modern city is the Central Area which is a focus of the commercial and business activities for the whole city and its region. It is characterised by special features of land-use and is the scene of highest land value within its locality. Accordingly, it has received considerable attention in a number of related fields viz., Geography, Planning, Sociology, and Economics.
The city centre research dates back to 1930’s, when Proudfoot in his study on the city retail structure referred to the city centre (C.B.D.) as, “The retail heart of the city with a marked concentration of shopping goods stores, which serve a substantial proportion of the commodity wants of every city family and which are located within that focal area of intra-city transportation most accessible to the entire city Population.”¹ Considerable work has been carried out since the time of Proudfoot on the Central Business District. These various studies which have been reviewed elsewhere*** vary from the rigid definition of C.B.D. by Murphy and Vance² to a very generalised definition of Rannells.³
A broad definition of the Central Area was attempted in this study with a view to give room to more concentrated central activities and also others not so concentrated but centrally located. The distribution of a set of accepted and recognised central functions were used for this broad identification of Coventry’s Central Area. These functions not only included those mentioned by Murphy and Vance,⁴ but also wholesale trade as well as civic and administrative fun-
*This Article is based on Ph.D. Thesis Work carried out at Birmingham University U.K. Data was collected in 1970.
**Dr. Mohammad Aslam Khan is Associate Professor in Geography, Peshawar University, Peshawar.
***See Khan M. A. (1972), “Growth and Morphology of The Central Area of Coventry,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham.
ctions, which add to the general character of the area under study. The boundary of this widely defined area is shown in Fig. 1.
CITY OF COVENTRY
REFERENCES
- Major Traffic Route
- Secondary Roads
- Passenger Station
- Airport
- Other Main Roads
- Railway
- Central Area
Scale: 0 1 2 Miles
Fig. 1
The defined area contains a district of intense activity or retail core. It is within this core of 52.7 acres that shopping is found to be forming the live nucleus of the town.\textsuperscript{5}
The civic and administrative zone occupies an area of 61 acres at ground floor level. Lanchester Polytechnic occupies maximum area in this zone. The rest of the Central Area is occupied by other functions e.g. residential, industrial, whole-saling and warehousing.
**Internal Structure of the Central Area**
There have been developed three major methods for the analysis of structural zones and component elements of the Central Area. They are as follows:
(a) \textit{Gradient Analysis}.—It is the study of land-use gradient or functional intensity in successive distance zones from the peak land value inter-section or retail node. This can be called as Murphy, Vance, and Epstein method.\textsuperscript{6}
(b) \textit{Grid Square Analysis}.—This method uses a Grid Square system of analysis of land-use similar to that used by Rannells\textsuperscript{7} in his study of Central Philadelphia.
(c) \textit{Analysis of Structural Zones}.—According to this method C.B.D. is divided into distinct structural zones e.g. inner and outer retail zones and office zone. This technique was used by Peter Scott\textsuperscript{8} in his study of the Australian C.B.D. Other methods in the same category include (i) Subdivision of C.B.D. by isolating the core and frame.\textsuperscript{9} (ii) Isolation of hard core from the adjacent area, as done by D. H. Davies\textsuperscript{10} in his study of Cape-town. Studies of Diamond\textsuperscript{11} and Carter\textsuperscript{12} also fall in the same category.
It is extremely difficult to apply the Gradient analysis technique to the Central Area of Coventry since the peak land value inter-section here does not coincide with the geographic centre. The redevelopment of certain parts of Central Area complicates this type of analysis. The “Grid Square Analysis” employed in the study of Philadelphia, an American city, where the roads have a grid pattern, is also not suitable for use in the case of Coventry, where the road pattern is irregular and the blocks are of different shape and size.
Peter Scott’s\textsuperscript{13} method was found more suitable for the local conditions. It provides a useful frame-work for the underlying system of activities of the Central Area. Scott had divided the Australian Central Business Districts into three major structural zones viz. inner retail zone, outer retail zone, and office zone. The inner retail and office zones were defined by blocks having 50% of the ground floor central business frontage of a block or a contiguous portion of a block devoted to either department, variety and women’s clothing stores together with associated retail outlets and services catering distinctly for women,
or to offices respectively. The outer retail zone had at least 50% of its frontage devoted to retailing, and at least 50% in general, to stores retailing in household goods and services.
The method was applied to Coventry with certain modifications. Scott had given no consideration to civic and administrative uses which form a very important part of central functions in Coventry. It was, therefore, necessary to devise a method for delimiting the civic and administrative zone along with the others. This zone was defined by areas having 50% frontage of the block or a contiguous portion of a block to civic and administrative functions.*
Some modification was needed in the inner and the outer retail zones as well, for example footwear stores as seen from (Fig. 5) show a noticeable concentration along major shopping streets such as The Precinct and Smith-ford Way.
It was therefore, considered necessary to add them to the list of primary retail elements for defining the inner retail zone. In the outer retail zone, the condition of 50% of household goods and services fell short in case of the block frontage west of Queen Victoria Road. This was, however, included within the zone because the secondary retail elements still dominated the area. Slight modification was also made in the office zone west of Warwick Road, to keep its continuity.
The zonal structure** resulting from the application of Scott’s technique in modified form is shown in Fig. 3. The inner retail zone occupies a compact part of the western half of the Central Area and is characterised by stores selling durable goods which demand more central location. The outer retail zone encircling the inner retail zone is rather discontinuous in the northwest. It is characterised by stores retailing in household goods, services and other retail elements of more diverse and less inter-related nature than elements of inner retail zone. There is also a secondary nucleus of the outer retail zone in the New Union Street.
The main office zone lies south of the retail zone but there are two secondary nuclei south of High Street and north of Corporation Street respectively. These secondary nuclei comprise banks, building societies, and office facilities which derive certain advantages from their association with retailing, such as large pedestrian flow. The main office quarter has a mixture of all types of offices
*Public buildings and places of assembly considered suitable for inclusion in the civic zone: 1. Art Gallery. 2. Public Bath. 3. Central Government Office. 4. Chapel. 5. Church. 6. Clinic. 7. Club (Non-residential). 8. College. 9. Community Centre. 10. Concert Hall. 11. Law Courts. 12. Fire Station. 13. Institution (Professional). 14. Institution (Learned Society). 15. Local Government Offices. 16. Meeting House. 17. Museum. 18. Public Library. 19. Police Station. 20. Social Centre. 21. Bus Station. 22. Telephone Exchange.
**Car parks in Coventry have such a location that they also had to be included wherever necessary to avoid discontinuities in the inner retail zone.
and it is the location of this zone in the south which has created a discrepancy between the peak land-value intersection and the geographic centre of the commercial area.
The civic and administrative zone lies in the eastern half of the Central Area.* A large amount of space in this area is occupied by the Lanchester Polytechnic (34, Fig. 2) and the bus-station (9, Fig. 2) but there are also large number of Government offices to be found here.
They include the Old Council House (37, Fig. 2) the New Council House (53, Fig. 2) the offices of the Ministry of Employment and Productivity, and the Law Courts. Other uses which have affected the character of the civic zone include churches, public bath, art gallery and museum, library, theatres and cinemas (Fig. 2). There are some parts of the Central Area which have not fallen in any of the four zones mentioned above (Fig. 3). They form a residual mixed zone. Many parts of this zone are being developed. A major portion of this zone, in the eastern half of the Central Area, has been allocated for civic and administrative purposes. The area along peripheries in the western half, however, form a mixed zone devoted to warehousing, whole-saling, industrial and residential functions.
**Individual Retail Elements and Commercial Offices**
De Blij\textsuperscript{14} in his study of Lourenco-Marques used a method, whereby the distribution of various commercial functions were analysed in terms of distance of their mean point from the “retail node”. This “retail node” was a mean point of all central business functions and not the mean point of department stores, which were thought to be less significant in Lourenco-Marques. In Britain, however, the department and variety stores play a very prominent role in retailing. They not only cater for all classes of people but also have quality and service as their main appeal. In Coventry they are occupying central sites and are main areas of pedestrian attraction. It was, therefore, decided to take the mean point of department and variety stores as the retail node, (Fig. 4) and analyse the distribution of establishments themselves rather than their mean points in relation to this node.
In the contemporary Central Area, four distinct types of retail elements can be discerned from the distribution maps (Fig. 4 to 11). These include:
(a) Primary inner retail elements.
(b) Secondary inner retail elements.
(c) Secondary outer retail elements.
(d) Primary outer retail elements.
These four types of inner and outer retail elements, were identified by Scott, in his study, “The Australian C.B.D.”\textsuperscript{15} The following analysis will be based on this locational characteristic of various elements within the Central Area.
* A Secondary nucleus of civic function also exists in Hill Street area, where one finds ancient St. John Church, Bond Hospital and Friends Meeting Room (Fig. 3).
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF DEPARTMENT & VARIETY STORES, MARKETS, WOMEN & FAMILY CLOTHING SHOPS
REFERENCES.
DEPARTMENT & VARIETY STORES
1 Marks & Spencer 2 British Home Stores
3 Woolworth 4 C&A
5 Cooperative 6 Boots
7 Wragthorpe 8 Owen Owen
9 Banleys
SUPERMARKETS
10 Maypole 11 Tesco
12 Sainsbury 13 Women's Clothing
14 Draper & Clutterbuck 15 Children's Clothing
16 General Store
SCALE
0 100 200 500 800 FEET
Fig. 6
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF MEN'S CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR SHOPS
REFERENCES
Men's Clothing
Footwear
SCALE
0 100 200 300 400
1:377
Fig. 5
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIALITY SHOPS
REFERENCES
- Jeweller
- Chemist
- Photographer & Photographic Accessory
- Optician
- Sports Goods
- Gifts & Flowers
- Leather Goods
- Antiques
SCALE
0 100 200 300 400 500 FEET
FIG. 8
Primary Inner Retail Elements:
The sequence of Primary inner retail elements outward from the node is variety stores, toy, record, and women’s clothing. Three department stores Woolworth, British Home Stores and Marks and Spencer occupy the key positions in the three corners* around the retail node (which is also the peak land-value intersection and peak pedestrian flow point). Apart from this main cluster, the rest of the department and variety stores are located on the edges of the inner retail zone (Fig. 4). Owen Owen occupies a central location just near the bus terminal from where it can directly attract customers. The cooperative store and C & A (clothing store) enjoy the advantage of having entrances both on The Precinct and Corporation Street, while Boots have a strategic location between Corporation Street and Smith-ford Way. Hogarth and Benleys (Fig. 4) have comparatively less advantageous positions, though the former is relatively more fortunate in being fairly closely adjacent to Boots. Benleys isolated location is partially compensated by its popular price appeal.
Pasdermadjian\textsuperscript{16} has noted that the department stores usually cater for either middle or higher income classes or the popular middle class. None of the three department stores in Coventry fit exactly in the former category. Owen Owen and Hogarth attract mainly the middle class but they do not offer very high quality articles like Rackhams of Birmingham.
Other Primary inner retail elements in Coventry are Women’s clothing shop, a toy, and a record shop.* * The distribution of women’s clothing shops show a clear symbiotic relationship*** with the department and variety stores. They show the largest concentration along the entrance and sides of the Upper Precinct. Lower Precinct, Market and Smithford Ways are the other main thoroughfares having women’s clothing shops. The outer retail zone also has some of these shops of comparatively inferior type.
Secondary Inner Retail Elements:
Secondary inner retail elements are those which show a dominance in the inner retail zone, but extend considerably into the outer retail zone. Footwear stores are the only ones in Coventry which fall under this category. They approach close to the retail node (Fig. 5), for perhaps there is more window shopping done in women’s shoes than in any other class of retail trade.\textsuperscript{17}
*The fourth corner is occupied by a large furniture store (Wades).
**Since the toy and record shops are only one each they have been shown on the distribution map under the category of fancy goods (Fig. 6).
***This relationship between the establishments for mutual advantage was termed as linkage by Rannells. (Rannells J. The Core of the City, New York, 1956).
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIALTY SHOPS
REFERENCES
- General Telephones & Newspapers
- Ware & Edward
- Banks & Jewellery
- Office Equipment
SCALE
0 100 200 300 400 FEET
Fig. 7
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD SHOPS
REFERENCES
- Baker & Confectioner
- Food Speciality
- Meat
- Fish
- Vegetable & Fruit
- Grocer
- General Merchant
SCALE
0 200 400 600 800 FEET
Fig. 9
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL GOODS
HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES AND FURNITURE SHOPS
REFERENCES
- Furniture
- Electrical Goods & Appliances
- Other Household Appliances
- China and Ornamental Wares
- Wallpaper and Paint
- Seedsmen & Gardening Equipment
- Second Hand Goods
- Pet Store
SCALE
0 100 200 500 800 FEET
Fig. 9
the 28 shoes shops in the Central Area as many as 17 are located in the inner retail zone while the other 11 are in the outer zone.
**Secondary Outer Retail Elements:**
The Secondary outer retail elements are far more numerous than the inner retail elements in Coventry. They are regarded as essentially transitional, representing a gradation from absolute centrality to peripheral sites. The location of many of these shops represents a compromise between desire for window display and lower rents. The following groups of shops represent this tendency in Coventry:
(a) Jewellers, Chemists, Opticians, Gift Stores, Camera, and Sports Goods (Fig. 6).
(b) Men’s Clothing (Fig. 5).
(c) Book-sellers and Stationers, and Wine and Spirit Merchants (Fig. 7).
(d) Furniture, Electrical Goods, Hardware and Household Appliances (Fig. 9).
(e) Food Shops (Fig. 8).
Of these jewellery stores, particularly those along The Precinct show a closer association with women’s clothing stores. Among the chemists, a small branch of Boots is very near the retail node (Fig. 6). Most of the others, particularly the multiples (Green) though located outside the inner retail zone occupy positions where they can attract sufficient number of customers. Opticians rely more on special visits and do not require extreme centrality. Their distribution (Fig. 6) show that all opticians except one who is occupying a shop unit on the upper level walk of Upper Precinct are located away from the retail node. Gift stores, cameras, and sports goods shops need window display and therefore show a comparatively greater centrality amongst the secondary outer retail elements.
Men’s clothing stores show a distribution on main street sites. Although they do not require window display to a marked degree, they are more dependent upon their reputation. A number of these stores are located in the immediate vicinity of Broadgate, where they are able to display clothes to nearby office workers. Book-sellers and stationers, as evident from their distribution, also do not require absolute centrality.
Scott\textsuperscript{18} classified furniture and household appliance shops as primary outer retail elements from his experience in Australia. These establishments, together with electrical goods shops form the secondary outer retail elements in Coventry. In spite of their considerable floorspace requirements they are well represented within the inner retail zone (Fig. 9). Perhaps it is because they
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF CAR PARKS,
GARAGES, AND CAR SHOWROOMS
REFERENCES
- Multi-Storey Car Parks
- Roof Top Car Parks
- Ground Level Car Parks
- Garage & Car Showroom
- Garage (Repairs)
- Service Station
- Auto Accessories
SCALE
0 100 200 500 800 Feet
Fig. 10
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF ENTERTAINMENT CATERING AND HOTEL FACILITIES
REFERENCES
- Cinema & Theatre
- Public House
- Cafe & Restaurant
- Hotel
- Club
- Betting Office
- Dance Hall & Saloon
SCALE
0 100 200 300 400 FEET
Fig. 11
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES
REFERENCES
Hairdresser
Dry Cleaner
Driving School & Car Hire
Travel Agent
SCALE
0 100 200 300 400
FEET
Fig. 12
cater more for female shoppers. Upper Precinct has a fair number of these shops which are occupying the upper level shop units where they have more display space and pay less rent. Their largest concentration, however, is immediately outside (north east) the inner retail zone.
The number of food shops once dominated the Central Area (before redevelopment), have not disappeared completely (Fig. 8). A fair number of food shops are still present in both the inner and outer retail zones catering for the need of office workers who purchase their daily needs during lunch hours. The three food super-markets Sainsbury, Maypole, and Tesco are located immediately outside the edge of the inner retail zone.
**Primary Outer Retail Elements:**
Primary outer retail elements are the functions with least preference for sites in the inner zone. They require a substantial floorspace and/or supply occasional needs. Car showrooms and office equipment firms are the two major elements representing this group (Fig. 7 & 10). They show clear preference for marginal sites in the former case while the distribution of the latter element (Fig. 7) emphasizes its concentration in the office zone. Second hand goods and an antique shop form further minor primary outer retail elements.
**Dispersed Elements:**
Almost all the dispersed elements predominate in the outer retail zone, but they are also present in the inner retail zone. They include public houses, cafes, and restaurants (Fig. 11) and sweet, tobacconist, and news agents (Fig. 7). Most of the services such as hair dressers, dry cleaners and travel agents (Fig. 12) also show the same tendency.
Regarding the overall retail pattern one would think that because of large scale redevelopment probably the shopping centre would attract only concerns with relatively large income e.g. multiples and national stores, which would have enough capital resources for such an outlay. But this is not true. Though many of the shops are the branches of national multiples, yet retailing on small scale has also been provided. Shops in the southern part of inner retail zone are the examples of this type. Here, one finds smaller quality shops which are lacking elsewhere in the centre.
**Office and Entertainment Facilities:**
Like retail business, the office functions also have some variation in their requirement of centrality and show close complementary linkages. Financial offices such as banks, building societies, and insurance companies show a closer association with retailing. This association has resulted in some overlapping of retail and office uses in High, Hertford, and Corporation Streets. A major
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL OFFICES AND BANKS
REFERENCES
- Banks
- Building Society
- Insurance Company & Broker
- Other Financial Offices (Stock & Share Brokers Loan Offices)
Fig. 13
CITY OF COVENTRY
CENTRAL AREA
DISTRIBUTION OF PROFESSIONAL AND COMMERCIAL OFFICES
(FINANCIAL OFFICES AND BANKS EXCLUDED)
REFERENCES
- Solicitor
- Accountant
- Estate Agent Auctioneer and Valuer
- Architect and Surveyor
- Doctor
- Veterinary Surgeon
- Other Offices
(Head Offices of firms, Advertising agents, Duplicating Services)
SCALE
0 100 200 500 800 FEET
Fig. 16
portion of professional, commercial and financial offices, however are within the main office zone, south of the retailing area. The maps (Fig. 13 & 14) show their distribution within this district.
Entertainment facilities e.g. clubs, betting offices, cinemas, and dancing schools are the outer elements in the Central Area. There are only two exceptions to this general trend. A cinema which is located in Hertford Street and a dance school located on the upper level walk of Lower Precinct.
**Conclusion**
The discussion in this paper has covered not only the internal structure of the Central Area of Coventry but has also attempted to throw some light on the techniques which analyse the variation between various parts of the Central Area. Some of these techniques can be used to measure the spatial variations of land-use with greater precision than others. Majority of these techniques, however, have evolved from studies, in widely separated countries with different conditions, and may need certain degree of modification before their application to a specified case or area. Peter Scott for example, while studying the Australian CBD devised a method for delimiting the inner and outer retail zone and office zone. This author does not devote any attention to civic functions which are universally present in Central Areas in British cities. A method has therefore been suggested to demarcate the civic zone in Central Areas in this study.
It has been demonstrated by this work that each individual element (retail or office) is affected by factors such as site, space needs, consumer behaviour, retail linkages and economic cost. Some of these have the power to influence the location more strongly than others. Any attempt by a planner to change the structure and distribution of central business functions, therefore, must take into consideration these related factors and associated variables.
**Legend to the Key Map of City Centre**
1. Ringway St. Nicholas. 2. Lady Herberts Garden. 3. Ringway Hill Cross. 4. Coventry College. 5. Salvation Army Citadel. 6. Office of the Coventry Evening Telegraph (Newspapers). 7. Old Grammar School (14th Century). 8. Coventry Theatre (1937). 9. Pool Meadow Bus and Coach Station. 10. Stage 5 of the Inner Ring Road. 11. Swimming Bath. 12. Multistorey Car Park (above shops for 370 Cars). 13. Sainsbury’s Supermarket. 14. Hales Street Triangle (to be redeveloped). 15. West Orchard Car Park (814 cars). 16. Hillman House, 17 Storey Block of Flats. 17. Belgrade Theatre. 18. Amalgamated Engineering Union’s Office. 19. St. John’s Church (1350 A.D.). 20. Old Bablake School (1560 A.D.). 21. Bond’s Hospital (1506 A.D.). 22. Spon Street Townscape Scheme. 23. Mercia House 20 Storey Block of Flats. 24. Lady Godiva Circular Cafe. 25. Coventry Cooperative Store. 26. Locarno Ball Room. 27. Marks and Spencer Store. 28. Hotel Leofric, Broadgate. 29. Owen Owen Store. 30. Gulson Central Library. 31. Holy Trinity Church. 32. Old Coventry Cathedral (1394 A.D.). 33. New Coventry Cathedral. 34. Lanchester Polytechnic. 35. Lanchester Polytechnic (faculty of Art and Design).
36. Herbert Art Gallery and Museum. 37. The Council House. 38. St. Mary’s Hall (1342 A.D.). 39. The Garden Island in Broadgate. 40. The Broadgate House (Shops and Office Block). 41. British Home Store. 42. Display Kiosk. 43. Woolworth Store. 44. Two-tier Car Park (190 cars). 45. Retail Market. 46. Craft Road (redevelopment area). 47. Ringway Queen’s and Ringway Rudge. 48. The Butts Radial Road. 49. The City Arcade. 50. Multistorey Car Park (493 cars). 51. Hartford Street Shopping precinct. 52. Ford’s Hospital (1529 A.D.). 53. New Council Offices Block. 54. Ringway St. John’s. 55. City Police Headquarters. 56. Telephone Exchange. 57. New Three Storey Office Block. 58. The Quadrant (Victorian Houses converted into offices). 59. The Dome Kiosk. 60. Shelton Square Shopping Area. 61. New Greyfriars Link Road. 62. Greyfriars Green Open Space. 63. Copthall House (4 Storey Office Block). 64. Coventry Railway Station. 65. Station Tower (15 Storey Office Block). 66. Park House (4 Storey Office Block).
DETERMINING INDUSTRIAL REGIONS
HASAN GARANEJAD*
Ascertaining the dispersion of industrial activities and regions composes one of the important questions of industrial geography. The first geographer to investigate this subject was the well known Sten de Geer, who delineated the industrial regions of the United States by considering the number of industrial workers. De Geer considered those cities as industrial which had over 10,000 population at least 10% are more of whom were engaged in industrial activities. This criterion is open to criticism from two standpoints: However much of the extent of industrial activities of a city may be correlated with its population, one may nonetheless find cities of less than ten thousand people which are considered industrial.
Also, as we shall see, a number of other factors besides the number of workers come into play here, factors which De Geer ignored in considering this problem. However, his detailed studies relating to the industrial areas of the United States illuminated every aspect of this question. Subsequent to the work of De Geer, in 1936, a geographer named Richard Hartshorne¹ delineated the industrial areas of North America. In his view, those industries which have importance in a given region have at least 1/10 of the workers employed in all other industrial fields. If in a given city, the number of non-local industrial workers reaches at least 5,000, we may classify it as the industrial city. Using this criterion, after the investigator has established which cities are industrial, he may establish the industrial areas.
The first person who made the individual countries of the United States as the basic consideration, was Helen Strong.² In delineating industrial areas, her criterion was the difference in number of workers between two areas. Despite her consideration for all industrial activities in her research, since she chiefly considered the production capacity per capita of a state, her researches have a one sided quality. From another viewpoint, she has charted the relation of a country’s industrial centralization to the energy country’s consumption. Thus, a map of this correlation drawn by Strong resembles a chart of rainfall dispersion.
Strong has considered those countries producing from 100,000 to 500,000 steam horsepower energy as the most concentrated industrial areas. The next category is of countries producing 10,000 to 100,000 steam horsepower.
*University of Isfahan, Department of Geography Isfahan, Iran.
The next category is of countries producing less than 10,000 steam horsepower she has treated as non-industrial or unimportant industrially.
Finally, in 1938, a geographer named Wright made the value of regions' products the standard for delineating industrial areas. He accordingly placed circles on a map having diameters proportionate to the value of products. In the same year, a well-known geographer named Clarence, mostly active in economic geography, published an article on this subject. Relying upon the number of industrial workers, energy consumption, and value of products, he made three different maps by dots. He thus overcame the deficiencies of a map designed with only the number of workers considered. In other words, by combining maps charting the three factors, he represented the industrial regions of the United States in an interesting fashion.
New research was conducted on this subject in 1951 by Thompson and a Japanese geographer, M. Miyazaki, relating to the industrial regions of Japan, a map of which indicates every 100 workers by one point. Thus a map which at first glance indicates the geographical distribution of workers, in fact, shows clearly and interestingly the distribution of industrial activities.
In 1957, another Japanese geographer named Kiyuki Koda, following the footsteps of American geographers, made the number of industrial workers per square kilometer the criterion for delineating industrial regions. Thus, localities having more than fifty workers per square kilometer were proposed to be among the industrial regions of Japan. Likewise, localities in which the number of workers reaches 500 per square kilometer are declared to be the principal concentrations of industrial activity. In other words, those same localities were presented as the focus of industrial regions.
Another of these investigations of individual regions resulted in a chart of the attractive power of industries for workers, drawn by Lonsdale for 23 industrial areas of Russia. The investigator, in determining the attraction of industries, used the following formula:
\[
M = \frac{E_n + C_n}{2}
\]
Where \(M\) indicates the power of attraction, \(E_n\) the percentage of workers employed by the industries of a given area, in relation to all industrial workers of a region, and \(C_n\) the percentage of capital investment in the industries of a given area in relation to all industrial capital investment in a region. In this manner, the investigator delineating distinctly 23 industrial areas of Russia, is able by means of the above formula to ascertain 571 industrial centers within these areas. It must be recalled that the above formula is not applicable in some countries when statistics are not perfect. Moreover those areas the power of
attraction of which is lower than ten are not considered as industrial. Using the statistics published by the Iranian Economic Ministry in 1968, the power of attraction for the provinces of Gilan and Eastern Azerbaijan is revealed as:
\[
\text{Gilan: } \frac{1.6 + 1.8}{2} = 1.7 \\
\text{Azarbaijan: } \frac{4.8 + 31.5}{2} = 18.1
\]
A new study by Linge\(^8\) based upon industrial attraction took shape in 1960 and bore upon the industrial activities of Newzealand. The investigator had made the criterion of his work the number of industries and the level of attraction of industries. Furthermore, Linge, in establishing this level of attraction, has given close attention to the number of workers employed in industries, the monthly pay of workers in those industries, and the value of those industries’ products.
Miller\(^9\), however, has in his book chartered industrial concentrations with reliance upon the number of workers. Karan, in his similar map of India, following Miller’s opinions, has pursued his investigations with complete reliance upon the number of workers.
**Conclusion**
We have compared the various principles and methods that have been employed in specifying and charting industrial regions. On the other hand different principles and methods to evaluate the industries or industrial activities of a region are used. However, the object of all these methods has been the comparison of the variation of concentration and/or dispersion of industrial activities of one region from another.
Doubtless, one of the characteristics of these investigations is the manner in which they inform us to the highest degree of the distribution of the world’s industrial areas, and likewise of the number of workers employed in the industries of various areas. However, one must not forget that presently with attention to these two factors, in either case we shall encounter some difficulties, especially since we have hitherto had deficient data for the character of these industries. The United States, England, Germany, and the rest of the advanced industrial nations, using the latest scientific and technical methods, daily reduce the number of industrial workers, whereas developing countries, because of a lack of capital and a swelling population, wish to compensate to an extent for the lack of automation and capital with manpower. It is therefore clear that we must write with a more prudent and scientific regard for the subject matter as we compare two different regions. It must finally be remembered that in delineating industrial regions of developing nations, the best and most rational method observes the value of raw materials; the value of products; the level of profits; the level of capital investment and the number of workers.
Industrial Regions Of Iran
- Agricultural And Cattle Raising Industries Region
- Mining Agricultural And Cattle Raising Industries Region
- Petroleum And Agricultural Industries Region
- Mining And Agricultural Industries Region
- Non Industrialized Region
Agricultural Industries
Cattle Raising Industries
Canning Industries
Mining Industries
Iron And Steel Industries
Machinery Industries
Petroleum Industries
Aluminum Industries
Scale: 0 95 190 Miles
REFERENCES
1. Hartshorne, R., A New map of the manufacturing Belt of North America, *Economic Geography*, 1936, pp. 45-53.
2. Tumertekin, E; Sanaiy cografyasi, Istanbul 1969, p. 138.
3. Wright, A. J., Manufacturing districts of the U. S. A., *Economic Geography*, 1938, pp. 195-200.
4. Clarence, F. J., Areal distribution of manufacturing Belt, 1938.
5. Thompson, H. J., Miyazaki, M., A map of Japan’s manufacturing, *The Geographical Review*, 1959, No. 1.
6. Koda, K., Manufacturing districts in Japan, proceedings of I. G. U. Regional conference in Japan, 1957.
7. Lonsdale, E. R., A map of U. S. S. R.’s, manufacturing, *Economic Geography*, 1960, pp. 36-52.
8. Linge, G. J. R., The concentration and distribution of manufacturing in New Zealand, *Economic Geography*, 1960, p. 323.
The geographical survey of the site and situation of Lahore city illustrate the variety of needs and circumstances responsible for its origin and development. Such circumstances and requirements, naturally have been changing in different periods of history and have successfully moulded the structural form of the city. Perhaps no other city of the sub-continent represents so distinctly different phases of cultural evolution. Here geographical environment, social transformations and changing political patterns have influenced the townscape to such an extent that each major part of the city has become a distinct cultural entity representing a particular period of its growth.
**Origin of the City**
The early history of Lahore is enveloped in a mist of traditions, conjectures and guesses. It is difficult to deduce any definite conclusions about its earlier name and date of foundation. Definite reference to the town were made by early Muslim geographers and historians. "The mythical founder of Lohawar or Lahore was Lovor Loh one of the two sons of Rama, the hero of Ramayana".¹ He belonged to a race of Rajput rulers who had succeeded in establishing themselves in Western part of the sub-continent in the 7th century of the Christian era. Perhaps they were descendants of royal family of Ajmer. It is believed that Lahore at that time was the capital of one important Hindu principality, which exercised its feudal power over some other states. The importance of Lahore came to light when Muslims entered this part of the sub-continent in the 10th century.
The history of Lahore, as a matter of fact, is obscured to such an extent that it is almost impossible to know the exact date of its foundation. It can fairly be concluded from the ancient writings that Lahore was a town of some importance during the early days of Khilafat i.e. about the middle of the 7th century A.D. Attempts by historians and archeologists have failed to bear any fruit. Therefore it can be safely assumed that city of Lahore was founded as early as the beginning of the second century and became prominent during the invasions of Mahmud Ghaznavi in the beginning of the 11th century.
---
¹ Dr. M. Mushtaq is Assistant Professor in the Geography Department of the Punjab University, Lahore.
1. Latif, S. M., *Lahore*, 1892, p. 1.
History of Development
Hindu Period—1002 A.D.—It is very difficult to form an idea of the nature and extent of the city during the Hindu period. There are no records or antique architectural remains of any importance of that period which could yield any evidence about the city. This may be accounted for two reasons: (1) The absence of stone for building purposes in this region and (2) the ruthless hand of the destroyer, judging from the numerous devastating invasions to which the city had been subjected, may have something to do with it.
On the other hand Lahore, unlike Multan (another ancient Hindu centre), the seat for the worship of the great "Sungod" for centuries, have never been known to history as a place where the Hindu deities rejoiced nor was ever held sacred by the followers of Hinduism worthy of pilgrimage. Religious enthusiasm is generally the motive for the construction of religious edifices of more or less importance and durability. Lahore had never been a place of attraction for pilgrims from other parts of the sub-continent. In other word, Lahore was situated in a transitional region between the Hindu dominated India to the East and countries to the west of Indus river, a cradle of northern Buddhism for centuries. Therefore in the absence of any evidence, it is impossible to say anything definite about the old city.
According to some traditions, the neighbourhood of Ichhra was the site of the old city. This name appears on Hundis (native bills of exchange).¹ This is also proved further by the fact that one of the old city's gate-ways bears this name, Lahori Gate, as it points towards this place, as the Kashmiri gate points towards Kashmir and Delhi gate towards Delhi. This new site was definitely chosen by Muslims after occupying the place in 1023 A.D., who at that time were definitely better versed in matters of warfare and strategy than the Hindus.
Muslim Period 1023-1756-57.—The city of Lahore was of little political importance before it was occupied by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1023 A.D. Malik Ayaz, a favourite of the Sultan, was left in charge with a garison stationed for the first time in the Indian territories of Ghazni Empire, Malik Ayaz was the first to build walls and fortress.² It was the first fortification of this kind in this region by the Muslims.
The city remained the regional capital during the reign of the first eight princes of the Ghaznivide dynasty and was governed by Viceroys. No significant development took place, though the city enjoyed a long peaceful period, until the reign of Masud II (1098-1114 A.D.). The 12th Ghaznivide Emperor (1152-1186) transferred the Government seat permanently to Lahore. The Ghazni Sultans erected some Imperial residences and pleasure grounds. The city was well populated at that time.
1. Latif, S. M., Lahore, op. cit., p. 102.
2. Murtza, H., Hadiqatul Aqalim, Punjab University Library, Ch. III, p. 146.
After the fall of Ghaznavi dynasty, the city of Lahore was occupied by Sultan Muhammad Ghori. He was succeeded by his General Qutb-u-Din Aibak. He shifted the seat of Government to Delhi, leaving Lahore again a regional capital of the Delhi Sultans. As a provincial capital Lahore did not flourish well. It remained the seat of various governors who often revolted and succeeded to the throne of Delhi and founded several dynasties. The city suffered terrible destruction due to several assaults from Delhi as well as from outside invaders for a long period. The armies of Chenghiz Khan captured and plundered the city in 1218 A.D. Again the Moghals ravaged the city in 1241 and 1261. Due to these successive incursions from the North-West the city was deserted. In 1266 A.D. Ghiyas-u-Din Balban again endured to rehabilitate it.\(^1\)
In 1298 A.D. during rule of Khilzai (Khilji) dynasty, a number of Moghals settled outside the town. The settlement was named as Moghalpura quarters.
In the year of 1524 A.D., during the rule of Lodhi dynasty, the governor of Lahore, being angry with the Sultan, invited the Moghal ruler Babar of Kabul to invade Hindustan. Babar came with a large force and Lahore was captured and plundered.\(^2\)
Thus Lahore was again separated from Delhi. After two years Babar again came back and after the famous battle of Panipat, fought on 29th April, 1526, decided the fate of India and so was founded the Moghal Empire.
Before Moghal Empire was founded, no doubt, Lahore was of much importance from political and strategic points of view, but never showed any sign of significant development in and around the city. With the exception of few villages like Moghalpura, Ichhra, and Mian Mir in the suburbs, the town was mostly confined to the walled area. There were a number of gardens along the river banks owned by the feudal lords of the city. In fact during the 500 years of Muslim rule nothing was developed to leave behind any architectural features which could help to give an idea about the nature and extent of the city.
Indeed Lahore is essentially a Moghal city. It was not until the Moghals became the masters of the country that the taste for urban building sprang up. The first stimulus to art, architecture and horticulture in the city came from their keen sensibility of beauties of nature, vividness and vigour of their imagination and brisk-lively temperament.
To create beauty in every aspect of life was a natural taste, a part of character and temperament of Moghals. They were lovers of nature, natural scenes and successfully created beautiful landscapes in the form, especially, of gardens decorated with structures of exquisite design and beauty. This appreciation of
---
1. Latif, S. M., *Lahore, op. cit.*, p. 16.
2. Erskin, *Memories of Babar*, London 1826, p. 28.
LAHORE IN 1847
REFERENCES
- Tracks
- River
- Kilns
- Gardens
CITY GATES
1. Raushnal
2. Masti
3. Kashmiri
4. Khidri
5. Yakk
6. Dilm
7. Akbari
8. Mochi
9. Shahnami
10. Lohari
11. Mori
12. Brati
13. Taxali
Fig. 1
natural scenery, combined with solitude for the preservation of the dead, which was a special characteristic of Moghals, led to the erection of numerous garden enclosed tombs, which form a picturesque feature of the suburbs of every Moghal city.
The first place of importance to benefit from the establishment of the Moghal
LAHORE and its ENVIRONS 1867
REFERENCES
- Roads Paved
- Roads Unpaved
- Railroad
- Inhabited
- Gardens
- River
0 1 2 Miles
Fig. 3
Empire in the Punjab, was naturally Lahore. Prince Kamran, one of the sons of Babar, was the first to give impulse to architectural adornment of Lahore. He built a palace with a spacious garden extending from Naulakha, the present city railway station, to the River Ravi on the eastern side of the city. He also constructed a Baradari (a summer house) amidst a garden across the river, which has been partially destroyed by the river. This pace of development in the city was interrupted for a short period by Sher Shah Suri, who had driven out the Moghals from India in 1540. Humayun reconquered India in 1554 and soon after his death was succeeded by his son Akbar. It was Akbar’s reign during which Lahore started to achieve grandeur. The reign of Mughal Emperors Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb (1556-1707), is regarded as the golden age in the history of the city of Lahore. The city became a place of royal residence. Gardens, tombs, mosques, serais and pavilions sprang up in every direction. The population increased, the suburbs grew, until the city became “the resort of people of all nations”,¹ and celebrated for its fine buildings and luxuriant gardens. An impetus was given to the architecture of the country quite unsurpassed in any period. The trade of city flourished and wealthiest people of the sub-continent resided at Lahore, who conducted trade with foreign countries.
The city in those days covered a large area. As far as the population is concerned, it did not gain the splendour and magnificence of Moghal period until the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. The city at that time was divided into 36 guzars or quarters and only 9 were included within the area of the city in 1860 A.D.² It is probable that in its best days, that is during the reign of Shah Jahan (1628-1658), the city must have had a circumference of 16 or 17 miles.
Emperor Akbar had kept Lahore as the Imperial capital of the empire for fourteen years (1584-1598). During this period extensive suburbs were added to the city. Political stability and security had immensely increased the transcontinental trade from which Lahore benefited more than any other city of India. The Emperor encouraged gardening and gardeners were brought from Iran and Turan. They cultivated vine and various kinds of melons. The manufacturing skill of woollen carpets were introduced together with that of brocades.³
Akbar died in 1606 and was succeeded by his son, Prince Saleem as Jahangir, to the throne. He was very fond of Lahore. He fixed his court here in 1622. Various additions were effected in the palaces and gardens, like Anarkali and
---
1. Abdul Fazal, *Ain-i-Akbari*, Vol. II, p. 152.
2. Latif, S. M., *Lahore*, op. cit., p. 193.
3. Abdul Fazal, *Ain-i-Akbari*, Vol. II, p. 152.
Del-Awez. When he died at Rajouri, in Kashmir, in 1627, it was his express wish that he should be buried at Lahore. He was buried, accordingly, in the Del-Awez gardens at Shahdara. A mausoleum, one of the chief ornaments of Lahore, was erected to his memory by his son Shah Jahan. Later on tombs of Asif Jah and Noor Jehan were also erected in the spacious Del-Awez gardens.
The city of Lahore had a monopoly of trade in the sub-continent. It handled great traffic in goods and visitors who followed the ancient highways. But in the 17th century the sea trade was well established between Europe and the East. Trading posts had been established all along the East African coast and along the coast of Southern India, which carried out trade on a large scale and inflicted a deadly blow to the expensive land trade. Companies like the East India Company and others owned by French and Portuguese, were actively engaged in trade. But still the conditions for Lahore, in the beginning of the 17th century, in trade were not bad as described by Thomas Roe an Ambassador.\(^1\) Only about 10 years later the trade of the city had died.
Thus the emergence of sea trade had proved fatal for the trade of the city. The ancient channels of trade had dried up, when Shah Jahan succeeded his father Emperor Jahangir. Yet the splendour of Lahore had achieved its greatest height in the reign of this Emperor. A canal, the present Lahore branch of upper Bari canal, was excavated to supply water for the Imperial gardens and numerous others possessed by the Omeras and for irrigation of crops.
Lahore enjoyed an interval of amazing prosperity under the munificent rule of Ali Mardan Khan, the most able and reknowned engineer of the time and Hakim Ali-u-Din as governors between 1628 and 1657 A.D. During Emperor Shah Jahan’s reign, Lahore, though no longer remained Dar-u-Lukumat,\(^2\) was still a place of importance. The city lay on the route of the imperical marches to Kashmir and was an arsenal and redeyzous of the Armies despatched to Balkh and North-Western frontier. Lahore, therefore, maintained its size and beauty. The imperial palace was enlarged, the tomb of Jahangir, the gardens of Shalamar, the Gulabi Bagh, the Idgah (mosque), gardens of Zeb-u-Nissa and tombs, which lined the road between Anarkali and Shalamar gardens, were the main works of this period.
At the time of accession of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1658 A.D. Lahore had declined in wealth and splendour. The establishment of court at Shah Jahanabad had drawn away the bulk of artificers and nobles. The trade had been diverted to the sea ports which caused the desertion of the trade highways, so vital for the prosperity of the city. At the same time massive armies remained engaged in campaigns in Southern India, hence removing a source of flourishing business.
\(^1\) Foster, Sir W., *The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India*, London 1926, p. 446.
\(^2\) The capital was Shah Jahanabad, the present Old Delhi.
for the city. The above mentioned facts were responsible for the decay which had started in the city despite the fact that Emperor Aurangzeb took interest in the welfare of the city. He constructed the Jamia Masjid and established a college attached to it. He also built a Bund which saved the city from being destroyed by the river.
The city of Lahore, as a matter of fact, at its height of prosperity, covered a large area. The guzars were the most populous suburbs of the inhabited city beyond the walls. The suburbs constituted a faintly extensive part of the city. Later on the negligence and unpredictably heavy rains, which is the character of the climate of this region, accelerated the decay and ruin of the buildings as reported by Birnier.
The whole empire was plunged into chaos after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 A.D. The North-Western passes, the "gateways" to India for invaders, were left unguarded, which revived the process of invasions once again. Nadir Shah Durrani and Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded through these passes. Ahmad Shah invaded India 8 times and successfully crushed the Marhatta power forever at Delhi after the famous battle of Panipat in 1761. The Sikhs emerged from the vacuum as a new power. They devastated the country and suburbs of Lahore, until they became the masters of the city in 1767.
Sikh Period 1767-1840.—From the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, until the establishment of the Sikh Kingdom in 1804 by Ranjit Singh, Lahore was subjected to periodical invasions, pillage and depopulation; and thus was reduced from a mighty city to a little more than a walled township encircled by a ruinous waste. Quarter after quarter became deserted. The wealthy residents of guzars relinquished their extramural palaces and retired to places of safety. The merchants and traders fled to other parts of the country. At length the inhabited portion of the city was confined to an area surrounded by the wall originally raised by Emperor Akbar, outside was ruin and devastation.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh brought stability and peace to the city after crushing the numerous sikh chiefs. He tried to restore the Shalamar gardens and added a few monuments, entirely at the cost of the existing ones. He laid a ruthless hand on the most beautiful buildings to get marble and other stones with which they were adorned. Some of the mausoleums like that of Zeb-u-Nissa Begum, the daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb, which was unique in design and beauty, and wholly made of marble, were totally ruined. The numerous gardens were laid desolate. Several buildings were pulled down simply to get bricks to restore the city walls and residences of Sikh Omeras. This aspect of the city's desolation is described by a British officers who visited Lahore in 1808.
1. Travernier, J. B., *Travels in India*, London, 1889, Vol. I, pp. 94-5.
2. Birnier, F., *Travels in the Moghal Empire*, London, 1826, Vol. II, p. 121.
3. Thornton, J. N., *Lahore*, 1876, p. 110.
A similar account is given by Edward Fane, who accompanied the British Commander-in-Chief to Lahore on the marriage of Prince Naunehal Singh in 1837.\footnote{Fane, H. E., \textit{Five Years in India}, London, 1842, Vol. I, p. 185.}
\textit{East India Company} 1848-1857.—Anarchy returned to the city after the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, after a relatively long peace of nearly 35 years. This state of confusion continued until the occupation of the Kingdom of Lahore by the East India Company in 1848. John Lawrence became the first Chief Commissioner of the territory in 1853. He has also testified the deplorable condition of the city.\footnote{Lawrence, Sir J. Selection from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department) for the year 1851-1852 and 1852-1853, relating to the Administration of the Punjab Territories.}
*1851-1852 and 1852-1853, relating to the Administration of the Punjab Territories
The new administration took immediate steps for the welfare of the city. The Anarkali, then a Sikh army cantonment, was vacated and new cantonment was established at Mian Mir in 1853. Under the new administration peace and security returned to the city and confidence was restored amongst the population. Widespread agitation against the foreign rule in the sub-continent resulted in the transfer of the Company’s rule of India to the British Crown and the Chief Commissioner become the first Lieutenant Governor of the region and thus started the British period.
It is from 1858 onward the city entered the field of progress and development after a very long period. Before this, as is clear from the map (Fig. 1) the city was confined to the wall. The environs were dotted with villages like Mozang, Nawan Kot, Qila Gujar Singh, Ghari Shahu, Baghbanpura etc. The condition of the paths, as the planned roads did not exist, was very bad and that of the drainage was worse. The map shows the condition of the area covered by the city.
Immediate steps were taken to improve the conditions in the city and in the surrounding debris-covered areas. The whole city area was surveyed and a plan for a new civil station and roads was drawn up in 1859. The problem of accommodation was acute as only historical places were available for offices as well as for residences of the officials. By the end of 1860 some of the administrative offices and other important buildings had been erected. The major roads between the city and cantonment had been paved. The roads connecting other paths, like the Grand Trunk Road, Ferozepur Road and road leading to the north west across the Ravi River, were also partially paved. Spacious bungalows, with gardens, were laid down in the new Civil Station. The Civil
Secretariat was completed in the Anarkali garden around the tomb of Anarkali. The Government House was completed in 1859 by making additions to the beautiful mausaleum of Muhammad Qasim Khan, a cousin of Emperor Akbar, on the Upper Mall Road. The General Post Office was also completed and this has since been expanded successively to meet the growing demand. The Telegram Office, opposite to General Post Office, was completed in 1881. In short the city had started to grow out from its centuries old shell. The map (Fig. 2) above the environs of the city in 1867. The whole surrounding area is covered by tombs and gardens for a long distance. The planning of a new site, due to the presence of several obstructions, mainly due to religious buildings, was very difficult. The new government could not take any risk of offending popular religious sentiments as it had done in 1857. Therefore, the Civil Station was established as well as it could be in the presence of all the tombs and other religious structures. By the end of the 19th century various government buildings had sprung up in the Anarkali and the Civil Station had become well populated. The city of Lahore save a rapid development in its communication, both railways and roads because of its being the centre of most important frontier province, which in past had seen several onslaughts of armies through the passes in the North-Western mountain ranges. Special attention was paid to this problem and immediately cantonments were established at the foot of the mountains to guard the passes. The cantonments were provided with good rail as well as road communications. These roads focused at Lahore and then proceeded to Delhi. The development of roads in and outside the city brought about a remarkable change in the physical growth of the city. In 1862 railway line from Delhi was extended to Lahore and in 1865 it was connected with Karachi. In 1875 railway line from Lahore crossed the river and connected Peshawar. The only bridge was the railway bridge and it had also a road passing over it. The commencement of railway traffic brought a revolution in the means of communications from which this city benefited most. It brought a great stimulus to trade and commerce, which, in turn produced a change in the economic and physical pattern of the city. By the end of the 19th century Lahore had become the focus of the railways of the province and the principal junction of the North-Western railways system.
With the growth of traffic, both in goods and passengers, the necessity to provide various kinds of facilities like godowns, offices residences, maintenance workshops and marshalling yards, also arose. Railway colonies were established to provide accommodation to the officials of the rapidly expanding departments. The railway yards and workshops were also established. The locomotive and carriage and wagon shops were established in 1874 and were provided with residential accommodation.
The development of an efficient and rapid transport system resulted in the increase of mobility and trade of the city. A large number of traders migrated from other parts of India and once again became an important collecting, distributing and exporting centre for agricultural produce, the output of which was revolutioned by the advancement of irrigation by perennial canals. In fact the economy of the province was totally changed when vast semiarid tracts of land were brought under the plough. This brought a boom to the city and development was accelerated enormously at the end of the 19th century. This can be noticed by comparing the maps of the city for 1847, 1867 and 1905 (Figs. 2 & 3) respectively.
As the number of prosperous people grow, better class houses also started appearing on a large scale. Lahore municipality was created to guide the expansion of the city in a planned manner by the Punjab Government in 1887. The urban field of the city was also growing rapidly and schools, colleges, hospitals, dispensaries and other useful institutions were appearing in the city in a large number.
The government also set up an Improvement Trust to effect various remedies for the sanitation and improvements to historical places. Sanitation, in fact, was one of the main problems of the city. The residents used to suffer from various kinds of plagues and epidemics due to inadequate drainage and defective water for drinking from the shallow wells.
Industries, on the other hand, in the city could not flourish. The most important industrial feature of the city was its printing presses. They were established to meet the educational and other needs of the city and the province. The 19th century did not see any other industries arise in the city.
Lahore saw a great change in its functional structure and urban field within a short period of 40 years. The extension of better suburbs, like Gwalmandi and Ramgali, was going at a fairly fast rate. A large business community, a community of government officials, the university and college teachers, doctors and other professionals, like lawyers and advocates, had been an important constituent of the city’s population. The desire and demand for better residences was on the increase.
IRANIAN AGRICULTURE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT*
AHMAD MUJTAHEDI**
In the two decades between 1953 and 1973 the rapidly growing industrialization of Iran has shifted to industry much of the former emphasis on agriculture during the last five years of the period, the share of agriculture in the GNP declined from somewhat under 25 per cent to 16 per cent.
Despite its decreasing part, agriculture in 1972/3 was still responsible for the largest portion of consumer expenditure, and agricultural products. Notably such traditional items as carpet, dried fruit and nuts continued to rank next below oil as Iran’s largest exports and so were the second largest provider of the country’s foreign exchange.
Although the proportion of rural inhabitants in the total population has fallen, their actual number has increased because of the high birth rate 3 “per cent per annum” out of the whole population of 2, 6.8 million in 1967/8, 16.6 million or 62 per cent lived in rural area; in 1972/3, when the number of people had increased to approximately 31 million, about 18.8 million or 57 per cent lived in such areas:¹
In the same five years, the active agricultural population had gone down from 49 to 40 per cent, and despite a government forecast for a considerable increase in farm employment, a decline actually took place:²
A chief reason for these changes was found in the ever swelling migration from the rural area to the cities, more marked in Iran than in many other countries, and directed primarily to the capital, Tehran in 1972/3 approximately 16 per cent of all the population from one place to another and over half of that percentage went from rural to urban area.³
The largest number of people moving to the cities from the countryside or from smaller towns consisted of active workers in search of employment or higher earnings.
*Annual Report and Balance Sheet, Bank Markasi Iran the Central Bank of Iran, 1351, (1973) p. 65.
**Dr. Mujtahedi is an Assistant Professor Department of Geography, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
1. Population Forest up to 1970, Iran center of statistics publication no. 209, 351 (April-21, May-21, 1979), see also annual report bank markasi (1351) 1973 p. 93.
2. Ibid., and fourth national development plan 1968-1972, the imperial government of Iran, plan organization, Tehran, Iran, 1968, p. 69.
3. Ibid., p. 93, N. 3.
As a large proportion of industrial establishments are located in Tehran, it became a lodestone for hopeful workers.
The limitations imposed on agricultural production by physical factors are clearly of great importance and require examination.
South and east from Azerbaijan run the great mountain zones of the Zagros and the Alburz enclosing between them and the Makran and Afghan mountains a central region of high basins and ranges. Recent, orogenesis and structural contortion together with prolonged erosion and detrital accumulation have produced ruggedness and steep slopes on the one hand and low-gradient basins on the other. The resulting landscape with its preponderance of abrupt angular junctions is frequently picturesquely impressive but has obvious difficulties for farming.
Iran is the meeting point of air masses of varying characteristics. The outward facing masses of the northern and western mountains receive, by orographic action, some winter precipitation from the weak and variable frontal activity arriving from the Asia. Upper atmosphere convergence produce some winter precipitation on the central basins and ranges.
Except for gulf littoral, the Makran coast and the Caspian coastlands this precipitation falls on mountains and high plateau basins where altitude reinforces the winter drop in temperature. The season of maximum precipitation over highland Iran is therefore relatively or absolutely bleak. Agricultural activity is reduced to a minimum; and of the seasonal water-balance surplus into mountain much is lost either in direct run-off or in rapid snow melt runoff in spring. Relative winter harshness also serves to restrict the crop-range, although this general pattern is broken up by the multitude of differing micro-climates produced by variation of altitude, slope and aspect in the more dissected regions. Along the Caspian shore the shelter provided by the Alburz and the thermally stabilizing effect of the Caspian sea together result in generally humid and mild conditions which nevertheless even here are periodically broken by cold air incursions.
In the summer the Zagros, Central and southern Alburz and the central area have general air-mass in stability, but land heating turbulence can produce violent changes in temperature and precipitation very similar to these experienced on the Spanish Meseta. The northern Alburz and Caspian receive orographic precipitation from the frequent movements of humid air from the Caspian lowlands, while Makran and the Gulf experience generally weak but sometimes catastrophic monsoonal effects.
The climates of Iran are clearly restrictive of farming. Everywhere except in a few areas along the Caspian shore very definite seasonal rhythms tend to
encourage reliance on annual crops, particularly of grains which require vernalization and which have short growing seasons. Violence and variability particularly affecting precipitation are also climatic factors of great significance.
Supremely important of course is the availability of water for plant, animal and human life. For Iran, as for the Middle East as a whole, the Qur'anic verse "We made from water every living thing" is as true today as ever.
Rain-fed agriculture, as can be deduced from the brief statement above and from the preceding study of climate is poorly productive and hazardous in all regions. In central Iran the reported yields of dry-farmed wheat, on about 30 per cent of the tilled area, vary between 290 and 360 kg per hectare (c. $2\frac{1}{2}$ cwt. per acre) as compared with between 850 and 1,900 kg per hectare (c. 6-13 cwt per acre) on irrigated land. In arid Sistan and Baluchistan the yields of dry-farmed grain are so low and variable that practically none is produced except in some small favoured mountain areas.
The relatively pluvious regions of Azarbaijan and Kurdistan and the Caspian littoral have a smaller proportion of irrigated arable land, generally. c. 20 per cent, but the differences in yield between dry and irrigation farming remain considerable. In these regions, as in the semi-arid east, centre and south, precipitation variability is great. Fluctuations in time, type and quantity are all significant, and when thermal seasonality, so often exaggerated by altitude and its aspect, also produces critical conditions for crop plant germination and maturation, then precipitation variability can make dry-farming extremely hazardous. Even in near-tropical Khuzistan, killing frosts can occur as late as April.
Reliance on wasteland grazing under such climate conditions is catastrophically dangerous. The only available estimates suggest that, on average, during one year in every five a total of between 800,000 and one million head of sheep and goats perish in drought conditions.
The greatest losses are suffered by the nomadic pastoralists of the southern Zagros and Baluchistan, many of whom are periodically reduced to destitution by the not infrequent decimation of their flocks. In 1962 and 1963, thousands of once-proud Baluchi tribesmen were forced away from their mountains to meagre relief and begging in Zahidan and Zabul, and spread as de-tribalized migrant casual labourers throughout eastern Iran, producing in their wake dislocation of the labour market and secondary poverty—this following a four-year absolute drought between April 1958 and April 1962.
The direct consequences to agriculture of climatic harshness and hazard are equalled by the indirect effects operating through the whole hydrological,
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1. The Qur'an XX, 31.
2. First National Census of Agriculture, op. cit.
edaphic and biotic complex. The most extreme conditions are found south and east of Kirman, where the total average rainfall for between two and four years (8-24 in) not infrequency falls in one or two days of violent storms.\(^1\) Occurrences less extreme only in degree are recorded regularly in all parts of Iran, under such conditions and associated also with great diurnal and seasonal temperature conditions, weathering produces on all slopes a preponderance of coarse detrital matter in situ together with graded concentrations of fine sand and silt in the lower basins of interior drainage. Runoff rates become extremely high on all sloping land, and water holding capacity (in any case low on the thin and slowly formed soils) has been dangerously reduced by encroachments on forest and scrub by the plough and livestock.
Flood damage in the plains is estimated at more than one million U. S. dollars annually.\(^2\)
Downstream siltation adversely affects groundwater and drainage conditions, water-supply installations and soil formation. Upstream in the catchment areas the effectiveness of precipitation is reduced in some cases to 10 per cent of the actual fall, and land which in the absence of cultivation and grazing possessed a dry forest or mountain steppe ecological stability is often reduced to pebble-desert or gullied badland.
Biotic conditions for agriculture may then be summarized as follows. As water balance studies show the regions of moderate mean water surplus are restricted to the Zagros and Alburz mountains, the Caspian littoral, the highlands of Khurasan and the isolated mountains of the interior. Even here the lower lands such as those in the lake Rezaiyeh (Urmiyeh) basin and the valleys of the Araxes (Aras) and upper safidrud are areas of deficit. The mean surplus, such as it is, everywhere “occurs in one season alone.”
In these regions and on their peripheries are found the best potential edaphic conditions for cultivation relatively deep forest soils and considerable expanses of fairly mature alluvial material, and also the least ephemeral natural grazing.
Even so, winters are frequently thermally harsh and snow common, seasonal summer aridity, particularly when associated with high day temperatures results in a precarious ecological balance for natural climax tree growth. On the steep slopes, predominantly in permeable rocks this balance is very easily destroyed by even the most cautious intrusion of agriculture as any
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1. Khuzistan Regional Development Programme, *Eleventh Quarterly Review*, June 1960.
2. Multi-purposes River Basin Development, Flood Control Series, No. 18, U. N. Publication 61, II, f. 8.
traveller in the Persian highlands can observe the contrasts between controlled forest and the ruined soils and degenerate flora of grazing and ploughed land.
In all other areas the mean water deficit is medium to high. The production of grasses for grazing is not reliable. Virtually all the water required for agriculture must be supplied artificially; almost none is available from precipitation, practically all the water used in the zone of great deficits is obtained from outside the region."
Climatic, ecological and hydrological conditions in the regions of seasonal water surplus impose stringent controls, on the use of such water in the deficit zones. As noted elsewhere, river volume is highly variable and surface flow most often ephemeral. Storage and control of flow is made even more difficult and costly by the heavy load of solids carried by streams in spate. Since most surface water flows into interior drainage basins geomorphological processes normal under these conditions have produced since late tertiary times a near-ubiquitous type of complex physiographic feature which is of common enough occurrence in semiarid regions, but which is of especial importance to Iranian agriculture.
The environment in which both the upland and plain dwelling agriculturalist has to operate is thus extraordinarily limiting. Dry-farming is clearly climatically hazardous and tends to be only of importance in the relatively pluvious mountains and hill-lands which have their own special problems arising from the enforced use of frequently immature, steep slope soils of mechanical and chemical instability the only exceptional region is that including Mazandaran and Gurgan, the former as a result of relative climatic benignity\(^2\) the latter because of the special characteristics of deep loess soils. Here annual, perennial and forage crops give good returns even without irrigation; and for an explanation of the present less than maximum exploitation of land in Mazandaran and Gurgan one must turn attention away from simple physical controls.
Irrigation farming can only be carried out successfully under some stringent conditions on the valley terraces and floodplains in the seasonally pluvious mountain one finds the following general situation.
Mountain rivulets and streams provide water for irrigation, being deviated by canals to both sides of the valleys. In these higher zones the density of cultivated lands relative to available land is much higher than in the lower plain.
1. Thornthwaite, Mather and Carter, "Three Water Balance Maps of South-West Asia", publication of *Climatology*, vol. XI, No. 1 Centerton, New Jersey, 1962.
2. Irrigation Project-Mazanderan "Preliminary and Full Reports to Organization of Iran" by Sir Alexander Gibb and partners, 1958.
or piedmont zone's complicated water works conduct the water to minute fields and terraced agriculture is often of an ingenious kind. The work of generations has shaped the sedentary agricultural landscape and drop diversification exists together with an important fruit growing complex. These zones suffer most from shortage of land and the distance to market centres.\(^1\) In the high valleys and terraces of the northern Zagros and Alburz ranges, in the isolated central mountains at Tezfrj-an, and on Kuh-i Taftan in Baluchistan, as everywhere in the highlands of the middle East, lushness and fertility seem to dwell accentuated by contrast with the low plains. It is important however that the visual impact made by the rows of poplar, the groves of almonds and apricot and the steps of terraced fields with their variety of pulses, legumes and vegetables should not deceive the traveller into believing that rustic plenty abounds.
Even that intensity of Production which exists has been developed only by strenuous uncosted manual labour which has to be expended more and more prodigally as growing populations impose increasing strains on the inexorably restricted resources of topographically usable land, here lies the paradox of apparent plenty and real poverty.
With the introduction of land reform and the white revolution during the years of third and fourth plans, the institutional frame work for agriculture was transformed.
The change was brought about primarily by land reform, and various other of the twelve points of the white revolution such as nationalization of forests and water resources, and the formation and activities of the education, the health and the development and extension crops. The establishment of numerous, better financed, and more up-to-date rural cooperatives and joint stock farming corporations also provided bases for new forms of agricultural development. Although land reform, the "white revolution" in general, and the development of the cooperatives and joint corporation movements are beyond the scope of treatment here and have been discussed in detail elsewhere,\(^2\) they must be mentioned because of their importance to agricultural growth during the third and fourth plan periods and their relevance to the future.
Despite the speed with which land reform was activated from its initiation under the inspiration and leadership of Shahenshah in 1962/3 it led way through the next three years to the other reforms and Iran development.
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1. "A study for the modernization of peasant life and animal husbandry in the Zagros." Memorandum to plan organization of Iran by Italconsult, 1960.
2. Among the many discussions, see esp. Ann S. Lambton, the Persian Land Reform, 1962-1965 Oxford Clarendon Press 1969, passim.
The reform provided that henceforth no owner would be allowed to possess more than one village and required him to sell to a farmer sharecropper any lands on which he had been working up to that time. Except in a provision for bidding sub-division of land transferred to new owners, the reform of 1962-3 did not involve consolidation of plots even for efficiency or mechanized farming.
**Production of selected agricultural crops "thousand tons".**
| | 1347 (1969) | 1348 (1971) | Growth Rate 1348 (1971) | 4th Plan Target 1351 (1973) |
|----------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------------------|-----------------------------|
| Wheat | 4,400 | 4,200 | -4,5 | 4,700 |
| Barley | 1,204 | 1,100 | -8,6 | 1,135 |
| Rice (in the husk) | 1,354 | 1,395 | 3,0 | 1,400 |
| Sugar Beet | 3,403 | 3,500 | 2,9 | 4,500 |
| Cotton (raw) | 435 | 480 | 10,3 | 600 |
| Tea (green) | 79 | 75 | -5,1 | 120 |
| Sugar Cane | 453 | 475 | 4,9 | 800 |
| Oil Seed | 10 | 32 | 220,0 | 130 |
*Source: Plan Organization and Ministry of Agriculture.*
The second phase of the reform, applying to landlords owing less than one village, at third required land to be leased to the workers under a thirty year contract, later changed to a requirement of sale instead of rent. From 1969 on, most land reform activities and financial transactions of the new farmers were concerned primarily with these sale and with problems of payment for them. By 1972-3 it was reported that 787 1,000 farmer households had become owners of their land.
Various observers think that a disproportionate share of funds and technical aid have been used for a small number of the rural people and that the land reform advocates claim greater accomplishment than has really taken place. The leading student of Iranian land reform, and K. S. Lambton, has summarized its important effect differently, indicating that whenever the former peasants received land under the reform they soon came to realize that it was their own and thus they began to diversify crops and increased the use of fertilizers markedly.
In most of the land reform villages, furthermore, the new farmer claimed the foreselling of crops and his indebtedness resulting in reduced crop production. Of the approximately 18 million hectares of crop land in the country, Only about one third is actually in use at a given time, while the rest lies
fallow. In the past, attention was reveted on securing greater productivity from each unit. It is only in the most recent years that serious attempts have been made to renew the soil and increase productivity by more irrigation, fertilizers, better seeds, machine plowing and other modern farming techniques.
Despite such action during the fourth plan years, yields per hectare of most crops were lower than the world average and still lower than the average for developed countries, in that year ADF I reported that the factors responsible for the low yields were the inadequacy of investment in infrastructure for production, the high costs of production, insufficiency of research and lack of enough extension services\(^1\) chiefly because of the low yields and high production costs, the prices of most Iranian farm products have increased alone, and with the international prices generally.
1. Lambton, *Persian Land Reforms*, p. 358.
POPULATION CENSUS OF PAKISTAN
1972
The first ever population enumeration on scientific lines in the Indo-Pakistan dates back to the year 1881. The first population census of Pakistan was undertaken a few years after independence in 1951 and the second in 1961. Both the censuses suffered due to shortage of trained and skilled manpower, lack of interest on the part of enumerators, as well as inaccurate responses of illiterate respondent and the non-availability of computer facilities. The result of 1951 and 1961 censuses had been questioned from both coverage and content view point. The third decennial population census was held in September 1971. Unlike previous censuses, the third population census was completed in three phases, namely: (1) Big count; (2) Census Evaluation Survey (CES); and (3) Housing, Economic and Demographic Survey (HED).
The Census was carried out from September 16th through the 30th September 1972. The date of 16th September, 1972 was treated as the census date and all references to residence etc, were made as of that date.
Census Organization
The Government of Pakistan appointed a Census Commission as head of the Census Organization of the Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan carried out the third population census programme. The census was taken in each province, it was coordinated and supervised by the provincial Directors of Census. For this work each province was divided into census districts. In each Distt. Assistant Commissioners, Revenue Assistants, Sub-Divisional Officers and Tehsildars/Mukhtiarkars worked in addition to their duties were responsible for the organization and enumeration within the census district on part time basis.
The census field work was carried out by charge superintendents, Circle supervisors and Enumerators. The officials of revenue administration supervised and assisted in rural areas local bodies staff in urban areas. Most of the enumerators were selected largely from school teachers, Patwaris, Qanoongos and the local persons of the enumeration blocks.
The census evaluation survey was the joint responsibility of the Census Organization and the statistical Division, which has trained field staff consisting of Statistical Officers, Statistical Investigators and Enumerators who are located in 11 district headquarters throughout the country.
Field staff of 900 Enumerators, 130 Field Supervisors and 30 Statistical Officers was recruited for undertaking field enumeration of the Housing, Economic and Demographic Survey, whereas the permanent field staff was entrusted with the planning of field work training and supervision of the new recruits.
Planning and implementation of the CES and HED Surveys was the responsibility of a special cell of the Statistical Division. Well staffed with statisticians.
The processing of data collected in the big count, the census Evaluation Survey and the HED survey was carried out on an IBM Computer 360/30 installed in the Statistical Division.
The data processing Section of the Statistical Division undertook programming, systems designing and the preparation of tables using IBM Computer.
**The Census**
The 1972 population census was a complete count of all the people living in the country and covered each and every person living within the boundaries of Pakistan. Foreign nationals living in Pakistan were also included, Pakistan nationals living outside Pakistan temporarily or were away from Pakistan during the whole of the census period were separately enumerated under special arrangements made with the Pakistan Diplomatic Mission abroad. Unlike previous censuses the third census deals with only a few characteristics of population. The data includes the following information: name, relationship with the head of household, age, sex, marital status, religion, literacy and nationality. For the first time a book type household enumeration schedule was used instead of the individual population census schedule of the 1951 and 1961 censuses.
**Big Count**
Complete enumeration of population, called Big Count was completed in two parts. The first operation consisted of numbering the structures and in the second operation all persons living in the listed households were enumerated.
**Census Areas**
The whole country was divided into primary census units called blocks which were grouped into census circles and these in turn were grouped into census charges. Similarly, groups of census charges formed census districts. One census Block consisted of approximately 150-200 households. A village smaller than this size was treated as a census block.
Numbering the Structures and Household Listing
Using the locality map Enumerator, familiarised themselves with the boundaries of the census block and inspected the entire area its buildings, houses, huts, and prepared an inventory of a house, building, hut, boat, mosque, temple, shed, tent or any such place which is useable for human habitation. Each structure was then enlisted in register serially and painted on the structure.
Within each structure all individual units meant for residential or other purposes were listed on the listing register. Each unit was examined for occupancy and the name of the head of the household was listed in the register and each household was given a serial number within a census block.
The enumerators then interviewed with any adult member of a household and collected the required information.
Provisional Results of Big Count
The census organization released the provisional population for the country in four provinces including 19 cities having a population of more than 100 thousand.
Census Evaluation Survey CES
The principal objectives of the CES were to estimate the number/proportions of population and households missed in the big count; to work out adjustment factors for "Missed persons" sex and age groups; to estimate response variance in respect to all items included in the big count: and to analyse the sources of error in the Census.
The design of the CES sample was based on a probability sample of approximate households drawn through a two-stage, stratified, random sampling technique. The entire country was divided into two Sub-Universes. Sixteen large cities were grouped together to form sub-universe I and the remaining country was included in Sub-Universe II. Rural tribal areas of the North West Frontier Province were excludes from coverage. Eighty-two primary sampling units which consisted of census circles were selected from sub-universe I. In all, 167 clusters of approximately 30 households formed the secondary sampling units.
In Sub-Universe II, 82 primary sampling units were also selected from which 82 clusters of approximately 30 households were selected. The overall probability of selection was constant 1/800 for Sub-Universe I and 1/600 for Sub-Universe II.
| Locality | Area | Population 1972 | Variation 1961-72 | Proportion 1972-census |
|-----------------------------------------------|----------|-----------------|--------------------|------------------------|
| | | Both Sexes | Male | Female | Number | Percent | |
| | | | | | | | |
| Pakistan | 42,880,000 | 64,892,000 | 34,417,000 | 30,475,000 | 22,012,000 | 51.33 | 100.00 |
| Northwest Frontier Province | 5,631,000 | 8,402,000 | 4,376,000 | 4,026,000 | 2,671,000 | 46.60 | 12.95 |
| Centrally Administered Tribal Mreas | 1,847,000 | 2,507,000 | 1,291,000 | 1,216,000 | 660,000 | 35.73 | 3.86 |
| Federal Capital Territory of Islamabad | 94,000 | 235,000 | 130,000 | 105,000 | 141,000 | 150.00 | 0.36 |
| Punjab Province | 25,488,000 | 37,374,000 | 19,871,000 | 17,503,000 | 11,886,000 | 46.63 | 57.59 |
| Sind Province | 8,367,000 | 13,965,000 | 7,474,000 | 6,491,000 | 5,598,000 | 66.90 | 21.52 |
| Baluchistan | 1,353,000 | 2,409,000 | 1,275,000 | 1,134,000 | 1,056,000 | 78.04 | 3.72 |
The total population of Pakistan was 64.9 million in September 1972 registering an increase of 51.33% over the 1961 census. The breakdown of the total population by different administrative boundaries is shown in Table No. 1.
CES Methodology
The Census Evaluation Survey consisted of the following steps:
1. An independent re-enumeration of each CES sample area was made by filling in a Re-interview form for each household.
2. A household by household, person by person match was made between the CES enumeration and the census enumeration undertaken manually in Karachi. Then each household and each person was determined to be a "match" or a "non-match" case. The matching operations have almost been completed.
3. For all "non-match" cases, transcription of the required information into field follow up forms was made.
4. A followup survey was made by personal interviews to establish the correct status of the household/or person at the time of the Census.
5. Information on the coverage status of each household/person was then coded.
6. Tabulation of results.
The first phase was started after the first three weeks of the census operation and was completed in about three months time. The follow up survey was started in the month of January and took about 4 months to complete Housing Economic and Demographic (HED) Survey.
This survey was conducted in the third phase. The main objectives of the HED were:
1. To obtain data on housing and housing conditions;
2. To collect data on literacy, type of education and educational level attained, the labour force and its characteristics, migration, marital status disability, and demographic items not covered in the Big Count.
Estimates were prepared for the medium and large districts of the provinces by urban and rural areas. Estimates for small districts are shown for urban and rural areas combined.
A stratified, two stage sample design was adopted. A list of census blocks, structures and households prepared during the 1972 census constitution the sample frame. The overall sampling rate of 1/20 and 1/50 was fixed for urban and rural areas respectively, the overall sample size was 300,000 households.
A specially recruited field staff was trained. Enumeration of the sample areas commenced on the first of August 1973 and was completed within four months.
The completed HED data is now available in 5 volumes.
Census Reports
1. Bulletins: One Bulletin containing provisional population figures by districts was released in 1973.
2. District Census Reports: Released in 1978 contain a brief introduction to the District.
3. Population tables include information at Districts, Tehsils/Talukas level and for urban localities.
4. Village lists include population informations about individual village.
5. Census Reports of Tribal Areas.
The reports are similar to the District Census Reports.
6. Census report of the Islamabad Federal Territory:
This also is similar to the District Census Reports.
7. Volume I: This includes the population census report and Tables for Pakistan showing population statistical and tables with brief explanatory notes.
8. Volume II to V (Provincial): A separate volume has been issued for each of the four provinces of Pakistan which contain tables for each province and its Divisions, Districts, Tehsils and Talukas.
List of Distt. Census Reports
1. Mardan District
2. Hazara District
3. Sanghar District
4. Karachi District
5. Dadu District
6. Peshawar District
7. Hyderabad District
8. Loralai District
9. Chagi District
10. Kharan District
11. Quetta Pishin
12. Zhob District
13. Khairpur District
14. Swat District
15. Makran District
16. Kalat District
17. Lasbella District
18. Nawabshah District
19. Jacobabad District
20. Chitral District
21. Dir District
22. Bannu District
23. Sukkur District
24. Larkana District
25. Tharparkar District
26. Sibi District
27. D. I. Khan District
28. Malakand District
29. Thatta District
30. Kohat District
31. Gujrat District
32. Gujranwala District
33. Campbellpur District
34. Lahore District
35. Sialkot District
36. Sheikhupura District
37. Sahiwal District
38. Mianwali District
39. Bahawalnagar District
40. Bahawalpur District
41. Multan District
42. Muzaffargarh District
43. D. G. Khan District
44. Rahim Yar Khan District
45. Rawalpindi District
46. Islamabad District
47. Jhang District
48. Sargodha District
49. Lyallpur District.
AUTHOR INDEX OF P. G. R. [1968-1976]
Ahmad, Kazi, S., *Some Observations on 1961 Census Data Pertaining to Urban Areas.* V. 23 (2), July 1968, pp. 103-110.
Ahmad, Kazi, S., *Urbanization in Pakistan: Past and Present.* V. 24 (2), July 1969, pp. 96-110.
Alizai, Mohammad Yaqub, *Pattern of Sugarbeet Concentration in Peshawar Valley,* V. 30 (1 & 2), 1975.
Bilgrami, S. A., *Prosperity through Utilization of Minerals.* V. 256 (1), January 1971, pp. 1-23.
Bokhari, M. H., *Growth and Development of Lyallpur City.* V. 26 (2), July 1971, pp. 1-15.
Bokhari, M. H., *Morphology of Lyallpur City.* V. 25 (2), July 1970, pp. 59-70.
Brod Raymond, M., *China's Attitude toward her National Space, its relationship to Sinkiang.* V. 30 (1 & 2), 1975.
Dichthr, David. *The Physical Evolution of the North-West Frontier Region.* V. 23 (2), July 1968, pp. 77-91.
Elahi, M. K., *Evolution of Cropping Pattern in the Suburban Areas in Pakistan.* V. 31 (1), 1976.
Elahi, M. K., *Wheat Cultivation in West Pakistan; Its Water Budget.* V. 27 (2), July 1972, pp. 1-31.
Hameed, Azhar, *Multan: Phases of Urban Growth.* V. 29 (1 & 2), 1974, pp. 44-52.
Hameed, Azhar, *The Process of Urbanization in the Upper Indus Plains.* V. 28 (1 & 2), 1973. pp. 1-21.
Hassan, Zafar, *Spatial Pattern of Population in Hyderabad (Sind) 1948-1968.* V. 28 (1 & 2), 1973, pp. 42-46.
Hussain, Jamshaid, *Land Reforms in West Pakistan.* V. 27 (1), January 1972, pp. 19-35.
Israr-ud-Din. *The People of Chitral: A Survey of their Ethnic Diversity.* V. 24 (1), January 1969, pp. 45-57.
Israr-ud-Din. *Population of Chitral: Growth Distribution and Socio-Economic Structure.* V. 26 (1), January 1971, pp. 37-49.
Jalal-ud-Din Ch., Robert Brinkman & Ch. Mohammad Rafiq, *Landforms of the Indus Delta.* V. 25 (1), January 1970, pp. 11-22.
Jalal-ud-Din, Ch., Robert Brinkman & Ch. Mohammad Rafiq. *Soils of the Indus Delta: Their Nature, Genesis and Classification.* V. 25 (2), July 1970, pp. 70-85.
Khan, Abdul Hamid, *Role of Geography in Ascertaining the Telecommunication Pattern of Pakistan.* V. 30 (1 & 2) 1975.
Khan, Mohammad Aslam, *How to Plan Agrovilles—Location Strategy.* V. 27 (2), July 1972, pp. 32-42.
Khan, Mohammad Aslam, *Nuclear Geography: A Conceptual Framework.* V. 29 (1 & 2) 1974.
Khan, Mohammad M., *What Constitutes a valid Geographic Research.* V. 30 (1 & 2) 1975.
Khan Nasrullah, *Climates of West Pakistan according to Thornthwait’s System of Classification.* V. 23 (1) 1968.
Khan, Zafar Ahmad, *Demographic and Ecological Trends of Karachi: The Example of an Industrializing City.* V. 26 (1), January 1971, pp. 24-37.
Khan, Zafar Ahmad, *Karachi before British Rule.* V. 24 (1), January 1969, pp. 34-44.
Khan, Zafar Ahmad, *Population Growth of Karachi: The Example of a Large City in Developing Countries.* V. 24 (2), July, 1969, pp. 111-129.
Khan, Zafar Ahmad, *Some Aspects of the Changing Pattern of Industrial Land Use in Karachi.* V. 23 (2), July, 1968.
Khan, Zafar A., *Urban Housing and Land Use Pattern in Pak.* V. 31 (1) 1976.
Kureshy, K. U. and Elahi, M. K., *Cropping Pattern and Crop Associations in West Pakistan.* V. 26 (2), July 1971, pp. 16-37.
Kureshy, K. U. & Elahi, M. K., *Farm Size-Crop Relationship in West Pakistan.* V. 24 (1), January 1969.
Kureshy, K. U., *Transport Problems in the Metropolitan Centres of Pakistan.* V. 31 (1), 1976.
Kureshy, K. U., *Urban Housing Problem in West Pakistan.* V. 25 (1), January 1970, pp. 1-11.
Malik, Rashid, A., *Antecedents of Irrigation Development and Settlement Pattern in the Punjab.* V. 28 (1 & R), 1973, pp. 22-41.
Malik, Rashid, A., *Changes in the Land Use Pattern of the Upper Indus Basin During the British Period.* V. 29 (1 & 2), 1974, pp. 1-43.
Memon, M. M., *Alluvial Morphology of the Lower Indus Plain and its Relation to Land Use.* V. 24 (1), January 1969, pp. 1-34.
Mushtaq, M., *Lahore: Physical Set Up.* V. 27 (1), January, 1972, pp. 36-51.
Mushtaq, M. *The Pattern of Retail and Wholesale Trade in Lahore.* V. 23 (1), January 1968, pp. 37-53.
Patel Ahmad, M., *Population, Food and Agriculture in E. Pak.* V. 23 (2), July 1968, pp. 61-77.
Rafiq, Ch. Mohammad, *Crop Ecological Zones of the Indus Plains.* V. 26 (2), July 1971, pp. 38-49.
Rathore, A. G., *Environmental Controls in Farming-Scotland a Case Study*. V. 30 (1 & 2), 1975.
Rathore, A. H., *Mobility of Farm Labour in Scotland (1946-65/66): Some Influencing Factors*. V. 25 (1), January 1970.
Rathore, A. H., *Rural Depopulation in Scotland: A study in Retrospect*. V. 27 (2), July 1972, pp. 43-54.
Rizvi Amjad, A. B., *Determinants of Metropolitan Growth and Development in an Urbanized Society*. V. 23 (No. 1), January 1968, pp. 1-11.
Said Mohammad, *The Block Fields of the Southern Pennines*. V. 27 (1), January 1972, pp. 2-18.
Said, Mohammad, *Some Observations on Free Face Development in the Barbage Basin (England)*. V. 29 (1 & 2), 1974, pp. 53-64.
Siddiqi, Mohammad Ismail. *Region, Regional Planning and Policy*. V. 31 (1 & 2) 1976.
Zaidi, Iqtidar H., *Saidu Mingora: Some Aspects of Functional Structure of a Tourist Town in a Frontier Area*. V. 24 (2), July 1969, pp. 85-96.
Zaidi, Iqtidar H., *The Spatial Pattern of Punjabi Culture in West Pakistan*. V. 25 (2), July 1970, pp. 45-58.
Zaidi, S. Hamid Hussain. *Spatial Pattern of Sex Ratio in Pakistan*. V. 24 (2), July 1969, pp. 130-139.
TITLE INDEX OF P. G. R. [1968-1976]
Alluvial Morphology of the Lower Indus Plain and its Relation to Land Use.
M. M. Memon. V. 24 (1), January 1969, pp. 1-34.
Antecedents of Irrigation Development and Settlement Pattern in the Punjab.
Rashid A. Malik. V. 28 (I & R), 1973, pp. 22-41.
Block Fields of the Southern Pennines. (Mohammad Said). V. 27 (1), January 1972, pp. 2-18.
Changes in the Land Use Pattern of the Upper Indus Basin During the British Period.
Rashid A. Malik. V. 29 (1 & 2), 1974, pp. 1-43.
China’s Attitude toward her National Space, its Relationship to Sinkiang.
M. Brod Raymond. V. 30 (1 & 2) 1975.
Climates of West Pakistan according to Thornthwaite’s System of Classification.
Nasrullah Khan. V. 23 (1) 1968.
Crop Ecological Zones of the Indus Plains. Mohammad Rafiq Ch. V. 26 (2), July, 1971, pp. 38-49.
Cropping Pattern and Crop Associations in West Pakistan. K. U. Kureshy and M. Elahi. V. 26 (2), July, 1971, pp. 16-37.
Demographic and Ecological Trends of Karachi: The Example of an Industrializing City. Zafar Ahmad Khan. V. 26 (1), January, 1971, pp. 24-37.
Determinants of Metropolitan Growth and Development in an Urbanized Society.
Amjad Rizvi, A. B. V. 23 (No. I), January, 1968, pp. 1-11.
Environmental Controls in Farming: Scotland a Case Study. A. H. Rathore. V. 30 (1 & 2) 1975.
Evolution of Cropping Pattern in the Suburban Areas in Pakistan. M. K. Elahi. V. 31 (1), 1976.
Farm Size-Crop Relationship in West Pakistan. K. U. Kureshy & M. K. Elahi. V. 24 (1), January, 1969.
Growth and Development of Lyallpur City. M. H. Bokhari. V. 26 (2), July 1971, pp. 1-15.
How to Plan Agrovilles—Location Strategy. Mohammad Aslam Khan. V. 27 (2), July 1972, pp. 32-42.
Karachi before British Rule. Zafar Ahmad Khan. V. 24 (1), January, 1969, pp. 34-44.
Lahore: Physical Set Up. M. Mushtaq. V. 27 (1), January 1972, pp. 36-51.
Landforms of the Indus Delta. Jalal-ud-Din, Ch., Robert Brinkman and Ch. Mohammad Rafiq. V. 25 (1), January 1970, pp. 11-22.
Land Reforms in West Pakistan. Jamshaid Hussain. V. 27 (1), January 1972, pp. 19-35.
Mobility of Farm Labour in Scotland (1946-65/66): Some Influencing Factors. A. H. Rathore. V. 25 (1), January 1970.
Morphology of Lyallpur City. M. H. Bokhari. V. 25 (2), July 1970, pp. 59-70.
Multan: Phases of Urban Growth. Azhar Hameed. V. 29 (1 & 2), 1974, pp. 44-52.
Nuclear Geography: A Conceptual Framework. Mohammad Aslam Khan. V. 29 (1 & 2) 1974.
Pattern of Retail and Wholesale Trade in Lahore. M. Mushtaq. V. 23 (1), January 1968, pp. 37-53.
Pattern of Sugarbeet Concentration in Peshawar Valley. Mohammad Yaqub Alizai. V. 30 (1 & 2), 1975.
People of Chitral: A Survey of their Ethnic Diversity. Israt-ud-Din. V. 24 (1), January 1969, pp. 45-57.
Physical Evolution of the North-West Frontier Region. David D. V. 23 (2), July 1968, pp. 77-91.
Population, Food and Agriculture in East Pakistan. Ahmad M. Patel. V. 23 (2), July 1968, pp. 61-77.
Population Growth of Karachi: The Example of a Large City in Developing Countries. Zafar Ahmad Khan. V. 24 (2), July 1969, pp. 111-129.
Population of Chitral: Growth Distribution and Socio-Economic Structure. January 1971, pp. 37-49.
Process of Urbanization in the Upper Indus Plains. Azhar Hameed. V. 28 (1 & 2), 1973, pp. 1-21.
Prosperity Through Utilization of Minerals. S. A. Bilgrami. V. 26 (1), January 1971, pp. 1-23.
Region Regional Planning and Policy. Muhammad Ismail Siddiqi. V. 31 (1 & 2), 1976.
Role of Geography in Ascertaining the Telecommunication Pattern of Pakistan. Abdul Hamid Khan. V. 30 (No. 1 & 2), 1975.
Rural Depopulation in Scotland: A Study in Retrospect. A. H. Rathore. V. 27 (2), July 1972, pp. 43-54.
Saidu Mingora: Some Aspects of Functional Structure of a Tourist Town in a Frontier Area. Iqtidar H. Zaidi. V. 24 (2), July 1969, pp. 85-96.
Soils of the Indus Delta: Their Nature, Genesis and Classification. Jalal-ud-Din, Ch., Robert Brinkman & M. Rafiq Ch. V. 25 (2), July 1970, pp. 70-85.
Some Aspects of the Changing Pattern of Industrial Land Use in Karachi. Zafar Ahmad Khan. V. 23 (2), July 1968.
Some Observations on 1961 Census Data Pertaining to Urban Area. Kazi S. Ahmad. V. 23 (2), July 1968, pp. 103-110.
Some Observations on Free Face Development in the Barbage Basin (England).
Mohammad Said. V. 29 (1 & 2), 1974, pp. 53-64.
Spatial Pattern of Population in Hyderabad (Sind) 1948-1968. Zafar Hassan.
V. 28 (1 & 2), 1973, pp. 42-46.
Spatial Pattern of Punjabi Culture in West Pakistan. Iqtidar H. Zaidi. V. 25 (2),
July 1970, pp. 45-58.
Spatial Pattern of Sex Ratio in Pakistan. S. Hamid Husain Zaidi. V. 24 (2),
July 1969, pp. 130-139.
Transport Problems in the Metropolitan Centres of Pakistan. K. U. Kureshy.
V. 31 (1), 1976.
Urban Housing and Land Use Pattern in Pakistan. Zafar A. Khan. V. 31 (1),
1976.
Urban Housing Problem in West Pakistan. K. U. Kureshy. V. 25 (1),
January 1970, pp 1-11.
Urbanization in Pakistan: Past and Present. Kazi S. Ahmad. V. 24 (2),
July 1969, pp. 96-110.
What Constitutes a Valid Geographic Research. Mohammad M. Khan.
V. 30 (1 & 2), 1975.
Wheat Cultivation in West Pakistan: Its Water Budget. M. K. Elahi.
V. 27 (2), July 1972, pp. 1-31.
PAKISTAN GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW was instituted in 1949, replacing Punjab Geographical Review, which was started in 1942. The object of this publication is the dissemination and exchange of scholarly knowledge. Its volumes contain research articles on various topical and regional themes of Geography with particular reference to Pakistan. The Review is published half-yearly in January and July.
Submit all manuscripts and publications for Review to the Editor, Pakistan Geographical Review, Department of Geography, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Address all communications regarding subscription and purchase of the back numbers to the Editor, Pakistan Geographical Review, Department of Geography, University of Punjab, Lahore.
SUBSCRIPTION
| Foreign | Inland |
|---------|--------|
| $6.600 | Rs. 20.00 |
BACK NUMBER
Volumes 1, 3 and—18 No. 1 not available.
Volumes 11, Number 2, 1956 contains index from volumes 1 to 10.
Volume 17, Number 2, 1962 contains index from volumes 11 to 17.
Volume 22, Number 2, 1967 contains index from volumes 18 to 22.
Printed at the Ripon Printing Press Ltd., Lake Road, Lahore
by Mirza Mohammad Sadiq.
Published by K. U. Kureshy, Editor, Pakistan Geographical Review
|
MICROPHONE TECHNIQUES
INTERVIEW: ORRIN KEEPNEWS
SOUND REINFORCEMENT: "THE WALL"
AN INTERTEC PUBLICATION
The Hooters are one of the most musically diverse groups performing today. The band’s unique sound is produced utilizing a variety of acoustic instruments ranging from the mandolin, recorder, accordion, dulcimer and melodica to the more conventional “tools of the trade,” guitars, drums, keyboards and vocals. With such an incredible assortment of miking possibilities, The Hooters needed several specific functional characteristics in a microphone to fully enhance the group’s musical versatility.
Although no microphone is perfect for all applications, The Hooters found exactly what they needed with N/DYM® Series II. The EV N/DYM® Series II product line consists of five vocal microphones and two instrument mics, ranging from the world’s ultimate concert vocal microphone, the N/D857, to the value performance leader, the N/D257A. Each N/DYM® mic features a particular performance criteria and function. From vocals to drums, acoustic and amplified instruments, no other manufacturer offers a wider selection of high-performance microphones.
Electro-Voice N/DYM® Series II — “The Professional’s Choice.”
For additional information, see your local Electro-Voice dealer or call Mike Torlone, Electro-Voice market development manager, at 616/695-6831.
A unique digital effects processor with analog and digital inputs and outputs, time code automation, and magnificent sound.
There may be digital effects processors that rival some of the 300's features, but you'll never find one with them all. The 300 delivers precise delay and stereo pitch shifting, as well as stunning reverb and ambience. It automates sound changes with SMPTE/EBU time code. And it inputs and outputs analog, as well as consumer and professional digital formats — in any combination. All with magnificent Lexicon Sound.
The 300 is a powerful tool in audio for video applications where time code synchronization is essential. And in digital video editing, the 300 ensures that scene changes are handled smoothly — in the digital domain. Because the 300 has digital inputs and outputs, it's the perfect choice for RDAT and CD mastering. And for music production there is an incomparable set of sounds, as you would expect from Lexicon.
Total MIDI control
With the 300's real time MIDI automation you can record parameter changes on most any sequencer. The 300 also includes Lexicon's Dynamic MIDI® allowing you to control the 300's effects parameters from any MIDI controller.
And of course, the sound is superb. The 300 delivers nearly unmeasurable distortion and exceptional phase linearity through the use of state-of-the-art converters. They're so advanced you can use their outputs as a system reference.
The 300 joins the Lexicon family of digital effects processors. From the economical LXP-1 to the world renowned 480L, they all share the Lexicon Sound.
For more information about the 300 or any of Lexicon's products, call (617) 736-0300, FAX (617) 891-0340, or write Lexicon, Inc., 100 Beaver St., Waltham, MA 02154.
We'd been working hard in the studio for 14 years. It was time we got out for a night.
Spending years on end cooped up in small, dark rooms with a bunch of engineers takes certain special qualities. Durability, for one. We’ve always been known for that. Of course, incredibly clear, uncolored sound quality doesn’t hurt, either. Or hand-assembled components, with gap precision to plus or minus one-millionth of an inch.
These features got TAD speakers into studios like Record Plant, NOMIS and Masterfonics. And the same features are now getting us out of them.
See, we had this funny idea that if TAD could make music sound terrific in a small room, we could make music sound terrific in a huge arena. And every outing we’ve had with Maryland Sound has proved us right.
Not that we won’t still work our woofers off in studios from London to L.A. all day. But, at night, we’d like to get out and jam more often.
TAD Technical Audio Devices
Pioneer Professional Products Division
© 1990 Pioneer Electronics (USA) Inc., 2265 E. 220th Street, Long Beach, CA 90810, (213) 816-0415, Fax: (213) 830-9367
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www.americanradiohistory.com
Features
34 R•E•P Interview: Orrin Keepnews
By Dan Levitin
This legendary producer, with more than 500 releases to his credit, talks about producing records and running a record label.
42 Outboard Mic Pre-Amps: What’s the Deal?
By John Hardy
Often overlooked and misunderstood, an outboard pre may be the solution to your miking problems.
49 Recording Instrument Amplifiers
By Mike Joseph
A short treatise on miking speaker cabinets.
52 Master of the Microphone
By Dan Levitin
Read and learn from one of the best: Bruce Swedien talks about how he uses and chooses microphones.
Departments
From The Top ...........................................7
Letters ..................................................8
Random Access .......................................14
Fresh Tracks ..........................................22
Sound Business ......................................28
Digital Domain .......................................30
First Look .............................................72
The Cutting Edge ....................................74
Classified .............................................81
Advertisers’ Index ..................................88
Rapid Facts Cards ..................................89
Subscriber Cards ....................................91
On the Cover
Art direction by Liz Veternick.
Photo by Bruce Bandle.
Microphones supplied by Audio-Technica, Beyerdynamic, Bruel & Kjaer, Shure Bros. and Sony.
R•E•P: RecordingEngineeringProduction (ISSN 0034-1673) is published monthly by Intertec Publishing Corporation, 9221 Quivira, Overland Park, KS 66215. Subscriptions rates are $26 for qualified readers; $30 for non-qualified readers per year in the United States, $50 for qualified and $60 for non-qualified per year outside the United States. Optional airmail for non-qualified readers outside the United States is also available for an additional $55 per year. Foreign subscriptions are payable in U.S. funds only by bank check or money order. Adjustments necessitated by subscription termination at single copy rate. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to R•E•P: RecordingEngineeringProduction P.O. Box 12960, Overland Park, KS 66212. Second-class postage paid at Shawnee Mission, KS 66202.
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ISSN 0034-1673 $4.00 + $0.00 ©1990 by Intertec Publishing. All rights reserved.
The PVM™ 520TN gets down to where the bottom is...it also maintains superior off-axis rejection of other sounds. When you mike the kick drum with the 520, that's what you get...the low frequency fundamental and the snap.
The pick-up pattern is cardioid while the polar response control is maintained to below 100 Hz, which makes it ideal for recording where isolation and separation are required.
The extremely high output plus accurate response produces exceptionally "natural" performance with the brass and woodwind families.
It can even do vocals! If you want studio-accurate vocal reproduction for live situations with all the crisp edge on top and warmth on the low end...then get the low down on the PVM 520TN.
Musicians' Edge
Peavey Electronics Corporation • © 1990 • 711 A Street • Meridian, MS 39302-2898 U.S.A. • (601) 483-5365 / Telex: 504115 • Fax: 484-4278
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Like no other.
No other digital workstation fits this picture because no other system matches the flexibility and productivity of the Sonic System.
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The Sonic System offers unprecedented ease, speed, and power. All editing and mixing can be previewed in real time, so there’s no waiting for the system to compute edits and write them to the hard disk.
**Editing** - We surrender complete control over crossfades, allowing you to make smooth edits which are impossible on other systems. All editing is “non-destructive,” so you can make changes quickly and save multiple versions for those finicky producers.
**Mixing** - Our Mixing Desk includes a broad array of filters, dynamics, and full automation. You can change filter settings and audition your EQ in real time.
**NoNOISE®** - The **NoNOISE** system has restored thousands of recordings. Now you can add any **NoNOISE** “tool” for de-clicking and noise reduction to the Sonic System. Whether you edit or mix music, dialog and sound effects, or multi-track recordings, chances are there is a Sonic System package that could enhance your productivity without breaking your budget.
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Economic Turmoil?
You be the judge: What's wrong with this picture?
You're at the audio industry's major convention. As an audio journalist (I know, "audio journalist" is an oxymoron) you make the rounds of the industry's manufacturers.
"Well, Mr. Manufacturer, how has this year been?" you ask.
"Great year," he replies. "Sales have been really solid."
Always thinking of the tough questions (remember, you're an audio journalist), you ask, "What do you think about next year?"
"Man, I'm really worried," our friend says. "With the economy and this Middle East thing, it could be a bad year."
What's this? Bad feelings in the sunny audio industry? The aisles were full of it at September's AES Convention. In what has normally been thought of as a recession-proof industry, the feeling this time around is that we may not be as lucky.
There's no unified opinion, of course. It's hard to get people in the audio industry to agree on breakfast, let alone something as complicated as the economy. As Wynne Smith's story in this month's Random Access shows, a lot of people are apprehensive about the economy's future performance, but opinion varies about its effects.
For this industry, you have to look at the issue on two levels. On one level, you have the facilities, which are supplying audio services for the end-products of the entertainment business — records, movies, videos, TV shows, jingles, live performance. Sales of these items have traditionally been recession-proof.
However, consumer tastes have changed. During the last recession, in 1981-82, VCR penetration was not as deep as it is today, the compact disc was just being introduced, and such innovations as pay-per-view didn't exist.
Today, it's cheaper to rent a video at Blockbuster Video for $3 than to spend the 40 or 50 bucks it would cost in some areas of the country to take a family of four to a movie (popcorn and drinks included).
Punch in an Eagles reunion concert on PPV for the price of one ticket, and you can have as many people over as you want. Plus, you don't have to wear one of those age verification bracelets to drink beer.
Your average yuppie couple is as likely to unwind to VH-1 or their CD copy of Fleetwood Mac's "Rumours," that quintessential 1970s album (on which they know and love every song). They're not as likely to shell out $15 for a CD from a new act, which may only have a couple of decent songs.
Of course, any facility heavily into advertising work will be directly affected by the amount of time bought in the broadcast media. Advertising is always the first casualty in an economic downturn.
Bottom line: The business will be there, but in a different form. Some facilities are going to do well; others aren't.
The second part of the equation is the manufacturers. In this product-driven business, it takes sales to drive the engine of innovation. What happens to equipment sales if interest rates get closer to 20% rather than 10%? Who will be able to afford to buy new equipment?
Tapeless audio systems, both stand-alone systems or plug-in cards, are a great example of the problem before us. The number of companies making these systems has exploded; there are at least 40 companies now jumping into the business. That's about a fourfold increase from only a year ago.
Technology marches on without much regard to interest rates or GNP, and tapeless recording is clearly an area where there is great interest. But you can't ignore economic conditions. If the economy sours, it is likely that facilities will buy systems later rather than sooner, which would be bad news for companies that need sales sooner.
How many of those 40 companies could wait for conditions to improve?
So what's the answer? The same as when economic times are good. Find your niche. Provide the best service you can.
Acquire equipment wisely, to fill a specific need. Equipment purchases should not be made from the heart in any economic time, much less during a recession. Think smart; your business will thank you for it.
Dan Torchia
Editor
DCE Update
From: Jon Bosaw, sales manager, Valley International, Franklin, TN.
We were very pleased with the review of the Valley International DCE Digital Compressor/Expander that appeared in the July issue. Rick Schwartz did an excellent job of covering all the features that the unit has to offer. I would like to clarify a few points that may help your readers better understand the philosophy behind the DCE.
Like most equipment designers, we are torn between including many "extra" functions on a device, and the cost and complexity that these functions might add. One such extra that Rick mentioned, multiple-format capability, is indeed useful, but adds greatly to unit expense. We do not wish to make the user pay for functions that he might not need; multiple-format interface may be accomplished using an add-on box. However, we will be including AES/EBU interface capabilities on our next generation of DCEs.
Because we feel the DCE is unlike any other dynamics processor, it is expected that the new user will require some time to become acquainted with all of its features. A luxury such as dedicated "analog-style" knobs to control a digital device with many parameters is not cost-effective. Since the functions of the DCE are determined by software, the unit may be reconfigured for functions such as de-essing or frequency-sensitive gating. This programmable feature also makes possible the creation of new dynamics processing functions that are precise and repeatable.
On the topic of 16-bit performance, the processing algorithms utilized in the DCE retain the maximum available number of significant digits by incorporating pseudo-floating-point multiplication. This minimizes the amount of digital truncation (digital noise) added to the signal.
With the DCE, the user has the capability to create and tailor the type of compressor that is needed, instead of being offered conventional compression modes and effects.
Thanks for the opportunity to clarify these points.
More Time Code
From: James Barber, director, Visionary Communications, Punta Gorda Isles, FL.
In reply to Eric Wenocur's letter "Drop Frame Time Code" in the July issue: 30fps DF time code is a variant that was created specifically for the purpose of filming music videos with time-coded playback tapes, to be edited on videotape. Some clever sleight-of-hand is needed to compensate for the 1% slowdown of the film, which normally occurs when it is transferred to videotape on a Rank or Bosch telecine.
The 30fps DF capability was added to the Nagra IV-STC to permit "cross-resolving" standard DF time code. The playback tape, which is made from the studio master and carries the same master time code, is played back on location during filming. With the Nagra IV-STC set to resolve at the artificial rate of 30fps, the playback is speeded up by 1%. This results in a cancellation of the 1% slowdown from telecine transfer, and ensures that the resultant footage will sync with the prerecorded studio tracks, which of course are used as the soundtrack of the video.
Other techniques for playback, such as using a DAT machine, will result in transferred footage that gradually drifts out of sync with the studio master tracks. However, if there are a lot of quick cuts, this won't necessarily be a problem. At a drift rate of 1%, a shot that begins in sync will be one frame out of sync in about 33 seconds. In rock videos, individual shots are rarely held for more than a fraction of that.
Nonetheless, cross-resolving the playback tape with the Nagra IV-STC remains the preferred method.
Lip Syncing
From: Jack Poley, Indianapolis.
I found David Scheirman's "Live & Direct" column in August to be interesting and informative, and I offer one viable reason why lip-syncing should be revealed when concerts are staged: In this (as he suggested) very gloss-over and impatient world, it would be relatively easy to have non-singers and non-players syncing/acting to the music with sufficient skill, but in fact have no connection with the making of the music they were interacting with.
This would seem to carry the notion of lip-syncing to a fraudulent level, and one can envision a scenario inspired by the movie "Capricorn 1," where people on a stage are lip-syncing and dancing to someone else's music. Or, like Santa Claus imposter at Yuletide, we have Band X appearing at 10 different venues simultaneously. Which one is the real Band X? Is the New York version, like Broadway plays, always the one to see?
So, it is also necessary to assure the crowd that the personnel they see on the stage are truly the personnel who created the music. Pretty soon, we'll have hologram concerts, with user-definable player substitutions. Maybe we'll be able to suppress the singer whose part we'd like to lip-sync to (including a lip-transpose feature, of course).
With tongue-in-cheek and lip-in-sync.
Opining on Opinions
From: Les Brockmann, Les Brockmann Music Engineering, Reseda, CA.
I am writing with regard to your review of the new Pretenders album, "Packed!" in the August issue. I thought Mitchell Froom's comments were interesting, but I must take issue with a comment made in the sidebar review of the album: "The earlier Pretenders album 'Get Close,' (produced by Jimmy Iovine), was not a particularly likable record — too big and arena-sounding."
I am not involved or acquainted with anyone related to either of these albums. I realize that if every person's opinions were a teaspoon of water, we could all go surfing, but I happen to think "Get Close" is a great sounding album!
Its engineering is a good example of how to make studio tracks sound strong and loud, even at quiet listening levels, and how to keep the sometimes heavy textures from getting muddy (with Bob Clearmountain at the faders, exactly what I have come to expect). That CD lives in my permanent "listen again" pile. By contrast, "Packed!" sounds a bit small, dry and sleepy. After listening once, I put it in my pile of CDs to go to the used CD store.
I don't mean to insult anyone by my comments, but I would like to point out that you're making a mistake by putting down an artist's older project to praise a new one. I don't think that comment was made by Mitchell Froom, although it's not clear from the context. That brings me to my primary point: All of the "Fresh Tracks" reviews are obviously someone's opinion, and as such, this column should have an author's byline printed with it from now on.
The Tape Unknowns Stick To Better.
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For more information on the Professional Master Series, contact the TDK Professional Division at (800) 752-9835.
Circle (8) on Rapid Facts Card
www.americanradiohistory.com
The R*E*P staff replies:
In stating our opinions, we aren't saying we're right; we're saying what we think, just as you did in your letter. Those who agree with us that "Get Close" was "too arena-sounding" will probably like "Packed!"; those who disagreed with us about "Get Close" are not likely to enjoy "Packed!" as we did. Again, these are just opinions.
In fact, we didn't need to go very far out on a limb to call "Get Close" too arena-sounding. We found this opinion to be shared by people associated with the band, people at the band's label and Pretenders fans in general. Jimmy Iovine stated near the time of the release of "Get Close" that he was trying to impart an arena quality to the recording to simulate the sound of the band's then-recent world tour.
When we started "Fresh Tracks," we debated whether reviews should be signed. "Fresh Tracks" is written by the R*E*P staff, by and large those people whose names appear on the masthead. Collectively, our backgrounds include being recording engineers, producers, journalists, musicians and record company executives. By remaining partially anonymous, we can review honestly and fairly, without any fear of jeopardizing any future relationships we may enter into.
What do you think, readers? Should "Fresh Tracks" reviews be signed?
TEF or no TEF?
From: Alan Fierstein, Acoustilog, New York.
I would like to add some info to Mike Joseph's article "Studio Design" in the July "Five Questions." First, readers should note that many acoustic materials are merely common building supplies that are customized, often inexpensively, by cutting and spacing them correctly. I recommend to customers that a consultant guide them in this.
Second, I fully agree that an acoustic consultant who had experience in the pre-TEF era "learned the hard way," and that a knowledge of TEF techniques is important. However, I would like to point out that the answer readers will get if they ask me if I use TEF measurements is a resounding "No!"
TEF measurements have almost no place in a control room. Their relevance is obvious when comparing the results from two locations even one inch apart. TEF is totally dependent upon precise time arrivals of reflections, and if the measurement microphone is moved, the information is useless. Also, one, and only one, mic is used to measure. When you, an engineer, listen to music, your head is not locked in one position. You probably move your head. You probably have two ears. They are probably more than one inch apart.
TEF shares the spotlight these days with many other state-of-the-art computerized measurement systems, which dazzle the studio owner and make the consultant look like a genius. I've seen articles showing TEF results that, when interpreted properly, contradict the claims of the author! This leads me to the conclusion that there are charlatans out there. Anyone can buy a computer and use it to snow clients. I should know; I'm constantly being called in to fix their rooms. In addition to asking, "What rooms have they done?" studio owners should perhaps ask, "What rooms had to be re-done?"
Transfer Room Clarifications
From: Vince Casper, system engineer, Saul Zaentz Film Co., Berkeley, CA.
In my August article, "The Transfer Room," several typographical errors appeared in the printed article that were not present in the copy I submitted.
In the first paragraph, flat-bed dubber was substituted for the term dubber. Flat-bed dubbers are rarely used in post-production machine rooms. They are occasionally found in editorial suites for temporary mixing.
In the transfer room format list on page 34, line 5 of the section on open-reel formats, Stereo 7.5/15ips SMPTE Center-trk TC ½-inch, should read Center-trk TC ¼-inch. To my knowledge, there is no ½-inch center-track time code format.
In the sprocket section of the chart; line 1, 16mm 7.2ips Sprocket should list 7.2ips under the speed heading and sprocket under the sync heading. On line 2, 25mm strip should read 35mm strip, 18ips sprocket.
R*E*P regrets the errors.
Send letters to R*E*P, 9221 Quivira, Overland Park, KS 66215. Letters may be edited for length and clarity.
Introducing the New & Exclusive PQG Series Connectors
Now, a designer's "dream come true" from Switchcraft. This revolutionary new PQG Series PC mount audio connector provides a host of standard and optional bonus features that let you obtain the exact level of electrical/mechanical performance you require.
The uniqueness of the PQG is a common panel cut-out and simple PC board layouts, for both straight and right angle configurations. You no longer have to change panel tooling to go from an economical start-up unit to the top of the performance charts for your equipment while retaining the performance and integrity of the standard connector.
The PQG Series provides:
**Value** - It is competitively priced versus other connector manufacturers models.
**Tri-Mounting Plate** - This exclusive design features two bifurcated PCB retainers with snap-in terminals to provide ground connection from panel to PCB. It holds the connector securely to PCB during wave soldering and adds strength between panel/chassis and PCB during soldering by "wicking" solder through the PCB and up sides of retainers. Threaded panel mounting holes are also included for ease of assembly.
**Cost Efficiency** - Utilizing competitive connectors means using two self-tapping screws to hold the connector to the PCB. This can be costly to install. In addition, there is the risk of potential damage to the PCB during the assembly of the self-tapping screws.
**Separate-Shell-To-Ground Terminal** - Can be specified if desired.
**Friction, Detent, Latchlock Retention** - It's your choice! Only the PQG from Switchcraft offers all three!
Switchcraft
A Raytheon Company
5555 N. Elston Ave.
Chicago, IL 60630
For detailed information call Paul Winokur at (312) 792-2700, Ext. 398. Or, FAX us at (312) 792-2129. Ask for New Product Bulletin #410.
Rique Alonso
David Anderson
Michael Barbiero
Dave Barratt
David Basscombe
Dae Bennett
Hilary Bercovici
Devon Bernardoni
Martin Birch
Joe Bogan
Milan Bogdan
Rob Bozaz
Bob Brockmann
James Bromfield
Gerry Brown
Bernard Bullock
Bob Bullock
Craig Burrbridge
Randy Burns
Matt Butler
Greg Calbi
Mario Caldato Jr.
Phil Castellano
Bob Clearmountain
Jim Cotton
Mike Couzzi
Ross Cullum
David Dachinger
Terry Date
Nick Davis
Vincent Davis
André DeBourg
Dieter Dierks
Neil Dorfsman
Dr. Dre
Alfred Eaton
Steve Ett
Don Feinberg
Tobias Freund
Nigel Green
James Guthrie
Chris Hammond
Pete Hammond
Phil Harding
Tony Harris
Jay Healy
Scott Hendricks
Jay Henry
Karen Hewitt
Beau Hill
Ross Hogarth
Steve Hoyland
Rod Hui
Jon Jacobs
Norbert Janicke
Ted Jensen
Andy Johns
George Karras
Acar Key
Tim Kish
David Kovalski
Fernando Kral
Gary Laney
Michael Lardie
Steve Lipson
Tom Lord Alge
Bob Ludwig
Jon Mallison
Richard Manwaring
Lewis Martineé
Leif Masses
Gary McGachan
Rafe McKenna
Casey McMackin
Glenn Meadows
Andrew Milano
Rodney Mills
John Morales
Taavi Môte
Bryan New
Lynn Peterzell
Chris Potter
Denny Purcell
Dave Rideau
Bud Rizzo
Bob Rosa
Glenn Rosenstein
Chas Sandford
Joe Scaife
Bill Smith
Donovan Smith
Keith Sweat
Ian Taylor
Terry Thomas
Steve Thompson
Ron Treat
Lester Troutman
Roger Troutman
Zapp Troutman
Kurt Upper
Michael Wagener
Dusty Wakeman
Andy Wallace
Gregory Walsh
Michael Wanchic
Mervyn Warren
Alan Watts
Hank Williams
Dave Wittman
Mark Wolfson
D.J. Yella
David Z
More engineers go gold on Ampex than on all other tapes put together.
Every engineer listed here has earned the prestigious Ampex Golden Reel Award for engineering a gold album exclusively on Ampex audio tape. In fact, of all the gold albums released last year—and the year before—most of them were laid down exclusively on Ampex tape. And it's a good bet that most of the others used Ampex for the majority of their tracks, too. • At Ampex, we appreciate the passion and precision demanded of audio engineers. It means pushing yourself to the wall so that every note, every beat, every bar will be perfect. It means taking music...and making magic happen. • We've made our own commitment to provide you with the highest quality, most consistent, most dependable audio tape in the world. A tape engineered with the same uncompromising attention to detail that you bring to your sound. • For all the details on what makes Ampex tape so technically advanced, just call or write for a copy of our new 456 Technical Brochure, and see why Grand Master® 456 is engineered like no other tape in the world.
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A master of engineering
Circle (11) on Rapid Facts Card
The Economy: Will It Affect Pro Audio?
There was a good deal of grumbling about the economy on the floor at this past September's AES convention, which was ironic because many companies have reported good sales years.
While the pro audio industry traditionally has been somewhat recession-proof, the general feeling is that the industry will feel at least some effects from the economic downturn. A scatter-shot poll of opinion throughout the industry revealed the following:
John Carey, vice president of sales and marketing at Otari, was reticent about predicting the future. However, he did indicate that sales for the past 90 days have been "soft."
"Smaller companies are pulling in their belts right now and are taking a wait-and-see stance," he said. "Accordingly, I don't foresee this being a year with huge growth potential. We're aiming at our industrial, post-production and movie studio customers. Those customers will most probably spend as predicted."
Carey said that the crisis in the Middle East could have great consequences for the industry because a lot of the equipment sold is imported.
"If the crisis becomes a war, then obviously our economic priorities in this country will be shifted and that will affect the industry as well," he said.
Carla Campbell, the Eastern regional sales manager for Panasonic/Ramsa, has perceived greater caution in purchasing among the dealers on the Eastern Seaboard.
"I'm actually buoyed by the maturity and preparedness I see this time around," Campbell said. "During the last recession this industry went through, we saw dealers hit hard because they weren't as prepared. Although the Northeast seems to be feeling it more than some other areas, the dealers are responding overall to economic factors in their particular areas with an aptitude that has been a pleasure to work with."
One dealer in the Northeast saw the need to change priorities about a year and a half ago because of changes in the market.
"This area really got hit hard at the outset of the recession," said Craig Fennessey, president of CSE Audio in Rochester, NY. "Because the professional audio market has changed so much over the past 10 years, it became apparent to me that we were going to have to be more flexible in the ways we do business and the types of markets CSE services.
"Since my business philosophy has always been to strive for leadership, rather than just following along, we opted to branch out into areas we weren't previously known for."
CSE has become heavily involved in professional studio design and custom home installations in the past 18 months and plans to explore other avenues in order to continue their steady growth. Fennessey thinks the market is improving somewhat and should return to being healthy "in the not too distant future."
Mark Gander, vice president of marketing at JBL Professional, cited a recent *New York Times* article that pointed out that the true test of the economy is growth of 2% or more in any calendar year.
Those areas most affected by the current economic slump are the Northeast, Ohio, parts of Michigan and Texas; on the other hand, Florida, Pennsylvania, the Northwest and California are experiencing greater than 2% annual growth. This would indicate that the country as a whole is not in recession, just sections of it.
"Specifically, this industry continues to experience growth in visual/interactive areas of audio," he said. "There's stability in contracting, whereas traditional music and recording seem to be off and studio turnkey type of installations appear to be down," he said. "Everyone is concerned about the Middle East and the oil situation, and the general economy is not that strong, but you cannot heap the whole country together.
"Much of the economy of this industry is driven by discretionary expenditures, and (because of) the nature of that type of expenditure, it's unlikely that the professional audio industry as a whole will suffer as big a hit as other industries have."
— WYNNE SMITH
Audio Pros Win Monitor Awards
The annual International Monitor Awards were presented recently in New York. Sponsored by the International Teleproduction Society, the awards honor excellence in all parts of teleproduction, including audio.
This year's audio winners were:
- Best Post-Production in an Entertainment Series: John Alberts and Joe Ferla, Howard Schwartz Recording, New York, for "Night Music #119."
- Best Audio Post-Production in Film-Originated Entertainment: Richard Fairbanks and Peter Roos, Transcom Digital, New York, for "Taken Away."
- Best Audio Post-Production in National Commercials: John Binder, Editel/Chicago, for Bud Light's "Dark Ages."
- Best Audio Post-Production in Local Commercials: Stephen Johnston and Lenny Rabinowitz, Limelite Video, Miami, for ATC Long Distance's "Joe Conklin — CPA."
- Best Audio Post-Production in Children's Programming: Peter Cole, Troy Smith, Chris Trent, Ken Dahlinger and John Walker, The Post Group, Los Angeles, and Matthew Knox, Frank Superstein and Steve Kirklys, Fun Amusements, Los Angeles, for "Pee Wee's Playhouse." "Fire in the Playhouse."
- Best Audio Post-Production in Documentaries: Michael David, Timothy Kerr and Skip SoRelle, Powerhouse Studios, Washington, DC, for "Black Friday."
- Best Audio Post-Production in Promotional Non-Broadcast: Rob Hill and Dorrie Batten, The Post Group at Disney/MGM Studios, Orlando, FL, for "Supercop."
American Helix has named Michael Dillingham production control manager and Al Thornburg engineering manager; Tracy Smith Files has been promoted to sales coordinator ... New England Digital product specialist Jim Bonevich has moved from the home office in White River Junction, VT, to the NED sales office in Los Angeles; Ted Pine has been promoted to director of marketing; Frank Sullivan has resigned as vice president of marketing and product development ... Shure Brothers has promoted Christopher Lyons to product line manager, wired microphones ... Meyer Sound Laboratories has promoted Scott Gledhill to customer service manager and George Douglas to vice president of sales and marketing ... Bob Ofenstein has joined T.C. Electronic as technical sales director ... White Instruments has promoted Jeff Van Ryswyk to sales manager ... John M. Spencer has been appointed vice president of Applied Audio Marketing.
**Lawsuits:** Two suicide suits against Ozzy Osbourne over subliminal lyrics are moving through the federal court system in Georgia. No trial date has been set in either case. Judas Priest was relieved of liability in August in a similar case. See the October R•E•P for information on the civil trial and verdict.
**Obscenity:** The September issue of the newsletter *Entertainment Law & Finance* draws a parallel between 2 Live Crew’s obscenity case and the controversy over Robert Mapplethorpe’s photographs. In both cases, judges have focused on one part in each work — the seven sexually explicit photos in the Mapplethorpe exhibit and the rap lyrics in Crew’s “As Nasty As They Wanna Be” — rather than the work as a whole. These cases point to a redefining of the Supreme Court’s guidelines in determining what is obscene, according to the newsletter.
Meanwhile, in Broward County, FL, where “Nasty” was declared to be obscene, a record store clerk who sold a copy of the record to an undercover officer was convicted on obscenity charges and faces up to a year in jail.
**Computers:** Big news for this Mac-driven industry. At press time, Apple was scheduled to introduce several low-cost Macintoshes with various capabilities, including a model for less than $1,000.
---
**Equipment Needed For Volunteer Studio**
Here’s one of the worthier causes we’ve come across lately: Bayview Recording Studio, located in San Francisco’s historic Bayview Opera House, is a volunteer facility designed to provide local youth with a creative outlet for music and recording.
Tentatively scheduled to open this month, the studio needs mics, stands, monitors, outboard equipment and anything else that a fully equipped, professional studio needs. Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart has donated a console and 16-track recorder, and the studio is looking for Bay-area professionals to volunteer time in addition to equipment.
In an age where about the only access to entry-level recording experience is through schools that charge thousands of dollars, it is refreshing to see an effort such as this.
For more information, contact Gail Reid at 415-824-0386.
---
**Life is unreal. The host of ‘Death Valley Days’ became president. In light of that, why shouldn’t I produce a record for Paula Abdul?**
— Don Was, quoted in *Newsweek.*
## STUDIO UPDATE
| Facility/Location | Details |
|------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **NORTHEAST** | |
| Soundwave/Washington, DC | Chris Paul named director of marketing. |
| **SOUTHEAST** | |
| Flood Zone/Richmond, VA | New equipment: Dolby 361 SR/A. |
| **MIDWEST** | |
| Ajax Recording Team/Fort Wayne, IN | New equipment: Ampex ATR 102 mastering recorder. |
| **SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA** | |
| Soundworks West/Los Angeles | New equipment: Akai ADAM. |
| Westlake Audio/Los Angeles | New equipment: Neve VR72 with Flying Faders automation and Mitsubishi X-86HS digital 2-track. |
| **NORTHERN CALIFORNIA** | |
| Musical Infinities/San Francisco | New recording studio and music production company. James Harrington is president; located at 123 Townsend St., Suite 112, San Francisco, CA 94107; 415-896-6020. |
| Rocket Lab/San Francisco | John Acoca has joined the staff. |
| Hyde Street Studios/San Francisco | Susie Foot named studio manager. New equipment: custom recall system in Studio D; sampling update card for the Eventide H3000S Ultra Harmonizer; and Seymour Duncan 100W convertible amp. |
## MANUFACTURERS
| Manufacturer | Details |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Amek | Mozart console sales: The Bakery Recording Studio (North Hollywood), Vineyard Ministries International (Anaheim, CA), Loomis Productions (Carrollton, TX), High Heels Studio (Baltimore) and Tim Stanton Audio (Austin, TX). |
| Gauss | Normandy Sound (Warren, RI) has purchased Gauss 3588 coaxials and 4583 15-inch woolers. |
| Mitsubishi | The Virgin Group has purchased a third X-880 32-track digital recorder. |
| Solid State Logic | Logic/FX compressor sales: producer/engineer Bob Rock (Vancouver) and Dick & Roger's Sound Studios (Vancouver). G Series console and ScreenSound to Sounds Interchange (Toronto). |
| Sony | APR-24 recorders sales: Toy Matinee, Beat Street Recording Studio, A to Z Studios; and Dimension Sound Recording Studio. Sales of PCM-3348 DASH machines: Sound Shop (Nashville), Digital Pursuit (Nashville), Tim Jordan Rentals and The Enterprise recording studio. Other sales: Waves (Hollywood), two MXP-3036 consoles; and Prime Ticket, MXP-3036VF. |
| Soundcraft | Installations of 200 Delta consoles: Location Recording, Microsoft, Boeing (Seattle), Film Counselors Associates (New York), Cinebar Productions (Newport News, VA), and Black Entertainment Television (Washington, DC). Other installations: MIRA Film and Video, 600 console: Nike, 200 B/VE console; NW Videoworks, TS12 automation system; and Inervision Productions (St. Louis), 200 B/VE console. |
## NEWS NOTES
**AKG Acoustics** has acquired two more companies. Just before the AES Convention, the company announced that it purchased a controlling interest in Edge Technology, which includes BSS Audio, Turbosound and Precision Devices. At the AES, it announced the acquisition of Quested Monitoring Systems.
**Otari** acquired King Instrument, the audio cassette loader manufacturer, effective in late September. According to Otari, it is now the world's largest manufacturer of audiotape and videotape loading machinery.
**Linear Technology**, a Canadian high technology company, has acquired **Soundmaster International**. Soundmaster's principals and staff will continue with the company.
Techron's introduction of the TEF 20 means that used machines will be coming on the market. **Experienced Audio** has become a clearing house for Techron's used machines. Contact Bill Landow, Experienced Audio, 18582 U.S. Highway 20 E., Bristol, IN 46507, 219-534-4422; fax 219-533-8800.
**Neve**, the U.S. distributor of Mitsubishi products, has consolidated the Neve and Mitsubishi parts operations at the Bethel, CT, headquarters. Previously, the Mitsubishi inventory was located in Los Angeles.
**Cliff Electronic Components** of London has established a North American sales office located in Houston, offering jack sockets, connectors, cabinet hardware and other audio products for domestic audio product manufacturers, studio contractors and suppliers. The office is located at 9821 Whithorn Drive, Houston, TX 77095; 713-855-6685.
**Dolby Laboratories** has been celebrating its 25th anniversary throughout 1990. The company was founded by Ray Dolby in May 1965.
**FM Acoustics** has announced that 98% of all its individual spare parts will be available for shipment within 48 hours of placing an order. President Manuel Huber says more than 2,800 components are in stock in quantities of up to 10,000 units each.
They make beautiful music together.
Sony marries superior components and intelligent engineering to create the MXP-3000 series consoles.
The result is consoles that offer the same high level of sonic excellence as our digital multitrack recorders, as well as unsurpassed reliability.
To achieve this, we selected only parts that meet the highest standards. Often, this required creating unique components.
This dedication to quality extends throughout the MXP-3000 series. From our "minimal signal path" architecture to our advanced metal frame construction. It's why the MXP-3000 delivers performance that satisfies even the most critical users in hundreds of facilities worldwide.
Call us at 1-800-635-SONY, to learn how you and the MXP-3000 series can make beautiful music together.
**STUDIO UPDATE**
| Facility/Location | Details |
|-------------------|---------|
| **MANUFACTURERS (cont.)** | |
| Soundmaster | Sunset Post has installed the Integrated Audio Editing System. |
| Soundtracs | Retberg Music Productions (Ontario) has purchased an In Line 3632 Production console. |
| **DEALERS/DISTRIBUTORS** | |
| Audio Intervisual Design/Los Angeles | Facility sale: Scotland Yard Studios, DDA DMRI2 console, KRK close-field monitors, Sony MUR-201 stereo reverb, BSS stereo dynamics quad gate and Audire power amps. |
| **DESIGNERS** | |
| Steve Durr/Nashville | Designed Windmark Recording studio (Virginia Beach, VA). |
| Russ Berger Design Group/Dallas | Construction completed at ABC-New York's newest post-production facilities and Bill Young Productions (Sugarland, TX). Designing a Music Technology and Resource Center for University of Northern Colorado Music School, an addition to General Television Network (Detroit), and additional edit suites and acoustical direction for television set design at NBC-Rockefeller Plaza and NBC's studio renovation in Brooklyn. |
**SALES NOTES**
Worldwide sales for **Trident Audio's** Vector console have reached 32 one year after introduction. Recent orders include a 48-channel custom version, with full LCR panning and eight mix buses, and a 56-channel automated console. Additional orders have been placed from the major European markets, Japan and America.
**QSC Audio Products** has achieved record sales and profit levels for fiscal 1990, with about 20% growth over fiscal 1989. According to the company, it is its ninth consecutive year for sales and profit level increases.
**Avid Technology** has sold 60 Avid/1 Media Composer editing systems in the United States and Canada since its introduction last year.
**WaveFrame** says its fiscal 1990 sales increased 130% compared with 1989. A strong fourth quarter was capped by sales of $1 million in June.
**ADDRESS CHANGES**
**RCI Sound Systems** has relocated to 5615 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852; 301-984-1800.
**TimeLine** has relocated from the East Coast to the West Coast. Its new address is 2401 Dogwood Way, Vista, CA 92083; 619-727-3300; fax 619-727-3620.
**Audio Animation** has moved to 6632 Central Ave. Pike, Knoxville, TN 37912; 615-689-2500; fax 615-689-7815.
**Dr. T's Music Software** has moved to Suite 1B, 100 Crescent Road, Needham, MA 02194; 617-455-1454.
**Digital Dynamics** has opened up a West Coast sales office located at 123 S. Victory Blvd., Burbank, CA 91502; 818-845-8426.
**REP NEWS**
**Schmid Telecommunication** has appointed nine North American sales reps: Hemeo Communications (Santa Barbara, CA); Jefferson Audio Video Systems (Louisville, KY); RKS Associates (Westglen Village, MO); Emmons Associates (Burnsville, MN); Omega Pacific (Kailua, HI); MSC Electronics (Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada); Holzberg Inc. (New Jersey); Professional Audio Supply (Fort Worth, TX); and Electronic Marketing Associates (Laurel, MD). ABC Micros has been appointed Schmid's first rep in South America, with responsibility for Colombia. Glen Allen & Co. has been appointed to cover Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and the Dominican Republic.
**Shure Brothers** recently honored Pro Tech Marketing (Salt Lake City) with its Sales Representative of the Year award.
“I’ve been sold on Beta’s superiority since I first tried them. I use them on vocals, drums, amps, and brass because their sensitivity and resistance to feedback make them the perfect fit for the groups I work with. And the Beta 58 Wireless is the first system I’ve found that gives my artists the freedom of a radio mic without sacrificing sound quality.”
Paul Dalen, Sound Engineer for David Sanborn and Lisa Stansfield.
Shure Beta Microphones.
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It's time to buy a world-class console. But until now, the two or three that you'd consider all carried price tags that you wouldn't.
Catch the M700, the console with unbelievable sound at a price you'll find hard to believe: About $70,000.*
When you're looking for a world-class console, your first consideration is, what does it sound like. And because the final instrument for testing sound quality is your own two ears, you've got to hear the M700. You'll then find out how well it compares to the consoles that defined "great sound."
Then get some hands-on experience. The M700 is designed around familiar industry standards with no
NOW YOU CAN GET UNBELIEVABLE SOUND AT A PRICE THAT SOUNDS UNBELIEVABLE.
surprises to slow you down. Everything is where it should be, from full parametric EQ to its 12 auxiliary sends, which makes operating speed another of the M700's best features.
You'll get superb routing flexibility, with 40 in-line monitors, 80 inputs, 32 subgroupings and quad outputs.
When you decide to move up to digital, to accompany your console, one option to consider is the DASH format DA800 24-track digital recorder with award-winning ZD circuitry. Currently available for $99000.*
it's destined to be the best-sounding 24-track around.
So before you invest in any console, you owe it to yourself to hear the M700. We think you'll agree that the only thing more unbelievable than the sound of the M700 & DA800 combination is its price tag.
*Manufacturer's suggested retail price. Actual price may vary from dealer to dealer.
TASCAM
©1990 TEAC America, Inc., 7733 Telegraph Road, Montebello, CA 90640, (213) 726-0303.
Circle (13) on Rapid Facts Card
George Michael: “Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1”
Label: Columbia
Producer: George Michael
Engineered by: Chris Porter, assisted by Noel Haris and Pete Frith
Assistant Engineers: Noel Haris and Pete Frith
Recorded at: Sarm West and Metropolis, London
Mastered by: N/A
SPARS Code: DDD
Comments: Creating a follow-up recording to the hugely successful “Faith” is no small feat, yet Michael’s artistic and production approach in “Listen Without Prejudice” is dramatically different from its predecessor when compared to his outings in Wham!
Of special interest: Michael has given up the contemporary and often abused digi-technical stunts for a poignant wall of sound landscape that washes the listener in a formidable context. The recording’s clarity, however, is not subordinate to the musical performance which, when stripped of hype, stands among some of the great popular lead and supporting vocals of recent years.
Jack Teagarden: “That’s A Serious Thing”
Label: RCA Bluebird
Reissue producer: Orrin Keepnews
Digital transfers and audio restoration: Paul Goodman
SPARS Code: AAD
Comments: RCA is pursuing an aggressive program of old jazz reissues on its Bluebird label; this is representative of the program. Old in this case means that the original source material is from metal parts in all but three cases, dating back to 1929. [Keepnews and Goodman are the subjects of this month’s interview — Ed.]
Soul Asylum: “And The Horse They Rode In On”
Label: A&M
Produced by: Steve Jordan, assisted by Joe Blaney
Recorded at: Chaplin Soundstage, Soundworks West and A&M Studios, Los Angeles, with the Record Plant Mobile Unit; Pachyderm Discs, Cannon Falls, MN; and Sunset Sound, Los Angeles
Mixed at: Electric Lady and the Hit Factory, New York, and House of Music, West Orange, NJ
Recorded by: Joe Blaney and Jonathan Akre
Mastered by: Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound
SPARS Code: AAD
Comments: Get grungy: this is down-in-the-dirt and raw music, with classic recording techniques that stretch and stress the medium with blistering guitars and thrashing drums. Forget everything you know about contemporary pop-record production techniques, forget about MIDI, forget about hours of rehash and refinement.
Of special interest: This record shows the effectiveness of the analog tape recorder as an enhancement and instrument, which is integrally linked to the recording process. That the majority of these tracks were recorded live with minimal dubs lends a spontaneity that seems terminally lacking in the present recording culture.
The R-DAT With Features Others Ask You To Pay For
JVC’s DS-DT900N R-DAT recorder includes professional features, as standard equipment, that are optional on other machines. Features like SMPTE time code capability, AES/EBU digital inputs and outputs, and parallel and serial remote control. The DS-DT900N meets the strict standards of the professional audio industry too. It’s built on JVC’s state-of-the-art conversion technology to deliver the highest level of digital audio performance.
With a manufacturer’s suggested list price of less than $4,500, no other professional R-DAT recorder gives you the features and performance of the DS-DT900N.
For more information, call 1-800-JVC-5825 or write JVC PROFESSIONAL PRODUCTS COMPANY, 41 Slater Drive, Elmwood Park, New Jersey 07407.
Circle (14) on Rapid Facts Card
JVC PROFESSIONAL
Don Dokken:
“Up From The Ashes”
FOCUS:
WYN DAVIS, MELISSA SEWELL: Engineers,
“Up From The Ashes”
Wyn Davis mixed the first Dokken record and has produced Great White’s “Shot in the Dark.” Melissa Sewell is working on the new Great White record.
R•E•P: The credit on the album reads “engineered by Wyn Davis, recorded by Melissa Sewell.” What were your roles?
MS: Wyn was responsible for getting all the sounds, the guitar tones, the drum sounds and so on, and I was responsible for getting it all on tape, and making sure the sounds remained consistent as they went to tape, as well as throughout the project. I had a fairly large contribution to the engineering. Wyn left the room once we got sounds so that he could keep his ears fresh as the producer.
WD: It got to the point actually where the guitar players were dependent on Melissa being there, and preferred her. A lot of that has to do with Melissa’s temperament being so good. And from a creative standpoint, they didn’t feel intimidated by her having some long history of working with great guitarists. It helped them to feel free to experiment and find their way through their work.
R•E•P: How were the guitars recorded?
WD: We used different configurations of 100W and 50W Marshall heads. The cabinets were vintage 1969-70 Straight Marshall Cabs, 4×12. For most of the solos, we used 25W Celestions through one cabinet, and for the rhythm parts, 85W Celestions from two cabinets.
MS: Each cab had two mics on it, either a Shure 57 and a Sennheiser 421 or a 57 and a Shure 58, depending on the guitarist.
WD: We moved the mics around a great deal to find the right spot, but basically they were direct axis, trying to split the cone and the paper evenly. Also, for the solos, we ran C12s as ambient mics in the room; the room is 21×30×14 — about 10,000 cubic feet.
R•E•P: What about guitar effects?
WD: Generally, I avoid recording any kind of reverb on the guitar, but depending on the situation, we recorded some effects that the guitar players had dialed in, certainly their EQ settings.
R•E•P: When the tom fills come in, they sound really clean and wet and big. They don’t sound gated but the drum track is so clean, it sounds like they would have had to be.
WD: That’s a technique I’ve developed over the years because I’m frustrated with the sound of gates. The toms — and all the drums — are recorded wide open; they’re never gated. During the mix, I’ll slow the tape down to half speed, and figure out where all the tom fills are.
The automation in this console [Amek 2520] can read back data at half speed. Then we use a group fader to bring the toms in when they’re being played, and then bring them back to a level where they’re ambient but not obtrusive. In order for the toms to ring out and sound wet enough when they’re playing, there has to be a lot of reverb on them; if you have that much reverb on those tom mics when they’re not playing, the rest of the drum kit starts to sound pretty sloppy.
R•E•P: Any special equipment you used on the record?
WD: We had three 480Ls during mixdown. And I have to credit a lot of the sound of the record to three products which I love: Dean Jensen’s mic pre-amps, the ATR 124 and Monster Cable.
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Zubin Mehta, Berliner Philharmoniker: Bartk, “Concerto for Orchestra”; “Suite from the Miraculous Mandarin”
Label: Sony Classical
Produced by: David Mottley
Engineered by: Michael Sheady (Concerto); Mark Vigars (Suite)
Recorded at: Philharmonie, Berlin (Concerto); Jesus Christus Kirche, Dahlem (Suite)
SPARS Code: DDD
FOCUS:
MARK VIGARS: Engineer,
“Suite from the Miraculous Mandarin”
R•E•P: How were the mics set up?
MV: I used a basic open setup, using three B&K 4006s in a left-center-right format, behind the conductor’s head, about three or four feet apart from each other, pointing toward the second desk of violins and cellos. And I had two outriggers, Neumann KM84s or 86s, cardioid microphones, in line with the third or fourth desk and about three or four feet away from that. Then two KM86s on the woodwinds to focus the center of the orchestra.
That was particularly important because of the clarinet solos. I had a KM86 on the horns which I used a minimal amount of. There was no brass microphone, I had a couple of 84s for things like celeste, harp, and piano. I had a microphone on the timpani …
R•E•P: The timpani sounds huge …
MV: But I didn’t use very much of it. In the acoustics of this church in Dahlem, in Berlin, the back of the orchestra comes through quite clearly. I remember I did need the mic on the piano to focus it through, because there was so much going on elsewhere in the orchestra that it wouldn’t have been heard otherwise. I had two mics in the balcony in the back.
R•E•P: What about some of the “air” noise?
MV: In this day and age I know there are some purists who are concerned about such things, but my attitude is there is noise wherever you go, there is no such thing as a quiet room. It’s difficult to find a recording venue where you don’t have traffic noise or aircraft … I don’t worry about that. Some people do, but I feel sorry for them if that’s the way they feel. The music’s the most important thing.
R•E•P: One of the remarkable things is how similar your recording and Michael’s sound. You really know that it’s that orchestra with that conductor.
MV: Well that’s the most important thing. As a recording engineer, we mustn’t think above our station. We have to remember that our job is to be truthful and honest to the artist; that is all we are asked to do. Some engineers think otherwise. I disagree with that. My feelings are I have to do my job to the best of my ability, and to come up with what is asked by the conductor and the orchestra. Zubin Mehta was very involved in the recording process and he understands it very well. He knows when there’s something that he’s doing that’s not right, or when it’s something that I’m doing that’s not right.
R•E•P: How many takes did you do?
MV: Two or three complete takes, and then little patches of things that hadn’t quite worked out.
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Circle #18 on Rapid Facts Card
www.americanradiohistory.com
Little Fish, Big Ponds
By Lee Murphy
Since 1984, I have been operating what is known as a “boutique” audio sweetening facility in New York City. For years I had been a newscaster before deciding to concentrate on production and recording. The odd name for my organization, Brigg’s Bakery, comes from an old neon sign I found on an abandoned storefront I remembered from my childhood in Manhattan.
In just a few short years, I have seen many dramatic changes taking place in our industry. From the large, multi-room, music-based complexes of the 1960s and 1970s to the appearance of smaller, specialized facilities in the 1980s, there has been a great deal of upset and confusion. I can see a much different industry developing in the 1990s, which is settling down and stratifying.
I’d like to recount my first encounter with SPARS a few years ago. I was invited to a meeting just 36 blocks away from my studio. As the cab pulled up at Gallagher’s restaurant at 52nd and Broadway, I wondered what I had in common with the midtown giants. That’s the impression I had — studios with many rooms, big staffs and powerful clientele. Needless to say, I felt out of place.
I thought I recognized “what’s-his-name” from Power Station and Bruce “something-or-other” from Clinton Recording. And Howard Schwartz. Of that I was certain. I met several more of these well-known figures of upscale recording and my rookie head was spinning.
After I’d calmed down a bit, I thought to myself, “So, this is SPARS. And they don’t seem to mind at all that my studio is as far away from midtown Manhattan as Vegas is from L.A.”
Within a few months, I was proudly calling my operation a “boutique” and feeling a lot better about being so off-scale while vying for some of the same business being sought by the big guys. If my experience is any gauge of broader reality, there is a niche for small, specialized studios all over the country. If you’ve got the drive and the talent, now is almost certainly the time to dig in and go for it.
As a young man, I started off with a love of the “toys,” but I soon realized that it was not a game I was playing. I persisted, because I truly loved the production environment. I started off recording radio commercials for regional clients of small advertising agencies.
One day, I heard about something called
Get the perfect mix from Otari’s Series 34: Sonic integrity, quality construction and affordable price.
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“audio-post-for-video” and made some equipment investments. Many of my existing customers greeted this expansion with a resounding, “Huh?” Time and again, I was told about 3-inch TV speakers and “Why bother?”
But eventually, they did begin to bother, and my business began to grow. The studio went from 8-track, to 16- to 24-track in three years. Before long, my work was being broadcast on national television and my sound design for the PBS series “Reading Rainbow” helped earn an Emmy.
A few years later, I was at Kennedy International, waiting to board a flight to California for the AES Convention. I was thinking about my career and all that I had gained from SPARS and the camaraderie I had shared with others trying to make it in this business.
I had that usual primordial gut anxiety I always felt prior to takeoff. It isn’t unlike the feeling I get in the pit of my stomach when I am contemplating the purchase of another piece of major recording gear.
Once in the air, I reminisced, contemplating how quickly things change. One minute, you’re on the ground. Next minute, you’re thousands of feet in the air and soaring upward. One minute, you’re analog and the next thing you know, you’re digital. Linear seems to be state-of-the-art, and then comes random access.
Off-the-wall thoughts were tumbling around in my head. Why are we always so late in our realization of what is taking place in this industry? Of course, it’s easy to analyze by hindsight, but by communicating and sharing ideas we can do a much better job of facing the facts. There are only so many pieces of the pie and a limited number of bakers. Are we the sun looking for someplace to shine upon? Or are we the clouds somehow obscuring our own potentials?
Crazy thoughts? I didn’t know. I wasn’t sure of anything, really. The only thing I knew for sure was that I had innocently seen an opportunity for myself and gone for it. Perhaps we should all be trying to find our niche. Define the possibilities. Take stock of what’s there, right there in front of us, and then determine how to make tomorrow’s breakfast out of today’s groceries. I started making a list of ingredients: computers, console, clients, cash … and a good recipe, of course.
A bored voice squawked over the intercom that we were ready to land. I’d slept right over the Rockies, dreaming of new ways to make my business — my small boutique — pay for itself in an industry that was clearly becoming more stiffly competitive day by day.
I smiled to myself as the plane touched down at LAX. I knew it would be OK. No, on second thought, I knew I had a place in this business — if I could just keep finding it.
The Society of Professional Audio Recording Services is the audio industry’s best source of business information. For information on membership and activities, contact SPARS at 4300 10th Ave. N., Lake Worth, FL 33461; 407-641-6648; fax 407-642-8263.
Multimedia & Other Myths
By Rick Schwartz
The first ever CyberArts conference was recently held in Los Angeles. You might ask, what is CyberArts? According to the show's program, "cyber" comes from cybernetics and is defined as machine augmentation of human beings. Combining the two words implies machine and computer enhancement of the arts, from music to the visual arts to literature.
Although the term CyberArts is about as useful as buzzwords like virtual, Hypermedia or artificial reality, I was looking forward to meeting the people who coined those terms and possibly even gain a better understanding of what they really mean.
Why was CyberArts important? The event itself was a technology show, of importance to our ever more technologically adept production facilities. Innovative studios are providing a wider mix of services than ever before. In addition to record projects, many sessions now involve other media like film or video.
Computer graphics and animation beg for good audio. Some studios are branching into new areas such as providing MIDI mix rooms and digital suites, or services like books on tape, forensic audio and others. In short, it's a whole new ball game out there.
BRAVE NEW WORLD
CyberArts involves tools, techniques and technology. If the presentations were any indication, the tools and technology are not as refined (and easy-to-use) as the presenters would have everyone believe. One self-proclaimed computer visionary had to abandon most of his software demo because he was having a difficult time operating the Macintosh. Nothing seemed to work. Audio was poor (ironic, as live sound is one of our more "understood" technologies), making it hard, if not impossible, to comprehend the presenters.
Many of the demonstrations that used computers did not work as planned. One keynote speaker had to yell out slide change commands. He also had to apologize for out-of-focus slides by saying, "What this slide would show, if we could see it, is . . ."
MULTIMEDIA WAR STORIES
Multimedia is easily a candidate for the most overused word in the publishing world. Right now, multimedia products are getting a lot of interest. Some say that multimedia creators are doing a landslide business generating presentations for other multimedia companies. Where's the market of end users?
Peter Gotcher from Digidesign talked about the desktop obstacle course involved. One of his favorite multimedia war stories relates the difficulty in getting presentations to play at the same speed on different computers.
"There is no SMPTE time code equivalent yet in multimedia," Gotcher says. "It is very difficult to synchronize audio and video events because they run at different speeds, causing the audio to go out of sync." (Having different internal clock speeds, whether 8MHz in an SE or 40MHz in an fx, computers run graphics and video animation, as well as audio, at differing rates.) If you develop software using a Mac IIci, make sure to test it on a plain vanilla Mac to check for worst-case performance and speed compatibility.
Additionally, because of the difficulty in importing source material and producing animation in general, Peter recommends the use of simple graphics or slides that are punctuated with sound hits. He warns that there are no hardware requirement absolutes, although a hard disk with an access time of 28ms is generally considered fast enough to be used for digital audio applications.
Sometimes, however, a hard disk with an acceptable access time will not work because of poorly written disk driver software.
"People ask me what platform multimedia runs best on, and my answer has got to be videotape," Gotcher says. "Multimedia is more work than you think, much more." In short, don't believe the television commercial where some young executive sits down at his computer an hour before a board meeting and whips up a show-stealing presentation.
WHAT'S NEW?
A number of new technologies were shown at CyberArts. Allen Adkins of Optical Media International demonstrated how easy it was to make write-once CDs using the Macintosh. He wasn't the only one. James Moorer (of DroidWorks fame) created his demo material using similar techniques on a Sonic Solutions CD Maker System. [For more on CD-R, see September's Digital Domain — Ed.]
Several promising new musical instrument technologies were discussed. Adrian Freed demonstrated a very realistic sound modeling technique using resonance synthesis, made possible by eight 56000 DSP chips. The sounds, which included piano, upright bass and tubular bells, had incredibly long decay times with complex overtone structures and none of the side effects exhibited by today's digital samplers.
James Moorer demonstrated voice synthesis technology that could one day be used to synthesize background vocals in the voice of your choice. As he put it, "Imagine having Orson Welles' voice with Pavarotti's vibrato." Moorer also explained how multi-mode synthesis, using a combination of FM synthesis, resynthesis, and other hybrid techniques, would be applied more extensively in synthesizers of the future.
THE WORLD LIBRARY
Brace yourself. If you thought the World Book was an encyclopedia, you're wrong. Ted Nelson, arguably the father and earliest major proponent of hyper interaction, insists, "We must have a universal library publishing system for the human race. Imagine it's the year 2020 and a billion people are sitting at screens around the planet. Each is able to draw documents to their screen from the common repository of humankind. Any document, or portion of a document, including text, graphics, music or photographs, in digital form, with an automatic royalty (issued) to the publisher" would be available.
According to Ted, we don't currently quote other literature in publishing because of the difficulty in obtaining permission. He says that "the notion of transclusion cleans up this copyright problem enormously."
What is transclusion? Transclusion embodies the idea of utilizing something from one document and applying it to another document without copying. The second document has a pointer to the first (a basic tenet behind Hypertext, commercially addressed in Apple's Hypercard program). Ted has also redefined other words
Unleash Your Creative Power With The AFV-500 AudioMixer.
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Circle (18) on Rapid Facts Card
WHAT MAKES IT A LEGEND?
No other recording console in its price range . . . . regardless of how prestigious . . . . can equal its sonic performance, features and professional quality.
None!
Why not put us to the test. Call toll-free for free literature and the name of the authorized LEGEND dealer nearest to you . . . .
800-826-1457.
You could be working with a LEGEND too.
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Circle (19) on Rapid Facts Card
in the English language: a document is an information packet that someone creates and literature is a system of interconnected documents. The Xanadu Docuverse concept consists of documents that have links and transclusion. Everyone can mark up the same material because of a special interrelated pointer system. Make sense?
Ted refers to himself as a hyperdreamer, but he is also a capitalist. Next year the Xanadu group (with funding from Autodesk) will come out with a new piece of software called the Xanadu Hypermedia Server. An information service, charges for access will appear on a monthly Xanadu bill.
FUN AND GAMES
There was also an area set aside for CyberArts exhibits. The virtual reality section alone was worth the $25 cost of exhibit admission. Participants were asked to wear the famed TV-screen goggles and sensor glove, which helped to transport users to an interactive 3-D computer generated environment. The Existential Funhouse (an experiment in interactive multimedia) was another exhibit, which consisted of a room containing sensors on the floor that controlled different things, including audio and graphics.
Some manufacturers like to believe that given the right tools, casual users can produce their own music videos and computer movies. Does the availability of low cost tools in the hands of untrained users yield results? If the presentations shown at CyberArts are any indication, George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola have nothing to worry about.
People have grown to expect a certain level of quality from network television, if not from the television programming itself, at least from the on-screen computer generated graphics and flashy promos. Conversely, it is not hard to impress an audience with a slide show because they have such a low expectation of the medium. It's a little tougher to do MTV on a Macintosh.
Many attendees who I spoke with were limited to the small area set aside for exhibits, because they couldn't afford the steep $495 price of seminar admission. I have never believed that knowledge should only be available to an elite few. Information should be available to the masses.
After all, isn't that what multimedia and computer inter-communication is really all about?
A few important words about the new A-T 40 Series:
Tony Bongiovi
Power Station
“The 4051 is a great mike, especially for rock. It sounds fat and you can bang away at it with a lot of level without a pad...for a rock studio like the Power Station that’s important. When you put it on horns it has a nice clean sound and it holds the dynamics well...it’s just an excellent sounding mike.”
David Cook
Dreamland Studios
“...real nice top end and a warm bottom end...very versatile. I didn’t have to pile on a lot of EQ to capture the air in the studio...very present, very natural sounding mikes.”
Milan Bogdon
Masterphonics
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This legendary producer, with more than 500 releases to his credit, talks about producing records and running a record label.
Orrin Keepnews is one of the most prolific producers in history. Although he has never actually counted, he has produced more than 500 records in his 35-year career. (That works out to more than one record every four weeks.) He was the first to record legendary artists Bill Evans and Wes Montgomery, and has figured prominently in the careers of Cannonball Adderley, Thelonious Monk, McCoy Tyner, Sonny Rollins, Bobby Hutcherson and Flora Purim. He is currently national vice-chairman of NARAS and president of the Fantasy-distributed Landmark Records.
R•E•P: What is the deal that you have between Landmark Records and Fantasy?
OK: I wanted to start an independent label that would be truly mine. This is the third time I've started a label, but in the other cases there were other people and other connections involved.
R•E•P: The other two being Riverside and Milestone ...
OK: Right. Bill Grauer and I were partners in Riverside, and there were other people and other people's money at Milestone, and Dick Katz was closely associated with running it.
I had worked at Fantasy between 1972 and 1980 and during that period of living in the land of sunshine and relaxation, I had two heart attacks and a bypass operation. I wanted to work for myself this
Dan Levitin is a contributing editor to R•E•P and an engineer/producer based in Stanford, CA.
time. I felt that I had reached a stage in my life — and my career — that I could have a label that would be quite self-indulgent, where I didn't do anything except what I wanted to do in the way that I wanted to do it.
I'll give you a totally petty example. Most of my life I have had running feuds with art directors about this one thing: I have always felt that the catalog number of an album is an important part of its identification in the world, so that number should be of noticeable size. For some reason, most record companies like to have those numbers the tiniest size possible.
One of the things I realized when I was putting Landmark together was, "Wow, I can have those catalog numbers as big as I feel like having them on the jacket." There were, of course, more important ways in which I wanted to express myself. For instance, if as a staff member or independent producer, I had gone to any of the record company heads, such as Ralph Kaffel of Fantasy, Bruce Lundvall at Blue Note, or whomever, and said, "I want to produce an album of the music of Thelonious Monk by this contemporary classical string quartet [Kronos Quartet] and I want you to pay for it," I think they would have figured I had flipped out entirely and tried to figure out how to get me out of their office quietly before I became violent or something.
The point is, it's not an idea I could have sold to anybody, but the two albums are excellent, pioneering albums, and they did a lot for Kronos' career and for my ego.
Now when I put this label together, I knew there were certain things that I am good at, and other things I hate. The whole distribution thing is an example of the latter. Dealing with wholesale distributors as a very small label, dependent on getting your money from them, is the exact equivalent to committing suicide.
R•E•P: Because you don't have any leverage; if they don't pay you, you can't just say, "Well, I'm not going to ship Rolling Stones records, then."
OK: Right, and besides which, they are basically and rather consistently impossible people, with a few wonderful exceptions.
I didn't want to have to deal with them this time around, or for that matter with suppliers. So I set out in the beginning to do a P&D deal — a pressing and distribution deal — where the manufacturing and the selling of your product are done for a fee or a percentage by somebody else. And Fantasy has the kind of clout necessary to collect from independent distributors, because Fantasy is in many cases their largest customer. The beauty of it is that no distributor can say, "Well I think I'll pay Fantasy this month but I won't pay Landmark," because Landmark only exists as an item on their total Fantasy bill.
I furnish Fantasy with finished masters and cover art, which Landmark pays for, and they manufacture it. One of the other benefits I get is that they can't refuse to work with an individual album. This deal has to be seen in the context of my long-standing relationship with Fantasy; I was the head of their jazz division for eight years.
I'm well aware there are many ways for an independent label to get screwed on a P&D deal, and I wouldn't recommend it for everyone, but Fantasy and I came into this relationship with a history and background of reasons to trust each other's judgment.
R•E•P: What is a typical budget for one of your recordings?
OK: There really is no such thing as a "typical" budget because each record is unique. I'll tell you though, one thing I've always done with sidemen — it's just sound creative practice — is that you negotiate a single flat fee with a sideman, so you're not dealing with the clock. If we finish early, fine, the guy's ahead. If, for some reason, we end up spending twice as much time, I'm obviously not going to hold them to the fee.
But the advantage of this situation is you don't have to worry about the passage of time and "did it take me an extra half an hour to get that tune right?" I've done that for as many years as I can remember, and
I may have been the first jazz producer to do that.
In the Riverside days, my partner did an extensive amount of negotiating flat fee deals with studios for evening time, when they were lying fallow. If you get into a situation where the studio and the musicians are not a clock that is ticking on you, you have improved the creativity level immeasurably.
The problem about jazz, and music in general, as it functions in a capitalist system is that it has to be an art and a business at the same time, and that's one of the most anti-creative things imaginable. I believe it is the function of the producer to gain control of the environment so I spent as much of my time and ingenuity as I could working against all those ticking clock situations. Then all I have to worry about is getting product, good, creative, finished music, which of course is what it's all about anyway. The single most important ingredient in creating jazz records is to remove all of the unnecessary tensions, while being careful not to remove any of the necessary tensions, and there is a distinction.
R•E•P: You said in your book ["The View from Within," Oxford University Press, 1988] that you've tried to maintain the attitude, the perspective, that it's the artists' album and not yours ...
OK: Oh, God, yes ...
R•E•P: But at the same time, it's your job to manage the recording session, so there's potential conflict there, with who's in charge, and whose view is going to carry ...
OK: Yeah, but it's the kind of thing that tends to be more potential than actual.
R•E•P: Well, on the one hand you're suggesting that you need to be subservient, and on the other you're suggesting that you really need to be the boss.
OK: Well, I would quarrel with both of your choices of language there. "Subservient" is a dreadful word and I have never been subservient in my life, and being the boss is not at all a function of the producer. To say that the album is the artist's album and not mine does not mean that I am subservient. And to say that I am in charge of the situation in the studio does not mean that I am the boss.
What you need to accomplish more than anything else, is there has to be a very real working partnership between the artist and the producer, which means a recognition on both sides, sometimes implicit and sometimes explicit, that each has his areas of being the decision-maker. I am never going to say to an artist, "That was the take, I'm not going to let you lift your horn on that tune again," but I'm not going to let somebody say to me, "Yeah, that was good enough, let's go on," if I don't believe it was.
If you are able to establish a workable-creative relationship with the artist, you're going to come out pretty good or better. If you're not able to establish this, then neither of you belong in the studio.
R•E•P: How do you relate to the technology of recording? How involved do you get with sounds, for instance?
OK: First of all, you have to realize that in my production work, I go back to 1-track; professionally, I'm a little older than stereo, so I've been through a lot of technological change, and I'm a passionate believer in using technology rather than letting technology use you.
R•E•P: Could you give me an example of that?
OK: I think there are instances in which I will believe in the validity of overdubbing and layering, but I also believe that it can be drastically overused to undercut and do away with the spontaneity that's a very important part of jazz. A lot of that comes out now that so many people are recording live to 2-track again with digital because multitrack digital still remains incredibly expensive.
It gives me great pleasure to be able to tell a bass player, "No, you can't repair that part, it's there. Everybody else was playing great, you got a bad note or two, that's tough. We're going with this." Because a lot of musicians, particularly musicians who are playing instruments that can just be plugged in and taken direct, are aware of the fact that they don't really have a sound in the room — musicians get aware of these things very fast — so there are a lot of piano players, and guitarists and bass players who for years have relied on being able to punch in and fix notes. And this sometimes has a very negative effect on performance. But on the whole, progress is a wonderful thing.
In terms of the actual engineering, I've always been a great believer in professionalism. I'm not an engineer, and I'm not a musician. I would no more play the date for the musician than I would for the engineer. What I vastly prefer to do is to work with an engineer with some regularity, to where I am familiar with the man. I value the engineer far more than the room.
It is my feeling that, give or take some exceptions for rooms that you fall in love with, the chances are most professional studios are going to be roughly comparable or adequate. Particularly with an engineer who's good, he can make this room sound as good as that room. I consider the nature of the engineer far more valuable than the nature of the room.
R•E•P: There is a remarkable consistency of engineering in your albums in that the balances and the sounds are all very true. The drums always sound like drums, the piano like a piano ... there are only a few cases where this is not true in your work.
OK: Well, I must confess about that. I know I've had a consistency of attitude; I didn't know I had a consistency of sound as well. I'm not denying it, I just didn't know it. I was doing an RCA reissue with a fabulous veteran engineer named Ray Hall a couple of years ago, and he was trying to remember if he had ever done a session with me back in the old days, in the 1950s.
He was remembering one particular session which was a possibility, and he said, "All I remember about that session is that the producer wanted no echo." And I said, "If the producer wanted no echo, it must have been me." I have a feeling about natural sounds. If anything, I can be accused of being too dry. You talk about advantages of multitrack — for me, one of them is certainly being able to not use echo. When I record multitrack, I record dry; I think echo belongs to the mix and doesn't belong anyplace else. And if the musicians insist that they want to hear echo as they often do now, put it in the phone mix, but don't put it on my tape.
The most significant thing to realize in a relationship with an engineer is that he's a professional. He should know his job. A good engineer will give you choices: "Do you want the bass drum like this or like this?"
My philosophy of sound with jazz is that the sound is only a means to deliver the performance. If you talk about a consistency in my recordings, it is probably as a result of my wanting to be middle of the road with sound. I don't want extremes of sound. The sound should be as unobtruThe EX 4000 represents a complete change in how you look at power amplifiers. Engineered to be the most advanced professional power amplifier available, it combines massive output power, high efficiency, and sophisticated protection features. Plus, Open Input Architecture™ provides the ability to interface with computers, digital audio, and fiber optics.
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sive as possible. I don't want a kick drum that calls attention to itself.
**R•E•P:** You say in your book that club owners are the last to know talent.
**OK:** Yes, although I might want to revise that and say that although they are the last, they may still be a little bit ahead of the critics. I've always been very suspicious of record reviewers and critics. As a producer I consider most reviewers my natural enemy. I'm aware that it's much more attention-getting to be negative; people remember bad reviews a hell of a lot more than they remember good reviews. And a good review is just saying an artist and the producer were effective, whereas in a bad review, [the reviewer] is saying "I am more discerning and I am more clever than either the artist or the producer."
---
**Selected Discography**
- "Classic Jazz Piano," various artists.
- "The Cannonball Adderley Quintet in San Francisco," Cannonball Adderley Quintet.
- "Cleanhead and Cannonball," Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson with the Cannonball Adderley Quintet.
- "Early Ellington (1927-1934)," Duke Ellington and his Orchestra.
- "New Jazz Conceptions" and "The Complete Riverside Recordings," Bill Evans.
- "Monk Suite," Kronos Quartet.
- "Wingspan," Mulgrew Miller.
- "The Complete Riverside Recordings," Thelonious Monk.
- "Portrait of Wes," Wes Montgomery Trio.
---
**Paul Goodman: Audio Restorer**
In addition to working with Orrin Keepnews on some newly recorded records, Paul Goodman has been at the controls as "audio restoration engineer" for a number of reissues Keepnews has produced. In many cases, the source material for these reissues is pre-tape.
Throughout his career, Goodman has also engineered a large number of classical recordings for RCA Red Seal, including performances by the Philadelphia, Cleveland and Chicago symphonies. He has been nominated for Grammies 22 times, and has received three for best engineered classical recordings.
**R•E•P:** What do you use as source material for the reissues, for example, the recent Jack Teagarden package?
**PG:** The material for the reissues usually comes from metal — we dug down to get all the metal that was in the vaults. Do you know what I mean by metal?
**R•E•P:** You're talking about the metal parts used to create 78s ...
**PG:** That's correct. Initially the recording was done on hot wax — this was before tape — which was cooled and shipped out to the plant, where it was electroplated and metal parts were struck from that. And those are the parts that BMG Records still have on file.
The original part is the master. Then you have a mother, which is a playable part, and then you have a stamper, which is the one that was used for the actual pressing. Orrin and I want what is as close as possible to the original pull, whatever we can find. Most of the time I'll use the master, which is the inverted one. We have these styli that are specially made for us by Stanton, and they can play an inverted metal master.
**R•E•P:** So you have what amounts to a negative stylus?
**PG:** Exactly. It's actually two styli put together by Stanton; it forms a V. We get them in bulk because they don't wear too well. And I have several different sizes, a 5 mil, 4 mil, 3 mil, 3½ mil ... you have to experiment to get these things to play right.
**R•E•P:** Have you done any recordings where you go farther back than wax?
**PG:** That's as far back as you can go.
**R•E•P:** I was thinking of Edison cylinders.
**PG:** Who has those?
**R•E•P:** It's funny you ask. Just the other day I was at a place called the Archive of Recorded Sound at Stanford and they're working on documenting all the recording sessions of RCA — known then as the Victor Talking Machine Company — from 1900 to 1950. They have some Edison cylinders.
**PG:** That's interesting. We haven't been using any material from back that far. The Edison wire stuff goes back to where there wouldn't be enough material for a commercial CD. I know there are some people working with that, but we're not.
**R•E•P:** Could you walk me through some of the process by which you clean stuff up.
**PG:** The first thing we do is get in as much of the metal as we can on any one selection, and we'll play them to find the best one. Whatever isn't bent too badly, from shipping or handling, we'll try to straighten and then we'll play it. I have to recenter many of the things. And we have to determine the speed, because a lot of them weren't recorded exactly at 78 rpm. We have several equalization curves to give us an approximation of what the cutting curve was in those days, and that varied rather considerably.
**R•E•P:** By curves, do you mean you dial up EQ for each individual selection?
**PG:** Not with an equalizer. Our maintenance people built three different equalization curves into our turntables, they're predetermined, the three best average curves, and we just choose the appropriate one. Because the stuff is so old, it would be impossible to find out exactly what the curves they originally used were; nobody knows. So at this stage, there's no equalization, just the playback curve, and we then transfer it.
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R•E•P: What brand of tape do you like using for 1630?
PG: It changes constantly. We keep in house whatever brand of tape is giving us the least amount of trouble at a given time. We keep three brands in house, and if one starts giving a problem with more than one or two engineers we'll shift to another main brand and see how that is, and ship the other stuff back to the manufacture. The three we're using at the moment are Ampex, Sony and 3M. Actually they're serving us very well. Lately.
Then we send the 1630 out to Sonic Solutions for de-ticking and de-noising. I've gone out there a few times and they know our parameters. If the music is touched, they stop. I will take it with some noise left rather than have the music touched.
When it comes back, I'll do a spot check comparison with a 1630 that I kept here in New York, and if I find that the music has been touched for any reason, I send it back out for them to redo. But they've been astonishingly good, I haven't had to do that at all lately.
R•E•P: So basically, to use their phrase, you're using them as a "dry cleaners." You don't have your own machine yet.
PG: That's right, although we will be getting a machine shortly. The Teagarden piece still has some clicks and noise, but it is far better than what it was, and well within what I would call acceptable limits.
After the tape comes back from NoNoise, we do a little EQ as necessary, but I try to avoid it whenever possible. My whole approach is very classical. I try not to interfere with the sound or change it in any way, but rather to represent it as accurately as possible. When that tape comes back cleaned, and you hear what was beneath the noise, it is amazing what is really there.
If there is a piano solo, for instance, that is too far back, I'll try to bring it up in level using EQ or limiting if I can do so without touching any of the rest of the music. The object is to try and not change the sound of what is there, but to just enhance it if possible. Some of those old recordings sound pretty good if you just leave them alone.
R•E•P: How involved do you get in the mastering?
PG: What I send out is the actual CD master. From me it goes to the plant, and they have no control over equalization or sound or level.
R•E•P: You've been working with Orrin on new recordings as well. What's your producer/engineer relationship like?
PG: It's very good. When you first start out with a producer like Orrin, you tend to step very lightly, to see if you're hearing things the same way he is. And we found that we pretty much hear and feel things alike. I stay out of the performance area and he has just minor comments as far as sound or pickup or whatever. And what we're doing in the studio seems to work. Usually we'll have sounds or balances up in the first 15 or 20 minutes, and then we're running.
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The design and production of high quality loudspeakers is dependent on being able to measure, assess and therefore, rank and quantify these added characteristics. Having assessed the characteristics, the next and most important step is to select materials and techniques which will minimize or eliminate these added characteristics altogether.
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OUTBOARD MIC PRE-AMPS:
WHAT’S THE DEAL?
By John Hardy
You would think that spending half a million dollars on an audio console would guarantee that you are getting the best mic pre-amps that money can buy. You might also think that the newest DAT recorders would have a pair of equally incredible mic pre-amps built in. Not necessarily.
True, not everyone is looking for the most accurate reproduction. Many pros deliberately want a not-so-perfect sound quality that happens to be perfect for the occasion. Like a “warm” sound for a vocalist, or just a touch of distortion for an instrumental overdub. A blues harp player might go to the extreme of using a tube-type guitar amp for his mic pre-amp. Lots of distortion. Perfect! Yet the engineer recording it might use the most accurate microphone he can get, to capture the sound coming from the guitar amp as clearly as possible.
And there at the end of the studio’s mic cable is a console pre-amp that may not be doing its job accurately. Certainly some console pre-amps are better than others, but generally speaking, there is room for improvement at most price levels.
Engineers often begin their careers with the misconception that all mic pre-amps are pretty much equal, and pretty much perfect. If you don’t like the sound quality, blame it on the microphone (or the source), but never on the mic pre-amp.
Some magazines perpetuate this misconception by asking famous engineers which microphones they used for a particular hit record, but neglecting to ask which mic pre-amps they used. Most know, but few remember it’s a package deal. The total sound is the result of both devices.
You can listen to a Neumann U87 through 10 different brands of mic pre-amps and get 10 different sound qualities. Just as engineers choose different microphones for different situations, they should also be aware of the fidelity options available from different pre-amps.
THE LOST ART?
There is so much emphasis on digital circuitry these days that analog design is getting lost in the shuffle. An analog circuit that looks great on paper can be seriously compromised by improper grounding techniques, whether it is part of the PCB design, or part of discrete hand-wiring design. All parts to be grounded must have their own independent path to a central grounding point, logically called star grounding.
Even with massive copper ground areas on the PCB, or heavy bus bars within a console (or within a module of a console), there will still be a small, but measurable, resistance from one point to another in a grounding system. If two or more parts share a common ground return path, they can interact, as the current from one part of the circuit flows through the resistance of the ground bus to the other.
Yet for ideal performance, each part of the grounded circuit needs to see absolutely 0V. If an audio signal is nominally 1V, and there is 1mV of error being induced due to shared grounds, there will be some kind of distortion or noise a mere 60dB below the signal.
I recall a digital voltmeter circuit I prototyped long ago using one of those plug-in proto-board things, complete with two long ground buses with many parts grounded randomly along the buses. When I shorted the input to ground, the display should have read 0.0000. Instead, it read anywhere from 0.0000 to 0.0014, depending on which point along the ground buses I chose to ground the input.
The 0.0014 represented 1.4mV of error caused by shared grounds. The digital circuitry was working flawlessly because it is generally immune to such errors. It was no longer my digital voltmeter experiment; it became my grounding technique demonstrator.
CHOICES AND OPTIONS
Because stand-alone outboard pre-amps can be ideally designed, they seldom suffer from the design compromises and limitations found in many console pre-amps. Additionally, outboard pre-amps come in many technologies, shapes and sizes: with and without input transformers, and having monolithic op-amps, discrete op-amps or vacuum tubes for amplification. They may be rack-mounted or direct plug-in replacement into existing console slots.
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There are those designed to be extremely accurate, while others are designed to add a certain desirable inaccuracy. They can cost hundreds of dollars or thousands of dollars for a pair of channels.
Some outboard pre-amps offer continuously variable gain controls, others offer stepped-gain switches with values of 5dB-per-step or so. A variable pot allows gain riding at the pre-amp, while a switch selectable gain control allows exact resettability, so alternate channels can be closely matched. Everyone has their preferences, and with outboard pre-amps you have choices.
Listing other attributes, some outboard pre-amps can handle higher input and provide higher output levels without distortion than stock pre-amps. Many have a higher slew rate and track high frequencies and transients better. Power-wise, there are many condenser microphones that require relatively high current from the phantom supply, and not all stock supplies can provide enough power. Outboard supplies with phantom power capabilities usually satisfy this requirement.
**Performance Considerations**
Stepping back a moment, it’s fair to ask why mic outboard pre-amps differ so much from stock units and each other, performance-wise. Electrically, there are many ways that a pre-amp can alter the signal coming from a microphone. One basic issue is improper matching of the microphone’s output impedance to the mic pre-amp’s input impedance. If all microphones had an output impedance of exactly 150Ω at all frequencies, and all mic pre-amps had an input impedance of 1,500Ω at all frequencies (including frequencies far above and below the basic 20Hz-20kHz range), this critical interface between microphone and mic pre-amp would not cause any error in frequency response.
The problem is that many microphones have an output impedance that varies with frequencies, and many mic pre-amps have an input impedance equally variable. This affects performance in any of several ways, including a possible rise in high frequency response, a roll-off of high frequencies, or a roll-off of low frequencies. There could be a resonant peak in the high frequencies, higher distortion, reduced maximum output level, or even some microphone instability in extreme cases. Sometimes the effect is helpful, but more often it is not.
These impedance variations can be caused by a poorly designed output transformer in a microphone, or a poorly designed input transformer in a mic pre-amp. Perhaps each of those transformers is superb, but not the appropriate impedance for each other. The same thing can happen with transformerless microphones and transformerless pre-amps.
Regardless of whether a microphone or mic pre-amp is transformer-coupled or transformerless, there will unavoidably be residual capacitances, inductances and resistances present that create these impedance variations. Recall that these are the basic components used in equalizers and crossovers to deliberately create variations in frequency response. The best mics and pre-amps will be designed so that these variations occur well beyond the audio bandwidth, but the errors can start to creep in before you know it. When you add the capacitance of a long mic cable to the equation, the errors are even more pronounced.
**Transformer Insight**
Which begs the question: which is better — a mic pre-amp with a transformer-coupled input, or one that is transformerless? Much of that depends on the charcharacteristics of the transformer.
All transformers have a maximum signal level they can handle before distortion becomes excessive and the core material begins to saturate. All else being equal, a small transformer will saturate before a big one will, and the lowest frequencies will be affected first. Sometimes the distortion caused by core saturation can be used to creative advantage, depending on the type of sound one is looking for.
All things considered, a transformer with a low impedance ratio will be more linear in total performance than one with a high ratio. A low impedance ratio transformer (typically 150Ω:600Ω) will have flatter frequency response, flatter input impedance and more linear phase response than one with a high impedance ratio (typically 150Ω:15Ω or higher). The impedance ratio is generally dictated by the requirements of the amplifier that follows the transformer.
Steel-core transformers are less expensive than nickel-core transformers, but the best nickel-core transformers will clearly outperform the best steel-core ones, assuming you are looking for the highest accuracy.
There are even differences between the nickel-core materials. The two most common nickel materials are the “50% nickel” material and the “80% nickel” material (often called Mu metal, which is actually a trade name used by one core supplier). The 80% nickel material is best for audio, but there are many sources for the material, and substantial variations exist in performance, depending on the source.
To get further insight into transformers, let’s look at three popular Jensen models, the JE-115-KE, the JE-13K7-A and the JE-16-B. The JE-115-KE has a high impedance ratio (150Ω:15kΩ), the JE-13K7-A has a medium impedance ratio (150Ω:3.75Ω) and the JE-16-B has a low impedance ratio (150Ω:600Ω). All three use a proprietary 80% nickel-core material. The one that is commonly used in high-end recording consoles is the JE-115-KE.
An interesting point is that the JE-13K7-A is an even better transformer than the latter because of its lower impedance ratio, yet it is generally not used in consoles due to numerous circuit design and cost considerations. Even more interesting (or disappointing) is that the JE-16-B is superior to both the JE-115-KE and the JE-13K7-A because it has the lowest impedance ratio of them all, yet the JE-16-B is not used in consoles either! The JE-16-B is available in a variety of outboard pre-amps and retrofit cards, however.
ELECTRONIC ANSWERS
Transformerless mic pre-amps are popular at least in part because they are much cheaper to make than a mic pre-amp with a transformer-coupled input. They are also smaller and lighter. Instead of costing anywhere from $35 to more than $100 for a premium input transformer, a few inexpensive transistors can provide the balanced input capability, while a pair of 10-cent capacitors can be used as input coupling capacitors to keep the 48V phantom voltage from damaging the transistors. You can see the temptation of some designers (or accountants) to go for the transformerless design, since it can offer performance that in many ways rivals that of the better transformer-coupled designs, at a fraction of the expense.
As with most things, there are excellent transformerless pre-amps and there are marginal ones. One limiting factor will be the type of capacitor that is used for the input coupling capacitors. An input transformer will naturally block the phantom supply voltage and keep it from reaching and damaging the amplifier circuit, but the capacitors must do that job in a transforUnfortunately, the entire audio signal must pass through the capacitors in transformerless designs, and the problem of dielectric absorption in the capacitors will tend to smear the sound. Capacitors with a Teflon, polypropylene, polystyrene or polycarbonate dielectric are preferred since they have much lower dielectric absorption properties than others.
A clear disadvantage of transformerless inputs is that although good low voltage common-mode rejection ratios can be achieved, common-mode voltage range is extremely limited. A transformer might have a common-mode voltage range of typically 1,000V, which is the basic breakdown voltage of the windings. But transformerless inputs are limited by the voltage rating of the input coupling capacitors, as well as the voltage limits of the op-amp that they are protecting.
If the electrical noise or interference that is picked up by the mic cable exceeds the power supply voltages of the op-amp (typically bipolar 18V), you no longer have your rejection of common-mode voltages. Radio frequency interference and interference from solid state light dimmers can create induced noise voltages that approach or exceed the supply rails of the amplifier.
**GAIN STAGES**
In the early days, vacuum tubes provided amplification. Thereafter came the solid state transistor. Discrete op-amps were constructed using individual, or "discrete", transistors and other parts. Then came the "miracle in a can," the monolithic op-amp, where a complete op-amp circuit could be fabricated on a single 1/16-inch square "monolithic" chip of silicon.
Occasionally, discrete transistors are added in front of the inputs of a monolithic op-amp to provide lower noise than the op-amp is capable of on its own. Discrete transistors are sometimes added after the output of a monolithic op-amp to increase the output power of the op-amp. These are called semi-discrete circuits (or sometimes semi-monolithic or hybrid circuits).
Some people prefer the sound quality of a tube pre-amp, claiming it has a warmer and smoother character than solid state pre-amps. Tubes have the advantage of going into distortion gradually at higher signal levels, and this distortion can be pleasing in controlled amounts. On the other hand, solid state pre-amps have very little distortion until they reach their maximum output level, where distortion rises rapidly. This is not as pleasing.
Solid state pre-amps are sometimes thought to be cold and harsh-sounding, but it is important to realize that only *some* solid state pre-amps are cold and harsh. Don't condemn them all; it depends on the individual design of the solid state circuit. It's the same story for op-amps, although many feel the discrete op-amp has the highest potential among the solid states for the best possible sound quality compared to monolithic op-amps. This is true specifically because each transistor, diode, resistor and capacitor in a discrete design can be carefully and individually chosen and optimized for its specific function within the circuit.
In a monolithic op-amp, substantial compromises must be made because there are process limitations inherent in monolithic construction. For example, it is difficult if not impossible to fabricate the best possible input transistors with their unique requirements, *and* the best possible output transistors with their radically different requirements, on the same tiny silicon chip.
Another disadvantage of monolithic op-amps is their size. In the case of our Hardy 990 discrete op-amp, each output transistor is fabricated with a silicon chip that is larger than an entire monolithic op-amp. This allows the 990 to have higher output power, which makes it possible to use lower impedance parts in the feedback loop, all providing lower noise. The higher power also makes the 990 a better line driver than typical common monolithic op-amps.
Additionally, there are voltage limitations to monolithic op-amps, putting a ceiling on total dynamic range. Most operate on a bi-polar 18V power supply rail, while a discrete design can operate with 24V supplies or higher, providing greater headroom.
**DIRECT TO STORAGE**
Many engineers use outboard mic pre-amps so they can completely avoid the recording console and the potential degradation of sound quality it may cause from the sheer quantity of amplification stages: fader buffer amps, eq amps, summing amps, channel output amps, switches, connectors and more cable.
Whenever possible, most users of outboard pre-amps go straight to the tape deck or disc drive. If needed, a limiter can be patched between the pre-amp and the storage medium. The rule is: Keep It Simple.
Additional improvement to the sound quality can be had by putting the pre-amps as close as possible to the microphone, allowing the use of a very short mic cable. Low microphone voltages are very sensitive to the effects of cable capacitance. The longer the cable, the higher the cacapacitance, and the greater the deterioration of sound quality.
In a typical studio the mic cable length could easily reach 100 feet by the time it gets to the console's mic pre-amps. In a remote recording situation or PA system, a mic cable could reach at least several hundred feet in length. Instead of traveling hundreds of feet at mic level, it is better to use a 10-foot low capacitance mic cable to an outboard mic pre-amp, with the signal then traveling the remaining distance at line level. The higher voltage, lower impedance line output of a pre-amp is usually much better equipped to drive long cables than a microphone is.
Another advantage to traveling long distances at line-level rather than at mic level is that you can achieve a much better signal-to-noise ratio. If your microphone signal travels a long distance at -50dBV, and there is noise being picked up by the long cable at a -80dBV level, you have an S/N of only 30dB. If you first amplify the signal with a local outboard pre-amp, you can send the signal the entire distance at line level, typically 50dB or so higher. This increases your S/N in the above case to 80dB. Not bad!
**PERSONAL RACK**
Many engineers are assembling their own personal rack of mic pre-amps and other goodies such as limiters, digital delays, etc. That way they can offer not just their superior talent, but also a superior rack of specialized equipment. They realize that no single mic pre-amp is right for all occasions, so they bring a variety of pre-amps with them. We know of several people who bring a rack of 12 or more channels of pre-amps with them wherever they work.
Bottom line: Understand the benefits and limitations of your console pre-amps. Then try every outboard pre-amp you can get your hands on. Get to know each one intimately. Try every microphone in every pre-amp, under as many diverse situations as possible. But be certain that your evaluations are done under the best possible conditions, and make sure you know what the rest of the audio chain sounds like. Please refer to the article "Proper Mic Pre-amp Evaluation Methodology" [RE: P, November 1988, page 30] for more information.
I promise you, if the only pre-amps you have ever used are stock console pre-amps, you may be surprised, even shocked, at how different a particular microphone will sound through some of the various outboard pre-amps. Whether it's an abused SM-57, or a brand new large diaphragm ultra condenser microphone, you *will* be surprised. Find new combinations and special applications. Learn. You won't know until you try.
---
After auditioning various digital formats vs. analog with Dolby SR, it was obvious that Dolby SR gave us back the silky top end and warm bottom end normally associated with analog recording, along with the quietness and impact found in digital."
*Phil Bonanno*: recording engineer
"Dolby SR maintains all the best qualities of analog with the benefit of no noise. We're ecstatic about the sound of our album."
*Dennis de Young*: producer, vocals, keyboards
"Dolby SR captures the sound of my drums on tape as if you were hearing them played live."
*John Panozzo*: drums, percussion
"No matter what type of material we worked on, the bass had the edge, drive and bottom required."
*Chuck Panozzo*: bass guitar
"The sound of analog with Dolby SR was a revelation."
*Glen Burtnik*: vocals, guitars
"Analog with Dolby SR lets the personality and humanity of the music shine through."
*James "J.Y." Young*: guitars, vocals
---
Edge of the Century (A&M Records)
Recorded and mixed at the Chicago Recording Company.
Circle (26) on Rapid Facts Card
Dolby SR: now more than 47,000 tracks in use worldwide.
MASTER AUDIO FUNDAMENTALS IN TWO DAYS.
"The Technical Fundamentals of Audio"
A new and innovative seminar program. Designed to help you acquire specific skills in the fundamental areas of audio.
Go home with the knowledge and confidence to communicate with specialists in many related fields. "The Technical Fundamentals of Audio" focuses on the fundamentals of audio as they apply to fields including: recording, broadcasting, film sound, reinforcement, concert sound, musical sound, intercom and telephony, public address and high fidelity.
Each seminar participant receives a detailed manual, presenting the concepts taught clearly and completely with real-life examples to help illustrate the material.
The teaching staff—Tom Bouliane, Bob Bushnell and Ted Uzzle—have more than 75 years of combined professional audio industry experience and are noted authors and lecturers. Their backgrounds include consulting, manufacturing, recording, broadcasting, film sound and contracting.
Who should attend?
This class is for anyone who wants to acquire the basic skills needed to understand audio fundamentals. Topics include:
- The metric system, as it applies to audio.
- The effects of passive electronic components (capacitors, transformers, etc.) on audio frequencies.
- The hearing mechanism and its psychoacoustical characteristics.
- Plus, the elementary physics of sound and architectural acoustics.
Each class begins on Friday morning and works through an evening session Friday night. Then it begins again Saturday morning, and concludes after lunch.
Dallas, TX . . . . . . . . January 11-12
Phoenix, AZ . . . . . . . . January 25-26
Los Angeles, CA . . . . . February 8-9
Atlanta, GA . . . . . . . . February 22-23
San Francisco, CA . . . . March 1-2
Chicago, IL . . . . . . . . April 5-6
New York, NY . . . . . . . April 19-20
Minneapolis, MN . . . . May 3-4
This is a "first-come, first-served" opportunity. Seating is limited, and advance registration is required. The cost for this rigorous but complete course is just $395 and includes tuition, manual and other class materials, two breakfasts, two lunches and three refreshment breaks. Payment can be made by cash, check or major credit card. For a seminar brochure, or to register, write, fax or call Jenny Staton at:
FAX: 405-340-4936
PHONE: 405-340-3932
Box 481, Edmond, OK 73083
Continuing Education Programs
A short treatise on miking speaker cabinets.
RECORDING INSTRUMENT AMPLIFIERS
By Mike Joseph
There's more than one way to mic up a speaker cabinet, although few people have the inclination, the desire to pursue the unknown, or even the time. In the crush of a session, the easiest and most efficient act an engineer can do is stick a 57 or 421 on a desk stand and aim it right down the throat of an amplified 12-inch. Whether guitar, bass, miked mouth harp, Rhodes or synth, the sound will be a fairly close approximation of what the amp is doing.
Mike Joseph is technical editor of R•E•P.
But what if you're looking for something a little different, say a fat, deep sound, bigger than the one amplifier cabinet alone? Or how about achieving tonality shifts without relying on external processors? Or maybe discovering a sharp way to get the sound of a multi-cabinet stack onto one track? What then?
Here are some tried and true ideas collected over years of sessions, with no little input from other studio warriors. We hope they contribute to the general pool of shared technique. As always, rules and regulations need not apply.
As background, remember that all the traditional tonal tricks apply — cabinets placed flat on the floor sound fuller because of coupling to the ground plane (half space loading); or on a chair or up on a road case, slightly thinner (closer to free air response or full space). A second mic or two in the room provides air, ambience and room sound, pending distance and balance between direct and indirect sound fields. Closer miking provides bite and mic proximity effect, and distance adds blend or roundness. And, of course, stereo gives perspective, depth, air and the all-important phase difference information.
**BASIC INSTRUMENT AMPLIFIERS**
On open or closed backed cabinets, put the first mic in front of the speaker as you normally would. Position it for a fuller or warmer sound, often just off axis. For tonal variation, take a similar model microphone and place it about a foot in back of the first, also aiming it straight at the speaker (see Figure 1). Moving the second mic further away (up to several feet) will vary the depth of the sound, playing with the perceived fullness or spread of the signal.
For an acoustic phase shift (not unlike the sound of a phase shifter or flanger stuck in mid-sweep), flip the polarity (the misnamed "phase reverse switch") on one mic and place it beside and slightly in back of the first. Slide it back and forth, up to several feet. This usually provides more tonal variation than any combination of on-amp tone controls.
On an open-backed cabinet, place the primary mic as you normally would, but place the second mic in back of the cabinet (see Figure 2). Find a position that provides a satisfactory sound, taking into consideration the myriad cabinet resonances and colorations inside the box. Start out with the polarity switch reversed on the second mic's input channel. By moving the front microphone back and forth, multiple tonal variations can be created. The balance between the two can be manipulated on the board to arrive at a sound much larger than one mic alone.
In addition to the obvious stacking of cabinets or multiple mics in front of multiple speakers, a greater fullness and depth from one instrument can be added by using two speaker cabinets off one amp, or conversely "Y"-cording the one instrument into two amplifiers (assuming a mono source). Separate the two cabinets by six or eight feet and angle them in slightly, aiming both at a point 10 feet or so away (see Figure 3). Room size will determine the exact dimensions.
Place a close microphone in front of each speaker cabinet, varying mic brand or distance to attain the size and depth you are looking for. Anything from touching the grill cloth to six feet away works. Try different positions for each cabinet. Place a third mic at the point where the cabinets intersect.
By varying the physical placement of the microphones, sliding one cabinet forward or back, and/or altering the mic channel polarity, an infinite number of tonal variations and acoustic space sizes can be approximated. As an added variation, try placing a gobo between the two amps to maximize separation and control leakage into the primary mics.
A twist on this trick has two cabinets aiming directly at each other, with two cardioids in the middle, back-to-back, or an omni or figure-of-eight (bidirectional) mic in the middle (see Figure 4).
**ACOUSTIC IMAGING**
A number of useful sounds can be created by placing the microphones and cabinets in unusual environments. A small, tight box created out of gobos, cushions or packing blankets can add a deep deadness that is ideal for source placement into an artificial digital environment. Alternately, placing a cabinet at one end of a long hall and a mic at the other end will add delay, space and openness far more complex than any program patch.
Positioning hard reflective planes around a speaker cabinet, whether glass plate, mirrors, or shellacked plywood, can create a highly dense sound filled with numerous short standing waves and reflections. Aiming the mic or mics at the surfaces themselves, as opposed to the speakers, adds a midrange quality very unlike that found in the direct field.
Aiming the speaker cabinet directly at the control room window, with a pressure zone boundary layer mic taped to the surface, creates a whole different flavor. Of course, there's nothing to stop you from folding back any sound already on tape to a studio instrument amp.
Re-miking a pre-cut track using any of the above techniques adds a whole new level of organic unnatural effects. Occasionally something as simple as original dry sound panned right and re-miked amplified sound panned left, or maybe dry center and digitally affected, re-amplified signal delayed hard left/right, adds a quality that rack boxes just can't provide.
**OVERALL PERSPECTIVES**
Try any of the suggestions mentioned, or add your own variations. One may just satisfy the timbral need for that unique instrumental sound on your next track. Just remember that in the final call, the larger the bag of tricks you have in your experiential possession, the more you'll have to contribute to the project at hand. However, just in case you need overall perspective on the meaning and importance of all this, I submit the following:
There is an anecdote about Frank Zappa from many years ago. When asked how he got that gigantic Marshall stack sound on one of his tracks, Frank reported that it had been very difficult. He had placed a battery-operated Pignose portable on its back pointing straight up, hung a cheap dynamic over it pointing straight down, and plugged right in. The sound was huge and airy, with no board tweaking necessary. Which just goes to show . . .
---
**TC 1280/1380**
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The TC 1280 (Stereo) and TC 1380 (3 Tap) delays are based on the technology that made the TC 2290 the most sought after delay unit in the recording industry. We have kept the superb frequency response, low distortion and noise free signal path and added the features most needed in critical applications.
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Circle (27) on Rapid Facts Card
Bruce Swedien is one of this industry's masters of microphone technique. Just listen to anything in his vast body of work — artists such as Michael Jackson, Duke Ellington, the Chicago Symphony, several movie soundtracks and many commercials — and it's readily apparent that his mic technique is artistic.
Because he is such a widely acknowledged mic master, R•E•P decided to interview Swedien on a single topic — how he uses mics. His "sixth sense" to using mics is the result of more than 30 years of experience.
Swedien shows no signs of slowing down. In addition to building a home studio, he's recording most of the new Michael Jackson record and is producing three songs on it.
R•E•P: How do you mic drums?
BS: I've always treated drums as more of a series of instruments, rather than as a single instrument. Over the years I've developed a few favorite mics. For overheads, I'll either use the B&K 4006s [omnis] or a pair of Neumann U67's [cardioid]. I usually go for some kind of an X-Y configuration. The type of music dictates how close to the sound source I might be: If it's more rock and roll type drums, I'll move the mics farther back, farther away from the kit.
On the snare drum, I'll use anything from a Shure SM57 to a Sennheiser 451 or 452. I usually go for a single microphone. I've tried mixing both the top and the bottom but I run into phasing problems, so I don't do that much.
For the hat I usually go with a 452, but if it's jazz or be-bop, I might even go for a ribbon mic like an RCA 77, because it's so smooth.
R•E•P: Do you mic the hat at the crack or from up above?
Read and learn from one of the best:
Bruce Swedien talks about how he chooses and uses microphones.
Dan Levitin is a contributing editor to R•E•P and an engineer/producer based in Stanford, CA.
BS: Above, but quite close, usually three to four inches.
R•E•P: Do you have a preference for a particular brand of cymbal?
BS: No. Again, that really depends on the type of music being played more than anything else. There's no one type that's good for everything. I built a little 12-inch square baffle made of plywood and lead, and it goes in between the snare and the hat. With that I can usually create an acoustic shadow over the snare drum to keep some separation between the hat and the snare. Of course, you have to be careful to stay out of the drummer's way.
R•E•P: How about the kick?
BS: My favorite is a 421, but I'll end up using anything from a Neumann 47 FET to an Electro-Voice RE-20, depending on the type of music or the type of sound I'm after.
R•E•P: How far in do you place the mic?
BS: Usually, not very far in. But for those situations that demand it farther in, I had a special kick drum cover made with a zippered hole in it, so the kick mic can sit real close, and the cover reduces the sound of the other drums leaking in. If you listen to [Michael Jackson's] "Billie Jean," and listen to the sound of that drum set, you'll hear the first time I used that device.
R•E•P: And you usually record with the rear head off the drum?
BS: Yes, but when I use my cover, it's almost as though there were a rear head.
R•E•P: Do you mic any differently when you're recording a sample?
BS: Nope, exactly the same. I'm a frustrated drummer and bass player, so I spend a lot of time playing and sampling myself. I don't like the idea of stealing someone else's sounds. As a result, a lot of my drum sounds are new and fresh, because I know how to mic the drum, and I know how to hit 'em to produce certain sounds, and certainly to record them.
R•E•P: How do you try out a new mic?
BS: Well, I get new mics all the time. I just try them out with different sound sources. I got one a few weeks ago made from some company back east — I forget which one — and it sounded terrible. To me, microphone technology, and the art of making high-quality condenser mics, matured about 30 years ago. One mic that is new that has impressed me is the Milab VIP-50. To my ear that's one of the best new condenser mics to come along in at least 10 years.
R•E•P: The last one being the TLM 170?
BS: Right. The TLM is an OK mic, a pretty decent mic.
R•E•P: But it's still pretty noisy ...
BS: Yes, it is. I said it was a decent mic, not a wonderful mic.
R•E•P: What about the B&Ks? Are they the quietest mics you've used?
BS: Yes, I'd have to say so.
R•E•P: I wonder why more people don't use them.
BS: You're right, I've never understood why. I use them a lot. They're absolutely one of my favorite microphones. I have a pair of the omnis that they matched at their factory for me, and they also made me a special stand for X-Y technique that's calibrated with numbers so I can recreate a position easily.
R•E•P: You must have some outboard mic pre-amps that you carry with you.
BS: I have several. I have a GML, Neve, Studio Technologies. My all-time favorite is the Neve, but each pre-amp sounds quite different. The control room that I'm using now, which Ocean Way built for me, has a gigantic Neve 8078 console in it, and those mic pre-amps are pretty impressive just stock. But I have a Neve of my own, and the module in that is the 1064, which is a 3-band EQ with Class A electronics, and to my ear that's the best sounding mic pre of all. There are two of those that are actually in the same class: the 1064 and the 1073 module, and sonically, those two blow everything right out of the water.
R•E•P: You're famous for having brought less-expensive mics into expensive recording with the Shure SM7 and Michael Jackson.
BS: A lot of people talk about that, but really, that's only one of many microphones that I've used on Michael, and I did that for a specific purpose. It was the color of that mic that I was looking for. For certain pieces of his music, I'll use my Telefunken 251, which is anything but a cheap microphone.
R•E•P: The story I heard through the engineer grapevine is that for "Off The Wall," you went out and bought 10 SM7s and lined them all up and picked out the best one.
BS: That's almost right; I picked out the best three. And then in addition to that, I have recently bought another one. They all sound a little bit different, but overall they're fairly consistent. The song I used it on first was the song with all that bottle percussion, "Don't Stop 'Till You Get Enough." But then on "She's Out of My Life," that's my 251.
You can't use one specific microphone for everything. There's no such thing as the vocal mic; I've never believed in that. On "Thriller," there are probably five different microphones in use on his solo vocals. Between the leads and the backgrounds I definitely change microphones.
Michael's rhythm and concept is so wonderful. When I record Michael doing vocals I put him on my drum platform, which is an 8-foot square platform of unfinished plywood. The reason I do that is that Michael dances and he snaps his fingers and he claps and he moves all the time during the recordings, and I try to keep as much of that in the vocal recording as I can. I think it takes the overall image of our work past being a pristine studio recording and makes it feel more human.
R•E•P: Don't you get all kinds of shoe-on-plywood noises and things like that?
BS: Absolutely, and I love it! Also, the reflective sound of his voice off the plywood back to the microphone is a big part of the sound that way. I'll move the mic and angle it down a bit sometimes toward the wood to get even more of that. I've got a special mix of "The Way You Make Me Feel" that I play at seminars I give, with just the vocals in it so that people can hear how much of that stuff I leave in; they're always amazed.
R•E•P: What part of the mic do you like to have people sing into?
BS: Straight on, right into the diaphragm.
And I hate those damn pop screens and wind screens, because they change the sound of the vocals.
**R•E•P:** Do you have any special techniques for avoiding sibilance?
**BS:** I can't say I've encountered sibilance very often. Usually by the time I get to work with someone they've achieved a little bit of success, and as a result, they're pretty well aware of, and conditioned to, the recording process. With Michael, or Patti Austin or Michael McDonald, they're so used to the recording process and so professional, they'll take care of the esses and pops for you if you make them aware of it. I guess I've been fortunate.
**R•E•P:** Do you have any advice for engineers who might be less fortunate and are encountering sibilance?
**BS:** I guess you would have to rely on a windscreen. Also, of course, you want to stay away from the mics that would aggravate that. For instance, a Tube 47 is the last mic you'd want to use. You develop a sixth sense with microphone technique. It takes years and years to do it, but you'll be able to hear someone speak and know instinctively what mic to put up.
**R•E•P:** Do Neumanns really sound different upside-down?
**BS:** I think they do. Especially the older ones, like the U47s. I really don't know why that is. I do know that the finish on the capsule makes a big difference in the sound of the mic, so maybe if you have it up one way or hanging the other way the reflected sound off the screen may change. I usually use them upside-down. My Telefunken 251 that I bought new in 1961 is the most incredible-sounding 251 I've ever heard.
**R•E•P:** How do you deal with proximity effect and vocalists who are moving around a lot during their performance?
**BS:** I try to use proximity effect as a tool. The effect is more noticeable with certain mics, say on ribbon mics with a large ribbon element. Large capsule condenser mics have a great deal of proximity effect. If you have a thin voice, by moving the sound source closer to the mic, you can use proximity effect to emphasize the low end without having to use EQ.
**R•E•P:** When you first go out into the room to record something, what do you listen for before you put up a mic?
**BS:** Spectrum, meaning the balance of high end to low end and so on, and whatever the voice or instrument sounds like. I try to re-create. Depending on the quality of the performer, I would feel it's my responsibility to re-create that quality if it's unique.
But then, you run into other situations where you want to help a little. I might use a microphone then that I know would create a certain effect and maybe improve an area of the voice that may be a little weak. For instance, using proximity effect and a ribbon microphone as I said, to give a voice some low end that it may not have naturally.
**R•E•P:** Have you done much symphony recording?
**BS:** My start in the industry was in classical music in Minneapolis, and then I worked for RCA Red Seal for a year recording the Chicago Symphony and the Chicago Strings. [Sweden recorded the now-classic version of "Also Sprach Zarathustra" by Fritz Reiner and the Chicago Symphony — Ed.]
**R•E•P:** Do you still do classical dates?
**BS:** Nobody asks me. I'd love to, but no one asks me anymore. I guess I have a different reputation now.
**R•E•P:** What's your microphone philosophy there?
**BS:** Classical music requires a totally different approach. You would almost always rely on a single pair that would be in an X-Y pattern above the conductor. Then depending on the music, if there are a lot of woodwind solos, for example, you'd want "sweetener" mics to mix in. To tell you the truth, it's actually a little boring.
**R•E•P:** Why is that?
**BS:** Because the most that you can do in classical, or even jazz, I'd say, is to recreate the original sound field. After a while it makes me feel like I'm taking dictation, and I start yawning and looking around the studio for something to do. For the past few years I've felt it's my responsibility to take the sound field past reality and to put it in terms of my own imagination; to try to create something that couldn't appear in nature. Of course, you're not supposed to do that with classical. The conductor would get all bent out of shape.
I've always viewed myself as an artist. As such, I don't think a real artist even tries to paint the true reality of a vision. What I try to do is paint my concept of reality, mixing it in with my imagination. Do you understand what I mean?
**R•E•P:** You're describing the difference between the Renaissance painters trying to capture reality perfectly, and the impressionists who had no desire to do that: Cezanne, van Gogh, Monet ...
**BS:** Right, who would capture his own interpretation of reality and put that on canvas. To me that's where my work falls — to try to make the sonic sound field have a life of its own as something that's completely different and, as I said, couldn't possibly occur in nature. The idea of that is so exciting to me I get excited just telling you about it — that's really what's kept me going. And for a guy who's 56 years old to be waking up in the middle of the night with new ideas for building a new studio, I think that's pretty incredible. I'm as excited about that as I was when I was 19 and built my first studio in Minneapolis. [See the sidebar, "Bruce Swedien's Home Studio:"]
**R•E•P:** What would you use on a horn section for a pop album?
**BS:** A lot of times, I'll use ribbon mics. I have a bunch of RCA ribbons that I bought new. I love the sound of them on brass. My inclination is usually to go with as few mics as possible, miking the section as a whole, if possible.
Generally, I try to avoid anything that's going to introduce potential phase problems, whether it's from too many mics, or too much EQ.
"For the past few years, I've felt that it's my responsibility to take the sound field past reality and to put it in terms of my own imagination, to try and create something that couldn't appear in nature."
**R•E•P:** Do you use Monster Cable?
**BS:** Absolutely. I'm a believer in Monster Cable. There are some applications where its effect is really dramatic. They brought a harness down for me to go from the output of the console to the input of my 2-track. I could've sworn when they hooked that up that someone threw an equalizer in there. It added so much top and bottom and clarity that I can't live without it now.
We were talking about mic pre-amps and there's something I should add to what I said earlier. When I use an outboard mic pre-amp, I'll usually put it out there in the studio with the singer, and I'll use Monster wire from the mic to the pre-amp, and then run line level into the control room.
**R•E•P:** So your shortest run is from the mic to the pre-amp.
A man and his mics: Swedien has more than 85 in his collection, dating to the 1950s.
BS: Yes, exactly. I think mic pre-amps all sound different, and so there's no best mic pre-amp. Each application is different. If I want the pre-amp to be absolutely invisible, I'll get out my GML. But you don't always want that.
R•E•P: How do you get some of the 3-D and spatial effects you've been experimenting with?
BS: I've been playing around with binaural for many years ...
R•E•P: Binaural being where you take a dummy head and put microphones where its ears are ...
BS: Yeah, and you reproduce the space between the human ears. As far as 3-dimensional sound, that's the most startling and the most effective.
R•E•P: Do you use ordinary mics for that?
BS: No, usually a couple of miniature condensers. But to really reproduce that effect, it has to be heard back on headphones, which is a socially impossible situation. It's pretty hard for a bunch of people to be at a party and sit around sipping martinis with earphones on.
R•E•P: And yet you do have some spatial stuff on "The Dude."
BS: Yeah, I tried to. It's funny that you say that — very few people noticed. But the Walkman had just come out, and I thought, "Oh, boy, I've got a captive audience plugged into earphones, ready to experience binaural sound," and I thought, "Man, I'm gonna kill 'em." But very few people noticed. I did almost all the percussion in binaural, and if you listen in earphones you can hear the percussion instruments coming from all over.
R•E•P: The frustration, though, is that no matter where I sat with my head between my speakers, I couldn't replicate that.
BS: That's right, you can't, the reason being that you lose the polar response of the sound source the minute you put it on speakers. That's another reason that very few people go into or understand stereophonic microphone technique.
The polar response of a sound source is so fragile that if you're not careful you can lose the whole effect. And most people don't truly understand stereo to begin with. They think that by having something come from the left speaker and something different come from the right speaker that's stereo, and that's the furthest thing from the truth. That's what I call "2-channel mono" — it doesn't sound anything like the original music.
R•E•P: Roger Nichols says the whole point of stereo is to try to re-create —
BS: — the original sound field. Roger is right on the money.
Photos by Elizabeth J. Annas.
Bruce Swedien’s Home Studio
"I built my first studio in Minneapolis when I was 19. We bought an old movie theater and converted it into a studio, and it's still a world class recording facility. This new studio I'm building is a dream I've had for 35 years.
"My wife and I have a horse ranch outside of Thousand Oaks, CA. There was a tennis court there when we bought it, but in the 11 years we've lived there, we haven't once played tennis! So I took the tennis court out and I'm building a small studio.
"The studio will be really just one room, a control room, of about 1,500 square feet. It's a combination studio and screening room. I was the designer and the architect. I've hired a contractor who has worked with me on a number of projects around the ranch. I had quite a bit of training in acoustics at the University of Minnesota when I was young — I lifted the dimensions of this room right from the textbook. There are no two parallel surfaces, it has a coffered ceiling, so the ceiling isn't parallel to the floor. The dimensions are 21' × 35' × 14'.
"I'm also building a garage adjacent to the studio. If it turns out I want to do vocals in the studio, I can just back my Bronco out of the garage and put a vocalist in there. After Michael's album, I'm co-
Continued on page 56
Continued from page 55
producing a Danish singer named Sanne for Virgin Records, and I'll be able to do that here. She's a wonderful singer with a lot of European success.
"I'm putting in a Cinemascope screen, 9' x 12' and I have a Barco-Vision video projection system with subwoofers and the whole shot. I'll be able to accommodate every format possible, from videodisc to 1-inch, 3/4-inch, VHS, Beta, you name it. I have a big project planned for next year with Michael Jackson doing a motion picture, so I'll be able to do a lot of that here.
"The console is a 32-input Neve 8032. That's the 3-band EQ, totally Class A and there's not an IC in the console. It has 32 inputs, 8 echo returns, and 17 effects returns. I'm doing some mods to it because I'm setting the control room up so I can do film work in it as well. It has a quad monitor system, which is left, center, right in front and surround. It'll even be set up so I can do stereo surround, so I can use the new Cinema Digital Sound if I want.
"I got real lucky — when I bought this console I got the skeleton of a console exactly like it, so if I want to expand it later it will be quite simple. One might ask if 32 channels is going to be big enough for me. I might just be building a big hi-fi here, I don't know. Obviously, I can't do the sort of thing on that desk that I can do at Record One, which is the biggest Neve in the world. I'm doing it with the idea that it doesn't have to pay its way — I'll be able to do a certain amount of my work there.
"In addition, it's my home; I'm not planning to be bringing in a bunch of people there. I'm looking to do more producing/engineering, not just engineering, and this will basically be for my own projects. Record One will still be my main base of operations.
"For tape machines I have a Mitsubishi X850 with Apogee filters that I've had for some time. I've heard all the other digital machines, and I haven't heard anything else that interests me. I also have a 16-track MCI JH16 with the older electronics, which sounds marvelous. I'm still thinking about what I would get in a 24-track. My favorite is the Studer A800 Mark III, but the Studer people were over here for dinner the other night and they're going to be sending me one of the new ones to listen to, the 827.
"For 2-track, I have a Mitsubishi X86 HS with the 96k sampling rate, a regular X86 with 48k sampling and two X80s. And an Ampex ATR 102. I've been going back and forth between the HS and the ATR, and on the ATR I use Dolby SR. I have the Panasonic 3500 DAT machine.
"For monitors, Alan Sides is installing the Ocean Way system and they're driven with Macintosh 2500 amps, 500W per channel.
"For effects, I have a stereo Echoplate, 8x4, custom-built for me by Jim Cunningham; an EMT 250, four Yamaha REV5s, two REV 7s, an SPX1000, all the usual things.
"I think this will be the first studio in Southern California to be wired for fiber-optic capability. The fiber will carry 128 channels of audio, which I can utilize to interface with the telephone lines when those interfaces become available."
There’s no faster, easier or better way to record incredible stereo.
When you compare Crown’s new Stereo Ambient Sampling System™ (SASS™) and a DAT recorder with traditional recording methods you’ll discover there’s no faster or better way to record natural, beautifully imaged stereo.
Lightweight, durable and extremely easy to set up, the SASS microphone is an exciting improvement in stereo recording. Combined with a DAT machine, it becomes a high-quality, no-compromise recording system that goes everywhere.
Crown’s SASS eliminates traditional stereo recording compromises in sound quality, ease-of-use, and cost. No longer do you have to settle for weak low-end or off-axis coloration common to Midside, X-Y and near-coincident pair mics. Assembly and positioning time is also reduced significantly compared with conventional stereo mic ing techniques.
The SASS is available in two versions: the SASS-P, with switchable battery or phantom power and Crown’s finest studio-grade PZM® capsules; or the SASS-B, which uses the famed Bruel & Kjaer 4003 and 4006 studio mics (not supplied).
Regardless of which you choose, you’ll enjoy full ambience without coloration, excellent sum to mono, and extraordinary broad frequency response. With SASS’s superb imaging capabilities, every sound is audibly reproduced in its precise position resulting in a stereo experience of uncanny realism.
Readily adaptable to all common stands, the SASS includes a carrying case and accessories.
No matter what your stereo recording requirements are—from sampling to electronic news gathering to remote recording of live events—you’ll find Crown’s SASS family the simple choice. See your Crown representative or call toll-free for information: 1-800-535-6289.
Crown International, Inc. • P.O. Box 1000
Elkhart, Indiana 46515-1000 • 219/294-8000
Circle (31) on Rapid Facts Card
Q: Why do certain microphone designs have specific sound qualities, such as warmth or brightness?
A: The reasons are many. All microphones have a diaphragm of some type, whether it is driving a coil of wire through a magnetic field, having electricity induced into itself directly (as in a ribbon inside a magnetic field), or being electrically charged and changing a voltage through capacitive effect over varying distance.
All other things being equal, lighter diaphragms, such as those found in condenser mics, will respond more readily to transients and potentially track them more accurately to higher frequencies. Additionally, their lighter mass is more sensitive to subtle variations in sound. Larger diaphragms, with their higher mass, are less sensitive to subtlety — they move slower and tend to "smear" higher frequencies. It takes more to get that greater mass in motion (regards to Newton).
Excluding the naturally bi-directional characteristics of a ribbon mic, most microphones get their directional characteristics one of two ways: plumbing or air paths, which route sound to the back of the diaphragm, selectively canceling signal at certain angles via phase interaction; or twin matching diaphragms, which have their phase response or polarity electrically manipulated to create selective cancellation at certain angles.
Close working distances to directional microphones additionally create a buildup of low frequencies, called proximity effect. All of these qualities alter the perceived and measured performance of microphones, giving them characteristics we like to label as warmth, brightness, mellowness or bit.
Q: Who manufactures stand-alone microphone pre-amps?
A: The following companies provide pre-amps-only in a chassis:
- GML: 7821 Burnet Ave., Van Nuys, CA 91405; 818-781-1022; fax 818-781-3828.
- John Hardy Co.: Box AA631, Evanston, IL 60204; 708-864-8060; fax 708-864-8076.
- Jensen Transformers: 10735 Burbank Blvd., North Hollywood, CA 91601; 213-876-0059; fax 818-763-4574.
- Neve: 7 Parklawn Drive, Bershire Industrial Park, Bethel, CT 06801; 203-744-6230; fax 203-792-7863.
Q: For location recording, who makes phantom power supplies, both battery-operated and ac-driven? Our condenser microphones will need to be powered and plugged directly into a DAT recorder.
A: Before you purchase a phantom power supply, be sure to check on what your microphones need for current. Their current draw is usually listed in the specifications. Modern electrets are fractional compared to older condensers. Companies supplying power supplies include:
- AKG: 1525 Alvarado St., San Leandro, CA 94577; 415-351-3500; fax 415-351-0500.
- Audio Technica: 1221 Commerce Drive, Stow, OH 44224; 216-686-2600; fax 216-688-3752.
- Neumann: c/o Gotham Audio, 1790 Broadway, New York, NY 10019-4142; 212-765-3410; fax 212-265-8459.
- Shure Brothers: 222 Hartrey Ave., Evanston, IL 60202-3696; 708-866-2527; fax 708-866-2279.
Q: Is there one stereo microphone recording technique that outshines the others?
A: All of the popular stereo microphone techniques have their proponents. No technique works for every situation — it's a matter of what you're looking for and what you are recording.
We know of a very interesting project recently completed at Cal Tech by graduate students in the audio lab, soon to be released as a CD on the Performance Recording label by James Boyk, instructor at the lab and owner of Performance. They set up an interesting test jig of small speakers in a line array, to present a source of rim shot clicks in uniform predictable progression from center to left to right to center, in front of a number of different stereo microphone arrays.
The results, to say the least, are ear-opening. We suggest you contact Boyk at the address below and pick up a copy of the CD. It is the most definitive statement on the subject we have heard.
- Performance Recordings No. PR-6-CD, available through Harmonia Mundi USA; 213-559-0802.
Q: Who can supply high-quality, low-capacitance mic cable? We are interested in putting our pre-amps in the studio on short cable runs for our digital sampling.
A: The following companies are well-known for their low cap cable. Please contact them to get the specifics of their designs and philosophies.
- Belden Wire & Cable: Box 1980, Richmond, IN 47375; 317-983-5200; fax 317-983-5294.
- Kimber Kable: 2675 Industrial Drive, Ogden, UT 84401; 801-621-5530; fax 801-627-6980.
- Mogami: c/o Marshall Electronics, Box 2027, Culver City, CA 90230; 213-390-6608; fax 213-391-8926.
- Monster Cable Products: 274 Wattis Way, S. San Francisco, CA 94080-6761; 415-871-6000; fax 415-871-6555.
- Pro-Co Sound: 135 E. Kalamazoo Ave., Kalamazoo, MI 49007; 800-253-7360; fax 616-388-9681.
- Whirlwind: 100 Boxart St., Rochester, NY 14612; 716-663-8820; fax 716-865-8930.
MIDI Spoken Here
and here...
here, too.
Fostex offers you by far the most sophisticated MIDI control in all of the most popular recording formats.
Choose either 16- or 8-track open reel or 4-track cassette and Fostex lets you use MIDI commands to control the recorder via the MTC-1.
It simply plugs into the R8 or 280 and provides a bridge between SMPTE time code and MIDI time code. For the G-16, the MTC-1 is on the optional Model 8330 plug-in synchronizer card.
Dip switches allow you to set a MIDI System Exclusive address (0-16), an address-free mode and MIDI note information.
Thus truly sophisticated MIDI control* with full system integration is now possible.
If you own an Atari™ or Macintosh™ computer, you’ll make the most of MIDI control with MidiRemote™ – a Fostex Desk Accessory. In addition to standard tape transport and monitoring control, the software will let you select tracks, locate and loop among ten cue points, automatically punch-in/out, set zone limits, display MIDI time code and generate SMPTE code (all 4 formats).
The Macintosh software works with Performer and Master Tracks Pro. The Atari software works with Master Tracks Pro and Dr. T’s KCS.
Steinberg’s Cuebase sequencer has a device driver for the MTC-1 and 8330 built-in, so you don’t need MidiRemote software with it.
As with all computer interfacing certain restrictions apply. So check the details at your local Fostex Dealer or call Fostex.
No other tape recorder company offers a better combination of hardware and software.
* The 280/MTC-1 interface does not offer all of the functions available with the open reel interface. • Atari and Macintosh are registered trademarks.
© 1990 Fostex Corporation of America
15431 Blackburn Avenue
Norwalk, CA 90650
(213) 921-1112.
Random Notes On Concert Sound
By David Scheirman
AUDIO EDUCATION
During a recent nationwide concert tour, I chanced to do some shows on some college campuses, where our stagehands were students. This can be the case when schools host live music concert productions. Per the show contract, the local labor force may be composed of men and women aged 19 to 24, many of whom are specifically interested in the entertainment production business. Some may be part of a special class or degree program that is preparing them for a career that will require a strong knowledge of theater crafts or event management.
In several instances, I noticed individuals who were intensely interested in all aspects of the concert sound system. This included the various components, how they are put together, the people on the sound crew and how they approach their job, and the overall result of the day's efforts: the sound of the show. These highly motivated individuals would usually attempt to spend some time asking some basic questions: Where does one learn about working with sound as a career? What schools or programs offer preparation in this field? How does a student know whether an advertised learning program is a scam or the "right stuff"? And, perhaps most important, how does an entry-level person find a job?
The whole process of considering and answering such questions on the spur of the moment made me think more deeply about the issue. Perhaps today's young people have been given the notion that the concert production business is glamorous. Perhaps it is; whether you work with sound, lights, staging, band gear, transportation, wardrobe, projection and special effects, being involved with successful live productions can be a lot of fun.
However, it takes a combination of extremely hard work and luck to actually succeed when approaching this business in an entry-level position. It may take a lot of time cleaning dirty duct tape from old snake cables, or fixing broken wheels on touring cases, before a new person is given a chance in a professional situation. This is regardless of what college course has been taken or which books have been read.
However, it is true that new opportunities are frequently opening up. Entry-level people are needed. So where does a serious young learner go to absorb the best that the industry can offer, in preparation for a job search?
Several directories provide information about public and private learning institutions that offer courses or degree programs related to sound. Although most programs are still related almost exclusively to the recording industry, there are some notable courses that should offer good, realistic preparation.
In Nashville this fall, I was pleasantly surprised when Rich Carpenter of Carlo Sound brought a dozen or so graduate-level students to the Starwood Amphitheatre, where our show was setting up. Enrolled in a course that teaches basic sound principles at Belmont College, these eager and intensely focused young people were on a field trip to observe a contemporary concert sound system being set up and operated.
Another practical program that comes to mind is taught by Dana Roun at the Full Sail Center for the Recording Arts in Florida. A former touring production person who has worked with such artists as Bon Jovi and Boston, Roun has worked diligently for several years to set up a live sound course module, four to six times a year, that allows students to actually learn about and use contemporary concert sound gear. Occasional visits from outside manufacturers' representatives (such as Michael MacDonald from Yamaha Pro Audio and John Meyer of Meyer Sound Laboratories) enhance the learning opportunities.
And I'm pleased to note that Al Grundy's Institute for Audio Research in New York set up an ongoing live sound course program this fall. The schedule includes basic system design theory, along with practical learning situations in local music nightclubs and theaters.
There are many more practical learning programs out there. If you are an instructor or educator working with this type of material, write a letter to the editor of this publication advising students about what your program has to offer.
HARDWARE JUNKIES VS. TRUE TECHNICIANS
I recently had to take a VCR unit to a shop to be fixed. I looked at the ads in the Yellow Pages, and stopped in at a couple of places while doing some errands one day. In one shop, I encountered a cocky fellow who almost sneered at my battered unit, and was miffed that I had not yet upgraded to the more trendy, nationally advertised brand that his shop happened to sell. I went elsewhere.
At the next place, another fellow correctly appraised this rugged, 4-head unit as being "better than most of what's on the market today at any price." I left the unit with him for inspection and repair.
The experience led to my thinking about how this relates to professional audio gear. We all probably have certain favorite workhouse audio tools that are getting old and battered, but always work and give us a good, consistent reference point from which to do our job. Whether stereo headphones, vocal microphones, equalizers, a mixing console or test gear, a working professional will have and hold onto things that work—those items of equipment that do what they ought to and keep on doing it.
We are all susceptible, to some extent, to modern advertising's insidious message that what we have now isn't "quite good enough," and that what they have just introduced will somehow "make things better." This has been true for some time, whether you examine marketing techniques for new automobiles, home hi-fi gear, or even clothing and cosmetics.
However, when a single compact plywood loudspeaker system enclosure housing two or three components with some nice connectors and fittings can run $4,000, it's best to stand back and be very clear about your reasons for purchasing such an item.
We can be "hardware junkies," becoming addicted to new products that have a polished marketing image. Or, we can be true technicians, learning how to gain and use the basic audio and sound system skills that enable us to do the best job we can in a variety of situations, regardless of what specific equipment resources are available.
WHICH BOX TO BUY (WHICH ARRAY TO CREATE)?
The owner of a young, aggressive concert sound rental company called me re“Sound quality and ease of use were ‘no-compromise’ requirements. We had to satisfy a broad range of applications for both speech and music. With Bose equipment, it was never a gamble.”
—James G. Ritz
Peirce-Phelps, Incorporated
Audio/Video Systems Division
The Site: TropWorld Casino and Entertainment Resort
Atlantic City, New Jersey
The Challenge: Provide quality sound installation for casinos, public areas, shopping arcades, and restaurants while assuring an easily heard and understood paging capability for security needs.
The Contractor: James G. Fitz, Peirce-Phelps, Incorporated
The Products: 120C Bose 102™ F-72 flush-mount loudspeakers
32 Bose 1C2C system controllers
The Result: “I never had to compromise. Using Bose products, I was able to overcome the variety of acoustic and environmental roadblocks I faced in an installation of this magnitude. We provided a sound system flexible enough to sound as good in an open casino as it does in an intimate meeting room. The Bose 102 loudspeakers were versatile enough to handle many different requirements while providing a simple and uniform installation. We came up a winner, and so did our client.”
For more information on Bose products, call 1-508-879-7330, or write Bose Corp., Dept REP, The Mountain, Framingham, MA 01701-9168
BOSE
Better sound through research.
Circle (33) on Rapid Facts Card
Wandering from West Berlin through the Brandenburg Gate and entering the Potsdamer Platz would have proved a little problematical last year, for the simple reason that even if you'd been able to climb the intervening Berlin Wall, you'd have ended up in the middle of a mine field and been shot at by East German border guards.
However, this was just what half the population of West Berlin decided to do in July. Instead of the guard posts and machine guns, the only sign that this had once been one of the most densely defended pieces of territory in the Western Hemisphere was the set for Roger Waters' monumental production of "The Wall." The massive structure of polystyrene blocks straddled the site of the old concrete construction, and the audience and stage crew were packed onto the site recently occupied by the aforementioned mine field. Whatever music would be played, the historical implications of the site were enough to ensure that this would be a memorable event.
The site itself did nothing to endear itself to the assembled crew. Dubbed "the dust bowl of doom," the unseasonably high temperatures and the East German's lavish use of chemical defoliants conspired to create an omnipresent red-brown dust that liberally coated the 250,000 people who turned up to watch the fun.
The cast for the show would have done justice to a Cecil B. DeMille production. As well as Waters himself, Van Morrison, Bryan Adams, Jerry Hall, Sinead O'Connor and Albert Finney were just a few of the assorted celebrities who turned out to lend a hand. Part of the Red Army provided the required marching military types and several trucks. All this and a huge choir had to be crammed onto the massive stage set. (Waters requested a World War II bomber and tanks, but was turned down by the relevant authorities.)
The sound for the occasion was provided by Pink Floyd's old hire company, Britannia Row, which chose the new Turbosound UHQ enclosures as the basis for the main PA.
"The Wall" was only the third appearance for the UHQ enclosures — the boxes having first seen the light of day at the Glastonbury Festival — which were officially launched at September's Los Angeles AES convention.
The UHQ system consists of a top and a bottom box, with the crossover point between the two situated at 150Hz. The bottom box consists of a 21-inch driver with a 6-inch voice coil operating within a 12-inch magnet; it is housed in the same sized cabinet as the 3-way top box.
The top box itself contains 12-inch and 6-inch Turbo devices, and a high-frequency compression driver that cuts in at 8kHz.
These cabinets were positioned on either side of the stage, with an array of 24 top boxes on each side, flown above the sub-bass units on the ground below. However, because of the gargantuan dimensions of the stage, 32 cabinets were used in front of the Bailey Bridge that formed the front of the stage. These additional cabs were a mixture of the older TMS3 design and conventional sub-bass units.
The positioning of this in-fill cluster on the ground proved to be the only placement option, according to Britannia Row's Chris Hey.
"Obviously, we had to have speakers in the middle of the stage because the main towers were such a long way apart and we had to fill in the dead area," he says. "We weren't able to put the speakers on the bridge itself for a couple of reasons. Firstly, live mics were used on the stage, and secondly, it wouldn't have been very desirable to have the sound bouncing off the flat metal surface of the bridge."
**DELAY TOWERS**
The sheer size of the site, some 35 acres in all, meant that delay towers were a must. Brit Row installed 200 Turbosound TMS3s, along with 50 24-inch bass bins on 11 towers distributed around the site. The delays used were the new BSS TCS-804s and 803s, the former being used on the main system, while the latter were used for the delay towers.
Indeed, it was the 803s that contributed, through no fault of their own, to one of the more dramatic mishaps that occurred during the concert.
The previous night, the band ran through the entire show, which was filmed for use in the event of an emergency during the live show. The PA, including the delay towers, behaved perfectly, as indeed they did during the sound check on the morning of the show.
The problem occurred during the afternoon when the East Germans and the TV station decided they wanted more lighting for the crowd. This lighting, they decided, was best positioned on the delay towers out in the audience. So in the afternoon, before the show, they went to the delay towers, turned the power off, installed the extra lighting and turned the power back on. All this was done without anyone bothering to inform Britannia Row.
The problem was that the BSS crossovers have an auto-mute facility to prevent damage to the speakers in the event of power interruption. When the power went back on, the delays automatically muted and stayed mute. In the intervening period some 250,000 people had packed out the Potsdamer Platz, making it almost impossible to get around all of the delay towers and turn everything back on.
It took nearly three and a half hours for the delays to be turned back on. Although the sound was excellent at the front, where the crowd was covered by the UHQ system, the sound at the back left a little to be desired, at least until the towers were turned back on.
The FOH system was the province of Gary Bradshaw, who used a pair of Yamaha PM3000 boards to control the vast array of feeds. Yamaha SPX90 and SPX900 processors were used for the effects along with Lexicon PCM70s, and an impressive number of compressor/limiters, with some 14 dbx 160Xs and an additional 11 BSS DPR402s being required to look after the sound.
The stage monitoring was under the control of monitor engineer Robin Fox, who insisted on his favorite Ramsa 40/18 monitor boards, a pair of them being bused together at the heart of the system.
**TV TIE-IN**
The show was also intended for live TV broadcast to Europe and the rest of the world, with coverage to the United States being recorded for broadcast at a later date. Because the whole point of the event was to raise money for Group Captain Leonard Cheshire's Memorial Fund, and the TV rights were estimated to be $3 million, the TV production had to be right.
To ensure that this happened, the idea was to record a dry run of the show the previous evening, transfer it to Betacam, role the Betacams in sync with the live show and then switch over to the recorded footage in the event of a major disaster. The most commonly mentioned was the so-called "burning truck scenario": one of the trucks that raced back and forth across the Bailey Bridge catching fire and blocking off the stage front.
Ensuring that this emergency backup system was in place fell to Multitrack Hire's Nigel Taylor, who spent the entire concert locked up behind the stage in a cramped caravan with the proud title of sync control.
Seeing as Taylor has worked for Floyd for 10 years, overseeing the electronic control side of things from "Dark Side of the Moon" onward, and also being involved with the synchronization of the film version of "The Wall," it was only natural that Waters should call him in when the idea of doing "The Wall" on the site of the Wall was first suggested.
**COMMON TIME**
Because everything had to be tied into the TV, everything started with the sync pulse generator in the ZDF mobile TV facility. This was then fed both to the TV network and to the main mix position, where it was used to speed-resolve a pair of 24-track tape machines, which carried the effects tracks and the musicians' click tracks. Two machines were used for safeties, each having a separate sync line in case one machine failed. Both machines were started together and then ran throughout the show locked to the video sync.
Meanwhile, in the TV trucks, there were four Betacam machines, time-resolved to the live show and carrying the recording made the night before, as well as extra video material required for the live broadcast. Syncing up the Betacam material with the 24 tracks at the mix position proved to be a relatively simple undertaking. First, the 24-track tape was copied off onto a Fostex D20 DAT machine, and then, using a Fostex synchronizer to drive the DAT machine, the audio was then transferred onto the Betacam version of the previous night's performance and matched together frame by frame.
The time code was also used to control the impressive array of lighting that was assembled for the show, and particularly the projectors used for displaying images on the huge polystyrene wall. Three projectors were used, the time code being fed to an Adams-Smith, which then controlled the projectors via an interface box, which dropped the output signal from the Adams-Smith down to the required low impedance signal. The projectors were then locked into the time code and stopped and started as required.
The projectors' dowsers were controlled by Fostex 4020 event controllers, although there were some problems with this system because of a combination of the excessive ambient temperature and the massive amounts of heat generated by the projectors' 700kW zeon lamps. In the end the dowsers proved capable of holding back the lamps for a mere 45 seconds before the heat threatened to melt the equipment, so the projectors had to be turned off when not required.
Another problem on the projection front was the sheer size of the circular back projection screen behind the stage. The 70mm projector that served this screen needed a special lens because of the extreme projection angle needed to cover the 16m screen from the projection position a mere 26m behind the screen. This screen was used to carry some of the animated footage for which Waters has become famous. The whole thing was tied together with time code, with a lot of the work being done in Waters' home studio with the help of a DAT copy of the 24-track master.
On the afternoon before the show, Nigel Taylor explained how the Betacam backup system was supposed to operate or, hopefully, not operate.
"If we lose the show, they will switch to yesterday's show, clear the stage, and if we have lost sync they will continue with yesterday's show," he says. "If the 24 tracks have lost power, but we haven't lost the time code, they can be driven back in lock from the TV time code. Then the band will start to play again and everything will go back live."
"Everything in the show is hanging on time code. 'Run Like Hell' and 'Young Lust' are the only wild tracks in the show. At the end of 'Young Lust,' there is a ringing phone that can just ring and ring and is then answered at exactly the right moment to bring the show back into time code. Counts tell everybody when they are to play."
Getting these counts to the musicians on stage proved to be something of a major event in itself. Allocating radio frequencies in the middle of Berlin was something of a nightmare, but in the end three were found, with a fourth available as a backup if required. The radio headphones used for the click tracks functioned well during rehearsals, but problems occurred just before the show, presumably because yet another mobile radio had been brought on site and was operating on the same frequency. This necessitated a very rapid change of crystals before the show, but in the end the system worked admirably.
**MAIN SYSTEM PROBLEMS**
However, there were problems with the main system, of such a magnitude that all of the pre-planning with the Betacam recordings was time well-spent.
Everything came to a grinding halt at the end of the second number, with an embarrassingly long 3-minute gap before the TV company realized what had gone wrong and switched over to the pre-recorded footage. After the show, monitor engineer Robin Fox explained what happened.
"Everything was going fine after the first number but then the monitor power kicked out in the second number," he says. "It was a 63A circuit breaker which kicked out and took out all the monitors."
Both the American TV show and the video of the event have had extensive post-production work done on them, to the extent that various contributors have been rumored to have gone back and laid down extra vocals or whatever, so the version that was seen in the states was slightly different from the version shown to the European audience and didn't feature that embarrassing 3-minute gap.
All in all, "The Wall" was not without its problems, and the failure of the delay towers undoubtedly accounts for some of the more negative comments that have been made about the show in the media. Those who came early or were lucky enough to be able to get close to the stage got excellent sound, courtesy of the UHQs, but those at the back were perhaps not quite as well-served.
However, judging by the reaction of the Berlin audience, there can be no doubt that the show was a resounding success. More than 250,000 people chanting "tear down the wall" at the end of the show was a very poignant moment, and the patterns made in the sky by Theatre Projects' massive array of SkyArts and SkyTrackers was so close to what the city must have looked like when the sky was crisscrossed by searchlights seeking allied bombers that there wasn't a single person in the crowd who could have failed to grasp the significance of what was going on.
Considering the technical complexity of the show, it is more surprising that it worked at all, forgive the couple of relatively minor failures that occurred.
As for "The Wall," what can Waters do to follow Berlin? After the show, the rumor floating around was that there are two possible sites for the next performance: the Golden Gate Bridge and the Grand Canyon. Given Waters' preoccupation for the epic scale, who knows?
Photos by Nik Miner.
Control room monitoring is a subject fraught with contradictions, inconsistencies and incompatible conflicts. The relationship between acoustic environment, transducer and listener seldom allows seating in more than one tightly defined pocket of balanced fidelity.
It is the rare design that delivers an effective interplay of monitor speaker and room, designed to provide a transparent, high-resolution environment where the total system works as one. The ideal is hard to come by, usually short of major ground-up architectural creation involving a larger control room and a tasty expenditure of dollars.
Mike Joseph is technical editor of R•E•P.
Figure 1. Radian MS-8 frequency response, on-axis, 0=80dB at 1m, brilliance pot set flat.
Specs and Description
Manufacturer: Radian Audio Engineering
Model: MS-8
Price: $498 each
Version as tested: Satin Black Lacquer
Options available: Satin Red Oak finish
Size: 19" x 12" x 9.75"
Weight: 35 pounds shipping
Power Handling: 150W recommended; up to 250W broadband tested
Sensitivity: 89.5dB stated; 86dB 1W/1m broadband noise tested
Impedance: Nominal 8Ω
What is the ideal? In a perfect world, the monitoring sweet spot would be wide and deep. All locations in the mixing area would be afforded the same balanced coverage and frequency response, with imaging, aural perspective and tonal consistency. Secondary listening locations, whether for producers or artists, if not identical, would at least be congruous.
Off-axis locations would interpolate smoothly. Acoustical power output at any audible (and possibly a good octave sub-audible) frequency would be limited by the dynamic range of our hearing, not by distortion caused by electronic power limitations or mechanical excursion limits of the paper, plastic or metal alloy diaphragms.
But alas, it is not a perfect world. Even daring to imagine the unlimited performance of a theoretically perfect electro-acoustic device, rooms with walls and ceilings impose strict limitations on performance. Reflections cause colorations. Acoustic noise and power handling limit dynamic range. Standing waves exist, no matter to what degree damped, absorbed or trapped. It's simply physics — minimizable, modifiable, sometimes even controllable, but ever-present. What's a mixer to do?
Many solutions have recommended
themselves to the engineer searching for ever-greater listening accuracy in the workplace. Every flavor of speaker — big, small and indifferent — has claimed the title of ideal solution. Lately, bookshelf speakers have again sprung to the forefront. This time they carry the mantle of close-field monitor, yet truthfully they are larger than most meter bridges can handle.
Perspective: The appearance of close-field monitors originally sprang from the need to emulate or approximate actual consumer end-use applications (cars, portable hi-fi's and TVs). They began with home-built car stereo speakers in a shoe box, growing through Auratones, Radio Shack Minimus speakers and finally settled on the all-pervasive Yamaha NS-10s. As consumer tastes grew up to better home stereo and TV fidelity, so, too, did (mixing) desktop monitoring improve in its selection of speakers.
Ever-curious engineers introduced esoteric home stereo devices into the control room. Much British Bextrene product appeared, as well as other Euro and East Coast brands, among them KEF, IMF, Rogers, ADS, Braun and Visonik. Most sounded great, but barely reached SPLs capable of satisfying general playback requirements.
Reliability stank at tracking levels. Burnt coils were common. Acoustically, it was a 1-person game. Generally, the sweet spot was tiny, the imaging was limited to one location and the small diaphragms didn't move much air. In short, the consumer meter bridge solution wasn't effective for higher power, wider coverage applications.
Pro board-top monitors fair better, but not greatly, especially in competitive price ranges. What this might suggest is the need for a speaker with all the advantages of an on-the-wall bohemioth — power output, excursion, efficiency, frequency range, coverage — in the package of a meter bridge top-sized (or slightly larger) device, with its improved imaging, freedom from room reflection-caused coloration, improved transparency and low price. Enter the Radian Monitor Standards.
**PRODUCT DESCRIPTION**
Although many major manufacturers provide small boxes with big performance, few seem to do so as effectively as Radian has in such an economical price range. The model MS-8, based on the Radian-designed and -built 5008-8 coaxial driver, lists at $498 per unit.
A baby brother version, designated the MM-8, uses the same driver in a smaller cabinet, with minor compromises in low end response. The latter is clearly designed to compete head-to-head with the NS-10s, while the larger MS-8 fills an interesting slot between the Yamahas and larger bookshelf-sized 2- or 3-way, 12-inch, woofer-based enclosures.
The speakers delivered to R*E*P and tested at our affiliated technical engineering facility were enclosed in a black lacquer finish (stained oak is optional) and constructed of solid oak and high-density pressboard, identified by Radian as Flakecore. The 1-piece driver unit consists of a 1.75-inch diameter HF compression driver mounted piggyback on an 8-inch cast aluminum frame woofer.
The high frequency exit is milled out of the center-pole piece of the low frequency device, without benefit of an external horn, like the Altec 604 might have. Because the 8-inch woofer extends to an 1,800Hz crossover frequency, the lack of a longer horn to extend the lower range of the high frequency device is not much of an issue. What is lost to a greater extent is directional pattern control at its lower extreme (shown clearly in coverage angle response curves we shot).
The high driver's aluminum diaphragm is suspended using a Mylar surround, somewhat unusual in a world of crinkle-formed and diamond-shaped I-material diaphragm/edge surrounds. The woofer cone is equally unusual in its choice of graphite-filled polypropylene, which is stiffer and lighter but more expensive than paper. The hefty woofer magnet weighs 28.5 ounces, and the entire enclosure with transducer weighs 35 pounds.
The rear connection panel consists of two typical 5-way binding posts and two crossover equalization controls. One EQ switch allows 3-position presence/brilliance shelving, ±3dB starting at 1.5kHz and rising. The second is a brilliance or sizzle pot, providing a peaking adjustment of 16dB total centered at 15kHz. Nominal flat is at the middle of the pot's travel range.
The 3-position switch is cryptically labeled "normal," "mellow" and "bright," although "mellow" sounded normal and "bright" melted glass. "Normal" provided a forward and prominent midrange sound, something we might describe as bright.
Got it? The proffered purpose of these settings as stated in the literature is to "permit operation in a wide range of acoustic environments, and for variations in personal taste."
**HOW THEY DO IT**
Thanks to an innovative passive crossover approach, the high frequency range is more extended than is typical for a compression driver's relatively large aluminum diaphragm. As is known, large diaphragms lose the highs in a natural rolloff, or 6dB/octave (the Newman Criteria). Instead of pulling down the total level to the compression driver to match the lower efficiency of the woofer, Radian manipulates the crossover to equalize the midrange out of the high section smoothly, exactly complementing the rolloff slope of the driver itself.
The net result is an extended frequency response, matching the level of the 8-inch low frequency driver at crossover. This design has an added advantage: You will never have to worry about overdriving the high section, because decades of headroom exist. No more burnt tweeter coils. In fact, Radian claims no returned drivers to date for coil burnout.
A long, tuned L-shaped PVC pipe provides porting. (It's literally shoehorned into the box with a 90° angle joint, contributing quite extended low frequencies from the relatively compact 19"x12"x9.75" box.) The devices themselves incorporate every small trick that current speaker design allows, including milled backplates for longer excursion before bottoming, the aforementioned Mylar surround on the compression driver diaphragm, and graphite impregnation in a polyprop cone for stiffness, lightness and freedom from humidity.
**MEASUREMENTS**
The speaker/mic separation was three meters (10 feet) far-field on-axis, in a true anechoic environment good to below 100Hz. Numbers stated were normalized to one meter mathematically. We measured energy frequency curves (EFC) at several different coverage angles, energy time curves (ETC), 3-D decays (waterfalls), as well as phase response. Very low frequency speaker output was measured close-field (because of wavelength limitations in the measuring environment) and spliced in below 150.
Measuring equipment included a ½-inch diaphragm B&K 4133 mic driving a Techron TEF System 12 with TEF 2.0B software. Additional equipment included a B&K 4135 ¼-inch mic, a Hewlett-Packard 3325A function generator, a UREI model 200 analog chart recorder, a B&K 2610 instrument grade measuring amplifier and an HP 5300B frequency counter.
The sensitivity of the MS-8 measured 86dB 1W/1m, or 2.83V into the rated impedance, with a broadband noise source. The EFC shows the compiled frequency response, with the 0 line calibrated to 80dB at 1kHz (see Figure 1). The effects of the presence/brilliance switch can be seen, accurately offsetting 3dB, with the greatest effect occurring in the 2kHz to 4kHz range.
Other than the rise at 1kHz (because of the wavelength-related narrowing or beaming of the 8-inch driver), the response is extremely smooth and extended from the mid-band down to 65Hz, the 6dB down-point. Not bad for a box less
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP
Statement of Ownership, Management and Circulation (Act of August 12, 1970; Section 3685, Title 39, United States Code).
1. Title of publication: R-E-P: Recording, Engineering, Production.
IA-41-078
2. Date of filing: Sept. 20, 1990.
3. Frequency of issue: Monthly.
3A. Number of issues published annually: 12.
3B. Annual subscription price: $26 + free to qualified.
4. Location of known office of publication (street, city, county, state, zip code): P.O. Box 12801, Overland Park, Johnson County, Kansas 66212.
5. Location of the headquarters or general business offices of the publishers (not printers): 9221 Quivira Road, Overland Park, Johnson County, Kansas 66215.
6. Name and address of publisher, editor, and managing editor. Publisher: Dennis Milan, 9221 Quivira Road, Overland Park, Kansas 66215. Editor: Dan Torchia, 9221 Quivira Road, Overland Park, Kansas 66215. Managing Editor: Tom Cook, 9221 Quivira Road, Overland Park, Kansas 66215.
7. Owner(s) owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereafter the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the name and address of the individual owner must be given. If owned by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual must be given. If the publication is published by a nonprofit organization, its name and address must be stated. If Hartsell Publishing Corp., is a wholly owned subsidiary of Intercom Group, Inc., 717 5th Ave., 22nd Floor, New York, NY 10022.
8. Known bondholders, mortgages, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities (if there are none, so state). None.
9. Paragraphs 7 and 8 include, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee for any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trust is held, also the statements in the two paragraphs show the affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company own or hold the stock and securities of a capital, rather than that of a single owner. Names and addresses of individuals who are stockholders of a corporation which itself is a stockholder or holder of bonds, mortgages or other securities of paragraphs 7 and 8. Also, the names of such individuals are required only if 1 percent or more of the total amount of the stock or securities of the publishing corporation.
10. This item must be completed for all publications except those that do not carry advertising other than the publisher's own and are named in sections 132.231, 132.232 and 132.233, postal regulations sections 4355a, 4355b, and 4356 of Title 39, United States Code).
| Average No. Copies Each Issue | Single Issue During Preceding 12 Months | Date |
|-------------------------------|--------------------------------------|------|
| A. Total No. Copies Printed (Net Press Run) | 24,266 | 27,000 |
| B. Paid and/or Requested Circulation | | |
| 1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales | — | — |
| 2. Mail subscriptions | 20,198 | 20,112 |
| C. Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation | 20,198 | 20,112 |
| D. Free Distribution (including samples) by mail, carrier delivery and other means | 1,710 | 1,599 |
| E. Total Distribution (Sum of C and D) | 21,908 | 21,711 |
| F. Office use, left over, undistributed, spoiled after printing | 2,358 | 5,289 |
| G. Total (Sum of E and F should equal net press run shown in A) | 24,266 | 27,000 |
I certify that the statements made by me above are correct. (Signature of editor, publisher, business manager, or owner.)
Douglas A. Wilding, Circulation Manager
than 1.3 cubic feet in volume.
The higher frequencies measured more erratically, with woofer beaming and crossover transition to the short horn resulting in the 1,500Hz to 1,800Hz dip. Horn or phase plug anomalies, or coupling problems to the "soft" wall of the extended horn that the woofer cone represents (remember, it's constantly moving), caused measurable deviations in the 3kHz to 10kHz band.
Although not out of line for a larger diaphragm compression driver and horn combo, the steepness of the slope in the 4.5kHz trough, and the 6kHz and 9kHz ranges, guarantees some audible artifacts. Note that the largest swing is ±5dB over a 1kHz band area. Not great, but not out of line with other "professional" horn loaded compression drivers, either.
The noticeable hole from 15kHz to 18kHz is probably response falloff because of the relatively large diaphragm (for the wavelength) and horn flare rate. The response is back up at 20kHz, extending roughly on to 30kHz, although the latter range consists mostly of higher distortion from modal diaphragm breakup.
Figures 2 and 3 represent coverage angle vs. frequency response for the 3dB and 6dB down points, respectively. This should provide a good idea of how smooth the response is, with coverage angle off-axis indicated on the vertical scale, and frequency range from 200Hz through 20kHz indicated on the horizontal. A straight diagonal line from the top left corner to the lower right would indicate a smoothly collapsing pattern as you go up in frequency.
A flat horizontal line would be perfect, indicating uniform frequency response at the given angle off-axis. Note that Figure 2 shows an average and fairly uniform 3dB down-point around 60° off-axis, or 120° coverage throughout the midrange.
Figure 3's midband average is approximately 90° off-axis, or 180° coverage. Also note in both cases that problems exist around the 1,800Hz crossover frequency, probably because of the previously mentioned short pole-piece horn losing pattern control, as well as wavelength-related beaming or narrowing of the woofer. The passive crossover/equalizer and its phase-related delays are also suspect.
The ETC measurements (see Figure 4) show reflections of 0.3ms delay emanating from the front of the baffle. This represents the equivalent of about four inches, suggesting high frequency reflection/refraction at the edge of the 8-inch woofer. The signal here is approximately 10dB down. At 15dB down, a second reflection is indicated by a third ETC arrival time. This may well be the cabinet edge.
All in all, curves similar to this are normal for a 2-way coaxial system, and in most cases better than multiple driver systems. Because of the equal energy per frequency nature of ETCs, it was difficult to gauge device space offset clearly. Generally, however, no glaring problems should exist for a coaxial design.
Figure 5 shows the phase response of the entire system, linearly indicated. Note that 0° offset is the middle horizontal line, where the phase curve crosses at 6kHz, 8kHz and 9.5kHz. Also note that the vertical line in the center merely represents the "starting over" of the curve from the top, or at 180° offset. The "confusion" in the very high frequencies occurs because of signal wavelengths approaching or becoming smaller than the phase plug slot size.
Finally, Figure 6 represents the 3-dimensional waterfall, comparing signal decay of a full bandwidth sweep over time, to frequency response. Of interest here is the relatively fast decay (read: tight damping) of the low frequency section, compared to the ringing or overhang of several noticeable points in the high frequency section. The worst occurs in the crossover region. Secondary harmonically related resonances occur at 4kHz and 8kHz, contributing to audible effects as noted below.
LISTENING TESTS
In pre-recorded playback tests and during sessions, the speakers generally performed admirably. They are not shy about using or presenting power. In a long conversation with Radian's personnel in marketing and engineering, they indicated that the small size of the speaker should not fool you. A total of 250W per channel represents a fine, if not slightly conservative, power match to these devices. A Crown D-75 won't do it.
Although they aren't the most efficient speakers around, they need a large power supply with lots of current to sound the best and provide the tightest damping factor. The dynamic capabilities of these speakers put all but the largest soft-mounted monsters to shame. Clearly few small speakers can provide the fullness, clarity and projection of these speakers.
Their weak point is clearly in the area of response smoothness. Although the extreme high range didn't suffer from the brittle or harsh qualities not uncommon in metallic diaphragms, the midrange was less than perfect in smoothness. As noted in the frequency response and time decay measurements, the upper range suffers from raggedness, adding a forward edge to voices, strings and sibilant program material that isn't present in original sources.
Surprisingly enough, the effect is minimized even slightly off-axis, and even at its worst, is not heavily audible as a negative characteristic. Good ears will
hear the roughness in response as exactly that — a slight harshness or bite, keying off sibilance or distortion. Some vocal program material may suggest a nasal quality, although subtly so. This is, no doubt, fallout from the 3kHz to 7kHz region's roller coaster response.
For perspective, note that NS-10s are equally mountainous, as are many other pro speakers we have learned to live with.
That said, although the roughness is noticeable, it is not totally objectionable. Drums, guitars, electric bass and synthesizers sound big and powerful, up front and present.
The very worst that can be said is that these speakers sound like a very good compression driver on a properly designed horn. They don't have the smoothness of a soft dome, but then soft domes can't hit 110dB SPLs in your face and hold it there. Soft domes don't let drums sound like drums, or vocal shouts cut the air. Sometimes these things are good.
In the realm of total fidelity, the imaging is great, something most coaxial designs are noted for. The perspective is pinpoint accurate, and off-axis listening is true and smoother. Tonal balance changes only slightly and maintains uniformity as you listen progressively at angles. The speakers are not as "open window" transparent as some flatter home stereo speakers (which have had studio popularity from time to time), but few, if any, consumer speakers excel at power handling, extended diaphragm excursion and dynamics the way these do.
To cut to the chase, you won't believe you're listening to an 8-inch speaker. Put 250W behind these, prop them on the (large) meter bridge, or use an Ultimate Support Stand right in front of the board, and serious acoustic power will walk right up and kiss you on the cheek. They'll do it without hitting the excursion limits. Leave the room for a plumbing break and the speakers will still be cooking along happily, not burning to a crisp. Generally we're talking real bass and effortless highs from a small box and a large diaphragm high-power compression driver, and you shouldn't take that lightly.
**REAL USE**
In the process of recording and mixing a live 24-track soundstage recording of a high-power 5-piece R&B band this past summer, these little speakers provided the R*E*P staff with all of the primary monitoring functions required. In two of the mixdown and sweetening facilities involved later on in the project, the MS-8's were compared to and chosen over the permanent, soffit-mounted, equalized main monitors by everyone involved. The Radians were more transparent, more predictable and easier to live with for extended periods at higher levels than the high-priced spread. The resulting mixes translated more predictably. And that's what it's all about.
The slightly elevated midrange noted earlier was audible in the sessions, but considered a plus, providing a final tape with smoother (but not muted) mids and a seemingly extended high and low end when played on a range of consumer speakers. Playing with the various mid and high equalization switch settings allowed flexibility enough to fit into any placement scheme, whether free-standing in the air, on a meter bridge, or boxed into a corner.
Only the low bass wandered because of coupling variations. In short, when noting the characteristics of the speakers, they translated very well into real-world music product creation. That's as close to an endorsement as we'll get.
---
Editor's note: The manufacturer has notified us that by the time this review hits the press, updated versions exhibiting smoother total frequency responses will have replaced the units we tested, addressing the one reservation we have about these speakers.
Show Recap
By Laurel Cash-Jones
Now that the curtain has closed on the AES for yet another year, it leaves us to savor all the new and exciting (?) products that were introduced (or re-introduced in new packages) during this show. Despite promises to the contrary, there were not many "earth-shaking" new concepts at this show. However, there were some clever advancements in existing products.
An interesting side note: Most of the manufacturers showing innovative products have been primarily involved in the musical instrument business.
SAMPLE THE FUTURE
One of the things that impressed me was the very quiet introduction of the Akai S1100 stereo digital sampler. While it is based on the popular S1000, it goes well beyond it in some very significant ways.
How? First, aside from being a great-sounding sampler (44.1kHz or 22.05kHz selectable sampling rate) with 16-bit true phase-locked stereo sampling (internal processing is 24-bit), it has an on-board digital signal processor with various reverbs, echo, chorus/flanger, and pitch shifter.
Add to this a built-in SMPTE reader/generator with cue list programming, a SCSI port for storing data to a hard disk or magneto optical drive, a digital output (XLR/EBU type II) and a standard memory of 2Mbytes (23.76 seconds of stereo sampling time at 44.1kHz) and the capability to expand the memory up to 32Mbytes, which gives you more than three minutes of stereo sampling time at 44.1kHz on-board.
Promised shortly (isn't it always?), the upcoming optional version 2.0 software release will even allow the S1100 to record direct-to-optical disk in conjunction with a 650 magneto optical disk drive. I am told that S1000, S950 and S900 discs will play back just fine on the S1100.
If this is true, I must heartily congratulate Akai, especially because obsolescence is so rampant in this industry. (However, I am surprised someone hasn't called this a "Complete Digital Audio Workstation!")
Circle (101) on Rapid Facts Card
SPEAKING OF WORKSTATIONS
A new catch-phrase was coined at the show: the "Personal Workstation." Watch for it. This one will be more overused than "Digital Audio Workstation" ever was. Trust me. I hope whoever coined it gets a royalty.
WHAT'S ALL THE NOISE ABOUT?
Coming to quiet all the nasty noises in the world is the CEDAR Sound Restoration System from Cedar Audio Ltd., Cambridge, U.K. An acronym for Computer Enhanced Digital Audio Restoration, CEDAR was designed to work on various types of signal degradation, such as broadband noise, scratches, pops, thumps, buzzes and hums.
CEDAR is said to be an easy-to-use system that extracts only the signal from the program material and allows extremely accurate control at each stage of the noise reduction process and all in real time. Don't you wish they made something to quiet down the neighbor's lousy stereo system?
Circle (102) on Rapid Facts Card
NOW YOU CAN
MASTER TIME AND SPACE
Roland became a master of the space-time continuum with the debut of its Three-D Sound Localization System. I have to say that this one really wowed the crowd at the show.
Scheduled for a Spring 1991 release, the Roland Sound Space (RSS) system is composed of two processors — binaural and transaural. (If you need an explanation of these terms, do some research; it is an important and impressive type of recording.) The binaural processor converts the input signal into signals resembling the L/R signals of typical binaural recording.
This allows the RSS to manipulate the sound source in a 3-D fashion as desired by the engineer. However, when binaurally recorded sound is reproduced through a regular 2-speaker stereo system, the right-channel sound, which should only be heard by the right ear, will reach the left ear as well; the left-channel sound will also reach the right ear.
This is known as L/R aural crosstalk. (This is why headphones are the most common form of playback of binaural recordings.) In order to eliminate this L/R crosstalk, Roland included a separate transaural processor in the RSS unit.
The basic components of the Roland Sound Space Processing System include the controller, the processor and two A/D/A converters. This system incorporates four 24-bit internal processing circuits in order for it to process up to four sound sources simultaneously. The A/D converter offers selectable sampling rates of either 44.1kHz or 48kHz, and has selectable emphasis. It also features the use of optical input/output terminals using the AES/EBU (CP-340 Type 2) data format, thus allowing connection to other signal processing gear using this format.
The controller has two rotary knobs on each of its four inputs. Most important, they are used together to place the position of the sound source where you want it to go. The first knob (called azimuth) allows you to move the sound from left to right, and from front to rear. The second knob (called elevation) allows you to move the sound from front to rear, and from top to bottom.
This is a truly remarkable system. You must hear it to understand what it can do for a standard 2-channel system, without adding a surround sound decoder and more speakers and amplifiers. It may become as common on CDs as Dolby processing has for film.
Or it may become the Edsel of the sound business. No one ever said that life was fair or that the best technology wins. If it were true, we would all be using Beta instead of VHS to tape "Monday Night Football" while we slave away in the studio.
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**The $100,000 digital recording and editing you want... for under $10,000**
The MTU MicroSound™ gives you multitrack digital audio-to-disk recording with the editing power you have dreamed of. Install it on your PC/AT computer, or purchase complete, ready to use workstations. Graphically edit with precision, moving instantly thru uncompressed multi-track files up to 94 stereo track minutes. Mix entire files or segments, selected from up to 30 files. The studio quality 16-bit A/D and 18-bit D/A, 64x and 8x converters with linear phase filters and -110db noise floor gives you true sonic purity for professional mastering.
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Harrison SeriesTen B console
The fully automated SeriesTen B can store and retrieve all console settings in less than two seconds, including the complete reconfiguration of all operational parameters. The console interfaces with a Macintosh II-based hard disk automation system, which offers save and recall, snapshot and dynamic automation of all major functions, including headphone and monitor mixes. A new mix editor features improved mix-merge utilities. The graphics system displays a 20Hz-20kHz graphic EQ curve, fader levels, compressor and gate curve, panning and all bus assignments. Functions can be updated dynamically with a trackball or mouse.
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Martin America
F1 Series speakers
The F1 Series compact 2-box system is a smaller version of the F2 and is suitable for venues that do not require the interchangeable rackmount facility of the F2 top box. The F1 top box features a potent mid horn with a proprietary 12-inch driver. High frequencies are reproduced by a 1.4-inch exit titanium diagram compression driver, which combines low distortion with enhanced high frequency clarity; the combination has a nominal 65° horizontal coverage pattern. The dual driver low end is housed in a ported enclosure the same size as the top box to provide a compact system.
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Sennheiser MKH 60 P48 condenser mic
The MKH 60 P48's symmetrical push-pull transducer with optimum resistive loading results in an ultralinear frequency response. The capsule's low impedance allows it to drive a low-noise, Class A transformerless output amp, which delivers a 1.3V balanced audio signal. The mic also features frequency tailoring switches to roll off low frequencies for eliminating rumble and wind noise or to boost high frequencies for accurate sound pickup at a distance from the sound source. The humidity-resistant mic is made of lightweight metal alloy construction and features 48V phantom powering.
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Analog Devices
SSM-2125 decoder
The Dolby Pro-Logic Surround Sound Decoder fully integrates an auto-balance function, which provides dynamic correction of left-right input signal-level imbalances. The decoder combines all of the core functions of a complete Pro-Logic system on a single chip, including active decoding matrix, center mode control, noise generator and auto-balance. The SSM-2125 integrates up to 30 op-amps, 10 VCAs, a proprietary operational conveyor amp, two dual-output rectifiers, two log-difference amps, comparators, random logic and a digital noise source. The decoder features a dynamic range of more than 100dB and 0.015% total harmonic distortion.
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Bec Technologies
Audioplex Elite
The 2-way fiber optic snake system features 128 full bandwidth audio channels each way, transformerless direct active inputs and outputs, high level oversampling A/D and D/A converters, unlimited splits and unlimited run lengths with no signal degradation. Outputs can drive 10 volts into a 600Ω load. The fiber optic snake can be run in sections, with armored cable required only in areas where crush protection is needed. Its modular design allows it to be expanded in blocks of eight channels, up to 128 on a single fiber.
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BSS DPR-901 EQ
The DPR-901 integrates parametric equalization with dynamic expansion and compression to provide four fully parametric bands of frequency-selective expansion and compression. A below-threshold control allows low-level expansion and low-level compression with downward expansion. Features include level-dependent equalization, dynamic loudness contouring, mix enhancement, noise reduction and broadcast limiting. Other capabilities include transfer sweetening, souring, softening and hardening, de-essing and de-effing. List price is $1,350.
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Neve DTC-2 console
Designed for CD master tape prep, the DTC-2 Digital Transfer Console offers flexible and musical EQ and filtering sections. A comprehensive automation system allows storage of all console settings so a master can be remade with new settings at any time. High and low pass filters offer a range of Q values, while the A/B store allows comparisons between two settings. The D/A and A/D section with matched anti-aliasing, anti-imaging filters, allows remastering of analog tapes with high resolution.
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WaveFrame CyberFrame-M editing system
An economical version of the CyberFrame-E, the M-version is an expandable multitrack disk recorder designed for music, radio and audio for video markets. Features include an edit controller, EGA Monitor/Graphics adapter and modular disk recorder. If slaved to a VTR, it provides internal digital ping-ponging, intuitive scrub, locate and mark editing, visual waveform display and synchronized virtual track management. Options include software packages for machine control and CMX-compatible list management, printing of cue sheets, editorial tools and a digital module with 10×6-channel mixing, signal processing and multi-format I/O.
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API 550S EQ
Based on the original API 440 EQ circuit, the 550S features an extra band and 11 new frequencies, extending 28 over four bands. All filter circuits feature a filter that is wider at minimum boost or cut and then narrows to one octave at full boost or cut to allow subtle tone adjustments over 30Hz to 20kHz. The LF and HF bands can be switched from peaking to shelving; the two mid bands are peaking only. The 550S uses two API 2510 discrete op amps for input and output.
More Meat
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Recording ■ Engineering ■ Production
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The Pro Audio Applications Magazine
devices, allowing output levels in excess of +27dBm.
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3M 996 mastering tape
The 996 tape records at operating level +9 with little distortion and features a S/N ratio of 79.5dB. It also offers higher MOL and improved signal-to-print characteristics. The 996 is 100% laser-scanned for consistent end-to-end quality and is packaged in a new TapeCare Library Box, which seals out dust and humidity. Available in all standard widths, the tape is bias-compatible with 3M 226 and other industry products.
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Genelec 1033A studio monitor
The 1033A active monitor is designed for use in small- and medium-sized control rooms. A Directivity Control Waveguide decreases the system's overall directivity while optimizing its free field and reverberant characteristics. Driver protection is included. Peak SPLs of 124dB/pair at 2m can be produced. The 1033A uses 2x10-inch long-throw woofers, a 120mm mid-range high-sensitivity cone driver and a 25mm metal dome tweeter. Overall frequency response extends from 37Hz to 22kHz, ±2dB in half space. Modules consist of two speaker enclosures and an amp unit.
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Otari MTR 90 Series III
An update of the MTR 90 II multitrack, the Series III can shuttle tape at speeds of up to 2,400 feet in 82 seconds and is available in 24- and 16-channel/2-inch versions. An automatic shut-off function detects tape load errors and an automatic sensing function prevents tape damage at the end of reels. The Series III electronically conforms its tensioning and ballistics to reel sizes from 14-inch metal to 7-inch plastic reels. The EC-I01 internal chase synchronizer allows the system to servolock to a master source in forward and reverse at playspeeds from 0.2-times to 2.5-times normal playback.
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Sennheiser WM1 wireless mixer
The WM1 wireless mixer system consists of a compact, battery-operated unit that features one conventional hard-wired input for a dynamic or phantom-powered condenser mic and four wireless UHF receivers. Each channel includes a volume control, bass and treble adjustments, bass roll-off switch, pre-fader listening button and full metering. Monitoring is achieved through headphones or a headphone/mic combination. Mixed output can be hardwired to a recorder and/or transmitted wireless to the EM 2003-TV or EK 2012-TV RF receivers. Body pacs or handheld transmitters are available.
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Community RS220 loudspeaker system
The RS220 Series system consists of the 3-way RS220 loudspeaker, VBS210 subwoofer and 220 System Controller. The trapezoid-shaped loudspeaker enclosure is 14¼×26½×14¼ inches. Each speaker weighs 77 pounds and is outfitted with steel edges to accommodate flying attachments using cables or bolts. The RS220 operates from 100Hz to 18kHz and posts power handling figures of 200W pink noise/500W program; maximum output is greater than 127dB at 1m. The subwoofer contains a pair of 10-inch dual-spider drivers that operate between 60Hz and 150Hz when used with the 220 System Controller.
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Otari MTR-15 2-track recorder
The MTR-15 has extensive microprocessor computer control and automatic alignment of the record and reproduce parameters. As an updated version of the MTR-10, the MTR-15 is faster, more streamlined and comes with 12.5-inch reels. A ¼-inch center track time code version of the MTR-15 records and reproduces SMPTE/EBU time code. A plug-in assembly allows conversion between ½-inch 2-track and ¼-inch 2-track formats. The compact design is suitable for rack mounting or floor stand console configuration with meter bridge. An optional chase synchronizer is available.
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Harrison ARS-9 routing switcher
The ARS-9 Audio Routing Switcher is a transformerless, differential unit on inputs and outputs. It may be fitted with up to 256 inputs and 256 outputs, which allows a maximum of 65,536 switches; these crosspoints are addressed using an 80C31 microcontroller running at 12MHz. Input, output and switch cards plug into a 16-slot card cage with internal motherboard and system power supply support for two input, four output and eight switch cards. The card cage is fitted with standard 19-inch rack-mount ears. The ARS-9 is suitable for stand-alone applications or integration as a subsystem with the Harrison Series/En B Console.
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SSL SoundNet
The SoundNet Digital Audio Network system works in conjunction with Solid State Logic's ScreenSound system to allow up to seven operators to share and copy work on multiple working disks, without the need to download and upload projects. SoundNet also provides central mass storage of audio and a database of all sound clips, including those on optical discs not currently in the drives. All operators have immediate access to the central database of clips using key word searches. All backup and restoration is performed as an offline function. Other features include 48 hours of hard disk storage and 56 channels of digital or analog audio playback.
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Panasonic SV-3900 DAT recorder
The SV-3900 features a fully implemented serial control interface for external remote
operation of all transport and programming modes that require few front-panel controls. The standard 9-pin serial port can be switched to follow ES-Bus or P2 protocols. The recorder comes with a full-function remote control, which features a standard keypad for entering PNO and Start IDs, all transport controls and a shuttle wheel with a speed range from half-time to 15-times play speed. Other features include program, absolute and time-remaining displays and selectable 44.1kHz/48kHz sampling rates.
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**New England Digital DSP Option**
The DSP Option, designed as an add-on mixing and digital signal processing module for PostPro and PostPro SD digital audio workstations, incorporates NED's MultiArc technology, which provides a pathway for future multitasking and multiuser capabilities. The option offers onboard mixing capabilities, including 5-band parametric EQ with high pass, low pass, shelving and automated level control; 32-bit data path with 24-bit audio resolution; multi-channel digital I/Os and sample rate conversion.
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**DAR DASS 10**
Digital Audio Research's DASS 100 Digital Audio Synchronizing System is a multifunction digital audio synchronizer, interface and processor. It performs sampling frequency and digital audio format conversions, digital audio sample synchronization, DC removal, gain adjustment, digital audio mixing, time delay and digital test-signal generation. The 100 also provides digital audio sample clock generation using video, AES/EBU, WSYNC or LTC signal sources. Up to eight system configurations can be held in non-volatile memory. A removable control panel permits system changes or remote operation.
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**Sonic Solutions Version 1.0**
Version 1.0 of the Sonic CD PreMastering System combines 24-bit recording, editing and mixing into a single workstation. The system uses a Macintosh II computer, Sonic Solutions' proprietary signal processing hardware and magnetic computer disk drives. Features include recording, processing and playback of digital audio at any word size between 16 and 24 bits, the ability to record up to two channels and play back up to four channels from an optional erasable optical hard disk drive with removable media, a vari-speed function that permits time and pitch changes in real time as sound is loaded.
onto the hard disk and an archiving program that allows for backup of work in progress to 3/4-inch cassette, DAT tape or recordable CD.
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**Neumann TLM 50 pressure mic**
An update of the classic M 50 mic, the TLM 50 uses transformerless electronic circuitry that provides directional properties in the upper frequency range that are comparable to a pressure gradient mic. In the lower frequency range it operates as a pressure transducer with a linear response. The aluminum diaphragm is 12mm in diameter and is mounted on a 40mm diameter Lucite sphere, which provides smooth transition into the pressure buildup region for frequencies above 1000Hz and an even rise in the directional index as the frequency increases. Addressed from the side, the TLM 50 features a -10dB switch and a switchable filter for damping frequencies below 100Hz.
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**Crown macro-Reference amp**
The macro-Reference amp incorporates a 20-bit digital range, multiple plug-in input configuration, protection circuitry, LED displays for input/output and a Signal Process Indicator. Other features are front-panel level controls and settings for two input sensitivities. Operable in bridged/mono or parallel/mono modes, its bandwidth lies between 3Hz and 100kHz; ultimate damping capabilities are rated in excess of 20,000 at 8Ω. Convection cooling is assisted by on-demand proportional-speed forced air. Suggested retail price is $3,500.
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**Hardware and Software Updates**
**NED EditView update**
New England Digital's Macintosh-based EditView audio editing software now features direct lock machine control and new display options such as the ability to view program material on either side of the head or tail of a cue, and cue in-and-out points that can be adjusted on the fly. Precise cut/copy/paste edits can be performed from the EditView window. Editing on the NED PostPro workstations now uses a point-and-click process.
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**Otari Diskmix update**
The new Diskmix 3 Film Moving Fader Automation System displays cinematic increments of feet and frames, which allows a sound mixer to work directly from a film cue sheet or edit decision list. A conforming mode allows the mixer to adjust entrance/exit points on audio sources/tape machines while making additions or deletions to the film during the post-production process. The system provides the speed of SMPTE-based tape transports while preserving the system's ability to perform in terms of full coat mag.
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**3M archive package**
The new TapeCard Library Box is designed to store the new 996 Analog Mastering Tape, 3M's 275 digital audio tape, 800 series mastering tapes and logging tapes. The box features a blow-molded, impact-resistant, double-wall, lightweight plastic construction that seals out dust and humidity. Four raised interlocking stacking buttons prevent slipping and a built-in compact carrying handle enables easy transportation. A hub support system allows upright storage and eliminates cinches by letting the reel rotate freely in the case. Twin latches prevent accidental opening and a large spine label area provides space for identification.
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**QSC UL listings**
QSC's model 1200 and 1400 power amps have received UL listing. According to the company, UL approvals will be a routine part of new product design.
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**TAC consoles expansions**
The Bullet recording version is now available in a 24/8/2 + 16 format; the ESS serial interface works with the Bullet 10/4/2 AFV. The Magnum 24-bus in-line recording console includes a 4-band EQ that may be split for simultaneous operation on channel and monitor signal paths, an in-place solo with solo/Pfl operation that is controlled by Master Status switching, fader reverse and discrete tape monitor input trim. The Scorpion II now features 35 standard configurations available in four chassis sizes ranging from 16/8/2 to 32/16/2. The Scorpion II has an improved EQ section, including the addition of switched midrange "Q's," a high pass filter and a 15-segment LED meter.
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**Hybrid Arts ADAP II Portable**
The ADAP II Portable digital audio recorder/editor is coupled with a 4Mbyte laptop computer that includes a backlit LCD display. Disk storage capacities of 210Mbytes or 420Mbytes are available, allowing about 12 and 24 minutes of stereo recording time, respectively. The system supports AES/EBU and S/PDIF interfaces and has SMPTE read/write capabilities. Optional software packages include MIDI Performer and TimePage, an audio time-scaling tool.
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**Audio Processing Technology apt-X 100 update**
Enhancements to the apt-X 100 Music Coding System include the Auto-Sync Mode, which now locks encoder and decoder units in a satellite or transmission link within an inaudible 50ms, without the need for a dedicated Word Sync signal; an automatic decoder that detects auxiliary data within the digital information; and an eight-channel De-multiplexer Mode, which allows up to eight coder channels to be multiplexed together for transmission over a satellite, microwave or hardwire link.
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**SSL G Series options**
The G Series console can now be fit with either the classic Bell EQ or the G Series EQ. According to the company, some console users had been requesting a combination of both EQs, most notably Hugh Padgham and Fran Filipetti. [See the August Letters for more information on this issue — Ed.]
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Bruel & Kjaer portable R-DAT system
The portable R-DAT recording/archiving system, which comes in a lightweight Zero/Halliburton flightcase, is built upon two Bruel & Kjaer Type 4006 omnidirectional mics and the Panasonic SV-255 portable R-DAT recorder. Accessories include stereo mount, 2-channel P-48 power supply, UA-0777 nosecones, battery and battery charger. The system meets FAA airline size regulations for carry-on luggage. List price is $6,200.
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Agfa R-DAT cassettes
R-DAT Digital Audio Tape is designed for archiving studio and field applications. A dark gray carrier features non-slip bubbling and a retractable hook for storage. Two cassettes fit into the tension-grip casing inside the carrier. The smooth base foil has been coated with pure metal particle pigments to provide high packing density. Tapes are available in 60-, 90-, and 120-minute lengths.
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Turtle Beach Systems mastering system
The 56K Digital Recording System consists of the 56K-PC Digital Signal Processor card, which provides access to the computer's hard disk for recording and playback; the 56-D Digital Audio Interface, which provides connections to AES/EBU and S/PDIF digital audio interfaces, SMPTE time code and MIDI connectors for synchronization and control capabilities; and the SoundStage 2 track editing software, which has an onboard 4-band parametric equalizer with assignable bandwidths and center frequencies. Other features include a realtime level meter and spectral analysis for recording, a vari-speed playback function for scrubbing and SMPTE and MIDI triggering. Retail price is $2,689.
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QSC EX 4000 power amp
Previously known as the MX 4000, the EX 4000 is a 3-rack space amp that features input connectors mounted on a removable module, which allows for interface with control systems as they develop. The rear panel features 5-way binding posts outputs, XLR/barrier strip inputs and three Neutrik Speakon jacks. List price is $1,998.
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Publications
Lexicon newsletter
Lexicon has just published the first issue of *Digital Domain Digest*, a four-page newsletter covering a variety of topics on digital audio technology. The newsletter will include application articles, technical discussions and current news about recent developments at Lexicon. The newsletter is published quarterly and is mailed free upon request.
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Digidesign textbook
"Random Access Audio," by Dave Huber, is a textbook covering the basics of digital audio recording. It is available directly from Digidesign for $4.95.
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Lexicon application notes
Lexicon is offering eight, free application notes for owners of Lexicon PCM-70 and LXP-5 digital effects systems and the MRC MIDI Remote Controller. The notes feature discussions about technique and step-by-step procedures to explain how Lexicon systems can be used more effectively.
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Take us with you.
Just peel off your subscription mailing label and attach it to the address change card inside this issue. Please allow 6-8 weeks to process your address change.
Continued from page 60
cently to solicit my opinions regarding modular, boxed loudspeaker systems. He was reticent to spend his capital on research and development time besides the cost of plywood and transducers. He was hoping to be able to buy multiples of a full-range speaker system from a manufacturer, have instant gratification and somehow know his decision was right.
"It's hard to decide," he noted. "There are nearly half a dozen options for boxes that fit my needs ... that are trapezoidal, have hanging hardware, are pre-fitted with multipin connectors and offer roughly the same coverage pattern. How can I tell which is the best value for the dollar?"
Personally, I think that the development of a variety of speaker system products from such manufacturers as Apogee, Eastern Acoustic Works, Electro-Voice, JBL, Martin, Meyer, Renkus-Heinz and others is fantastic. These companies are offering pre-built products, ready to be used off-the-shelf, that the concert sound business could only dream about 10 years ago. The modular, roadworthy enclosures can provide a certain level of sound quality and ease of transportation that is very important.
However, perhaps the most overlooked aspect of purchasing and using multiple full-range speaker system enclosures has to do with the arraying aspects of the boxes when combined. How do the lows, mids and highs in each smaller box combine as a larger array to present a coherent whole-system wavefront? What sort of coverage pattern control exists as the identical boxes are combined in different numbers and arrangements?
Most of us audition speaker systems singly or in pairs. Sometimes, we have a chance to compare Brand A and B to Brand C in the same place at the same time. But rarely do we get a chance to compare arrays of one type of enclosure with another. The logistics and scheduling difficulties make this type of learning experience all too rare.
To their credit, some speaker system manufacturers have undertaken extensive measurement and testing projects in an attempt to provide meaningful data for their end-users. Apogee has made a 3-ring binder available to designers and consultants, which gives actual 2- and 3-box interactive array data on the company's modular speaker enclosures. Both JBL and Meyer presented AES papers last year on array measurement projects. Renkus-Heinz offers proprietary software that will predict coverage patterns of its boxes when used in combination.
The system assembler or purchaser who is considering using multiples of today's modular full-range speaker enclosures will want to take full advantage of any such resources, and learn to interpret them, if the overall performance and efficiency of a large system is of concern.
FOR SALE
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10735 Burbank Blvd. • North Hollywood, CA 91601
FAX (818) 763-4574 Phone (213) 876-0059
TELEX 6502319207 MCI UW
(Mon-Thurs, 9am-5pm Pacific time)
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WILLIAM STARR DISTRIBUTORS
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Classified Advertising is available by the column inch (Classified Display): $35 per inch, per insertion, with frequency discounts available. 1" minimum, billed at ¼" increments thereafter; 10" maximum per ad. Blind ads (replies sent to R-E-P for forwarding) $25 additional. Reader Service number $25 additional. Ads 4" and larger will receive a free reader service number and your company's name listed in the Advertiser's Index. Spot color (determined by magazine) $150 additional. No agency discounts are allowed for classified advertising.
Contact Renee Hambleton, 913-888-4864, for information on frequency and pre-payment discounts, or to place your classified ad. Or send your order and materials to:
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R-E-P
9221 Quivira Rd.
Overland Park, KS 66215.
FOR SALE
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24+ Tracks; Studer A800, $34K; A80, $19K; MCI JH24, $20K; JH16/24, $14K; Mitsubishi X-850, call; Otari MX-80, MTR90, call, SSL 4040/E/G w/32, $125K; 4048/E/G & more, CALL: NEVE 8128, 48 in w/Necam, CALL: 8048, $75K. CALL for prices on Amek, API, Trident. Otari 5050B $1.5K; Pultec, CALL: Adams-Smith 2600 system, $5K; Zeta III, $2.2K, Neumann U89, $1.4K; KM84, $275; TUBES: TELE 251, call; AKG C12, call, AKG C12A, $1.5K; Neumann M49, call; C-414EB/BULS from $500. New specials on Summit Audio tube EQ & compressors, Eventide, Aphex, Tannoy, Milab, AKG & Adams-Smith. dbx noise reduction in stock.
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Audio Transformers
Reichenbach Engineering Co., Inc.
SPECIALISTS IN QUALITY AUDIO TRANSFORMERS
6887 Farmdale Avenue - Building 10
North Hollywood, CA 91605
(818) 765-6040
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Portable Sound Panels
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Island Cases
1121-1 Lincoln Ave., Holbrook, N.Y. 11741
800-343-1433 * In N.Y. 516-561-0633
The Studio POP Filter
A Great Improvement on a Good Idea!
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- Standard mic stand adaptor with threaded base
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Shoreview, MN 55126
Phone: 612-481-9715
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Highly Modified Harrison MR-2 Console.
Used by many top artists.
HARRISON MR-2
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. INLINE 58 INPUT/56 MONITOR
2. 48 BUSS
3. CAPABLE OF 166 INPUTS TO THE MIX BUSS (56 with EQ and aux send, 110 with level and pan)
4. 8 AUX SENDS PER I/O
5. 5 STEREO CUE SEND PER I/O
6. 2 STEREO FOLDBACK SENDS
7. 4 2TRK RETURNS
8. 4 AUXILIARY RETURNS
9. 4 EFFECTS RETURNS
10. LED BAR GRAPH METERS
11. FULL PATCH BAY
12. 56 CHANNEL MASTER MIX VCA DISC BASED AUTOMATION SYSTEM
13. PRODUCERS DESK
MODIFICATIONS:
Mix send is now a Jensen Twin Servo custom design feeding the summing amps to the final balanced output stage.
Please Contact Steve Burdick at (213) 851-9800
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- Clear case allows you to see all of the 8" & 10" tapes. Call and hear the audio clarity of our new On-Hold telephone line adapter in combination with our Hold-A-Call™ Endless cassette player, also inquire about our new volume distributor pricing on endless cassettes and On-Hold equipment.
MANN ENDLESS CASSETTE INDUSTRIES
P. O. Box 1347 • San Francisco, CA 94101
(415) 221-2000 Fax: (415) 387-2425
American Pro Audio
- Sony/MCI • Trident •
- Tannoy • Eventide •
- Yamaha • Tubetech •
- Fostex • Soundtracs •
- Beyer • Roland • Akai •
- Ramsa • Panasonic •
Mini Lease Program
New or used, trade-ins 24-60 months with buyout option
$5K-25K no financials required min. 2 yrs in business.
1-800-333-2172
Attack Noise Now!
MARKERFOAM™ ACOUSTIC FOAM
GIANT
54" x 54"
$19.99 Per Sheet!!
Blue or Grey
KILL NOISE QUICK! Soundproof studios, rehearsal spaces, vans, rooms with super-effective, E-Z mount, 2" thick studio gray or natural blue (specify color). Markerfoam offers outstanding sound absorption qualities. Immediate shipping. Add $3.50/ sheet shipping. NYS residents add 7% tax. MC/Visa/Amerex/COD Check/Term. 3-inch sheets also available at $29.99.
MARKERTEK BLADE TILES™
HIGH PERFORMANCE LOW COST
$2.99 per tile, 16"x6"x2"
America's best acoustic tile value, only from MarkerTek!
Coupons also available. 6x16" as shown $3.99 each
MARKERSTIK™ tan-adsive
Works with any standard caulking gun. Mounts up to 50 square ft. $3.80 per tube
Get our FREE 150-page catalog of over 3,000 exclusive and hard-to-find supplies for audio & video.
800-522-2025
(In NY 914-246-3036)
MARKERTEK™
VIDEO SUPPLY
145 Utica Ave., Saugerties
New York 12477 U.S.A.
Circle (52) on Rapid Facts Card
FOR SALE, con't.
THINKING ABOUT A DIGITAL WORKSTATION WITH UP TO 64 TRACKS??
db now offers digital workstations and hard-disk recording. Digital Dynamics PRO-DISK 464 for 4-64 channels. The Spectral 16 with 8 or 16 tracks & true DIGITAL MIXDOWN!!! Or start under $10k w/ 2 track Dig!Design SoundTools for the Apple Macintosh computer. Used Macs, too!
db ENGINEERING
Phone (617) 782-4838
Fax (617) 782-4935
GET YOUR CABLES TOGETHER
VELCRO® CABLE WRAPS
6 SIZES, 10 COLORS
PACKAGES OF 3, 10 & 100
Custom Cases Acoustic Foam Custom Stands Studio Furniture
Request Catalogue 800-343-1433, 516-563-9633
Island Cases, 112Y-20 Lincoln Ave., Holbrook NY 11741
Circle (54) on Rapid Facts Card
Nagra 4.2 cosmetic problem, $3300, Nagra 4.2 excellent condition, $4200, Stereo Nagra top condition $6500, KAT 15-2 $125, Schoeps CMC4 amplifiers $300, Schoeps capsules: Bi-directional, cardioid, omni-card, switched omni, speech cardioid, tubi $99.94 each, $125, AEA M-S Box $275, T-beed power supplies, Sony TCD-5 w/60 hz crystal $800, Neuman KM86 $500.
718-387-4238
WHO USES THE TUBE DIRECT
Walter Becker, George Massenberg, Hugh Padgum, Stanley Clarke, Niko Bolas, Ocean Way Recorders A&M Records, Clint Black, Bonnie Raitt, Lyle Lovett, Brian Ahern, Jackson Browne, Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young, Val Garay, Chet Atkins, Pete Anderson, The Complex, Ry Cooder Eddie Van Halan, Sting, & The Who
WHY NOT YOU?
THE TUBE DIRECT IS SIMPLY THE BEST SOUNDING DIRECT BOX MADE!
ALSO NOW AVAILABLE THE TUBE MIC PRE-AMP
See Hugh Padgum interview June 1990 issue R•E•P
DEMETER AMPLIFICATION/ INNOVATIVE AUDIO SYSTEMS
(213) 470-6426
Circle (53) on Rapid Facts Card
WHY GO ANYWHERE ELSE FOR ANYTHING AUDIO...
...when we carry a full range of professional audio and video equipment to match every application and budget. With a focus on personal service, and competitive pricing we can help you get the job done easily & cost-effectively. Put our team to work for you and start saving time and money today!
Take a look at some of our high quality lines...
AIWA-RDAT • ALPHA AUDIO • AKG • AMPLEX TAPE • APHEX • ART • AUDIO-KINETICS • BSS • BRUEL & KJAEER • COMMUNITY LIGHT & SOUND • DDA • DIC DAT • DRAWMER • EAW • EVENTIDE • GEPCO • HAFLER • HARDY • HILL AUDIO • JOSEPHSONS ENGINEERING • JUICE GOOSE • KLARK-TEKNIK • MACKIE DESIGNS • MILAB • MOGAMI • MRL • NEOTEK • PINC LINC • RANE • SENNHEISER • SOUNDMASTER • SOUNDTRACS • SONY • SUMMIT AUDIO • SYMETRIX • TANNOY • T.C. ELECTRONICS • TUBE-TECH • TURTLE BEACH SYSTEMS • VALLEY • WHITE •
CALL FOR PRICES ON OUR NEW & USED EQUIPMENT SPECIALS
DRAWMER DS201 GATES $ 759 • DRAWMER 1960 STEREO TUBE MIX PRE/COMP $ 2450 • DRAWMER MS500 DYNAMICS CONTROLLER $2K-DEMO • TUBE-TECH PETB, CLIP, NOW IN-STOCK • SOUNDTRACS MRX 1000 $1,699 • TUBE-TECH PC-1000A $2,254 • TUBE-TECH PC-1200A • NEXIY ELAN 32x24x13 $1,633 • PSS 1000 $1,699
USED SPECIALS - JVC 8048 32x24-Cat + (2) NEOTEK 2554 • CONTESTED $1,250 • NEOTEK 4dx24 w/P8 54k+ • TRIDENT TSM 48x24W $16K • NEOTEK SERIES 1 16x8x16 54k+ • TASCAM SC201PAN 32x16x16 w/bcrys $ 12.5k • TAC SC201PAN 36x12x24 w/bcrys $16k • NEOTEK SERIES 1 16x8x16 54k+ • TASCAM M500 32x16x32 w/bcrys $12.5k • (3)TASCAM MS-16 PKGS START $ 5k • FOESTEX B16D 54k+ • TASCAM 38 w/dbx $1.7k • (2)TARI MX-80 24-16K $23k &Unused $22k • SONY APR-5003 (200 HRS,158K • TASCAM AD-102 55-7K • TASCAM AIR-650 (15KLOW HRS.)-$11k • STUDER A86 24TTR $22k • AMS AUDIO/LOADCAST 550 • DOLBY 1000 24 CH. $21k • (2) U47 TUBE 5 CAL • AKG TUBE $1.9k(New) • CALL FOR LISTINGS III
THE DIGITAL AUDIO SOURCE
anything audio
professional audio and video systems
Equipment Sales System Design Installation
LIST YOUR FOR SALE EQUIPMENT WITH US FREE!!!
CALL 617-426-2875
FAX 617-426-2763
63 MELCHER STREET BOSTON, MA 02210
Circle (55) on Rapid Facts Card
FOR SALE
NEW, USED, DEMO EQUIPMENT
LARGEST SELECTION OF MULTITRACK
RECORDERS AND CONSOLES
TRIDENT, AMEK TAC MAGNUM, AND
SCORPION II, SOUNDTRACKS, AKAI
ADAM, TASCAM M3500, DIGIDESIGN
SOUND TOOLS, PANASONIC SV3700
DAT, OPCODE, VIDEO TIMEPIECE, TAS-
CAM DA—30 DAT, STUDER—DYAXIS,
EVENTIDE H3000SE, ADAMS SMITH—
ZETA3, ROLAND/AKAI SAMPLERS
STUDIO PACKAGE SPECIALISTS
EXPERIENCED STAFF/UNEAQUALED SERVICE
EAR PROFESSIONAL AUDIO/VIDEO
(602) 267-0600
WORLD'S LARGEST SELECTION
OF USED EQUIPMENT
OCEAN AUDIO'S DATA BASE LIST'S OVER 310
CONSOLES, 15-32T'S, 73-24T'S, 97-2T'S AND
THOUSANDS OF PIECES OF OUTBOARD GEAR,
VIDEO, P.A., AND FILM EQUIPMENT.
YOU REALLY MUST CALL US, IF
YOU ARE EVEN THINKING OF
BUYING USED GEAR!
PHONE OCEAN AUDIO INC.
(213) 459-2742 OR FAX (213)454-6043
More from Blevins Audio Exchange Inc.
Neumann U87z-2 $300, AKG C-12, DD-850,
Neumann U67, U67 Tube, 32.5K, API 150
EQ's—$600, Studer A-80 284 TKs, Custom API
32 Input Console, Studer A-80 24 TK, Steinway
6'8" Grand, Steinway 9' Concert D, AKG CA24
Tube Mic. Lots More Equipment in Studio
Packages.
Call Randy or Marty—615/242-0596
OPUS
CALL OPUS FOR ... MICS
AKG C-414B/ULS.
NEUMANN U87aZ
BEYER M-740C
and used microphone listing
CALL OPUS FOR ... SPEAKERS
JBL 4400 Series Monitors
TANNoy Control Room Monitors
UREI 800 Series Studio Monitors
CALL OPUS FOR ... AKAI
A-DAM 12 Track Digital Recorder
DD1000 4 Channel Optical Disk
S-1000 Samplers
CALL OPUS FOR ...
SHARP XV-100 Video Projection
PANASONIC Pro-Video
SOUNDCRAFT Consoles
USED AUDIO EQUIPMENT
CALL FOR THE NEW TAPE CATALOG
OPUS
4262 Grand Avenue, Gurnee, IL 60031
1-800-522-6787 For Orders
1-708-336-6787 Information
MILAM AUDIO
"THE SOURCE"
SINCE 1967
CONSOLES
MULTI-TRACKS
MONITORS
D.A.T. • AMPS
EFFECTS • MICS
USED EQUIPMENT
1470 Valle Vista Blvd.
Pekin, IL 61554
(309) 346-3161
800-334-8187
FAX 309-346-6431
"TUCSON, ARIZONA – COME CLOSER...
...to magnificent mountains, manicured gardens and luxurious Mediterranean Living. RECORD in your own state-of-the art 830 S/F, 24 tk studio. RELAX in over 3500 S/F of living space: 4 BR, 4B 2 Yr-old house on its own fully-fenced, VERY PRIVATE acre w/self-cleaning and solar heated pool and spa.
PRICED FOR IMMEDIATE SALE... ONLY $425,000!!!
For Video and Brochure Call: Dick Kidder (Broker) 602-795-4200 or 602-622-1456.
Arlette or Pierre (owners) 602-749-3944 or 749-8477
"World Class"
Tapes
& Duplicating
Agfa BASF 3M
■ Digital Audio Tape (D.A.T.) in Stock
■ Analog Tape, Audio Accessories
■ Phone In Order, Ship Same Day
■ Great Quality — Great Price
■ On-Shell Printing
Call us at
(800) 365-0669
for prices on tapes & duplicating
World Class Tapes
Audio Tape Distributors & Duplicators
670 Airport Blvd., Suite 1
P.O. Box 7611
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107
(313) 662-0669 (within Michigan)
Circle (57) on Rapid Facts Card
FOR SALE, con't.
RUBBER-NECK™ "No Creak" Gooseneck
A Product of:
AC-CETERA, INC.
3120 Banksville Rd., P.O. Box 8070, Pittsburgh, PA 15216
1-800-537-3491 Fax: 412-344-0818
STUDIOWORKS
Recording & Broadcast Equipment
FACTORY DIRECT PRICES
ON 3M & AMPLEX TAPE
AKG JBL/UREI RAMSA
ALLEN & LEXICON SENNHEISER
HEATH NEUMANN SOUNDTRACS
FOSTEX OTARI VALLEY INT'L
Over 70 Professional Lines!
SONY
Professional Audio
(800)438-5921
(704)375-1053
Sony used & demo sale
Sony 3036 loaded 32/non-audio $52K w/warranty.
Sony 3036 loaded 36 w/audio & hard drive. $75K.
CUSTOM MIDAS CONSOLE
Ex-Oscar Peterson, 16 x 8 recording, 8 PRO5, 8 PRO3 w/updated amps, Remix option, 6 LED option, NTP peak meter, patch bay, flight case. $9,000.
Hank (916) 284-6929
EQUIPMENT WANTED
BUY OR TRADE
YOUR USED MULTITRACK RECORDERS AND CONSOLES
EAR PROFESSIONAL AUDIO/VIDEO
(602) 267-0600
VIDEO/AUDIO/RF
Buy • Sell
Consign • Service
Over 3000 items in inventory
Burbank, CA 818.845-7000
New York, N.Y. 212.268-8800
Circle (59) on Rapid Facts Card
AVAILABLE AT
REDUCED PRICES
Audio + Design Research; Audio Kinetics Q-locks, Pacers, & var. interfaces; B & Q; BGW; Calrec mics; Cipher Digital; Dolby 365F; Dynex; Eventide H969; Harrison Pro 7; Hill amps; HME wireless; Dyaxis; KRK; MDB; Micmix; Orban; Sony wireless, MXP2000; Soundcraft 200 B/VE; SMPL; Valley 610; White x-overs; & lots of used gear.
WESTLAKE AUDIO / (213)851-9800
FOR RENT OR SALE
Soundcraft 800B 40x8x8x2
Will Deliver
Call Greg Flynn
Ray Pro Sound
1902 Wharton Rd.
Jenkintown, PA 19046
215-885-8885
Brand New 19" ADC
tt Patchbay Panels
Balanced/normalled, 144 points each.
Cost $300—Sell $175 each, 2 for $300 or 3 for $400.
Call Roger Cordell
(818) 763-8301
FINANCING
EQUIPMENT FINANCING
"LOANS BY PHONE"
• NO FINANCIALS REQUIRED FOR TRANSACTIONS UNDER $35,000
• NEW OR USED EQUIPMENT
• $2,000 TO $200,000
• NO DOWN PAYMENT
• SALE-LEASEBACK EQUIPMENT FOR WORKING CAPITAL
TO APPLY OR REQUEST ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT MARK WILSON
(800) 342-2093
FAX: (214) 235-5452
LFCI
Equipment Leasing
• $50,000 with credit app. only
• Provides:
Off-balance sheet financing
Tax benefits
• All types of equipment
• Nationwide
• Dealers welcome
We specialize in A/V equipment
Call: (216) 882-6503
EQUIPMENT WANTED
EQUIPMENT FOR SALE
3M79 24 track as new, with 3M modes and new heads, $13.5K. Amek matchless 40×36×24 with 40 channel MEGA Mix automation, 1½ yrs. old.
Call for current list:
Bob Yauger (315) 733-7237
WANTED
NEVE-SSL-API-TELEFUNKEN-SONY
NEUMANN-OTARI-MCI-PULTEC-URIE-AMS
OR ANY USED CONSOLE, TAPE MACHINE,
VINTAGE MIC OR PROCESSOR YOU WANT
TO SELL—CALL ANYTHING AUDIO
617-426-2875
Wanted: Dead or alive
Pultec, ITI, Lang, Sontec EQs, Telefunken, Neumann, AKG or RCA mics, UREI, dbx, UA, Teletronix, Fairchild limiters and other gear. Boxes or tubes; API or Neve consoles and old guitars.
Dan Alexander
5935 Market St. Oakland, CA 94608
415-644-2363 Fax 415-644-1848
**SERVICES**
**DISC MAKERS**
- Cassette Duplication
- Record Pressing
- CD Replication
- Video Duplication
Complete Packages
CALL FOR OUR FREE FULL COLOR CATALOG
1-800-468-9353 (In PA: 215-232-4140)
**DISC MAKERS**
1328 North 4th Street
Philadelphia, PA 10019
---
**ALIGNED AUDIO INC.**
**SUPER QUALITY**
- Audiophile Record Pressing
- CD Replication
- Real Time and High Speed Cassette Duplication
- Direct On-Shell Imprint in Colors
**COMPLETE PACKAGES**
Call Today for your Free Catalogue
1-800-869-6561
OR 1-718-788-6969
FAX 1-718-499-0421
Circle (60) on Rapid Facts Card
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**LOUDSPEAKERS—EXCLUSIVE**
Factory Authorized Center
Professional Hi Fi Fidelity
Warranty Not Warranty Repair. Four Day Turnaround For Stocked Kits. All Work Done By Factory Trained Technicians.
PRICE STEVENSON ACOUSTIC RESEARCH
1591 Broad Run Rd., Downingtown, PA 19335 (215) 383-1083
---
**QUALITY YOU CAN TRUST!**
For all your duplication needs
- C-Zeros, V-Zeros.
- Norelco Box & Library Cases.
- Audio & Video Pancakes.
- Bulk Leadied Audio & Video Tape.
V.S. INTERNATIONAL, INC.
P.O. Box 23462, Oakland, CA 94623 (415)451-3722
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**RCA MICROPHONES—Repair service on all models. Complete sound and cosmetic restoration. 35 yrs. experience with RCA. ENAK Microphone Repair, 420 Carew Avenue, Pitman, NJ 08071. (609) 589-6186.**
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**EUROPADISK, LTD.**
MASTERING / MANUFACTURING
- Compact Disc
- Cassettes
- Vinyl Records
- Printed Graphics
- Digital Mastering Studios
The U.S. most complete facility with a 20-year reputation for the finest quality. Call for our information-packed brochure.
EUROPADISK, LTD.
75 Varick Street, New York, NY 10013
(212) 226-4401 FAX (212) 966-0456
---
**STUDER REVOX**
FACTORY AUTHORIZED SERVICE CENTER
"SUPERLATIVE SERVICE"
Swiss trained technicians servicing all open reel and cassette tape recorders, CD players, and other Studer/ReVox equipment. Over 12,000 units serviced Nationwide since 1978. Fast 48-72 hour service w/90 day warranty. Huge parts inventory. Capstan & belt resurfacing & head relapping service. New & used machines available w/ warranty. VisiMC.
STUDIO-SONICS CORP.
2246 N. Palmer Dr., #100
Schaumburg, IL 60173
Phone: (708) 843-7400
FAX: (708) 843-7493
---
**MAGNETIC RECORDING HEADS—RE-LAP/REPLACEMENT**
For Audio, Video, Time Code, Duplication. 29 years of head design experience. IEM,
350 N. Eric Dr., Palatine, IL 60067; tel (708)358-4622.
---
**DUPLICATION SERVICES**
**CASSETTE TEK, INC.**
SPECIALISTS IN PROMOTIONAL CASSETTES FOR ARTISTS—PRODUCERS—AGENCIES
- Highest quality custom blanks audio and video W/S cassette
- Duplication of audio and video
- EMBOSSED on-cassette printing using the PRINT RITE system
- Direct mail services
- Reasonable pricing
- Fast service
1605 THOMASTON AVE.
WATERBURY, CT 06704
TEL. (203) 757-4848
FAX (203) 756-8585
---
**RENTAL EQUIPMENT**
**A TOTAL EFFECT**
Eventide H-3000 SE
T.C. 2290 (32 sec.)
T.C. 2290 (32 sec.)
T.C. 1210 spatial ex.
Publison Infernal 90
AMS S-DMX
AMS RMX-16
Eventide SP 2016
Lexicon 480L
480L Larc & Manuals
<New
Includes remote patchbay.
24 hr. service
7 days a week
All for $300 a day
or $1200 a week!
(That's $171.43 a day!)
Call for advance bookings today
(818) 345-4404
Encino, CA
Circle (61) on Rapid Facts Card
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**The Nation’s #1 Co. for Live Concert Rentals:**
ATI Paragon ***NEW!!!
Gamble EX56, HC40, SC32
Ramsa 852, 848
TAC Scorpion I & II
+ other console models!
*MacPherson LPM monitor rigs/R-DATs
*Intersonic's SDL-5 subs / various EFXs
HI-TECH AUDIO SYSTEMS
Long & short term 415-726-2428
---
**ADVANCED AUDIO**
Pro Audio Rentals
- Digital Recorders
- Analog Recorders
- Dolby Noise Reduction
- Outboard Processing Gear
- Competitive Rates
- Well-Maintained Equipment
- Exceptional Service & Support
(818) 985-6882
11120 Weddington St., N Hollywood, CA 91601
Cassettes
AS EASY AS...
1. REAL TIME DUPLICATION
2. HIGH SPEED DUPLICATION
3. CUSTOM BLANKS
INTRODUCING:
Full Service Digital Editing and CD Compilation
ESP Means Quality Full Service Printing and Packaging, Friendly Professional Service, Competitive Prices, Fast Turn-Around and Highest Quality Raw Materials.
EASTERN STANDARD PRODUCTIONS, INC.
26 BAXTER STREET
BUFFALO, NY 14207
1-716-878-1454
1-800-527-9225
The Professional Edge in Cassette Duplication
Each order custom personalized to fit your budget and your total needs
High speed - Realtime & DAT Replication
LORAN
1-800-633-0455
Call For Free Sample
Looking for HOT! Creative Synthesist/Songwriter for large mid-west Jingle and Audio Post House. Must have wide variety of contemporary styles. Two years experience in advertising music necessary. Send your Hottest Audio and Video postscore cassettes with complete description of your role in each project to: R+E*P, Dept. 102, PO. Box 12901, Overland Park, KS 66212
AUDIO ENGINEER
Caboose Productions—a major commercial recording studio in Indianapolis—is seeking an experienced audio engineer for permanent staff position. Must be capable of directing, recording, editing, mixing and dubbing. Positive, pleasant interaction with client is a must! Fulltime position. Send resume to:
Studio Manager, P.O. Box 55191,
Indianapolis, IN 46205
THE MOST COMPLETE SELECTION OF AUDIO TEST TAPES
All formats including cassettes
Write or phone for free catalog
STL
STANDARD TAPE LABORATORY, INC.
26120 Eden Landing Road #5, Hayward, CA 94545
(415) 788-3546
Circle (63) on Rapid Facts Card
READY TO IMPROVE YOUR RECORDING SKILLS?
THEN SIT NEXT TO A TOP FLIGHT ENGINEER AS HE DEMONSTRATES ALL THE ELEMENTS THAT GO INTO GREAT RECORDING
The SHAPING YOUR SOUND series is five indispensable new videotapes covering multi-track recording, mixing, signal processing and microphones. They bring better studio technique to life using the power of video to do "WHAT NO BOOK ON THE SUBJECT HAS EVER BEEN ABLE TO ACCOMPLISH!" (Mix Magazine)
Every tape is packed with demonstrations and examples that cut through time consuming book study and get you down to better recordings.
CALL FREE TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT SHAPING YOUR SOUND, THE PROFESSIONALS' TRAINING PROGRAM.
1-800-777-1576
FIRST LIGHT VIDEO PUBLISHING
374 N. Ridgewood Place, L.A., CA 90004
Circle (62) on Rapid Facts Card
DID YOU KNOW?
Print advertising attracts OVER TWICE the new customers as direct mail!
You can reach nearly 50,000 potential customers for a fraction of a cent each by placing your ad in the Classifieds.
FAX your ad to 913/541-6697 or send it to
9221 Quivira Rd.
Overland Park, KS 66215.
Attn: Renée Hambleton
*Source: Cahners Advertising Research Report
| Page Number | Rapid Facts Number | Advertiser Hotline |
|-------------|--------------------|-------------------|
| A Total Effect | 86 | 61 | 818/345-4404 |
| Alesis Corp. | 39 | 22 | |
| Aligned Audio, Inc. | 86 | 60 | 800/869-6561 |
| Ampex Recording Media | 12-13 | 11 | 415/367-3809 |
| Anything Audio | 83 | 55 | 617/426-2875 |
| Audio Visual Assistance | 82 | 58 | 612/481-9715 |
| Audio-Technica U.S., Inc. | 33 | 20 | 216/686-2600 |
| Biamp Systems, Inc. | 32 | 19 | 503/641-7287 |
| Blevins Audio Exchange | 81 | 50 | 615/242-0596 |
| Bose Corporation | 61 | 33 | 508/872-6541 |
| Bryco Products | 74 | 40 | 818/783-9133 |
| C-T Audio | 55 | 28 | 800/CTA-UDIO |
| Countryman Associates | 77 | 38 | 415/364-9988 |
| Crown International | 57 | 31 | 219/294-8000 |
| The DAT Store | 77 | 38 | 213/828-6487 |
| Demeter Amplification/Innovative Audio | 83 | 53 | 213/470-6426 |
| Disc Makers | 55 | 29 | 212/265-6662 |
| Dolby | 47 | 26 | 415/558-0200 |
| East West Communications | 56 | 30 | 213/659-2928 |
| Electro-Voice, Inc. | IFC | 1 | 613/382-2141 |
| Fast Forward Video | 74 | 41 | 714/852-8404 |
| First Light Video Publishing | 87 | 62 | 800/777-1576 |
| For.A Corporation of America | 31 | 18 | 617/244-3223 |
| Fostex Corp. of America | 59 | 32 | 213/921-1112 |
| Full Compass | 10 | 9 | 800/356-5844 |
| Hardy Co. | 73 | 42 | 708/864-8060 |
| Hollywood Edge | 72 | 35 | 800/292-3755 |
| JBL Professional | BC | 3 | |
| Jensen Transformers | 81 | 51 | 213/876-0059 |
| JVC Professional Products Co. | 23 | 14 | 800/JVC-5825 |
| KABA Research & Development | 71 | 34 | 415/883-5041 |
| Lexicon, Inc. | 1 | 4 | 617/736-0300 |
| MTU | 73 | 36 | 919/870-0344 |
| Markertek | 82 | 52 | 800/522-2025 |
| Otari Corp. | 28-29 | 17 | 415/341-5900 |
| Peavey Electronics Corp. | IBC,5 | 2,6 | 601/483-5365 |
| Peavey Electronics Corp. | .44-45 | 25 | 601/483-5365 |
| QSC Audio Products | 37 | 21 | 714/645-2540 |
| Seam Tech | 83 | 54 | 415/861-6011 |
| Shure Brothers Inc. | 19 | 12 | 708/866-2553 |
| Solid State Logic | 43 | | |
| Sonic Solutions | 6 | 7 | 415/394-8100 |
| Sony Pro Audio | 17 | | 800/635-SONY |
| Standard Tape Laboratory, Inc. | 87 | 55 | 415/786-3546 |
| Switchcraft, Inc. | 11 | 10 | 312/792-2700 |
| T.C. Electronic U.S.A. | 51 | 27 | |
| Tannoy North America Inc. | 41 | 24 | 519/745-1158 |
| Tascam Div./Teac Corp. | 20-21 | 13 | 213/726-0303 |
| TDK Electronic Corporation | 9 | 8 | 800/752-9835 |
| Technical Audio Devices | 2-3 | 5 | 213/816-0415 |
| Telex Communications, Inc. | 40 | 23 | 612/887-5531 |
| The Broadcast Store, Inc. | 85 | 59 | 818/845-7000 |
| World Class Tapes | 84 | 57 | 800/365-0669 |
| Yamaha Intl. Corp. | 25 | 15 | |
| 3M/Magnetic Media Division | 27 | 16 | |
**CLASSIFIEDS**
Renee Hambleton
913-888-4664
9221 Quivira Road
Shawnee Mission, KS 66215
Telefax: 913-541-6697
**SANTA MONICA, CA**
Herbert A. Schiff
213-393-9285
Jason Perlman
213-458-9987
Kelly Daugherty
213-451-8695
501 Santa Monica Blvd.
Santa Monica, CA 90401
Telefax: 213-393-2381
**CHICAGO, IL**
David Rottenberg
312-435-2360
55 East Jackson Blvd.
Chicago, IL 60604
Telefax: 312-922-1408
**NEW YORK, NY**
Stan Kashine
212-332-0634
38th Floor
888 Seventh Ave.
New York, NY 10106
Telefax: 212-332-0663
**OXFORD, ENGLAND**
Nicholas McGeachin
Roseleigh House
New Street
Deddington, Oxford
OX5 4SP England
Telefax: (0869) 38040
Telephone: (0869) 38794
Telex: 837469 BES G
**FREWVILLE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA**
John Williamson
Hastwell, Williamson, Rep. Pty. Ltd.
109 Conyngham Street
Frewville 5063
South Australia
Phone: 799-522
Telefax: 08 79 9735
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The original documents are located in Box 46, folder “1975/06/07 - Northeast and Midwest Governors (1)” of the James M. Cannon Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Copyright Notice
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
10AM - Presidential Meeting with Northeast and Midwest Governors (Railroads) - Cabinet Room (60 minutes)
Saturday, June 7, 1975
I. PURPOSE
This meeting was requested by Governor Milliken to discuss with you the problems and proposed solutions concerning bankrupt railroads in the Northeast and Midwest.
II. BACKGROUND, PARTICIPANTS AND PRESS PLAN
A. Background: Eight railroads, including the Penn Central, in seventeen Northeast and Midwest States are bankrupt. (See Tab B for list of States and railroads involved.)
These railroads are being reorganized pursuant to special legislation, the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973. Under this Act, a quasi-government corporation, the United States Railway Association, has been formed. USRA has issued a plan to reorganize the railroads, which will be sent to the Congress on June 26.
You have recently taken action to help all the railroads of the country by submitting to Congress on May 19, your proposed Railroad Revitalization Act of 1975. This Act would remove unnecessary regulatory restraints on the railroads (a key to any ultimate solution in the Northeast, as well as other areas of the country) and would provide $2 billion in loan guarantee authority which would be available to any railroad.
On April 12, you met with twenty railroad presidents.
Next week, you will be meeting with the Economic Policy Board to discuss the Administration's position concerning the bankrupt Northeast and Midwest railroads.
The following are the major positions which are likely to be discussed at today's meeting with the governors:
- **USRA Final System Plan** - This Plan, known as "Three Carriers East", envisions the creation of a Federally assisted new railroad called ConRail (which would be made up of 90% of the existing bankrupt railroads) in competition with two other private solvent railroads (perhaps the Chessie and Norfolk & Western which would receive the remaining 10% of the bankrupt railroad properties).
Preliminary work by the Economic Policy Board Task Force, chaired by Secretary Coleman, indicates that such a plan would require about $4 billion in loan guarantees or $1.6 billion in direct grants between now and 1985. Even with this level of Federal involvement, ConRail will not be financially viable at any foreseeable time in the future.
- **Control Transfer** - The EPB Task Force has considered, as an alternative, transferring the properties of all the bankrupt railroads to existing solvent railroads. Although this will require the same near-term Federal financial assistance as the USRA Plan, it is more likely to result in a financially viable private railroad. There are, however, difficulties with this approach, including the need for new legislation. An analysis of these alternatives will be presented to you by the EPB next week.
- **Governor Milliken Plan** - In a press release, Governor Milliken has proposed a two-year moratorium on any restructuring. He also proposes that $8 million be spent to upgrade the tracks by using public service jobs, funded under Title X of the Emergency Jobs and Unemployment Act of 1974.
- **Governor Salmon Plan** - (Chairman of New England Governors' Conference) - This Plan is designed to avoid the USRA proposal to abandon 7,000 miles of "excess" track (about 30% of total). It envisions a "national commitment" to acquire the rail rights-of-way, refurbish them and then lease them back to the railroads. It would be funded by imposing additional tax on all fuels.
This is essentially the same as a proposal considered by the USRA Board of Directors and several in Congress, called "ConFac". Secretary Coleman and many others in the Administration strongly oppose this as really being no solution at all and tending to encourage continuation of existing uneconomic operations.
• **Governor Shapp Plan** - Governor Shapp has proposed that a Federal trust fund be created with funding provided by a surcharge on rail freight, long-term bonds and perhaps other means. The trust fund would provide loans and grants to the railroads.
This Plan is criticized by many in the Administration as being useless without the regulatory reform you have proposed to Congress, and containing all the objections normally associated with trust fund financing.
See Tab A for a summary of the views of several of the governors attending today's meeting.
See Tab C for a memorandum to you from Secretary Coleman and its attached press clippings concerning today's meeting and a copy of a briefing book which the Secretary will distribute to each governor.
B. **Participants**: See list of governors at Tab A.
The following are attending for the Administration:
- Secretary Coleman
- Deputy Secretary John Barnum
- Jim Cannon
- Bill Seidman
- Alan Greenspan
- Jim Lynn
- Mike Duval
- Jim Falk
C. **Press Plan**: Meeting has been announced, there will be a press photograph, and Secretary Coleman and Governor Milliken are scheduled to brief afterwards.
III. AGENDA AND TALKING POINTS
• THE PRESIDENT: I very much appreciate all of you coming down here, at the suggestion of Governor Milliken, to meet with me and my principal advisers concerning the very serious bankrupt railroads situation.
The railroads are absolutely vital to the economic well-being of the Nation, and I fully recognize that their health must be restored. The railroads carry more freight (38% of ton-miles transported) than any other carriers, and they will have a critical role in our efforts to achieve energy independence. The railroads transport 70% of the coal produced, and if coal production doubles in accordance with my energy goals, the railroads will have to triple the ton-miles of coal they carry because of increases in the need for western coal.
In recognition of the national problem we have concerning railroads, I submitted to Congress on May 19, the Rail Revitalization Act of 1975, which will remove unnecessary regulatory restraints and provide $2 billion in loan guarantee authority.
Passage of this regulatory reform will be critical to any solution concerning the bankrupt railroads in the seventeen Northeast and Midwest States. However, there are additional and very serious problems concerning these railroads. We will soon be making our position known to the Congress concerning the Plan presented by the United States Railway Association, and I'd like to hear your views before we reach our final conclusions.
Bill (Milliken), I understand you have some introductory remarks.
• GOVERNOR MILLIKEN: [The Governor will briefly cover their concerns about proposals to abandon "light density" track and the various alternatives being considered by the governors.]
• THE PRESIDENT: [If appropriate, Secretary Coleman is prepared to respond to Governor Milliken's opening comments.]
I'd like to hear from the other governors. Bill, why don't we follow whatever order you have worked out.
• GOVERNOR MILLIKEN will call on the other governors.
• THE PRESIDENT: I appreciate hearing your views and I will carefully consider them as we make our final decisions concerning the bankrupt railroads. I hope you will give me your support in passing my proposed Railroad Revitalization Act. Regardless of what decisions we make concerning the financial condition of the bankrupt railroads, it is clear that ultimate success for all the railroads must be predicated on reform of these economic regulations.
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| | |
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PARTICIPANTS
GOVERNORS
Honorable William Milliken (R), Michigan
Honorable Otis R. Bowen (R), Indiana
Honorable Ella Grasso (D), Connecticut
Honorable Marvin Mandel (D), Maryland
Honorable Mills E. Godwin (R), Virginia
Honorable Milton Shapp (D), Pennsylvania
Honorable James B. Longley (I), Maine
Honorable Thomas P. Salmon (D), Vermont
Honorable Brendan Byrne (D), New Jersey
Honorable Daniel Walker (D), Illinois
Honorable Patrick Lucey (D), Wisconsin
LT. GOVERNOR
Honorable Thomas P. O'Neill, III (D), Massachusetts
NOTE: Other Governors in the bankrupt railroad region were invited, but are unable to attend.
Michigan - Governor Milliken, who requested the meeting will be asking for a two year moratorium on the rail abandonment plans and will additionally seek Federal funds to improve tracks and rail service.
His concerns are related in large part to branch lines to be abandoned or declared available for subsidy and a concern that Michigan is being disproportionately affected. He stated that "although there are 17 States in the affected region, Michigan has been asked to bear 22 percent of the total mileage to be subsidized or abandoned."
Indiana - Governor Bowen has been among the most supportive Governors of USRA. Indiana did its only rail study last year and concluded that miles of its rail track to be abandoned are marginal. Nevertheless, they do have problems with some of the specific branch line decisions USRA has made.
Connecticut - Governor Grasso is concerned about light density lines, freight flows through Connecticut, and the specific impact of prospective abandonments in Eastern Connecticut.
Maryland - Governor Mandel is very concerned about the future of rail service on the Delaware Penninsula. What Maryland, Virginia and Delaware want is the acquisition of track in Delaware and Maryland as well as the Cape Charles Ferry between Maryland and Virginia by the Southern Railroad.
Virginia - Governor Godwin is a former member of Southern Railroad's Board of Directors. Virginia's primary concern is the Cape Charles Ferry. They support the Southern Railroad proposal to take over the Ferry and the connecting Penn Central tracks in the Delaware Penninsula.
Pennsylvania - Governor Shapp's views are that his rail trust fund proposal would provide sufficient funds to keep every mile of rail in service. He opposes USRA's industry structure, calling instead for "unmerging" the Penn Central. He claims Penn Central is too large, can't be managed and that Con Rail is nothing but Penn Central revisited. He has been USRA's most strident and vocal opponent. He persuaded the Mid-Atlantic Governors' Conference to support his basic position, but the degree of commitment he has from those Governors is "skin deep."
Maine - Maine does not have any track of the seven bankrupt railroads that are USRA's responsibility. The Governor is concerned about competitive rail service out of New England.
The New England Regional Commission and Congressional Caucus are supporting a proposal that calls for Government ownership and rehabilitation of railroad right-of-way. We understand that Longley of Maine and Thomson of New Hampshire do not completely support the New England position.
The Administration has clearly stated its opposition to this approach. The USRA Board of Directors has stated it will not recommend it in the Final System Plan. There is, nevertheless, considerable Congressional interest in this approach. Congressman Joe Skubitz, ranking Republican on the Transportation Subcommittee of the House Interstate Foreign Commerce Committee made this abundantly clear during hearings held recently by that Subcommittee.
Vermont - Supports New England position.
Massachusetts - Concerns are similar to those of the rest of New England in branch lines. The prospective abandonment of light density lines is the objection. The New England Caucus position on the subsidy question was articulated by Congressman Ed Boland, its Chairman. Lt. Governor Tom O'Neill will represent the Governor. He is Tip O'Neill's son.
New Jersey - Governor Byrne has been concerned about branch lines in commuter service, particularly on the Erie Lackawanna. Existing commuter contracts will be honored, however, Con Rail will seek to renegotiate to recover complete costs. This will increase local transportation commuter costs in New Jersey and elsewhere. Governor Byrne may support the Shapp position.
Illinois - Governor Walker has devoted very little time to the Railroad problem. Proposed legislation, approved by Walker, calls for the State to serve only as a conduit for subsidy funds. The State share would have to be paid in full by local communities or shippers. Walker disapproved of his own DOT's suggestion for industry relocation funds and State funds for rehabilitation of railroad lines. Branch lines constitute whatever difficulty there
Though unlikely, it is possible Walker might bring up the Rock Island problem. Earlier this year, USRA turned down a loan application for the Rock Island. Shortly thereafter the Rock Island declared bankruptcy. It is continuing to operate, but will run out of cash eventually. If Walker asks, it is best to refer him to the ICC on the Rock Island.
Wisconsin - Has no track under USRA study but is affected as is Michigan by USRA recommendations that the Ann Arbor Railroad car ferry across Lake Michigan not be included in Con Rail. The problem is that abandonment applications for the other 2 Lake Michigan car ferries are pending before the ICC. USRA feels that some consolidation plan for car ferry service is feasible, but initiative lies within the States of Michigan and Wisconsin.
•
NORTHEAST AND MIDWEST STATES
Maine
Vermont
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia
Ohio
Michigan
Indiana
Illinois
District of Columbia
BANKRUPT RAILROADS UNDER RAIL REORGANIZATION ACT
Ann Arbor
Central of New Jersey
Erie Lackawanna
Lehigh & Hudson River
Lehigh Valley
Penn Central
Reading
Other bankrupt railroad in region, but not being reorganized under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act:
Boston and Maine
•
•
•
The President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. President:
Governors representing States affected by the Northeast/Midwest rail reorganization will meet with you at 10:00 a.m., Saturday, June 7. They will want to discuss the Federal Government's efforts to date in working to effectively structure a viable rail service in the region.
The Governors are expected to express their concern about the level of railroad abandonments that might occur as a result of reorganization. They will also question the practicality of the "controlled transfer" process by which bankrupt rail properties would be transferred to solvent railroads.
The accompanying articles from today's press summarize accurately the tenor of the Governors' views.
I am also enclosing a copy of the briefing material to be given to the Governors prior to the meeting and news clips that characterize recent developments in the rail reorganization process.
Respectfully,
William T. Coleman, Jr.
Enclosures
Governors Have Rail Plan for NE
MONTPELIER, Vt. (UPI) — The New England Governors have adopted "recommendations" which call for abandonment of 7,000 miles of railroad track in the region.
The governors met here Monday and Tuesday to discuss the future of railroads in the Northeast. They issued a statement calling for the abandonment of 7,000 miles of track, the elimination of 15,000 jobs and the transfer of 2,000 locomotives to other parts of the country.
The governors also called for the creation of a new agency to oversee the transition from rail to other forms of transportation. They also called for the development of a new system of passenger rail service that would be more efficient and cost-effective than the current system.
The governors' recommendations were met with mixed reactions. Some business leaders welcomed the plan, while others expressed concern about the potential impact on the economy. The plan is expected to be implemented over the next several years.
He Tackles Rail Woe
By Stephen M. Aug
Washington Star Staff Writer
Fishwick said, though, that "the one thing we would be interested in..."
Chessie Expresses Interest in Acquiring At Least Half of Northeast Lines' Track
By ALBERT R. KARR
lowed to balance its mainly summer-service U.S. operation by merging with a domestic airline, although it is not similarly permitted
3-System Rail Reorganization Approved
USRA Votes For Proposal Made Earlier
By William H. Jones
Washington Post Staff Writer
transportation of General Mills and a spokesman for large shippers.
Although the basic preliminary system plan won renewed support yesterday, the rail association's board did emphasize—for the first time in a public statement—that U.S. taxpayers will
tails on a one-system rail monopoly for the region, which has been favored by some members of Congress as the only way to guarantee economic success for the currently rundown rail network.
In addition, the board said
"We are hopeful of reaching quick agreement with USRA on the specific terms and conditions required to carry out the three-system concept," Watkins said. "We continue to believe that this is the only plan that conforms to the Congressional mandate to carry a justiciability test."
I. PURPOSE
This meeting was requested by Governor Milliken to discuss with you the problems and proposed solutions concerning bankrupt railroads in the Northeast and Midwest.
II. BACKGROUND, PARTICIPANTS AND PRESS PLAN
A. Background: Eight railroads, including the Penn Central, in seventeen Northeast and Midwest States are bankrupt. (See Tab B for list of States and railroads involved.)
These railroads are being reorganized pursuant to special legislation, the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973. Under this Act, a quasi-government corporation, the United States Railway Association, has been formed. USRA has issued a plan to reorganize the railroads, which will be sent to the Congress on June 26.
You have recently taken action to help all the railroads of the country by submitting to Congress on May 19, your proposed Railroad Revitalization Act of 1975. This Act would remove unnecessary regulatory restraints on the railroads (a key to any ultimate solution in the Northeast, as well as other areas of the country) and would provide $2 billion in loan guarantee authority which would be available to any railroad.
On April 12, you met with twenty railroad presidents.
Next week, you will be meeting with the Economic Policy Board to discuss the Administration's position concerning the bankrupt Northeast and Midwest railroads.
The following are the major positions which are likely to be discussed at today's meeting with the governors:
- **USRA Final System Plan** - This Plan, known as "Three Carriers East", envisions the creation of a Federally assisted new railroad called ConRail (which would be made up of 90% of the existing bankrupt railroads) in competition with two other private solvent railroads (perhaps the Chessie and Norfolk & Western which would receive the remaining 10% of the bankrupt railroad properties).
Preliminary work by the Economic Policy Board Task Force, chaired by Secretary Coleman, indicates that such a plan would require about $4 billion in loan guarantees or $1.6 billion in direct grants between now and 1985. Even with this level of Federal involvement, ConRail will not be financially viable at any foreseeable time in the future.
- **Control Transfer** - The EPB Task Force has considered, as an alternative, transferring the properties of all the bankrupt railroads to existing solvent railroads. Although this will require the same near-term Federal financial assistance as the USRA Plan, it is more likely to result in a financially viable private railroad. There are, however, difficulties with this approach, including the need for new legislation. An analysis of these alternatives will be presented to you by the EPB next week.
- **Governor Milliken Plan** - In a press release, Governor Milliken has proposed a two-year moratorium on any restructuring. He also proposes that $8 million (in Mich.) be spent to upgrade the tracks by using public service jobs, funded under Title X of the Emergency Jobs and Unemployment Act of 1974.
- **Governor Salmon Plan** - (Chairman of New England Governors' Conference) - This Plan is designed to avoid the USRA proposal to abandon 7,000 miles of "excess" track (about 30% of total). It envisions a "national commitment" to acquire the rail rights-of-way, refurbish them and then lease them back to the railroads. It would be funded by imposing additional tax on all fuels.
This is essentially the same as a proposal considered by the USRA Board of Directors and several in Congress, called "ConFac". Secretary Coleman and many others in the Administration strongly oppose this as really being no solution at all and tending to encourage continuation of existing uneconomic operations.
• **Governor Shapp Plan** - Governor Shapp has proposed that a Federal trust fund be created with funding provided by a surcharge on rail freight, long-term bonds and perhaps other means. The trust fund would provide loans and grants to the railroads.
This Plan is criticized by many in the Administration as being useless without the regulatory reform you have proposed to Congress, and containing all the objections normally associated with trust fund financing.
See Tab A for a summary of the views of several of the governors attending today's meeting.
See Tab C for a memorandum to you from Secretary Coleman and its attached press clippings concerning today's meeting and a copy of a briefing book which the Secretary will distribute to each governor.
B. **Participants**: See list of governors at Tab A.
The following are attending for the Administration:
- Secretary Coleman
- Deputy Secretary John Barnum
- Jim Cannon
- Bill Seidman
- Alan Greenspan
- Jim Lynn
- Mike Duval
- Jim Falk
C. **Press Plan**: Meeting has been announced, there will be a press photograph, and Secretary Coleman and Governor Milliken are scheduled to brief afterwards.
III. AGENDA AND TALKING POINTS
• THE PRESIDENT: I very much appreciate all of you coming down here, at the suggestion of Governor Milliken, to meet with me and my principal advisers concerning the very serious bankrupt railroads situation.
The railroads are absolutely vital to the economic well-being of the Nation, and I fully recognize that their health must be restored. The railroads carry more freight (38% of ton-miles transported) than any other carriers, and they will have a critical role in our efforts to achieve energy independence. The railroads transport 70% of the coal produced, and if coal production doubles in accordance with my energy goals, the railroads will have to triple the ton-miles of coal they carry because of increases in the need for western coal.
In recognition of the national problem we have concerning railroads, I submitted to Congress on May 19, the Rail Revitalization Act of 1975, which will remove unnecessary regulatory restraints and provide $2 billion in loan guarantee authority.
Passage of this regulatory reform will be critical to any solution concerning the bankrupt railroads in the seventeen Northeast and Midwest States. However, there are additional and very serious problems concerning these railroads. We will soon be making our position known to the Congress concerning the Plan presented by the United States Railway Association, and I'd like to hear your views before we reach our final conclusions.
Bill (Milliken), I understand you have some introductory remarks.
• GOVERNOR MILLIKEN: [The Governor will briefly cover their concerns about proposals to abandon "light density" track and the various alternatives being considered by the governors.]
• THE PRESIDENT: [If appropriate, Secretary Coleman is prepared to respond to Governor Milliken's opening comments.]
I'd like to hear from the other governors. Bill, why don't we follow whatever order you have worked out.
• GOVERNOR MILLIKEN will call on the other governors.
• THE PRESIDENT: I appreciate hearing your views and I will carefully consider them as we make our final decisions concerning the bankrupt railroads. I hope you will give me your support in passing my proposed Railroad Revitalization Act. Regardless of what decisions we make concerning the financial condition of the bankrupt railroads, it is clear that ultimate success for all the railroads must be predicated on reform of these economic regulations.
GOVERNORS
Honorable William Milliken (R), Michigan
Honorable Otis R. Bowen (R), Indiana
Honorable Ella Grasso (D), Connecticut
Honorable Marvin Mandel (D), Maryland
Honorable Mills E. Godwin (R), Virginia
Honorable Milton Shapp (D), Pennsylvania
Honorable James B. Longley (I), Maine
Honorable Thomas P. Salmon (D), Vermont
Honorable Brendan Byrne (D), New Jersey
Honorable Daniel Walker (D), Illinois
Honorable Patrick Lucey (D), Wisconsin
LT. GOVERNOR
Honorable Thomas P. O'Neill, III (D), Massachusetts
NOTE: Other Governors in the bankrupt railroad region were invited, but are unable to attend.
Michigan - Governor Milliken, who requested the meeting will be asking for a two year moratorium on the rail abandonment plans and will additionally seek Federal funds to improve tracks and rail service.
His concerns are related in large part to branch lines to be abandoned or declared available for subsidy and a concern that Michigan is being disproportionately affected. He stated that "although there are 17 States in the affected region, Michigan has been asked to bear 22 percent of the total mileage to be subsidized or abandoned."
Indiana - Governor Bowen has been among the most supportive Governors of USRA. Indiana did its only rail study last year and concluded that miles of its rail track to be abandoned are marginal. Nevertheless, they do have problems with some of the specific branch line decisions USRA has made.
Connecticut - Governor Grasso is concerned about light density lines, freight flows through Connecticut, and the specific impact of prospective abandonments in Eastern Connecticut.
Maryland - Governor Mandel is very concerned about the future of rail service on the Delaware Penninsula. What Maryland, Virginia and Delaware want is the acquisition of track in Delaware and Maryland as well as the Cape Charles Ferry between Maryland and Virginia by the Southern Railroad.
Virginia - Governor Godwin is a former member of Southern Railroad's Board of Directors. Virginia's primary concern is the Cape Charles Ferry. They support the Southern Railroad proposal to take over the Ferry and the connecting Penn Central tracks in the Delaware Penninsula.
Pennsylvania - Governor Shapp's views are that his rail trust fund proposal would provide sufficient funds to keep every mile of rail in service. He opposes USRA's industry structure, calling instead for "unmerging" the Penn Central. He claims Penn Central is too large, can't be managed and that Con Rail is nothing but Penn Central revisited. He has been USRA's most strident and vocal opponent. He persuaded the Mid-Atlantic Governors' Conference to support his basic position, but the degree of commitment he has from those Governors is "skin deep."
Maine - Maine does not have any track of the seven bankrupt railroads that are USRA's responsibility. The Governor is concerned about competitive rail service out of New England.
The New England Regional Commission and Congressional Caucus are supporting a proposal that calls for Government ownership and rehabilitation of railroad right-of-way. We understand that Longley of Maine and Thomson of New Hampshire do not completely support the New England position.
The Administration has clearly stated its opposition to this approach. The USRA Board of Directors has stated it will not recommend it in the Final System Plan. There is, nevertheless, considerable Congressional interest in this approach. Congressman Joe Skubitz, ranking Republican on the Transportation Subcommittee of the House Interstate Foreign Commerce Committee made this abundantly clear during hearings held recently by that Subcommittee.
Vermont - Supports New England position.
Massachusetts - Concerns are similar to those of the rest of New England in branch lines. The prospective abandonment of light density lines is the objection. The New England Caucus position on the subsidy question was articulated by Congressman Ed Boland, its Chairman. Lt. Governor Tom O'Neill will represent the Governor. He is Tip O'Neill's son.
New Jersey - Governor Byrne has been concerned about branch lines in commuter service, particularly on the Erie Lackawanna. Existing commuter contracts will be honored, however, Con Rail will seek to renegotiate to recover complete costs. This will increase local transportation commuter costs in New Jersey and elsewhere. Governor Byrne may support the Shapp position.
Illinois - Governor Walker has devoted very little time to the Railroad problem. Proposed legislation, approved by Walker, calls for the State to serve only as a conduit for subsidy funds. The State share would have to be paid in full by local communities or shippers. Walker disapproved of his own DOT's suggestion for industry relocation funds and State funds for rehabilitation of railroad lines. Branch lines constitute whatever difficulty there
Though unlikely, it is possible Walker might bring up the Rock Island problem. Earlier this year, USRA turned down a loan application for the Rock Island. Shortly thereafter the Rock Island declared bankruptcy. It is continuing to operate, but will run out of cash eventually. If Walker asks, it is best to refer him to the ICC on the Rock Island.
Wisconsin - Has no track under USRA study but is affected as is Michigan by USRA recommendations that the Ann Arbor Railroad car ferry across Lake Michigan not be included in Con Rail. The problem is that abandonment applications for the other 2 Lake Michigan car ferries are pending before the ICC. USRA feels that some consolidation plan for car ferry service is feasible, but initiative lies within the States of Michigan and Wisconsin.
NORTHEAST AND MIDWEST STATES
Maine
Vermont
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia
Ohio
Michigan
Indiana
Illinois
District of Columbia
BANKRUPT RAILROADS UNDER RAIL REORGANIZATION ACT
Ann Arbor
Central of New Jersey
Erie Lackawanna
Lehigh & Hudson River
Lehigh Valley
Penn Central
Reading
Other bankrupt railroad in region, but not being reorganized under the Regional Rail Reorganization Act:
Boston and Maine
The President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. President:
Governors representing States affected by the Northeast/Midwest rail reorganization will meet with you at 10:00 a.m., Saturday, June 7. They will want to discuss the Federal Government's efforts to date in working to effectively structure a viable rail service in the region.
The Governors are expected to express their concern about the level of railroad abandonments that might occur as a result of reorganization. They will also question the practicality of the "controlled transfer" process by which bankrupt rail properties would be transferred to solvent railroads.
The accompanying articles from today's press summarize accurately the tenor of the Governors' views.
I am also enclosing a copy of the briefing material to be given to the Governors prior to the meeting and news clips that characterize recent developments in the rail reorganization process.
Respectfully,
William T. Coleman, Jr.
Enclosures
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON
Mandel
Lucey Duval
Shapp Greenspan
Godwin Barnum
Byrne Coleman
Milliken President
Grasso Cannon
Bowen Seidman
Low Salmon Lynn
Longley Falk
Walker O'Neill
|
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With the UM (Unified Messaging) market to hit $3 billion by 2002\(^1\), service providers are looking to UM solutions to complete their messaging portfolio. However, while traditional UM solutions concentrate on unifying inbound messaging (email, fax, and voice), they do not have any enhanced outbound messaging capabilities.
Open Port’s IP LaunchPad platform can complement your UM solution thanks to its enhanced outbound delivery services capabilities. With IP LaunchPad, you can complement your traditional UM system by offering enhanced managed delivery services that give your subscribers a truly unified messaging solution — meaning both inbound and outbound messaging services. With a truly unified messaging solution, you can better differentiate yourself from your competitors to attract subscribers and grow revenue.
IP LaunchPad’s enhanced outbound delivery services include Voicemail Suite and Fax Suite, which enable subscribers to send voicemail and faxes from the device they choose. Voicemail Suite is a value-added service that integrates disparate voicemail systems (wireless, landline, and IP) in order to offer your subscribers rich outbound services such as message broadcasting, guaranteed delivery of messages, and never busy messaging. Fax Suite, another value-added fax-over IP service, makes it possible for your subscribers to use any device (email, voicemail, a Web browser, or fax machine) to receive and send faxes.
Deploying IP LaunchPad with Voicemail Suite and Fax Suite services offer you:
- Increased revenue
- More network traffic
- A solution that leverages your existing UM system
- A means to attract “road warrior and SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) subscribers
- A means to minimize subscriber churn and reduce your costs
This white paper serves as a set of guidelines for those of you who want to know how IP LaunchPad’s enhanced delivery services can complement your traditional UM system and help you grow revenue while preparing you for the UM demands of the future.
Unified Messaging Market Overview
Enter office. Check messages.
For most workers, it has become increasingly common for them to spend large portions of their day checking their voicemail, email accounts, and fax machines. According to Pitney-Bowes, the average business person receives 177 messages per day.\(^1\)
The advent of “unified messaging” services, however, has changed all of that. Service providers and subscribers asked for integrated messaging systems, and vendors such as Cisco, Lucent, and Nortel have responded with “unified messaging” solutions that primarily focus on unifying inbound messaging, allowing subscribers to receive all emails, voicemails, and faxes in one mailbox on their PCs. In essence, UM offer data-barraged subscribers the opportunity to manage their inbound data streams.
As a result, greater numbers of subscribers are turning to unified, IP messaging platforms for the convenience of inbound data convergence. Rather than monitoring multiple, separate email accounts, subscribers save time and increase productivity by receiving all incoming data in a “unified inbox.” Ovum Research predicts that “unified messaging will replace dial-tone as the interface to the network,”\(^2\) and since then subscribers have continued to flood IP networks in search of voice and data convergence. In fact, IDC (International Data Corporation) predicts that by 2002 the market to unify email/voicemail/fax will hit $3 billion.
Does Unified Messaging Measure Up?
Current UM systems offer subscribers the freedom to access their messages anytime and anywhere.
However, in terms of outbound messaging, these UM systems presently limit subscribers’ delivery options to text-only messages. Traditional UM systems restrict subscribers to sending responses in the original message’s format. For example, if a subscriber receives email messages in her UM mailbox, she must respond by text-based email. The same is true with deliveries to the recipient’s email message delivery. Due to UM’s limited outbound capabilities, a subscriber could not be able to respond to the email message with a voicemail message – even if she knows the originator was traveling and thus will only be checking his voicemail.
Open Port’s IP LaunchPad: Redefining Unified Messaging
Open Port’s IP LaunchPad expands the industry’s definition of unified messaging. As the above description of traditional UM implies, what our industry commonly calls “unified messaging” is more accurately described as a unified inbound mailbox. That is, the subscriber typically receives all of her voicemail, faxes, and email in one mailbox. Open Port, however, views unified messaging as a subscriber’s ability to control how and where he receives and delivers messages (also known as unified communications in the industry).
With IP LaunchPad’s unique outbound messaging capabilities working together with a UM solution on your network, your subscribers can not only take advantage of the convenience of a unified mailbox; they can respond to each message in the format most convenient for them. For example, if they receive an email in their unified mailbox, they can respond to it with a voicemail message and have it delivered to the original sender’s email program; or if they receive a fax in their unified mailbox, they can respond to it with an email message (with the original fax attached) and send it to a fax machine.
IP LaunchPad provides you with an opportunity to optimize the delivery technology of your traditional UM platforms, and provide those enhanced managed delivery services that will truly unify your messaging system. Open Port’s award-winning IP LaunchPad
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\(^1\) Pitney-Bowes, 1997.
\(^2\) Ovum Research, 1998.
platform complements traditional UM systems with enhanced managed delivery services giving you and your subscribers enhanced outbound delivery options.
This white paper should be used as a guideline to learn how IP LaunchPad’s enhanced managed delivery system could complement the inbound capabilities of your traditional, access-oriented UM solutions.
Overview of IP LaunchPad’s Enhanced Managed Delivery
Open Port’s IP LaunchPad is a carrier-class IP messaging services platform that works with your existing UM technologies to offer you enhanced managed delivery of subscribers’ messages. IP LaunchPad makes it easy to launch and manage subscription- and transaction-based billing for many different tiers of services, all of which complement your traditional UM solution. For example, traditional UM systems, with their focus on unifying inbound messages, usually only have service-based billing that correlates with the size of the subscriber’s inbound mailbox (e.g., a subscriber can pay more to increase his mailbox from 3 MB to 25 MB). However, because UM systems don’t offer managed delivery capabilities, service providers cannot bill for outbound transactions. Contrast the billing capabilities of traditional UM systems with those of PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) carriers, whose SLAs (Service Level Agreements) permit them to bill for every outbound transaction (i.e., each long-distance call) that a subscriber makes.
IP LaunchPad is unique because its managed delivery capabilities allow you to increase your revenue by billing for each outbound transaction and every tier of service. In other words, IP LaunchPad complements your traditional UM system by bringing enhanced delivery services and PSTN-like outbound SLAs to IP.
How Does IP LaunchPad Integrate with UM Solutions?
A “connector” is software code developed by Open Port or a third-party developer that enables different communications devices and protocols to work with the IP LaunchPad platform.
IP LaunchPad features hardware abstraction which empowers you to quickly roll out new outbound messaging services without major impact to your existing network infrastructure. Our IP LaunchPad platform, for example, easily links with your current UM solution so that you can begin to offer enhanced delivery of messages as soon as possible.
IP LaunchPad integrates with traditional UM solutions through “soft integration.” A “soft integration” occurs when the UM solution sends each message over the IMAP4 (Internet Messaging Application Protocol) using an IMAP4 connector to IP LaunchPad. IMAP4 is a standard protocol standard used for sending fax images over data networks using email protocols. The IMAP4 connector allows IP LaunchPad to communicate directly with an IMAP4 message store using the IMAP4 protocol. IP LaunchPad’s IMAP4 connector now provides numerous benefits to the service provider by connecting directly with the IMAP4 message store:
- After the message is sent, IP LaunchPad receives an immediate reply noting whether the message was accepted or rejected, along with supporting information to determine the next course of action.
- If the delivery failed, IP LaunchPad can then invoke an IMAP4-related policy that could send a delivery failure notification to the subscriber noting the reason for failure (i.e., delivery exceeds mailbox sizing restrictions).
- Or, if the delivery fails, IP LaunchPad could also use a different elongated retry schedule to attempt a redelivery.
As a direct result of Open Port’s engagement with various high-tech vendors, including Cisco and the Sun-Netscape iPlanet Alliance, IP LaunchPad essentially acts as a managed message pass-through for UM solutions based on the IMAP4 messaging protocol.
Not only does IP LaunchPad’s “soft integration” improve the way IP LaunchPad performs with your traditional UM system, but the IMAP4 connector capabilities also allow you to bill your subscribers for email-based features such as delivery notification and attempted redelivery.
Benefits of IP LaunchPad’s Managed Delivery Services: Policies, Broadcasting, Billing, and Send and Receive Notifications
The enhanced outbound delivery capabilities of IP LaunchPad are supported by the contracts, broadcasting technologies, tracking capabilities, billing, and notification procedures inherent in IP LaunchPad, the combination of which offers you multiple ways to grow revenue. In comparison, the contract and billing structures of traditional UM systems, which encompass only inbound messaging capabilities, limit your revenue to SLAs based upon mailbox size.
Contract Management Helps You Control Network Traffic
A *contract* is a set of policies and permissions that delineates which services you will offer to subscribers and what subscribers will pay for those services. *Policy and permissions* detail which services (i.e., fax retry when the recipient’s line is busy) are available to a subscriber and which services are restricted.
IP LaunchPad’s built-in contract management capabilities enable you to optimize network resources by preparing customized service contracts for your subscribers. For example, you can offer subscribers multiple tiers of enhanced outbound delivery service (such as pre-paid, basic, and premium). Subscribers will then pay accordingly for each level of service, and certain transactions may or may not be included in each level of service. IP LaunchPad’s contract capabilities are unique in that they allow you to create both a *subscriber- and transaction-based delivery system*.
These contract capabilities benefit both you and your subscribers. By offering different tiers of service, you can better control your network traffic while at the same time meeting the needs of your subscribers. Consider, for example, a subscriber (such as a banker), who is a light user with high priority messages; he can pay for a tier of service that gives his messages high priority during peak times. Conversely, subscribers (such as list managers) who send out broadcasts can purchase a lower service level, and thus, have their broadcasts sent at cheaper, off-peak times. IP LaunchPad’s contract management capabilities help your platform make the most efficient use of its resources while still meeting subscribers’ minimum expectations.
The handling rules for IP LaunchPad’s contract management capabilities are divided into five distinct steps that relate to the delivery of messages on behalf of sender-subscribers:
1. You create the various contracts that you’ll offer subscribers.
2. You assign contracts to subscribers.
3. As noted above, each subscriber’s contract contains *policies and permissions*. That is, IP LaunchPad must first determine if the action requested is allowed for the subscriber in question. These are basic switches that tell the system what transactions the subscriber is allowed to do or not allowed to do, and/or what limits are to be imposed – by the system – on those transactions.
4. The next step is to create the message itself. In most cases, this may be a simple duplication of what was created, but there are many exceptions. In fax messaging, there is a possibility that (a) IP LaunchPad will be asked to create a cover page for the fax, and/or (b) IP LaunchPad will be asked to convert an application file (e.g., a Word file or a Microsoft Word document) into fax format, TIFF (Tagged Image File Format). There are permissions and restrictions on how such a message may be created.
5. The final step is to assign a priority to the job so that it can be judged against other jobs competing for the same resources. IP LaunchPad’s delivery policies work in conjunction with its broadcasting capabilities to provide subscribers with enhanced managed delivery. IP LaunchPad’s delivery policy helps you grow revenue by:
- Allowing you to create tiers of delivery service for your subscribers and to earn revenue based on those differing levels of delivery service. For example, “pre-paid” delivery may include broadcasting from one subscriber to another; “basic” delivery may allow broadcasting to subscribers and non-subscribers plus voicemail forwarding capabilities; and “premium” delivery might
encompass all of the above plus value-added services such as voice mailbox integration and receive notifications.
- Allowing you to develop a billing scale that correlates with each tier of service offered to subscribers. Subscribers of different tiers pay accordingly, and your revenue grows along with the services offered.
- Increasing the likelihood that you can up-sell higher tiers of service to subscribers. IP LaunchPad’s StarDomain, for example, is a low-tier service that lets you authenticate an entire enterprise for email-to-fax. While this is a nice introduction to low-tier IP messaging services, those same subscribers may soon want to upgrade to higher-tier services, such as Web faxing, fax-to-email, etc.
**Message Broadcasting Increases Traffic**
IP LaunchPad simplifies message broadcasting for your subscribers while increasing messaging traffic on your network. With traditional UM systems, broadcasting capabilities are limited; if a subscriber has broadcasting capabilities from her mailbox, she can only broadcast to other subscribers, and her system probably doesn’t have mixed-mode (i.e., email-to-voicemail or email-to-fax) broadcasting abilities.
For example, a common problem with voice and fax messaging is that a person often needs to send a voice message or fax to many people at once. Calling everyone up and talking to them live or leaving several messages is too time-consuming. And unfortunately, since all voicemail systems are incompatible, it’s not possible for that person to leave a broadcast message for non-subscribers through his/her broadcast system.
Sending multiple faxes has its own set up difficulties: the subscribers’ traditional UM system may not allow her to send a message from her mailbox as a fax, and who has time to punch thirty numbers into the fax machine and to deal with those faxes that inevitably don’t connect, especially to international destinations? Another option is enlisting a fax bureau, but bureaus are typically three to six times more expensive than PSTN charges.
Fortunately, the mixed-mode broadcasting services inherent in the IP LaunchPad platform solve those problems and offer your subscribers the convenience of enhanced managed delivery. Here we use IP LaunchPad’s Voicemail Suite as a means of illustrating IP LaunchPad’s broadcasting capabilities.
Voicemail Suite’s voicemail messaging broadcasting service enables your subscribers to create a voicemail from within their voicemail system and to broadcast it both to subscribers and non-subscribers.
- Figure 1: The illustration above shows how subscribers can broadcast a voicemail message from their enterprise voice mailbox to subscribers and non-subscribers.
As the steps below detail, subscribers can use their voicemail system’s familiar IVR (Interactive Voice Response) interface to record and address a message to a specific broadcast list identified by a numeric ID:
1. Each recipient is identified with a subscriber ID, a PSTN number, and/or an email address.
2. A collection of many broadcast lists is managed by the broadcast list management capabilities of IP LaunchPad, such as IP LaunchPad Web or IP LaunchPad’s Broadcast List Manager application.
3. Voicemail Suite then forwards your subscriber’s single broadcast message to IP LaunchPad, which delivers the voicemail message to all recipients listed in the broadcast list.
As part of IP LaunchPad’s managed delivery services, the voicemail can potentially be delivered to a voicemail account, a “live” phone as a pre-recorded message, or to an email address as an audio file (WAV, or Windows Audio Video) attachment.
**Delivery Tracking**
IP LaunchPad also ensures that your subscriber knows the status of his message in the delivery process. IP LaunchPad’s built-in LCR (Least Cost Routing) and queue management technologies are used in conjunction with contract enforcement mechanisms to prioritize, schedule, retry, and deliver messages to all intended recipients. Subscribers can then track the progress of their messages and receive a notification when the broadcast delivery is complete.
**Service-Oriented Billing Capabilities Grow Your Revenue**
IP LaunchPad’s billing solution helps you grow revenue while traditional UM solutions can only offer flat-rate billing. This is because traditional UM solutions are subscriber-based rather than subscriber- and transaction-based. In other words, with traditional UM solutions, your means of growing revenue are limited. But with IP LaunchPad, you have many more options for increasing revenue.
IP LaunchPad’s billing solution gives you service-oriented billing capabilities that are also connected to IP LaunchPad’s contract management and outbound delivery capabilities. For instance, as mentioned earlier in “Contract Management,” you can offer your subscribers multiple levels of service (for example, pre-paid, basic, and premium) based on IP LaunchPad’s contract management capabilities. These three levels of service are priced differently thanks to IP LaunchPad’s billing capabilities.
For instance, if a basic user has a limit of 30 outbound faxes per month, and one month he sends out 50 faxes, you can bill for those extra 20 faxes at thirty cents per fax. Another example is if a corporate subscriber wants the messages she sends to have a higher priority than a consumer’s messages in IP LaunchPad’s message queue. The corporate subscriber will then pay more to have her messages given a “priority” label.
**Send & Receive Notifications as Value-Added Feature**
As a result of IP LaunchPad’s enhanced managed delivery services and supportive policies, you can offer send and receive notifications as a value-added service to your subscribers. Notifications tell subscribers when their outbound messages have been successfully transmitted to the intended recipients. Since most traditional UM solutions focus on inbound messaging, they can’t provide their subscribers with an outbound notification feature, but rather, with just an inbound notification feature alerting a subscriber that he has mail. However, IP LaunchPad allows you to offer send and receive notifications as an additional service to your subscribers while simultaneously boosting your revenue.
Take, for example, the subscriber who needs to know when he has received a time-sensitive voicemail. Once the voicemail appears in his account, IP LaunchPad sends a receive notification to the subscriber’s pager, and the subscriber can attend to the voicemail right away.
Consider also a subscriber who wants to send a fax to 100 recipients. The subscriber sends the fax, but it turns out that the numbers are wrong for 20 recipients. IP LaunchPad then sends him a notification (one per failed recipient and/or one notification indicating all failures) that tells him which numbers were wrong. He can
then delete those numbers from his fax broadcast list or change them to the correct fax numbers.
Another notification feature is that the subscriber can request that the first page, some pages, or all pages of each fax he sends be included with the notification. In an office where many people share a fax machine, first-page fax notification reminds workers of who sent which fax. Or perhaps a business person is sending an article by fax and she wants to know if the article’s font remained intact after being faxed to the recipient; in this instance, receiving 3-4 pages of her fax, along with the notification, assures her that the font of her article was preserved in transit. Finally, receiving all pages of a fax with a notification could be essential for lawyers, who need to maintain archives of all faxes for legal purposes. These fax notification features allow subscribers to easily keep track of which faxes went to which recipients.
IP LaunchPad will also offer notifications for wireless subscribers. For example, a subscriber is out of the office, but expecting an important email from her boss. IP LaunchPad alerts her through the notification feature of her mobile phone that the email has arrived, and she is then given the option to forward the email (and attached files) to the nearest fax machine (i.e., at a Kinko’s or other office center) where the email and documents can be printed.
Notifications may be used as a value-added service to subscribers, which means that you can charge for them, particularly the pager-receive notification service for faxes or voicemail. Again, this is related to IP LaunchPad’s contract management capabilities. A basic-level subscriber who doesn’t normally receive notifications for outbound messages can request that a notification be sent to him for a high-priority fax so he knows that the recipient received it.
Benefits of IP LaunchPad Services
Because IP LaunchPad is a platform for managed delivery services, it is able to abstract your deployed IP LaunchPad-enabled services from your network hardware (telephony equipment, back office, and support systems). This means that messaging services developers can focus on developing the service itself, and not spend time developing to disparate interfaces. This results in more rapid development and deployment of IP-based services from which you may choose.
IP LaunchPad offers the following messaging services, all of which include enhanced outbound delivery capabilities:
- **IP LaunchPad Voicemail Suite** is a suite of voice messaging services that leverages your existing voicemail network, extends your message offerings, and generates more network traffic with minimal costs. Voicemail Suite enables you to deploy enhanced messaging services, such as broadcast messaging, voicemail-to-email, and voice mailbox integration. With Voicemail Suite, your subscribers have more choice over how they receive and deliver voice messages.
- You will see substantial network growth as a result of **IP LaunchPad’s Fax Suite’s** value-added fax-over-IP services. Fax Suite makes it possible for you to offer your subscribers multiple, value-added fax services. Possible services that you can deploy using IP LaunchPad and Fax Suite are fax broadcasting, fax-on-demand, fax mailbox, email-to-fax, fax-to-email, never-busy send, never-busy receive desktop fax, Web fax, and fax archiving.
- Voicemail Suite and Fax Suite also enable you to transport and manage high-volume fax traffic from ISPs and resellers over your existing IP network, and its fully distributed modular architecture results in massive scalability – as voice and fax traffic grow, you can easily duplicate software modules to accommodate the increased load. The enhanced delivery capabilities of Voice Suite and Fax Suite give your subscribers value-added delivery options while also helping you grow revenue.
Features and Benefits for Service Providers
IP LaunchPad’s enhanced managed delivery system is the right solution to complement your existing UM system to:
- **Differentiate yourself from the competitor** IP LaunchPad’s unique outbound services enable you to offer your subscribers new outbound services that do not
existing in traditional UM solutions. Subscribers can send messages to any device: a voicemail account, an email account, or a fax machine.
- **Leverage your existing UM system** IP LaunchPad helps you to keep costs low while offering subscribers enhanced delivery services by integrating easily with your existing UM solution. You benefit because IP LaunchPad leverages your current UM system while expanding the number of outbound services you can deploy.
- **Attract "road warrior" and SOHO subscribers** With IP LaunchPad's outbound messaging delivery capabilities you'll better meet the needs of "road warrior," who wants to be able to send and receive messages anytime and anywhere, as well as the needs of SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) subscribers who require the enhanced delivery options that IP LaunchPad provides.
- **Reduce your costs by minimizing subscriber churn** If your subscribers are satisfied with IP LaunchPad's enhanced delivery services, they won't have a reason to seek out other service providers. For a typical ISP, studies show that it costs $50–100 to gain a new customer in terms of marketing, customer support, provisioning and other costs, while it costs only about $20 to keep an existing customer.
- **Grow your revenue** Thanks to IP LaunchPad's contract management and billing capabilities, you may bill subscribers based on the services they choose resulting in increased revenue streams which your UM solution cannot provide.
**Features and Benefits for Subscribers**
While traditional UM systems focus on how subscribers access their voicemail, email, and fax data, IP LaunchPad's enhanced managed delivery services give subscribers "any way they want it" message delivery capabilities. This partnership between UM systems and IP LaunchPad benefits subscribers who want to:
- **Communicate anytime and anywhere** Whether working at home, on the road, out of the country, or in their office, IP LaunchPad's outbound managed delivery services give your subscribers the means to communicate with anyone, anytime and anywhere. This means that they will always be able to send and receive important data in a time-sensitive manner. Moreover, for those subscribers who often work collaboratively on projects, communication between team members is simpler. For example, if one team member can't regularly check email, he can now receive all project information via fax or voicemail and respond to it with the messaging device of his choice.
- **Increase productivity by sending messages to any device they want** With IP LaunchPad's outbound managed delivery services, subscribers can broadcast a single message to many people using different messaging devices: mobile phone, fax, email, voicemail, and wireless devices. Moreover, a subscriber use any device to send or access data; he can fax using his email program, or receive voicemail by dialing into his mobile voicemail account. Since subscribers can use whatever device they have, there's no more searching for the "right device."
**Round Out Your Existing UM Solution with IP LaunchPad**
If you already offer traditional, inbound UM solutions, you can deploy true UM services thanks to IP LaunchPad's managed delivery capabilities. Compared to traditional UM platforms and their emphasis on message access, Open Port views a truly unified messaging solution as one that allows subscribers to choose how they deliver *and* receive messages. IP LaunchPad's outbound managed delivery allows your subscribers to access your UM system and respond to, or deliver, messages using multiple messaging destinations: email, voicemail, fax, and mobile devices. Moreover, IP LaunchPad's platform enables you to leverage your existing voice, email, and fax services by taking advantage of the scalable technology of your current UM system.
By adding IP LaunchPad services to your existing UM solution, you'll affordably enhance your services, and by offering subscribers additional messaging services, you'll reduce subscriber churn and grow revenue.
For a list of the key ways in which IP LaunchPad complements your existing UM solution, turn to Appendix 1 at the end of this white paper.
IP LaunchPad Unifies Your Messaging System
The UM revolution is here, and if you want to remain competitive your UM solution should offer subscribers the best of inbound and outbound messaging services. According to the market watchers at Ovum, by 2010 unified messaging could account for $31 billion in annual worldwide revenue\(^5\). Will your UM solution be able to compete?
Open Port’s IP LaunchPad can prepare your traditional UM platform to meet the demands of the future. Unlike traditional UM systems that focus solely on inbound messaging, IP LaunchPad’s enhanced managed delivery services complement your existing UM platform so that you can offer truly unified messaging services to your subscribers.
Not only does IP LaunchPad help you offer enhanced delivery services to your subscribers, it also provides you with opportunities to grow revenue. IP LaunchPad’s contract management and billing system allow you to charge for each enhanced delivery service that you offer through Fax Suite or Voicemail Suite. Moreover, by offering your subscribers “any delivery” any way they want it, you’ll attract new subscribers and reduce subscriber churn among current customers – this generates additional revenue for you.
To learn more about how you can deploy enhanced delivery services and truly unify your current messaging solution, please contact an Open Port representative today by telephone (1-312-867-5000) or email (firstname.lastname@example.org).
\(^5\) Bushaus, Dawn. “UM What’s Going On?”, Net Economy, June 12, 2000.
## Appendix 1: The Advantages That IP LaunchPad Brings to Your Existing UM Solution
| Outbound Messaging Capabilities | Description | IP LaunchPad | Other UM Solutions |
|---------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------|--------------------|
| Broadcast List Management | Allows subscriber to manage server-based broadcast lists he can access from fax machines, email, PC client, or Web client. Subscriber can also select customizable templates and cover pages, and IP LaunchPad will merge the document and broadcast list together. | Yes | No |
| Intelligent Broadcast Flow Control | Ensures that large broadcast jobs do not hold up the delivery of other pending faxes for long periods of time. A configurable algorithm is used that interweaves individual fax jobs between deliveries of faxes to broadcast recipients. | Yes | No |
| Intelligent Retry Mechanisms | The ability to customize the fax retry scenarios based on the type of device receiving the fax message. For example, different retry mechanisms can be applied to bad numbers as compared to a busy signal or voice answer. In some countries it is against the law to send a fax multiple times to a voice number. | Sophisticated | Simplistic |
| Tracking Message Delivery and Status | Delivery confirmation of messages can be sent to a message machine, e-mail, pager or client device. The status of a message job can indicate the % of the job that has been successfully delivered, and can indicate the specific reasons why a delivery failed and successful messages report number of pages and time sent. | Yes | N/A |
| Service Level Enforcement | Contracts can be set up in the Contract Manager Administrator interface. You can set up a series of parameters, such as delivery and notifications options that make up “contracts” and create a series of differentiating products from it. These products can be used to guarantee service levels to subscribers, peers or resellers. | Yes | No |
| IP/PSTN Least Cost Routing | Patented LCR technology that uses intelligent routing to deliver messages to the server at the least expensive delivery point (based on current network traffic costs). For example, IP LaunchPad will receive a single document, analyze it on LCR, and only send a copy of the document and the necessary recipients from the broadcast list to the closest POP (Point of Presence) for delivery. This saves precious bandwidth. | Patented | No |
| Document or Text to Fax Conversions | IP LaunchPad provides rendering for 220+ document types, many languages, and fonts. These techniques also support the conversion of the document’s original paper size and orientation. Subscribers will be able to deliver any printable document to a fax machine using email, Web client, or PC client. | 220+ Document Types | Text Only |
| Wholesale & Peering Relationships | Develop new partnering strategies that increase your network traffic and achieve termination points outside your networks’ geography. | Yes | No |
| Back Office SDK | Subscribers access the Service Management Tools through a secure login that provides access to specific tools for each individual to do his job based on his permissions. | Yes | No |
| Desktop Fax | Fully featured localized and brandable Microsoft Windows application that gives the subscriber a convenient, reliable, and secure tool for desktop faxing. | Yes | No |
About Open Port Technology
Open Port Technology, Inc., founded in 1993, is a pioneer in the Internet messaging industry, and is one of the top 10 IP telephony vendors (Piper Jaffray, February 1999). Open Port has deployed global messaging services for leading Internet and telecommunications companies, including GTE & Wireless, Cingular Wireless Hong Kong, Cable & Wireless IDC, AUCS, Internorth, Tel Danmark, Guangdong PTA (China Telecom), Net2Phone, and MCI WorldCom Inc. Open Port's technology is at the core of the UUfax service from UUNET, one of the world's first global, carrier-class Internet fax solutions. In addition, Microsoft Corp. holds a minority investment in and is partnering with Open Port to add IP-faxing capabilities to Microsoft® Windows® NT Server-based products. Open Port's headquarters are located at 676 North St. Clair Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611. Additional information can be obtained by contacting Open Port by telephone (+1.312.867.5000), email (email@example.com), or via the Internet (www.openport.com).
For more information, please contact your Open Port sales representative, or send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org
|
May 31, 2007
VIA ELECTRONIC FILING
PUC Filing Center
Public Utility Commission of Oregon
PO Box 2148
Salem, OR 97308-2148
Re: Docket No. UM 1276
Enclosed for filing in the above-referenced proceeding are the Opening Comments of PacifiCorp. A copy of this filing has been served on all parties to this proceeding as indicated on the attached service list.
Very truly yours,
Katherine A. McDowell
Enclosure
cc: Service List
I. INTRODUCTION
As summarized in the caption to this docket, the objective of this investigation is to develop PBR-type incentives or other regulatory innovations to lessen or eliminate perceived utility preference for utility-owned resources over purchased power resources. Through the workshops leading up to these Opening Comments, the parties to this case have produced a series of straw proposals addressing this issue. With input from other parties, PacifiCorp developed the Conservation Incentive Model for purchased power ("CIM/pp"), a copy of which is attached to these Opening Comments as Exhibit 1.
In reviewing these straw proposals, the Commission should consider at least three aspects of the larger context of this case.
First, this docket is the last of a trilogy of major policy investigations at the Commission on resource planning and acquisition, including UM 1182, which updated the Commission's guidelines for competitive bidding, and UM 1056, which updated the Commission's guidelines for resource planning. See *In re Investigation Regarding Competitive Bidding*, Order No. 06-446, UM 1182 (2006); *In re Investigation into Integrated Resource Planning Requirements*, Order No. 07-022, UM 1056 (2007). These
investigations were activities specifically designed to promote one of the Commission’s principal agency objectives since 2005, which is to “Adopt regulatory policies that encourage utilities and customers to meet energy needs at the lowest possible cost and risk.” The Commission should judge the straw proposals in this case by whether they complement the resource planning and acquisition policies adopted in UM 1182 and UM 1056.
Second, this docket effectively constitutes the last phase of a review of the Commission’s policy on the pricing of new generation resources which began in AR 417/AR 441 and has continued in UM 1066. This “cost or market” issue was raised by the enactment of direct access in Oregon in 1999 through ORS 757.600, et seq. As direct access was originally envisioned, utilities were to provide a market-based standard offer rate as the default rate, but not a cost-of-service rate. To implement direct access, the Commission adopted a rule, OAR 860-038-0080(1)(b), providing that: (1) utilities were not required to add new generation resources; (2) major capital improvements to existing resources were subject to an IRP process; and (3) new generating resources were included in revenue requirement at market prices, not at cost, and not added to rate base even if owned by the utility.
In the wake of the Western energy crisis in 2001, however, Oregon amended its direct access law to require utilities to provide a cost-of-service rate to all customers unless the Commission waived this requirement based upon specific findings regarding the functionality of the competitive retail market. ORS 757.603. Since the enactment of ORS 757.603, the repeal of OAR 860-038-0080(1)(b) has been the subject of considerable debate. In its direct access rulemaking, AR 417/AR 441, the Commission declined to decide whether to repeal the rule and instead opened an investigation on the issue, UM 1066.
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1 See http://www.puc.state.or.us/PUC/commission/2005_objectives.shtml.
In March 2005, the Commission abated UM 1066, based upon the following rationale:
"The comments submitted provide numerous valid reasons for including new generating resources in a utility's revenue requirement at cost, rather than at market price. We are still concerned, however, that the use of a cost standard will cause a utility to favor its own proposed resources. Two of our open dockets are intended to address the incentive and ability of a utility to favor its own projects. One docket, UM 1182, will revise the competitive bidding guidelines to ensure resources are considered on an equal basis. The other docket, UM 1056, will modify the least-cost planning requirements to foster a timely, efficient acquisition of new resources. Finally, we intend to open an additional investigation docket later this year to consider the use of performance-based ratemaking to offset utility bias in favor of owning its own resources. We want to wait until those proceedings are resolved to issue our final decision in this docket."
In re Investigation Into Regulatory Policies Affecting New Resource Development, Order No. 05-133, UM 1066 (2005).
The Commission should test the straw proposals in this docket by whether they are sufficiently robust to address and eliminate the impediments to final modification of OAR 860-038-0080(1)(b). See Staff Report, UM 1276 (Item No. 1, August 22, 2006 Public Meeting) (August 14, 2006) ("Staff Report") ("Going forward with this investigation will bring docket UM 1066 to final resolution."). PacifiCorp submits that modification of OAR 860-038-0080(1)(b) is necessary to rationalize the Commission’s architecture for new resource planning and acquisition adopted in UM 1182 and UM 1056. Indeed, assumptions around the continued inclusion of new resources in a utility’s rate base at cost are contained in the final orders in both UM 1182 and UM 1056, and are a premise of this investigation.
Third, the Commission should review the straw proposals in this case for consistency with key Commission precedents. This is the second investigation the Commission has conducted on the "build vs. buy" issue. The first was UM 573, opened in response to the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. See In re Requirements of Section 712 of the
1992 Energy Policy Act, Order No. 93-1491, UM 573 (1993); see also In re Requirements of Section 712 of the 1992 Energy Policy Act, Order No. 94-1611 (1994). In this investigation, the Commission was one of the first to acknowledge the potential impacts of PPA-related imputed debt on a utility's balance sheet.
This is also the second major docket on incentive regulation, the first being UM 409, where the Commission adopted incentives for conservation. See In re Electric Utility Incentives for Acquisition of Conservation Resources, UM 409, Order No. 92-1673 (1992); see also In re PacifiCorp and PGE Conservation Program Expenses, Order No. 89-1700 (1989). Because of these cases, the Commission does not need to start from scratch in this case, but instead can build from the results of its earlier investigations.
II. COMMENTS ON CONSERVATION INCENTIVE MODEL FOR PURCHASED POWER
Mindful of the point just made—that the Commission should use its existing precedents as building blocks for this investigation—the Conservation Incentive Model for purchased power (CIM/pp) takes Oregon's historic approach to neutralizing utility bias against conservation and applies it to neutralizing perceived utility bias against purchased power. The premise of this approach is to develop regulatory comparability between the desired resource (conservation or purchased power) and utility-owned resources, and provide an opportunity for additional, utility-specific incentives.
The CIM/pp has two major components. The first is based on In re PacifiCorp and PGE Conservation Program Expenses, Order No. 89-1700 (1989), where the Commission allowed capitalization of all DSM expenditures (both capital and expense) to remove the disincentive to invest in new DSM. The Commission also allowed amortization of these costs, with a return, over the life of the DSM program.
The CIM/pp tracks this approach by allowing utilities to capitalize certain PPA costs, with an AFUDC-type return before these costs are reflected in rates. Thereafter, assuming the Commission finds that the PPA is prudent, the utility amortizes the capitalized PPA costs.
over the life of the PPA, with a return based on the utility's ROR. Because the prudence review of a PPA can occur in the context of a RVM or PCAM filing (mechanisms now in place for PGE and PacifiCorp), regulatory lag should be a manageable factor in the implementation of this proposal.
While the CIM/pp follows the capitalization concept developed in Order No. 89-1700, it tailors this concept in several ways to fit its application to purchased power.
First, to accomplish the Commission's policy objective in this docket, the CIM/pp is broadly designed to cover any PPA that could be replaced by a utility-owned asset. To exclude a large volume of short-term transactions, however, the CIM/pp is limited to new, multi-year PPAs.
Second, the CIM/pp applies only to the capacity portion of PPAs (if not specified in the contract, the proxy capacity value is determined using S&P's methodology). The capacity portion is also capped at a maximum of 50 percent of total PPA costs. Limiting the capitalization to capacity costs makes the CIM/pp more practical to implement and more modest in scope. It is also designed to help counteract rating agency debt imputation for PPAs, which targets PPA capacity costs.
Third, the CIM/pp determines the amount to be capitalized by applying a net present value analysis to PPA capacity costs, using the same discount rate S&P uses in its debt imputation methodology (i.e., the utility's average cost of debt over 3 years).
The other major component of the CIM/pp is based on *In re Electric Utility Incentives for Acquisition of Conservation Resources*, UM 409, Order No. 92-1673 (1992). In this case, the Commission acknowledged that regulatory comparability was insufficient to change utility behavior because this, at best, left utilities indifferent. Thus, the Commission also allowed utilities to seek additional incentives to make DSM expenditures more attractive than traditional supply-side investment. The Commission decided that these incentive
mechanisms should be, at least to some degree, utility specific because a mechanism can only function as an incentive if the entity sought to be encouraged views it as such.
The Commission gave five specific policy goals for these additional incentive mechanisms: (1) symmetrical rewards and penalties; (2) specific benchmarks; (3) proportionate rewards/penalties; (4) significant but not excessive incentives; and (5) savings should be based on best estimates and not subject to after-the-fact true-up adjustments.
The CIM/pp allows utilities to propose additional, utility-specific incentives for PPAs, as long as they meet the policy goals set forth in UM 409.
As demonstrated by the CIM/pp, the Commission's conservation incentive precedents provide a useful framework for the development of purchased power incentives in this docket. The framework has the key virtue of being predictable in its application across a wide variety of different types of PPAs, a necessary component of any effective incentive mechanism. The limitations proposed by the CIM/pp, particularly its application to PPA capacity costs only, make the CIM/pp workable and adhere to the Commission's policy against excessive incentives. The approach of capitalizing PPA costs, subject to a prudence review, specifically tracks one of the suggestions in the Staff Report for "controlling the incentives provided to the utilities while allowing a return on all or a portion of the PPA contract." Staff Report at 7.
An example of a similar approach to the CIM/pp is Mississippi Section 77-3-93, which entitles a utility to a return on the capacity portion of a PPA from a non-utility generator which is more than 30 days in duration, subject to a reasonableness review by the Commission.
PacifiCorp appreciates PGE's related straw proposals, providing an income opportunity on contracts and on a PPA portfolio. PacifiCorp has two concerns about these proposals, however, as compared to the CIM/pp. With respect to the straw proposal proposing an income opportunity for contracts, the concept of variable return rates for
different contract types could lead to uncertainty and potential conflict among parties over the proper return rate. With respect to PGE's straw proposal for an income opportunity by portfolio, the issue is whether the application of the incentive to the entire PPA portfolio might dilute the impact of the incentive on future resource decisions.
III. COMMENTS ON PGE'S DEBT IMPUTATION STRAW PROPOSAL
The topicality and importance of this docket was underlined in December 2006, when S&P asked for comments on a proposal to refine its guidelines on imputed debt associated with purchased power. These new guidelines, adopted in the first quarter of 2007, generally expand the range of PPAs to which S&P will impute debt by eliminating the previous 3-year minimum and introducing the concept of "evergreening," which assumes short-term PPAs will be renewed to meet long-term obligations to serve load.
S&P published its first guidelines on debt imputation in 1990 and updated them in 1993 after the passage of EPACT 1992. In the Commission's first "build vs. buy" docket, the Commission acknowledged that "a utility's capital structure may be influenced by long-term purchased power obligations." *In re Requirements of Section 712 of EPACT 1992*, Order No. 94-1611, UM 573 (1994).
The issue next resurfaced after S&P reworked its debt imputation guidelines in 2002-03 to address the growing number of PPAs, especially tolling agreements. These guidelines resulted in increased amounts of imputed debt for Oregon utilities. For example, in a recent presentation, S&P cited PacifiCorp as an example of a utility with a relatively large amount of imputed debt, changing the debt to total capital ratio by 6.4 percent, from 52.6 percent to 59 percent. See *Debt Imputation for Power Purchases: Standard & Poor's Revised Approach* at 13 (Feb 23, 2007), attached as Exhibit 2.
Because the existence of imputed debt associated with PPAs is irrefutable, the Commission must address this issue to achieve its policy objectives in this docket. S&P has
made clear that there are two ways in which commissions can respond. See Summary of Phone Call with David Bodek of S&P from UM 1276 Workshop, attached as Exhibit 3.
First, commissions can adopt regulatory mechanisms that reduce the baseline risk factor of 50 percent used in the debt imputation calculation. This does not eliminate or offset imputed debt, but may lower the overall level of debt. Unfortunately, based upon the workshop discussions focusing on this issue, the Commission's ability to materially alter current imputed debt levels for Oregon utilities through regulatory recovery mechanisms appears quite limited. *Id.* For example, PGE reported that it has a 30 percent risk factor, which is close to the 25 percent maximum reduction S&P allows absent a legislative mandate. For this reason, no party has sponsored a straw proposal specifically designed to reduce the risk factor through new power cost recovery mechanisms.
Second, commissions can recognize a revenue stream to offset the impacts of the imputed debt, either by adoption of a proposal such as the CIM/pp or by adoption of an approach such as that presented in PGE's straw proposal to impute additional equity in the utility's capital structure. Staff's Report specifically acknowledged equity offsets as an option for addressing imputed debt:
"S&P has identified an authorization of return on the amount of additional common equity needed to offset the debt equivalency of a PPA as one method regulators can used to recognize the cost of debt equivalency. Simply put, recognizing the imputed debt from the PPA will cause a utility's debt-equity ratio to change. The common equity offset would be an addition to the common equity that would restore the authorized debt-equity ratio to the approved ratio. The effect of this addition would be a slight upward movement in the overall authorized rate of return."
Staff Report at 6.
Other states have instituted equity offsets similar to those contained in PGE's straw proposal on debt imputation. Florida has allowed rate recovery for equity designed to offset imputed debt costs associated with QF contracts. *See In re Florida Power & Light,* Florida
1 Public Service Commission, Order Nos. PSC-99-0519-AS-E1; PSC-02-0501-AS-E1.
2 Colorado recognized higher equity in a utility’s capital structure infused to offset debt. See
3 *In re Public Service Co of Colorado*, Colorado Public Utilities Commission, Dockets 04A-
4 214E, 04-215E and 04A216E. Also, some states have also expressly included the impact of
5 debt imputation on cost of capital in their RPS cost recovery language, such as Nevada.
6 See NRS 704.7821(7)(b).
7 If the Commission does not adopt the CIM/pp, then it should adopt PGE’s straw
8 proposal on imputed debt. PacifiCorp suggests that the Commission approve the general
9 concept of an equity offset to imputed debt and permit utilities to modify the exact details of
10 PGE’s straw proposal regarding calculation of the equity offset as necessary to suit their
11 individual circumstances.
IV. COMMENTS ON NIPPC’S STRAW PROPOSAL
13 NIPPC’s straw proposal addresses the “build vs. buy” issue in both the Request for
14 Proposals (RFP) and ratemaking context. On the ratemaking issue, NIPPC generally
15 supports the CIM/pp, a position that PacifiCorp appreciates.
16 On the RFP issue, NIPPC asks the Commission to reopen its UM 1182 order,
17 change the approach to resource comparability adopted in RFP Guidelines 9 and 10 of that
18 Order, and impose a new “PPA risk avoidance discount.” As discussed above, PacifiCorp
19 believes that parties should work from the decisions in UM 1182 and UM 1056, not reargue
20 them. Separate proposals on resource planning and acquisition are outside of the scope of
21 this investigation on ratemaking incentives.
22 Additionally, Oregon RFP Guidelines 9 and 10 adopted in UM 1182 direct
23 consideration of non-price factors such as those sought to be quantified in NIPPC’s proposal
24 in bid evaluation and require an independent evaluator to score a utility self-build option
25 taking into account these same non-price risks. See *In re Investigation Regarding
26 Competitive Bidding*, Order No. 06-446 at 10-13. UM 1182 (2006). Because the current
RFP guidelines require review of risks and benefits of different resources, there is no clear need for NIPPC's PPA risk avoidance discount in the RFP process, especially when the concept would be so challenging to fairly design and implement.
Quantification of the value of risk assumption in a PPA is a complex exercise, in part because this value varies by contract types and terms. An across-the-board discount for PPAs of 10 percent does not account for the wide variability of contracts or for the offsetting risks that PPAs can create. In the earlier "build vs. buy" docket in Oregon, the Commission compiled a list of the advantages and disadvantages of utility and non-utility ownership of a resource. See *In re Requirements of Section 712 of the 1992 Energy Policy Act*, Order No. 94-1611 at Appendix 2, UM 573 (1994). A review of this list shows how difficult it would be to establish that PPAs should be discounted and to set the level of this discount.
In the place of this proposal, and building on NIPPC's support for the CIM/pp, the Commission could consider excluding the costs of the incentives provided by the CIM/pp from the economic analysis of bids in an RFP. In this manner, PPAs would not be disadvantaged in the RFP process by the CIM/pp. This approach is similar to the Commission's approach to imputed debt costs in the RFP process. As a policy matter, Guideline 9 precludes consideration of these costs in determining the initial short-list, even if this may give an advantage to PPA bids. *Id.* at 12. The Commission could extend similar treatment to CIM/pp incentive costs and potentially obviate the need for NIPPC's straw proposal.
NIPPC suggests that the Commission review the regulatory construct that emerges from this docket after 5 years to ensure its effectiveness. PacifiCorp supports this proposal.
**V. COMMENTS ON ICNU's ROE DISCOUNT PROPOSAL**
ICNU's straw proposal is designed to offset any economic value provided to the utility under a PPA incentive mechanism by a reduction in the utility's Return on Equity (ROE). ICNU's proposal is most accurately viewed as an anti-proposal, because such an
equity reduction would effectively negate the purpose and effect of any incentive mechanism the Commission adopts. Indeed, by creating additional balance sheet risk to utilities, ICNU's proposal is worse than circular, likely leaving utilities in a more negative position financially from acquiring PPAs than they would have been without an incentive mechanism in the first place. For this reason, PacifiCorp would not seek a PPA incentive mechanism if it was conditioned on ICNU's proposed equity reduction.
In addition, ICNU's straw proposal lacks foundation in sound regulatory principles. ICNU's bases its straw proposal on the theory that the incremental revenues produced by a PPA incentive mechanism reduce the utility's overall risk. But, the point of the mechanisms proposed in this case is to offset the additional financial risk that PPAs create for utilities in the form of imputed debt and lowered returns. See, e.g., Rosenberg, *Purchased Power: Risk Without Return?*, 134 Pub Util Fort 36 (1996) (summarizing the financial, regulatory and supply risks that justify regulators treating PPAs as a capital asset with a return on investment). The incentive mechanisms are therefore not risk reducing; they are risk neutralizing. Even if ICNU's theory was that the acquisition of additional PPAs should lower the utility's overall risk (a variation on NIPPC's theory), as discussed above, PPA risk assumption is contract specific, difficult to quantify, and potentially offset by the additional risks that PPAs present.
PacifiCorp appreciates ICNU's underlying concern about the potential costs of a PPA incentive mechanism, and PacifiCorp designed the CIM/pp with this in mind. But, unless an incentive mechanism provides material economic value to the utility, it will not function as an incentive. The CIM/pp attempts to balance these two competing concepts. Ultimately, customers will benefit from a balanced, well-designed incentive mechanism through the
acquisition of additional, cost-effective PPAs and the future resource optionality a robust wholesale market provides.
DATED: May 31, 2007.
McDOWELL & RACKNER PC
Katherine A. McDowell
Attorneys for PacifiCorp
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that I served a true and correct copy of the foregoing document in Docket UM 1276 on the following named person(s) on the date indicated below by email and first-class mail addressed to said person(s) at his or her last-known address(es) indicated below.
Susan K. Ackerman
email@example.com
Lowrey R. Brown
Citizens' Utility Board of Oregon
firstname.lastname@example.org
Steve Chriss
Public Utility Commission of Oregon
PO Box 2148
Salem OR 97308-2148
email@example.com
Melinda J. Davison
Davison Van Cleve PC
333 SW Taylor Ste 400
Portland OR 97204
firstname.lastname@example.org
John Demoss
email@example.com
Jason Eisdorfer
Citizens' Utility Board of Oregon
firstname.lastname@example.org
Randall J. Falkenberg
RFI Consulting Inc.
PMB 362
8343 Roswell Rd
Sandy Springs, GA 30350
email@example.com
Ann L. Fisher
AF Legal & Consulting Services
PO Box 25302
Portland OR 97298-0302
firstname.lastname@example.org
J. Richard George
Portland General Electric
121 SW Salmon St 1WTC1301
Portland, OR 97204
email@example.com
Ann English Gravatt
Renewable Northwest Project
firstname.lastname@example.org
Natalie Hocken
PacifiCorp
email@example.com
Robert Jenks
Citizens' Utility Board of Oregon
firstname.lastname@example.org
| Idaho Power Company | Robert D. Kahn |
|---------------------|----------------|
| John R. Gale | NW Independent Power Producers |
| email@example.com| firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Sandra D. Holmes | Michelle R. Mishoe |
|---------------------|--------------------|
| email@example.com| firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Barton L. Kline | Oregon Dockets |
|---------------------|----------------|
| email@example.com| firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Karl Bokenkamp | Rates & Regulatory Affairs |
|---------------------|---------------------------|
| email@example.com| Portland General Electric |
| | 121 SW Salmon St 1WTC1301 |
| | Portland, OR 97204 |
| | firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Lisa D. Nordstrom | John W. Stephens |
|---------------------|-----------------|
| email@example.com| Esler Stephens & Buckley |
| | firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Gregory W. Said | Steven Weiss |
|---------------------|--------------|
| email@example.com| Northwest Energy Coalition |
| | firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Lisa F. Rackner | Michael T. Weirich |
|---------------------|-------------------|
| McDowell & Rackner PC | Department of Justice |
| email@example.com | Regulated Utility & Business Section |
| | 1162 Court St NE* |
| | Salem, OR 97301-4096 |
| | firstname.lastname@example.org |
DATED: May 31, 2007.
Katherine A. McDowell
Of Attorneys for PacifiCorp
EXHIBIT 1
Incentives for New PPAs Based Upon Oregon Conservation Incentive Model
CIM/pp (Conservation Incentive Model for purchased power)
Concept: Incent Oregon utility acquisition of new PPAs by applying Oregon’s model for conservation incentives, treating PPA capacity costs similarly to DSM costs.
Background: The Commission issued a series of orders in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s designed to encourage utility DSM expenditures by allowing comparable rate treatment for supply-side and demand-side costs. The goal of PPA incentives is similar, in that they are designed to allow comparable regulatory treatment of two types of supply-side resources.
To remove the disincentive to invest in new DSM, the Commission allowed capitalization of all DSM expenditures (both capital and expense). The Commission also allowed amortization of these costs, with a return, over the life of the DSM program. See *In re PacifiCorp and PGE Conservation Program Expenses*, Order No. 89-1700 (1989). In this manner, the Commission established comparability between utility expenditures in DSM and utility investment in new generation plant.
The Commission recognized, however, that eliminating the disincentive to invest in DSM was insufficient to change utility behavior because this, at best, left utilities indifferent. Thus, the Commission also allowed utilities to seek additional incentives to make DSM expenditures more attractive than traditional supply-side investment. The Commission decided that these incentive mechanisms should be, at least to some degree, utility specific because a mechanism can only function as an incentive if the entity sought to be encouraged views it as such.
The Commission gave five specific policy goals for these additional incentive mechanisms: (1) symmetrical rewards and penalties; (2) specific benchmarks; (3) proportionate rewards/penalties; (4) significant but not excessive incentives; and (5) savings should be based on best estimates and not subject to after-the-fact true-up adjustments. *In re Electric Utility Incentives for Acquisition of Conservation Resources*, UM 409, Order No. 92-1673 (1992).
Proposal:
- Allow utilities to capitalize expenditures in capacity portion of new PPAs of one-year or longer in duration. Utilities should derive the capitalized amount by determining the net present value (NPV) of PPA capacity payments from contract inception through termination. Utilities should use the same NPV calculation that S&P now uses in imputing debt related to PPAs, which applies a discount rate based on the utility’s average cost of debt.
Where a PPA does not have an identifiable capacity component, use the current S&P method for determining a proxy capacity component. In any event, the capacity portion of a PPA shall be capped at 50% of the total PPA costs.
Recognize AFPPA (Allowance for Funds used for PPAs), using the utility’s AFUDC rate calculated on a post-tax basis, for capitalized portion of new PPAs before costs are reflected in rates.
In rate case or annual net variable power cost update, allow utilities to amortize prudent PPA capacity expenditures, plus AFPPA for capacity portion of PPA, over life of PPA.
Allow utilities to earn return on amortization of capacity portion of PPA at utility’s allowed ROR, calculated on a pre-tax basis.
PPAs are subject to a prudence review before amortization of capitalized capacity payments in rates.
Allow utilities to propose additional utility-specific PBR mechanisms for PPAs using policy goals for incentive mechanisms from UM 409. This could incorporate other proposals developed in this docket.
**Benefits:** The CIM/pp benefits customers by encouraging utilities to more aggressively acquire cost-effective PPAs. Utility acquisition of new PPAs contributes to the development and maintenance of a robust competitive wholesale market, which ultimately provides customers greater resource optionality.
The CIM/pp is limited in scope in that it only applies to: (1) new PPAs; (2) PPAs of one year or more in duration; and (3) the capacity portion of PPAs, which is capped to prevent cost-shifting to capacity in PPAs. These limitations moderate the rate impact of the CIM/pp. At the same time, CIM/pp should be effective in reducing future imputed debt and associated costs because S&P imputes debt only on the capacity portion of PPAs. From a qualitative standpoint, the CIM/pp should also help enhance the credit quality of Oregon utilities and lower overall costs of capital for new utility investment.
Under the CIM/pp, PPA costs will not be reflected in rates until a prudence review is conducted. Thus, the CIM/pp maintains the regulatory discipline of the risk of a prudence disallowance.
This approach uses a tried and tested framework to incent Oregon utilities to invest in alternatives to rate base generation resources. The CIM/pp is straightforward, easily implemented for all utilities, and allows for utility-specific tailoring of incentives beyond those designed to treat PPAs and rate base generation comparably for regulatory purposes.
EXHIBIT 2
Debt Imputation for Power Purchases: Standard & Poor's Revised Approach
Utility Rate Case: Issues and Strategies, LSI Conference February 23, 2007
Anne Selting, Director
Utilities, Energy & Project Finance Ratings
Outline of Presentation
• Why does Standard & Poor’s make adjustments to utilities’ financial statements for power purchase agreements (PPAs)?
• What adjustments are made?
• A numerical example
• Changes in our methodology
• Questions
What Is the Logic Behind Debt Imputation?
Regulated Utilities that Enter PPAs Face
Risks and Benefits
BENEFITS
✓ No construction risk
✓ When properly structured, operating risk is transferred to another party
✓ Reduces cost variability
✓ In some cases, recovery is more straightforward than when building plant
RISKS
✓ Increased financial risk
✓ Increased liquidity requirements
✓ Ultimate recovery of obligation in retail electric rates
Debt Imputation Captures the Risks of PPAs in a Utility’s Financial Metrics
- PPAs imply fixed obligations for a utility that typically consist of the capacity payments made to the supplier.
- Standard & Poor’s imputes a debt equivalent that is based on this fixed obligation.
- The goal is to reflect in our financial metrics the credit exposure a utility has when it enters a PPA.
- Comparability of financial commitments across regulated utilities is achieved.
- Without adjustments, a utility that builds generation to meet requirements reflects 100% of generation debt on the company balance sheet.
But…
- A utility that exclusively purchases its requirements has an obligation which is not reflected on its balance sheet.
Current Approach
- Take the net present value (NPV) of capacity payments
- The discount rate reflects each utility’s average cost of debt
- NPV calculation is applied from contract inception through termination
- A “risk factor” adjustment is made to the result, typically between 0% - 50%, reducing the obligation
- This number is then added to the utility’s off-balance sheet debt; adjustments made to cash flow metrics too
- An interest expense is also imputed
- Increases a company’s debt burden and interest expense, typically weakens overall capital structure
- Approach is consistent with logic that PPAs are a financial obligation
A Numerical Example
12-Year PPA, Utility Recovers Costs in a Fuel Adjustment Clause (FAC)
| Year | $m |
|------|-----|
| 1 | 500 |
| 2 | 500 |
| 3 | 500 |
| 4 | 500 |
| 5 | 500 |
| Thereafter | 4,000 |
| Total | $6,500 |
1. Review PPA Terms
2. Isolate fixed capacity per year
NPV@ 6.5% = $4,079
25% * $4,079 = $1,020
3. Calculate NPV using utility’s average cost of debt over last 3 years
4. Multiply by risk factor between 0% - 50%
What is a Risk Factor and Why Is It Used?
- A key risk that a regulated utility has is when and how much of the fixed commitment that a PPA represents will ultimately be recovered in retail electric rates.
- This depends on the regulatory environment and the mechanisms in place for recovery.
- We incorporate a “risk factor” that attempts to measure the level of risk of recovery by jurisdiction.
- All risk factors adjust downward the PPA off-balance sheet debt, relative to not using a risk factor.
- This reflects our view that utilities have a strong history of being able to recover PPA costs.
- Assigning a risk factor distinguishes different levels of regulatory risk.
Under New Criteria Our Guidelines for Determining Risk Factors
- 50% Risk Factor – Utility passes capacity payments through in base rates
- 25% Risk Factor – Utility passes capacity payments through in a fuel clause adjuster
- 0% - 20% Risk Factor – Utilities have legislative authority to pass through costs
| | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | ... | Year 12 |
|--------------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|-----|---------|
| Funds from operations | 2,500 | | | | | | |
| Interest expense | 650 | | | | | | |
| Directly issued debt | 10,000 | | | | | | |
| Shareholder equity | 9,000 | | | | | | |
| Fixed capacity commitments| 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | 500 | ... | 500 |
| NPV of fixed capacity payments | $4,079 | @ 6.5% discount rate | | | | | |
| Applying 25% risk factor | $1,020 | =$1,020 * 0.25 | | | | | |
| Imputed interest | $66 | =$1,020 * 6.5% | | | | | |
| Depreciation expense | $59 | =($500 * 0.25) - $66 | | | | | |
**S&P Credit Metrics - Without PPA Adjustments**
- **FFO/Interest x**
\[ 4.8 = \frac{2,500 + 650}{650} \]
- **FFO/total debt (%)**
\[ 25\% = \frac{2,500}{10,000} \]
- **Debt/Capitalization (%)**
\[ 53\% = \frac{10,000}{10,000 + 9,000} \]
**S&P Credit Metrics - With S&P PPA Adjustments**
- **FFO/Interest x**
\[ 4.6 = \frac{2,500 + 650 + 59}{(650 + 66)} \]
- **FFO/total debt (%)**
\[ 23\% = \frac{2,500 + 59}{10,000 + 1,020} \]
- **Debt/Capitalization (%)**
\[ 55\% = \frac{10,000 + 1,020}{10,000 + 9,000 + 1,020} \]
| Business Profile | AA Category | A Category | BBB Category | BB Category |
|------------------|-------------|------------|--------------|-------------|
| 1 | 48.0 | 55.0 | 60.0 | 70.0 |
| 2 | 45.0 | 52.0 | 58.0 | 68.0 |
| 3 | 42.0 | 50.0 | 55.0 | 65.0 |
| 4 | 38.0 | 45.0 | 52.0 | 62.0 |
| 5 | 35.0 | 42.0 | 50.0 | 60.0 |
| 6 | 32.0 | 40.0 | 48.0 | 58.0 |
| 7 | 30.0 | 38.0 | 45.0 | 55.0 |
| 8 | 25.0 | 35.0 | 42.0 | 52.0 |
| 9 | 32.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | 50.0 |
| 10 | 25.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | 48.0 |
53% closer to BBB+ 55% closer to BBB| | Pinnacle West Capital Corp. | PacifiCorp | Nevada Power Co. | Tucson Electric Power Co. | PNM Resources Inc |
|----------------------|-----------------------------|------------|------------------|---------------------------|-------------------|
| Rating as of Feb. 22, 2007 | BBB/Stable/A-3 | A-/Stable/A-1 | BB-/Stable/NR | BB+/Stable/B-2 | BBB/Negative/A-3 |
| | -Fiscal year ended Dec. | -Fiscal year ended March - Fiscal year ended Dec. | -Fiscal year ended Dec. | -Fiscal year ended Dec. | |
| | 31, 2005- | 31, 2006- | 31, 2005- | 31, 2005- | 31, 2005- |
| (Mil. $) | | | | | |
| Debt/total capital (%) | 49.1 | 52.6 | 55.8 | 72.7 | 61.9 |
| Adjusted Debt/total capital (%) | 57.5 | 59.0 | 58.6 | 74.7 | 65.9 |
| Difference | 8.4 | 6.4 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 4.0 |
Adjustments include PPA debt, Pension debt, Operating leases.
Recent and Contemplated Changes to Our Methodology
| Issue | Historic Approach | Revised Approach |
|-----------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
| Contract life | All contracts > 3 years | All contracts regardless of length |
| Interest rate | Standard 10% | Utility's average cost of debt over 3 yrs |
| Risk factor | -10-20%: legislative mandate | -0%-20% legislative mandate |
| | -50% base rate recovery | -no change |
| | -30% fuel adj clause recovery | -25% fuel adj clause recovery |
| Depreciation adjustment | None | Added to FFO/lint & FFO/TD |
| Evergreening | Not done | Under consideration |
| Energy only contracts | 50% of PPA costs if no capacity pymt | Proxy $/kW based on CT |
Different Contract Length Leads to Evergreen Considerations
| | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 |
|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------|
| Utility X | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | | | | | |
| NPV X @6.5% | $4.16 | | | | | | | | | |
| Utility Y | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| NPV Y @ 6.5% | $7.19 | | | | | | | | | |
No Evergreening of Contracts
| | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Year 6 | Year 7 | Year 8 | Year 9 | Year 10 |
|------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|---------|
| Utility X | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | | | | | |
| NPV X @6.5% | $4.16 | | | | | | | | | |
| Utility Y | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| NPV Y @ 6.5% | $7.19 | | | | | | | | | |
With Evergreening of Contracts
“Evergreening”
Why Are We Considering “Evergreening”?
- PPA debt imputation stems from the need to make meaningful comparisons between utilities that build versus buy.
- But comparisons between utilities that buy also exist when the contract lives are significantly different.
- For utilities that have an obligation to serve, a short-term contract does not fully capture what is effectively a near-term solution to a long-term, ongoing obligation.
- For this reason, extending an existing short-term contract beyond its actual termination date is under consideration, unless self build is clearly occurring.
What About Renewable Energy PPAs?
- Renewable PPAs also constitute an obligation that Standard & Poor’s will capture under its debt imputation methodology.
- As with a “conventional” PPA, the utility is making a decision to purchase rather than build capacity.
- Conceptually, logic for imputing renewable PPAs is no different.
- Unlike traditional PPAs, there is often no defined capacity payment.
- Wind energy is typically “as available” with developer taking on output risk.
- Other generation with very low variable costs also may be energy only.
- Proposed to take proxy capacity charge, based on marginal costs of new CT $/kw-yr * kw under PPA.
- As a theoretical matter, several defensible approaches could be taken.
QUESTIONS??
Anne Selting, Director
Standard & Poor's
Utilities, Energy & Project Finance Ratings
San Francisco, CA
415-371-5009
EXHIBIT 3
Phone call with David Bodek-S&P during UM 1276 workshop 3/16/07
General Background:
- S&P wants to identify obligations with debt-like attributes. They look at fixed obligations/capacity payments. They then reduce (because they recognize recovery methods) that obligation by a risk factor percentage.
- S&P has no bias – neutral to build-vs-buy.
- S&P does want a degree of comparability between companies who build versus companies who buy, so they adjust the financial metrics (more discussion on this below) for those who buy.
Current methodology:
- S&P views contracting for PPAs as a replacement for building plants to put into rate base. S&P wants to capture the debt that would otherwise be used for building a plant. This is the reason they only impute debt on the capacity portion of the contracts.
- PCAs reduce debt imputation and the risk factor.
- To offset imputation, S&P looks to the utility to issue equity or for commissions to impute equity.
Proposed methodology:
- S&P will look at utilities entering into short-term contracts (3 years or less) used to meet long-term obligations. S&P is trying to reconcile this with utilities meeting their obligations through building.
Questions List
1. Is there a minimum contract size S&P considers for purposes of debt imputation? Does this vary by type of PPA?
S&P would rather look at a portfolio of contracts and may not consider “gap filler” contracts in that portfolio. There is no “bright-line” test. They look at the gap between reported ratios and adjusted ratios and are only concerned and consider the weighting of the adjustment if there is a significant change between the two sets of ratios.
2. If a regulator provides “phantom equity” in the regulatory process to offset debt imputation, does S&P give credit for this equity in establishing ratings?
Yes, S&P would give credit for imputed equity such that it simply improves a utility’s credit metrics/ratios used as a factor in ratings and that it strengthens credit quality. The imputed equity affects cash flow, interest coverage, FFO/Debt, etc. The regulator has two options 1) increase rate of return or 2) impute equity for ratemaking.
Is there an effect on capital structure?
David did not think it would affect capital structure, but he is checking. Regulators could give a higher rate of return or impute equity (which would give a better cash flow). S&P would recognize an enhanced revenue stream.
3. If “phantom equity” is not provided for in the regulatory process, could the utility carry higher equity in its capital structure to offset the impact of PPA debt imputation?
If the regulator does not impute equity, the offset of the utility carrying higher equity levels depends on the authorized capital structure by the commission. In addition, the ability of the utility to actually issue equity substantial enough to offset the debt equivalence could be constrained by the regulator. However, S&P recognizes that any increase in equity to offset the debt imputation is “good.”
4. Does S&P impute debt as of the time a PPA is signed or when the contract takes effect?
As long as no payments are made prior to the beginning of the contract, it is not considered until the contract takes effect—there is no NPV backdating (distinguished from building, where debt is incurred prior to building completion).
5. Does S&P treat PPAs for qualifying facilities (QFs) differently than other PPAs for purposes of debt imputation?
QFs are treated the same as other contracts. The risk factor is the same.
6. When does S&P intend to finalize and begin application of its revised debt imputation policy?
No commitment. S&P is “working feverishly;” potentially by the first quarter end.
David did not want to discuss new methodology but the following points were made:
- Will abandon the 3 year rule,
- Business risk: increasing short-term contacts leads to increased volatility, which leads to increased risk, which leads to the utility needing to show stronger financial metrics,
- No distinction between bi-lateral and structured markets,
- Spot purchases: depends on the company if S&P will include them. They will ask questions to determine the risk and volatility as well as consider the regulatory environment and qualitative and quantitative factors,
Capacity Contracts: will have to think about whether those will be treated any differently.
7. Under the revised policy, is there any minimum contract length for debt imputation? Will all types of short-term PPAs be considered for debt imputation?
There is no minimum contract length. For the most part, all short-term contracts will be included under the new methodology. However, there may be some "carve-outs" like short-term contracts that are just used as gap fillers for long-term contracts or for a plant to come on-line. PPA has an advantage over debt as PPA has a recovery (where debt is 100% risk) and is factored in a lower rate.
8. Why is S&P proposing to change the risk factor percentages? Is the effect of the proposed changes to the risk factor percentages to give legislatures and commissions a greater ability to minimize imputed debt from PPAs?
Risk factors are reduced when there is an effective PCA mechanism. David reminded the group that imputed debt is still less than debt in the capital structure that is actually used to build – that is 100% debt, where imputed debt from contracts is “ratcheted down” by the associated risk factor.
9. What changes is S&P proposing to the discount rate used in the calculation of the net present value of capacity payments in a PPA? Specifically, please explain the methodology S&P will use to calculate a utility’s average cost of debt over 3 years. Also, if this change lowers the amount of debt imputed, how would this change in the amount of debt then impact the resulting imputed interest that is assessed for coverage ratios?
Historically, S&P arbitrarily used a 10% discount rate. That was later changed to using a specific utility’s average cost of debt (with some adjustments) of the average debt balances from the prior and current year. Under the new methodology, S&P is proposing to segregate taxable from non-taxable bonds (e.g. pollution control bonds) to capture a better estimate of the cost of debt that is not skewed by tax-exempt bonds.
Will S&P include short term debt?
Yes, but David needs to confirm. S&P is not trying to get a bigger number, just a representative number of average cost of debt. Smaller rate drives NPV up, while interest expense decreases.
10. What length PPAs will be considered for “evergreening” (i.e., assuming that a short-term PPA will be renewed for purposes of debt imputation)? Is there either a minimum or maximum contract length that must be met?
Evergreening is still under discussion and no answer at this time.
11. How will evergreening actually work? Does evergreening just assume a one-time renewal of a PPA using the existing contract terms or could the evergreening extend to a longer period and/or change the terms of the PPA?
Evergreening is still under discussion and no answer at this time.
12. Will S&P look at projected utility load/resource balances in determining whether or not to apply evergreening?
Evergreening is still under discussion and no answer at this time; however, S&P does recognize a utility’s obligation to serve.
13. What future self-build activity will S&P consider in determining whether or not to apply evergreening?
S&P would not evergreen contracts between the decision to build a plant and the on-line date.
14. Does S&P offset PPAs with utility power sales agreements in imputing debt? If not, why?
Yes and No. S&P does not net one against the other. They do give credit to revenue from a sales agreement – which is in effect an offset.
Does the recovery mechanism extend to the sales contract?
It might cause a higher risk factor if not. The benefit of revenue tempers the obligation. The discussion was tabled and one party was interested in picking up the conversation off-line.
15. What is the difference between how S&P has historically determined a proxy capacity portion of an energy-only contract and how S&P plans to make this determination in the future? Has this methodology differed by contract/utility in the past and will it differ by contract/utility in the future?
- Historically: S&P determined the capacity portion of an energy only contract as 50% energy, 50% capacity. In the future, S&P is discussing how to find a capacity “price” based on factors such as the cost of building a new marginal unit and the weighted average cost of capital. The price would then be based on the calculation of (kilowatt year basis*MW under contract).
- Proposal: work towards capacity price based on the price to build capacity. Would not use existing price because it would penalize those who entered in at a high/low market).
The price it would cost to add the next marginal unit multiplied by the WACC to derive a capacity recovery estimate and calculate the kw/yr times the number of MW under contract. Gives more favorable treatment than historically.
- Define the proxy amount by region and market.
- Wind would have different capacity factor. Possible ancillary transmission charges would be included in the wind component. Have not historically, but are considering them for the future.
- Price will be dynamic.
16. In the context of a typical wind PPA, is the new method for determining the capacity proxy likely to result in a larger or smaller amount of imputed debt?
David’s anecdotal evidence leads him to believe it will lead to a smaller number of imputed debt.
17. Under the new guidelines, are there any energy-only contracts for which no capacity proxy will be assumed?
There is only one exception and that is when a utility is merely acting as a conduit.
18. What are S&P's views on using an equity adjustment to the capital structure used for ratemaking intended to offset imputed debt? Do they work?
Florida uses an equity adjustment to the capital structure and it does enhance the revenue stream.
19. What would S&P view more favorably, a mechanism that guarantees payment of PPAs (holding the company harmless of load changes) or an equity adjustment?
It depends on the situation. The pass-through allows for flexibility, but equity is important to the extent that it offsets imputed debt.
20. What is S&P's view on a utility earning a return on a PPA contract? How would that affect debt imputation? How would this be viewed differently than an equity adjustment to the capital structure (as in question #1)?
David’s experience is that regulators are adverse to a return on commodities. Chances are remote to earn a return on contract; however, S&P would consider a return on contracts as an increase in revenue.
21. What attributes does a power cost adjustment mechanism (PCAM) need to have to earn the full PCAM adjustment in the risk factor? Which are most important?
Allowance of recovery of the fixed costs,
Whether there is pass-through mechanism,
How often is there a true up, what is the trigger, and is it collected monthly, semi annually, annually, if a deferral, what are the conditions,
Is there a legislative mandate guaranteeing recovery,
These factors all bear different weight, with a legislative mandate for recovery bearing the most weight in favor of recovery.
22. Does a PCAM need to provide dollar-for-dollar cost recovery to lower the risk factor? Can a PCAM with deadband for cost recovery lower the risk factor? What level of recovery (90%, 75%, 50%, etc.) must a PCAM ultimately provide to lower the risk factor?
S&P looks to the triggers for cost recovery under a PCAM – whether it is a deferral, immediate cost recovery, degree of recovery, and over what time period the cost recovery occurs, etc.
23. What kind of mechanisms for prudence review are typically in PCAMs that have earned the full reduction of the risk factor?
Full reduction would require legislation with full recovery. Massachusetts/Virginia/Maryland have such mechanisms, this is possibly related to de-regulation.
24. Would a PCAM that covered PPAs only qualify as a PCAM that could reduce the risk factor? What about a PCAM that covered only the capacity portion of a PPA?
Possibly to 25%. It is applicable if capacity was recoverable. If no energy is in PCAM, it might impair risk profile (therefore need stronger financials to keep the same rating). Never seen before but if it existed then it would lower capacity risk factor but increase the risk to the utility as it is exposed to energy volatility.
25. Does S&P require a track record of performance under the PCAM before it will lower the risk factor?
S&P likely would not track the record of performance under a PCAM before it would lower the risk factor. If the risk factor were lowered due to a PCAM, it would only be on a case-by-case basis.
26. What states have legislated cost recovery of PPAs in a manner that has lowered the risk factor? Is Utah’s pre-approval statute an example of a legislative cost-recovery mandate that qualifies for a risk factor reduction?
Massachusetts/Virginia/Maryland have legislated cost recovery of PPAs that has lowered the risk factor.
27. How do you give credit for risk-factor lowering circumstances in one state for a multi-state utility?
A multi-state utility would probably have its contracts prorated based on its presence in each state and would look to which states had PCAMs in the analysis. S&P would likely use a weighted average. David needs to confirm.
28. With respect to renewable PPAs, does S&P give the full legislative mandate risk factor reduction to cost recovery provisions in RPS statutes? Does it depend on the specific language of the mandate? What attributes are most important?
There is no distinguishing between renewable PPAs and other PPAs. Unless renewables are securitization, they are not different. They are lumped together for cost recovery unless legislation accounted for a different cost recovery for renewables.
29. Is it possible for a vertically integrated utility to reduce its risk factor to zero?
There are two choices 1) legislation, or 2) buy all energy on spot market. There would be no imputed debt, but the risk will increase dramatically.
|
FRISBEE WORLD
The Aces
Profile
Canada
Computer Golf
Mar.-April 1978 - PRICE $1.00
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
DISC GOLF
I hope you can clarify a question my group has had about the disc golf rules. We understand that airway throws may be made from the hip and follow through with the lead foot placed on the lie at the point of release. On a dog leg, however, it is somewhat confusing. If you are just short of a sharp dog leg, may you step around that obstacle and throw back to the hole? The closest foot is, in fact, away from the hole but it is toward the dog leg. What's the ruling?
Dennis Winslow
Alton, Missouri
This is a somewhat technical point in the rules that is often misplayed. It is a relatively rare situation but it can make a one-stroke difference in some instances. If you read the current rules, you will see that they state "that until a dog leg obstacle is passed, 'the closest foot to the dog leg must be used as the lie when the disc is released.'" That is, the obstacle determines your line of play and therefore the placement of your "non-lie" foot. To illustrate:
In example "A", the player has stepped part of the required flight distance of the hole and will probably throw a fairly long shot back to the hole. In example "B", the player has correctly recognized that his forward limit for foot placement is determined by the dotted line which is perpendicular to the next point he is required to pass. He is considerably more limited in his throwing angle.
Stork
World Class Champion Tom McRann delivers an upside-down, overhand throw.
NIKE SHOES. THE ONLY WAY TO FLY.
NIKE. World Headquarters 8285 SW Nimbus Ave. Suite 115 Beaverton, Oregon 97005
ON THE ROAD WITH THE ACES
by Alan Blake
Along with John Connelly, Alan Blake was the person responsible for making the Aces Professional Team a reality. They were working against incredible odds (public interest, advice from family and friends, finances, time and a lack of disc awareness among prospective clients), but through their commitment, skills, professional attitudes and creative thinking, it has evolved into a viable team.
As of this winter, Alan has branched out into new areas of personal growth and will no longer be working as one of the Aces. The team now consists of John, Jose Montalvo and Charlie Rottmann. In the past, Bruce Roger and Dave Brechual have worked with the Aces. Ken Westerfield sometimes joins the team when the schedule gets heavy and he is in the area.
The thoughts that follow were written by Alan while on the road and it should give you an insight into the "glamour" of playing disc for a living.
Jo Cahow
In all, I would guess that nearly 200 players have been involved in pro play in some capacity, from the full-time pros to the part-time pros moonlighting from regular jobs. Practically all of them either began playing for pay within the last two years, and most of them are still doing it. Probably 90% of them are semi-pros, doing an occasional disc job whenever one comes along. That leaves perhaps 30 players who could be considered full-time pros. Besides us, they have included the teams of John Kirkland and Victor Malafronte, Tom McMann, Tom Monroe and Cynthia Allen, Gail McCall and Jim Keiser, Ken Womack and the Air Force IV in Michigan. We also can't forget the K-9 pro teams of Eldon McIntire and Hyper Hank, Alex Stein and Ashley and John Pickerill and Martha. It is obvious that pro play is not a large field when compared with other professions, but it would also seem to be one of the more enjoyable.
Many people have asked me what it takes to become a pro. "What did you have to do?" They ask incredulously. One of my standard answers is to say that I found the job while looking for the help wanted ads. I filled out an application, was interviewed and hired. Since those who question me usually don't believe this answer, I have decided to make a clean breast of "the true story". This will be my own viewpoint on how it takes to become a pro based on personal experience. Other pros might look at things differently, particularly if they work in another area of pro disc play. A player making a living from competitions (a hypothetical example at present) wouldn't necessarily have the same concerns as one who was into demos or organizing. Since demos are the main area the Aces deal with, however, I will give my story from that standpoint.
There are four main essentials for becoming a successful pro: Frisbee disc skills, a strong commitment, a professional attitude and creative thinking. Each of these will be taken up separately.
FRISBEE DISC SKILLS:
Anyone wanting to do demos for money should be confident that the viewers will like what they see. While many players can attract attention on a crowded beach or in a park by using some fancy moves, it takes a high degree of all-around skill to give a professional exhibition. One should be able to play continuously for 5 to 15 minutes without dropping the disc (even if one misses sometimes of course); should have a variety of throws, flights and catches (don't repeat a move too often, no matter how good it is); should execute a lot of highly visual moves (spectators will usually appreciate a leaping trick catch more than they will a 20-second nail delay); and should generally play top quality disc.
One needs to be conservative at times to minimize one's drops, but this conservatism can be balanced by style, smoothness and finesse. Quickness has advantages too if the moves can be completed successfully.
The non-freestyle parts of a show are also very important. A good show will present a variety of things to entertain, instruct and involve the crowd. Different disc games, instruction on techniques, audience participation, contests, lectures and question/answer sessions are some of the ways a pro can vary the demo. Developing a good program is a central feature of a demo. Just like the development of one's disc skills, this requires imagination, practice and patience.
STRONG COMMITMENT:
To accomplish anything in life, one must first decide in one's mind to do it. A person sets a goal and then works to reach it. This is true, I believe, whether one is learning respiration during New Dakota or starting a pro team. Very few goals in life are reached without a strong commitment and some effort on the part of the doer. This is especially true in the field of pro disc play where there are many hurdles that must be overcome. With the Aces, I know there have been times John and I wondered if our venture would ever get off the ground or whether it would die an early death. But we found that with a strong commitment and continued effort, the goal can be reached.
Of course this doesn't mean that everyone who is strongly committed to pro play is going to succeed. Some players have other responsibilities such as families, jobs or education. Other players may be committed to the game mentally but are unable to do the work required to achieve their goal. Or they may talk too much about it and dissipate the energy they have built up inside. And still others may fall short due to a lack of skill, an unprofessional approach or other reasons. But without the original commitment, it is unlikely that any would succeed.
PROFESSIONAL ATTITUDE:
Attitude has long been recognized as one of the most important fundamentals to success in any field and pro disc play is no exception. It is also very necessary for one to be a would-be pro to either passers or develop a professional attitude toward his (her) activities. Maintaining a professional attitude will enable a person to develop the skills, qualities and attributes needed to be seen as professional in the eyes of others. Without this attitude, a person cannot be considered a true pro regardless of how one earns one's living. It has been found that the outward manifestations of professionalism (the professional approach) will appear once the inner step (attitude) has been made. Since the inner step is an individual affair, I will discuss the outward manifestations.
When performing, a pro is an entertainer. The audience has come to see a show and it benefits the player to be aware of this. Developing a good program and executing it well is essential but there are other aspects to be considered also. Music is an important part of running a show and a professional show should include musical accompaniment that helps support the image being created by the players. Music not in harmony with this image will create a jarring effect on spectators. Being a little "showy" in your play and in your talk can help at times as long as you don't get carried away with it. Sincerity, good will, flexibility and the ability to make quick decisions are also important.
The pro must also develop a professional approach to the business aspects of his operation. Important skills to be learned include marketing and sales, contracts, business law and many other things that arise from running a business. Many of these things had to be learned as we went along but since running my own business has always been an ambition of mine, this has been one of the most enjoyable things about the job.
CREATIVE THINKING:
There are too many situations in life for one to succeed without creativity. It certainly helps to read, talk with others and draw upon personal experiences to draw upon, but unless one can think creatively, he will wind up following the same paths that have been walked by others (himself) before. This isn't to say that the same old paths aren't valuable; sometimes they do. But life is ever-changing and we must be able to adapt to changes and create new approaches to life when the old ways don't work. This means learning how to think creatively.
"Thinking" may be an insufficient term to describe that process of going within to touch the source of creativity in oneself. In my own experience, I have found that the mind is basically a mechanical tool similar to a computer which follows the instructions we program into it. We are excellent for drawing on past experiences, remembering details, following out postulates and many other things. But for me, I have learned that the mind is not the source of creativity. One must go beyond the mind to touch that source. I call the creative current of life. The impressions that one receives from this current go through the mind, but they do not originate in the mind itself.
When one has developed a technique for bringing back creative impressions from that area beyond the mind (I call this "channeling"),
that person has found the key to creative expression. That person will be able to develop fresh new approaches to situations that leave others stuck in the same old patterns of thought. That person will be known as a creative person and that person will succeed where others fail.
Creative thinking is especially important to the would-be pro because of the vast possibilities that exist in the field. The potential is staggering to think about and has the possibility of being nothing like anything that has ever existed before. Many people involved with the disc, from old-timers to newcomers, have glimpsed this potential. We are like pioneers standing on the brink of a vast frontier, as yet uncharted.
Anyone who wishes to succeed in pro play must first learn to do creative thinking. The future of pro disc play (and disc play as a whole) depends on developing creative approaches to situations rather than following in the footsteps of other forms of endeavor. If we are content to follow the examples set by "major" sports, by the entertainment field, by the academic world and by the leisure and recreation industries, then the future of pro disc play will be pretty much predetermined. However, if we want to develop the potential that we see existing, then we must learn to think for ourselves and be creative in our approach.
DAY TO DAY IMPRESSIONS
A DAY IN FEBRUARY: Jose and I are sitting in a small but plush hotel room in San Antonio, Texas. It's noon on Monday and Jose and I have crashed. We've been pushing hard for the last five days working a booth at the San Antonio Convention Center, talking to thousands of people traveling around the country about pro play. A large number of them have been interested in our activities.
Yesterday, John, Jose and I get together with some local players in the area and did some freestyling and golf. The 80-degree Texas sunshine was a welcome switch from the bitter cold we left behind in Illinois. After the golf game, we bid adieu to our friends and took John's car home for his return flight to Chicago. He will be spending the coming weeks at our central office lining up jobs and making calls of business. Meanwhile, on the other hand, have two college appearances to make this week before returning to Chicago on Saturday.
A DAY IN DECEMBER: Bruce Koger and I are traveling in our van en route to Mandan, North Dakota. We are coming from Minneapolis where we played in a weekend indoor disc tournament sponsored by the Minnesota Frisbee Association. We have still 400 miles between us and our 8:30 show time the next morning. It is snowing and the wind chill factor is 45 below and the traffic on I-94 is moving at 35 MPH. We wonder if we will make it to Mandan in time for the show. We are all tired.
We are beginning the second week of a three-week school assembly tour in North and South Dakota. It took some accessing to fill in some spots in our schedule. The pay is low, the pace is hectic (three shows a day, two days a week, usually in different towns), but the crowds are enthusiastic. Our one-hour show really blows them away as they have never seen disc played the way we are doing it. It is certain there are many new converts to the plastic disc as a result of our appearance.
We made it to Pierre, South Dakota in nearby Bismarck at 2:30 AM, we have time to catch a short nap before the show. We are performing at an industrial school for about 100 high school aged youths and their teachers. Although Bruce and I are very tired, the kids are absolutely thrilled with our show and the crowd's enthusiasm increases as we move into the games section of the program. Everyone seems to enjoy playing their favorite games of Speedball and the crowd really gets excited during the Guts match between teachers and students after we give up a successful show. Bruce and I are off to another demo an hour later in Bismarck, followed by another one in the afternoon. Our motel room felt really good.
OTHER DAYS: I remember the night in Virginia that I slept in the van while John slept inside a dirty, smelly bathroom house while our colleague house requested us to make arrangements for our accommodations. The next night in Georgia (over 400 miles down the road), we had provided us with a nice room in the local Holiday Inn. Another time a college put us up for two nights in a nice Hilton Hotel, which was part of its own School of Business. I remember also the meals we've eaten at elegant restaurants as guests of our clients. On the other hand, there have been numerous meals gulped down while on the go right before a performance, or not at all. There was a winter tour in the Deep South during the cold Northern winter and there was the time it snowed on us during an outdoor show in the middle of May.
There have been leisurely scenic drives through places like upstate New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts where there was nothing but parking lots for a few days. And there have been all-night driving marathons in which we barely made it to the next town, only to be up again for the next show. One time we did a clinic and demo for only two people because the sponsor neglected to advertise our appearance. On other occasions, people have driven 3 or 4 hours just to see us perform, talk to us and play a little disc.
Scant appearances I remember especially well. There was the time that John, dressed as George Washington (complete with wig) and I played in front of the Chicago Rockers part of a Bicentennial celebration stunt, another time Jose and I did a demo at a prison in North Carolina in which the show lasted 10 minutes and the post-demo visit with the inmates lasted several hours. There was the nationally televised half-time of the College All Star Football game in which Super Hank caught a deflection from John and scored a touchdown during demonstration by two of the canine greats (John and Jose both hand as throwers). Then there was the Bismarck Frisbee disc Flip-Out in Sheboygan, Wisconsin where thousands of people watched as hundreds of red, white and blue Frisbee discs were thrown in a huge celebration on July 4th.
There are advantages to our type of work. For example, we are our own bosses most of the time. We can work our own hours, take vacations when we want to, pursue the things that interest us and be creative. We don't have to travel a lot, meet new people, have a chance to renew old friendships and can work with new people. We can join clubs to help themselves. We also do a lot of promoting ourselves. And of course, we are doing something we love; playing disc.
The job is not always less restrictive side. We perform in one place for more than a day or two, constantly living out of a suitcase and taking our meals wherever we happen to be. The work is quite demanding at times and we often wonder if our fingertips (and sometimes shoulders) will melt in time to another show. Sometimes we wonder if we'll be able to make it on time when a tight schedule or long drive keeps us up. And there is a tremendous amount of business correspondence to such as correspondence, phone calls, writing promotional literature, lining up taxis, purchasing equipment, ordering materials, bookkeeping, practicing and a few hundred other things. As a rough guess, we probably spend between 10 and 30 hours of business-oriented work for every show we do, not including practice time.
Nevertheless, it is that which makes it for me. I was very happy to be a pro player and I can't think of another occupation I would have rather done at that point. I suspect that my feelings are shared by most of the other pro's active in the country today.
When Moses Garcia wakes up in the morning, the first thing he sees is a collection of discs hanging on his wall. He's waiting for a bus, but practices balancing a disc on his fingers and tapping it to himself. Once at school he searches for somebody to play catch with. Later it's somebody else. Then somebody else. Once in a while he takes a breathless break attend a class but then he's back on the lawn again. Moses likes the disc.
"I got on this kick with a few friends when we'd play until 2:00 o'clock in the morning every day of the summer. It's sort of in my blood now. I just gotta have a disc with me."
That is an understatement. Since I met Mo a year ago, I have never caught him without at least three discs which he carries in a shoulder bag bearing a Wham-O Frisbee disc emblem. Also in the bag are headbands, guitar picks, a can of silicone spray, fingernail clippers and other assorted tools of his trade. The moment you see Moses, you know that he is a disc fanatic. His patched jeans and hand-drawn T-shirts all display a variety of disc-related slogans or insignias.
There is a gruff quality in Mo's voice, something that warns a person meeting him to be wary. He is a man of directness, with piercing eyes which never betray his like or dislike of whatever he's looking at. The spaces between his teeth and his unusually large and disfigured hands imply a history of street fighting. But the soothing tone of his voice will battle any insecurity and warmth. Cautiously you approach him. If you have a disc in your hand you have just made a friend.
I have rarely met somebody as willing to teach a skill to somebody else as Moses is. His patience is extraordinary. When most people are giving up on saying "OK, let's try go practice by yourself". Mo is explaining how you're getting better or worse and why. "When you tilt your hand this way you create a forward wind current." "Why are you using your finger here, you're upping the disc's balance." If you ask Mo a question, you will understand the answer. You never feel like you're being spoken down to or wasting his time. All he wants to know is your desire to learn. If you have the desire, the skills he'll pass along to you seem endless.
Watching Moses play is watching ballet. His specialty is Freestyle. Whether he is playing with a partner or alone, the whirling, jumping and rolling antics he displays on the field always seem to attract groups of spectators or they're just totally bewildered. Tapping, delaying, air brushing, figure 8's, tunneling and variations on any of these are all in Mo's repertoire. "I know about fifteen basic throws and catches and I'm always adding new ones and new styles to them." Because the art of disc play is so young, and because Mo has an excellent mind and style for Freestyle, he is very innovative. He has personally developed quite a few new moves, some of which he plans to use in competition.
There is a market for inventive disc players. "One thing I like best is going down to Central Park to jam with those guys and trade moves. Some of the best players around practice there." Moses tells a story that when he was in Florida last year for a professional competition, Bruce was running for the night. His roommate (and mentor) unveiled a new Freestyle move to use the next day. Unfortunately the competitors next door heard the news through the hotel walls, peeked inside and within minutes, lightning were on all over the place with the Freestyle move, trying to learn this new move in time for the event.
Incidentally, Moses and his partner placed second in their event. Their competition included some of the better players in the United States and Canada. Mo has entered tournaments in New York City, Jacksonville and most recently in Michigan. Upcoming competitions will take him to Florida, New Jersey, Georgia, Michigan and other areas. He can manage to do this because having met and become friends with many of the top players, he has friends all over the country. Needless to say, Moses takes his disc playing very seriously. He uses it as an instrument to maintain fitness of both his mind and body. But he has not lost the feeling of fun and the frivolous possibilities that most of us see in the sport. He will just tell you that "Frisbee disc playing is my own high".
So if you see someone at Rockaway Beach playing disc by himself, go over and join him. You see, Moses Garcia is your friend, disc play is fun and together, they're a great team.
PLEASE NOTE:
All of the North American Series Meets have limited registration. You are encouraged to contact the meet director for details concerning preregistration. Remember, DDC is a team event. If not done in preregistration, team partners must be set by 8:45 AM on Saturday.
IRVINE, CALIFORNIA
APRIL 22, 23
Location: University of California, Irvine
Host: Los Angeles Frisbee Club
Point Events: Golf Doubles Double Disc Court
Other Events: Blue Moon and Accuracy,
Moonlight Pairs Best Shot Golf
Contact: Tom Boda
P.O. Box 686, Costa Mesa, CA 92627
DALLAS, TEXAS
APRIL 29, 30
Location: White Rock Lake, Dallas
Host: Dallas Frisbee Club
Registration: $5.00 entry only
Point Events: Distance, Doubles Double Disc Court
Other Events: Golf, Freestyle
$10.00, entry Series disc, T-shirt
Contact: Tom Wingo
946 Fairlawn, Duncanville, TX 75116
Phone (214) 298-1857
SONOMA, CALIFORNIA
MAY 13, 14
Location: Sonoma State College
Host: Northern California Frisbee Group and United Flyers of Sonoma
Point Events: Distance, Doubles Double Disc Court
Other Events: Co-op Freestyle, Ultimate
Registration: Before May 12: $8.00, entry and disc
$12.00, entry, disc, shirt and poster
May 12: May 13: $10.00, entry aid disc
$14.00, entry, disc, shirt and poster
Contact: Tom McRann
709 Elizabeth Lane
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone (415) 326-6380
SARASOTA, FLORIDA
MAY 20, 21
Location: Sarasota
Host: Florida State Frisbee Club
Point Events: M.T.A. Golf
Other Events: Fun Games (Air Brush Racing, Tipping, etc.)
Nearby restaurants, camping and motels. Discs and shirts available, along with entertainment and awards (depending upon extent of registration).
Contact: P. J. Callender
1428 Main St., Sarasota, FL 33577
Phone (813) 365-2986
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
MAY 27, 28
Location: Delmont Plateau, Fairmont Park, PA
Host: Philadelphia Frisbee Club
Point Events: Doubles, Freestyle, M.T.A.
Other Events: Freestyle (Open format), Maximum Time Nail Delay (MTND), K-9, Ultimate
Registration: $5.00 — No registration will be accepted before April 7, 1978. 200 preregistrations will be accepted between April 7 and May 12 on a first come, first served basis. Late registrations will be reserved for the highest ranking performers in an MTA/DDC mini-tournament held on Friday, May 26 at 12 PM.
Sponsor-donated cash and/or prizes for ONTAD champions.
Contact: Jim Powers
P.O. Box 322, Wayne, PA 19087
Phone (215) 687-1917
BOULDER, COLORADO
JULY 15, 16 Freestyle, DDC
Contact: Rick Kauvar
918 Pleasant St., Boulder, CO 80302
Phone (303) 447-8954
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
JULY 22, 23 M.T.A., Golf
Contact: Jim Challas
1041 15th Ave. SE
Minneapolis, MN 55414
Phone (612) 378-1393
ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
JULY 29, 30 Freestyle, DDC
Contact: Jim Palmeri
Frisbee® Pro Shop
56 Edmonds St., Rochester, NY 14607
Phone (716) 271-0819
AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
JUNE 24, 25 Distance, Golf
Contact: I.F.A.® Offices
P.O. Box 970, San Gabriel, CA 91776
Phone (213) 287-2257
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
AUGUST 23-27
Contact: I.F.A.
P.O. Box 970
San Gabriel, California 91776
Phone (213) 287-2257
OTHER IMPORTANT DATES:
STANFORD, CALIFORNIA
APRIL 8, 9
Western Ultimate Championships (Invitational)
round robin format, with preliminary games on Saturday and Semi final and Final round games on Sunday. $30.00 registration/team.
Some free housing, contact for details:
Tom McRann
709 Elizabeth Lane
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone (415) 326-6380
AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS
APRIL 28, 29
Eastern Ultimate Championships (Invitational)
16-Team Format
For information about invitations, interested teams should contact:
Ardy MacGruer
Hampshire College
Box 968, Amherst, MA 01002
Phone (413) 584-6205
CEDAR FALLS, IOWA
SUNDAY APRIL 9
First Annual Suni Daze Frisbee Disc Fly In
The Events: Freestyle, MTA, Distance, and Accuracy
Exhibition of World Class Frisbee players.
Events start at 10:00 AM at the Unidome of the
University of Northern Iowa. Prizes for 1st, 2nd, and
3rd places in both men's and women's categories.
Registration: $1.00
Contact: Bob Kramer
University of Northern Iowa
600 N. Cedar, Cedar Falls, IA 50613
Phone (319) 273-3029
HOUGHTON, MICHIGAN
JULY 1,2
International Frisbee Tournament
Contact: Jon Dave
62 N. Isle Royale Street
Houghton, MI 49931
Phone (906) 482-6211
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
MARCH 31, APRIL 1 & 2
Guts Tournament and other events
Contact: John Sappington
314 Mulholland, Arbor, MI 48103
Phone (313) 663-2893
ATLANTA GEORGIA
JUNE 16-18
Location: Atlanta National Disc Open
The Events: Freestyle, Golf, Distance, MTA and
Ultimate
Registration: $10.00 preregistration
$11.00 on the 16th
Prize money up to $2,500.00. Accommodations at
Georgia Tech
16 team format in Ultimate, registration only. Entry
fee of $20.00 per team.
PDGA tournament in conjunction. $10.00 registration
fee. must be PDGA member. $3,000.00 purse.
Contact: Ross Snyder
2509 Blair Circle #2, Atlanta, GA 30319
Phone (404) 458-1875
ACCOMACK COUNTY
FRISBEE FESTIVAL
MAY 13 SATURDAY 9:00 AM
Saturday, May 13, 9:00 AM
Distance, Golf, MTA, "fun" events
Contact: Donald Hull
Park and Rec. Department
Accomack, VA 23301
Phone (804) 787-3900
STATE TOURNAMENTS - 1978
(Note: These dates may well be tentative. Be sure to
contact host for details.)
JUNEAU, ALASKA
APRIL 2
Contact: Lorne Wallitzer
600 N. 63rd, Seattle, WA 98103
Phone (206) 789-2294
FREDERICKSBURG VIRGINIA
APRIL 8,9
Contact: Randall Kirby
Box 2509, College Station
Fredericksburg, VA 22401
Phone (703) 373-7350, ext. 429
LAWRENCE, KANSAS
APRIL 15
Contact: Wayne Gaul
413 West 17th Street, #6
Lawrence, KS 66044
Phone (913) 842-0765
COLUMBUS, GEORGIA
APRIL 22-23
Contact: Kevin Orck
5742 Valleybrook Road
Columbus, GA 31907
Phone (404) 563-0973
NASHVILLE TENNESSEE
APRIL 29, 30
Contact: Jack Crawford
WKDF 1202 Stahiman Building
Nashville, TN 37201
BOOKING SOUTH DAKOTA
MAY 7
Contact: Michael Melius
RR 2, Faulkton, SD 57438
Phone (605) 598-4235
KENT, OHIO
MAY 20
Contact: Greg Spechalske
2275 Winter Pkwy., Apt. 15, Kent, OH
Phone (216) 929-6598
PERRYVILLE, KENTUCKY
JUNE 17, 18
Contact: Stuart Arnold
Hardee St., Perryville, KY 40468
Phone (606) 332-2751
World Class Frisbee Masters
For two years, the World Class Master test was given only at the World Championships. Since
1976, the I.F.A. Regional Directors have been able to test members in their region for the degree.
Since that time, the following players have passed the demanding measure of skills.
NEWLY CERTIFIED WORLD CLASS MASTERS
| Name | City | Date | Examiner | Affiliation |
|-----------------------|---------------|--------|----------|-------------|
| Larry Borowitz | Sherman Oaks, CA | 2.2.78 | Newland | PCF (LAFC) |
| Fred Halt | Venice, CA | 2.2.78 | Newland | PCF (LAFC) |
| Jim Emerson | Santa Monica, CA | 2.2.78 | Newland | PCF (LAFC) |
| Gary Perberg | Los Angeles, CA | 2.2.78 | Newland | PCF (LAFC) |
| Bill Smith | Glendale, CA | 2.2.78 | Newland | OGG (LAFC) |
| George Morris | Glendale, CA | 2.2.78 | Newland | OGG (LAFC) |
| Mark Johnson | Altadena, CA | 2.2.78 | Newland | OGG (LAFC) |
| John Jewell | Glendale, CA | 2.2.78 | Newland | OGG (LAFC) |
| John Wright | Santa Rosa, CA | 2.2.78 | McRann | UFOS |
| Mark Johnson | Santa Rosa, CA | 2.2.78 | McRann | UFOS |
| Don Dutton | Santa Rosa, CA | 2.2.78 | McRann | UFOS |
| Don Taylor | Santa Rosa, CA | 2.2.78 | McRann | UFOS |
| Rickey McCurley | Dallas, TX | 10.14.77 | Tips | DFC |
| Moises Alfaro | Dallas, TX | 10.14.77 | Tips | DFC |
| Kenneth Bowman | Palo Alto, CA | 2.20.77 | McRann | Discophilia |
| Doug Newland | Bellevue, WA | 9.8.777 | Williamson | OW |
| Tom Wingo | Dallas, TX | 7.15.77 | Tips | DFC |
| Dan Habeeb | Reading, MA | 7.15.77 | Johnson | UMFC |
| Darly Elliott | Reading, MA | 7.15.77 | Johnson | UMFC |
| Evan Tundo | Santa Cruz, CA | 7.15.77 | McRann | FM |
| Brian Latta | Palo Alto, CA | 7.15.77 | McRann | Discophilia |
| Robert McRann | Seattle, WA | 7.15.77 | Newland | OW |
| Duane Gaman | Palo Alto, CA | 5.19.77 | McRann | Discophilia |
| John Ballas | Vero Beach, FL | 5.19.77 | Callender | OW |
| Nobu Otabayashi | Tokyo, Japan | 4.21.77 | McRann | KUFC |
| Dan Harris | Dallas, TX | 4.21.77 | Tips | DFC |
| Jim Baumann | Austin, TX | 3.17.77 | Tips | AFC |
| Jay Schreiter | Austin, TX | 3.17.77 | Tips | AFC |
| Charles Tips | Dallas, TX | 2.15.77 | Monroe | DFC |
Some additional goods news/bad news:
The bad news is that while reporting on the '77 state meet results,
in the February/March issue, we erroneously listed results of
the 1976 Texas event. Our apologies.
The goods news is that you got to see the '76 winners also.
Below is the list of state meet winners for 1977:
DISTANCE:
1. Tom Wingo 91 yards
2. Bob Ennis 82.5 yards
3. Danny McInnis 79.5 yards
GOLF: (36 holes)
1. Tom Wingo 100
2. Danny McInnis 115
3. Moises Alfaro 119
MTA:
1. Danny McInnis 9.0 seconds
2. Mike Barry 8.8 seconds
3. Tom Wingo 8.4 seconds
TRAC:
1. Tom Wingo 167 feet
2. Mark Keeney 156.5 feet
3. Kyle Rannie 156.5 feet
4. Mike Barry 153 feet
ACCURACY
1. Moises Alfaro/Tom Wingo 16/28
2. Morgan Alfaro 14/28
3. Danny McInnis 14/28
4. Tom Wingo 14/28
5. Randy Jarrell 12/28
6. Kyle Moore 12/28
FREESTYLE
1. Morgan Alfaro/Tom Wingo
2. Mark Keeney/Ziggy King
3. Bob Ennis/Danny McInnis
OPEN OVERALL:
1. Tom Wingo
2. Danny McInnis
3. Morgan Alfaro
WOMEN'S OVERALL:
1. Monica Darby
2. Cory Sample
3. Betsy Couch
DISC COVERING THE WORLD
An I.F.A. affiliate club for collectors and for the competitors
and spectators who enjoy frisbee. Our club newsletter
includes hot travel tips and an extensive listing of Frisbee
disc services, flying disc services, individuals and common
interest groups. International travel tours are forming for
Europe in 1979 and a wide range of flying discs are now
available.
Life membership has a twelve dollar cost and gets you a
numbered club membership card, a free subscription to a D.C.W.
flying disc, a two year subscription to the Newsletter and
full eligibility for the international travel groups. (Members
under 18 will get a one year contract.)
Apply now! Send check, cash or money order with your
name, address and all publishable information to:
DISC COVERING THE WORLD
19 Canton Street
Westport, Connecticut, 06880, USA
Be sure to include your date of birth, t-shirt size and IFA
number or name of local affiliate club.
In today's lesson we will discuss the advantages of Straightening your groove. Some players are sweepers. They sweep the disc around in a big arc and let it fly. Others are straights. They keep the disc moving straight along the intended flight direction all the way to release.
You usually won't be able to notice much difference between straights and sweepers. Wrist flips do tend to turn over if the groove isn't fairly straight, and good freestylers straighten their grooves to get maximum spin. Other than that I can think of only one area where the differences really stand out, but boy do they ever stand out! That's blind throws.
Juan Fuertijuana shows why the sweeper has problems. Without sight to guide the release, the disc is liable to go anywhere. And with the elbow locking halfway through the swing, a lot of power is lost.
Sue Pearproh shows you how to straighten the groove of a blind backwards. Hold the disc out from the shoulder, then draw the elbow straight back toward the target. If you try that now without a disc you will be able to feel the tension build up in your wrist and elbow as they cock tightly near the end of the groove. Good power there! And since the throw heads in the same direction every time, accuracy is just a matter of getting your stance squared.
For blind sidearms, instead of throwing around your waist, simply reach your arm across and throw straight back. Bend at the waist as you throw for more power. Wrist flips offer the only tricky situation since they can't be thrown very well without a big windup. The secret is to reach out at the top of the windup and square the throw off from there as Lefty Freesail demonstrates. Don't round off and don't cut corners.
REMEMBER: Get your groove straight when you fling that plate.
INTRODUCING DYNA BEE, THE GYRO EXERCISER THAT GIVES YOU A COMPETITIVE EDGE.
Dyna Bee strengthens your grip, wrists and arms and improves your coordination. It's a high precision instrument that produces a gyroscopic force so powerful for its size it will amaze you.
It's ideal conditioning for practically every sport, for both men and women. It's also a perfect gift idea.
Give someone you like a competitive edge with Dyna Bee. Especially if that someone is yourself.
A few minutes a day exercising with Dyna Bee is all it takes. Consistent use will give you effective exercise without strain and without working up a sweat.
Space age polycarbonate case and lifetime lubrication protect the dynamically balanced precision rotor capable of up to 8000 RPM.
Dyna Bee. Available at fine stores everywhere. Zeus Manufacturing, Inc., P.O. Box 16397, Irvine, CA 92713. Dealer inquiries invited.
DYNA BEE
The revolutionary new gyro exerciser.
Local and national interest in the game of Frisbee® disc has developed rapidly in Canada since 1972 when the CNE-Irwin Canadian Open contest were founded by Jeff Otis, Manager of Youth and Children's Activities for the Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) and Ed Hirst, Manager of Public Relations for the Irwin group. It was strictly a regional affair. The CNE Open was the site of the first attempt at putting Freestyle into a competitive format.
Jumbo Jon Davis (annual I.F.T. Director) of Houghton, Michigan contributed his experience and enthusiasm to this Canadian first. At the CNE-Irwin Open, competitors from the United States taught Canadians how to play. Now Canadians have their own world champions and several other outstanding performers.
Ken Westerfield, formerly of Toronto and now residing in Santa Cruz, California is a co-holder of the world record in M.T.A. (15.0 seconds), placed second overall in the 1975 World Championships and fifth overall in the 1977 WFC. Jim Kenner has been a Freestyle partner of Westerfield for many years and along with Ken, won the Toronto Open Freestyle in 1972, endorsed the signature disc for Irwin Toy and was the founder of the Vancouver tournaments. We look forward to seeing him at many of the North American Series meets this summer. Gail McColll has now teamed with Jim to form the Northern Flights demo team. Gail is one of three women who has achieved the rank of World Class Master and was declared the Women's World Freestyle Champion in 1975 and 1976. She placed second overall in women's competition in 1978. These three people have set the basis for much of the disc development in Canada during the past few years.
Other important figures have been Andrew Davidson of Humber College and Jerry Inch and Ed Hirst of Irwin Toy Company. Their efforts have resulted in the development of many University. This year will mark the third annual Ontario University Championship with ten teams expected.
Although Eastern Canada has led the development of play in the country, Vancouver is rapidly progressing. A series of promotional, local tournaments were held for several years by the Westerfield/-Kenner/McColl team and they were quite successful. Last year, Vancouver hosted its first National Series meet. The area is particularly strong in Freestyle with Bill King and Jim Brown taking part in the '77 WFC competition. John Anthony, a long-time leader in Freestyle, also lives in Vancouver. These three currently comprise the Western organizational leadership for the Canadian Association.
In 1977, Jeff Russell was appointed as Director of I.F.A./Canada in order to further assist in the development of the sport in Canada. 1977 also saw the initiation of Canada hosting of National Series events. There was a site in Vancouver, British Columbia hosting the Western Canadian Overall, and Toronto featured the Eastern Canadian Overall. This year, the two Canadian North American Series meets will again be at these sites with M.T.A. and Golf at Vancouver (June 24, 25) and Freestyle and M.T.A. in Toronto (July 8, 9).
We are hoping for good American participation in both of the Canadian meets and many more Canadians at the U.S. meets. Can a U.S./Canadian challenge match be far behind?
Far Left: Ken Westerfield; Top Center: Gail McColll; Bottom Center: Jim Brown, Bill King; Far Right: Jim Kenner; P14: Gunner owned by John Rae
Michael Young Free Flow of Modesto
Best of '77
by Jo Cahow
In an attempt to encourage excellence at the club tournament level, we have initiated an award program for the best non-Series meets for both the East and West. This award will be in the form of a plaque supplied for club display. The winners are determined by the post-meet information that is sent to our offices. The decision will be based on the quality of the event organization, meet facilities and services, number of competitors (a percentage will be figured on the basis of area population), number of spectators (again a percentage), amount of media coverage, printed materials (programs, posters, etc.) and sponsor participation.
The awards for 1977 go to the World Discus Disc Golf Court meet hosted by the Philadelphia Frisbee Club and the California State meet hosted by the United Flyers of Sonoma. Both of these clubs put a tremendous amount of effort into making their meets highly successful ones.
Pennsylvania's meet was held on September 10 and 11 in Rose Tree Park. Other events included Golf, Freestyle and K-9 disc competition. This was an important meet as it paved the way for DDC to be initiated into the North American Series for 1978. Many constructive suggestions for rule changes to better the game came out of this meet and other changes have since been made as a result of relatively extensive play by other players around the country.
When the idea of hosting a DDC meet was first brought up in March, the general feeling was negative. Many club members did not know what DDC was and others felt that no one would come. However, these sentences out of the Philadelphia Club newsletter sum up the results: "The success of the operation was evident in faces of the competitors and the spectators as joy, frustration, excitement, tension and true friendship flowed through the people in kaleidoscope fashion. I can truly say the players of Philadelphia gave new life to this floor-to-floor disc game. One hundred fifty-eight competitors and about 18,000 spectators experienced DDC for the first time and loved it."
PENNSYLVANIA RESULTS:
DDC Men
1. John Schallberg
2. John Kirkland
3. Mark Danna
Women
1. Monika Horvilla
Junior
1. Mark Fine
Pairs — Men
1. Kerry Kolmar
2. John Kirkland
3. Mark Danna
Women
1. Susan Collombrio
Junior
1. Markell Fine
FREESTYLE
1. Clarence Brathwaite/ Krae VanSickle
2. John Kirkland/Kerry Kolmar
3. Erwin Velasquez/Erwin Velasquez
4. Joe D'Amunno/Jim Powers
K-9
2. John Pickering/Martha
3. Bobby Jones/J.D.
In California, Golf, M.T.A., Pairs Freestyle and Co-op Freestyle were played in the two-day meet in late October. There was a massive registration of 150 allied. 190 showed up and after using a random-wait draw system, 168 players actually participated in the competition. Two brightly colored parachutes draped over the soccer-field goals housed the Intercontinental Traveling Bar and sound system used at the festival.
After a full day of preliminaries, competitors ate supper and danced to live music at the Cabaret Club in Cotati. Sunday brought the ABC film crew down to the field and even though there were threatening rain clouds overhead, the crowd again swelled to about 2,000. A hot air balloon appeared above the field and discs were thrown to the spectators below.
The highlight of the meet had to be during the co-op Freestyle competition when Michael Young, John Kirkland and Steve Gottlieb did a "double roll to a between-the-legs catch by jumping Hal Erickson. Their prizes were unique and appropriate and bear mentioning: 10 pounds of rennetless cheese, 25 pounds of trail mix, a disc in stained glass and embroidered patches.
CALIFORNIA RESULTS:
PAIRS FREESTYLE
1. Kevin Basso/Tom Roberts
2. Colin Basso/Evan David
3. Sammy Schatz/Don Hoskins
CO-OP FREESTYLE
1. John Kirkland/Steve Gottlieb/-
Michael Young/Hal Erickson
2. Jeff Soto/Tom Shepherd/-
Don Hoskins/Sammy Schatz
M.T.A. — Men
1. John Kirkland
Women
1. Monika Lou
Novice Men
1. J. R. Bush
Novice Women
1. Jeanine Swift
GOLF — Men
1. Don Hoskins
Women
1. Alicia Maris
Novice Men
1. D. McMillan
New!
Close Encounters of The Third Kind
Frisbee® Disc
The No. 1 Edition in the Collector's Series
$3.00* each, postpaid
The Factory Connection
c/o International Frisbee Association
P.O. Box 970
San Gabriel, Ca. 91776
*Add 8% on all California orders.
©1977 Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. All Rights Reserved Trademark of Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.
*Frisbee is a brand name and a registered trademark of Wham-O Mfg. Co. for flying discs used in sports games.
Club Newsletter
There is an increasingly large number of club and regional newsletters around the country. Many are of particular interest to the Frisbee community they promote, and the key to almost all of our activities. Below is a list of the contacts for some of these circulars. Write for subscription fees if you would like to receive their mailings.
Los Angeles Frisbee Club
C.O. Box 970
San Gabriel, CA 91776
Northern California Frisbee Group
Tom Morley
P.O. Box 784
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Florida Flyer
Florida State Frisbee Association
P. J. Callender
1328 1st Street
Sarasota, FL 33577
Windy City Newsletter
Dave Bradshaw
338 Porter St.
Glenview, IL 60025
Minnesota Frisbee Association
Jim Chandler
1041 15th Avenue SE
Minneapolis, MN 55414
Flying Disc Flyer
Rockingham Frisbee Club
Jim Palmeri
129 Falmouth #19
Rockingham, NY 14615
Philadelphia Frisbee Club
Jim Neubauer, Jr.
P.O. Box 1087
Wayne, PA 19087
The South's Sailing Circular
P.O. Box 728
Huntsville, AL 35801
Jammer Journal
Olympic WindJammers
Doug Neubauer
P.O. Box 5312
Seattle, WA 98105
The Carolina Frisbee Connection
North Carolina Frisbee Association
David Harris
P.O. Box 211
Lumberton, NC 27828
The Disc Organization
Bob Emry
105 31st Street, #204
Austin, TX 78705
N.R.F.C. Flyer
New Richmond Frisbee Association
Paul Thompson
Rt. 1, Box 458
Star Prairie, WI 54026
GPA Newsletter
GPA Headhunters
1459 Bringrid
Detroit, MI 48225
Ultimate Newsletter
Larry Schindel
1018 N. Daniel
Arlington, VA 22201
Watch us throw the book at you!
If you react quickly, you will catch the latest and most unique book in the sport of Frisbee disc.
The Frisbee Player’s Handbook — shaped like a Frisbee disc; is a new and exciting book by Mark Danna (A top world ranked disc player) and Dan Poynter (one of the world’s foremost authorities on self-help sports). Specially die cut to a circular format, the book comes coated and shrink wrap packaged in a custom designed 119gm Frisbee disc. All this to inspire the world to think circular.
Written for easy reading by both the casual beach player and the highly skilled master, this fascinating 152 page book offers a unique training method and a systematic step-by-step approach to basic, special and advanced disc throws and catches. Other chapters cover games, competition, Frisbee disc golf, disc throwing equipment, and training methods for teaching dogs how to catch a disc. The appendix lists disc books, magazines and clubs throughout the world in order to direct the reader to the local action. Enhancing the text are over 400 action photos including sequential shots and overhead views, nearly all which were staged by the authors with motorized equipment to illustrate the essential parts of every throw and catch. The Frisbee Player’s Handbook is indeed the only complete up-to-date book where to disc materials and the disc in which it is packed is sure to become a collector’s item.
Mark Danna is a World Class Master in the sport of Frisbee disc, which he has played for twenty years. Living in New York City, he serves as a Regional Director for the International Frisbee Association, is a professional disc player and a free-lance writer. Dan Poynter is a well known, widely read aviation author and publisher with ten books and more than a hundred magazine articles to his credit.
The perfect gift. Don’t you know someone who needs this text? Now it’s your turn to throw the book at them!
The price for both the circular book and the custom Frisbee disc book is $10.00 each. Add U.S. $5.00 postage. Californians add $4.00 sales tax. Postage is FREE if you order today from this special ad. Satisfaction guaranteed.
PARACHUTING PUBLICATIONS
P.O. Box 3242-700
Santa Barbara, CA 93103
Dealer’s inquiries invited
It’s only FICTION* but it’s real golf
* FRISBEE disc INCORPORATING COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY INVARIABLY OUTPUTS NINE
You’re at the tee of hole 9 ‘The Clincher’:
“How hard do ya wanna throw it?”
“About 95.” Click . . . click . . .
“A good shot.” . . . 75 yards and 3 yards from the flag.
OK Michael, you’re up. Throw strength?
“Give me 100.” Click . . . click . . .
Your throw went 67 yards. You are now 10 yards from the hole. Time to putt out, Gary. Putting skill factor?
“Nine.” Click . . . click . . .
Nice shot, Gary. You made the hole in 3 strokes. You were 1 stroke under par. Intense.
Sound unusual? Hardly. Outside it’s snowing and the wind is howling and it’s so cold that discs snap like frozen Hershey bars. Now, imagine . . . you’ve just played out nine holes of Frisbee golf without so much as a shiver or lost disc.
Frisbee disc play which joins man’s greatest tool, his hand, with his greatest dream, to fly, is now merged with his greatest achievement, the computer. Think of it: Kirkland’s game at the touch of a few keys.
While not a replacement for the real thing, computer Frisbee disc golf (FICTION) is dynamite for Octal weather and other less than suitable conditions. None of the sport’s disc play is compromised through the reduction of disc to digits. After several rounds, you seem to imagine yourself out on the course, not on the console.
The course, outlined in the matrix of the memory is super easy to play and requires no formal computer knowledge. But, of course, you need access to a computer system and maybe your neighborhood computer freak.
How do you play? Simple. Each player (up to four) types in his name and a skill factor (0 to 10). The players are called to the tee by name and he makes his throw by typing a number, the throw strength (0 to 100). The computer will then tell you the throw distance and call the next player. Putting is automatically performed using a putting skill factor (0 to 10) which is typed in by each player when requested. Play continues through nine holes, which include hazards, hazards, etc. Scores are then tabulated, the course complete and you wait for another round.
The program is written in BASIC and consists of 473 statements including remarks. It was developed for rainy-day daydreaming using a full size system and may require modification for use on smaller computers. A foursome requires about 30 minutes to play nine holes.
Another round?
“No.”
Thanks for playing—come again soon. CP disconnects.
If you want further details concerning FICTION, contact:
Michael Conger
P.O. Box 43
Wallops Island, VA 23337
Gary Robinson
Downing Road, RFID #3
Delmar, Maryland 19940
FRISBEE BY THE MASTERS
by Charles Tips
A must for disc players! You'll learn more than 250 playing techniques to help you perform an endless variety of advanced maneuvers. Here's what some World Frisbee® Champions say about the book:
"This is the comprehensive book on the sport of today. It must be read by all those who wish to improve their skills and knowledge."
Victor Malafonte
"Great reading for the pro and novice alike."
Jo Cahow
"I wish I could have had this book when I was starting out."
Peter Bloeme
Raise money for your club by selling FRISBEE BY THE MASTERS. Ask us about wholesale discounts.
SKATEBOARDING
by Jack Grant
A complete guide to the boards, tricks and wheels. Packed with photos, diagrams, and step-by-step illustrations to help you learn fabulous skateboarding tricks - curbies, kick-turns, enders and more. Perfect for novice or pro!
Send for your copies of FRISBEE BY THE MASTERS and SKATEBOARDING today!
Clip and return to: Celestial Arts, Dept. FS-23
231 Addison Road, Millbrae, California 94030
Please send ______ copies @ $4.95 each of FRISBEE BY THE MASTERS information about wholesale discounts enclosed $3.25 each of SKATEBOARDING.
I enclose $__________ plus 50 cents for postage and handling. (California residents please add 6% sales tax.)
NAME _______________________________________________________
ADDRESS _____________________________________________________
CITY ___________________ STATE ______ ZIP ________________
EXCLUSIVE I.F.A. JEWELRY
• Hand-crafted of genuine 1/20 karat gold-filled
• Black cloissone contrasting enamel
• Each emblem is finely detailed and finished in beautiful two-tone rose gold.
Actual size — 3-4" — handsomely boxed
Gold-filled ball plunger tie tac with gold chain and bar (for lapel or tie) $6.50
24" Gold-filled neck chain $6.00
Presented by: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA TROPHY CO.
830 South Figueroa Street
Los Angeles, CA 90017
(213) 623-3166
PLEASE RUSH ME — POSTPAID
☐ I.F.A. Tie tac only ................. $ 6.50 ea.
☐ I.F.A. Charm with necklace ....... $12.50 ea.
☐ I.F.A. Tie tac ....................... $ 7.00 ea. (In California, add 6% sales tax)
Name_______________________________________________________
Address_______________________________________________________
City___________________________________________________________
State___________________________________________________________
Zip___________________________________________________________
Check enclosed ☐ Mail C.O.D. ☐
GERSON & HOROWITZ
Diamonds • Watches • Jewelry
FRISBEE MEDALLIONS
Available in 14 K gold — $35.00/$60.00 with 20" solid gold chain or . . .
sterling silver — $13.00/$15.00 with 20" sterling silver chain.
We also carry a wide range of gold jewelry, rings, pendants, chains, etc. Brand name watches (Bulova, Longines, Seiko, etc.). Also, we offer special discounts to club members and their families.
Our jewelry and watch repair department is equipped to handle most everything from custom remodelling of old jewelry into new. Call, write or visit us.
(This business owned and operated by a fellow I.F.A. member. Ask for "The Crane".)
SUITE 925
CALIFORNIA JEWELRY MART
807 SOUTH HILL STREET
LOS ANGELES, CA. 90014
PHONE: 620-0767
Frisbee® Players Handbook Review
FW: The innovative overhead shots like the sequence on the behind-the-back backhand throw, and your sequences on other deliveries make the throws particularly easy to follow.
Mark: The way we arranged the overheads was by putting Dan on top of his roof in Santa Barbara and on top of some bleachers at Columbia University in New York City. I figured that with his background in aviation, Dan would not be afraid of heights.
FW: What about actual writing time?
Mark: It took me about three months. I worked on and off from January to June completing three drafts. It was like writing a screenplay. The most difficult and challenging part was visualizing what photos I needed and then adapting the text to fit them. Putting the photos in and then setting the captions and text would have been easier but also more expensive so I had to work in reverse.
FW: Would you say the book is geared toward the novice player or the World Class Master? Or both?
— Shaped like a Frisbee disc — is a new and exciting how-to, where-to manual by Mark Danna and Dan Poynter. Specially die cut to a circular format, the book comes nested and shrink-wrapped in a custom designed 119-G Frisbee disc. The following is an interview with professional player and co-author of the book, Mark Danna.
Frisbee World: Oh my, a circular book. This is special.
Mark: Thanks Stork. It seemed a natural idea. Wish I had thought of it, but credit must go to my co-author and publisher, Dan Poynter.
FW: Who’s Dan Poynter? First we get Tips, now we get Poynters. I don’t recall him being a top point getter at last year’s National Series tournaments.
Mark: No he wasn’t. But he might be good in M.T.A. If you allowed him a paraglider or hang glider, Dan is an aviation auteur and one of the world’s greatest authorities on parachuting and hang gliding.
FW: How did you two meet and decide to do a book together?
Mark: Strangely enough, we met at a kite promotion at Universal Studios in January, 1977. We had both contemplated writing a book on disc play. Dan came up with the idea of it being circular and packaged inside a disc and I used my book expertise. We pondered the idea for a year later; we had the book ready.
FW: I believe it is a substantial addition to the literature. You cover throws and catches, games, competition, disc lore and origins, I.F.A. proficiency rules, world records and even methods for teaching dogs to catch a disc. How did you divide the work between you?
Mark: I was responsible for the text and the photos (2-3) contributed by the other chapters. Dan covered the history and aerodynamics. Together we compiled records and collected data for the appendixes. Throughout, we read and edited each other’s work so it was a true collaboration.
FW: What strikes a reader’s eyes is the sheer volume of photos. I counted over 400 and at least one on almost every page.
Mark: Yes we think that makes for easy reading. Altogether we took over 1,500 shots, almost all with a motorized camera. Even with Dan clicking five shots a second, we had to do several retakes on deliveries. A disc travels much faster than most people realize.
FW: The innovative overhead shots like the sequence on the behind-the-back backhand throw, and your sequences on other deliveries make the throws particularly easy to follow.
Mark: The way we arranged the overheads was by putting Dan on top of his roof in Santa Barbara and on top of some bleachers at Columbia University in New York City. I figured that with his background in aviation, Dan would not be afraid of heights.
FW: What about actual writing time?
Mark: It took me about three months. I worked on and off from January to June completing three drafts. It was like writing a screenplay. The most difficult and challenging part was visualizing what photos I needed and then adapting the text to fit them. Putting the photos in and then setting the captions and text would have been easier but also more expensive so I had to work in reverse.
FW: Would you say the book is geared toward the novice player or the World Class Master? Or both?
Mark: Both and everyone in between. In hope that it will introduce a lot of newcomers to the game, the book is easy to read with a minimum of highly technical terms. To get a better feeling of how a novice might react, I asked some non-player folks — yes there are some — to read the galleys. All of them responded favorably.
For the more accomplished players, there are a number of difficult moves detailed (triple fake, hitchkick throw and catch and using more than one disc at a time). Also, because the basics are presented step-by-step, top players will probably notice things they were not aware of. This, in turn, will improve their game.
Collectors will want the Frisbee disc that the book is packaged in.
FW: That certainly helps to cover the Frisbee disc spectrum. I see you have added plenty of questions throughout the book. The ones on pages 7, 16 and 30 (to name a few) are particularly stimulating.
Mark: Yes it helps to have a good source.
FW: This really is not only a how-to book; it’s also a where-to.
Mark: That’s right. The appendix lists all the known clubs in the world. This means that players anywhere can read the book, find the nearest club and get in on the action right away.
FW: For such a large book — 187 pages and over 400 photos, and with a disc included, the total package costs only $2.95. How did you manage to keep the price so low?
Mark: Dan is his own publisher so we cut out the middlemen. We went directly to the printer and did all the proofing, printing coordination and distribution ourselves.
FW: Well the circular format certainly is unique.
Mark: Well it was either that or make a square disc.
Mark Danna has played for 20 years. Has won 10 points in all four World Championships at the Rose Bowl and is I.F.A. regional director for New York City.
COPPERTONE FRISBEE® disc FLY-IN SCHEDULE
| Week of: | Crew A | Crew B | Crew C | Crew D |
|-------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------|
| March 25 Easter | | | | WDAT, Daytona Beach, FL |
| Week | | | | |
| April 9 | WHYI, Miami, FL | | | |
| April 22 | WVEE, Atlanta, GA | WQXM, Tampa, St. | WPFM, Panama City, FL | KRYS, Corpus Christi, TX|
| | | Petersburg Clearwater, | | |
| April 29 | WQHI, Louisville, KY | WAPE, Jacksonville, FL | WABB, Mobile, AL | KFJZ, Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX|
| May 6 | WSAI, Cincinnati, OH | WERC, Birmingham, AL | WNDE, New Orleans, LA | KQEO, Albuquerque, NM |
| May 13 | WNCI, Columbus, OH | WMPS, Memphis, TN | KRLY, Houston, TX | KUPD, Phoenix, AZ |
| May 20 | WNAP, Indianapolis, IN | KRJZ, Knoxville, TN | KOMA, Oklahoma City, OK | KFMB, San Diego, CA |
| May 29 Memorial | WGAR, Cleveland, OH | WAYS, Charlotte, NC | KBEQ, Kansas City, MO | KHJ, Los Angeles, CA |
| Day | | | | |
| June 3 | WXXK, Pittsburgh, PA | WKZQ, Myrtle Beach, SC | KDWB, Minneapolis/ | KYNO, Fresno, CA |
| | | | St. Paul, MN | |
| June 10 | WFIL, Philadelphia, PA | WGH, Virginia Beach | WLS, Chicago, IL | KRSP, Salt Lake City, Utah|
| June 17 | WRRO, Providence, RI | WRVO, Richmond, VA | WOIO, Detroit, MI | KGW, Portland, OH |
| June 24 | WPLR, New Haven, CT | WFPG, Washington, DC | KXOK, St. Louis, MO | KJR, Seattle, WA |
| July 3 or July 4th| WETT, Ocean City, MD | WBGB, New York City, NY | WDAT, Daytona Beach, FL | KFRC, San Francisco, CA |
| July 9 | Rehoboth Beach, DE | WMID, Atlantic City, NJ | WKZQ, Myrtle Beach, SC | KTKL, Denver, CO |
| July 15 | WACQ, Boston, MA | | WHYI, Ft. Lauderdale, FL| |
In the November-December 1977 issue of Frisbee World an ad appeared in the classified section. It asked for "Disc Experts" for a promotional tour of the country; it stated no exact salary...just another opportunity?...by no means...it was an ad for the crew members of the above Coppertone Tour 1978.
Indeed, the word got around — the applicants included 16 World Class Masters of which only 8 could be chosen. The selections were made by an objective method of a combination of personal interview, aptitude test, and psychological testing under the administration of Barbara Edivan and Mark Matthews of Communication Resources, Inc. of Costa Mesa. The promotion was made possible by Plough, Inc. manufacturers of Coppertone Suntan Products and Wham-O Mfg. Co. the makers of the Frisbee disc. The I.F.A. would like to extend its own special gratitude to Frank Suddoth and Plough Inc. for their sponsorship.
The I.F.A. is proud and pleased to announce that the following talented eight were chosen. We know that they will help make this a great promotion. Each city on the tour has a local radio station sponsor, the I.F.A. hopes that flying enthusiasts everywhere will listen for the specific details in their area.
**Crew A:** John Bird, 27, #64011, United Flyers of Sonoma
Sam Schatz, 22, #85000, Pacific Floaters (Venice CA)
**Crew B:** Tom Wingo, 25, #74771, Dallas Disc Powerhouses
Fred Haft, 20, #69032, Pacific Floaters
**Crew C:** Don Vaughn, 26, #70851, United Flyers of Sonoma
Gary Perlberg, 24, #71285, Pacific Floaters
**Crew D:** Jim Emerson, 24, #82108, Pacific Floaters
Danny McInnis, 26, #70068, Houston Frisbee Club
*Coppertone is a registered T.M. of Plough, Inc.*
*Frisbee is the registered T.M. of Wham-O Mfg. Co. for flying discs.*
Check locations and dates on opposite page. Catch the Coppertone Frisbee disc Fly-in in your area.
June 10 & 11
1978 North American Series Tournament
Hosted by Windy City Frisbee Association
Featured Events:
Distance
Golf
Also:
Freestyle
Guts
PRE-REGISTRATION ONLY!
Due to facilities, golf will be limited to 180 entrants. All pre-registered entrants will receive tournament information packet at a later date.
Registration only, $5.00.
Registration and special run disc, $7.50.
Make checks or money orders payable to:
Windy City Frisbee Association
1628 W. 21st Place
Chicago, Illinois 60608
Registration must be postmarked no later than May 25, 1978
REGISTRATION FORM
Name:
IFA # (if any)
Mailing Address:
Telephone:
Division: open ___ women's ___ seniors ____
Freestyle partner's name:
Enclosed find my check or money order in the amount of ______
GUTS!
G.P.A. APPROVED TOURNAMENT
Prize Money!
Limited to 16 teams
$25 team entry fee
Hosted by Windy City Frisbee Association
in conjunction with the Series Tournament
June 10 & 11
Send registration fee, team and player's names to:
Windy City Frisbee Association
1628 W. 21st Place
Chicago, Illinois 60608
Victor Malafronte
WIZARD OF THE FLYING DISC WORLD
Invite Victor to your School or Club
Victor has developed a unique educational program that is comprehensive and entertaining. Includes 30 years of mental, physical, and aerodynamic development. Over 30 different throws and amazing catches demonstrated and taught.
★ How to set up a Frisbee® disc tournament
★ History and future of the Flying Disc Sport
★ Guide to disc collecting — mold numbers and what they mean — the lubrication story — the use of devices to enhance your ability
Victor Malafronte is the acknowledged KING OF FRISBEE disc. He has appeared in over 500 cities covering two continents with his professional show. Victor has toured with the Harlem Globetrotters and has made three national tours of Japan. He is listed in The Guinness Book of World Records as the World Long Distance record holder. Victor's disc is in the Smithsonian Institute because of his record toss.
For a day of fun and relaxation, for a day of learning more about the Frisbee disc we all know and love.
Contact: Propell Enterprises Inc., 2450 El Camino Real, Suite 108
Palo Alto, CA 94306 (415) 323-8331
CAPTION CONTEST
What do you see in a photo? How does it affect you? Starting with this issue, we will be publishing a photo and let you be the editor for the caption. We're looking for humor and originality.
We will need to hear from you before April 20th in order for your caption to be considered in the contest. For this month's contest, a one-year subscription to Frisbee World magazine (or a one-year extension to your existing subscription) will be awarded to the person with the best caption.
Mail your entry to I.F.A. Caption Contest,
P.O. Box 970
San Gabriel, CA 91776
We look forward to hearing from you.
TOURNAMENT RESULTS SERVICE
For Immediate Results
Includes results of
• All Point Event Scorers
• World Record Accomplishments
• Other Events when appropriate
With an Accumulate Record of the Top 50 Performers
Only $7.50 for all 15 North American Series Results
• And a few surprises, of course
• Sent to you by first class mail on the Wednesday following the tournament
Send check or money order payable to the I.F.A. to:
Tournament Results Service
c/o International Frisbee® Association
P.O. Box 970-U
San Gabriel, CA 91776
Please use an address in which you can receive mail all summer long
California residents add 6% sales tax
The Ultimate in Boundary Markers
No more "Where's the sideline?"
Bright Yellow,
Flexible, Durable Plastic
10 Markers $12.00 postpaid
(Similar cones cost up to 4 times as much from sports supply houses.)
Good for marking Ultimate, Guts, or Double Disc Court sidelines
Send $12.00 for each 10 Boundary Markers Ordered to:
Boundary Markers
c/o International Frisbee® Association
P.O. Box 970-U
San Gabriel, CA 91776
Make all checks and money orders payable to the I.F.A.
California residents add 6% sales tax
The Factory Connection
THE 1977 NATIONAL SERIES DISCS
119-G Black Blue Red
141-G Green Blue Red
$5.25* postpaid
Due to shortages in some colors, we cannot guarantee color choice.
1977 CLEAR SERIES REJECTS
Reject Pot Luck (No choice of color) 41 mold 119-G only all colors.
$2.25* postpaid
THE WHAM-O PREMIUM FRISBEE® DISC
LAST RUN of the famous #3 prior to mold rebuilding. A super M.T.A./T.R.C. disc. Limited quantity. $5.25* postpaid.
1974 WHITE ROSE BOWL PREMIUM Limited quantity: $2.75* postpaid
1976 WFC MINI. The yellow mini from the Rose Bowl meet.
$1.25* each, postpaid or 3 for $3.25* postpaid.
1975 W.F.C. 141-G and 119-G (white material-Pepsi logo) Long considered some of the finest G series discs ever produced, these classic items are now available in limited quantities $6.25* each, postpaid.
THE ORIGINAL FASTBACK FRISBEE DISC. The retail forerunner of the current premium disc, this original departure from conventional profile design is available in limited numbers at $3.25* each, postpaid.
IFA REPLICA SERIES — A very special rerun of Sailing Satellites. From the original mold in white.
Clearance Special — $3.25* each, postpaid or $9.95* for 3, postpaid. Add 6% on all California orders.
Write:
The Factory Connection
c/o International Frisbee Association
P.O. Box 970
San Gabriel, Ca. 91776
Classified Ads
Ads are available to subscribers for $3.00 per item (50 word limit)
Write for commercial rates.
Collecting
PLUTO PLATTERS — SAILING SATELITES — FLYING SAUCERS — You name it — we'll have it! We're the first to offer "Frisbee Collecting By The Master" Blows The Lid Off disc Collecting Secrets. 8 rare fire, card, metal, silver, Who-didn't-I-take-their-methods of finding the toughies. Send 2 one dollar bills to: The Frisbee Clearing House, 225 Circle Dr., Las Vegas, NV, 89101. Satisfaction Guaranteed.
"A NEWSLETTER FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION! Extensive listing of individuals, services and companies interested in "Frisbee Collecting By The Master" Blows The Lid Off disc Collecting Secrets. 8 rare fire, card, metal, silver, Who-didn't-I-take-their-methods of finding the toughies. Send 2 one dollar bills to: The Frisbee Clearing House, 225 Circle Dr., Las Vegas, NV, 89101. Satisfaction Guaranteed.
DESMONES FRISBEE EXCHANGE Will purchase and sell any and all frisbees, especially colored Wham-O minis. Contact: Des Moines Frisbee Exchange c/o Gary Johnson, 1000 W. Washington Des Moines, Iowa, 50315. Phone (515) 282-3435.
For Sale
INDIAN SUMMER FRISBEE FESTIVAL Cal State Frisbee Championships paraphernalia. Tournament 119 and $5.00. Tournament T-shirt, Neil Delay on front, "Free Style" on back, S, M & L, gold or red foil lettering, screen print with pocket, $6.00. Tournament shorts, S, only black, with silver Neil Delay screen, $5.00. Checks and money orders to: Indian Flies of Sonoma, P.O. Box 103, Santa Rosa, CA. 95402. Return postage included.
"A NEW SHIPMENT OF Foreign discs and flying toys (oranges and grapefruits only). Send Disc Covering by Windy, 19 Covelee Dr., Westport, CT 06880, USA".
T-SHIRTS — Rocky Mountain Frisbee Association National Series shirts. Tankers S, M, L & XL. Screen colors available. Heavy and light fees, assorted colors. $5.50 postpaid. Special order long sleeves, $6.50. Contact: Jammersports, P.O. Box 3331, Boulder, Colorado 80303.
FISBEE DYNAMICS & TECHNIQUE — Item's color and 27 page film. Designed for use with educational/recreational demonstrations, clinics and clinics. $220.00 purchase price. IFA member club. $25.00 rental. Contact: Jammersports films, P.O. Box 4331, Boulder, Colorado 80306.
CUSTOMIZED FRISBEE STICKERS $2.00 each, $3.00 per pair, $1.00 additional, $30.00 per 100. Example: "Reality is for people who don't face drugs." Fort Enterprise, Box 6331, Dept. BS, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 46807.
BOOMERANGS — Partly serious, partly sporting, mildly eccentric, just plain fun. Throw a charming Stone Age toy and play catch with yourself. Nicely complements the disc. Price list from: Ruben Rangs, Box 7324, Berkeley, California Station, D.C. 20044
"FOR SAIL", Windy City Frisbee Club Discs. With Blk. H.S. $5.00, post paid. Limited amount. Midwest Overland Championships T-shirts. "76" in White/Blue background. $3.75. Same in Pink with Blk. H.S. $4.50. Both sizes only. Send check or M.O. to W.C.F.C.A. c/o Richard Rand, 1628 W. 21st Place, Chicago, IL 60608.
FRISBEE ZAPPER. Bright flash of light reaches 100 feet. Portable. Very good for one year. 16 ounce model $25.00. 40 Joule model $35.00. Electric Intelligent Systems, Box 72, College Station, TX 77840.
H.P.C.O. IN AN OHIO STATE FAIR FRISBEE DISC. I come complete with pictures of two riders, the main gate (where Ross was picked up a total of three pole. Buy us, we are two of them in these cramped boxes. $2.00 each, 7 for $11.00. Frantic Frisbee Fellow, 2924 North High Street, Columbus, OH 43202.
Striking, deeply etched in antiqued brass finish. Measures 3½" x 3¾". Only $5.00. Calif. add 6% Sales Tax.
Send Check or Money Order to: INTERNATIONAL FRISBEE ASSOCIATION P.O. Box 970, San Gabriel, Ca. 91776
PHOTO CREDITS
Cover — Bill King of Vancouver, Canada has emerged as one of the sport's most exciting new freestylers. Gary Gossett again provides the photographic record.
p. 4 — H. J. Kukuk (staff photographer)
p. 7 — Kukuk Studios
p. 14, 15 — Courtesy of I.F.A. Canada and bottom center — Ross Tobias,
far left — Nichols
p. 18 — (top) Jim Powers
p. 18 — (bottom) Lois Cohen
p. 21 — N.A.S.A. photo
p. 23 — Dan Poynter
Back Cover — David Nelson
Centerfold — Donnell A. Tate
To keep the spinning your way, fill out this coupon and send check or money order to:
FRISBEE WORLD, P.O. Box 970, San Gabriel, Ca. 91776
☐ One year (6 issues) $5
☐ Three years (18 issues) $14
☐ Change of address
(Tape old label to back of card)
☐ Renewal ☐ Gift
NAME ____________________________________________________________
ADDRESS _______________________________________________________
CITY ___________________________ STATE ______ ZIP _____________
The expiration date for your subscription appears in the upper right-hand corner of your address label.
The World Frisbee® Championship Belt Buckles
1976 I.F.A WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
Striking, deeply etched in antiqued brass finish. Measures 3½" x 3¾". Only $5.00. Calif. add 6% Sales Tax.
Laser engraved from Solid walnut, the '77 buckle is available in very limited numbers. $8.00 plus .50 handling (Limit of one per order)* add 6% on all Calif. orders.
Send Check or Money Order to: INTERNATIONAL FRISBEE ASSOCIATION P.O. Box 970, San Gabriel, Ca. 91776
DEMOS IN MID-AMERICA Weekly and monthly Oct. '78 - March '79. Some summer work. Must have IFA Master rating and be accepted by host club. For application write: Frisbee South, 617 Cleermont, Huntsville, AL 35801.
HEY FRISBEE disc FANATICS! Have trouble holding onto that favorite disc when you are peddling around town? Try this easy-on, easy-off disc holder. Holds disc securely in all positions; yet doesn't damage Disc or bicycle. Fits all bicycles. $5.00 postpaid. Patent applied. Fort Enterprises, Box 7631, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46807.
SPECIAL OFFER: 1974 World Frisbee Championship T-shirts. Sizes S-M only: $10.00, plus 25% mailing. Write to I.F.A., P.O. Box 970, San Gabriel, CA 91776.
MINNESOTA FRISBEE ASSOCIATION: T-shirts and Frisbee discs. Write for details: 235 Coffman, 300 Washington Ave., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455.
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|
Current status of top 10 nutraceuticals used for Knee Osteoarthritis in India
Raju Vaishya\textsuperscript{a}, Amit Kumar Agarwal\textsuperscript{a, *}, Amish Shah\textsuperscript{a}, Vipul Vijay\textsuperscript{a}, Abhishek Vaish\textsuperscript{b}
\textsuperscript{a} Department of Orthopaedics, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Sarita Vihar, Mathura Road, 110076, New Delhi, India
\textsuperscript{b} Department of Orthopaedics, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
\textbf{Article history:}
Received 11 January 2018
Accepted 18 July 2018
Available online 20 July 2018
\textbf{Keywords:}
Knee osteoarthritis
Nutraceuticals
Boswellia
Aflapin
Chondroitin sulphate
Glucosamine sulphate
Collagen peptide
Curcumin
\textbf{Abstract}
Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease affecting the quality of life of the elderly population. There is considerable evidence that nutraceuticals from natural herbs may play a significant role in inflammation and joint destruction in OA. We review the current status of some of the commonly used nutraceuticals in Indian market – Boswellia, Aflapin, Chondroitin sulphate, Glucosamine sulphate, Collagen peptide, Curcumin, Fish Oil, Ginger, Green tea, and Rosehip extract. We have summarized their mechanism of action, biological effects, toxicities and efficacy in the management of Knee OA. These supplements have been found to be effective in knee OA in various studies. No serious side effects have been reported for any of these supplements. Overall, our study identifies and support the use of these nutraceuticals to provide symptomatic relief to patients with knee OA and justify their use as an adjunct therapy for the management. More good quality trials are needed to provide definitive answers to questions related to their efficacy and safety for OA prevention and treatment.
© 2018
\section*{1. Introduction}
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative disorder affecting elderly population and characterized by cartilage and synovium inflammation.\textsuperscript{1,2} Pathological changes in later stage of OA include softening, ulceration, and disintegration of the articular cartilage.\textsuperscript{3,4} The prevalence of OA of the knee in India is found to be 28.7%.\textsuperscript{5} The prevalence of OA increases with age.\textsuperscript{6,7} Almost, 45% of women over the age of 65 years are suffering from OA of knee.\textsuperscript{8,9} The recent high incidence of OA is observed in younger age group also.\textsuperscript{10} Analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs are the most common agents in the management of knee OA.\textsuperscript{11} These only act as symptomatic treatment and do not provide a cure of OA\textsuperscript{12} and are associated with serious adverse events on gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular systems.
The ideal treatment should modify the natural history of OA and alter the articular cartilage destructive process. Such substances which protect the articular cartilage during OA are termed as ‘chondroprotective agents,’ and when these modify the course of the disease, these are called as ‘disease-modifying OA drugs’.\textsuperscript{13} In the recent times, Nutraceuticals are used commonly in the management of OA knee in India and abroad. The term ‘nutraceutical’ was coined from ‘nutrition’ and ‘pharmaceuticals’ in 1989 by Defelcien\textsuperscript{14} and was described as food that provides medical or health benefits.
In the current study, we have investigated the role of 10 commonly used nutraceuticals in the management of knee OA in India, to evaluate their role and efficacy, based on the available literature. In this review article, extensive pubmed search has been done in each category and studies have been selected based on the level of the study and clinical relevance but the list may not be complete. The agents discussed herewith in the text and tables (Table 1) are in alphabetical order and they neither show the preference of our usage nor do these depict their popularity in the market.
\section*{2. Review}
\subsection*{2.1. Boswellia and Aflapin}
The role of Boswellia in various health conditions like inflammatory diseases, cancers, wound healing and antimicrobial activity is well known. The gum resin is extracted from the ancient herb,
Table 1
| Nutraceuticals | Source | Active ingredient | Mechanism of action | Side effects |
|---------------|--------|-------------------|---------------------|--------------|
| Boswellia | Boswellia serrata gum resin | 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid | Inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, inhibit complement system at the level of conversion of C3 in to C3a and C3b, also inhibit proinflammatory cytokines | Gastrointestinal symptoms |
| Aflapin | Synergistic composition of Boswellia serrata extract enriched in AKBA and non-volatile oil portion of B.serrata gum resin | 5-lipoxygenase inhibition and Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 inhibition | Nausea and Headache |
| Glucosamine | Glucosamine can be extracted from the chitosan and chitin exoskeleton of crustaceans such as shelfish and can be stabilized by salt | Glucosamine Sulfate, Glucosamine Hydrochloride | GlcN penetrates into cells by means of glucose transporters. GlcN associate to O-GlcNAcylate proteins and modulates their activity, e.g. decrease nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation. GlcN may also affect the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epigenetic mechanisms. | Shelfish allergy, Affect glucose metabolism and can induce insulin resistance. Administered as a salt: Na+ and Cl− can affect blood pressure and renal function in those pt. |
| Chondroitin | Can be obtained from shark or bovine cartilage | Chondroitin 4 and 6 sulfate | CS do not penetrate into chondrocytes, synovocytes, and elicit the anti-inflammatory effect by engaging membrane receptors, e.g. CD44, TLR4, and ICAM1, with a resulting dual effect: impede the fragments of extracellular matrix engaging these receptors, cause of inflammatory reaction, and block the signal transduction pathways activated by the fragments and so diminish the nuclear translocation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors. | Epigastric pain, diarrhea, heart burn, nausea |
| Collagen peptide | Derived from gelatinization and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of native collagen and it contains small peptide with a molecular weight lower than 5000 Da | Collagenic animal tissue | Stimulates collagenic tissue regeneration by increasing collagen synthesis, glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acids | |
| Curcumin | Curcumin is derived from turmeric, a popular spice used in India, South Asia, and Japan, which is the grounded root and rhizome of the plant Curcuma Longa | Curcumin | Suppression of NF-kappaB mediated IL-1beta/TNF-alpha catabolic signaling pathways in chondrocytes | Dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, loose stool |
| Fish Oil | Obtained from the body of fatty fish | n-3fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahaeaxenoic acid | Dose dependant decrease in inflammatory destruction of cartilage tissue | Intolerance, diarrhea and gastroesophageal reflux |
| Ginger | Ginger is rhizome of Z.Officinale | | Reduces inflammatory markers like nitric oxide, hs-C reactive protein, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta | |
| Green tea | | Polyphenols: epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Inhibit expression of TNF alpha, MMP-13 and NF-kappaB, inhibit IL-1beta and modulate miRNAs expressions | |
| Rose Hip Extract | RHP, prepared from dried Rosa canina fruits of a selected cultivar, obtained from Hyben Vital, Langeland, Denmark | galactolipid (2S)-1,2-di-O-[9Z,12Z,15Z]-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoyl]-3-O-beta-d-galactopyranosyl glycerol | Proposed M/A: Rose hip extract inhibited the chemotaxis and chemiluminescence of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes and also reduces the level of serum creatinine and acute phase protein CRP | |
Boswellia serrata (Fig. 1a). It has been found to be a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis and analgesic agent. Ammon HP et al. reviewed literature for the side effect of Boswellia and concluded that the number and severity of side effects are meager. The most active component of Boswellia extract is 3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), which inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and complement system involved in cellular inflammatory cascade. These have also been found to reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines involved in the cartilage destruction.
Blain EJ et al. concluded that Boswellia decreases MMP-9 and MMP-13 mRNA levels; inhibit MMP9 expression and activation. It also decreases the production of nitrite (the stable end product of nitric oxide), prostaglandin E2 and cyclooxygenase-2. Sengupta et al. found that 5-Lloxin which is a novel Boswellia Serrata extract enriched with 30% 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) is efficient and safe in OA patients. It was also observed that the MMP-3 of synovial fluid was also reduced significantly.
Belcaro G et al. also found that at the end of 4 weeks, the Karnofski Scale was improved more in the Boswellia group compared to control group. The WOMAC Score considering pain, stiffness and physical functions were decreased significantly more in the treatment group in comparison with controls. Belcaro G et al. did another similar study with 12 weeks follow-up instead of 4 weeks of the previous study. These findings were similar to the earlier survey.
Different studies have shown that the Boswellia extracts exhibit poor intestinal absorption. (Table 2) Aflapin is a synergistic composition derived from Boswellia serrata gum resin. Aflapin contains B. serrata extract enriched in AKBA and non-volatile oil portion of B. Serrata gum resin. The bioavailability of AKBA increased when given in the form of Aflapin.
Sengupta K et al. did 90-days, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of 5-Loxin and Aflapin in osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Both 5-Loxin and Aflapin showed significant improvements in pain scores and physical function scores in patients with knee OA. Vishal et al. also found similar results.
2.2. Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate
Glucosamine sulfate (GS), and Chondroitin sulfate (CS) are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) synthesized by chondrocytes and synoviocytes. These are essential components of the extracellular matrix and synovial fluid. GS is extracted from the chitosan and chitin exoskeleton of crustaceans such as shellfish and is stabilized by a salt.\textsuperscript{32} The CS is obtained from shark or bovine cartilage.\textsuperscript{33}
The proposed mechanism of GlcN is by penetration into cells by glucose transporters. GS associated with O-GlcNAcylate proteins are responsible for modulating the inflammatory process like decreasing nuclear factor-\(\kappa\)B nuclear translocation. GlcN also affects the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epigenetic mechanisms. The mechanism of action of CS differs from that of GlcN. Being large molecules; CS does not penetrate into cells, e.g., chondrocytes and activates the anti-inflammatory effect by associating membrane receptors, e.g., CD44, TLR4, and ICAM1. It obstructs the fragments of extracellular matrix engaging these receptors, and blocks the signal transduction pathways activated by the fragments to reduce the nuclear translocation of proinflammatory transcription factors.\textsuperscript{34}
Dostrovsky NR et al.\textsuperscript{35} noted that GS can affect glucose metabolism and may induce insulin resistance. GlcN may also cause shellfish allergy (Table 3). The GS is administered as salt and may affect the hypertensive and renal patients.\textsuperscript{36,37} Other side effects include epigastric pain, heartburn, diarrhea, and nausea.\textsuperscript{38} Kahan et al.\textsuperscript{39} concluded that CS has structure and symptom modifying effect in patients with knee OA. Gruenwald J et al.\textsuperscript{40} Also found that GS reduces pain symptoms significantly in patients with knee OA.
There are variable reports about the efficacy of GS and CS in knee OA. Kanazaki et al.\textsuperscript{41} in a comparative study of 16 weeks duration over 100 patients found improvement in the treatment group. Kanazaki et al.\textsuperscript{42} in a pilot study concluded that these supplement increases walking speed in the patient of OA knee patients. Roman-Blas JA et al.\textsuperscript{43} in their study found results of GS and CS to be inferior compared to placebo therapy. Provenza JR et al.\textsuperscript{44} found that any of the combinations provide clinically significant pain relief in knee OA irrespective of dose fractionation and capsule or sachet formulations. Vangsness CT Jr et al.\textsuperscript{45} reviewed literature for the same and found that both the drugs were found safe compared to placebo. As an individual drug, there are inconsistent results, but in combination, they found to be effective.\textsuperscript{46–48} Henrotin et al.\textsuperscript{49} also reviewed the literature and concluded that there is an evidence of a reduction in the rate of joint space narrowing.
There are several reasons for these inconsistent results which include that current treatment dose of GlcN barely reaches the required therapeutic concentration in plasma and tissue. There is no standard formulation available in the market for these supplements. Bruyère et al.\textsuperscript{50} examined patented crystalline GS (PCG) formulation and found it to be superior to other GS formulations. PCGs also showed a delay in joint structural changes in various studies, indicating potential benefit in altering disease course of OA knee. Raynauld JP et al.\textsuperscript{51} indicated that treatment with GS/CS significantly reduces the cartilage volume loss in the knee. Haris S
Table 2
Table showing the review of literature of commonly used nutraceuticals used in the management of knee osteoarthritis.
| Nutraceuticals | Author and year | Type of Study | Number of patients | Outcome scoring system used | Results | Conclusion | Remarks |
|---------------|-----------------|---------------|--------------------|----------------------------|---------|------------|---------|
| **Boswellia** | Krishanu Sengupta et al. | Randomized double-blind placebo controlled study | 75 | VAS, Lequesne’s Functional Index, WOMAC, Cartilage degrading enzyme from synovial fluid | Statistically and clinically significant improvement in pain score and physical function score, and reduction of cartilage degradation enzyme in synovial fluid | 5-Loxin® reduces pain and improves physical functioning significantly in OA patients and it is safe for human consumption. 5-Loxin® may exert its beneficial effects by controlling inflammatory responses through reducing proinflammatory modulators, and it may improve joint health by reducing the enzymatic degradation of cartilage in OA patients. The difference between standard medicine and suppl. To SM was significant in favor of suppl. For all target measurement used in registry The difference between SM and the flexiquile + SM was in favor of the management with supplement. | 5-Loxin is Boswellia serrata extract enriched with 30% 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid. |
| Belcaro G et al. | Supplement registry | 55 | Kamofsky scale, WOMAC score, Treadmill test | The effect of supplement is significant higher than only using standard medicine | | Flexiquile: Boswellia extract in capsule: safe and well tolerated. |
| Belcaro G et al. | A comparative study | 66 | WOMAC Score, treadmill test | In supplement plus standard medicine group WOMAC score reduced significantly. | | |
| **Aflapin** | Krishanu Sengupta et al. | Randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial | 60 | VAS, Lequesne’s Functional Index, WOMAC | Significant improvement in pain score and physical function score. Significant improvement in pain score and functional ability were recorded at the 7th day of treatment. | Aflapin and 5-Loxin reduce pain and improve physical functions significantly in OA subjects. Aflapin exhibited better efficacy compared to 5-Loxin. Both were safe. | |
| Amar A et al. | Randomized double-blind placebo controlled trail | 152 | VAS score, Lequesne’s functional index, WOMAC score | Significant reduction in all the pain score is observed in aflapin group by day 30. Significne reduction of VAS and LFI observed by day 5 | Aflapin is effective and safe in treatment of OA pt. and its effect shows as early as 5th day of starting treatment. | |
| **Collagen peptide** | Kumar S et al. | Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial | | WOMAC, VAS, Quality of life (QOL) | Scores reduced significantly in collagen peptide group compared to placebo group | Collagen peptide found to be effective in reducing pain of OA knee | Collagen paptide was isolated from pork skin and bovine bone Undenatured type II collagen obtained from chiken sternum cartilage However, further studies required for establishing its effect and mechanism of action |
| Lugo JP et al. | Multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trail | 191 | WOMAC, VAS, Lequesne Functional Index (LFI) | Significant improvement in UC=II group compared to other GS and placebo group | UC=II improved symptoms in OA patients and well tolerated | |
| Figueres Juher T et al. | Review study | 60 scientific studies | | | Hydrolyzed collagen reduces collagen damage and loss causing reduction in joint pain | Hydrolyzed collagen found to be effective in OA knee | |
| **Curcumin** | Madhu K et al. | A Randomized placebo-controlled trail | | WOMAC subscalesand total score | Improved WOMAC score, joint tenderness, crepitation, effusion, limitation of movements | Curcumin found effective in treatment of OA knee patients with less side effects | Single blinded, small sample size, short duration |
| Kuptniratsaikul V et al.(2014) | Comparative study between curcuma domestica extract and ibuprofen | 345 | WOMAC score | Both group showed significant improvement in WOMAC score | Curcuma domestica a extract is an effective in treatment of OA with less side effects | Large sample size, proper blinding and randomization but short duration |
| Henrotin Y et al. | Exploratory clinical trail | 22 | VAS score and blood markers | Significantly reduced circulating markers of collagen degradation, Coll2-1,Fib3-1,Fib3-2. Myeloperoxidase and VAS score reduced significantly | Flexofytol reduce inflation and thus reduce pain in OA patient | Flexofytol: another optimized curcumin formation with |
| Nutraceuticals | Author and year | Type of Study | Number of patients | Outcome scoring system used | Results | Conclusion | Remarks |
|---------------|-----------------|---------------|--------------------|----------------------------|---------|------------|---------|
| **Turmeric** | | | | | | | |
| Nakagawa Y, et al. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study | | | Kellgren and Lawrence scale, Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure | Reduced severity of pain and rate of concomitant celecoxib use. No difference in JKOM | Theracurmin reduces pain significantly. | emulsifier polysorbate 80, Sample size of this study was small Large sample and longer duration required. |
| Panahi Y, et al. | Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial | | | WOMAC,VAS, Lequesne’s pain functional index | Significant reduction in all the score compare to placebo | Curcuminoids represent an effective and safe alternative treatment in OA. | |
| Kok-Yong Chin, et al. | Review study | | | | Reduction in pain and improvement in physical function | Patients has better quality of life after taking curcumin | More well planned randomized control trails and enhanced curcumin formulation required More rigorous and larger studies are needed to confirm therapeutic efficacy of turmeric for arthritis |
| Daily JW et al. | Systematic review | 8 RCTs | | Pain Visual Analog score, WOMAC score | Reduction of PVAS compared to placebo (p < .00001) in 3 RCTs, Reduction of WOMAC score in 4 RCTs, No significant difference in PVAS in 5 RCTs | 1000 mg/day is effective for treatment of arthritis. It is difficult to draw definitive conclusion due to total sample size, quality of primary study | |
| **Fish Oil** | | | | | | | |
| Nuria Caturla, et al. | Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study | 45 | | WOMAC, Lequesne’s score | WOMAC, Lequesne’s total score reduced 53% and 78% respectively | Standardized lemon verbena extract and Fish oil omega-3 fatty acid reduced pain and stiffness significantly | May be considered for further investigation as a alternative treatment. |
| Peanpadungrat P, et al. | Comparative study | 75 | | VAS score, 100 m walking velocity, three steps walking time | Average score of patient satisfaction was 9.06 of 10, all parameters improved significantly | Safe and effective in mild to moderate OA knee pts. | |
| Hill CL, et al. | Randomized clinical trial of low dose versus high dose of fish oil | | | WOMAC pain and function score | Improvement in both the group, greater improvement in pain and functions score at 2 years in low-dose patients. No difference in cartilage volume loss. | Fish oil is an effective treatment in OA knee | |
| Boe C, et al. | Review study | | | | | In vitro studies: anti-inflammatory action, Canine trial: reduction in symptoms Human clinical trial: Not consistently significant Evidence of marine oil using in alleviate pain arthritis patients was over all of the low quality | Long-term, well-designed studies required, and standardization of fish oil industry required |
| Senftleber NK, et al. | Systematic review | 42 | | Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) | The standardized mean difference suggested unfavorable effect in OA patients | | |
| **Ginger** | | | | | | | |
| Naderi Z et al. | double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial | 120 | | Serum concentration of nitric oxide (NO) and hs-C reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum TNF-α and IL-1β level | concentration of these markers declined more in the Ginger containing group | Ginger powder supplementation can reduce inflammatory markers | |
| Mozaffari — Khosravi et al. | randomized double-blind clinical trial | 120 | | | | benefit in reducing inflammatory biomarkers | |
| Bartels EM et al. | Meta analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials | 593 | | Hedges’ standardized mean difference (SMD), and safety by risk ratio (RR) | Statistically significant pain reduction and a statistically significant reduction in disability were seen, both in favor of ginger. | modestly efficacious and reasonably safe but moderate quality evidence | |
| Paramdeep G et al. | randomized open label study | 60 | | VAS SCORE, WOMAC SCORE | statistically significant improvement with time in all groups with patients who | Ginger powder has add-on effect with acceptable safety profile. | |
### Table 2 (continued)
| Nutraceuticals | Author and year | Type of Study | Number of patients | Outcome scoring system used | Results | Conclusion | Remarks |
|----------------|-----------------|---------------|--------------------|----------------------------|---------|------------|---------|
| **Green tea** | Amorndoljai P<sup>45</sup> et al. | comparative study comparing paired t score before and after treatment | 60 | KOOS, ISOA, PGA | received both ginger and diclofenac treatments statistically significant improved patient’s global assessment, knee joint pain, symptoms, daily activities, sports activities, and quality of life | Application of Ginger extract nanoparticles relieves joint pain with symptomatic and improved quality of life | |
| | Rondanelli M<sup>38</sup> et al. | A pilot study | | Tegner Lysholm Knee Scoring,VAS,SF-36), anthropometric parameters,hydration | significant improvement of pain by Lysholm scale score, SF-36 | This study shows feasibility and safety data for the use of highly standardized ginger. | |
| **Rose Hip Extract** | Hashempur MH<sup>39</sup> et al. | Randomized open-label active-controlled clinical trial, Intervention group: green tea extract + diclofenac Control group: diclofenac | | VAS, total WOMAC | Mean difference of VAS pain, total WOMAC, and WOMAC physical functional score shows significant reduction compared with the control group. No significant difference between two groups in mean differences of WOMAC pain and stiffness scores. | Green tea extract can be considered as an adjunctive treatment for control of pain and betterment of knee joint physical function in OA knee pt. | Duration and sample size of this study is small. |
| | Winther<sup>49</sup> K et al. | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | | WOMAC pain, stiffness, global assessment of severity of the disease | Significant reduction in WOMAC pain, and global assessment of severity of the disease | Reduces symptom of osteoarthritis | |
| | Rossnagel K<sup>106</sup> et al. | Meta-analysis of RCT | 2 RCTs revied | | 1<sup>st</sup> RCT: no improvement in knee flexion 2<sup>nd</sup> RCT: reduction of pain in RHP group | In both studies RHP has moderate effect in OA patients | 1<sup>st</sup> RCT: parallel design 2<sup>nd</sup> RCT: crossover design In both studies sample size was small In future, large-scale/long term trail require |
| | Christensen R<sup>101</sup> et al. | Meta analysis of RCT | 3 RCT reviewed | | Reduction of pain score in RHP compared to placebo | Although sparse amount of data available, RHP reduces pain in OA pt. | |
Vassiliadis et al.<sup>52</sup> observed that despite a significant number of available RCTs, the question of the effectiveness of GS and CS is still not answered. They also noted that which group of patients with the specific grading of OA gets the most benefit of this supplement is not clear.
#### 2.3. Collagen peptide
Hydrolysate Collagen (HC) is derived from gelatinization and enzymatic hydrolysis of native collagen derived from collagenic animal tissue and contained small peptide with a molecular weight lower than 5000 Da.<sup>53</sup> In preclinical studies, it is found that HC stimulates collageneic tissue regeneration by increasing collagen synthesis and also by increasing glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronic acids.<sup>53</sup> Poole et al.<sup>54</sup> found that HC has a therapeutic target for controlling degeneration of articular cartilage and also have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.<sup>55</sup>
Kumar et al.<sup>56</sup> used collagen peptides in their study and results were evaluated by WOMAC, VAS and Quality of Life (QOL) score from starting of study to 13 weeks of the study. These scores reduced significantly in collagen peptide group compared to placebo group. Lugo et al.<sup>57</sup> carried out a study to evaluate the Undenatured type II collagen (UC=II) derived from chicken sternum cartilage in modulating knee OA symptoms. UC=II was found to be effective in patients with OA knee and was well tolerated. Figueres Juher T et al.<sup>53</sup> did a review of the effect of hydrolyzed collagen on the joint in 60 scientific studies and found that HC intake reduces collagen damage and loss causing a reduction in joint pain. Schadow<sup>57</sup> found that the pharmacological effect of the various compositions is different on human chondrocytes. So, standardization of CHs formulation is required.
#### 2.4. Curcumin
The grounded root and rhizome of the plant *Curcuma longa* provides Turmeric which is used to treat the biliary digestive disorder, healing wounds and in rheumatic diseases (Fig. 1b). Curcumin (77%) is the main constituent of Turmeric but also contains bisdemethoxycurcumin (17%), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (3%). All these together are called “curcuminooids”.<sup>58,59</sup> Curcumin inhibits NF-kappa B mediated IL-Ibeta/TNF-alpha catabolic signaling pathway in chondrocytes and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.<sup>60,61</sup> Curcumin acts as a chondroprotective agent by inhibiting apoptosis of chondrocytes; proteoglycans and metal metalloproteases release inhibition and inhibition of cyclooxygenase, prostaglandin E-2, and inflammatory cytokines expression in chondrocytes.<sup>62</sup> (Fig. 2).
The oral bioavailability of curcumin is low<sup>63</sup> which can be
Table 3
Table showing the various studies related to the Glucosamine.
| Nutraceuticals | Author | Type of study | Number of patients | Outcome scoring system used | Result | Conclusion | Remarks |
|---------------|--------|---------------|--------------------|-----------------------------|--------|------------|---------|
| **Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulphate** | Sherman AL, et al., | Review article | | | GL and CS showed anti-inflammatory action in *in vitro* study on human chondrocyte. Beneficial effect of CS and GL on pain and function. Small but significant reduction in rate of joint space narrowing. Significant minimum loss of joint space, pain also improved significantly in OA knee Pt. | This review clarifies the role of these compounds in the therapeutic arsenal for OA knee pt. | |
| | Kahan A, et al., | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | | Assessed medial compartment of tibio-femoral joint | | CS has structure and symptom modifying effect in pt. with knee OA. Glucosamine reduces pain symptoms significantly. | |
| | Gruenwald J, et al., | RCT | | | | | |
| | Kanzaki N, et al., | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study | 100 | Japanese Knee Osteoarthritis Measure, VAS, Normal walking speed, knee-extensor strength | Knee extensor strength and walking speed is better in treatment group. | This supplement is effective for relieving knee pain and improving locomotor function. | However, along with GL, CS: type II collagen peptide, quercetin glycoside, imidazole, vitamin D also used. |
| | Kanzaki N, et al., | Pilot study of gait analysis | | Gait analysis | Supplement increases walking speed through increased stride length and angle of kicking from the ground during steps. 19% reduction in VAS global pain score compare to 33% reduction in placebo group. Similar improvement in WOMAC score in both group | Reduction of knee pain leads to improvement in locomotor function | |
| | Jorge A. Romani-Blas, et al., | Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial | 164 | Global pain score, VAS, WOMAC | CS/CS combination of therapy was not superior to placebo in controlling pain and functional limitation in pt. with knee OA. All trials have found the safety of these compounds to be equal to placebo. Inconsistent efficacy in reducing OA pain and improving joint function. CS, either alone or in combination with other drugs has potential to be effective in treatment of OA knee | Sample was small, confounding factor of analgesic effect conferred by using pain killer as a rescue medication. Because of many studies confirmed OA pain relief with GL + CS and their excellent safety, these supplements may serve a role as an initial treatment modality for OA knee pt. |
| | Vangsness CT, et al., | Review Article | | | | | |
| | Bishnoi M, et al., | Review study | | | | | |
| | Mantovani V, et al., | Review article | | | | | |
| | Bruyere O, et al., | Compared Patented crystalline GS(PGS) with other GS and Glucosamine hydrochloride | | | PCG found superior over other GS and Glucosamine hydrochloride. Also alter the disease course when started in early stage of disease These findings provide future support for the long-term protective structure-modifying effects of GL/CS treatment in OA knee pt. | No absolute certainties on their efficacy in modifying the course of the disease. Various formulation of Glucosamine present in market but standardization of formulation is required |
| | Raynauld JP, et al., | Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test, Multivariant analysis | | | Significantly reduced the cartilage volume loss in the global knee. The protective effect at 6 years being significant in participants exposed to 2 or more years of treatment. | | |
| | Haris S, et al., | Review study | | | Trial should to methodological standard (CONSORT). 2) systematic review should follow similar standards (MECIR) | The best dosage, duration of dosage that provide symptom relief is still unknown. More advanced tools (e.g. MRI) should be used to assess the joint. The quality and quantity of cartilage should also be more accurately defined. (DGRMRIC) Group of pt. who get benefit should be clearly defined. | |
increased by delivering curcumin in liposomes or solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, or nanoparticles.\textsuperscript{64} Madhu K et al.\textsuperscript{65} observed that Curcumin was effective in improving all WOMAC score and other clinical outcomes in patients with knee OA. Kertia et al.\textsuperscript{66} compared curcumin with Diclofenac Sodium, and they found curcumin to be equally efficient in suppressing the synthesis of COX-2. Kuptniratsaikul et al.\textsuperscript{67} did a randomized multicentric study and observed similar results. Adverse effect profile observed include dyspepsia, abdominal pain, nausea, loose stool, and edema. Henrotin et al.\textsuperscript{68} found significant improvement in their study.
In a study, it was found that the peak plasma Curcumin concentration of Theracurmin (Curcumin formulation dispensed with colloidal submicron-particles) was higher compared to other formulations in the market.\textsuperscript{59–71} In humans, concurrent administration of Curcumin and Piperine enhanced the bioavailability of Curcumin by 2000%.\textsuperscript{72} Panahi et al.\textsuperscript{73} and Kok-Yong Chin\textsuperscript{62} et al.also concluded that the improvements in the treatment group were better significantly after taking curcumin. Daily et al.\textsuperscript{74} systematically reviewed all RCTs and found that three RCTs showed a reduction of PVAS with curcumin in comparison with placebo.
### 2.5. Fish oil
The effect of fish oil in knee OA patients is still not well understood. It is postulated that the fatty acids present in fish oil alter metabolic pathways by reducing the inflammatory process (Fig. 1c). Various studies showed the reduction in inflammatory destruction of cartilage tissue.\textsuperscript{75} The anti-inflammatory actions of n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil were observed on human cartilage cells. Some adverse effect like intolerance, diarrhea, and gastroesophageal reflux have reported\textsuperscript{76} with its use.
Caturla et al.\textsuperscript{77} in their study found improved physical function in patients with knee OA. Peanpadungrat et al.\textsuperscript{78} also concluded that the fish oil is efficient and safe in mild to moderate stages of knee OA patients, however, the higher dose of 2000 mg did not show greater efficacy than 1000 mg of fish oil. Hill et al. and March et al.\textsuperscript{79} also concluded that the low-dose fish oil group showed better pain and functional score improvement. Standardization of the fish oil formulations is required for consistency of therapy. Senftleberet al.\textsuperscript{80} searched database systematically and suggested unfavorable effect in knee OA patients. They concluded that the evidence for using marine oil to alleviate pain in arthritis patients was over all of the low quality.
### 2.6. Ginger
Ginger is one of the ancient herbs used in India for cooking and for the treatment of different diseases. Ginger has anti-inflammatory action which helps in treating knee OA (Fig. 1d). Naderi et al.\textsuperscript{81} in their study found that inflammatory markers like nitric oxide and C-reactive protein were reduced significantly in the serum of patients who were given ginger as a treatment compared to placebo. The similar study was done by Mozaffari-Khosravi et al.\textsuperscript{82} assessing the levels of proinflammatory after ginger supplementation and suggested that Cytokines were decreased in the Ginger Group relative to the Placebo Group. The efficacy and safety of ginger are evaluated in various studies. Meta-analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials by Bartels EM et al.\textsuperscript{83} showed statistically significant pain reduction and disability, both in favor of ginger. Paramdeep G et al.\textsuperscript{84} did randomized, open-label study and found that the group which received both ginger and diclofenac showed better improvement than the individual
treatments. The exact dosage and the duration of treatment with Ginger extract still need to be validated. Local application of ginger is also found to be effective in reducing symptoms of OA knee. Amorodolajai P et al.\textsuperscript{85} concluded that local application of ginger extract relieves joint pain and improves quality of life. Rondinelli et al.\textsuperscript{86} also found significant improvement in pain relief in patients with Ginger with knee OA who have a poor response with NSAIDs.
2.7. Green tea
The tea is one of the most commonly consumed beverage worldwide. Green tea is ‘non-fermented,’ and contains more Catechins which are potent antioxidants as compared to black tea (Fig. 1e). There is an increasing interest to evaluate the role of green tea in various diseases including knee OA. “Polyphenols” present in green tea inhibits the inflammatory response at cellular levels. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), is the most important type of polyphenol which inhibits enzyme activities and signal transduction pathways.\textsuperscript{77,78} Rasheed et al.\textsuperscript{89} have done \textit{in vitro} study on human chondrocytes. EGCG significantly reduces advanced glycation end products (AGEs) which induce pro-inflammatory substances in chondrocytes through various mechanisms. EGCG inhibits expression of TNF alpha, MMP-13 and NF-kappaB and also IL-1beta-induced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release from human cartilage explants.\textsuperscript{90,91} Newer studies have shown that the role of EGCG in OA might be related to its ability to inhibit inflammatory response by modulating micro RNAs expressions.\textsuperscript{82,83} Green tea has shown potent anti-inflammatory action in various \textit{in vitro} studies.
2.8. Rosehip extract
Rosehip is derived from dried \textit{Rosa canina} fruits obtained from Hyben Vital, Langeland, Denmark.\textsuperscript{94} Rosehip extract\textsuperscript{95} contains Galactolipid (2S)-1, 2-di-O-[(9Z, 12Z, 15Z)-octadeca-9, 12, 15-trienoyl]-3-O-\(\beta\)-galactopyranosyl glycerol, Mono-galactosyl diglyceride, Di-galactosyl diglyceride, Betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E, \(\beta\)-Carotene, Lycopene, Linoleic acid, EPA, and DHA. These agents modulate inflammatory response and prevent cartilage destruction (Fig. 1f).
Kharazmi A et al.\textsuperscript{96} found that rose hip extract inhibits the peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and also reduce the level of acute phase protein CRP and serum creatinine. It was observed that the gene expression of COL5/RANTES, CCL20/MIP-3\(\alpha\), CXCL2/MIP-2 and CXCL10/IP-10 on target cells like chondrocytes, was reduced by Rosehip. The expression of genes that degrade ECM was also reduced, and thus RH showed a chondroprotective effect on the cartilage tissue. Jäger AK et al.\textsuperscript{97} reported from an \textit{in vitro} study that component of rose hip powder: (Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid) inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 and contribute anti-inflammatory property. Saaby Let al.\textsuperscript{98} evaluated the immunomodulatory effect of Rosehip powder and found that it inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 release. Winther K et al.\textsuperscript{99} noticed a reduction in pain, stiffness, and severity of the disease, with the use of Rose-hip. Rossnagel K et al.\textsuperscript{100} and Christensen R et al.\textsuperscript{101} found that Rose hip powder is an effective nutraceutical for the treatment of OA knee patients. Chrubasik C et al.\textsuperscript{102} also conducted a comprehensive review, according to which anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of various preparations of the Rosehip have been demonstrated. Chrubasik-Hausmann S et al.\textsuperscript{103} performed a 3-month investigation and found the rose hip shell powder to be as effective as pseudofruit powder Litozin (\textsuperscript{®}). However, future research is required to elaborate the importance of the reported promising experimental effects in clinical use.
3. Conclusion
Knee OA is one of the most prevalent diseases in the elderly population. Lifestyle modification and physical therapy forms the first line of management follows by Analgesics and NSAIDs, but these agents only give symptomatic relief and do not affect the natural history of the disease. Nutraceuticals are dietary compounds that are considered to alter inflammatory process and change the natural course of the disease process of OA. However, the term nutraceuticals is not recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which uses the term ‘dietary supplements’ instead. The responsibility of framing and regulating standards for nutraceuticals rests with the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) as outlined in the Food Safety Act 2006.
Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and analgesic action of Boswellia has been observed in many studies, but the bio-availability is found to be low. Aflapin have shown better bio-availability than Boswellia. The effect of Aflapin was observed as early as the 5th day of starting treatment. Ginger and green tea extract are also found to be effective and safe for OA knee patients. However, further studies required confirming these results. Collagen peptide is also found to be effective in the treatment of OA but different formulations are available in the market, and each formulation has a different pharmacological effect, so standardization of collagen peptide formulation required before using it in the treatment of OA knee.
GS and CH supplements are found to be safe, but results of their effects were inconsistent. However, the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis has recommended them as first-line therapy in the treatment algorithm for knee OA. In future, more specific studies are required to evaluate the exact dosage of these drugs, which formulation is most effective, which group and stage of patients get most benefited, duration of treatment required, when to stop medicine if no response and the exact role of GS/CH in modifying disease process.
Rosehip powder is an effective nutraceutical for treatment of OA patients because of its anti-inflammatory, chondroprotective and immune-modulatory action but the only sparse amount of data is available. In future, more extensive studies are required for establishing its efficacy. Curcumin also has shown positive results but the bio-availability of curcumin found to be low. In future, well-planned RCTs required with enhanced Curcumin formulation to overcome low bio-availability. The low dose of fish oil (1000 mg) is found to be more efficacious than the higher dose. Overall, it is found to be safe, but some side effects like diarrhea, intolerance and gastro-esophageal reflux also have been observed.
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|
NOTICE OF
TOWN COUNCIL WORKSESSION, PUBLIC HEARING & REGULAR MEETING
TOWN OF PROVIDENCE VILLAGE, TEXAS
PROVIDENCE VILLAGE TOWN HALL
1755 MAIN ST., PROVIDENCE VILLAGE, TEXAS
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 2019
7:30 P.M. Regular Session
MINUTE
REGULAR SESSION 7:30 p.m.
I. CALL TO ORDER AND ANNOUNCE A QUORUM PRESENT:
Mayor Michael Jordan called the meeting to order at 7:30 p.m. Town Council members present were Mayor Pro-Tem Eric Newton, Alderman Kelly Nelson, Alderman Linda Inman, and Alderman Jesse Rodriguez, being a quorum.
II. INVOCATION
Dwayne Brawner led invocation.
III. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
a. United States Flag
b. Texas Flag
IV. OPEN FORUM:
Don Fisher, a resident who resides at 10200 Nantucket Dr., as President of Providence HOA and is speaking on behalf of HOA. Don discussed how the land was divided among the Town, HOA and PVWCID. Recently learned that 3 of the parks in Creek Village are no longer controlled by the HOA but are owned by the Town. Did survey and residents want Serenity Park and the Dog Park improved, which are no longer owned by the HOA. Offering on behalf of HOA, to improve Serenity Park with the excess reserves they have in their budget. HOA wants the property deeded back to them from the Town. Doesn’t care about big lake. Dog park needs new water fountains and resodded. Mayor asked if they wanted all three parks back, third being Cambridge Park and Mr. Fisher acknowledged they did.
Joyce Vann, a resident who resides at 10204 Franklin Dr., wants the Town to work with Little Elm to get flashing pedestrian signs for FM 2931 like the ones in Grapevine on Main Street.
John Okonski, a resident who resides at 2225 Rodgers Ln., stated that the quarterly publications from the Town, also known as Providence Experience, was a great resource
and acknowledged repairs made to the mud hole. Trip hazard is a 1-3/4 inches and can’t be repaired because its not 2 inches. Green fencing on Dr. Sanders needs to be replaced and wanted to know why the Pilot Post Signal did not publish information regarding crime in Providence Village. Stated there is nothing about Providence Village in police blotter.
There were no further requests to address the Town Council.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton noted that the Town did not direct the newspaper as to what they should publish.
V. WORKSESSION/COMMITTEE REPORTS/STAFF REPORTS:
a. Committee Reports
No committee reports.
b. Staff Reports
Brian Roberson reported that Landing had 40 permits. He also reported that regarding FM 2931, the County Commissioner and Jared Patterson have been coordinating to do work on FM 2931 and it usually takes about 10 years before TxDOT gets started on a project being planned. They plan to do a speed study and a signal study. They don’t like to put cross walks in the middle of road without an intersection. Been working with Little Elm for over a year trying to figure out how to get kids from apartments to Providence Elementary. They are currently using a bus to get them from the apartments to the school, but this is a short term arrangement. Hillstone Point at Lakeview will also have kids trying to get across 2931. TxDOT controls the road, so we must get their buy in.
The property at 380 and 2931 is being cleaned and worked on and the owners have acquired a demolition permit. Med Spa poured fire lane.
Brian Roberson introduced Marty Coursey, the new interim finance manager who is working as a contractor. He stated that Ms. Coursey was a wealth of knowledge from her experience with several cities and we will be keeping her at least through the end of the year.
Eric Newton presented to Chris Blue the street sign.
VI. CONSENT AGENDA – Items are considered self-explanatory and will be enacted with one motion. There will be no separate discussion of these items unless so requested by at least one member of the Town Council.
a. Minute Approval – August 20, 2019 Town Council Regular Session Minutes
b. Approve Administrative Actions
(1) Consider, discuss and act upon Interlocal Cooperation Contract for the Failure to Appear Program Collection Agreement between the Texas Department of Public Safety and Providence Village Municipal Court for
FTA program and collections and authorize Court Administrator to execute same.
Alderman Nelson moved to approve Consent Agenda; Alderman Inman seconded. Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed.
VII. ACTION ITEMS
a. Consider, discuss and act upon recommendation of Special Use Permit No. 19-01262-01 submitted by Providence/380 Partners, Ltd., as property owner, Guggenheim Partners, LLC, as applicant and Ryan Alcala of Jones/Carter, as representative, for a special use permit allowing automotive maintenance shop (Jiffy Lube) in the Business 2 District (B-2) of the property located at 26625 U.S. Highway 380, Providence Village, Texas and identified as approximately a 1.06 acre tract of land, Lot 4 of the Providence/380 Addition, a subdivision of record in Document No. 2015-216 of the Plat Records of Denton County, Texas, and further identified as Denton Property ID 64791, situated in the Marsella Jones Survey, Abstract 662, Denton County, Texas and approval of ordinance authorizing same.
Brian Roberson presented the slide show answering some of the questions presented at the last Town Council meeting including photometric issues, landscaping and images of the proposed building from both rear and front view. There are 6 minor auto repairs within a 5 mile radius.
Businesses that can be built without coming to Town were presented. Jiffy Lube falls within auto repair minor, which requires an SUP. Brian Roberson also noted the TCEQ report resource and stated that they were not able to locate a list of complaints against specific industries. The report on complaints were by group. Can find specifics for a particular vendor, but it looks like they are a minor.
Brian did go to Kwik Kar on a hot day and stood at the back of the parking lot, 10-15 feet from fence that separated the vendor from residents. Did not smell anything, did hear voices from the bay area, but could not make out what they were saying. Car wash significantly louder than noise from oil change side. Property values were discussed and projected revenue.
Stephen Miller, a resident who resides 10252 Franklin Dr., stated he has issues with Jiffy Lube going up. He is a mechanic in Frisco and says the noise will travel.
Juan Gonzales, a resident who resides at 10324 Nantucket Dr. and has resided there since 2005. Spoke against automotive business being the welcoming mat for Providence Village.
Leslie Evans, a resident who resides at 10328 Nantucket Dr., loves the research and data. Other cities have been able to keep out these businesses, doesn’t know how, but they have. She wants to know what is going to happen to the land between the houses and the business sections.
Travis Bousquet, with Jones Carter Engineering at 4500 Mercantile Plaza Dr., Fort Worth, Texas, stated that they did hear the citizens’ concerns at the last Council meeting, and they wanted to point out the beefed up landscape plans. There are gaps in the Photinia row, and they are willing to fill in the gap, in addition to the live oaks. Brian Roberson stated when he visited Kwik Kar, he was standing 115 feet, and the houses in Providence village are three times that distance.
Alderman Inman asked how tall the Photinias were and Brian stated they are tall, and you can see the roof tops of the two-story houses, but otherwise couldn’t see. Alderman Inman stated she couldn’t see anything.
Alderman Nelson asked if there were any hydraulic lifts, and the spokesperson for Guggenheim stated they have a lift for alignments.
Alderman Inman asked if the doors were up in the back when a car is being worked on and Mr. Hiegel stated that it would depend on the weather. There was detailed discussion regarding noise decibels and activities, including 80-100 decibels from road, 80 decibels for a car wash, pneumatic would be 100 decibels at the source. Honestly does not think noise is going to be more than the highway noise that is already present.
Stephen Miller asked if the shop was going to be changing tires and the representative stated that no tires will be changed.
Juan Gonzales stated that he forwarded to Mayor Pro-Tem Newton information about how some vehicles ignited after they left Jiffy Lubes. The response was that the locations lost their franchise.
Justin Hiegel reported that after checking with Jiffy Lube, they’ve never had any incidents of ignited vehicles and no facility is ever left vacant, they replace the operator and franchisee.
Eric Allsop, a resident who resides at 10252 Nantucket, discussed the landscaping matters. Would like the Town Council to take into consider the inclusion of a fence along the entire area. Grateful that Jiffy Lube is willing to listen.
Alderman Inman asked about the purpose of an SUP and Julie Fort provided a review from the zoning ordinance. It was noted that State law considers the use and not the user. It should not matter who the owner is or anything about them personally. What you’re allowed to evaluate under the law is the use they are requesting and there are many things that you take into consideration. Revenue is usually not a controlling factor in zoning changes, but things like size of road, and the project use, etc.
Mayor Jordan asked Travis Bousquet if Jiffy Lube accepts hazardous oil from others and he responded that by State law, any facility that does oil changes are required to accept oil and filters.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton asked if the SUP was denied, would the matter go to the BOA and Julie Fort stated it would not.
Mayor asked if there was a reason a wall could not be built. Brian explained that the fence could only be built on the property in question and no other properties as we don’t own them. There was discussion regarding the slope of the ditch owned by Town. Julie Fort stated a screening fence could be required in the ordinance but could only be built on the developer’s property. Mike Carroll stated that the ditch is part of our storm water drainage system.
There was extensive discussion regarding potential uses for the land owned by the Town.
Alderman Inman asked if anyone who lives directly behind the car wash could hear noise and both Juan Gonzales and Eric Allsop both stated that they could not hear it from their house.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton asked Don Fisher if there is something special needed from the HOA to get a higher fence. They would need to get a special permit to go higher. There was continued discussion regarding the Town building a wall in the ditch.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to approve SUP; Alderman Nelson seconded. Motion carried: 4 approved, Mayor Jordan opposed.
b. Conduct second public hearing to receive input on proposed Tax Rate for 2019 Tax Year.
Brian Roberson read the rates.
Mayor Jordan closed the Town Council Regular Session and opened Public Hearing at 9:10 p.m. Stephen Miller questioned if the rate would increase people’s taxes. There was discussion regarding Denton CAD protest. There were no further requests to speak during Public Hearing.
Mayor Jordan closed Public Hearing and reconvened into Town Council Regular Session at 9:15 p.m.
c. Conduct second public hearing to receive input on proposed Fiscal Year 2019-20 Budget for the Town of Providence Village.
Mayor Jordan closed Town Council Regular Session and convened into Public Hearing at 9:15 p.m.
Brian Roberson provided a summary of highlights of changes made.
Mayor Jordan closed Public Hearing and reconvened into Town Council Regular Session at 9:17 p.m.
d. Consider, discuss and act upon approval of Ordinance No. 2019-215 adopting the 2019-2020 Fiscal Year Operating Budget for the Town of Providence Village.
No action taken.
e. Consider, discuss and act on ratifying the property tax increase reflected in the adopted 2019-2020 Fiscal Year Operating Budget for the Town of Providence Village.
No action taken.
f. Consider, discuss and act upon appointment of nominee for Alderman Place 5 council position.
Alderman Inman wants to set up interviews. There was discussion regarding availability. No applications will be received after 5:00 p.m. on Tuesday, September 10th and interviews will be scheduled starting at 6:00 p.m. on September 11th.
g. Oath of Office of nominee for Alderman Place 5 on the Town Council.
No action taken.
h. Consider, discuss and act upon acceptance of resignations of Parker Hicks and Roy Gladson as alternates on the Planning & Zoning Commission.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to accept the resignations; Alderman Inman seconded. Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed.
i. Consider, discuss and act upon appointment of alternate members to the Board of Adjustment.
No action taken
j. Consider, discuss and act upon appointment of alternate members of the Planning & Zoning Commission.
No action taken
k. Consider, discuss and act upon approval of Resolution No. 2019-219 repealing Resolution Nos. 2018-198 and 2018-198-02 in their entirety and dissolving the Ordinance Committee.
Newton stated that two of the three members of the ordinance committee are gone and reiterated that now that the Town was home rule charter, it was no longer necessary to have committees and the Town has staff to handle these items.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to approved Resolution No. 2019-219 dissolving the ordinance committee; Alderman Nelson seconded. Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed.
1. Identify agenda items to be discussed at future meeting.
No action taken
VIII. ADJOURNMENT
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to adjourn; Alderman Inman seconded. Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed. Mayor Jordan adjourned the meeting at 9:30 p.m.
Michael Jordan, Mayor
Connie S. Hansen, TRMC
Town Secretary
Date Minutes Approved
9/17/2019
Date Minutes Approved
9/10/19
|
A Simple Key-Recovery Attack on McOE-X
Florian Mendel\textsuperscript{1,2}, Bart Mennink\textsuperscript{1}, Vincent Rijmen\textsuperscript{1}, and Elmar Tischhauser\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1} Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, ESAT/COSIC and IBBT, Belgium
\textsuperscript{2} Graz University of Technology, IAIK, Austria
**Abstract.** In this paper, we present a key-recovery attack on the online authenticated encryption scheme McOE-X proposed by Fleischmann et al. at FSE 2012. The attack is based on the observation that in McOE-X the key is changed for every block of message that is encrypted in a deterministic way. This allows an adversary to recover the key by using a standard time-memory trade-off strategy. On its best setting the attack has a complexity as low as $2 \cdot 2^{n/2}$, while this should be $2^n$ for a good scheme. Taking AES-128 as an example this would result in an attack with complexity of $2^{63}$.
**Keywords:** authenticated encryption, McOE-X, key-recovery attack.
1 Introduction
**Motivation.** Authenticated encryption is an important part in information security. Whenever two parties communicate over a network an authenticated encryption algorithm might be used to provide both privacy and authentication of the data. In most applications, there is not much value in keeping the data secret if they are not authenticated. Authentication of data is often of more value than their confidentiality.
Authenticated encryption can be generically constructed by combining an encryption scheme and a MAC. In [3], Bellare and Namprempre analyzed the three generic compositions of these two primitives: MAC-then-Encrypt (MtE), Encrypt-then-MAC (EtM), and Encrypt-and-MAC (E&M). They showed that the strongest notion of security for authenticated encryption can only be achieved by the EM approach. However, schemes built from generic composition have some disadvantages. Besides that two different algorithms with two different keys are needed, the message needs to be processed twice, making the scheme impractical for some applications. Therefore, ISO/IEC specifies, next to the generic composition EtM, five authenticated encryption modes for block ciphers, namely OCB, SIV (Key Wrap), CCM, EAX, and GCM. Most of them are much faster than any solution which uses generic composition. All of them are proven to be secure against nonce-respecting adversaries assuming that the underlying block cipher is ideal. However, as pointed out in [8, 9] all these schemes, excluding SIV, are vulnerable to nonce-reusing adversaries. SIV has been explicitly designed to resist nonce-reuse attacks, but it has the disadvantage that it is inherently offline.
For encryption one must either keep the entire message in memory or read the message twice.
Therefore, Fleischmann et al. proposed a new family of authenticated encryption schemes in [8, 9] that are on the one hand secure against nonce-reusing adversaries and on the other hand are online. The construction extends the online encryption scheme TC3 by Rogaway and Zhang [16] to a provable secure nonce-reuse resistant online authenticated encryption scheme. The family consists of three members: McOE-X, McOE-D and McOE-G.
**Our Contribution.** In this paper, we present a key-recovery attack on McOE-X. The basic idea of the attack is very simple. Since in McOE-X the key is changed for every block of message that is encrypted, an adversary can recover the key by keeping the message input of some block cipher operation fixed and using a time-memory trade-off strategy. In its best setting the attack has a complexity as low as $2 \cdot 2^{n/2}$ with similar memory requirements, while this should be $2^n$ in the ideal case. Our attack allows a free trade-off between memory (precomputation) and time (online phase), and as such can be tailored to different attack scenarios. In all variants, it is significantly more efficient than Hellman’s generic time-memory trade-off.
Note that this is close to the security bound of the McOE family. In more detail, Fleischmann et al. provide a formal security proof, which guarantees CCA3 indistinguishability up to about $2^{n/2}$. Since our key-recovery attack on McOE-X matches this bound (and from a theoretical point of view it even invalidates the proof), we took a detailed look at their security proof and identified a severe mistake that causes this gap; at a high level, Fleischmann et al. use ideal cipher results as if they were standard model results. These issues with the proof can, however, be resolved by explicitly considering the ideal cipher model.
**Outline.** The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the generic McOE construction and in particular McOE-X. In Section 3, we recall the security claims of the McOE construction respectively McOE-X. We present our key-recovery attack on McOE-X in Section 4 and discuss its relation to the security proof of McOE-X in Section 5. Finally, we discuss how McOE-X might be fixed in Section 6.
## 2 The McOE Family
The McOE construction is a new family of online authenticated encryption schemes recently proposed by Fleischmann et al. [8, 9]. It consists of three members: McOE-X, McOE-D and McOE-G. The general structure follows the online permutation approach described by Bellare et al. in [1] and is based on the Tweak Chain Hash construction [12] that is adapted from the Matyas-Meyer-Oseas construction. To be more precise, the construction itself is built on the online encryption scheme TC3 recently proposed by Rogaway and Zhang in [16]
that is based on a tweakable block cipher $\tilde{E}$. With an additional overhead of only two invocations of the tweakable block cipher $\tilde{E}$ the authors extend it to an online authenticated encryption scheme that is also secure against nonce-reusing adversaries. Both the encryption/authentication and the decryption/verification operations are described in Figure 1.
| Encryption/Authentication $\mathcal{E}(K, V, M)$ | Decryption/Verification $\mathcal{D}(K, V, C, T)$ |
|---|---|
| 1: Partition $M$ into $M_1 \cdots M_L$ | 1: Partition $C$ into $C_1 \cdots C_L$ |
| 2: $U \leftarrow 0^n$ | 2: $U \leftarrow 0^n$ |
| 3: $\tau \leftarrow \tilde{E}(K, U, V)$ | 3: $\tau \leftarrow \tilde{E}(K, U, V)$ |
| 4: $U \leftarrow \tau \oplus V$ | 4: $U \leftarrow \tau \oplus V$ |
| 5: for $i = 1$ to $L$ do | 5: for $i = 1$ to $L$ do |
| $C_i \leftarrow \tilde{E}(K, U, M_i)$ | $M_i \leftarrow \tilde{E}^{-1}(K, U, C_i)$ |
| $U \leftarrow M_i \oplus C_i$ | $U \leftarrow M_i \oplus C_i$ |
| 6: $T \leftarrow \tilde{E}(K, U, \tau)$ | 6: $T' \leftarrow \tilde{E}(K, U, \tau)$ |
| 7: $C \leftarrow C_1 \cdots C_L$ | 7: $M \leftarrow M_1 \cdots M_m$ |
| 8: return $(C, T)$ | 8: if $T = T'$ return $M$ else return FAIL |
**Fig. 1.** Encryption/Authentication and Decryption/Verification operation of the McOE construction, where $\tilde{E}(K, U, \cdot)$ is a tweakable block cipher with key $K$ and tweak $U$. Furthermore, $M$ denotes the message, $C$ denotes the ciphertext, $V$ denotes the nonce and $T$ is the authentication tag.
Additionally, Fleischmann et al. proposed a second scheme to provide length preservation using tag-splitting. The concept of tag-splitting is very similar to ciphertext stealing. We refer to the specification [9] for a detailed description of this method, since we do not need it for the attack described in this paper.
The generic construction of the McOE family with and without tag-splitting is depicted in Figure 2, where $\tilde{E}$ denotes a $n$-bit tweakable block cipher and $V$ is a nonce. Due to the current lack of a dedicated $n$-bit block cipher with an $n$-bit tweak, Fleischmann et al. proposed three different constructions to convert an ordinary block cipher into a tweakable block cipher resulting in the three members of the McOE family: McOE-X, McOE-D and McOE-G.
### 2.1 McOE-X
In this instance of the McOE family the tweak $U$ (i.e. the chaining value) is xored to the key $K$ to turn the block cipher $E$ into a tweakable block cipher
$$\tilde{E}(K, U, \cdot) := E(K \oplus U, \cdot)$$
(1)
As noted by the designers for McOE-X related-key security is needed for the block cipher $E$. However, this requirement is not needed for the other two instances of the McOE family.
2.2 Other Members of the McOE Family
In addition to McOE-X, Fleischmann et al. proposed two other members of the McOE family not requiring related-key security, McOE-D and McOE-G. The first uses two block cipher invocations per message block to update the chaining value similar to the TCH-CBC construction as described in [5]. The second is based on the HCBC2 construction described in [2] and uses a universal hash function to update the chaining value. For a detailed description of the two schemes we refer to the specification [9].
3 Security of the Schemes
Fleischmann et al. [9] analyze their McOE schemes with respect to CCA3 security, a security notion for authenticated cryptosystems proposed in [15]. We informally describe the security definitions, referring to [9] for a more formal treatment. For an authenticated cryptosystem $\Pi = (\mathcal{K}, \mathcal{E}, \mathcal{D})$, where $\mathcal{K}$ denotes the key derivation function, we denote by $\text{Adv}^{\text{CCA3}}_\Pi(q, \ell, t)$ the CCA3 security of $\Pi$ against any nonce-reusing adversary $A$, where $q$ denotes the number of total queries an adversary $A$ is allowed to ask to $\mathcal{E}$ and $\mathcal{D}$, $\ell$ the total length in blocks of the queries, and $t$ the running time of $A$.
They derive the following result for the McOE schemes without tag-splitting.
**Theorem 1 (Thm. 2 of [9]).** Let $\Pi = (\mathcal{K}, \mathcal{E}, \mathcal{D})$ be a McOE scheme based on a tweakable block cipher $\bar{E}$. Then,
$$\text{Adv}_\Pi^{\text{CCA}_3}(q, \ell, t) \leq \frac{3(q + \ell)(q + \ell + 1) + 4q + 3\ell}{2^n - (q + \ell)} + 3\delta.$$
Here, $\delta = \text{Adv}_\bar{E}^{\text{IND}}(q + \ell, O(t))$ denotes the advantage of distinguishing $\bar{E}$ from an ideal tweakable block cipher, where $q + \ell$ denotes the number of queries an adversary $A$ is allowed to ask to $\bar{E}$ and $\bar{E}^{-1}$ and $O(t)$ the running time of $A$.
A significantly worse bound is obtained for McOE with tag-splitting. We refer to [9] for more details.
For the McOE-X construction without tag-splitting, they generalize this result as follows. Note that in this case $\delta$ refers to the related-key advantage of distinguishing $E$ from an ideal block cipher.
**Theorem 2 (Thm. 4 of [9]).** Let $\Pi = (\mathcal{K}, \mathcal{E}, \mathcal{D})$ be a McOE-X scheme based on a block cipher $E$. Then,
$$\text{Adv}_\Pi^{\text{CCA}_3}(q, \ell, t) \leq \frac{3(q + \ell)(q + \ell + 1) + 4q + 3\ell}{2^n - (q + \ell)} + 3\delta.$$
Here, $\delta = \text{Adv}_E^{\text{RK}}(2q + \ell, O(t))$ denotes the related-key advantage of distinguishing $E$ from an ideal block cipher, where $2q + \ell$ denotes the number of queries an adversary $A$ is allowed to ask to $E$ and $E^{-1}$ and $O(t)$ the running time of $A$.
Again, the bound is slightly worse in case of tag-splitting and we refer to [9] for more details.
## 4 Our Attack on McOE-X
In this section, we propose our simple key-recovery attack on McOE-X. The attack consists of two phases: an offline (precomputation) phase and an online phase. It is a chosen plaintext attack and in its best setting it has a complexity as low as $2 \cdot 2^{n/2}$ with similar memory requirements.
### 4.1 Basic Attack
The basic idea of our attack can be explained as follows. The McOE-X mode changes the key for every block of plaintext that is encrypted. By keeping the plaintext input of some block cipher operation fixed, the adversary can exploit a basic time-memory trade-off strategy.
Let $E(k, x)$ denote the raw block cipher encryption operation with key $k$ and plaintext $x$, and denote by $K$ the target key we want to recover. Since the nonce plays no role in our attack, we omit it from the notation. The attack goes as follows.
Offline Phase (Precomputation)
1. Choose an arbitrary value $a$.
2. Repeat $r$ times:
(a) Choose a new value for $k$.
(b) Compute $b = E(k, a)$ and save the pair $(b, k)$ in a list $L_1$.
Online Phase
Repeat $2^n/r$ times:
1. Choose a new value for $x$ and set $m = x \| a$.
2. Ask for the ciphertext/tag pair $(c, T) = \text{McOE-X}(K, m)$, with $c = C_1 \| C_2$, and save the pair $(x \oplus C_1, C_2)$ in a list $L_2$.
Every match between a $b$-value in the list $L_1$ and a $C_2$-value in the list $L_2$ gives a candidate key $K = k \oplus x \oplus C_1$. We have set the number of iterations such that the expected number of matches between the two lists equals 1. Since the expected number of false alarms is small, we can state that the algorithm finds the correct key with a total complexity of approximately $r + 2^n/r$ encryptions.
Note that the queries in the online phase can be grouped. The adversary can ask for the encryption of $m = x || a || a || \ldots || a$ and save in $L_2$ the pairs $(x \oplus C_1, C_2), (a \oplus C_2, C_3), (a \oplus C_3, C_4), \ldots$. In this way the total number of block cipher encryptions is reduced.
Obviously by choosing $r = 2^{n/2}$ the attack has the best overall complexity, considering both the offline and the online phase, resulting in a final attack complexity of about $2 \cdot 2^{n/2}$ and similar memory requirements. We want to note that in the online phase of the attack we do not need to store the values in a list $L_2$ which reduces the memory requirements of the attack.
Sometimes an attacker wants to recover more than only a single key. In these cases only the second phase of the attack has to be repeated, while the precomputation phase has to be done only once. In such settings, in particular if the number of attacked keys is large, other values of $r$ might result in a better overall complexity. In Table 1 we give the complexities and memory requirements for different choices of $r$.
Table 1. Complexities and memory requirements for both phases of the attack with different choices of $r$.
| $\log_2(r)$ | offline phase | online phase | memory | total |
|-------------|---------------|--------------|--------|-------|
| $n/4$ | $2^{n/4}$ | $2^{3n/4}$ | $2^{n/4}$ | $2^{2n/4}$ |
| $n/3$ | $2^{n/3}$ | $2^{2n/3}$ | $2^{n/3}$ | $2^{2n/3}$ |
| $n/2$ | $2^{n/2}$ | $2^{n/2}$ | $2^{n/2}$ | $2 \cdot 2^{n/2}$ |
| $2n/3$ | $2^{2n/3}$ | $2^{n/3}$ | $2^{2n/3}$ | $2^{2n/3}$ |
| $3n/4$ | $2^{3n/4}$ | $2^{n/4}$ | $2^{3n/4}$ | $2^{3n/4}$ |
4.2 A Memory-less Variant of the Attack
In practice, there is a profound imbalance between the cost of storage and the cost of computations. Hence, the high memory requirements of the attack could be seen as the bottleneck of the attack. It is therefore important to note that the attack with \( r = 2^{n/2} \) can be implemented with negligible memory requirements and only a small increase in runtime by using a memory-less variant of the meet-in-the-middle attack introduced by Quisquater and Delescaille [14].
4.3 Comparison to Hellman’s TMTO Attack
In [10] Hellman described a generic cryptanalytic TMTO attack on DES. Even though the attack was specifically designed for DES, it is applicable to any block cipher. For a block cipher with a key size of \( n \) bits and a precomputation with time complexity of about \( 2^n \), Hellman’s method has an (online) time complexity of \( T = 2^{2n/3} \) and memory requirements of \( M = 2^{2n/3} \). In more detail, it allows a time/memory trade-off curve of \( M \cdot \sqrt{T} = 2^n \). Since we are only interested in attacks with \( T \leq 2^n \) (faster than brute force), \( M \) has to be at least \( 2^{n/2} \). We want to note that the attack described in this paper is on a much better time/memory trade-off curve, i.e. \( M \cdot T = 2^n \), and does not require a \( 2^n \) precomputation.
5 Relation of the Attack to the Security Proof
Fleischmann et al. [9] derive a security proof for McOE, which they also generalize to McOE-X. They derive security up to approximately \( 2^{n/2} \) queries (see Thm. 2). Although we want to stress that our attack is a key-recovery attack, which is much stronger than a distinguishability attack, it does not seem to directly invalidate the security proof of [9]. Yet, it turns out to expose a critical weakness in the security proof.
In short, the proof is technically invalid due to the fact that the authors (implicitly) consider security in the standard model. The security advantage is expressed in terms of parameters \( q \), \( \ell \), and \( t \). A critical observation is that \( q \) only denotes the number of queries made by the adversary to the full evaluation of McOE-X (\( E \) or \( D \)), and in fact, the queries made in the offline phase of our attack do not count as queries. The adversary is considered to have free access to the underlying block cipher \( E \) and this offline phase only influences the variable \( t \).
In this respect, for our attack we have parameters \( q = 2^n/r \), \( \ell = 2 \cdot 2^n/r \), and \( t \approx r + 2 \cdot 2^n/r \). Now, considering the security claims of [9] for McOE-X in more detail (see Thm. 2 of this work), we see that the first part of the bound is independent of \( t \).\(^3\) As the authors claim, this part of the bound is determined by the event that a collision for the keyed compression function \( f(K, U, M) = E(K \oplus U, M) \oplus M \) occurs, and the bound is obtained by applying the results of Black et al. [6, 7] for the PGV compression functions [13]. However,
\(^3\) When we apply our attack for \( r = 2^n \), this part of the bound misleadingly suggests an almost zero advantage.
the authors oversee that these results do not apply: Fleischmann et al. consider the standard model where the underlying block cipher $E$ is freely accessible by the adversary, while the results of Black et al. hold in the ideal model, where $E$ is an idealized block cipher to which the adversary has query access only. Note that in our attack, the success probability of a collision (between $L_1$ and $L_2$) increases if more offline computation is done; we could for example choose $r = 2^{3n/4}$ and recover the key with $q = 2^{n/4}$ queries (see Table 1). In fact, (contrived) examples are known where the results of Black et al. do not apply when the PGV compression functions are instantiated with a CCA secure block cipher [11]. In [4], Biryukov et al. present an attack on the Davies-Meyer compression function $\tilde{f}(U, M) = E(M, U) \oplus U$ when instantiated with the AES block cipher.
In order to restore the proof of Thm. 1 as given in [9], one needs to consider the ideal cipher model for $\tilde{E}$. This means that an adversary has query access to $\tilde{E}$ and $\tilde{E}^{-1}$ (next to the query access to $\mathcal{E}$ and $\mathcal{D}$). In this way, the results of Black et al. do apply. Additionally, the second part of the bound of Thm. 1 gets superfluous; an ideal cipher is obviously perfectly indistinguishable from an ideal cipher, and hence $\delta = 0$. The same remarks apply to Thm. 2. Note that in this model, the evaluations in the first phase of our attack are counted as queries, and the attack corresponds to parameters $q = r + 2^n/r$ and $\ell = r + 2 \cdot 2^n/r$.
6 How to Fix McOE-X
As an alternative to McOE-X one can always use McOE-D or McOE-G which are not vulnerable to the attack presented in this paper. However, both constructions have some drawbacks. In McOE-D two block cipher invocations are needed per message block processed and in McOE-G a universal hash function is used to update the chaining value.
The main problem of McOE-X construction is that the tweak $U$ (i.e., the chaining value) of $n$ bits is xored to the key $K$ of also $n$ bits to turn the block cipher $E$ into a tweakable block cipher. This allows generic TMTO attacks on the construction with complexity as low as $2 \cdot 2^{n/2}$ in its best setting as described in Section 4. For instance in the case of AES-128 this could be as low as $2^{65}$. One option to fix the construction with still using only a single block cipher invocations per message block processed is to use a block cipher with a key input of $2n$ bits instead of $n$ bits.
$$\tilde{E}(K, U, \cdot) := E(K \| U, \cdot) \quad (2)$$
For instance AES-256 seems to be natural choice and the performance overhead compared to AES-128 is not so large, only about 40%.
Acknowledgments. This work was supported in part by the IAP Programme P6/26 BCRYPT of the Belgian State (Belgian Science Policy) and by the European Commission through the ICT programme under contract ICT-2007-216676 ECRYPT II. In addition, this work was supported by the Research Fund KU Leuven, OT/08/027.
References
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2. Mihir Bellare, Alexandra Boldyreva, Lars R. Knudsen, and Chanathip Namprempre. On-Line Ciphers and the Hash-CBC Constructions. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2007/197, 2007.
3. Mihir Bellare and Chanathip Namprempre. Authenticated Encryption: Relations among Notions and Analysis of the Generic Composition Paradigm. *J. Cryptology*, 21(4):469–491, 2008.
4. Alex Biryukov, Dmitry Khovratovich, and Ivica Nikolić. Distinguisher and Related-Key Attack on the Full AES-256. In Shai Halevi, editor, *CRYPTO*, volume 5677 of *LNCS*, pages 231–249. Springer, 2009.
5. John Black, Martin Cochran, and Thomas Shrimpton. On the Impossibility of Highly-Efficient Blockcipher-Based Hash Functions. In Ronald Cramer, editor, *EUROCRYPT*, volume 3494 of *LNCS*, pages 526–541. Springer, 2005.
6. John Black, Phillip Rogaway, and Thomas Shrimpton. Black-Box Analysis of the Block-Cipher-Based Hash-Function Constructions from PGV. In Moti Yung, editor, *CRYPTO*, volume 2442 of *LNCS*, pages 320–335. Springer, 2002.
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8. Ewan Fleischmann, Christian Forler, and Stefan Lucks. McOE: A Family of Almost Foolproof On-Line Authenticated Encryption Schemes. In Anne Canteau, editor, *FSE*, volume 7549 of *LNCS*. Springer, 2012.
9. Ewan Fleischmann, Christian Forler, Stefan Lucks, and Jakob Wenzel. McOE: A Family of Almost Foolproof On-Line Authenticated Encryption Schemes (extended version). Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2011/644, 2011.
10. Martin E. Hellman. A cryptanalytic time-memory trade-off. *IEEE Transactions on Information Theory*, 26(4):401–406, 1980.
11. Shouichi Hirose. Secure Block Ciphers Are Not Sufficient for One-Way Hash Functions in the Preneel-Govaerts-Vandewalle Model. In Kaisa Nyberg and Howard M. Heys, editors, *Selected Areas in Cryptography*, volume 2595 of *LNCS*, pages 339–352. Springer, 2003.
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14. Jean-Jacques Quisquater and Jean-Paul Delescaille. How Easy is Collision Search. New Results and Applications to DES. In Gilles Brassard, editor, *CRYPTO*, volume 435 of *LNCS*, pages 406–413. Springer, 1989.
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The following is a list of the most important things to consider when choosing a new car.
1. **Budget**: Determine how much money you can afford to spend on a car. This will help you narrow down your options and focus on cars that fit within your budget.
2. **Needs**: Consider what you need from a car. Do you need a car for daily commuting, weekend trips, or both? Will you be using the car for work or leisure? These factors will help you choose a car that meets your needs.
3. **Preferences**: Think about what you like in a car. Do you prefer a sporty car with a powerful engine, or a more comfortable car with good fuel efficiency? Your preferences will help you choose a car that you enjoy driving.
4. **Safety**: Safety should always be a top priority when choosing a car. Look for cars that have good safety ratings and features such as airbags, anti-lock brakes, and stability control.
5. **Reliability**: Choose a car that has a good reputation for reliability. Research the car's history and read reviews from other owners to get an idea of its performance and durability.
6. **Maintenance Costs**: Consider the cost of maintenance and repairs. Some cars may require more frequent maintenance than others, which can add up over time. Research the car's maintenance requirements and costs to make an informed decision.
7. **Environmentally Friendly**: If you're concerned about the environment, look for cars that are environmentally friendly. This could include cars that are fuel-efficient, have low emissions, or use alternative fuels.
8. **Technology**: Consider the technology features that are available in the car. This could include navigation systems, entertainment systems, and advanced driver assistance systems.
9. **Warranty**: Check the warranty coverage offered by the car manufacturer. A good warranty can provide peace of mind and protect you from unexpected repair costs.
10. **Test Drive**: Finally, take a test drive of the car before making a decision. This will give you a chance to experience the car firsthand and see if it's the right fit for you.
By considering these factors, you can make an informed decision and choose a car that meets your needs and preferences.
First part of Beatles Anthology set for November release
EMI and Apple have set November 20 as the worldwide release date for the first part of the highly anticipated Beatles Anthology.
The Anthology Series, the subject of much speculation and rumour for the past two years, brings together a combination of largely unreleased studio music, live recordings, radio and television sessions and private tapes, along with film footage gathered from a number of sources, both private and public.
Apple Corps. Ltd., the company owned by Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr and the estate of the late John Lennon, has compiled the series in both audio and video forms. The audio section has been produced under the direction of George Martin, producer of all of the Beatles’ recordings released by EMI in the ’60s. The videos are produced by Chips Chipperfield and directed by Geoff Wonfor, under the auspices of executive producer Neil Aspinall.
The first volume of the series, titled The Beatles Anthology Volume One, will be available on triple LP, double cassette and double CD, and is due for release on November 20. The project will be released in Canada by EMI Music Canada, on the Apple label.
This first volume will offer more than 40 tracks, including John Lennon’s Free As A Bird (a brand new recording completed earlier this year with McCartney, Harrison and Starr). Other songs featured include previously unreleased versions of Love Me Do, Please Please Me, A Hard Day’s Night and You Can’t Do That, as well as never-before-released songs such as McCartney’s In Spite Of All Danger, Ray Charles’ Hallelujah I Love Her So, and Leiber & Stoller’s Searchin’. Also highlighted is the live performance of All My Loving from their historic appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show.
The release of the album will coincide with the November airing of a six-hour, three-part, three-night Beatles special on CTV.
Further volumes of the audio series, plus a multiple video set with extra material, will be released in early 1996.
Cochrane’s Mad, Mad World hits diamond in Canada
Tom Cochrane has become the fifth Canadian to reach diamond status, as his 1992 release Mad, Mad World has surpassed sales of more than one million units in Canada. The certification comes exactly four years after the album’s release, and on the eve of the release of Cochrane’s latest album, Ragged Ass Road.
Cochrane joins Bryan Adams, Celine Dion, Corey Hart and Alannah Myles as the only Canadian artists ever to achieve diamond status in Canada.
Mad, Mad World produced #1 hits in Life Is A Highway, No Regrets and Sinking Like A Sunset, and earned Cochrane four awards at the 1993 Junos, including single (Life Is A Highway), male vocalist, album and composer. The album also earned him a Grammy nomination in ‘93 for best rock vocal performance for Life Is A Highway.
Cochrane’s latest album, Ragged Ass Road, hit retail on September 19. The first single from the album, I Wish You Well, entered the RPM 100 Hit Tracks chart at #1, the first Canadian single ever to do so.
COVER STORY
Twain and Klees win big at Country Music Week
On the cover, RPM’s Stan Klees and multi 1995 Canadian Country Music Award-winner Shania Twain share some anxiety, with both of them coming out of Hamilton’s Convention Centre leaving an indelible mark on a receptive industry and audience.
Twain, took home five Canadian Country Music Awards on Monday night (September 18).
Stan Klees, creator of such industry history as the MAPL Logo, the Juno Awards and the Big Country Awards, was honoured on Sunday by the CCMA with a induction into the association’s Hall of Honour, in the industry builder section. It was later announced that the award would carry Klees’ name from that moment further.
Bets were weighed heavily in favour of Mercury Nashville find Shania Twain, who emerged from the night undefeated. The most significant of her honours being female vocalist and Socan song of the year for Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?, a joint penning with her new hubby Robert John “Mutt” Lange.
The awards, televised across the country on the full CTV Network, capped off an enormously successful Country Music Week, in which more than 900 industry representatives attended an array of showcases, seminars and luncheons.
CARAS announces 1995/96 board members
It was announced at the annual general meeting of the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (CARAS) that Gilles Paquin, Holger Petersen and Ross Reynolds have joined the board for the 1995/96 term.
Paquin, Petersen and Reynolds join fellow board members Lee Silversides (president), Stephen Stohn (1st vice-president), Doug Chappell (2nd vice-president), Stan Kulin (secretary-treasurer), Paul Alofs, Daniel Cauldeiron, Ross Davies, Mario Levebvre, Lesley Soldat, Chip Sutherland, Sylvia Tyson and Shari Ulrich.
According to Silversides, “We are very pleased that, for the first time in CARAS’ history, we have true representation from right across the country. It could not come at a better time than now, as we enter into our 25th year of celebrating Canada’s best in music. There is a real excitement around our silver anniversary, and we anticipate our best year ever.”
Stan's fifteen minutes!!!
What a great weekend it was for Stan Kless. How gratifying it must have been to him when he received a spontaneous and very sincere standing ovation at the president's dinner during Canadian Country Music Week when he received the Hall of Honour award. The award, from that day on, will be named after him in perpetuity. And what great theatre and television it was, when he received another standing ovation during the CCMA awards television show. CTV producer Gord James laboriously inserted early photos of Kless with the stars and a portion of his acceptance speech. It was R. Harlan Smith who initiated the project to have Kless recognized as being the architect of so much that was so beneficial to the industry over the past 30 years. The list is pretty long: co-founder of the Juno Awards and producer of the show up to 1974, co-founder of the Big Country Awards, designer of the Juno and Big Country Awards and the MAPL (Cancon) logo. He started CACMA in September of 1975 (20 years ago) and that created, financed and started ACME, which is now the CCMA. He also pioneered the CCMA Awards and that credit will become part of the show as well. Michelle Wright's highly professional and very emotional introduction of Kless to the television audience was exceptional. Again, great theatre and great television — what awards shows should be all about. Hats off as well to the CCMA's Sheila Hamilton, Tom Tompkins and Donna Martens, not to mention Richard Flohil, a great team. They approached this project with meticulous care and professionalism, and the results were pretty obvious. (EC: That night, history wasn't rewritten!!!)
A Canadian for the job??? Here's the latest on who will succeed BJ, which will be announced next week. The new person will be a Canadian. So, that means the successful candidate won't be from BC, Alberta or Quebec. Come to think of it, a very real possibility might be, and let's be cute here: What do you get when you mix an English terrier with an American pit bull? Answer: next week, but the initials might be PA, in spite of all the denials. (EC: Now that narrows it down drastically!!!)
Elevator problems??? It was reported here a few weeks ago that the proposed opening of a superstore on lower Yonge Street in Toronto was held up because of elevator problems.
Seems the problem is more than that. Someone must have told them that part of Yonge Street dies after 6 pm. Anyway, someone is spreading the story that these Yank retailers have big eyes and very deep pockets. They have their eye on a very successful superstore just up the street, on the sunny side of the street, in fact. On one hand, it seems impossible that they would let the superstore go. On the other hand, they don't own the property, and it cost them a lot of bucks to renovate and it's costing more to keep the business profitable. So, maybe there's real vision behind extending the carrot to those unsuspecting Yanks with the big eyes and the deep pockets. (EC: The guy up the street, on the sunny side as well, gets rid of one irritant, but he's going to have an even bigger problem!!!)
A surprised Kim Stockwood!!! At a recent EMI Music Publishing reception for Kim Stockwood, oldtime friend Brian Warshick had a surprise. He happens to be an advertising consultant for CHFX-FM in Halifax, and he brought along a copy of the Aug. 31/95 Halifax/Dartmouth Chronicle-Herald/The Mail-Star. Before he held it up, he said "Forget a story in RPM. Forget a story in Saturday Night or McLean's Magazine, it's big news when you make it in the Chronicle-Herald." And there was a photo of Kim Stockwood on the Entertainment page with look-alike TV star Heather Locklear. (EC: Does Kim look like Heather or does Heather look like Kim???) Anyway, it was a nice surprise for Kim. By the way, Brian told me that Frank Cameron was rejoining CHNS. And, here we go again, I checked back in the archives and there, in the Nov. 30, 1964 issue of RPM, was a photo of Frank as a picker for Sounding Board. His pick was Mr. Special by The Allan Sisters. (EC: Don't lose those archives!!!)
Susan Aglukark did it!!! Susan Aglukark's performance at the CCMA awards show was the highlight of the evening. Her performance of Hina Na Ho (Celebration) was a show-stopper. Her simplistic but superbly crafted costume, the four exotic dancers and their intricate movements, and the sudden appearance of the choir made up of aboriginal people, added that special theatre feel to the whole evening. What made this performance so interesting and entertaining was the fact that it wasn't overdone. Other producers should take note. (EC: Not on their life!!!)
Vive la what??? It didn't take long for Quebec's entertainment bunch to come to the side of jolly jolly Jacques. They've been able to influence, or coerce about 20 of their kind to perform at a pro-independence concert on Sept. 29. Here's three of them, that you might like to take note of: Beau Dommage, Eric Lapointe and Laurence Jalbert. One record company president is pretty concerned about artists signed to his label getting involved in political wrangling, particularly when it concerns the breakup of Canada. I don't know what labels are involved. We'll know better after Sept. 29 (EC: It could be cancelled yet!!!)
Happy birthday Phantom!!! Garth Drabinsky was on hand to cut the cake and sing happy birthday on the sixth anniversary performance of The Phantom of the Opera. On Sept. 20, the musical celebrated its 2,512 performance at Toronto's Pantages Theatre, which, by the way, Drabinsky renovated, six years ago, to accommodate this production. After the singing of Happy Birthday with the entire cast and production crew on stage, the stage erupted in a dazzling firework display, an intricate and very precision-perfect movement that was flawless and very rare in musical theatre. In fact, I think the last time I saw this was last year's birthday party for Phantom. There have been a few cast changes over those years. Ciarán Sheehan, an Irishman, like his predecessor, has taken on the lead role of the Phantom. There's also a nice Cancon connection with Calgary actor Laird Mackintosh putting on a stunning portrayal of Raoul, Vicomte de Chagny. Actually, this is the sixth time I've seen Phantom, and each time is as refreshing as the premiere. The changes in dialogue, stage and set movements have been very subtle over the years, but nevertheless quite effective in keeping the show fresh. (EC: Fresh, for any musical is key!!!)
Catalysis
Rita MacNeil fits new album into hectic schedule
Porch Songs is first album with EMI Music Canada
By JIM BROWN
Rita MacNeil has been busy.
The singer-songwriter, who has been touring extensively in support of her latest album, Porch Songs, has also been working on a new album and preparing for a television show.
"I've been very busy," she said from her home in Toronto. "I'm just trying to keep up."
MacNeil's new album, which she recorded in New York City, will be released next year by EMI Music Canada. It will be her first album with the label.
"I'm really excited about it," she said. "I think it's going to be a great album."
MacNeil has been working on the album for several months now, and she said she's happy with the results.
"I'm really pleased with how it turned out," she said. "I think it's going to be a great album."
MacNeil has also been working on a television show, which she said will be a mix of music and comedy.
"I'm really excited about it," she said. "I think it's going to be a great show."
MacNeil said she's been working on the show for several months now, and she said she's happy with the results.
"I'm really pleased with how it turned out," she said. "I think it's going to be a great show."
MacNeil said she's been working on the show for several months now, and she said she's happy with the results.
"I'm really pleased with how it turned out," she said. "I think it's going to be a great show."
CJCM Grand Centre's irreverent morning man Sean Burke did indeed prove what a goofball he is in a recently promotional effort. Burke covered his entire body with the new CJCM win sticker, and broadcast live from nearby highway 28. Burke invited listeners to come down and check it out, daring the daring to peel a sticker from his backside to win prizes from Hostess and Warner's World Amusement Park. On Friday, August 25, Burke was at it again. Between 7-8 am, he did the show live from Kinsoo Beach near Cold Lake. Not concerned with the five degree temperatures that morning, Burke took a dip in the water, not once, but twice. Thereafter, Burke became known as the incredible shrinking man.
CKRX 1090 Rocks and 1570 CKTA sponsored the annual Star Quest talent search contest recently. More than 40 artists vied for the share of more than $2,500 in cash, plus other prizes, to be put towards their budding careers. Star Quest takes place every year as part of Letbridge's summer celebration, Whoop Up Days.
CHXL-FM in Brockville begins its eighth year on the air with a new focus; the station is now known as The River. 103.7 FM The River will offer a constant stream (pun intended) of classic rock, with artists like The Doors, The Stones, Led Zeppelin, Neil Young, Aerosmith, Tom Petty, The Tragically Hip, Van Halen and more. The morning show, Rock 'N Rise, will feature classic rock intermixed with David Letterman's Top 10 List, Live From Yuk Yuks, Just For Laughs, as well as 103 Second River Reports every half hour and Weather Network forecasts every ten minutes. The station guarantees at least 40 minutes of non-stop classic rock every hour. Station PD Greg Horton also informs us that the station is now on the Net, where listeners can gain info on River programming, announcers, promotions, events and so forth. The River's Net address is: www.theriverrolls.com
Montreal's MIX96 Kids' Fund Concert Series raised more than $75,000 for the Montreal Children's Hospital and Hopital Ste-Justine. More than 12,000 people attended the four concerts featuring 14 different acts, including Jeff Healey, Alan Frew, Barenaked Ladies, Philosopher Kings, Blue Rodeo, Gowan, Colin James and Moxy Fruvous. Plans are already underway for the first annual MIX Kids' Fund Christmas.
Toronto's CFRB AM 1010 has signed up colour commentator Paul Jones to team with play-by-play voice Mike Inglis for Toronto Raptor's basketball games this coming season. Jones, a former member of the Canadian Commonwealth Games basketball team, has been a broadcaster on TSN and provided colour commentary for CFRB's presentation of the World Championships of Basketball in Toronto in 1994.
Lowell Green, host of his own open-line show on CFRA in Ottawa, has committed a breach of the CBCS's code of ethics according to a recent announcement. During a discussion of What's Wrong With Canada Today, Green cut off a caller who had identified herself as a practising Christian, stating that she didn't count. According to the station, the caller's comments didn't relate to the subject at hand. However the CBCS (Canadian Broadcast Standards Council) decided that, by cutting off the caller when she'd identified herself as Christian, the host had breached the Human Right's provisions of the industry's code of ethics. The CFRA is required to announce the decision within 30 days during peak business hours.
Toronto's AM640 has added a series of one-hour Information Snacks, aired noon to 1 pm each weekday, to its daily schedule of talk programming. The weekday lineup will kick off on Monday's with Help Desk with Mike Letourneau, dealing with listener's questions and answers on computers and the internet. Tuesday's show, T.O. Law with Deanna Sweeney, Barrister and Solicitor, takes listeners through the complicated world of legalese. Wednesday's show, Personal Finance for the '90s, will give listeners a chance to talk money matters with author Tony Marin (Personal Finance For Dummies). Health Net, with host Judy Ben-Israel, will appear on Thursdays, with info and discussion of medical matters. Finally, the Marty & Avrum Eating Show will air Friday's at noon, with the co-hosts offering info on Toronto's best restaurants from the perspective of chefs, owners and customers.
Q107, Toronto's Best Rock, is giving away The House That Leaf Hockey Built, a brand new Chestnut Hill home, fully furnished by Bad Boy and filled to the brim with hockey decor. Grand prize value of the package is $180,000. The giveaway is being done in conjunction with arrival of Toronto Maple Leafs hockey broadcasts on Q107 this fall. To win, listeners must send in a postcard and listen for their names daily between 7:20 am and 5:20 pm, and during all Leaf broadcasts. If they call the station back within 30 minutes, they instantly qualify. Throughout September and October the station will broadcast live from the house. Molson Leaf Hockey debuted on the Q on September 18.
TOMORROW
Shiny Toy Guns - Shiny Toy Guns
Title: 10184 (comp) 420+H
ELECTRIC HEAD PT. 2
White Zombie - Astro Crewio 2000
Geffen 24806 (comp) 9569+J
JUST
Roughnecks - The Bernds
EMI 29268 (promo CD)-F
J.A.R.
Green Day - Angulo C.0.3.T
Warner Bros. 45559 (comp 256)+P
QUEER
Garbage - Garbage
A&M Rec. 80304+G
I'LL STICK AROUND
Foo Fighters - Foo Fighters
Reprise C2 7243 8 34027 2 4 (promo CD)-F
GALAXIE
Mind Made Soup
Capital C2 28783 (promo CD)-F
POSSUM KINGDOM
Jadakiss - Possum Kingdom
Merchandise 92402 (comp 254)-P
TIME BOMB
Rage Against - And Out Come The Wolves
Talib Kweli
Warner 45559+J
JUDY STARING AT THE SUN
Catherine Wheel - Happy Days
Mercury 314 526 2 (comp) 2-G
SOMEBODY ELSE'S BODY
Umbrella - The Dragon
Geffen 24818 (comp) 15+J
HAND IN MY POCKET
Asobi Seksu - Jagged Little Pill
Maverick 45501+J
IN THE BLOOD
Better Than Ezra - Deluxe
Elektra 45559+J
SOFTER, SOFTEST
Hole - Live Through This
DGK 24651+J
LEARN TO CLEO - WholeSale Meats And Fish
Giant 24613 (comp 256)+P
THIS IS A CALL
Foo Fighters - Foo Fighters
Reprise C2 7243 8 34027 2 4 (promo CD)-F
ANIMAL
Pink - Pink
Interscope 92395+P
WEIRD OUT
Dandelion - I Think I'm Gonna Be Sick
Combiola 55018+H
MY FRIENDS
Red Hot Chili Peppers - One Hot Minute
Warner 45733-P
WHITE, DISCUSSION
The White Stripes - Copper
Radioactive RARFD 1999 (promo CD)-J
THE HEARTS FILTHY LESSON
David Bowie - The Heart's Filthy Lesson
Warner 45559+J
JUST LIKE ANYONE
Soul Asylum - Let Your Dim Light Shine
Capitol 57616 (comp) 42+H
SUMMER
Buffalo Tom - Sweaty Eyed
Beggars Banquet 76974 2067/2-Q
NEED YOU AROUND
Smoking Popes - I'm On You
Capitol C2 53831 (comp) 19+F
The first step in creating a successful website is to determine your goals and objectives. What do you want to achieve with your website? Do you want to sell products or services, provide information, or build a community? Once you have a clear understanding of your goals, you can begin to plan out the design and functionality of your website.
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Finally, don't forget to promote your website through social media, email marketing, and other channels. Regularly update your website with new content to keep visitors engaged and interested. By following these steps, you can create a successful website that meets your goals and objectives.
LENNY KRAVITZ - Rock
Circus
Virgin-40896-F
So what is this Kravitz fellow really saying with the statement, Rock And Roll Is Dead? According to him, it's a slam at the rock and roll lifestyle, the manufactured pop stars who seem to shun substance for style. In the mind of Lenny Kravitz, the spirit of rock and roll has been tossed away, in favour of a new breed of pop persona. With that in mind, this album becomes a kick ass spiritual send-off for this, his fourth album, and maybe his best yet. What's impressive about Kravitz is the interesting mesh of influences that seep through in his work, everything from gospel and funk, to Jimi Hendrix and The Beatles. Kravitz has always had an ear for a great hook, but he cleaves shrewdly to it in a vein of contemporary pop. You might be surprised by the potent drumming on tracks like Beyond The Seventh Sky and Thin Ice, drums courtesy of the multi-talented Mr. Kravitz himself. Kravitz has a truly unique gift, the spirit of soul and the potent anger of rock and roll, and the combination of the two makes for a brash and inspiring work. -RR
RALPH (Alfonso) - Cool
Coffee, Jazz and Poetry
Bongo Records-19552
Alfonso gave up a promising career in the record business to canvass Vancouver's "graphic row", where he discreetly eased in without telling them he was originally from central Canada. He caught the imagination of similar-type beatniks of the '90s, by penning a series of poems, of all things, Coffee, Jazz and Poetry, that he acquired a mailing of 3,000 plus and is growing. Alfonso's vocal creativity had never been tested, but he found out that one of his admirers was Peter Gzowski, who invited him to do a reading on his Morningside (CBC) show. The response prompted Alfonso to release this 41-track album (CD). Well, Alfonso is a fine poet, and his voice is a good one, close to Frank Zappa, but he does communicate with some very weird but cool meandering into the world of jazz and whatever music genre you might want to attach to it. His song material, most of it his own penning, give a fairly good idea of what the listener might expect for This Generation, The Last Club, Where Are the Bumpin' Boats In Salmon Arm, BC, Baby?, The Gargoyles Come Down From The Cathedral At Night, It's A Wonderful World If You Know Someone In It and Crawling Around In The Fountain. What's more interesting is his treatment of Cole Porter's Why Shouldn't I, which, he tells us, "Is similar to the original 1930's recording by Mary Martin and the Koehler-Glen partnership of Let's Fall In Love. You know, Alfonso, or Ralph, as he prefers to be known, just might have something, but how do you follow-up a 41-track release. That's almost a lifetime of songwriting. Great keyboard work by Tracy Marks and Michael Rummens is superb on guitar, and Ron Stelting isn't too shabby on djembe and exotic percussion. Recorded in front of a live studio audience at Vancouver's Slack Studios. -WG
DAVE YOUNG - Jazz
Two By Two - Piano Bass Duets
TwoByTwo Volume One
Justus Time-78
The key to full appreciation of this album lies in the title, Duets. Ace of bassists, Dave Young, plays duets with five jazz pianists. He doesn't just accompany, he is a full musical partner to and equal of Oscar Peterson, Cedar Walton, Tommy Flanagan, John Hicks and Mulgrew Miller. The five pianists each have distinctive qualities of touch, tempo and dynamics; Young matches each and all without ever relinquishing his own signature. We suspect that the favourite tracks for most listeners will be those of the standards. They include Younger Than Springtime played by Oscar Peterson, Smokey Eyes of Your Eyes by Cedar Walton and In A Sentimental Mood played by Tommy Flanagan. They're not performed in cocktail lounge fashion; jazz is still the inspiration for controlled improvisation. But, it's nice to hear these familiar tunes take on new life at the hands of skilled musicians. Good album; one to be enjoyed by middle of the road listeners as well as jazz buffs. -BW
LINDA SHUMAS - Classical
Voices From The Cloisters
Caminil Productions-1002
Though the cut line reads Classical, this isn't a collection of miniatures from the classics; at least not all. The compositions are, save an encore by Bach, all Miss Shumas'. They could become classics after a passage of time but for now, they're original, wonderfully fresh and well worth custom. The question begged after listening to the album is whether Linda Shumas is a tasteful composer who plays beautifully or a fine pianist with a gift for delicate composition. What a delicious quandary. There are 17 tracks, all delicate, all evocative of titles such as The Moors, Dance of the Anemones and the cover to mention a few. Listening to them, one is mindful of Chopin and Debussy being performed by Alec Templeton. A kudo too for the singing of Patricia Swan on Lullabye for Jessye Norman. This is an album that deserves to do well. -BW
THE RANKIN FAMILY - Celtic/Pop
Endless Seasons
EMI-7243-832348-F
The Rankins have let loose, perhaps some of their pent-up frustrations of being labelled a "celtic" band has contributed to what some might interpret as a "new direction." To the contrary, this is the stuff the famous Cape Breton family have been playing for years; a bit of rock, a touch of country, fiddle music and, fortunately, enough of the celtic influence to keep their entertainment value intact. The album was recorded in Tennessee, Massachusetts and Virginia and produced by John Jennings, who is heavily involved, but not to the point the Rankins are still the Rankins. It's a comfortable niche for a producer to be in, working with a professional unit as tight and sure of themselves as this quintet. You Feel The Same Way Too, taken as the first single, was an immediate add at both country and A/C radio stations. Jimmy Rankin has a definite vocal advantage here with Forty Days and Nights and The Man's Lost, both of which are his originals. Also key is Natives with Raylene on vocals. This is a new interpretation of that Christy Moore classic, written by Paul Doran. Blue-Eyed Suzie, written by piano man John Morris Rankin, could be a left-fielder. -WG
MICHAEL BOLTON Greatest Hits: 1985-1995 Columbia-67300-H
Michael Bolton's greatest hits: what more needs to be said. Few pop artists have suffered the slings and arrows of brutal, high-handed criticism as much as this guy. It's often been amusing to sit back and listen to those black-boot-wearing, pony-tailed, so-called "authors" on music raving on and on about how simplistic and smarmy Bolton music is, how he's like a wailing banshee, how he chewed the integrity right out of Otis' song. But the high-brow types just don't get it. This guy writes and songs lots of really nice songs. He isn't trying to change the world or cure cancer - he's just making music.
And it's worked for him - all the way to the bank. This modestly packaged set offers all of the pop star's biggest hits, ranging from his breakthrough song, That's What I Like About You, right through to Said I Love You. But I lied from his last album, The One Thing. Those really keen Bolton fans out there probably already have all of these big songs, so the key here for them is the five new tracks, Can I Touch You There?, a Bolton-Milt Lange co-write, has already made significant moves up the chart. But don't overlook I Promise You, another Bolton-Lange co-write, I Found Someone, a Bolton co-write which was a hit for Cher some years ago, or The River, written by Diane Warren. Whether or not the new tunes do much chartwise, however, may be inconsequential - this thing should sell a ton. -RR
REMOO ALBUMS (CD's & Cassettes)
An important bridge to radio retires
Sjef Frenken leaves a 25-year legacy with CRTC
by Kathleen Walker
Few things are sure to elicit a reaction from broadcasters as the Canadian content regulations and the FM policy. These ideas are directly linked with the CRTC (Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission) and one man who has played an instrumental role in all of this and more, is Sjef Frenken. He has been a key staff player at the CRTC for 25 years.
Frenken is preparing to retire from the CRTC. He is a warm man with a strong handshake and a big smile. He makes strangers feel at ease and grins when speaking of his grandchildren. His office is filled with Domtar boxes that appear to be a permanent part of his office rather than packing boxes. Except for the bare walls, there is little indication he is about to leave. There are stacks of paper all over the place, yellow post-its stuck to his desk and the standards of a CRTC office - television, computer and telephone.
The first order of the day is to understand what the CRTC is all about. As Frenken explains, "You have to start from one principle. The airwaves in Canada are considered private property. So who do you give these airwaves to? It involves either the government or any kind of agency giving the frequencies to somebody for some period of time. In most democratic institutions, it's usually done at arm's length so that it's not the favourite of the party in power who gets all the goodies. It's normally done on a quid pro quo basis. You do this and we will let you have this license. So the Commission has been established as an independent agency to do the job that the government either does not want or prefers not to do."
Frenken feels that in his 25 years at the CRTC, the Commission has been very independent. On occasion, the CRTC has said "no" to the government on decisions that were referred back to the Commission.
Frenken first came to the CRTC on February 1, 1971. Prior to that, he had worked in a number of capacities in FM radio, including program director at CHUM-FM and general manager of CFMO in Ottawa. His decision to join the CRTC was not an easy one. When Doug McGowan the Chief of Radio Policy at the time, approached Frenken to work as an FM radio consultant, he was spending some retirement time in the West Indies. As nice as this was, the lure of a permanent pay cheque attracted Frenken and he has not looked back.
From the start, Frenken played a major role in the Canadian content regulations. Although McGowan, Pierre Juneau, the Chairman of the CRTC at the time, and RPM's Stan Klees and Walt Grealis pushed hard for it, Frenken had no role in the formulation of the Canadian content regulations, but he was heavily involved in its implementation.
According to Frenken, Juneau felt there was a "lack of support" for the Canadian cultural industry so one of the first things he did upon his nomination was to announce that he was going to do "something with Canadian content, both on television and radio." This announcement was made in the summer of 1970 and it came into effect on January 17, 1971, just two weeks before Frenken joined the CRTC.
Again, the Canadian content regulations need explaining. According to Frenken, most AM and FM radio stations must allow 30% of their music to Canadian music. Special interest stations may have to do less, but the CBC has to do more.
"The vast majority of stations are stuck with this 30% minimum Canadian," says Frenken. "For most of these stations, it also turns out to be maximum Canadian, because they rarely go above it. They like to play foreign music as well."
As Frenken points out, Canadian content does not necessarily mean pure Canadian, but he did add that over three-quarters of the songs that qualify as Canadian, qualify on all four counts.
There are some in the music industry, like RPM, said Frenken, who think songs should have to meet all four requirements in order to qualify as Canadian. But Frenken disagrees with this logic, at least for the time being. "I think there are too many people that could benefit from the flexibility that the two out of four gives," he says. "But at some point, once you get the Canadian content regulation above the 50% level, I think you could say, yeah, let's make it four counts."
In the meantime, Frenken believes that the Canadian content regulation has served a number of important purposes. It gives all components of the music industry, such as lyricists, singers and composers, a boost. Frenken says the revenues of composers and lyricists increased four-fold after the regulation came into effect. As well, it allows artists to show the Canadian public what they have to offer.
For Frenken, "the main objective is that Canadians get to hear Canadians. Otherwise, you have no country." He continues, "What the hell good would it do to have all these frequencies broadcasting foreign stuff?"
With the 25th anniversary of the Canadian content regulations approaching, Frenken does not believe any changes will occur to it. "There are very few people who would say that it has not done an enormous amount of good. It's now firmly implanted. It's the rock of radio regulation at the moment. Everything else may go, but it looks as if this is going to stay. I don't see any reason why it would disappear."
Frenken does not believe the Canadian content regulations should be taken away yet. He feels it can accomplish more. "You have done your job if this regulation is no longer necessary," says Frenken. "Then you have built an industry that is there and that people want to listen to and not be forced to listen to. We're not there yet.
"Not long ago I did a little survey of hours just before the regulation goes into effect. I took a look at a number of stations between 5 pm and 6 am and 12 to 1 at night and unfortunately the average Canadian content when there was no incentive to do it or requirement to do it was only about seven per cent.
"So we know as far as broadcasting is concerned, we're not there by a long shot. It's a very long process. One of the reasons is the stuff that you get from other countries has been tested. The point is if the Canadian one is a risk, the foreign one tends to be not the risk. The inclination is to use the non-risk ones that have been pre-marketed."
When Frenken talks about Canadian culture and identity, it's not hard to understand why the Canadian content regulations are so important to him. By his own admission, Frenken is a profound nationalist. He becomes very animated when asked about a Canadian identity crisis. "Canada does not have an identity crisis," he asserts. "I don't know why the hell we always say that. We know very well who we are." Without missing a beat, Frenken answered the obvious question. Who are we?
"Fine good Canadians with a sense of ourselves which unfortunately we have to compare with another mirror. What we don't have that makes us very culturally distinct from most other countries, is that we do not have a legacy of war on our own territory and division in or own history," maintains Frenken. "The United States, if it's anything, it's the legacy of the Revolutionary War and the Civil War. If you take the trappings of that away, what the hell is America? Virtually all their icons are related to war, their heroes, their monuments. We don't have it. So a flag gets burned in Cornwall. That's the biggest event. You don't make an icon of that. I think Canadians have a very fine identity."
Frenken is equally energetic about Canadian culture. He doesn't buy the argument that Canada lacks one. He describes the culture as "its own brand of compassion. It is an awareness. It is a fact that it has been able to build not on war. It is cooperation. It is consideration. It is kindness."
He continues, "You move outside this country and you will see how different it is. We lack the icons, thank God, because somebody had to pay for that in blood. For me, that's not the price of an identity. If we have to go to war with Quebec over what is and what is not territory, than we are in trouble as Canadians."
Frenken's Canada includes Quebec. "To me, the best guarantee for the survival of French language and culture in Canada, is by its being attached to a large institution, that of the federal government. As soon as you start cutting this enormous support structure that really guarantees the French speaking people of Canada a right to certain services all across the land, that makes this large federal civil service to a good extent bilingual, you lose that support. I suspect without that,
FRENKEN continued from page 12
Quebec is more likely to lose its culture as a result of the new rules than to gain it.
The new rules, which came into effect in January 1994, are "the most sophisticated regulatory regime ever proposed that went into effect." At this time, most of the FM stations were owned by AM stations, and it was assumed that the owners would not be able to afford the costs of the new rules. The new rules required that all announcers be trained in French, and that they be able to speak French fluently. This was a major change from the previous rules, which had allowed announcers to speak English or French.
Although this policy kept announcers and program personnel busy, the owners did not like it because it cost money. Within 10 years, the entire system will be changed so that announcers can speak English or French, but not both.
Shania Twain anointed as queen of Canadian country
Mercury artist scores five wins at CCMA Awards
by Ron Rogers
By the midway point of the 1995 CCMA Awards, the question wasn’t if Shania Twain would win an award, but rather would she let anyone else win.
As Prairie Oyster’s Keith Glass so aptly put it upon accepting their group of the year nod, “thanks Shania, for not being a group.”
The Timmins, Ontario native walked away undefeated at the gala awards ceremony at Hamilton Place, earning top honours for female vocalist, album (The Woman In Me), single (Any Man Of Mine), SOCAN song (Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?) and video (Any Man Of Mine). Twain had been nominated twice in both the single and video categories.
The impressive sweep by Twain didn’t come as a surprise to many, considering the monstrous numbers posted by her album in both Canada and the US. The Woman In Me has surpassed sales of two million units in the US, and was certified as triple platinum in Canada just days before the awards.
The evening wasn’t without some surprises however. Farmer’s Daughter picked up the Vista Rising Star Award for top new artist, beating out, among others, MCA artist Jason McCoy, who has already scored a #1 hit on the country charts.
Host Michelle Wright won the coveted Bud Country Fan’s Choice Award as entertainer of the year, one category in which Twain was not nominated. Wright, who also won the award in 1993, beat out fellow nominees Charlie Major, Prairie Oyster, Patricia Conroy and George Fox in the only category voted on by the fans.
The evening offered up an inspiring array of performances, including Twain, who kicked off the evening with a medley of Any Man Of Mine and The Woman In Me. Other performance highlights included Lisa Brokop’s duet with country veteran Steve Wariner, Susan Aglukark singing her current hit Hina Na Ho aided by a quartet of dancers and a children’s choir, and Jim
The following pages contain the complete text of the thesis. The thesis is divided into chapters, each with its own title and content. The text is presented in a clear and organized manner, making it easy to read and understand.
Tim McGraw has a #1 single with I Like It, I Love It, his latest Curb/EMI release. The single was taken from his new album, All I Want. The album was launched (Sept. 18) on a worldwide radio special, estimated to have reached more than 300 million music fans around the world (see separate piece). The album, which was released on that same date, has advance orders of close to two million units.
Charlie Major, fresh from his CCMA win as male vocalist of the year, has the big gainer this week. (I Do It) For The Money, bullets into the #11 slot from #32 after five weeks of charting. The release was taken from his new Arista album, Lucky Man, expected to hit retail Sept. 29. Major has just completed a concert tour of the Atlantic provinces with Sawyer Brown, which included Charlottetown, Halifax, Moncton, Fredericton and Saint John. He sets out on a two-week cross-Canada promotion tour with a visit to his hometown of Ottawa (Sept. 28) for an autograph signing at HMV Sparks Street. From there he heads out to the west coast from where he will work his way east, finishing up in St. John’s on Oct. 13. Major will be joined by Alison Krauss & Union Station for a mini-tour of Ontario in November. Dates include Kitchener’s Centre in the Square (7), Ottawa’s National Arts Centre (8), Hamilton Place (9), Toronto’s Massey Hall (10) and London’s Centennial Hall (11).
George Fox has the most added single this week with Time Of My Life, the title track of his WEA album, entering the chart at #76. The new release was written by Fox and Bob Gaudio, who also produced the album.
Greg Hanna is on a roll with his independent release. Hillbilly Boy (With The Rock N’ Roll Blues) bullets up to #75. The song was written by Ronny Scaife and Mark Collie, and was one of several tracks produced by Jack Richardson. The single, which qualifies as two-parts Cancon (AP) is released on Hanna’s Psychabilly label, which is based in London, Ontario.
Confederate Railroad bounces back onto the charts with Bill’s Laundromat, Bar And Grill. The new release is picking up good adds and looks like it will have a longer run than When And Where, the title track of the band’s album, which only grazed the Top 20 (#17). The new release enters the chart at #84.
Rick Tippe has another chart single with She Could Have It All, entering the chart at #91. The song was written by Tippe and Chris Rollin and taken from Should’a Seen Her Comin’, Tippe’s album released on the Moon Tan label.
Straight Clean & Simple do have a new single and it’s a radio right now. The single is titled Till The River Runs Dry. The band is now known as Larry Lee & The Straight Clean & Simple Band. The new release was written by Larry Lee (Vannatta), and is included on the band’s album The Dead Horse Lake (there really is a place on the map by that name). The new single is released on the Hillcrest label. A video of the single is now
COUNTRY continued on page 21
Brewster and Horton to Portland’s NXNW festival
Craig Horton of Vancouver’s Horton Management & Publishing will be taking part in Portland’s North By Northwest Music and Media Conference (NXNW) as a seminar panelist on Sept. 29.
Horton will be participating in the publishing deal panel which will debate the pros and cons of signing a publishing deal. He will also be part of the Mentor Program, where conference registrants are allowed 10 minutes to meet with an industry professional for a one-on-one consultation.
Cori Brewster, a Horton Management client, is also scheduled to perform at the conference. She will be appearing at the Tugboat Brewery.
Brewster was originally nominated for invitation to the festival by Edmonton’s SEE Magazine. She was chosen by NXNW organizers from more than 1500 nominations received from 10 US states, Alberta and British Columbia. Brewster’s latest focus single, Good As Gone, written by Johnny Douglas and Ron LaSalle, enters the RPM Country 100 this week at #98. The track was produced by Douglas. Her album, One More Mountain, with several tracks produced by Edmonton’s Louis Sedmak and Douglas, is distributed in the US by Goldenrod Distributors. She is currently working on new material for her new album, expected to released early next year.
NXNW is a two-day conference and three-day festival organized by the Austin, Texas South By Southwest conference and Portland’s Willamette Week newspaper. The conference focuses on regional and independent music from the western US and Canada.
RPM 100 COUNTRY TRACKS
Canada's Only National 100 Country Survey
CCMA sets the standard for awards television
1. Farmer’s Daughter enjoys the taste of their CCMA Vista Rising Star Award.
2. CCMA Hall Of Honour member Carroll Baker with C.F. Martin Humanitarian Award winner Joan Kennedy.
3. WEA artist George Fox with co-writer (What’s Holding Me) Kim Tribble and Balmur’s Darlene Sawyer and Scott Morris.
4. Warner Bros. artist Carlene Carter presenting the male vocalist of the year award.
5. Shania Twain accepting female vocalist of the year honours from George Fox.
6. Prairie Oyster, winners of the CCMA award for duo or group.
7. Hall Of Honour inductee Stan Klees with Canadian Music Week organizer Neill Dixon.
8. Prairie Oyster’s Keith Glass and Russell deCarle with Bonnie Vallevand, host of the CBC-TV’s The Country Beat.
9. CCMA Awards host Michelle Wright whoops it up after winning the Bud Country Fan’s Choice Award as entertainer of the year.
10. Fre Records artist Jim Witter with the CCMA Award he shares with Cassandra Vasik for top vocal collaboration.
Stan Klees
Photo Spread Editor
Tom Sandler
Photo Spread Photographer
600 registrants took part in the four days of concerts, seminars, showcases, luncheons and dinners held in Hamilton. The public was invited to attend the concerts and the showcase events.
Living the past again
"just about anything and everything the music scene's now into is dated."
by Peter Goddard
About once a month I get this strange urge to become a rock and roll star. It's not the artistic freedom I crave; it's the money, the chicks, the fame, I want. Seeing the futility in all this, I take, first, a long Manhattan (with bitters), then a trip to the nearest rock club.
This always does it. Ten minutes watching your typical we're going-to-make-it-as-soon-as-our-album-comes-out kind of band is an instant cure.
It's like stepping into a time warp and finding yourself in 1967 all over again. Now, '67 wasn't a bad year as years go. But again? No thanks. Too much of a good thing is still too much.
The problem is rock is frozen in 1967, or thereabouts. Sure, some bands are into tone rows and duodecaphony and stuff, and it sounds pretty far out. But it isn't. It's 1967 only with a new pair of fins and some chrome.
I'm not talking about the music, primarily. Good rock is good rock, and if some band now wants to sound like some band back then, that's fine. I mean, Bachman-Turner Overdrive (taken in moderation) sounds almost as good as did Creedence Clearwater. But the scene itself is locked into the '67 groove and refuses to get out. And things are starting to atrophy.
Consider: Long hair is dated; short-haired reaction to long hair is even more dated. Four-minute-long drum and/or guitar solos are/is dated. Four (five, six) guys standing on stage is dated. A stage filled with amplifiers is dated. Lyrics about teleporting to Mars and/or getting laid are dated. Groupies are dated. Analysing Bob Dylan is a dated activity. Tight crotches are dated. Having famous session men on your album is dated. Waiting for the next Beatles is dated. Waiting for the old Beatles is dated. Waiting for anybody is dated. Platform shoes are dated. Dark sunglasses at night are dated. Worrying about the state of the recording industry is dated. Going to rock festivals is dated. Being laid back is dated. Going bananas at a rock concert (list waving, standing up when lead singer says so) is dated. Hip is dated. Hiring a limo is dated. Superstar -- both the word and the idea -- is dated. Rock movies are dated . . . . . . . . . . . .
In short, just about anything and everything the music scene's now into is dated. Finished.
Now, this wouldn't be so serious if everyone knew it. After all, we live in a re-cycled culture and another bit of re-cycling from the music biz wouldn't hurt much. But the music biz has always seen itself to be in the vanguard of things cultural. And because it once was the growth industry, the newest kid on the block, it's still locked into the idea that it's still coming up with novelty.
Well, in a way, novelty is the only thing rock has to offer now. Novelty, not something new. David Bowie is novel: he's not anything new. Synthesizers are novel, not new (at least the way rock uses them). So rock has created a fake sense of progress, of re-newing itself, with novel little tricks.
Unfortunately, rock needs to be new, not novel. It's the only street art we have. It's the only thing we have to really tell us what's happening to us when we're not thinking Great Thoughts. It should be day-to-day disposable, radical.
But it isn't. And, I suggest, a lot of people are going to be hurt, financially or otherwise when the people out there -- the ones who suddenly realize that rock has become old hat -- look for something new. Because they'll find it. It may be in politics, or poetry, or surfing. And then they'll turn around and see this long-haired industry and all these long hair musicians and wonder what the hell it's all about.
You'll know it's officially all over when some stockbroker and his wife throw a party, hoping for the same success their Gatsby party had last year, and all their guests rush out to get long wig and their Elton John sunglasses. That will be it.
Jeez, I just remembered. Such a party was given in Toronto less than two weeks ago.
Wall and friends set to coordinate Mosport '76
Due to the financial success of this summer's Mosport music event, billed as "Beyond The City", Jack J. Wall has been given exclusive rights to produce and co-ordinate a Mosport '76.
The promo team of Lip Service David Marsden and Ian Ross will once again supervise all administrative and promotional functions, as well as retaining the services of Jack Morrow.
Five more projects have been tentatively scheduled, and according to that usually reliable source, "there will be a considerable financial backing" to insure "even greater" music events.
Pagliaro breaks "easy" from coast to coast
Moving in quickly with a high-powered promotion campaign on the initial Pagliaro single release, Columbia has succeeded in breaking the single in many of the major and breakout markets across Canada. The single, "What The Hell I Got", is now enjoying numbers at CKLW, CFUN, CJMS, CKGM, CFGO, CHUM and CFRW.
Pagliaro is now working on a new album in French expected for release sometime in October.
COUNTRY continued from page 16
being rotated on NCN. There have been four tracks being rotated on NCN. There have been four tracks
Campbell lives in Hamilton, Ontario and Myrol lives in Calgary. The awards show is scheduled to take place in Brady, Texas on Oct. 21. Included on the list of nominees are: Alan Jackson, Garth Brooks, Randy Travis, George Strait, Reba McEntire, Clint Black, Shania Twain, John Michael Montgomery, Tim McGraw, Tracy Byrd, Joe Diffie, and the Charlie Daniels Band.
### Adult Contemporary TRACKS
| TW | LW | WO | Artist/Title | Label/Track |
|----|----|----|--------------|-------------|
| 1 | 4 | 10 | WALK IN THE SUN | Bruce Hornsby - Hot House RCA/BMG-07863-66584 (comp 86)-N |
| 2 | 1 | 13 | ONLY WANNA BE WITH YOU | Hootie & The Blowfish - Cracked Rear View Minc EMI-49022 (CD track)-Q |
| 3 | 6 | 10 | I COULD FALL IN LOVE | Sarah McLachlan - If You Believe EMI-49123 (comp 95)-H |
| 4 | 5 | 7 | I WILL REMEMBER YOU | Sarah McLachlan - The Brothers McMullen Nortown-00956 (comp 95)-H |
| 5 | 2 | 17 | MAD IN ENGLAND | James Blunt - Mad In England Rocket/Mercury-314-526-185 (CD track)-Q |
| 6 | 7 | 6 | (I Wanna Take) FOREVER TONIGHT | The Beatles - Clear Voice River North-7976-2004 (Comp 417)-Q |
| 7 | 12 | 6 | BACK FOR GOOD | Take That - Back For Elle WEA-07823-1805 (Comp 87)-N |
| 8 | 8 | 22 | FALLEN FOR YOUR LOVE | Michael Vincent - No album Quatro Music (pro single) |
| 9 | 3 | 13 | BIG SKY | Kenny Wayne Copner - Borrowed Tunes Epic-80199 (CD track)-H |
| 10 | 13 | 8 | LET ME BE THE ONE | The Black Crowes - Home Home EMI-131830 (pro single)F |
| 11 | 4 | 14 | I WISH YOU WELL | Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers - Ragged As Road MCA-93981 (comp 95)-P |
| 12 | 15 | 7 | SHE'S NOT IN LOVE | Kim Shockwood - Bonavita EMI-32497 (pro single)F |
| 13 | 17 | 4 | YOU ARE NOT ALONE | Rod Stewart - A Spanner in The Works Warner Bros-45867 (comp 255)-P |
| 14 | 26 | 5 | WATERMARK | The Smashing Pumpkins - Diagonally Epic-80222 (pro single)H |
| 15 | 9 | 13 | COLORS OF THE WIND | Vanessa Williams - Pocahontas OST WEA-098747 (comp 237)-P |
| 16 | 21 | 6 | YOU ARE NOT ALONE | Michael Jackson - Hillary Epic-80199 (CD track)-H |
| 17 | 10 | 10 | KISS FROM A ROSE | Seal - Batman Forever QST Atlantic-82789 (CD track)-P |
| 18 | 22 | 5 | WATERFALLS | The Corrs - Cool LaFace/BMG-73008-26009 (comp 85)-N |
| 19 | 11 | 12 | THIS TIME | Curt Smith - Time Was Arista-8222-18716 (comp 86)-N |
| 20 | 20 | 13 | UNLOVED | Jann Arden w/Jackson Browne - Living Under Juv A&M-314 540 248 (pro single)-Q |
### Dance
| TW | LW | WO | Artist/Title | Label/Track |
|----|----|----|--------------|-------------|
| 1 | 2 | 5 | FAT BOY | Max-A-Million Zoo Ent.-N |
| 2 | 1 | 9 | SCATMAN | Scatman John RCA-N |
| 3 | 7 | 4 | MIRACLES | Caribou Records-Q |
| 4 | 10 | 6 | COME AND GET YOUR LOVE | Real McCoy BMG-N |
| 5 | 5 | 9 | COME WITH ME | The Black Bros. Noble/SQ |
| 6 | 11 | 4 | I DREAM OF YOU TONIGHT | Taboo Sony/H |
| 7 | 16 | 3 | FEEL THE GOODTIMES | Charlene Smith Sony/SQ |
| 8 | 4 | 8 | OYO COMO VA | Tito Puente Jr. TJ&R/Koch int. |
| 9 | 3 | 6 | MEMORIES | MCA Records Numuzk-Polytel-Q |
| 10 | 6 | 9 | BE MY LOVER | La Bouff Atilla-N |
### Adult Contemporary TRACKS
| TW | LW | WO | Artist/Title | Label/Track |
|----|----|----|--------------|-------------|
| 21 | 28 | 5 | RUNAWAY | Janet Jackson - Decade 1986/1996 A&M-31654-0399 (pro single)-Q |
| 22 | 23 | 8 | THE WOMAN IN ME ... | Shania Twain - The Woman in Me (Needs The Man) Mercury-314-526-886 (pro single)-Q |
| 23 | 24 | 5 | BLUE MOON | The Mavericks - Apollo 13 OST MCA-N |
| 24 | 30 | 5 | CAN I TOUCH YOU ... THERE? | Michael Bolton - Greatest Hits '85-'95' Columbia-67300 (pro single)-H |
| 25 | 29 | 7 | TO DELIVER YOU | Bette Midler - Settin' Of Roses Atlantic-82268 (promo single)-P |
| 26 | 31 | 3 | AS I LAY ME DOWN TO SLEEP | Scott B. Hawkins - The Last Columnist Columbia-65330 (pro single)-H |
| 27 | 16 | 12 | A WHITER SHADE OF PALE | Angelo Lanza - Music RCA-N-7001-26575 (comp 86)-N |
| 28 | 18 | 9 | WAIT TILL MY HEART FINDS OUT | Carol (Medina)B. Newton-Davis - Secret Fantasia Quality-2056 (CD track) |
| 29 | 19 | 12 | FRAGILE | Billie Joe - Art's Jukebox BBI-Select-850 (CD track) |
| 30 | 25 | 14 | LET ME BE THE ONE | The Emotions - Love Note/Nook Duke Street-3 (95) (pro single)-J |
| 31 | 38 | 4 | SIDE OF THE ROAD | Blue Magic - Nowhere To Here WEA-10014 (Comp 255)-P |
| 32 | 33 | 6 | SHOW ME | Zapopocasta - Innocence Ballet Fire-2007 (comp 95)-F |
| 33 | 27 | 14 | I'D LIKE TO BE LIKE THAT | All-4-One - From The Blitzz Atlantic-82558 (comp 248)-P |
| 34 | 34 | 9 | STAY | Brenda Archer - Stay Faamco-0 (CD track) |
| 35 | 39 | 1 | UNTIL I HEAR IT FROM YOU | Gin Blossoms - Emerald Records QST A&M-31460-0308-2 (comp 85)-Q |
| 36 | 32 | 25 | HAVE YOU EVER REALLY LOVED ... | Bryan Adams - Don Juan DeMarco Soundtrack A&M-314-526-430 (comp 31)-Q |
| 37 | 45 | 2 | SHAKIN' DOWN | Susan Aglukark - This Child EMI-32075 (pro single)-F |
| 38 | 41 | 6 | STRAWBERRY GIRL | Jon Secada - Sony Music Iron Music 77876-51004 (pro single)-N |
| 39 | 42 | 4 | YOU FEEL THE SAME WAY TOO | The Ronettes Family - Endless Seasons BMG-82304 (comp 95)-Q |
| 40 | 43 | 4 | GUNS AND GOD | Lawrence Gowan - The Good Catches Up Select -no number (pro single) |
| 41 | 44 | 3 | SOMETIMES | Charlene Smith - Feel The Goodtimes China/WEA-10590 (CD track)-P |
| 42 | 35 | 15 | CAN'T CRY ANYMORE | Sheryl Crow - Tuesday Night Music Club A&M-314 540 126 (CD track)-Q |
| 43 | 51 | 3 | WHY | Jamie Walters - Jamie Walters Arista/No number (pro single)-N |
| 44 | NEW | | SENTIMENTAL | Deborah Cox - Deborah Cox Arista/No number (pro single)-N |
| 45 | 36 | 16 | SOMEBODY'S CRYING | Chris - Forever True Repulse-15845 (comp 247)-P |
| 46 | 42 | 6 | FEELS LIKE MORE | Linda Perry - w/Mylo Harris - Feels Like Ho Elektra-67033 (comp 250)-P |
| 47 | 54 | 2 | REMEMBER ME THIS WAY | Jordan Hill - Can't Stop MCA-N-7001-26574 (comp 85)-U |
| 48 | 52 | 3 | ROOM INSIDE MY HEART | Chris Smith - Room Inside My Heart Equinox-9501 (CD track) |
| 49 | 37 | 14 | KEEPER OF THE FLAME | Mylène Farmer - Keeper Of Stone And Light Mercury-522-1042 (comp 397)-Q |
| 50 | NEW | | LET IT RAIN | Amanda Marshall - Amanda Marshall Columbia-82029 (pro single)-H |
| 51 | 58 | 1 | IN THE MOOD | George - Night & Day (Big Band) Glorify-8114 (comp 257)-P |
| 52 | 40 | | SAVIOUR | Colin James - Bad Habits WEA-10014 (pro single)-J |
| 53 | 59 | 2 | WHEN THE NIGHT'S GONE | Bruce Hornsby w/Billboard - Intimacy Atlantic-82766 (pro single)-P |
| 54 | NEW | | ROLLING THUNDER | The Rolling Stones - Rock Songs EM-35469 (pro single)-F |
| 55 | 57 | 3 | END OF THE ROAD | Gladys Knight - Just For You MCA-N-7001-26573 (comp 85)-P |
| 56 | NEW | | FAMILY SECRET | Alannah Myles - Alannah Arista-82942 (comp 259)-P |
| 57 | 47 | | THE AINT A LOVE SONG | Ben Jov - Love Dance Mercury-314 526 181 (pro single)-Q |
| 58 | 48 | | I'LL BE THERE FOR YOU | The Rembrandts - Friends From The Friends EastWest/America-61762 (comp 247)-P |
| 59 | 56 | | LONG WAY TO GO | The Breeders - Long Way To Go RCA-0321-21654 (CD track)-N |
| 60 | 49 | | LOVE IS ALL I'M LOOKING FOR | Julie Masse - Circle Of One Surge/Select-714 (pro single) |
### Dance
| TW | LW | WO | Artist/Title | Label/Track |
|----|----|----|--------------|-------------|
| 11 | 17 | 3 | I WISH | Skele-Lo Attila-J |
| 12 | 19 | 3 | RIGHT TYPE OF MOOD | Herbie Attila-N |
| 13 | 8 | 7 | BOOMBASTIC | Shaggy Virgin Records-F |
| 14 | 20 | 3 | PULL UP TO THE BUMPER | Patra Sony-H |
| 15 | 9 | 9 | WATERFALLS | I.C. La Face-N |
| 16 | 12 | 10 | SEX IN THE STREETS | Pizzaman Radio/Quality |
| 17 | 13 | 9 | DIED IN YOUR ARMS | Intouch Ti.Amz/Metro/Quality |
| 18 | 18 | 6 | MEGAMIX | Michael Jackson Epic-H |
| 19 | 14 | 11 | THINK OF YOU | Wham! Quality |
| 20 | 29 | 2 | MESSAGE IN THE BOTTLE | Dance Floor or Virtu Dance Pool-H |
| 21 | 30 | 2 | PANINARO 95 | Par Shop Boys Capitol-F |
| 22 | NEW | | I WANNA B WITH U | Factory Attic |
| 23 | 15 | 16 | IN MY DREAMS | Darkness Attic |
| 24 | 26 | 2 | PRIVATE FANTASY | Lia Numuzk-Q |
| 25 | NEW | | LET IT RAIN | East 17 London-Q |
| 26 | NEW | | YOU ARE NOT ALONE | Michael Jackson Epic-H |
| 27 | 24 | 8 | YOU | Staxx Of Joy Sony-H |
| 28 | 21 | 7 | PRIDE OF AFRICA | Yaki-Do Mega Records-Q |
| 29 | 22 | 20 | MACARENA featuring Wil Veloz | Los Del Mar Quality |
| 30 | 27 | 9 | VOICES INSIDE MY HEAD | The Police A&M-P |
CITATIONS continued from page 19
INDEPENDENT RECORD COMPANY
Story Plain Records
TALENT BUYER OR PROMOTER
RON SAKAMOTO
Gold & Gold Productions
200 King St. W., Suite 300
Toronto, ON M5H 1A4
RETAILER
HMV Canada
RECORD STORE
SAM'S RECORD MAN
featuring "The Hearts Filthy Lesson"
Produced By David Bowie and Brian Eno
DAVID BOWIE
OUTSIDE
©1995 David Bowie under exclusive license in the U.S. and Canada to Virgin Records America, Inc.
EXPLDING AT ROCK, MODERN ROCK AND TOP 40!
ROCK RADIO • BDS AOR #18* • R&R Active Radio Tracks #36*
MODERN ROCK • BDS (Canada) #22* • BDS (Billboard) #26* • R&R #23*
CANADIAN 'BDS' SPINS • 484 Total Spins (all formats for 1st three weeks!)
VIDEO AIRPLAY • MuchMusic Heavy • Musique Plus Heavy #26*
ALL STATS LISTED AS OF Sept. 19, 1995
|
A Review of Point Cloud Registration Algorithms for Mobile Robotics
François Pomerleau
Autonomous Space Robotics Laboratory
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
firstname.lastname@example.org
Francis Colas
Inria, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600
CNRS, Loria, UMR 7503, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500
Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500
France
email@example.com
Roland Siegwart
Autonomous Systems Lab
ETH Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland
firstname.lastname@example.org
The preferred citation for this publication is
F. Pomerleau, F. Colas and R. Siegwart. *A Review of Point Cloud Registration Algorithms for Mobile Robotics*. Foundations and Trends® in Robotics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–110, 2013.
*This Foundations and Trends® issue was typeset in LaTeX using a class file designed by Neal Parikh. Printed on acid-free paper.*
ISBN: 978-1-68083-025-5
© 2015 F. Pomerleau, F. Colas and R. Siegwart
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers.
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Foundations and Trends® in Robotics
Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013
Editorial Board
Editors-in-Chief
Henrik Christensen
Georgia Institute of Technology
United States
Roland Siegwart
ETH Zurich
Switzerland
Editors
Minoru Asada
Osaka University
Antonio Bicchi
University of Pisa
Aude Billard
EPFL
Cynthia Breazeal
MIT
Oliver Brock
TU Berlin
Wolfram Burgard
University of Freiburg
Udo Frese
University of Bremen
Ken Goldberg
UC Berkeley
Hiroshi Ishiguro
Osaka University
Makoto Kaneko
Osaka University
Danica Kragic
KTH Stockholm
Vijay Kumar
University of Pennsylvania
Simon Lacroix
Local Area Augmentation System
Christian Laugier
INRIA
Steve LaValle
UIUC
Yoshihiko Nakamura
University of Tokyo
Brad Nelson
ETH Zurich
Paul Newman
Oxford University
Daniela Rus
MIT
Giulio Sandini
University of Genova
Sebastian Thrun
Stanford University
Manuela Veloso
Carnegie Mellon University
Markus Vincze
Vienna University
Alex Zelinsky
CSIRO
Editorial Scope
Topics
Foundations and Trends® in Robotics publishes survey and tutorial articles in the following topics:
- Mathematical modelling
- Kinematics
- Dynamics
- Estimation methods
- Artificial intelligence in robotics
- Software systems and architectures
- Sensors and estimation
- Planning and control
- Human-robot interaction
- Industrial robotics
- Service robotics
Information for Librarians
Foundations and Trends® in Robotics, 2013, Volume 4, 4 issues. ISSN paper version 1935-8253. ISSN online version 1935-8261. Also available as a combined paper and online subscription.
A Review of Point Cloud Registration Algorithms for Mobile Robotics
François Pomerleau
Autonomous Space Robotics Laboratory
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
email@example.com
Francis Colas
Inria, Villers-lès-Nancy, F-54600
CNRS, Loria, UMR 7503, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500
Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54500
France
firstname.lastname@example.org
Roland Siegwart
Autonomous Systems Lab
ETH Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland
email@example.com
## Contents
1 Twenty years of ICP: The Legacy ........................................ 2
1.1 Early Solutions .................................................. 5
1.2 Division and Explosion of the Field ......................... 7
1.3 Algorithm Overview ........................................... 10
1.4 Overview of the Review ....................................... 12
2 Formalization of the ICP Solution Family ............................. 15
2.1 Reading and Reference Sources .............................. 16
2.2 Transformation Functions .................................... 20
2.3 Data Filters ................................................... 23
2.4 Association Solver ........................................... 32
2.5 Outlier Filters ............................................... 37
2.6 Error Minimization .......................................... 39
2.7 Summary ....................................................... 44
3 Registration Use Cases .................................................. 47
3.1 Search and Rescue ............................................. 48
3.2 Power Plant Inspection ....................................... 62
3.3 Shoreline Monitoring ......................................... 67
3.4 Autonomous Driving .......................................... 73
3.5 Summary ....................................................... 76
4 Conclusion 84
Acknowledgements 90
Appendices 91
A Derivation for Point-to-Plane Error 92
References 95
Abstract
The topic of this review is geometric registration in robotics. Registration algorithms associate sets of data into a common coordinate system. They have been used extensively in object reconstruction, inspection, medical application, and localization of mobile robotics. We focus on mobile robotics applications in which point clouds are to be registered. While the underlying principle of those algorithms is simple, many variations have been proposed for many different applications. In this review, we give a historical perspective of the registration problem and show that the plethora of solutions can be organized and differentiated according to a few elements. Accordingly, we present a formalization of geometric registration and cast algorithms proposed in the literature into this framework. Finally, we review a few applications of this framework in mobile robotics that cover different kinds of platforms, environments, and tasks. These examples allow us to study the specific requirements of each use case and the necessary configuration choices leading to the registration implementation. Ultimately, the objective of this review is to provide guidelines for the choice of geometric registration configuration.
Keywords Survey; Review; Iterative Closest Point algorithm; Point set registration; Geometric registration; Mobile robotics; Laser odometry; Search and Rescue; Inspection; Environmental monitoring; Autonomous Driving.
The scope of this work is to present *registration* algorithms and their use in mobile robotics. Registration algorithms associate sets of data into a common coordinate system by minimizing the alignment error. This allows to integrate data from different sources into a bigger model.
Although they can be quite an abstract and technical concept, registration solutions already had an impact on the artistic field and popular culture. Photographers proficiently use image registration to build photograph composites achieving different looks-and-feels. The Brenizer method is an exemplary technique that is applied to achieve dramatic depth of field using panoramic image stitching (Figure 1.1 - Top). Another example is High Dynamic Range (HDR) photographs, where multiple images at different exposure levels need to be precisely overlaid to retrieve details in shaded and highlighted areas (Figure 1.1 - Bottom). Nowadays, even the latest cellphones have the capacity to build panoramic images from a series of pictures taken based on a visual guidelines that direct the user to move the camera viewfinder at the optimal position for the next picture. As for the specific case of 3D mapping application, cinematographers are depicting possible uses of registration algorithms in several recent science fiction movies. For
instance, in the remake of *Total Recall* (Colombia Pictures, 2012), an armed intervention team employed an array of hundreds of tiny cameras in a dangerous room leading to a 3D reconstruction of the area used to monitor potential threats within couple of seconds. Another closely related potential application was the use by a geologist of flying drones carrying laser rangefinders to explore an alien facility in *Prometheus* (Twentieth Century Fox, 2012).
**Figure 1.1:** Example of image registrations used in photography. *Top:* Brenizer method using the open source software Hugin to stitch multiple images. *Bottom:* HDR composite of the San Francisco harbor using the open source software Luminance HDR to overlay three images.
More at the research level, current applications include: robotic exploration in harsh environments, organ reconstruction to improve medical diagnostics and object reconstruction for reverse engineering. Although registration using 2D images can be part of the same group of solutions, we focus on systems where depth information is already available (e.g., from laser rangefinders) and is mainly used for resolving misalignment error. We refer to the latter type as *geometric registration*.\(^1\) However, some parallels with image registrations will be made throughout this work when relevant.
A simplified example of geometric registration is illustrated in Figure 1.2. A scene with a large tree, a lamppost and a bench was scanned using a laser rangefinder from two different poses. As laser points are indistinguishable, only their location information is available to resolve the alignment error. In that example, the point cloud in light green and with the horizontal ground is used as our fixed reference coordinates. Figure 1.2-*Left* shows the starting position of the two scans. The overlaid point cloud in dark blue has a misalignment error shifting it to the left with a tilt angle. This initial misalignment is represented with dark red lines in Figure 1.2-*Middle*. Although all individual points are similar, their proximity to other points gives enough information to automatically align the two point clouds (Figure 1.2-*Right*).
**Figure 1.2:** Examples of geometric registration between a reference point cloud (light green points) and a reading point cloud (dark blue points). *Left:* Initial position of the two point clouds. *Middle:* Alignment error (dark red lines). *Right:* Final alignment of the two point clouds.
\(^1\)In general, image registration often has access to *labelled* points, which is less the case for geometric registration, either in 2D or 3D.
1.1 Early Solutions
As an interesting historical note, in an early publication by Hurley and Cattell [1962], registration is presented as an *Orthogonal Procrustes* problem. The name Procrustes referring to a bandit from the Greek mythology who made his victims fit on his bed by either stretching their limbs or cutting them off. Theseus eventually defeated Procrustes using the same violent procedure (Figure 1.3). Nowadays, the reference to the *Orthogonal Procrustes* problem is not often used in the scientific literature, but it illustrates well the idea.
**Figure 1.3:** Theseus *adjusting* Procrustes to the size of his bed. Photograph provided by Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons.
While working more specifically on 3D-shape primitives, Faugeras and Hebert [1986] defined closed-form distances to minimize point-to-point and plane-to-plane alignment error. The proposed method solved translation and rotation as a two-step procedure. Later, a solution proposed by Walker et al. [1991] resolved together rotation and translation error using dual quaternions. The registration problem concretizes itself further in a survey of geometric matching algorithms and geometric representations for point sets, curves, surfaces, volumes, and their respective space-time trajectories [Besl, 1988]. At this time, the main experimental validation was using Computer-aided design (CAD) models with simple shapes. The first mention of the name ICP\(^2\) was proposed by Besl and McKay [1992]. They expressed the problem as follows:
“Given 3-D data in a sensor coordinate system, which describes a data shape that may correspond to a model shape, and given a model shape in a model coordinate system in a different geometric shape representation, estimate the optimal rotation and translation that aligns, or registers, the model shape and the data shape minimizing the distance between the shapes and thereby allowing determination of the equivalence of the shapes via a mean-square distance metric.”
In their work, the proof of the solution convergence is demonstrated under the assumption that the number of associated points, or their weight, remains constant. Unless two identical shapes are registered together, outliers that are not present in both shapes need to be identified. This problem is observed by Champleboux et al. [1992] while developing early registration solutions for medical applications. They report failures when wrong initial transformations are used in combination with scans having low overlap ratio. During the same years, Chen and Medioni [1991] work with dense laser scans of statues and, shortly later, scans of tooth mockups [Chen and Medioni, 1992]. They propose a registration solution based on the minimization of point-to-plane alignment errors, which is still quite often used nowadays.
Even though a large volume of theoretical works was published on advanced geometric primitives (e.g., planes, curves, quadrics), Zhang [1994] states that primitives derived from points are too sensitive to noise and are not stable in moving systems with current (1994) sensing capabilities. Thus, he concludes that points were more reliable. Zhang [1994] pioneers the idea of using ICP-based solutions for outdoor robotic applications. He proposes a generic framework for symmetric match, but considers only one direction of registration as an
\(^2\)In the remainder of this review, ICP and geometric registration have the same generic meaning.
approximation to save computation costs. He highly emphasizes the importance of removing spurious pairs and gives the first characterization of fast subsampling solutions. In addition, he highlighted the fact that outlier rejection is required for robotic applications, and that the proof of ICP convergence stated by Besl and McKay [1992] cannot hold for most of the robotics applications. In the outlook section of his work, he already mentions the use of uncertainty on the initial alignment, based on Kalman filters and Mahalanobis distance, and the need to handle dynamic elements.
1.2 Division and Explosion of the Field
Within only two years, four main application types already emerged from the possibilities to register 3D point clouds: object reconstructions [Chen and Medioni, 1991], non-contact inspections [Besl and McKay, 1992], medical and surgery support [Champleboux et al., 1992] and autonomous vehicle navigation [Zhang, 1993]. Publications in specialized journals for computer vision, robotics and medical imaging slowly divided the types of interesting problems to be solved. We can still read in current literature that the credits for being the first article to provide a solution differ from authors in different fields.
The field of registration crystalized with its first survey on medical image registration covering the years 1993 to 1998 [Maintz and Viergever, 1998]. It took 12 years for a specialized survey of 3D registration in computer vision to appear [Bowyer et al., 2006]. This work intends to be the first large scale review adapted for Robotics application.
ICP is a popular algorithm due to its simplicity: its general idea is easy to understand and to implement. However, the basic algorithm only works well in ideal cases. This led to hundreds\(^3\) of variations around the original algorithm that were published on numerous different experimental scenarios (see Figure 1.4). This highlights both the usefulness of ICP and the difficulty to find a single versatile version.
\(^3\)Close to 450 papers based on IEEE Xplore and around 1350 based on Scopus, between 1992 and 2013.
In Figure 1.4, one can observe an increasing number of publications appearing around the year 2000. In robotics, this coincides with the advent of a 2D solution for pose estimations demonstrated with a SICK rangefinder [Lu and Milios, 1997] and of the basis of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms [Thrun et al., 1998]. Prior to the arrival of the SICK LMS-200 in robotics [Pfister et al., 2002], most of the sensors used were custom-made. This situation renders experiments difficult to replicate by other researchers. In those years, 2D lasers appeared as a viable solution for navigation over sonars, which were traditionally used [Thrun et al., 1998]. The 3D real-time applications were then not accessible due to high computation costs leading to an increased research focus toward 2D solutions for autonomous navigation, while other fields continued in 3D. At the same time in computer vision, the seminal work of Rusinkiewicz and Levoy [2001] on ICP algorithm comparisons led to significant progress in the scan...
registration field. The experiments employed simulated 3D scans, highlighting different spatial constraints and sensor noises. Results mainly focused on the rapidity of convergence and the final precision of different solutions helping to select more appropriate solutions in further applications.
With the arrival of more standard sensors, researchers in robotics pushed the 2D registration algorithms so they could deal with larger environments with faster platforms [Bosse et al., 2004] and 3D slowly came back [Nüchter et al., 2004]. Since no comparison framework exists, the selection of an appropriate variant for particular experimental conditions is difficult. This is a major challenge because registration is at the front-end of the mapping pipeline, and the arbitrary nature of its selection affects the results of all subsequent steps of more advanced robotic tasks. Even the early work of Eggert et al. [1998] highlights the difficulty to compare with other solutions given the lack of metric over common data sets. In their survey, Maintz and Viergever [1998] point the fact that proper accuracy studies are just starting; the problem being that the results provided are too specific. In addition, they highlight the imprecise use of the terms accuracy, precision and robustness. They suggest to set up public databases and validation protocols, but foresee logistic, costs and efforts as incoming problem to those solutions.
Recently, the demand for a stronger experimental methodology in robotics was also stressed by Amigoni et al. [2009]. The authors survey different SLAM publications to highlight proper evaluation metrics that are applied to SLAM algorithms. Three principles of an experimental methodology in science (i.e, comparison, reproducibility/repeatability and justification/explanation) are translated in requirements for stronger SLAM results. As stated in their paper, a sound methodology should allow researchers to gain an insight about intrinsic (e.g., computational time, parameters used, parameter behaviors) and extrinsic (e.g., accuracy, precision) quantities. The authors report that, even though comparisons between algorithms are present in SLAM publications, very few researchers can reuse the same protocol and directly compare their results without having to re-implement other solutions.
With the introduction of the Microsoft Kinect in 2010, another wave of publications is expected, similar to what was observed following the widespread utilization of SICK rangefinders. The Kinect is a handheld camera sensor connected via USB to a computer that produces both depth and color readings. Such RGB-D sensors augment accessibility to object modeling and indoor mapping research [Henry et al., 2012]. This also opens the door to a mix of hybrid algorithms using features and descriptors without the need of expertise in sensor calibration. RGB-D cameras have different characteristics than laser-based sensors, such as a higher density of points at a higher frequency but covering a more restricted Field of View (FoV). A smaller FoV means less time to compute the registration before the sensor trajectory reduces the overlap to an unusable range. Having access to a higher frame rate with an optimized ICP solution shows that hand-waved sensor trajectory was trackable with real-time constraints [Pomerleau et al., 2011]. The Velodyne HDL-64E, first commercialized for the DARPA Urban Challenge in 2007, optimized its FoV to cover the expected trajectory of a ground vehicle. To cope with the high speed of a car, the sensor delivered a high data rate at 1.3 M points per second, bringing the real-time constraint to another level. Those two sensors were the latest publication catalysts for the field of registration in mobile robotics, a field often modulated by the development of new hardwares.
### 1.3 Algorithm Overview
The aim of geometric registration is to be able to represent a shape, called **reading**, in the same coordinate frame as another, called **reference**. This is equivalent to finding the transformation of **reading** that best aligns it to **reference**.
A shape $S$ is a set of points including both geometric and non-geometric information. Geometric information is affected by a spatial transformation; this part of the dimension of a point will be called a **feature**. Features are typically coordinates of points, surface normals or tangent vectors. Non-geometric information is not affected by spatial
transformation; this part of the dimension of a point will be called a descriptor. Descriptors can be color, temperature, identifiers, etc.
Most algorithms actually apply some filters on the shapes in order to help the registration. There are mainly two uses of such filters. The first one is to remove some points that do not bring any valuable information for the registration. As the complexity of the algorithm is linear in the number of points, reducing this number can have a significant impact on the time of registration. The second use of filters can be to add information to the point. The typical example is the inference of local structural properties of the shape, such as normal information or curvature. This information, which is usually not present in the raw sensor data, can allow for better registration through a more precise association of the points, or the computation of the error to minimize.
More formally, let \( \mathbb{A}P \) be the shape representing reading in a coordinate frame \( \mathbb{A} \) and \( \mathbb{B}Q \) the shape representing reference in its coordinate frame \( \mathbb{B} \). The aim of registration is to estimate the transformation \( \mathbb{B}\hat{T} \) by minimizing an error function \( \text{error}(P', Q) \):
\[
\mathbb{B}\hat{T} = \arg \min_{T} \left( \text{error} \left( T \left( \mathbb{A}P \right), \mathbb{B}Q \right) \right)
\]
where \( T(S) \) is the application of the geometric transformation \( T \) to the shape \( S \).
One specificity of geometric registration is that the error function is computed on pairs of points that have been associated between the two shapes. The classical association is done by finding the closest point in reference of each point in reading. Ideally the association should be between points that, when the two shapes are aligned, are the closest in position. This problem is called data association, point matching, correspondence finding depending on the literature. Association solving can be done purely on the features but can also be improved by using the descriptors.
Formally, let \( M = \text{match}(P, Q) = \{(p, q) : p \in P, q \in Q\} \) be the set of matches between \( P \) and \( Q \). The error function is then of the form:
\[
\text{error}(P, Q) = \sum_{(p, q) \in M} d(p, q).
\]
In order to make this error function more robust, outliers are sometimes identified and removed from the list of matches. In addition, weights \( W = \text{outlier}(M) = \{ w(p, q) : \forall (p, q) \in M \} \) can be associated to the matches so as to increase or decrease their influence in the error function:
\[
\text{error}(P, Q) = \sum_{(p, q) \in M} w(p, q) d(p, q).
\]
It is clear that minimizing this error function with an ideal association yields the best estimate for \( \hat{T}_{AB} \) (Equation 1.1). However, unless the descriptors are discriminative enough (as with visual descriptors), the association can generally not be perfectly solved. The idea of ICP is that even with an imperfect association, minimizing the error yields a better estimates that, in turn, allows for better association. Concretely, the idea is to build a sequence of transformations \( T_i \) that are successively applied to \( P \). At a given iteration, a set of matches \( M_i \) is computed from the given relative position of the points. Then, based of those matches, a new transformation \( T_{i+1} \) is computed by minimizing the error:
\[
T_{i+1} \leftarrow \arg \min_T \left( \text{error} \left( T(P'), Q' \right) \right).
\]
Finally, the estimate of the transformation between the two original shapes is the composition of all intermediary transformations:
\[
\hat{T}_{AB} = \left( \bigcirc_{i=1}^n T_i \right) \circ T_{init}
\]
where \( \bigcirc_{i=1}^n T_i = \cdots \circ T_3 \circ T_2 \circ T_1 \) is the iterative composition of the transformations, and \( T_{init} \) an initial transformation.
The generic procedure is summarized in Algorithm 1 and shown as a chart in Figure 1.5.
### 1.4 Overview of the Review
ICP is a framework where multiple variations and algorithms can be used to resolve geometric registration problems. In the light of this large corpus of work related to ICP and more generally to geometric
Algorithm 1 Summary of ICP algorithm.
Require: \( \mathbb{A}P \) \( \triangleright \) reading
Require: \( \mathbb{B}Q \) \( \triangleright \) reference
Require: \( T_{init} \) \( \triangleright \) initial transformation
\[
\begin{align*}
\mathbb{A}P' &\leftarrow \text{datafilter}(\mathbb{A}P) \\
\mathbb{B}Q' &\leftarrow \text{datafilter}(\mathbb{B}Q) \\
i-1^iT &\leftarrow T_{init}
\end{align*}
\]
repeat
\[
\begin{align*}
iP' &\leftarrow i-1^iT(i-1P') \\
M_i &\leftarrow \text{match}(iP', Q') \\
W_i &\leftarrow \text{outlier}(M_i) \\
i+1^iT &\leftarrow \arg \min_T \left( \text{error} \left( T \left( iP' \right), Q' \right) \right)
\end{align*}
\]
until convergence
Ensure: \( \mathbb{A}\hat{T} = \left( \bigcirc_{i} i-1^iT \right) \circ T_{init} \)
Figure 1.5: Generic scheme proposed for registration algorithms.
registration, we present a general framework to classify the existing solutions. We believe that after 20 years of new registration algorithms, it is time to evaluate what works best for which robotic systems. Therefore, our contributions aim at strengthening the current methodology and bring deeper analysis of current solutions. The timing is appropriate for such study given that computational power is now sufficient to support registration on embedded systems in real-time [Pomerleau et al., 2011]. Also, new advancements in electronics have improved the accuracy and speed of sensors. Improvements in battery technology have enabled longer autonomous operation time. Most importantly, researchers face a plethora of solutions from which a definition of usable solutions can be out of reach. This situation impedes the robotic field to progress on algorithms that rely on registration (e.g., path planning, autonomous exploration).
This review addresses this problem and is structured in two main sections:
Section 2 presents a literature review of different solutions with the aim to express ICP solutions in a common framework and validate our generic scheme proposed in Figure 1.5.
Section 3 describes case studies using five different robotic platforms. The requirements of each application are explained with some insight on how to tune parameters for specific applications. Those applications cover Search & Rescue activities, industrial inspection, shore monitoring and autonomous driving.
All sections close with a discussion in addition to a short summary. The main observations of those sections are recapitulated in Section 4 along with final remarks.
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Fabien Tâche, François Pomerleau, W Fischer, Gilles Caprari, F Mondada, R Moser, and Roland Siegwart. MagneBike: Compact magnetic wheeled robot for power plant inspection. In *Applied Robotics for the Power Industry, 2010. Proceedings of the First International Conference on*, pages 1–2, 2010.
Fabien Tâche, François Pomerleau, Gilles Caprari, Roland Siegwart, Michael Bosse, and Roland Moser. Three-Dimensional Localization for the MagneBike Inspection Robot. *Journal of Field Robotics*, 28(2):180–203, 2011.
Sebastian Thrun, Wolfram Burgard, and Dieter Fox. A Probabilistic Approach to Concurrent Mapping and Localization for Mobile Robots. *Machine Learning*, 31(1/3):29–53, 1998.
C Tsai, C Li, G Yang, and K Lin. The Edge-Driven Dual-Bootstrap Iterative Closest Point Algorithm for Registration of Multimodal Fluorescein Angiogram Sequence. *Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on*, 29(3):636–649, 2010.
T Tuytelaars and K Mikolajczyk. A survey on local invariant features. *Foundations and Trends in Computer Graphics and Vision*, 2008.
Michael W Walker, Lejun Shao, and Richard A Volz. Estimating 3-D location parameters using dual number quaternions. *CVGIP: Image Understanding*, 54(3):358–367, November 1991.
O Wulf, Andreas Nüchter, J Hertzberg, and B Wagner. Benchmarking urban six-degree-of-freedom simultaneous localization and mapping. *Journal of Field Robotics*, 25(3):148–163, 2008.
Kai M Wurm, Armin Hornung, Maren Bennewitz, Cyrill Stachniss, and Wolfram Burgard. OctoMap: A Probabilistic, Flexible, and Compact 3D Map Representation for Robotic Systems. In *Workshop on Best Practice in 3D Perception and Modeling for Mobile Manipulation, 2010 (ICRA)*, 2010.
H Yoshitaka, K Hirohiko, O Akihisa, and Y Shin’ichi. Mobile Robot Localization and Mapping by Scan Matching using Laser Reflection Intensity of the SOKUIKI Sensor. In *Industrial Electronics, 2006. Proceedings of the IEEE 32nd Annual Conference on*, pages 3018–3023, 2006.
Zhengyou Zhang. Point matching for registration of free-form surfaces. *Lecture Notes in Computer Science*, 719:460–467, May 1993.
Zhengyou Zhang. Iterative point matching for registration of free-form curves and surfaces. *International Journal of Computer Vision*, 13(2):119–152, October 1994.
T Zinsser, J Schmidt, and H Niemann. A refined ICP algorithm for robust 3-D correspondence estimation. In *Image Processing, 2003. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on*, pages II–695–8 vol.3, 2003.
Barbara Zitová and Jan Flusser. Image registration methods: a survey. *Image And Vision Computing*, 21(11):977–1000, 2003.
R Zlot and Michael Bosse. Place recognition using keypoint similarities in 2D lidar maps. *Experimental Robotics*, 54:363–372, 2009.
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Missile Miss-Distance Indicator
NEW RAYTHEON MICROWAVE TUBE DEVELOPMENTS
Miniature pulsed magnetrons for missile beacon applications are ruggedly constructed with integral magnets. The RK-7461 is tunable from 9,300 to 9,500 mc and has minimum peak power output of 60 watts. It is 1¼" in diameter and 2½" long, and weighs only 6 ounces.
The QK-735 is tunable from 5,400 to 5,900 mc with minimum peak power output of 400 watts. 1½" in diameter and 3¾" long, it weighs 8 ounces.
Ideal for linear accelerators and high-power radar systems. The QK-783 and QK-622 Amplitrons operate over the 2,700-2,900 mc and 2,900-3,100 mc bands, respectively, at a peak power of 3 megawatts and a typical efficiency of 75%. Because no heater is required, these tubes are capable of exceptionally long life. RF gain is 8 db under rated conditions, and as high as 12 db at lower peak power outputs. Phase pushing figure is less than 0.5 degrees for a 1% variation of anode current.
Small-signal gain of up to 35 db in microwave relay links is achieved by means of a new compact traveling wave tube amplifier -- the QK-542. This permanent-magnet focused CW tube has nominal saturated power output of 5 watts over 5,900 to 7,400 mc. An integral UG 344/U waveguide-type flange is supplied as standard. With an optional coaxial output coupler the QK-542 covers 4,000 to 8,000 mc.
Designed for electronic countermeasures and FM/CW operations, the QK-625 BWO provides a minimum CW power output of 180 watts and a nominal CW power output of 250 to 350 watts over the 2,500 to 3,000 mc band. The tube is voltage tunable over the entire range with tuning sensitivity of approximately 0.4 mc/volt. Liquid-cooled, the QK-625 BWO is equipped with an integral permanent magnet, and can be mounted in any position.
Compiled as a Raytheon service to the field, new Consolidated Data Booklet contains comprehensive information about principal unclassified magnetrons, klystrons, backward wave oscillators and special purpose tubes manufactured by Raytheon. Characteristics presented include maximum ratings, typical operating values, band or frequency ranges and other essential data for microwave engineers and purchasing departments.
Issue at a Glance
Business
What's Different About the New Computers. An exclusive roundup...36
Renaissance in Oceanography. Ten-year program is proposed......40
New Advances in Microwave. Report on this week's NEREM show...45
Finding Tomorrow's Engineers. Here's what one area is doing.....48
Engineer-Scientist Coming. Interview with MIT's Dean Brown.....53
Schools Report New Studies. Latest doings at universities, colleges..57
Shoptalk .........................4 25 Most Active Stocks.......23
Electronics Newsletter ....11 Market Research ............28
Washington Outlook ..........14 Current Figures ...........28
Financial Roundup ...........23 Meetings Ahead ...........60
Engineering
Archer with longbow uses old-fashioned ballistic missile (arrow) to check out new miss-distance indicator. See p 91...........COVER
Microwave Computer Circuits. Push for higher speeds leads to techniques using waveguide, twt's, parametric oscillators.. By F. Leary 77
Design Trends in Mobile Radio Repeaters. Coded circuits highlight new mobile radios.................................By L. G. Sands 82
Light-Pen Links Computer to Operator. Photoelectric sensor gives operator control.............By B. M. Gurley and C. E. Woodward 85
How Retaining Rings Solve Design Problems. Ring fasteners are tabulated according to applications.............By H. Roberts 88
Low-Cost Active Radar for Miss-Distance Data. Swept frequency radar needs no equipment on the missile...........By W. H. Doty 91
New Figure of Merit for Infrared Range. Nomograph uses simplified range equation.............By C. S. Williams and J. J. Redmann 94
Departments
Research and Development. Recognition System Reads Ten Words..100
Components and Materials. High-Frequency Microwave Generator..106
Production Techniques. Racks Permit Batch Assembly...........110
On the Market.............114 Plants and People...........162
New Books ...............156 News of Reps...........165
Literature of the Week....160 Comment .................166
Index to Advertisers......172
General Electric Improves Heat Dissipation, ups Power in New 6L6-GC Tube
WITH General Plate COPPER-CORED ALIRON
Redesigned with improved heat dissipating anode material, General Electric Company's 6L6-GC audio power output tubes now offer important new advantages — maximum anode dissipation — or, rating increased 40 percent — cost one-third lower than comparable tubes — low distortion. And to obtain this improved value for their customers, General Electric Company used General Plate 5-layer copper-cored Aliron strip made available by Metals & Controls, Inc., at the request of the Receiving Tube Department of the General Electric Company.
The copper, when combined with high emissivity aluminum-steel surfaces, results in a clad metal stock with improved heat conductivity ... allows greater heat dissipation without danger of hot spots developing in tube anodes. The five layers are inseparably bonded together without intermediate brazing materials. Individual layer thicknesses are accurately controlled so that physical properties remain uniform.
Metals & Controls is actively developing new clad metals which save weight, increase strength, conserve materials, improve performance, and offer other advantages not found in single metals or alloys. Write for catalog GP-1 and get acquainted with General Plate Clad Metals.
OTHER GENERAL PLATE CLAD METALS USED IN TUBES
Copper-base Aliron — Aluminum on low-carbon steel on copper
Aliron® — Aluminum clad to both sides of low-carbon steel
Nifer® — Nickel clad to both sides of low-carbon steel
Alnifer® — Aluminum on low-carbon steel on nickel
METALS & CONTROLS
1311 FOREST STREET, ATTLEBORO, MASS., U.S.A.
A DIVISION OF TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED
GENERAL PLATE PRODUCTS: Clad Metals • Electrical Contacts • Truflex® Thermostat Metal • Platinum Metals • Reactor Metals • Radio Tube & Transistor Metals
2 CIRCLE 2 ON READER SERVICE CARD
NOVEMBER 20, 1959 • ELECTRONICS
LAMBDA’S ALL-TRANSISTOR LINE
Delivered now • Guaranteed for five years
FOUR NEW POWER SUPPLIES
1-AMP and 2-AMP • CONVECTION COOLED
No internal blowers • No moving parts
0-32 VDC
0-1 AMP 0-2 AMP
Model LT 1095 $285
Model LT 1095M (metered) $315
Model LT 2095 $365
Model LT 2095M (metered) $395
Ambient 50° C at full rating.
High efficiency radiator heat sinks.
Silicon rectifier.
50-400 cycles input.
Special, high-purity foil, long-life electrolytics.
Compact. Only 3½” panel height.
Short-circuit proof.
Protected by magnetic circuit breakers.
Hermetically-sealed transformer. Designed to MIL-T27A.
All transistor. No tubes.
Fast transient response.
Excess ambient thermal protection.
Excellent regulation. Low output impedance. Low ripple.
Remote sensing and DC vernier.
CONDENSED DATA
Voltage Bands . . .0-8, 8-16, 16-24, 24-32 VDC
Line Regulation . . .Better than 0.15 per cent or 20 millivolts (whichever is greater). For input variations from 105-125 VAC.
Load Regulation . . .Better than 0.15 per cent or 20 millivolts (whichever is greater). For load variations from 0 to full load.
AC Input . . . . .105-125 VAC, 50-400 CPS
Electrical Overload Protection . . .Magnetic circuit breaker, front panel mounted. Unit cannot be injured by short circuit or overload.
Thermal Overload Protection . . .Thermostat, manual reset, rear of chassis. Thermal overload indicator light, front panel.
Size . . . . . . .3½” H x 19” W x 14¾” D.
New! 1959 CATALOG NOW AVAILABLE
New 36-page edition contains information and specifications on Lambda’s full line of transistor-regulated and tube-regulated power supplies.
Send for your copy.
LAMBDA ELECTRONICS CORP.
11-11 131 Street, College Point 56, N.Y.
CIRCLE 3 ON READER SERVICE CARD
SHOPTALK . . . editorial
ACADEMICALLY SPEAKING. Research projects now underway in colleges and universities frequently give the key to products and techniques of the future. To extend our coverage of this very important editorial area, ELECTRONICS recently sent some 180 letters to the deans or presidents of academic institutions telling of our interest in learning of their research work.
The responses were gratifying. In all, close to 125 schools replied with expressions of interest. A short time later reports began coming in on work in progress. For some of these details, turn to p 57.
THE NEW IN NEW ENGLAND. This week, on p 45, there's one example that drives home two points in our editorial aims: (1) Reporting the news while it's hot, not merely warm. (2) Giving on-the-spot coverage to regional activities. New England Editor Maguire has been living with NEREM for several weeks—the Northeast Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting. This is the area's big annual event. Last week, in his exclusive roundup headlined "New England in Ferment," Maguire brought you up to date on that part of our industry—the trends, the plans, the hopes. And he gave you a preview of NEREM. This week, he tells you what's happening . . . while it's happening.
BETWEEN THE RUSSIANS AND THE DEEP BLUE SEA. Oceanography has always had its share of interest and outstanding effort within the American scientific community, but the International Geophysical Year brought a revelation. As with outer space, the Soviets had quietly accelerated their efforts. Both the military implications of underwater research and the peaceful potentials of oceanographic science took on new importance. U.S. scientists had, in effect, been issued a challenge.
Now it appears this is the year for a decision if a long-range, orderly oceanographic effort is to be started and a belated, more expensive crash program is to be avoided. On p 40 Associate Editor Janis points out the crossroads at which U.S. oceanography stands.
Coming In Our November 27 Issue . . .
RADIATION DAMAGE. Effects of radiation on semiconductors are receiving great attention as researchers strive for solid-state devices that can function in space vehicles and around nuclear reactors. Assistant Editor Wolff attended the Second Conference on Nuclear Radiation Effects on Semiconductor Devices, Materials and Circuits in New York City this fall and heard a raft of papers on this subject. In his article next week, Wolff describes the effects of radiation on semiconductors and some techniques being used to increase radiation tolerance of semiconductor devices and circuits.
MORE ON TUNNEL DIODES. One of the intriguing features of the tunnel diode to circuit designers is its tolerance to radiation. Basic action of the tunnel diode has already been explained (ELECTRONICS, p 54, Nov. 6) and next week its characteristics and circuit applications are described.
I. A. Lesk, N. Holonyak, Jr. and U. S. Davidsohn of General Electric Co. in Syracuse, N. Y., show how tunnel diodes can be used in oscillators, sweep circuits, detectors, multivibrators and amplifiers. Values of typical tunnel diode parameters are given and the authors explain why the diode resists radiation.
SPRAGUE® RELIABILITY in these two dependable wirewound resistors
MINIATURE Blue Jacket® VITREOUS-ENAMEL POWER RESISTORS
Sprague's new improved construction gives even greater reliability and higher wattage ratings to famous Blue Jacket miniature axial lead resistors.
A look at the small actual sizes illustrated, emphasizes how ideal they are for use in miniature electronic equipment with either conventional wiring or printed wiring boards.
Get complete data on these dependable miniified resistors, write for Engineering Bulletin 7410.
TAB-TYPE BLUE JACKETS: For industrial applications, a wide selection of wattage ratings from 5 to 218 watts are available in Sprague's famous Tab-Type Blue Jacket close-tolerance, power-type wirewound resistors. Ideal for use in radio transmitters, electronic and industrial equipment, etc. For complete data, send for Engineering Bulletin 7400A.
NEW SMALLER SIZE KOOLOHM® INSULATED-SHELL POWER RESISTORS
New Koolohm construction features include welded leads and winding terminations—Ceron ceramic-insulated resistance wire, wound on special ceramic core—multi-layer non-inductive windings or high resistance value conventional windings—sealed, insulated, non-porous ceramic outer shells—aged-on-load to stabilize resistance value.
You can depend upon them to carry maximum rated load for any given physical size.
Send for Engineering Bulletin 7300 for complete technical data.
SPRAGUE ELECTRIC COMPANY
35 MARSHALL STREET • NORTH ADAMS, MASS.
SPRAGUE COMPONENTS:
RESISTORS • CAPACITORS • MAGNETIC COMPONENTS • TRANSISTORS
INTERFERENCE FILTERS • PULSE NETWORKS • HIGH TEMPERATURE MAGNET WIRE • PRINTED CIRCUITS
THE PRACTICAL LOW COST ANSWER TO MULTI-CHANNEL OSCILLOGRAPHIC RECORDING PROBLEMS ... SANBORN INTRODUCES THE FIRST OF THE 950 SERIES ... THE 950-1500 SYSTEM ... FOR FLOATING OR GROUNDED INPUTS FROM 10 μV TO 0.1 VOLT PER DIVISION ... ALL-TRANSISTORIZED ELECTRONICS MOUNTED BEHIND A SINGLE 7" HIGH PANEL ... FLUSH-FRONT RECORDER WITH 9 ELECTRICALLY-CONTROLLED CHART SPEEDS ... IMPROVED, RUGGED GALVANOMETERS ... CLEAR, INKLESS TRACES ... RECTANGULAR COORDINATE RECORDINGS ... ALL IN A SYSTEM DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY TO PROVIDE GREATER ECONOMY AND ACCURACY WHEN SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY IS NOT REQUIRED.
Additional features of the 950-1500 include: common power supply, built-in MOPA, front and rear inputs, easily serviced plug-in circuit cards, adaptability for use with other readout devices. When many channels are constantly in use for floating or grounded high gain inputs the simplified 950-1500 design assures dependable operation, yet at much lower "per channel" cost.
Complete details are available from Sanborn Sales-Engineering Representatives located in principal cities throughout the U.S., Canada and foreign countries.
SPECIFICATIONS
INPUT 100,000 ohms, all ranges, floating and guarded.
OUTPUT 400 ma. full scale, 15 ohms nominal load, ungrounded
LINEARITY = 0.4%
SENSITIVITY 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 uv per chart div
COMMON MODE REJECTION 100 db. min. dc
FREQUENCY RESPONSE 0-100 cps within 3 db at 10 div peak to peak. 0-50 cps with-
in 3 db at 50 div peak to peak.
NOISE ¼ div peak to peak maximum.
(All data subject to change without notice)
NEREM '59 Comm. Armory, Boston, November 17, 18, 19.
SANBORN COMPANY
INDUSTRIAL DIVISION 175 Wyman Street, Waltham 54, Massachusetts
An important breakthrough in fastener design a good many years ago was the common paper clip. And, although DOT is not a manufacturer of paper clips, many a DOT industrial fastener has had an equally revolutionary effect on modern fastening technique. Hundreds of different DOT fasteners have created relatively minor revolutions in specific industries.
A DOT fastener may save a few man-minutes of labor. It may save material. Or it may improve product performance and hence saleability. But multiply each small improvement by the units in a true mass-production operation and the savings really pile up to impressive proportions.
Rather than spend your own design staff's time on fastening problems, it might pay you well to call in DOT. You'll have at your service a design and production organization with large-scale facilities for genuine mass-production of special-purpose fasteners and self-fastening devices of all kinds.
Supplementing the Carr Fastener Company are a number of other plants which form the United-Carr Fastener group. They are located in the principal production centers of the United States, Canada, England and Australia. Your nearest United-Carr field office (see below) is no further away than a telephone call from your desk.
CARR FASTENER COMPANY
Division of UNITED-CARR Fastener Corp., Cambridge 42, Mass.
Offices In:
Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, Syracuse
BROAD
with these convenient, precision
NEW AMPLIFIER!
Just clamp on probe and read current instantly!
154A Voltage/Current Dual Channel Amplifier
SPECIFICATIONS
(When plugged into -hp- 150A/AR Oscilloscope)
CURRENT CHANNEL
Band Pass: 50 cps to 8 MC.
Sensitivity: 10 calibrated ranges, 1 to 1,000 ma/cm, 1, 2, 5, 10 sequence. Accuracy ± 5%.
Vernier between steps (extends 1,000 ma/cm range to at least 1,500 ma/cm).
Max ac Current: 10 ma rms, 10 KC and above. Below 20 KC core saturation. Max current capability proportional to frequency.
Max dc Current: Direct current to ½ amp has no appreciable effect.
Input Impedance: Approx. 0.01 ohm shunted by 0.8 uh.
VOLTAGE CHANNEL
Band Pass: dc coupled: dc to 10 MC, 0.035 µsec rise time.
ac coupled: 2 cps to 10 MC, 0.035 µsec rise time.
Sensitivity: 10 calibrated ranges, 0.05 to 20 v/cm; 1, 2, 5, 10 sequence. Accuracy ± 5%. Vernier between steps.
Input Impedance: 1 megohm (nominal), 30 uuf shunt.
GENERAL
Vertical Presentation: (1) Either voltage or current signal continuous. (2) voltage and current signals superimposed at intervals on alternate traces.
Vertical Position: Each channel individually adjustable.
Price: $430.00 (includes current probe).
The new 154A’s exclusive “clamp-around” probe permits fast, direct measurement of current from 50 cps to 8 MC, 1 ma to 15 amperes (peak-to-peak) without breaking into the circuit, loading, or voltage drop due to resistor insertion. Here is a time-saving convenience feature of real significance in the investigation of transistors, logic circuits and other measurements where current information is of prime importance.
In addition, the 154A — actually two instruments in one—makes possible swift, simple and direct comparison between voltage and current waveforms. In this comparison service, one section of the 154A reads current while the other reads voltage in a manner identical with other voltage indicating instruments. Comparison is achieved by electronic channel switching—through alternate sweeps or 100 KC chopping. Either of the 154A’s dual channels may also be used individually.
now offers better-than-ever service
CIRCLE 8 ON READER SERVICE CARD
NOVEMBER 20, 1959 • ELECTRONICS
the utility of your 150 A/AR oscilloscopes amplifiers and accessories
152B Dual Trace Differential Amplifier. New plug-in amplifier providing differential input and dual traces electronically switched between A and B channels at either 100 KC or on alternate sweeps. Sensitivity range 0.05 v/cm to 50 v/cm, input attenuator with 9 calibrated ranges in 1, 2, 5, 10 sequence and vernier. $250.00.
153A Very High Gain Amplifier. New plug-in permitting 150A to be used for many direct measurements from transducer without preamplification. Pass band dc to 500 KC, sensitivity 1 mv/cm to 125 v/cm, balanced input on all ranges. 15 calibrated ranges in 1, 2, 5, 10 sequence, 1 mv/cm to 50 v/cm; plus vernier. $125.00.
151B High Gain Amplifier. For 150A high gain unit with 5.0 mv/cm sensitivity, frequency response dc to 10 MC. 12 calibrated ranges on 1, 2, 5, 10 sequence, 5 mv/cm to 20 v/cm; accuracy ± 5%. Vernier adjustment. 1 megohm input impedance with 31 uuf shunt. Pass band rise time 0.035 μsec. Has 2 BNC terminals. $200.00.
196A Oscilloscope Camera. All new, most useful scope camera ever. Full-size, distortion free pictures; full picture area may be scaled. Simple multiple exposures; with one hand move lens through 11 detented positions. Pictures sharp, clear, compare to CRT resolution. Professional bellows prevents light leaks; easy tab pulling; set f-stop and shutter without removing camera from scope; mount on scope with one hand. Employs Polaroid® Land Camera back, new flat Wollensak 3" f/1.9 lens. Wt. 9 lbs. $425.00.
AC-115A Oscilloscope Testmobile. For 150 series oscilloscopes but fits others. 4" rubber tired wheels, heavy chrome tube construction, tilts 'scope to 30° in 7½° increments, folds for storage, shipping. $80.00 AC-116A Storage Unit fastens to AC-115A, holds 150A plug-ins or AC-117A Accessory Drawers. AC-116A, $22.50. AC-117A, $10.00.
Data subject to change without notice. Prices f.o.b. factory
NOW! IN EUROPE!
In May, 1959, Hewlett-Packard S.A. was established in Geneva (a branch has since opened in Frankfurt am Main) offering technical sales and engineering help and information. Previously established relationships with representatives in other parts of Europe of course continue. In addition, there is a new warehouse in Basel stocking instruments and parts, and an factory near Stuttgart will soon be producing instruments for customers throughout Europe.
to our customers in Europe!
U.S. Hits Venus By Radar Beam; 56 Million Miles
1st Planet Contact
WALTHAM (Mass.), March 19 — (UPI) — Man has made his first contact with another planet. Scientists reported tonight they bounced a radar signal off Venus for a space round trip of 56,000,000 miles.
It was the first two way contact with any celestial body beyond the moon.
President Eisenhower sent a special message congratulating scientists and engineers at the Lincoln Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the achievement, one of the major breakthroughs of the space age.
"Congratulations to all involved for this notable achievement in our pioneering ventures into outer space," the President said.
Made Smaller
The transmitter is a man known to have been made smaller than the unprecedented container. Lincoln Lab officials said preliminary calculations indicate that the dimensions of the new tube are somewhat smaller than those of the old one.
EIMAC KLYSTRON POWERS VENUS CONTACT—100 TIMES FARTHER THAN PREVIOUS RECORD!
On February 10 and 12, 1958, a high-power radar of M.I.T.'s Lincoln Laboratory transmitted and received radar signals between Earth and Venus. A round-trip of 56,000,000 miles! This historic event was man's first radio contact with another planet. It was by far the longest man-made radio transmission on record.
The final amplifier tube of this giant radar is a super-power Eimac Klystron, the same used in missile and satellite detection and tracking. Eimac's long experience and leadership in the development and manufacture of ceramic-metal power klystrons enabled the firm to design a super klystron capable of producing tremendous amounts of RF energy at the desired frequency.
In this application, as in troposcatter installations throughout the world, Eimac Klystrons have won a reputation for exceptional reliability and long life. Today Eimac manufactures power amplifier klystrons for ultra high and super high frequencies.
The transmitter for Lincoln Laboratory's giant radar was built by Continental Electronics Manufacturing Company. The radar was sponsored and is supported by the Air Research and Development Command of the United States Air Force.
EITEL-MCCULLOUGH, INC.
San Carlos • California
TWO PARAMETRIC AMPLIFIERS under development at Bell Telephone Laboratories recently produced promising test results. In one a 40-percent bandwidth was achieved with a single lumped-element parametric amplifier, a type originally thought to be limited to relatively narrow-band use. Active element was a 10-13 micromicrofarad doubly diffused silicon diode. Device yielded 15-db gain at a center frequency of 500 mc. Another paramp designed at Bell Labs achieved an equivalent noise temperature of 20 K, comparable to a maser. Device used a gallium arsenide diode, operated at 6 kmc, and gave a bandwidth of 25 mc with a gain of 16 db. Diode was refrigerated to 90 K.
Midas early ICBM warning satellite will undergo R&D at a new Cape Canaveral facility. The satellite's infrared sensors will detect the extreme heat of missile firings. Midas is an Advanced Research Projects Agency program being executed by USAF's Ballistic Missile division, with Lockheed as prime contractor. Launchings will be made to prove vehicle design, electronic systems and subsystems, and to test ground equipment.
EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM received British support at a recent meeting in Brussels of common market chiefs of civil aviation. A U.K. offer to join in study of legal, technical and other problems was regarded by common market spokesmen as "a new stage in European cooperation." The common market nations have discussed an agency to be called Eurocontrol, which would set up an electronic system to safeguard civil and military planes. The British desire to contribute to the project might stir new rivalry between British and American air traffic control schemes.
SYNCHRONOUS SINGLE SIDEBAND system for voice communications is coming into wide Air Force use following completion of word legibility tests. Suppressed carrier system—called Birdcall—was built by Collins Radio under Rome Air Development Center guidance. At USAF's Human Factors lab words read from ground and recorded aloft on magnetic tape were statistically evaluated for mean "legibility" and standard deviation. Results: higher mean legibility rate, lower deviation than obtained for a stock a-m system.
Minitrack stations will be operated for NASA in 1960 by Bendix Radio division of Bendix Aviation under a $2-million contract.
DOPPLER RADAR NAVIGATION SYSTEMS are being purchased in increasing numbers by the airlines for new jet aircraft. Trans-Canada Air Lines has ordered 11 Doppler systems from Collins Radio at a cost of $231,000. Installed in all six of TCA's ordered DC-8's, the system will relieve the navigator of some of his routine workload in connection with manual dead reckoning. New gear will be used with existing systems, and may reduce lateral separation between jets on North Atlantic routes. Delivery is slated for January, 1960. Airline has an option on purchase of 10 more systems as spares. Meanwhile, United Air Lines has placed an initial order for five Bendix DRA-12 Doppler radar navigation systems. Scheduled for almost immediate delivery, the systems will be installed on United's California-to-Hawaii DC-8 jet Mainliners which start service in January.
ELECTRONIC IRON LUNG weighing 56 pounds and able to run for 20 hours on built-in batteries has been used in 3,000 clinical cases in Britain. It was designed by two doctors and a medical technician at the Barnet group of hospitals near London. Patients are linked to the lung—dubbed the Barnet ventilator—by two plastic tubes. The machine is portable, can be used while patients are being moved, and may also be used in administering anesthetics. The lung will be manufactured next year on a large scale, said James Rochford, one of the inventors. He said it would sell for $1,075, less than half the cost of a conventional iron lung.
Transistorized single-sideband system for the Navy will be designed and developed by the Stromberg-Carlson division of General Dynamics under a $1.2-million BiShips contract.
AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM using an advanced general-purpose computer is announced by American Airlines and IBM. Previous reservation systems used large-volume storage devices with relatively primitive control and indexing. The airline calls the system Sabre, expects that installation will be completed in 1962. AA and IBM have been working on development since 1953. The system, which the computermaker designates the IBM 9090, will use two IBM 7090's duplicated in a New York processing center, tied in with some 1,000 reservations desks and 10,400 miles of leased telephone lines.
SOLID-STATE AUTOMATIC PILOT is being developed by Bendix Aviation's Eclipse-Pioneer division which reportedly eliminates electronically-actuated mechanical devices. The company expects that new circuit developments will cut in half size, weight, power consumption and cost of tomorrow's flight control systems, with increased reliability too. Bendix believes such a system will tie in well with "the coming generation of airborne digital computing systems."
Take...
- forefront work essential to our National defense
- constant variety of interesting projects
- the academic atmosphere of a great University
- big Company orderliness plus small-group freedom
- inspirational elbow-rubbing with outstanding men
- a milieu free from dogma, time clocks, petty details
- "doing" as well as "thinking" projects
- stability, permanence, most fortunate living conditions
- leading institutions nearby for advanced degree work
blend—and see why so many leading engineers and scientists come to and remain at
SYLVANIA MOUNTAIN VIEW OPERATIONS
on the San Francisco Peninsula
SYLVANIA MOUNTAIN VIEW OPERATIONS
occupy large, established facilities 45 minutes south of San Francisco in the Stanford-Berkeley scientific complex. They include
ELECTRONIC DEFENSE LABORATORIES — renowned quick-reaction electronic warfare capability, R&D and fabrication being performed by the Systems Engineering Laboratory, Equipment Engineering Laboratory, Advanced Analysis Department and Equipment Fabrication Facility.
RECONNAISSANCE SYSTEMS LABORATORY — R&D on advanced ground and airborne reconnaissance systems involving antenna systems, receiving systems, data processing systems, related circuitry and hardware.
SPECIAL TUBE OPERATIONS — R&D and Product Engineering of microwave tubes and devices for missiles, radar, ECM, navigational devices. Includes the widely-known Microwave Physics Laboratory — research in plasma physics, ferromagnetic materials and gaseous electronics.
REWARDING ASSIGNMENTS NOW AT B.S., M.S., AND Ph.D. LEVELS IN
System Concept, Planning and Design... Receivers Transmitters... Digital Data Handling... Circuit Design Instrumentation... Product and Mechanical Engineering Electronic Packaging... Environmental Testing... System Integration and Evaluation... Theoretical and Experimental Physics... Microwave Tube Research, Development and Production... Solid State Physics... Sales Engineering... Engineering Writing
If your specialty appears above, your letter and résumé would be welcomed by Mr. Wayne Pearson at the address below. Why not write him tonight. Your answer will be prompt, complete and confidential.
SYLVANIA MOUNTAIN VIEW OPERATIONS
Box 188, Dept. B11, Mountain View, California
SYLVANIA
Subsidiary of
GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS
WASHINGTON OUTLOOK
LATEST REALIGNMENT of this country's controversial space program—assigning the bulk of military projects to the Air Force and bolstering NASA's role in propulsion and in projects not tied to specific weapon systems—leaves one potential conflict area. The sore spot is communications satellites, a field which has both military and civilian utility.
Two agencies are active in the field of communications satellites. The Army now has responsibility for Project Notus to design and build a family of active satellites carrying aloft sending and receiving apparatus. The project was formerly under the supervision of the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Project Notus has a $40-million budget this year, is likely to get even more in fiscal 1961. There are three phases to the project: Intercontinental point-to-point communication through a satellite delayed repeater technique; ground-to-air and ship-to-shore two-way communications through a satellite instantaneous repeater; and broadcast-type communications to ground and mobile units. Major contractors: Philco, GE, Bendix Aviation, ITT and Radiation, Inc.
NASA's communications satellites, in contrast, will be passive systems—inflatable spheres, without airborne equipment, which will serve as orbiting beam reflectors in space. A full-scale launching schedule is now getting under way.
- Pentagon's ARPA will continue as a permanent agency in charge of military-financed advanced scientific research. In essence it will serve as sort of a "Bureau of Standards" for all services.
ARPA will continue as a source of business for the electronics industry, supporting work which is not distinctly the responsibility of any one service. A major area: advanced defenses against extra-atmospheric vehicles including space vehicles and ballistic missiles.
ARPA's work against extra-atmospheric vehicles is tabbed Project Defender and is geared toward exploration of fundamental phenomena, development of new systems concepts, and the application of new techniques—as contrasted with development or refinement of currently authorized systems such as the Army's Nike-Zeus.
More than 50 programs now make up the project. Included are such programs as characteristics of the upper atmosphere radar development and GLIPAR (Guideline Identification Program for Antimissile Research). The latter is aimed to encourage what the Pentagon calls imaginative and bold approaches to antimissile defense.
- A new rumpus is in the making over the appointment of Charles L. Critchfield to head ARPA. He succeeds Roy Johnson, former GE vice president.
Critchfield is director of scientific research for Convair. He will remain on Convair's payroll while heading ARPA. This is authorized under a 1951 law allowing the Pentagon to hire up to ten persons "of outstanding experience and ability" without compensation by the government. The objective has been to permit such men to continue earning private salaries in excess of civil service pay.
Critchfield's new Pentagon slot is probably the highest ever to be filled under the scheme. The House government operations subcommittee is now studying whether a conflict of interests is involved. When the initial furor dies down, the Pentagon will probably be able to explain that there is no other way to get topnotch men to fill certain key Defense Dept. jobs and that the officials are not involved in contract-making or other functions directly involving their old companies.
250 MW Package . . .
Fast Switching and JAN Types
Featuring . . .
- MECHANICAL RELIABILITY — Rugged, hermetically sealed, subminiature packages. Designed to meet both military and commercial requirements.
- ELECTRICAL SUPERIORITY — Excellent high temperature operation . . . thermally stable . . . high forward conductance . . . efficient rectification.
- JAN TYPES — IN457, IN458 and IN459 conform to JAN Specifications.
For details, write for Bulletin B217A-1 B217A-2
| Type | Max DC Inver. Oper. Voltage | Forward Current @ Specified Voltage | Max. Inverse Current |
|--------|-----------------------------|------------------------------------|---------------------|
| | | @ 25°C | @ 150°C | Test Volts |
| IN457 | 60 V | 20 ma @ 1.0 V | 0.025 μa | 5.0 μa | 60 V |
| IN458 | 125 V | 7 ma @ 1.0 V | 0.025 μa | 5.0 μa | 125 V |
| IN459 | 175 V | 3 ma @ 1.0 V | 0.025 μa | 5.0 μa | 175 V |
| IN662 | 90 V | 10 ma @ 1.0 V | 20 μa | 100 μa (@ 100° C) | 50 V |
| IN663 | 90 V | 100 ma @ 1.0 V | 5.0 μa | 50 μa (@ 100° C) | 75 V |
| IN778 | 100 V | 10 ma @ 1.0 V | 0.5 μa | 30 μa (@ 125° C) | 100 V |
| IN779 | 175 V | 10 ma @ 1.0 V | 0.5 μa | 30 μa (@ 125° C) | 175 V |
OTHER CLEVITE DIVISIONS:
Cleveland Graphite Bronze • Brush Instruments
Clevite Electronic Components • Clevite Harris Products
Clevite Ltd. • Clevite Ordnance • Texas Division
Clevite Research Center • Intermetall G.m.b.H.
Silicon Junction Diodes Germanium Diodes Power Transistors Solder Lug Power Transistors
Last year, traffic accidents killed 37,000, injured 1,400,000
...and they wasted Five Billion Dollars!
Traffic accidents' human toll is so tragic we sometimes overlook their staggering economic waste. Five Billion Dollars in lost wages, medical expenses, insurance costs and property damage! Your business—every business—shares in this loss. So you have a double interest in helping reduce traffic accidents. And you can help! Drive safely and obey the law yourself...certainly. But go further. Use your influence to promote safe driving and urge strict law enforcement. To make your efforts more effective, join with others working actively to reduce traffic hazards in your community. Support your local Safety Council!
Where traffic laws are strictly enforced, deaths go DOWN!
Published in an effort to save lives, in cooperation with the National Safety Council and The Advertising Council.
17 FACTS about ALLEN-BRADLEY Hot Molded Composition RESISTORS . . . to assist you in the design of more stable, more reliable circuits
Circuit reliability is determined by the quality of the components and the understanding with which they are applied. A-B hot molded resistors are universally recognized for their quality and reliability. Here are 17 facts that will assist you with your design and development work.
1. Resistance changes due to humidity are temporary, but Allen-Bradley resistors can be returned to their original value by proper conditioning or "loading."
2. Resistance changes due to increase in moisture content are always positive.
3. Resistance change due to humidity varies with the resistance value and is less in the lower values.
4. Resistance change which has occurred due to humidity may be returned to the original value by conditioning the resistor at 100°C for 48 hours.
5. Resistors operating at 1/10 rated wattage load are hardly—if at all—affected by humidity.
6. Hermetically sealed resistors do not change because of humidity.
7. Resistance change due to "load life" is permanent and ultimately negative.
8. Resistance change due to "load life" can be minimized on the order of 1% to 2% in many thousands of hours of service by derating the resistor approximately 50%.
9. This same result can be attained by limiting the maximum operating surface temperature of the resistor under load to 100°C.
10. Resistance change due to soldering is positive; but if the resistor is dry, it will return to its original value in a matter of hours.
11. The temperature characteristic of the Allen-Bradley resistor is positive above and below room temperatures between +10°C and +80°C ambient.
12. The temperature characteristic of the Allen-Bradley resistor is negligible from +10°C to +80°C ambient.
13. The voltage characteristic of the Allen-Bradley resistor is negative. It is less at elevated temperatures than at room ambient (+10°C to +80°C).
14. The voltage characteristic is less in low-value resistors than in high-value units—it is linear.
15. The voltage characteristic and the temperature characteristic tend to cancel one another in an Allen-Bradley resistor under average operating conditions where both voltage and temperature are present.
16. The "heat sink" to which a resistor is connected affects its rating. Resistors operated in parallel should be derated unless an adequate "heat sink" is provided.
17. The quality and reliability of Allen-Bradley resistors are exactly the same regardless of the "tolerances" for which the resistor is listed.
ALLEN-BRADLEY Quality Electronic Components
Allen-Bradley Co., 222 W. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee 4, Wis. • In Canada: Allen-Bradley Canada Ltd., Galt, Ont.
NEW ALLEN-BRADLEY
Adjustable Fixed Resistor
Exclusive hot molded dual track resistance element and carbon brush give unmatched reliability and long life
SPECIFICATIONS
- **Power Rating:** 1/4 watt at 70°C ambient
- **Voltage Rating:** 350 volts maximum
- **Temperature Range:** -55°C to 120°C
- **Resistance Range:** total resistance values from 100 ohms to 2.5 megohms ±10% or ±20%
- **Adjustment:** approximately 25 turns
- **Dimensions:** approximately 1 1/4" x 2 1/64" x 3/4"
- **Terminals:** lug and pin type terminals on 0.1" grid system and are gold plated for ease of soldering.
Here’s a new, compact, adjustable fixed resistor—the Type R—with Allen-Bradley’s exclusive hot molded resistance element. It’s the same type resistance element used in the popular Type J and Type G units . . . which have proved unequalled for reliability and long life. Operation is exceptionally smooth—no abrupt resistance changes occur with adjustment. The molded case of the Type R adjustable fixed resistor is watertight and dust-tight. The mounting for the moving element is self-locking to assure stable setting—and the entire unit can be “potted” after adjusting. The adjustment screw has a “free wheeling” clutch to prevent damage.
Send for complete information on this latest addition to the Allen-Bradley line of quality potentiometers.
Allen-Bradley Co., 222 W. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee 4, Wis.
In Canada: Allen-Bradley Canada Ltd., Galt, Ont.
ALLEN-BRADLEY
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Designing in miniature? Here's how to save space—
...90% of it!
New G-C MICROSTACK* for coincident current memory systems has a physical volume just 10% that of conventional stack. MICROSTACK shown with 2560 cores measures only 1.125" x 1.4" x 1.4", a reduction in size from 3½" x 3½" x 5".
This miniature stack consists of an array of 16 x 16 x 10. Solder connections are greatly reduced (from 1192 to 104), thereby substantially increasing reliability.
Noise level in the new MICROSTACK is as low as that of conventional types. The new MICROSTACK is available with all standard memory cores. Standard packages are available with coincident current wiring in 10 x 10 x 8, 16 x 16 x 8 and 32 x 32 x 8 arrays.
For further information, please write on company letterhead—address inquiries to Dept. E.
*Trademark
General Ceramics Corporation
KEASBEY, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.
Automatic Wire-Wrap® machine speeds production on vital military project
To produce electronic equipment containing literally thousands of connections packed into a small space—that was the problem facing engineers recently on an important new military project. The solution came in the form of this unique "Wire-Wrap" machine—designed and built by Gardner-Denver.
Operated either manually or automatically by punched cards or tapes, the machine can place 10,000 wires on a 20" x 20" modular terminal board. It wraps all terminals for lastingly secure, solderless connections—in a 10" x 10" wrap area—and puts as many as three connections on each terminal, completing the entire wrapping cycle for one wire in approximately six seconds.
This is just one more example of special machines designed and built for reliability—by Gardner-Denver. If you have a special problem in multiple operations of connecting wires, drilling holes, or fastening screws and nuts, it'll pay you to talk to a Gardner-Denver special machines engineer. Ask for bulletins.
EQUIPMENT TODAY FOR THE CHALLENGE OF TOMORROW
GARDNER - DENVER
Gardner-Denver Company, Quincy, Illinois
In Canada: Gardner-Denver Company (Canada), Ltd., 14 Curity Avenue, Toronto 16, Ontario
TRUE VOLTAGE RATINGS
Guaranteed by 100% power testing
This Power-voltage Test consists of testing the transistor in common emitter configuration under all bias conditions in the area defined by the TRUE voltage rating of the transistor (V\(_{CE}\)); the constant power dissipation curve for the transistor (150 watts); and its rated current (2 amps for 2N1015 and 5 amps for 2N1016).
The voltage at which alpha equals one, and other voltage ratings commonly given for transistors such as V\(_{CES}\), V\(_{CER}\), V\(_{CEX}\) and V\(_{CEO}\), are above the voltage rating given to these transistors.
Each Westinghouse silicon power transistor has been completely tested throughout its rated voltage-power-current region before shipping. Thousands of transistors performing under all types of operating conditions have proved the validity of this method of TRUE voltage rating.
TRUE voltage ratings from 30 to 200 volts give you complete freedom in designing your equipment—you can operate Westinghouse silicon power transistors at the manufacturer's ratings without risking transistor failure. This TRUE voltage rating of Westinghouse silicon power transistors coupled with their still unequaled low saturation resistance and low thermal drop makes them an ideal first choice for military, industrial and commercial applications.
| Type | V\(_{CE}\)* | B (min) | R\(_{S}\) (max) | I\(_{C}\) A (max) | T\(_{J}\) max. operating | Thermal drop to case (max) |
|----------|-------------|---------|-----------------|--------------------|--------------------------|---------------------------|
| 2N1015 | 30 | | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1015A | 60 | 10 | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1015B | 100 | @I\(_{C}\)=2 amp | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1015C | 150 | | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1015D | 200 | | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1016 | 30 | | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1016A | 60 | 10 | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1016B | 100 | @I\(_{C}\)=5 amp | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1016C | 150 | | | | | .7°C/W |
| 2N1016D | 200 | | | | | .7°C/W |
*TRUE voltage rating (The transistors can be operated continuously at the V\(_{CE}\) listed for each rating.)
YOU CAN BE SURE...IF IT'S Westinghouse
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Semiconductor Department, Youngwood, Pa.
Space wagons with nuclear horses
Space exploration will really come of age when manned rockets can leave earth, accomplish their missions and return without disposing of parts of themselves en route. This breakthrough depends on the rapid development of both nuclear rocket engines and space vehicles capable of using them. Douglas is putting forth a major research effort in the area of manned nuclear space ships. Every environmental, propulsion, guidance and structural problem is being thoroughly explored. Results are so promising that even if the nuclear engine breakthrough comes within the next five years, Douglas will be ready to produce the vehicles to utilize this tremendous new source of space power! Douglas is seeking qualified scientists and engineers for this and other vital programs. Some of our immediate needs are listed in the column on the facing page.
Elmer Wheaton, Engineering Vice President, Missiles and Space Systems, goes over new space objectives that will be made possible by nuclear propulsion with Arthur E. Raymond, Senior Engineering Vice President of DOUGLAS.
MISSILE AND SPACE SYSTEMS ■ MILITARY AIRCRAFT ■ DC-8 JETLINERS ■ CARGO TRANSPORTS ■ AIRCOMB ■ GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
22 CIRCLE 22 ON READER SERVICE CARD NOVEMBER 20, 1959 • ELECTRONICS
Merger Plans Under Study
MERGER PROPOSAL involving Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp., Pasadena, Calif., and Bell & Howell, Chicago, is being studied by directors and shareholders of both companies. If the merger is approved, there will be a distribution of three additional B&H shares for each four held. Following this distribution, CEC shareholders will receive shares of B&H on a one-for-one exchange. Bell and Howell income last year was $59 million. CEC's was $32 million. CEC, which manufactures aviation and missile test gear, instrumentation and control systems and magnetic tape gear, employs about 3,000 people.
- Daystrom Inc., Murray Hill, N. J., reports earnings for the six months and second quarter ended Sept. 30 at more than double those of the corresponding periods last year. Net income for the six-month period rose to $802,000 or 88 cents a share from $396,000 or 41 cents a share in 1958. Sales rose to $41,350,000 from $35,800,000 a year ago. Company officials expect to exceed earlier forecasts of about $85 million in sales for this fiscal year.
- Telecomputing Corp., Los Angeles, announces purchase of Monrovia Aviation Corp., Monrovia, Calif., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Carrier Corporation. Purchase price is understood to be in excess of $2 million. Annual sales of MAC, which manufactures aircraft subassemblies and ground support equipment, top the $5-million mark. The company has a backlog in excess of $4 million, employs about 450 persons in a plant occupying 156,000 sq ft of floor space.
- Allen B. DuMont Labs, Clifton, N. J., reports profits of $148,426 on sales of $5,482,681 for the sixteen weeks ended Oct. 11. For the first 40 weeks of 1959, on sales of $14,726,117, income of $30,754 was realized. This income will not be taxable because of DuMont's tax loss carry forward. Company officials point out the earnings mentioned do not reflect profit from the recent sale of its East Paterson, N. J., plant.
- Clevite Corp., Cleveland, discloses net earnings of $2.51 a share for the first nine months of this year. Sales and other revenues brought in a total of $62,448,000. Both figures are new highs, according to company executives. In the same period of 1958, earnings were $1.08 a share and sales and revenues were $46,922,000.
- Magnavox, Ft. Wayne, Ind., also reveals new highs in income with a report that sales for the fiscal quarter ended Sept. 30 advanced 48 percent. This year's figure is $25,661,000, compared with $17,372,000 for the third fiscal quarter of 1958. Net income after taxes rose 72.3 percent over the $722,000 reported last year. This year's earnings for the quarter were $1.06 per share, compared with $0.61 for last year.
25 MOST ACTIVE STOCKS
| WEEK ENDING NOVEMBER 6 | SHARES (IN 100'S) | HIGH | LOW | CLOSE |
|------------------------|------------------|------|-----|-------|
| Lear | 2,165 | 23½ | 19½| 20½ |
| Elec & Mus Ind | 1,696 | 9½ | 8¼ | 9½ |
| Muntz Yr | 985 | 3½ | 2¾ | 3½ |
| Int'l Tel & Tel | 745 | 38¼ | 37¼| 37¾ |
| Remes Sodert | 739 | 10½ | 8½ | 9¼ |
| Zenith Radio | 663 | 118½| 107½| 111½ |
| RCA | 628 | 65½ | 64 | 64½ |
| Gen Dynamics | 604 | 45½ | 43 | 44½ |
| Sperry Rand | 594 | 24½ | 22¾| 23¾ |
| Gen Precis Equip | 528 | 50 | 47½| 50 |
| Avco Corp | 519 | 14½ | 13¼| 13¾ |
| Gen Electric | 500 | 82½ | 80¼| 81¾ |
| El-Tronics | 469 | 1½ | 1¾ | 1½ |
| Burroughs | 460 | 34½ | 32½| 33¾ |
| Gen Tel & Elec | 453 | 76 | 71½| 76 |
| Varian Assoc | 426 | 45¼ | 40¼| 40¾ |
| Admiral Corp | 435 | 23¾ | 21 | 21½ |
| Univ Control | 394 | 17½ | 16¼| 16¾ |
| Dynamics Corp Amer | 351 | 10¾ | 9¾ | 10 |
| Clarostat Mfg | 347 | 11 | 9¾ | 10¼ |
| Raytheon | 326 | 52½ | 48½| 50 |
| Philco Corp | 324 | 26¼ | 24¼| 24¼ |
| Westinghouse | 271 | 99¾ | 97¾| 97¾ |
| Ampex Corp | 270 | 111¾| 104| 107½ |
| Gen Transistor | 244 | 38¼ | 36 | 37¾ |
The above figures represent sales of electronics stocks on the New York and American Stock Exchanges. Listings are prepared exclusively for ELECTRONICS by Ira Haupt & Co., investment bankers.
Give your career extra propulsion, too!
DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT COMPANY
MISSILES AND SPACE SYSTEMS
has immediate openings in the following fields—
Electrical and Electronics:
Control System Analysis & Design
Antenna & Radome Design
Radar System Analysis and Design
Instrumentation
Equipment Installation
Test Procedures
Logic Design
Power System Design
Mechanical Engineering —
Analysis and Design of the following:
Servo Units
Hydraulic Power Systems
Air Conditioning Systems
Missile Launcher Systems
Propulsion Units and Systems
Auxiliary Power Supplies
Aeronautical Engineering:
Aerodynamic Design
Advanced Aerodynamic Study
Aerodynamic Heating
Structural Analysis
Strength Testing
Dynamic Analysis of Flutter and Vibration
Aeroelasticity
Design of Complex Structure
Trajectory Analysis
Space Mechanics
Welding
Metallurgy
Physics and Mathematics:
Experimental Thermodynamics
General Advanced Analysis in all fields
Computer Application Analysis
Computer Programming and Analysis
Mathematical Analysis
For full information write to:
Mr. C. C. LaVene
Box F-620
Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc.
Santa Monica, Calif.
TWA'S EXPANDED ADDS MORE FLIGHTS...
Larger, faster Super Sky Merchant Fleet provides more
- **Across The U.S.A.**, TWA's expanded Super Sky Merchant Fleet adds more flights... offers more service with great, all-cargo Super-H Constellations, to provide the most widely scheduled air freight service. Daily service to New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Columbus, St. Louis, Kansas City, Chicago, Los Angeles and San Francisco.
- **Overseas to Europe**, TWA's new Super Sky Merchants now offer four transatlantic flights each week to provide service to Shannon, London, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Geneva, Milan, Rome.
Whenever—whatever you ship, specify TWA. Call your Freight Forwarder or your nearest TWA Air Freight office today.
SKY MERCHANT FLEET OFFERS MORE SERVICE!
widely scheduled air freight service than ever before
• **Huge Cargo Doors** permit handling of extra-length items, and make it possible to load bulky machinery and equipment without disassembling.
• **Pressurized** and temperature-controlled cabins mean almost anything goes by TWA—from live animals and perishables to delicate electronic equipment.
• **Spacious Compartments** and reinforced flooring do away with almost all restrictions on the weight and size of your shipments.
SHIP THE FASTEST WAY
SHIP TWA
USA • EUROPE • AFRICA • ASIA
ELECTRONICS • NOVEMBER 20, 1959
NIKE HERCULES
With deadly accuracy the U.S. Army's new Nike Hercules ground-to-air guided missile streaks out to meet an approaching enemy air force. Its nuclear warhead can wipe out an entire formation.
Western Electric selected Teflon* insulated wire for use in building the alert guidance and control systems of this faster, higher climbing Nike.
As leading specialists in high temperature insulated wires and cables, the men and women at Hitemp are proud of this choice, and the role Teflon wiring plays in giving America a strong new perimeter of defense.
HITEMP WIRES, INC.
1200 SHAMES DRIVE, WESTBURY, NEW YORK
*Du Pont's trade name for Tetrafluoroethylene
Ever see a NEW STRIP-CHART RECORDER that offered you all this:
- 6 push-button variable chart speeds
- Transistor speed switching; no gears
- 0.05% full scale sensitivity
- 0.2% resolution and accuracy
- Local or remote chart or pen control
- Continuous span voltage, 5 mv to 100 v
The all-new Moseley Model 80A Strip-Chart Recorder is a precision instrument providing greater versatility and convenience than any commercial strip-chart recorder previously available.
Model 80A gives you instant selection — through transistor switching — of 6 chart speeds. All other function controls are grouped in a newly convenient array on one front panel. The input range of 5 mv to 100 v is covered in 10 steps, or by vernier for completely continuous span voltage control. Input resistance is 200,000 ohms/v through 10 v, 2 megohms on higher ranges. Full range zero set, pen speeds to 0.25 sec full scale, chopper amplifier, standard 120' rolls. For 19" relay rack, $1,750.00.
SEE YOUR MOSELEY REPRESENTATIVE OR WRITE DIRECT FOR DETAILS
Pioneer and leader in X-Y and Strip-Chart Recorders
NEW! TYPE F-2 LONG-STRIP CURVE FOLLOWER
New-concept curve follower tracks, converts ordinary recorded trace to electrical energy; requires no metallic inks or re-drawing. Employs unique photoelectric-oscillating mirror principle; permits digital output for tapes, cards, etc.
F.L. MOSELEY COMPANY
Dept. A11, 409 N. Fair Oaks Ave., Pasadena, California
MUrray 1-0208 TWX PASA CAL 7687
Field representatives in all principal areas
CIRCLE 27 ON READER SERVICE CARD 27
On the Market . . .
COINCIDENCE THYRATRON
double or triple control
The KP-80 is the first ion deflection thyatron. It is a triple control coincidence tube which greatly simplifies control circuitry. The tubes have three control electrodes for double- or triple-coincidence circuit functions.
The tubes are used in computers, automation control apparatus, conveyor selector systems, coding and programming devices, counters, etc.
In addition to the customary shield, there are two symmetrical control electrodes which have equal sensitivity. In double-control circuits, a signal on only one grid (up to 40 volts) will not fire the tube, but small (4.5 volt) simultaneous signals on both grids cause conduction. In triple control circuits, three simultaneous signals are required for conduction and signals (up to 20 volts) applied to any one or two grids will not fire the tube. More than a dozen circuit components are eliminated by the KP-80 in double control circuits, and triple coincidence circuits eliminating more than two dozen precision components are also possible. The KP-80 has a 6.3 volt, 150 mA heater cathode, with an anode operating voltage of 150 v.
A subminiature tube, the KP-150 is also available for double coincidence and indicating circuits.
For further details on these and other Special Purpose Electron tubes contact KIP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION, DEPT. 922, BOX 562, STAMFORD, CONNECTICUT.
MARKET RESEARCH
Data Processing Sales Rise Seen
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT MARKET*
*Includes general and special-purpose computers and auxiliary equipment sold to industrial, commercial, military and other government agencies. White areas in bar chart columns cover range of estimates
OUTLOOK for electronic data processing equipment business is bright, sales estimates cited by two edp manufacturers indicate.
Market for edp equipment amounts to more than $1 billion today, says Robert E. Lewis, president of Sylvania Electric Products, subsidiary of General Telephone & Electronics. "Moreover, by 1965 the market should at least double to $2 billion and keep rising." Lewis adds.
IBM marketing executive William G. Stevenson, at a recent Pacific Coast Investment Forum, cited a survey which claims the edp market will grow from an estimated $1.5 billion in 1959 to $4 billion in 1965. By 1970 the market will grow to $7 billion, according to the survey.
Sylvania's Lewis, in support of his claim that edp is on the threshold of a period of major expansion, pointed to the establishment of the computer as an essential tool in such defense projects as missile and satellite research.
He also said there is a growing realization within industry that automatic data processing can extend vital business procedures systems to a degree of skill, speed and effectiveness that has never been even remotely achieved to date.
IBM's Stevenson said improved systems knowledge can expand the computer industry's sales volume 10 to 20 times that of today's level. "The rate of growth in computer use will depend much less on the speed of technological advance in computer design," Stevenson said, "than on our ability to apply computers efficiently and imaginatively."
Lists Developments
Development of check handling equipment through cooperation of the banking industry and computer manufacturers, work with airlines on reservation control systems, and development of electronic data processing systems for national brokerage houses, are outstanding examples of recent systems development work which were cited by Stevenson.
ELECTRONICS estimates this year's edp market will amount to about $1.25 billion. Some manufacturers say the $4-billion level will be hit in 1970 rather than 1965.
In any case, no manufacturer feels the market will stand pat. Opinions vary only on the pleasant side: how big will the expansion be?
For the first time in one package:
exceptionally low capacity
fast recovery
low reverse leakage
high current capabilities
100 mA Min, @ 1V Forward Current...0.3 µsec recovery...4 µµf at −2V...that's what you get with the new Hughes computer diodes. With these characteristics, these diodes will cover practically every major computer switching requirement.
You can always count on them for top performance. Hermetically sealed in glass envelopes, these Hughes computer diodes have been engineered for extreme reliability under adverse environmental conditions.
For additional information concerning these unique Hughes diodes call or write the Hughes sales office nearest you. They are located at:
Boston, 4 Federal Street; Woburn, Mass.; WOburn 2-4824
Newark, 80 Mulberry Street; Newark 2, N. J.; MArket 3-3520
San Francisco, 535 Middlefield Road; Palo Alto, Calif.; DA 6-7780
Syracuse, 224 Harrison Street; Syracuse 2, N. Y.; GRanite 1-0163
Chicago, 6120 West North Ave.; Chicago 39, Ill.; NAtional 2-0283
Philadelphia, 1 Bala Avenue; Bala-Cynwyd, Penn.; MOhawk 4-8365
Los Angeles, 690 N. Sepulveda; El Segundo, Calif.; OR 8-6125
Or write: Hughes Products, Marketing Department,
SEMICONDUCTOR DIVISION, NEWPORT BEACH, CALIFORNIA.
| Type | Min. Eo Current (@ 100mA) | Min. Forward Current (@ 1.0V) | Max. Reverse Current (@ 25°C) | Max. Reverse Current (@ 100°C) | Reverse Recovery* | Rise Time | Maximum Resistance (R) | Recovery Time (µsec) |
|--------|---------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------|----------|------------------------|---------------------|
| IN840 | 50 | 150 | 0.1 @ 40V | 15 @ 40V | 400 K | 0.3 | | |
| IN837A | 100 | 150 | 0.1 @ 80V | 15 @ 80V | 400 K | 0.3 | | |
| IN841 | 150 | 150 | 0.1 @ 120V | 15 @ 120V | 400 K | 0.3 | | |
| IN843 | 250 | 150 | 0.1 @ 200V | 15 @ 200V | 400 K | 0.3 | | |
| IN844 | 100 | 200 | 0.1 @ 80V | 15 @ 80V | 400 K | 0.5 | | |
| IN845 | 200 | 200 | 0.1 @ 160V | 15 @ 160V | 400 K | 0.5 | | |
*Measured in JAN test circuit and switched from 30mA forward current to −35V.
TYPICAL CAPACITANCE: C_{10} = 2.2µµf, C_{1.5} = 4.4µµf, C_{25} = 9.0µµf
Operating Temp. Range: −65°C to +150°C
Storage Temp. Range: −65°C to +200°C
Creating a new world with ELECTRONICS
HUGHES PRODUCTS
© 1959 HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES • STORAGE AND MICROWAVE TUBES • CRYSTAL FILTERS • OSCILLOSCOPES • RELAYS • SWITCHES • INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
ELECTRONICS • NOVEMBER 20, 1959
CIRCLE 29 ON READER SERVICE CARD 29
HUGHES FAMILY OF DIRECT-VIEW STORAGE TUBES
World’s most complete line of storage tubes!
**TONOTRON® TUBE**: displays full range of grey scale images for daylight viewing. Ideal for weather radar, PPI presentations, “B” scan projections and other complex radar systems.
**MEMOTRON® TUBE**: displays successive transients until intentionally erased. Permits direct comparison and analysis of wave forms without photography.
**TYPOTRON® TUBE**: displays any combination of 63 symbols or characters at speeds to 25,000 per second. Retains presentation until intentionally erased.
### STORAGE TUBE CHARACTERISTICS
| Model | Screen Diameter | Standard Phosphor | Deflection |
|----------------|-----------------|-------------------|------------------|
| 7220 TONOTRON TUBE | 5" | P1 | Electrostatic |
| 7222 TONOTRON TUBE | 5" | P20 | Electrostatic |
| H1020 TONOTRON TUBE | 21" | P20 | Electromagnetic |
| 6498 MEMOTRON TUBE | 5" | P1 | Electrostatic |
| 7221 TONOTRON TUBE | 5" | P20 | Electrostatic |
| 7033 TONOTRON TUBE | 5" | P20 | Electromagnetic |
| H1028 TONOTRON TUBE | 4" | P1 | Electrostatic |
| 6577 TYPOTRON TUBE | 5" | P1 | Electrostatic |
9 additional TONOTRON tubes and 4 additional TYPOTRON tubes available.
For full and complete information on how Hughes storage tubes may fill your particular needs and applications, write or wire: HUGHES PRODUCTS, Electron Tube Division, P.O. Box 90427, International Airport Station, Los Angeles 45, California.
For export information, write: HUGHES INTERNATIONAL, Culver City, California.
VTP’s FAMILY OF SPECIALIZED CRTs
World’s finest special-purpose tubes in production quantities!
Do you need tube characteristics which will enable you to tighten your “specs”? Or, have you a particular tube application demanding high operating performance with extreme reliability under difficult environmental conditions? If so, Vacuum Tube Products can supply you with specialized CRTs in production quantities to fill your most exacting requirements.
VTP’s broad experience, unmatched “know how” and excellent facilities guarantee you custom-designed tubes in the quantity needed … tailored to your environmental specifications:
- Shielded or unshielded,
- with or without special mountings,
- potted or unpotted,
- with the exact phosphor you require.
TUBE CHARACTERISTICS
| Model | Screen Diameter | Deflection | Overall Length |
|-------------|-----------------|----------------|----------------|
| VTP 3ABP | 2.68" | Electrostatic | 10.75" |
| VTP 5XP-11 | 5 1/4" | Electrostatic | 17 3/8" |
| VTP 5ACP4 | 4.25" | Electromagnetic| 11 1/8" |
| VTP 12GP | 12" | Electrostatic | 22" |
| VTP P1XP-11 | 1.0" + | Electrostatic | 7.5" |
| VTP 16AFP-19| 14.738" | Electromagnetic| 19.146" |
| VTP 5BC | 4.95" | Electromagnetic| 7 7/16" |
| VTP 928006-2E| 4.5" | Electrostatic | 18.38" |
For detailed specifications and data sheets on VTP’s specialized CRTs as well as specific application information, write: VACUUM TUBE PRODUCTS, P.O. Box 90427, International Airport Station, Los Angeles 45, California.
For export information, write: HUGHES INTERNATIONAL, Culver City, California.
new improved "Memo-Scope" oscilloscope
Still using "old-fashioned" methods for measuring non-recurring transients? If so, now is the time to investigate the easy way to solve your most difficult transient measurement problems with the latest model Hughes "Memo-Scope" oscilloscope.
Why? Because new features, new advanced circuitry, new panel layout and new mechanical design now assure maximum accuracy in all your transient measurements—plus higher performance, greater dependability and easier operation!
The Hughes "Memo-Scope" oscilloscope (Model 104E) stores nonrepetitive events for an indefinite period—hours, or days—keeping them available for thorough study until intentionally erased.
new improved features
- Simplified panel layout, redesigned trigger circuit...assure easier operation.
- Advanced mechanical design gives:
- Better cooling for longer component life,
- Far greater accessibility for maintenance,
- Increased ruggedness; resistance to vibration.
- Built-in single-sweep circuit ("1-shot" trigger) at no extra cost,
- Available for either 110 v. or 220 v. operation.
applications
- Data reduction equipment troubleshooting
- Physical testing: shock, stress, strain
- Ultrasonic flaw detection
- Semiconductor testing
- Ballistics and explosives research ...and many others.
For complete information on the new improved Hughes "Memo-Scope" oscilloscope (Model 104E), detailed data sheets and application analysis of your transient measurement problems, write or wire: HUGHES PRODUCTS Industrial Systems Division, International Airport Station, Los Angeles 45, California
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
HUGHES PRODUCTS
© 1959, HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES • STORAGE TUBES AND DEVICES • MICROWAVE TUBES • VACUUM TUBES AND COMPONENTS • CRYSTAL FILTERS • MEMO-SCOPE® OSCILLOSCOPES • INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS
32 CIRCLE 32 ON READER SERVICE CARD CIRCLE 33 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Silicon Plug-in Equivalent of the Type 866 Mercury Vapor Tube Can Improve the Design of Communications Equipment 9 Ways!
High Voltage Rectifiers for High Altitudes — up to 90,000 feet without Corona!
This new series of high altitude silicon cartridge type rectifier covers the PIV range from 600 to 10,000 volts, are ceramic-encased to prevent surface creepage and to minimize flashover problems encountered in high altitude operations. Units tested to 90,000 feet simulated altitude operated at 1600 volts with no evidence of corona.
Designated JEDEC types IN2373 through IN2381, this hermetically sealed cartridge series provides dc output currents from 75 to 250 ma (at 25°C). They have an operating temperature range from −55°C to +150°C, and feature wide application to radar power supplied, high voltage bias supplies and airborne/missile instrumentation... wherever miniaturization, top reliability, high temperature operation and high altitude performance are required.
To receive Bulletin SR-227...
CIRCLE READERS SERVICE CARD NO. 401
Compact High Voltage "Packaged Rectifiers" Provide up to 100,000 Volts... up to 1 Amp!
If rectifiers in this voltage range fit into your project plans, write to our Electronics Products Department where ratings, configurations and package designs can be tailored to your most exacting requirements.
CIRCLE READER SERVICE CARD NO. 403
Silicon High Voltage Rectifiers feature Ultra-Stable Characteristics at High Temperatures...
Types IN1130 and IN1131 1500 PIV, 300 ma rated silicon rectifiers for missile and airborne equipment exhibit stability of characteristics at high temperatures never before attained. Units are stud mounted for optimum heat dissipation, may be operated up to 150°C. Their high inverse voltage (1500 volt minimum) and ability to withstand shock and vibration especially suits them for missile and airborne equipment. Choice of polarity eliminates the need for high voltage insulation between stud and chassis. Ask for Technical Bulletin SR-226.
CIRCLE READER SERVICE CARD NO. 403
Fulfilling the need for a compact, reliable unit to replace cumbersome, short-lived Type 866 mercury vapor rectifier tubes, a silicon plug-in equivalent is now available to design engineers. It offers real miniaturization and the reliability needed in a variety of communication and power supply applications.
In a compact package ⅓ of the size of equivalent 866 tube circuitry, the new ST-7 silicon unit provides virtually unlimited life, operating temperatures from −65°C to +75°C, requires no warm-up time and generates a minimum of heat.
The ST-7 is a multiple junction cartridge, hermetically sealed for high reliability and is equipped with radial cooling fins to provide optimum power dissipation. Rated at 6,400 PIV, these units will supply dc output currents of 250 ma at 75°C ambient temperatures. The entire housing and cooling fins act as a highly efficient heat exchanger, and is equipped with a tube base for direct insertion into existing tube sockets if desired.
For complete data, and information on how it can improve equipment design 9 ways, ask for Bulletin SR-209...
CIRCLE READER SERVICE CARD NO. 402
FOR SAME DAY SERVICE ON PRODUCT INFORMATION DESCRIBED ABOVE, SEND REQUEST ON YOUR COMPANY'S LETTERHEAD
WORLD'S LARGEST SUPPLIER OF INDUSTRIAL METALLIC RECTIFIERS • SELENIUM • GERMANIUM • SILICON
New from Japan...
Important advance in short-haul, multi-channel communications
Microwave 60-channel voice transmission over a non-optical path up to 300 MILES is now possible without repeater stations.
NEC's High Sensitivity Reception System, by extending threshold level and improving S/N ratio 10 to 13 db makes this hop with only 1/20 of the power output required for conventional systems.
A 100 W transmitter in the 1,800-mc band, for example, has a scatter path of 100—150 MILES. A conventional FM system requires 2 KW output and at least one repeater station to connect the same distance over a non-optical path.
By eliminating high-power amplifiers and repeater stations, the High Sensitivity Reception System results in considerable reduction in initial investment. Savings in maintenance and power consumption are estimated at 40% or more.
Extensive propagation tests have been made, and NEC is now prepared to supply commercial users and government agencies anywhere in the world. Please write for detailed information.
PROFILE shows how a 100 W transmitter operating at 1,920 mc connects a non-optical distance of 142 MILES in one hop. Average receiver input level is -75 dbm.
Nippon Electric Company Ltd.
Tokyo, Japan
Electronics / Communications Systems
Umbilical
The MSC-built Umbilical Launching Cable...an example of the product diversity of Missile Systems Corporation. Like all products that bear the MSC label, this system has proven its reliability. Just as it is a life-line to the success of a mission, so also are MSC's contributions material to the future accomplishments of all facets of the electronic industry. MSC's variety of products form one continual life-line...feeding an industry which is already changing the life patterns of generations to come.
MISSILE SYSTEMS CORP.
11949 VOSE ST., NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CALIF.
Engineering and Manufacturing Corporation of Texas / subsidiary
Dallas, Texas
CIRCLE 35 ON READER SERVICE CARD 35
What's Different About the New Computers
It is a case of "microevolution"—that is, the new circuits and novel approaches embodied in second-generation computers resulted from a long period of small advances.
Advent of the second generation of computers ("Computers: New Jobs, Abilities," ELECTRONICS, p 52, Oct. 16) was heralded by a host of microevolutionary developments. As one computerman commented to ELECTRONICS last week, "You don't vault suddenly into a new order of accomplishment; it comes gradually."
Evolution in Components
Production of lower priced, reliable transistors was a boon to circuit and system designers. This, along with other solid-state developments—such as refinements in core storage, research in core-diode and diode-capacitor logic — permitted sophistication to be crammed into less space.
Transistorization reduced environmental problems by cutting down generation of heat, and in some cases by increasing the stability of circuits in unfavorable ambients. Avco Research & Development, for example, produced solid-state computer "building blocks" capable of operating in the range from -58 to 185 F.
Development of thin magnetic films and cryogenic devices will ultimately mean as much as, or more than, the transistor breakthrough. Thin films promise to be one of the few devices that will perform efficiently at millimicrosecond switching speeds.
Circuit Improvements
New circuit techniques have helped. The development of asynchronous adders and accumulators upped processing speeds by eliminating resynchronizing periods. Refinement of parallel adding and transfer techniques materially reduced processing time, was itself made possible by the reduction in size effected through transistorization.
Making tape units capable of handling records of varying lengths cut out another source of wasted time: the spacing digits formerly used to pad out a block to its fixed length.
Buffer storage to work with input and output gear was an early step in separating computing functions from input-output processing. Buffers are nowadays made an integral part of the main memory, eliminating buffer-to-memory transfer time. This, coupled with the gradual separation of computing and control functions, releases computing equipment for its main work.
Error detection and location systems were of key importance in improving the business world's acceptance of digital computers. Now, with techniques such as Datamatic's Orthotronic Control, computermakers are taking the first steps into the vastly more complicated field of automatic error correction. Orthotronic corrects most random errors and some systematic errors introduced by the computing machinery. Equivalent abilities are built into the Larc.
Systems offered on the commercial market in the last year or so all contain technological advances which characterize the second computer generation. Computermakers have concentrated much engineering manpower on microevolutionary developments: Mod III of IBM's 705 system, for example, was 30 percent faster than earlier 705's due to many small internal modifications.
IBM learned some years ago that users of the extremely fast 704 system (designed for scientific use) were fudge-coding commercial problems and making better time than on the business-oriented 705. The firm combined concepts of the two into the IBM709, then transistorized that system to make the IBM-7090, gaining even more speed and pointing the way toward eliminating the distinction between scientific and commercial systems.
The Univac Solid-State 80 or 90 (so called for its alternative ability to work with 80- or 90-column punched cards) is similar to the computer delivered by Remington Rand to USAF's Cambridge Research Center in 1955. It was modified for commercial sale in Europe a couple of years later, then redesigned electronically for U.S. production. It contains 20 tubes and about 1,500 magnetic-amplifier cards.
National Cash Register has developed many methods of capturing data on paper tape, cards or magnetic tape from conventional types of office machinery. The firm is also deep in the development of its NCR-304, which will first be installed in 1961 at giant New York department store R. H. Macy's. The NCR304 will be transistorized throughout, will use FR300 digital tape units from Ampex. These in turn will operate from a wide variety of firststage input devices, either directly or through paper-tape transfer media. The 304 will have a built-in command structure for many much-used commercial programs.
Philco, Olivetti and General Electric are other computermakers who will use Ampex's FR300 digital units. GE will include the tape devices in its GE-100 bank system.
**Advanced Systems**
Datamatic division of Minneapolis-Honeywell, in producing the Honeywell 800, feels confident that it is tapping a 30,000-company market. The medium-large 800 is completely transistorized, controls its processing traffic by an independent unit, and contains a multiprogram control facility that permits it to divide itself into eight parts to handle up to eight independent programs at a time.
RCA's transistorized 501 system can control up to 63 tape stations, uses variable-length tape records, and has an expandable memory. The system was originally offered with a medium-scale computing unit, model 503. Two other central units are now added to the line, the smaller 502 and larger 504.
Philco's S1000 and S2000 Transac systems made use of the Philco-developed surface-barrier transistor to achieve high computing speed. The S2000 also uses an asynchronous parallel adder-accumulator, has a 900-line-a-minute printer among its output auxiliaries. Drums and tape are used for bulk storage, and the core storage comes in 4,096-word packages expandable to 65,536 words.
**European Developments**
British EMI has two general-purpose systems, the Emidec 1100 and 2400. The 1100 uses core-transistor logic and both drum and core memory. The 2400 is transistorized throughout and designed for the commercial market. It has a 1-mc clock, 0.2-microsecond switching speeds, and a 36-bit asynchronous parallel adder-accumulator. Diode-capacitor circuits provide high-speed temporary internal storage, with main memory of 4,096 alphanumeric words augmented by both 1-inch tape for bulk data and 4-inch tape for general file.
Compagnie des Machines Bull is now producing the Gamma 60, a fully transistorized, self-programmed system with the capability of handling several programs independently and simultaneously. The French system uses tape and drum units for bulk storage and cores for high-speed internal memory. Instructions for the 60 are written in symbolic mnemonic form, translated internally into machine code.
**Peripheral Gear**
Language translators such as those produced by Electronic Engineering Co. and Telemeter Magnetics Inc. are beginning to alleviate the communications block among computers of different manufacture. EECo developed its model ZA100 to translate between Sage computers and IBM709, and from IBM709 tape to paper tape for wire transmission or into punched cards. The company also built a translator for David Taylor Model Basin to go between that Navy lab's Univac and its IBM704.
Some computer users have jumped into the game themselves. The Livermore (Calif.) atomic laboratories found themselves with a Univac and a few IBM704's, a Univac tape-fed high-speed printer and no IBM counterpart. Technicians modified the Univac unit to read IBM tapes and saved the lab a few-score thousand dollars.
At the Navy Proving Ground in Dahlgren, Va., computermen came up with a universal data transcriber. Navy's UDT can take data from cards, paper tape, magnetic tape or "almost any source of digital data that does not exceed 500,000 bits per second." Its output can be cards, paper tape, magnetic tape, low- or high-speed printers, point plotters or other digital gear.
Computermakers are beginning to build these translating capabilities into their machines. Larc will read anybody's magnetic or paper tape or punched cards. Builders like Datamatic and RCA routinely generalize their first-stage input devices to accommodate various standard record forms, and are developing buffer units to let their tape machines read magnetic tapes of other brands.
Silicone Laminates Aid Missile Reliability
In these black boxes for the Jupiter missile control system, terminal boards are made of silicone-glass laminate. Specified for their excellent resistance to space age environments, silicone laminates are easy to work with, too. Soldering heat doesn’t loosen terminals as complex wiring is accurately secured.
Throughout the electronic control system of the Army-developed Jupiter, Chrysler Corp. Missile Division engineers have specified numerous uses for Type GSG silicone-glass laminates. Made with Dow Corning silicone resins, these glass laminates conform to MIL-P-997, retain their excellent dielectric properties despite heat, moisture, storage, environmental aging, rapidly changing ambients, and vibratory shock. Silicone-glass laminates also have excellent resistance to ozone, arcing, corona, and fungus attack . . . even to the formidable combination of high humidity and high voltage.
As a result of these properties, glass laminates made with Dow Corning Silicons are highly reliable dielectrics for all units that must face adverse environments. In addition, they are easy to fabricate and assemble, having good physical properties and resistance to creep under pressure.
Your nearest Dow Corning office is the number one source for information and technical service on silicones.
...in any environment, silicones protect
Fluid Short-Stop Deflects Moisture
Employed in many airborne guidance, tracking, computing, and telemetering units, "Vitramon" Capacitors are porcelain-bodied to resist adverse conditions such as heat and humidity. But Vitramon engineers realized that only a small amount of condensation on the porcelain could cause leakage paths and lead-to-lead shorts. They solved the problem by dipping each capacitor in Dow Corning silicone fluid. The micro-thin coating is moisture-repellent ... durable. The silicone surface "beads" water, preventing condensed moisture from forming a conductive film.
CIRCLE 37 ON READER SERVICE CARD
This Resin Is As Good As Its Bond
The Osborne Electronic Corporation makes, among other things, specialty transformers for airborne electronic systems. Look hard and you'll see an Osborne unit in the Jupiter Ground Support Equipment control box on the facing page. At the center of each Osborne transformer is a coil bobbin which must have maximum mechanical and electrical strength in minimum thickness to allow maximum copper content in the core window area. Normal tolerance is ±.015. In addition, they must withstand temperatures from -65 C to over 200 C, be free of voids or pinholes. Osborne engineers have found the most economical way of producing top quality silicone-glass laminate coil bobbins of special sizes and shapes for their custom transformers is by winding glass tape on a mandrel, then saturating it with Dow Corning solventless resin applied by paint brush. Dow Corning resin cures with heat; no pressure needed. It provides the high physical strength to resist heavy wire winding pressure.
CIRCLE 40 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Silastic® Insulates Beyond The Call
This giant Klystron focusing coil, a product of Varian Associates, is destined for a vital role in space-age electronics. Designed for 5000 hours minimum life, it operates at 1650 watts input and is cooled by liquid heat-exchange. Inlet coolant temperature is 125° C!
Where does Silastic, the Dow Corning silicone rubber, fit in? It's over, under, and around every layer of the coil. A paste form of Silastic is coated on each successive winding and over the copper cooling coils as well. Dielectric strength, resiliency, and resistance to heat and moisture are essential. The coil must withstand water immersion tests, vibration tests, a shock test of 10 G's for 15 cycles of 11 micro-seconds each, and environmental testing which includes severe thermal cycling.
CIRCLE 39 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Renaissance in Oceanography
If recommendations for a 10-year program of oceanographic expansion are accepted by Congress, electronics will play a key role.
AMERICAN OCEANOGRAPHY, for years little more than a modest scholarly pursuit, is now coming to life. It's being jarred by fast-moving Soviet civilian efforts that first became apparent during the International Geophysical Year and by the growing Soviet submarine fleet.
Funds for ships, electronic equipment, research and survey work could run into hundreds of millions of dollars over 10 years if Congress becomes as concerned with parity with the Soviets in oceanography as it is in space research.
A 10-year program is shaping up based on recommendations made by the Committee on Oceanography of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. At least two bills are under consideration by a Senate subcommittee. A House subcommittee has held hearings and is reportedly drawing up a bill.
Scientists Hopeful
Richard Vetter, executive secretary of the Committee on Oceanography, told ELECTRONICS that scientists are hopeful Congress will give the green light to expansion of oceanographic efforts this year to avoid a "crash program" later.
"Five years ago we hardly ever heard of the Russians doing oceanographic work," Vetter said. "They didn't attend international meetings of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics." In the last few years, though, Soviet scientists have attended international meetings in force.
Even more than upper atmosphere research, Vetter points out, oceanography is a field that owes its present potential to electronics. He compares the incentive to progress in marine science from high-speed computers, telemetry and advanced measuring and recording devices to the internal combustion engine's effect on agriculture.
However, American progress in applying electronics to the study of the oceans has not kept pace with the flowering of electronics here.
On the other hand, the USSR Academy of Sciences, with the status of a ministry (ELECTRONICS, p 24, Dec. 10, '57) and in a direct chain of command under Premier Khrushchev, for some time has been accelerating its oceanographic efforts simultaneously with its electronics and space programs (ELECTRONICS, p 18, Sept. 18). During IGY, claim the Soviets, more than 20 of their oceanographic expeditions covered over 270,000 miles performing double the amount of work done by U.S. oceanographers.
'Has No Equal'
New Soviet research ship A. I. Voyeykov, built on order for the Main Administration of the Hydro-meteorological Service under the Council of Ministers, sailed on its first voyage this fall. According to the Russians, it "has no equal in the world as to equipment and construction."
Statistics on the Voyeykov: displacement, 3,600 tons; length, about 277 ft; main engine power, 2,000 hp. The ship is capable of voyages up to 3½ months long and up to 15,000 nautical miles without making port. It has 38 laboratories and model shops containing new Soviet-designed equipment and six hydrological electric winches. A sister ship, to be named the Yu. M. Shokolskiy, is being built.
Two of the best ships available this year to American oceanographers have been 1,800 ton Navy salvage and rescue ships converted for oceanographic use only last year and operated by the Military Sea Transportation Services for the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
New Equipment
So urgent has oceanographic research become that a number of ships at Woods Hole are now being completely refitted with new and remodeled electronic equipment. New gear includes:
Latest echo sounders operating at different frequencies and different depths, including one at the ocean bottom for identifying marine life and objects.
Geothermal gradient device for studying the dynamics of the earth below the crust by measuring the heat conductivity of the bottom.
New sonar depth meter submerged with instruments and pointed upward for determining instrument depth.
Sound velocity meter that consists of pressure, temperature and salinity sensing devices tied to a digital computer, necessary because the speed of sound through water varies with the chemistry of the water.
Despite stepped-up activity, a really great American oceanographic effort has yet to be made. "Have plans, need money" is the way one scientist puts it. Right now the biggest need is probably for ships, not old Navy castoffs, but new specially designed research vessels that can hold a large variety of oceanographic equipment and an adequate complement of scientists.
Even with sufficient funds to buy new ships, the government and private oceanographic institutions are faced with a basic problem. It is one of naval architecture. As Richard Vetter states the problem, "Nobody seems to know how to build small ships that are seaworthy and adequate for oceanography." Some scientists would like to see the Maritime Administration beefed up with funds and authority to attack this problem effectively.
Now Have Funds
Meanwhile it is understood that the Navy and the National Science Foundation now have funds available for building new research ships and are making plans.
Support is building up in the Senate for a new role for the U. S. Coast & Geodetic Survey which, like the Maritime Administration, is under the Commerce Department. If the present limitation of staying within coastal waters was removed, this agency could be enlisted to perform deep sea survey work—a natural extension of its present activity. Oceanographic planners would also like to see the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the Interior Department have a role in future research.
The Navy's oceanic research and survey arm is the Hydrographic Office, which is also the biggest repository of oceanographic data in the country. Civilian scientists, anxious to push ahead with research and participation in the International Geophysical Cooperation programs, say military jurisdiction over information hamstrings their efforts. They feel that a civilian data center, freely disseminating scientific data collected through civilian efforts, would do much more to advance American oceanography. It is believed that plans for a data center are being discussed.
the fine line is the ELIN line!
Precision Power Oscillators capable of producing a trace line showing zero to full load stability characteristics as above are found only in the ELIN line! These benefits, as an AC power source for precision Synchros, Servos, Gyros—and an exciter of Strain Gauge and Transducer components, prove ideal for the missile engineer. Power ratings—2 to 35 watts to your precise frequency and voltage requirements. Write today!
ELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL CO.
electronic instrument division of
International Electronic Research Corporation
145 West Magnolia Boulevard, Burbank, California
REL. DEFLCTION = HIGH FREQ. DEFLECTION - LOW FREQ. DEFLECTION
\[ S(x) = x - \frac{x}{31} + \frac{x}{71} - \frac{x}{91} + \frac{x}{91} \]
\[ = \left( \left[ \left\{ \left( 1 + \frac{1}{2}x^2 + \frac{1}{2} \right) x^2 + \frac{1}{2} \right\} x^2 + \frac{1}{31} \right] / (x^2 + 1) \right) x \]
where \( x = \frac{\omega T}{2} - \frac{2\pi fT}{2} \)
announcing the new
IBM 1620
first solid state engineering computer in the low-price field
Here is a new and powerful stored program, desk-size computer designed to bring more computing ability to engineering problems at low cost.
Transistorized throughout, the IBM 1620 is the only solid state, core-storage computer in its price class.
Easy to learn—easy to operate—easy to communicate with—this powerful computer relieves engineers from routine calculations—frees them for creative tasks.
Data is fed into the 20,000-digit magnetic core memory of the 1620 via punched paper tape. Alpha-numeric output is printed at the console typewriter in desired format, under stored program control.
This new computer with its two-address instruction format and variable field length, gives you up to 50% more storage capacity than a fixed word-length system.
All notations of input and output are in the decimal system. An unlimited decimal field and internal self-checking assure accuracy. A powerful two-address instruction format adds to the 1620's timesaving capabilities.
Programming is simplified through the use of IBM Fortran—a mathematical programming system which compiles machine instructions from algebraic and English language notation. A library of programs for standard engineering computations will also be part of the 1620 package.
Call your IBM representative—ask him to show you all the unique features of the IBM 1620. Like all IBM data processing equipment, this system may be purchased or leased.
BALANCED DATA PROCESSING
Balanced Data Processing combines systems and services inseparably to produce performance in the best tradition of more than 45 years of IBM experience. It means more production per data processing dollar for you.
The reliability built into the "VK" Capacitor is a hard, tested fact — backed by the name and reputation of the company that made the "VITRAMON" monolithic porcelain capacitor a synonym for capacitor reliability.
A minutely controlled process, continuous life and environmental testing, plus 100% tests for Dissipation Factor, Insulation Resistance and Capacitance guarantee that each "VK" Capacitor in your circuit will perform as predicted. Pre-production lot-by-lot qualification tests on all materials used, craftsmanship of the highest order and ten years of experience dedicated exclusively to the manufacture of high-reliability capacitors assure that these tiny units will function predictably under the most punishing conditions to which a component of this type is subject.
Square precision molded cases in only two sizes and a single standard 0.2" lead spacing for all values simplify circuit design, guarantee uniformity, facilitate handling, give greater mechanical stability.
The DAPON** resin used in "VK" Capacitor cases assures environmental reliability through every stress to which such components are susceptible.
**ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS**
Moisture Resistance: Operational in 95% relative humidity at 200 vdc. When tested in accordance with MIL-STD-202A, Method 106, with rated voltage applied, Insulation Resistance is greater than 10,000 megohms at 95% relative humidity. Dissipation Factor is less than 2.5%, and capacity change less than 10% at 25°C and 50% relative humidity.
Temperature and Immersion: When tested in accordance with MIL-STD-202A (with maximum temperature extended to 150°C), Method 102A (test condition C) and Method 104A (test condition B), Insulation Resistance is greater than 10,000 megohms, Dissipation Factor is less than 2.5% and capacity change is less than 10%.
Temperature Shock: "VK" Capacitors show no evidence of electrical damage when subjected to 10 cycles of alternate immersion in silicone oil at 160°C and water at 0°C (±10°C) for a minimum duration of ½ minute each bath.
Vibration: No evidence of physical damage has been found when tested per MIL-STD-202, Method 204 (test condition B) when ¾ in. lead mounted and vibrated for four hours in each of three mutually perpendicular planes (10 cps to 2,000 cps) at 15 G's.
Shock: When ¾ in. lead mounted and subjected to 3 shocks of one millisecond duration in each of 3 mutually perpendicular planes at 100 G's per Method 202A of MIL-STD-202, "VK" Capacitors show no evidence of physical damage.
Altitude: When tested in accordance with MIL-STD-202, Method 105A (test condition D) requiring a minimum of 100,000 feet, "VK" Capacitors suffer no electrical breakdown at 150% of rated voltage.
Life: Following 1,000 hours at 150°C and 200% of rated voltage, measurements at 1 kc and 25°C show a Dissipation Factor less than 2.5% and an Insulation Resistance greater than 10,000 megohms.
Conforms to requirements of MIL-C-11015B
*Trade Mark
**Trade Mark of Food Machinery and Chemical Corp.
New Advances In Microwave
BOSTON—Advances in microwave tube technology make it possible and economically practical to generate hundreds of kilowatts of power at frequencies of 3,000 mc and above in one envelope, it was reported here this week.
At the Northeast Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting (NEREM), William C. Brown of Raytheon described broadband 3,000-mc amplifiers which operate at 20-kw output and efficiencies of 75 to 80 percent. He said new techniques will increase the power levels of these tubes by a factor of at least 10. A colleague, Harold Hart, outlined applications of superpower microwaves to space problems.
More than 8,000 visited NEREM, and an extensive technical program spotlighted advanced design and R&D concepts, management problems, a tutorial session on plasmas, and the impact of Soviet, Japanese and NATO-nation developments on U.S. electronics.
**Speaker From France**
Among speakers at the international session were Roger Aubert, president of the electronics section of the French Society of Electricians; and K.C. Black, science advisor to SHAPE.
An MIT trio explored thermoelectric temperature control of electronic components, following two talks on thermionic engines (Electronics, p 69, Nov. 13). As an illustration of steady-state thermoelectric cooling, the trio described use of a Peltier cooler to extend a transistor's dissipation limit, citing advantages of this method over a thermal short circuit.
An experimental 9-pin miniature r-f pentode with a gain-bandwidth figure of merit of only 120 was reported by George R. Henderson of CBS Electronics. Applications using this secondary emission device include a multivibrator with less than 10 millimicrosecond rise time, also a single-pulse generator with a rise time of less than 4 millimicroseconds at one-ampere current levels.
**Propose System**
An emission current regulating system was proposed by Jerald F. Annese and Dwight F. Batteau. The system maintains a given emission from a temperature-limited directly heated cathode against variations in line voltage, changes in contact resistance and anode supply, and variations in specific emission, while still providing 50 kv of insulation from ground for the emitter.
Emission current controls the pulse rate of a neon tube oscillator. Optical coupling of the light from the neon tube to a photoelectric cell provides high voltage insulation and signal readout. The resulting electrical pulses are amplified and integrated to produce an error signal. The error signal is applied in the proper polarity and magnitude to control a regulated power supply which thereupon provides direct current heating power for the cathode.
**Describe Circuits, Concepts**
New chopper-type circuits using a single controlled rectifier as a power switch were described by John D. Harnden Jr. of General Electric.
He cited applications in areas such as d-c amplifier, regulated power supply, d-c motor control and ultrasonic generator.
**Reports Method**
Arthur DiVenuti of Transitron reported a method for selecting the commutating capacitance which would be sufficient to turn off the controlled rectifier for a given turn-off time as a function of load current, applied voltage (magnitude and slope) and temperature.
Also described were: operation of a transistorized silica delay line memory which has operated at 20 mc, with 50 mc operation projected; use of fiber optic bundles linked with closed-circuit TV for monitoring of the oral cavity in dental classes and clinics; an input-output control system designed into the new Sage solid-state computer, which allows simultaneous control of many input/output devices and releases the central processing system from control functions; and a new concept of a traveling wave transformer consisting of 2 to 4 coupled helical transmission lines with properly designed mutual coupling.
Frequency bandwidth ratios of $10^6$ to $10^7$ may be achieved, said H. Gunther Rudenberg of Transitron. Transformers have been designed with 50-ke to 500-mc range, and extension of the traveling wave concept to the higher microwave frequencies was reported as being feasible.
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The BUSS and FUSETRON fuse lines includes:
Single-element fuses for circuits where quick-blowing is needed, such as for instrument protection.
Single-element fuses for normal circuit protection.
Dual-element, slow-blowing fuses for circuits where harmless current surges occur.
Indicating fuses where signal must be given when fuses open, or to activate an alarm.
BUSS and FUSETRON fuses range in size from 1/500 amperes up — and there’s a companion line of fuse clips, blocks and holders. Whatever your fuse requirements, the chances are more than good there’s a BUSS or FUSETRON fuse to satisfy them.
If you have a special protection problem . . . extensive BUSS laboratory facilities and a large engineering staff are at your disposal to help you save money and engineering time.
For more information on BUSS and FUSETRON Small Dimension fuses and fuseholders, write today for BUSS bulletin SFB.
BUSSMANN MFG. DIVISION,
McGraw-Edison Co.
University at Jefferson, St. Louis 7, Mo.
BUSS fuses are made to protect - not to blow, needlessly.
BUSS makes a complete line of fuses for home, farm, commercial, electronic, electrical, automotive and industrial use.
An exceptional new tool for lab or industry!
WESTON
Zero Load
ELECTRONIC MILLI-VOLT/AMMETER
Check these outstanding features and exclusives:
- Measurement, amplification and transduction of a wide span of D-C current and voltage ranges — 10 to 1000 microamps and 1 to 1000 millivolts full scale — in a single 5½-pound unit.
- Unique INDUCTRONIC® servo-amplifier provides extreme high gain and full feedback — for accuracy and stability unaffected by variations in line voltage or frequency, condition of tubes, or other variables.
- Model 1477 is a true D-C meter with zero-drift comparable to a permanent magnet moving coil instrument. No mechanical switches or choppers are used.
- Essentially zero power-drain from the source being measured.
- Power-gain is sufficient to drive indicating meter plus any external load up to 5,000 ohms. Power output is available at terminals in rear of unit.
- Knife-edge pointer and 7.2-inch mirror scale provide unmatched readability.
- Gain stability and output linearity are both within 0.1% at ranges above 1 millivolt or 200 microamps.
- Resolution capability is within 2 microvolts or .02 microamps.
- Power requirements: 115 volts A-C, 50 to 1600 cycles, 35 watts.
- Less expensive than competing instruments offering lower stability.
For full information, contact your local Weston representative...or write to Weston Instruments, Division of Daystrom, Inc., Newark 12, N. J. In Canada: Daystrom Ltd., 840 Caledonia Rd., Toronto 19, Ont. Export: Daystrom Int'l., 100 Empire St., Newark 12, N. J.
WESTON
Instruments
WORLD LEADER IN MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
Finding Tomorrow's
Long Island company's unique program helps schoolboys decide if engineering is for them
Supervisor stands by—ready to instruct and help—as students wire and solder electronic components for a digital computer
By W. A. GREGORY, Amityville, N. Y.
A UNIQUE industry-school program—designed to interest students in engineering careers—is underway on Long Island, N. Y.
This five-year project is the Summer Work Experience Program, a joint endeavor of local high schools and Airborne Instruments Laboratory, a division of Cutler-Hammer, Inc. Each summer 20 high school students with engineering potential work at AIL as technical aides.
The basic objective is to place students in close association with experienced science and engineering personnel in the framework of daily, on-the-job work experience.
All students are treated as adults and encouraged to accept mature responsibilities.
Each student works for eight weeks. When he starts he is cleared for security and issued his employee's badge.
Then he reports to the engineer who has been assigned as his work supervisor. He meets other engineers and technicians in the section he will work in, and is briefed on the particular project with which they are engaged.
For the next two or three weeks he will be a member of this team, eight hours a day, forty hours a week, with definite duties.
He sees and participates in the thinking and planning of the group. He studies and reads up on the problems. He sees first-hand how the engineers reach conclusions and solutions. He also learns that all engineering is not glamorous, that behind each technical advance are hours upon hours of routine checking, rechecking and changing.
For two hours each Friday afternoon he attends a seminar with all other technical aides. There, through reports and directed discussion, he learns from the others a little of what they are doing. Thus he sees his work in reference to the larger whole.
Sometimes an expert lectures on a special subject or demonstrates and explains the workings of a comEngineers
plex machine like the Cytoanalyzer. Occasionally the group visits a nearby installation where company-made equipment can be seen in action.
At the end of each two or three weeks, he is rotated to a different department.
Submit Reports
Each two weeks he turns in to the project coordinator a detailed work report showing exactly how his time has been spent and his reactions to the work. Likewise, each two weeks, his work supervisor turns in a detailed report on the student's aptitudes and attitudes and his personal observations as to the boy's potential.
After eight weeks, the student has a pretty good idea whether or not engineering is for him—and whether he is cut out for engineering.
If the answer in both cases is yes, he returns to high school or enters college with a far greater degree of certainty about his career than would be possible otherwise.
One keystone of the program is helping potential engineers tailor their educational plans.
While the Long Island experiment still has two more years to run—many of the original 1957 group are now juniors in college—it is certain to be judged a success.
Reactions of the company, schools, engineers and technicians, parents and the students themselves leave no room for doubt on that score.
Vice-president John Dyer, chief of Airborne's Research and Engineering Division, and Howard Gresens, director of personnel, who originated the experiment, are convinced that it will play a significant role in setting a pattern of expanded industry-school cooperation to discover science and engineering talent early and channel it into these fields.
Gresens points out that of the first two summers' 40 students, 37 are still in college and 30 of these are preparing for careers in science and engineering. And of these, 19 are preparing for some branch of engineering.
OVER 500 HOURS AT HOT SPOT TEMPERATURES
-55°C to +150°C
High-temp, Single-turn POTS by FAIRCHILD
Conservatively rated for load life in excess of 500 hours' exposure to hot spot temperatures, Fairchild high temperature, high reliability precision potentiometers are designed for functional accuracy and reliability under operating ambient temperatures ranging from -55°C to +150°C.
The excellent life of these low-noise, high resolution pots is made possible by the following outstanding construction features:
- Welded terminal and taps.
- Machined metal case.
- Precious metal resistance wires.
- Precious metal contacts.
- One-piece wiper construction.
- Clamp bands capable of withstanding high torque.
- Precision stainless steel ball bearings.
These high temperature, high reliability pots are available in ⅜", 1⅛", 1¼", and 2" diameter single-turns, and in ⅝", 1" and 2" multi-turns. They are conservatively rated for load life in excess of 500 hours' exposure to hot spot temperatures. They meet or exceed Mil-E-5272A environmental specifications.
This series is also available in standard models for temperatures up to +85°C.
Fairchild also offers ⅜", 1⅛" and 2" diameter infinite resolution Film Pots with operating temperature ranges from -55 to +225°C.
For more information write to Dept. 3E.
CIRCLE 49 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Low cost, versatile DIGITAL SYSTEMS for automatic testing of transistors, resistors, diodes and capacitors
Small E-I automatic digital systems provide many advantages. First, they cost less. This is primarily the result of large-quantity manufacture of modules which make up the E-I system. Cost is almost a linear function of performance capabilities desired in the system.
Second, they are exceptionally versatile. The E-I system can be expanded simply by adding appropriate modules. Typical systems presently in use measure resistance, capacitance, DC and AC voltages, DC/DC ratios, AC/DC ratios, AC/AC ratios and combinations of these. Measurements to four or five digits can be visually displayed and printed out at rates up to five readings per second. Operation can be semi- or totally automatic with go/no go comparison of values and programmed readout at periodic intervals. Scanners can be provided for scanning thousands of single and multi-wire input channels. In brief, the E-I system has an extensive scope of operating capability.
Third, E-I systems provide unmatched reliability. Where practicable, circuits are totally transistorized. The use of etched, plug-in circuit boards, and modular internal construction make maintenance checks and in-plant repairs easy.
Typical E-I system for evaluating components—includes 100 channel input signal scanner. Can digitize DC voltage, resistance, AC voltage and DC/DC voltage ratio analogs. Digital equivalents are recorded on strip printer for "quick look" data and on punch paper tape for additional data reduction by digital computer.
Lower cost, maximum versatility and greater reliability—if you want these advantages in your component test system, contact your nearest E-I representative. He can give you complete information or answer any specific questions you may have.
Electro Instruments, Inc. 3540 AERO COURT SAN DIEGO 11, CALIF.
Here’s how to pick the best DIODES for your money
Price is no clue when diodes sell for about the same, and just looking at them tells nothing. But if you ask the right questions about the three key factors in the production of quality germanium gold bonded diodes, you have your clues to more long-term reliability for your money. Here they are:
BAKING TIME AND TEMPERATURE
bear a direct relationship to long-term stability. You get a measure of the quality of diodes by asking: “How long do you bake, and at what temperature?” (All GT diodes are baked at 140°C for at least 96 hours—the highest and longest in the industry!)
STRICT, STATISTICAL, HISTORY LOGGING
traces the progress of every single wafer made from each ingot of germanium. At GT, if a few wafers fail to pass the stringent GT quality tests along the way, then all from the ingot are suspect and can be identified and pulled out. There are no “stowaways” in a shipment of GT quality diodes.
LEVEL OF TESTING STANDARDS
reveals the level of quality. Ask about “everyday” test standards. (In the GT Seal Test, diodes are submerged in a penetrant-dye solution for 24 hours under 75 psi. This test is so sensitive that it will reveal a leak so small it would take over 300 years for 1 cc of gas to diffuse through the case.) All GT quality tests—100% electrical, 100% shock and vibration, and 100% temperature cycling—are at the highest industry level... and as a final mark of quality, the color bands on GT Germanium Gold Bonded Diodes are baked on to stay.
GT is equipped to supply diodes tested to individual customer requirements, such as JAN Qualification Inspection Tests and many others.
To get the full measure of quality in Germanium Gold Bonded Diodes, see your GT representative; or write directly to the company with know-how NOW.
GENERAL TRANSISTOR CORPORATION
91-27 138th Place, Jamaica 35, New York
For immediate delivery from stock, contact your nearest authorized General Transistor Distributor or General Transistor Distributing Corp., 91-27 138th Place, Jamaica 35, New York. Export General Transistor International, Inc., 91-27 138th Place, Jamaica 35, New York. Precision magnetic recording heads available from General Transistor Western Corp., 6110 Venice Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif.
only CMC makes a solid state DIGITAL PRINTER
Announcing the 400 CT.
The most versatile digital printer ever made
SPECIFICATIONS
Printout capacity: 6 digits standard.
Accuracy: determined by basic counting instrument.
Display time: 0.2 seconds minimum, maximum controlled by the counter.
Weight: 60 lbs.
Power requirements: 115 volts ±10%, 50-60 cps 25 watts
Dimensions: 17" W x 8 3/8" H x 16 1/2" D (Rack mounting available as option D)
Warranty: One year on electronics; 1.5 million lines @ 4 lines per second on matrix; 10 million lines @ 4 lines per second on paper assembly or one year, whichever occurs first.
Price: $1350.00. Add $10.00 for rack mount.
* 4 lines per second printout * Takes 1-2-2-4 or 1-2-4-8 four line code * No stepping switches * Operates from only 6 volt input * Parallel entry * Special options available including 10 line and analog output * 6 digit printout, up to 12 digits on special order * Rugged unitized construction * Completely compatible with CMC's new solid state frequency-period counters, and other types of transistorized counting equipment.
For a demonstration of this remarkable new printer and complete technical information, call your nearby CMC engineering representative or write to us direct. Please address Dept. 1811.
Computer-Measurements Company A Division of Pacific Industries, Inc.
12970 Bradley Avenue • Sylmar, California
Phone: EMpire 7-2161
Engineer-Scientist Coming
U. S. scientific education is now undergoing sweeping changes in philosophy and content
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.—The engineering-scientist — an arranger, composer and innovator—will begin to emerge from schools of engineering in the next five years as the product of sweeping changes in the philosophy and content of scientific education in the U. S.
The engineers of the future will be a breed apart from craftsmen, technicians, custodians of known technology, says Dean Gordon S. Brown of the MIT School of Engineering.
They will be so well-grounded in science that they themselves can be the instigators of change and can shape modern scientific knowledge into useful new configurations of matter, elements, devices, systems.
**Engineer’s Needs**
No one can predict what machines or devices the electrical engineer will be working with in the future, Dean Brown points out. But whatever they are, they will involve charged carriers, electrical and magnetic fields, and the interaction of these phenomena with materials; whatever the device or system, the engineer will be processing energy or information.
He will need intensive training in physics, field theory, structural chemistry and other disciplines—the whole pervaded by the hard-headed purposefulness of engineering.
“Doing engineering is practicing the art of the organized forcing of technological change,” says Dean Brown, chief architect of MIT’s revolution in engineering education. The pilot program—resulting from a study begun in the pre-Sputnik days of 1956—is being expanded and the pace stepped up by a $9,275,000 grant from the Ford Foundation, nearly half of the foundation’s $19,050,000 to 10 universities and institutes.
MIT’s efforts will be directed to educating teachers as well as students. The whole educational process is changing, from elementary school up, says Dean Brown. The new students will demand of the college faculty a more rigorous, more intellectually penetrating course of studies. The prospective engineer-scientist will be lost to society if he is not put in an environment which can tax his ability.
**Greater Flexibility**
The MIT program will be geared to those who will go on for doctor’s degrees. It is expected, however, that B.S. recipients will have greater flexibility and get more mileage out of their degrees than previously.
Core curricula for training of the engineer-scientist will cut across traditional departments and prepare the student for frontier fields, such as materials, propulsion, energy processing, information processing.
The Ford Foundation money will be used by MIT to endow seven professorships in newly emerging fields; evolve syntheses of courses to couple the basic sciences with the new fields; develop labs and lab apparatus to illustrate fundamental concepts and to develop skill at experimental learning; set up internships, research fellowships, loan programs, visiting professorships and various educational conferences.
---
**Clean precision parts more safely**
*New Freon* solvents by Du Pont minimize cleaning hazards
- **Low toxicity**—"Freon" solvents are odorless and much less toxic than ordinary solvents—vapors won't cause nausea or headaches.
- **Won't burn or explode**—Underwriters' Laboratories report "Freon" solvents non-explosive, non-combustible and non-flammable.
- **Non-corrosive**—"Freon" solvents remain neutral through repeated degreasing use without the need of inhibitors.
- **Negligible effects on plastics, elastomers, insulation and color codes**—"Freon" solvents remove oil and grease with minimum swelling of plastics or rubber and without crazing or softening paint, wire coatings or insulation.
- **Leaves no residue**—"Freon" solvents evaporate completely, leave no deposit.
New "Freon" solvents by Du Pont degrease sensitive mechanical and electronic assemblies without damage to delicate parts. Since no inhibitors are needed, no residue is left on the parts, and "Freon" solvents can be recovered and reused without rehibiting. Write for free "Freon" solvents booklet. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), "Freon" Products Division 5211 Wilmington 98, Delaware.
*Freon is Du Pont's registered trademark for its fluorinated hydrocarbon solvents.*
FREE BOOKLET!
No obligation to write for booklet which tells how new "Freon" solvents by Du Pont minimize cleaning hazards.
NEW CIRCUIT ECONOMIES THROUGH COMPLEMENTARY POWER TRANSISTOR PAIRS
Complementary pairs of CBS NPN and PNP power transistors eliminate input and output transformers in push-pull circuits. Resulting advantages are many: Economy, Miniaturization, Improved frequency response, Ease of applying negative feedback, Etc.
A SURVEY of customer applications resulted in this planned line of five CBS NPN-PNP pairs that make possible new design economies in complementary circuitry. Mounted in the popular TO-3 diamond package, they feature high voltages . . . up to 100 volts, and proven reliability (they exceed the MIL-T-19500A specification). They offer the first complete line of complementary power transistors . . . with more coming in flexible ranges of ratings and packages . . . for audio, control, voltage-regulation, servo and computer applications. Check the basic simplicity of the circuit and the abbreviated data for this first versatile and comprehensive CBS line. Write for complete technical Bulletin E-332A.
More reliable products through Advanced Engineering
CBS semiconductors
CBS ELECTRONICS, Semiconductor Operations
A Division of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.
Sales Offices: Lowell, Massachusetts, 900 Chelmsford St., Glenview 4-0446 • Newark, N. J., 32 Green St., Market 3-5832 • Melrose Park, Ill., 1990 No. Mannheim Rd., Elstebrook 9-2100 • Los Angeles, Calif., 2120 S. Garfield Ave., Raymond 3-9081
NOW... COMPLEMENTARY CIRCUIT ECONOMIES with INDUSTRIAL NPN-PNP POWER TRANSISTOR PAIRS
Complementary pairs of CBS NPN and PNP power transistors eliminate input and output transformers in push-pull circuits. Resulting advantages are many: Economy, Miniaturization, Improved frequency response, Ease of applying negative feedback, Etc.
Typical Industrial Complementary Push-Pull Amplifier
INDUSTRIAL NPN-PNP POWER TRANSISTOR PAIRS
| NPN Type | Package | Max. W. Diss.* | Max. V<sub>CEO</sub>† | Max. V<sub>CES</sub>‡ | Min. h<sub>FE</sub> (I<sub>C</sub> = 0.5A) | Max. Thermal Res. °C/W |
|----------|---------|---------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|------------------------|
| 2N1321 | Male | 20 | 35 | 30 | 30 | 3 |
| 2N1329 | Female | | | | | |
| 2N1323 | Male | 20 | 60 | 45‡ | 30 | 3 |
| 2N1330 | Female | | | | | |
| 2N1325 | Male | 20 | 80 | 60‡ | 30 | 3 |
| 2N1332 | Female | | | | | |
| 2N1327 | Male | 20 | 100 | 80‡ | 30 | 3 |
| 2N1334 | Female | | | | | |
All types have: Max. collector current, 3 amps; storage temperature, -65 to +85°C. *25°C base mounting temperature. †Polarity: NPN positive, PNP negative. #I<sub>CES</sub> = 10 ma.
Enthusiastic acceptance of the diamond-package line of CBS NPN-PNP power transistors has disclosed a demand for additional pairs in industrial packages. These new industrial types make possible the same design economies of complementary circuitry. Mounted in TO-10 and TO-13 male and female packages, they are supplied with solder lugs or flying leads. And they feature high voltages (up to 100 volts) and proven quality (they exceed the MIL-T-19500A specification). The new units add another complete industrial line to the growing lines of CBS complementary power transistors for audio, control, voltage-regulation, servo and computer applications. Check circuit and abbreviated data. Write for complete data sheets: Industrial types, Bulletin E-360; diamond types, E-355. Order now from your local Manufacturers Warehousing Distributor. Watch for a higher power line soon.
More reliable products through Advanced Engineering
CBS semiconductors
CBS ELECTRONICS, Semiconductor Operations
A Division of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.
Sales Offices: Lowell, Mass., 900 Chelmsford St., GLenview 4-0446 • Newark, N. J., 32 Green St., MArket 3-5832
Melrose Park, Ill., 1990 N. Mannheim Rd., EStebrook 9-2100 • Los Angeles, Calif., 2120 S. Garfield Ave., RAymond 3-9081
new symbol for systems
In five years of operation, Consolidated Systems has climbed from less than one-quarter million to over ten million dollars per year in custom-engineered systems for dynamic and static testing, chemical analysis, industrial control, and high-speed analog and digital data processing. This unprecedented growth in specialized systems (including missile ground support and cryogenics) is proof of quality—of performance—and of customer satisfaction. Over 500 systems have been designed, manufactured, installed, and kept in service. These are operating systems producing data where time is critical and performance is paramount. Read about them in Bulletin 1458-X3.
CONSOLIDATED SYSTEMS
1500 So Shamrock Ave., Monrovia, California
CORPORATION
A SUBSIDIARY OF
CONSOLIDATED ELECTRODYNAMICS
Schools Report New Studies
INCREASING their already significant role in electronics, the nation's universities are ending this year with announcements of many new technical developments and activities.
Some of these will have fairly immediate practical value, others will make their contribution by using basic research to pave the way for future expansions. Here are some examples:
- **University of Florida**—Researchers here report progress in studies of collisions of gaseous ions. The objectives of their work are threefold: the investigation of forces between ions and gas atoms and molecules by elastic scattering measurements; the investigation of in-elastic processes (such as electron exchange and electron detachment) which occur in collisions of ions with neutral particles; and the formation of ions by electron bombardment of gas molecules.
This research is being applied to gaseous electrical discharges, negative ion stability, upper atmosphere physics and ion-molecule reactions in gases. University authorities reveal that a new high-sensitivity high-resolution mass spectrometer for studies of negative ion formation is being constructed on the campus.
Also underway at UF are (1) experiments aimed at simulating aerodynamic heating and other types of surface heating of aircraft structures, and (2) applications of induction heating to the study of materials and structures at high temperatures. One 20-kw and two 200-kw r-f generators are being used on the project.
Ion interactions in electron beams are also being studied. This project is concerned with the nature and cause of instabilities which occur in electron beams in microwave tubes due to the presence of positive gas ions.
University scientists have constructed experimental tubes to check theories regarding the effect of boundaries in the frequency of certain modes of oscillating and to determine the effects of oscillations on beam shapes.
- **Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn**—Dr. Arthur A. Oliner, research professor of electrical engineering, is winding up a trip to Japan where he lectured on development on microwave electronics before Japan's Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Tokyo section of IRE. His visit included tours of Japanese electronics laboratories.
- **University of California**—Electronics Research Laboratory officials report disclosure by Prof. J. R. Singer of an electronic method of measuring blood flow. The process works on the basis of the absorption of radio energy by protons, in this case, those of hydrogen atoms contained in the bloodstream.
The part of the body to be studied is placed between the poles of a large electromagnet. This causes the protons, normally oriented at random, to align themselves in the same direction. A burst of radio energy is next sent through the tissue (less than 0.01 watt). Part of this energy is absorbed by the protons, knocking them out of alignment. A small receiver is used to measure the difference between the radiated energy and the residual energy of the radio burst. Through a short-duration continuous time check, researchers can determine the number of new protons entering the test area and from this calculate the rate of flow.
- **Marquette University**—Research on a 58,000-me reflex klystron amplifier is being done here by Dr. Thomas Koryu Ishii in the university's new millimeter wave laboratory. Ishii is attempting to make a positive gain detector of millimeter waves using the regenerative action of the electron beam of the QK295 reflex klystron.
The new lab here, opened in July, is being operated on a research basis, under the direction of Prof. James D. Horgan.
Tuition Supplements — One Good Way To Help Our Colleges And Universities
The business community has made an impressive start in going to the desperately needed financial aid of our colleges and universities. Business contributions to higher education have increased from only $40 million in 1950 to $136 million in 1958.
This rise in financial aid to higher education should be a great source of satisfaction to the business community. But it goes only part way toward meeting the growing needs of colleges and universities for financial help. Over the next ten years business aid to our privately supported colleges and universities alone must increase to at least $500 million a year merely to provide decent faculty salaries and meet the increased operating costs of taking care of enrollments that will almost double.
One pervasive reason why many business firms have not joined the ranks of the companies contributing to higher education seems to be that, in the interest of prestige and public relations, they are making their provision of aid contingent upon finding some particularly novel way of providing it. So long as this point of view persists, business aid will lag, for there are simply not enough ways of providing financial aid that are both notably novel and sensible.*
How The Plan Works
There are, however, some well-tested ways of providing aid which improve rather than fade in appeal with more using. One such way is the making of supplemental tuition payments to colleges and universities at which a company's employees take courses.
Many companies have scholarship or tuition-refund programs which cover all or part of the costs to their employees of taking college courses. But, in most colleges and universities, tuition charges fall far short of covering the full cost of the education given. By making an unrestricted "cost-of-education" grant a part of their employee scholarship or tuition-refund plans, these companies could make a material contribution toward covering the college's full costs as well.
The tuition supplement can be a fixed amount or a percentage of the tuition charged. Some plans provide for supplements as high as 100% of tuition, though there is usually an upper limit to the total supplemental payment given for each employee enrolled in the institution.
The plan seems to have originated with the Ford Motor Company Fund. When we at McGraw-Hill first learned of it, it appealed to us as having so many advantages, and so few disadvantages, that we adopted it as one part of our own program of financial aid.
*The efforts of the McGraw-Hill Publishing Company to find a suitable method of aiding higher education prompted the writing of a "more or less Socratic dialog" entitled *A Business Wrestling with the Problem of Aid to Colleges and Universities*. Copies of this pamphlet, which underlines the difficulty of finding both a novel and satisfactory method of providing aid, are available on request.
HOW THE HEADS OF SOME OF THE INSTITUTIONS TO WHICH McGRAW-HILL HAS MADE GRANTS FEEL ABOUT THE TUITION SUPPLEMENT PLAN
"We are pleased not only because this addition to the never adequate supply of non-earmarked funds is a most welcome one, but also because it attests to the fact that the employees of our neighboring business firms are benefiting from the courses we offer at times convenient for them. We hope this mutually beneficial plan may continue and grow with the years."
Grayson Kirk, President
Columbia University
"I shall take this occasion to express deep sentiments of appreciation, in my own name and in the name of the members of the Board of Trustees, for the very effective manner in which your corporation is aiding higher education by the payments made under your tuition supplement plan. Certainly your action is indicative of the fact that you realize industry and higher education must join forces to preserve the basic American system of free enterprise."
Very Reverend John A. Flynn, C.M.
President, St. John's University
"The growing recognition by business and industry of the financial needs and important services rendered to the community by the colleges and universities is most encouraging, and Temple University is deeply appreciative of the fine support extended through McGraw-Hill's program of supplementary grants."
Robert L. Johnson, President
Temple University
The Plan’s Advantages
The main advantages of the tuition supplement plan are:
- **It is simple and easily administered.** Payments can be made when scholarships or tuition refunds are granted, or at another time convenient to the company.
- **It relieves the company of the difficult and sometimes disagreeable task of choosing one college rather than another.** The individual employee makes the choice.
- **It directly serves the interest of the company by encouraging and aiding the institutions where its employees take courses.** In a sense, the company makes contributions in direct proportion to the value it receives in education for its employees.
- **It directly serves the interest of the colleges and universities receiving the grants by getting money to them in the form most appreciated—unrestricted funds to be used at the discretion of their administrators.**
Largely because tuition supplements are unrestricted as to use, this plan enjoys the unqualified approval and gratitude of the schools receiving such aid. This is not true of some of the other plans for granting aid to colleges and universities.
Tuition supplements, of course, can’t be regarded as large efforts relative to the need of higher education and the responsibilities of business. But they are a very practical and useful first step, involving almost no problems. If you are not familiar with the idea of supplemental grants, why not discuss it with some of your friends in the field of higher education?
The Price Of Novelty
Our experience with tuition supplements indicates that this is an excellent plan, and we are glad to recommend it to other companies looking for an effective method of providing financial aid to higher education.
At any rate, we hope that business firms will not postpone granting financial aid until they find some novel way of doing it. If they do, it will be another case of too little and too late.
This message is one of a series prepared by the McGraw-Hill Department of Economics to help increase public knowledge and understanding of important nation-wide developments. Permission is freely extended to newspapers, groups or individuals to quote or reprint all or parts of the text.
Donald McGraw
PRESIDENT
McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
CerMac
SPECIALTY SEALS
High-temperature, Vacuum-tight
MEETINGS AHEAD
Nov. 23-24: Solid Facts About Solid State, Symposium, ISA, IRE, Ben Franklin Hotel, Philadelphia.
Dec. 1-2: Circuit Theory, Mid-West Symposium, PGCT of IRE, Brooks Memorial Union, Marquette Univ., Milwaukee.
Dec. 1-3: Eastern Joint Computer Conf., AIME, ACM, PGEc of IRE, Hotel Statler, Boston.
Dec. 3-4: Vehicular Communications, Annual Meeting, PGVC of IRE, Colonial Inn & Desert Ranch, St. Petersburg, Fla.
Dec. 8-10: Electrical Insulation, Applications, Nat. Conf., AIEE, NEMA, Shoreham Hotel, Cleveland.
Jan. 11-13: Reliability & Quality Control, National Symposium, ASQC, IRE, EIA, AIEE, Statler Hotel, Washington, D.C.
Jan. 31-Feb. 5: Comparison of Control Computers, Winter General Meeting, AIEE, New York City.
Feb. 3-5: Military Electronics, Winter Convention, Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles.
Feb. 10-12: Solid State Circuits Conf., AIEE, IRE, Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia.
Feb. 11-13: Electronic Representatives Assoc., Annual Convention, Drake Hotel, Chicago.
Feb. 20-29: Component Parts and Electronic Tubes, International Exhibition, Porte de Versailles, Place Ballard, Paris.
Mar. 21-24: Institute of Radio Engineers, National Convention, Coliseum & Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City.
Apr. 3-8: Nuclear Congress, EJC, PGNS of IRE, New York Coliseum, New York City.
Apr. 18-19: Automatic Techniques, Annual Conf., ASME, IRE, AIEE, Cleveland-Sheraton Hotel, Cleveland.
There's more news in ON the MARKET, PLANTS and PEOPLE and other departments beginning on p 114.
PRECISION-MADE
ceramic-to-metal hermetic seals
For high temperatures, severe vibration and shock, CerMac Specialty Seals and Housings for semiconductor devices meet the most critical specifications, and are dimensionally accurate and uniform. They are produced in any quantity by an experienced organization employing modern equipment. Careful production control, inspection and testing assure highest quality. Send drawings for quotation.
Representatives in Principal Cities
CERAMIC-METAL ASSEMBLIES CORPORATION
P. O. Box E. 328
Latrobe, Pennsylvania
Phone: Latrobe, Keystone 9-1757
NEW
HIGH-VOLTAGE SILICON MESA TRANSISTORS
FAIRCHILD'S 2N699
OFFERS ANOTHER UNIQUE COMBINATION
120 VOLTS collector to base voltage, permits greater voltage swings in amplifier and oscillator circuits and more protection in inductive switching circuits. Maximum base-emitter turn-on voltage is only 1.3 volts for $I_C = 150$ mA and $I_B = 15$ mA.
120 MEGACYCLES typical gain-bandwidth product means excellent broad-band video performance. In addition the units will provide typically 18 db neutralized gain at 30 mc and 30% efficiency in a 70 mc oscillator circuit.
300° C SURVIVAL has been assured. Every transistor produced at Fairchild has been preaged a minimum of 60 hours at 300° C before test. This provides extra reliability at their recommended maximum operating junction temperature of 175° C.
2 WATTS dissipation at 25° C—the combination of power with high frequency that is available only in double diffused silicon transistors.
In Fairchild's recent succession of new transistor announcements, each has offered some exceptional combination of characteristics previously unattainable. The 2N699 combines high collector voltage rating with high-frequency performance, medium power capabilities and low saturation resistance. Its applications range from low-current high-frequency I-F circuits to high-current, low-frequency relay drivers. Other products nearing production at Fairchild promise even greater advances in the state of the art.
### 2N699 — ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (25° C)
| Symbol | Characteristic | Min. | Typ. | Max. | Test Conditions |
|--------|--------------------------------------|------|------|------|-----------------|
| $h_{FE}$ | D.C. pulse current gain | 40 | 120 | | |
| $V_{BE\text{(sat)}}$ | Base saturation voltage | 1.0 | 1.3 | | |
| $V_{CE\text{(sat)}}$ | Collector saturation voltage | 5v | | | |
| $h_{fe}$ | Small signal current gain at $f = 20$ mc | 2.5 | 5.0 | | |
| $C_{ob}$ | Collector capacitance | 14 $\mu F$ | 20 $\mu F$ | 200 $\mu A$ | |
| $I_{CBO}$ | Collector cutoff current | | | | |
A new plant of nearly ten-times increased capacity opened in June 1959 to fill demand created by new products introduced in less than a 12-month period.
For full information, write Dept. A-11-20.
545 WHISMAN ROAD • MOUNTAIN VIEW, CALIF. • YORKSHIRE 8-8161
Regional sales offices in Los Angeles and Philadelphia
At this moment, 30,000 transistors are on test at General Electric
Among the more than 30,000 transistors you will find right now on General Electric's cycled life-test racks are Series 2N43 PNP germanium devices dating back to 1952.
Each of these 2N43's has clocked at least 40,000 hours of operating life. This represents five years of "power-on" operation without failure. And the "old" 43's still live on!
Since 1952, General Electric Company has produced and thoroughly tested well over 20-million transistors. A quarter-million of these devices have been subjected to from 1000 to 10,000 hours of maximum-rated-power.
Life testing is but one of many exacting product quality-assurance criteria all General Electric semiconductor products must meet. For example, on an average, 16 separate quality-level tests . . . electrical, mechanical, environmental, as well as life . . . are given every General Electric transistor.
Through its system of stringent quality control, General Electric strives to continuously raise the stability/long-life reliability goals for semiconductor products—to the ultimate benefit of the user, the industry and the country at large.
Progress is Our Most Important Product
GENERAL ELECTRIC
Semiconductor Products Department, Electronics Park, Syracuse, New York
SALT IT!
INHERENT STABILITY
Assured in a DALOHM WW or HW Resistor
Salt — a preservative in some instances and a gnawing destroyer in others — has no effect at all on the inherent stability that is standard in Dalohm resistors.
Stored on the shelf for months...or placed under continuous load...operating in severe environmental, shock, vibration and humidity conditions...Dalohm precision resistors retain their stability because it has been "firmly infixed" by Dalohm design and methods of manufacture.
For all applications demanding resistors that meet or surpass MIL specifications, you can depend on Dalohm.
WIRE WOUND • BOBBIN TYPE • ENCAPSULATED
DALOHM TYPE WW & HW RESISTORS
High resistance value, wire wound resistors designed for non-inductive requirements demanding the closest tolerances. Encapsulated in carefully compounded material, selected for matching coefficient of expansion to that of wire.
Configurations: WWA—axial leads; WWP—parallel leads; WWR—radial leads; WWL—lug style terminals; WW-RH—military style with lug terminals; HW—high temperature applications.
- Rated at 0.1 watt to 2 watts, with a wide selection of sizes
- Resistance range from 0.6 ohm to 6 meg-ohms, depending on type
- Tolerance ± 0.05%, ± 0.1%, ± 0.25%, ± 0.5%, ± 1%, ± 3%
- Temperature coefficient 20 P.P.M. per degree C.
- Operating temperature range from −55° C. to + 125° C. for WW Type and −55° C. to + 145° C. for HW Type
- Smallest in size, ranging from ⅛" x ⅜" to ⅝" x 2⅝"
- Surpass MIL-R-93B, characteristics A and C and MIL-R-9444 (USAF).
Write for Bulletin R-26, with handy cross-reference file card.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS?
You can depend on DALOHM, too, for help in solving any special problem in the realm of development, engineering, design and production. Chances are you can find the answer in our standard line of precision resistors (wire wound, metal film and deposited carbon); trimmer potentiometers; resistor networks; collet-fitting knobs; and hysteresis motors. If not, just outline your specific situation.
from DALOHM
Better things in smaller packages
DALE PRODUCTS, INC.
1300 28th Ave., Columbus, Nebr.
THREE TOOLS FOR QUALITY CIRCULATION
Members of a select group, the readers of electronics
As fast as subscription orders are received they are examined individually—by Hugh J. Quinn, Circulation Manager, who stamps each card:
**ACCEPTED** — to indicate a subscriber is actually engaged in research-design/production/management as a maker or user of electronics equipment.
**QUESTIONNAIRE** — to delay acceptance until information concerning the subscriber—his function, his company, his title are definitely known.
**REJECTED** — whenever the order indicates that the individual is NOT within the editorial field of the publication.
*electronics* is a member of a select group too—The Audit Bureau of Circulation publications—comprised of those magazines and newspapers whose publishers believe that a reader's interest in a publication is best demonstrated when he pays to receive it—those publishers willing to submit to exhaustive periodic audits in order to prove that their circulation is among those individuals they are pledged to serve, and among screened *selected* individuals ONLY.
The Electronics Man "buys" what he reads in...
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION / 330 WEST 42nd STREET, NEW YORK 36, N.Y.
NOVEMBER 20, 1959 • ELECTRONICS
The resistors that are setting today's higher performance standards! Unmatched for load life and moisture resistance—and, with performance that exceeds MIL-R-11 requirements. And now, for the first time, you can get such resistors in a complete line of RC-42 (2-watt); RC-32 (1-watt) and RC-20 (1/2-watt) types from stock from leading distributors!
NOW YOU CAN GET THEM Immediately!
...in any standard value or tolerance
for small runs, for production emergencies,
for military prototypes and for hurry-up design and engineering projects.
FROM STOCK . . . from these selected STACKPOLE distributors:
Baltimore, MD.
Kann-Ellert Electronics, Inc.
Battle Creek, Mich.
Electronic Supply Corp.
Birmingham, Ala.
MG Electrical Supply Co.
Boston, Mass.
Sager Electrical Supply
Brooklyn, N. Y.
Electronic Equipment Corp.
Cleveland, Ohio
Pioneer Electronic Supply Co.
Dallas, Texas
Wholesale Electronics Supply Co.
Dayton, Ohio
Stroco, Inc.
Denver, Colo.
Denver Electronics Supply Co.
Glendale, Calif.
R. V. Weatherford Company
Indianapolis, Indiana
Radio Distg. Co.
Kansas City, Mo.
Burstein-Applebee Co.
Melbourne, Florida
Electronic Supply
Miami, Florida
Electronic Supply
New York, N. Y.
Harvey Radio Co.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Almo Radio Co.
San Diego, Calif.
Radio Parts Co.
Scranton, Pa.
Fred P. Pursell
Seattle, Wash.
C & G Radio Supply Co.
St. Louis, Mo.
Interstate Supply Co.
Syracuse, N. Y.
Morris Electronics of Syracuse
Tacoma, Wash.
C & G Radio Supply Co.
Washington, D. C.
Electronic Wholesalers, Inc.
Waterbury, Conn.
Bond Radio Supply Co., Inc.
West Palm Beach, Fla.
Gaddard Distributors, Inc.
Wichita, Kansas
Interstate Electronic Sup. Corp.
Wilbraham, Mass.
Industrial Components Corp.
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Dalton-Hage Radio Supply
...and G-C/STACKPOLE, TOO!
Attractively packaged by G-C Electronics for service replacement uses, Coldite 70+ Resistors are also available through over 800 G-C distributors.
THREE KLEIN PLIERS
to make electrical wiring easier
Here are three newly engineered Klein Pliers which will solve difficult problems in the wiring of electronic assemblies. Catalog 101-A illustrates and describes these and twenty other new pliers in the Klein line. If you wire electronic assemblies, write for a copy.
ALL-PURPOSE ELECTRONIC PLIER
Patent pending
Shear blade cuts flush and holds clipped end of wire
Requires no sharpening; will cut hard or soft wire. Smooth, continuous action prevents shock which may damage resistors. For bare wire up to 18 gauge.
No. 260-6—length 6 3/4"
No. 260-6C—with coil spring that holds jaws open
NEEDLE-NOSE PLIER Patent pending
Similar to No. 260-6 but nose has been slimmed down to permit use in confined areas.
No. 261-6—length 6 3/4"
No. 261-6C—with coil spring to hold jaws open
LONG-NOSE PLIER—KNIFE AT TIP Pat. No. 2,848,724
Jaws behind blade hold clipped wire end firmly
A shear-cutting plier that will cut hard or soft wire. Blade is at the tip of the plier. Supplied with coil spring to keep jaws apart.
No. 208-6PC—length 6 3/4"
Write for Catalog 101-A, which shows the complete line of Klein Pliers, including 20 pliers recently developed.
have you checked this Remote Actuator for jobs under Shock and Vibration?
...OAK ROTARY SOLENOIDS
(Mfd. under license from G. H. LELAND, INC.)
CUSTOM-BUILT FOR—
5-WIRE CABLE CONTROLS 12 WIRE CABLE POSITIONER DISTANCES UP TO SEVERAL HUNDRED FEET
MASTER-_SLAVE DEVICES (Incremental Positioning)
OPERATES IN ANY POSITION
Snap-action torque in steps
Body remains stationary
Ratchet mechanism is used to provide stepped progression of an "output" shaft.
"Solenoid" shaft oscillates with armature ... can be supplied at front or rear ... other power take-off arrangements also possible.
EXTREMELY ADAPTABLE
HERMETICALLY SEALED
ROTATES IN BOTH DIRECTIONS
BUILT INTO COMPLETE SUBCHASSIS
WITH SEALED DUST CAP
stepping torques from 6.4 to 64 inch-ounces
If you've been searching for an actuator that meets such specs as MIL-S-4040A, and is remarkably small for the amount of work it can do, investigate Oak Rotary Solenoids. They operate on DC and are designed for intermittent service. Standard models give steps of 25°, 35°, 45°, 67.5°, or 95° in either a left or right-hand direction. Self-stepping or externally pulsed units are also built. Oak Rotary Solenoids find wide use in both commercial and military equipment. Why not evaluate their unusual capabilities for your next project. We will be glad to help you engineer the job. Just send us a short description and sketch.
ELECTRONICS · NOVEMBER 20, 1959
1260 Clybourn Ave., Dept. G Chicago 10, Illinois
Phone: MOhawk 4-2222
SWITCHES • ROTARY SOLENOIDS • CHOPPERS
VIBRATORS • TUNERS
SUBASSEMBLIES
CIRCLE 67 ON READER SERVICE CARD 67
Sign of the
Southern California and Arizona from 143 miles up, photographed from a Navy Viking 12 rocket, fired from White Sands, N.M. Dark patch at lower left is the Gulf of California.
Going up...and out into space...this is one of the assignments of engineers in the laboratories at Hughes.
To meet the demands of the Space Age, a wide variety of new projects is being initiated. Here are just a few examples:
**Space Ferry Systems**—To provide the initial apparatus for space station assembly.
**Communications Satellites**—Unique packages for space satellite applications.
**ALIRBM**—Air launched intermediate range ballistic missiles.
**Global Surveillance Satellite Systems**—To keep the world under surveillance.
**Satellite Interception Systems**—To destroy hostile satellites.
**Meteor Communications**—Scattering electromagnetic energy off meteors to establish long-range communications.
**Futuristic Instrumentation Displays**—Instrumentation displays for satellites and hypersonic vehicles.
Other Hughes activities are also participating in advanced Research and Development. Engineers at Hughes in Fullerton are developing new types of radar antennas which scan by electronic rather than mechanical means. Hughes Engineers in El Segundo develop test equipment which is as advanced as the equipment being tested. At Hughes Products, the commercial activity of Hughes, new ways have been found to cast silicon into desired configurations...and storage tubes with 21" diameters have been developed.
Today Hughes offers Engineers and Physicists the chance to work on stimulating projects in a wide variety of fields. Never have the opportunities been more promising!
*The West's leader in advanced ELECTRONICS*
---
**Newly instituted programs at Hughes have created immediate openings for engineers experienced in the following areas:**
- Nuclear Electronics
- Infrared
- Digital Computers
- Systems Design & Analysis
- Thin Films
- Field Engineering
- Communications
- Circuit Design & Evaluation
- Solid State Physics
- Electroluminescence
- Storage Tubes
- Quartz Crystal Filters
Write in confidence to Dr. R. A. Martin
Hughes General Offices, Bldg. 6-D11, Culver City, Calif.
---
**Advanced Falcon guided missiles are manufactured by the Hughes facility in Tucson...the largest electronics facility in all of Arizona!**
**Maintaining liaison with Air Force Personnel and airframe manufacturers, Hughes Field Engineers give instruction in the over-all systems operation of advanced Hughes equipment.**
BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS FROM KEARFOTT
Analog-to-Digital Converters
Kearfott's rugged shaft position-to-digital converters are resistant to high shock and vibration and high and low temperature environments. Ideally suited for missile applications, these converters are available for many uses, including latitude, longitude, azimuth or conventional angular shaft displacement conversion and decimal count conversion. Exclusive drum design provides large conversion capacity in smallest size. Combination counter converter assemblies for both visual and electrical readout also available.
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Kearfott Unit No. ........ P1241-11A
Code ..................... Cyclic Binary
Range .................. 0-32,768 (2^15)
Bits per Revolution ....... 16
Revolutions for Total Range 2,048
Volts D.C. .................. 10.5
Current (ma.) ............... 20
Inertia (gm. cm.²) .......... 20
Unit Diameter (in.) ........ 1½
Unit Length (in.) .......... 3
Life. 10⁶ Revolutions or 10³ hours
Static Torque (in.-oz.) .... 2 (break)
Weight (oz.) .................. 5
Maximum Speed (RPM) ...... 600
Write for new ADAC brochure.
20 Second Synchro
This synchro, just one of a broad line offered by Kearfott, provides the extreme accuracy required in today's data transmission systems. Kearfott synchro resolvers enable system designers to achieve unusual accuracy without the need for 2-speed servos and elaborate electronics. By proper impedance matches, up to 64 resolver control transformers can also operate from one resolver transmitter.
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
| Type Resolver | Transmitter | Transformer |
|---------------|-------------|-------------|
| Part Number | Z5161-001 | Z5151-003 |
| Excit. Volts | 115 | 90 |
| (Max.) | | |
| Frequency (cps)| 400 | 400 |
| Primary Imped.| 400/80° | 8500/80° |
| Secondary Imped.| 260/80° | 14000/80° |
| Transform. Ratio | .7826 | 1.278 |
| Max. Error fr. E.Z. | 20 seconds | 20 seconds |
| Primary | Rotor | Stator |
Write for complete data.
Integrating Tachometers
Kearfott integrating tachometers, special types of rate generators, are almost invariably provided integrally coupled to a motor. They feature tachometer generators of high output-to-null ratio and are temperature stabilized or compensated for highest accuracy integration and rate computation. Linearity of these compact, lightweight tachometers ranges as low as .01% and is usually better than ± .1%.
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Size 11 (R860)
Excitation Voltage (400 cps) 115
Volts at 0 rpm (RMS) ........ 0.20
Volts at 1000 rpm (RMS) .... 2.75
Phase shift at 3600 rpm .... 0°
Linearity at 0-3600 rpm ..... .07
Operating Temperature Range .... -54° +125°
Write for complete data.
Engineers: Kearfott offers challenging opportunities in advanced component and system development.
when you need...
COUNTING SPEED
Specify VEEDER-ROOT No. 1591 Quick Reset, High Speed Magnetic Counter
The No. 1591 is designed for accurate, dependable remote indication of machine operation, or for counting articles at high speed. Speed is 3000 counts per minute, 4 or 6 figures, manual or electrical reset, and made for panel mounting. Maximum panel area required is: 1.7" x 2.1" for four figures and 1.7" x 2.8" for six figures. The 1591 is available from stock.
Send for Veeder-Root Technical Information. Complete catalog data will be sent to you at once and application assistance is available from a Veeder-Root Counting Engineer if desired. Write or call today.
Veeder-Root Inc.
HARTFORD 2, CONNECTICUT
"The Name that Counts"
Hartford, Conn. • Greenville, S.C.
Altoona, Pa. • Chicago • New York
Los Angeles • San Francisco • Seattle
St. Louis • Montreal. Offices and Agents in other principal cities
CIRCLE 71 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Molybdenum Permalloy nickel-iron strip is now available from Allegheny Ludlum with guaranteed permeability values. And the new guarantees are much higher than the old typical values. This exceptionally high quality means absolute uniformity for the user—new consistency and predictability for magnetic core performance.
Improved permeability of A-L Moly Permalloy is the result of Allegheny’s program of production research on nickel-bearing electrical alloys. A similar improvement has been made in AL-4750 strip steel. Research is continuing on silicon steels including A-L’s famous Silelectron (grain oriented silicon steel), plus other magnetic alloys.
Another plus in dealing with Allegheny Ludlum is the operation of complete lamination fabrication and heat treatment facilities. A-L’s years of experience in producing quality laminations result in practical know-how in solving problems common to core materials.
This working knowledge is available to all. Give us a call for prompt technical assistance on any problem involving electrical steels, laminations, or magnetic materials. Write for more information on A-L Moly Permalloy. Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation, Oliver Building, Pittsburgh 22, Pa. Address Dept. E-23.
Allegheny Ludlum
Steelmakers to the Electrical Industry
Export distribution, Electrical Materials: AIRCO INTERNATIONAL INC., NYC 17
Export distribution, Laminations: AD. AURIEMA, NYC 4
First commercial induction device for repair and salvage of PWA's
NEW
General Electric device now provides reliable salvage of printed wiring assemblies
Now you can repair complex, heat-sensitive, miniaturized printed wiring assemblies effectively and reliably.
A new dual-purpose Induction De-Solder and Solder Device from General Electric has been developed specifically to meet military and commercial electronic industry requirements. It offers you a means of salvaging expensive components, removing defective components completely, and remaking or repairing solder joints in printed wiring assemblies—without the difficulties normally associated with this work. All old solder is removed, leaving clean, tinned eyelets and leads.
The device can be controlled either automatically or manually; results in up to 20 percent man-hour savings, and is particularly effective for removal of multiple terminal components.
WRITE FOR BULLETIN GEA-6994 or contact your nearby G-E Apparatus Sales Office for more information. Section 723-40, General Electric Company, Schenectady 5, N. Y.
Progress Is Our Most Important Product
GENERAL ELECTRIC
A NEW G-E RESISTANCE SOLDERING TOOL provides void-free solder joints for reliable, high-quality connections required by aircraft and missile applications. The new tool eliminates tip arcing or flashing, preventing pitting; is hand-operated, requiring no pedals; and features a zirconium-tungsten electrode that does not require frequent redressing, maintenance or replacement. Write for Bulletin GEA-6588.
Here's an electronics man who's hard to place.
You know him as the man you've got to reach to sell the electronics industry. His company identification badge (symbolized at right) is the most familiar means of telling at a glance (by its code letters—"R", "D", "P", "M") that you may find him in Research, Design, Production, or Management.
What's the title of this electronics man?
But, whatever his department, whatever his title, the function of this engineering-trained man is likely to involve buying and specifying electronic equipment. One sure way to pinpoint him; he reads
electronics, the only magazine that reaches these 52,000 key buyers and specifiers every week.
THE ELECTRONICS MAN
"BUYS" WHAT HE READS IN...
electronics
...and the Electronics Buyers' Guide and Reference Issue
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION
330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, New York
PHOTO OF PARAMETRIC AMPLIFIERS PRODUCED BY HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
IDENTIFICATION
R D P M
6XK-5XKW
SQ
Still "FRESH"
After 6 Years Storage – Mallory Mercury Batteries
An extensive series of storage tests, now well past the six-year mark, proves that Mallory Mercury Batteries can take extremely long storage far past the point where ordinary batteries become useless.
Some typical test curves are shown here. Note that even at the end of six years, Mallory Mercury Batteries remain close to their "newly-made" capacity.
This extraordinary stability is one of the unique characteristics of the mercury battery system, pioneered and constantly refined by Mallory. During periods of storage, the system does not deteriorate. And during discharge, output voltage stays practically constant out to the limit of battery life. This is an ideal discharge for providing fade-free performance in transistor circuits.
The long service and storage life you get from Mallory Mercury Batteries mean unmatched convenience and dependability to users of your battery powered products. Their high energy content in compact size makes possible new feats of miniaturization. And their precise, stable output offers opportunities for use in instrument circuits, calibration and voltage reference applications.
A consultation with one of our engineers will help you apply our standard models in your product, or will start us on development of special battery packs for your requirements.
Mallory Battery Co., Cleveland, Ohio
a division of
P.R. MALLORY & CO. Inc.
P. R. MALLORY & CO. Inc., INDIANAPOLIS 6, INDIANA
Microwave Computer Circuits
By FRANK LEARY, Associate Editor
Techniques for millimicrosecond computer logic and switching circuitry use waveguide or stripline, fast diodes, twt's, parametric oscillators.
The computer technology seems to be pushed by economic pressures into a perennial pursuit of higher speeds. In recent years, the principal increases in speed have been brought about by use of circuits and components operating in parallel, developments of components with fast reaction-times, and sophistications in logic, systems design, and programming.
Further advances will come from microevolutionary developments in semiconductors and in programming, but major breakthroughs will be needed before the computer technology can take any more giant steps.
Two avenues of research hold the greatest promise for the computer technology in the next five to ten years. One is the development of cryogenic circuits, which present the attractive possibility of both increased speed and sharply diminished size. The other, and more immediately reachable, is the use of microwave components. (See ELECTRONICS p 39, May 1, 1959.)
PASSBAND PHILOSOPHY—Most conventional information-handling systems are baseband systems, in which the signals occupy a frequency band starting at or near zero and extending to some upper limit. This upper limit is, in practical systems, determined by the gain-bandwidth product of available amplifying devices, and can seldom go above 50 mc. For computer circuits operating at millimicrosecond rates, bandwidths in the hundreds of megacycles would be required.
A practical alternative is the carrier or passband system, in which information is represented, not by the presence or absence of r-f or d-c, but by either of two phases or two frequencies of r-f energy. The familiar frequency-shift key system used in comCommunications is an example of passband application. Bandwidths for passband-type amplifiers seldom need to be greater than 10 mc.
**WAVEGUIDE "NOT" CIRCUIT**—Waveguides and transmission line are more than signal carriers for logic systems in the microwave range. The interference of fields inherent in these components is put to good use in performing logical functions such as gating.
A microwave T can function as a simple NOT circuit. A c-w carrier of some fixed phase is fed into one arm; information is represented by signals of opposite phase in the other arm. If no signal is present in the information arm, the carrier passes through the T; signals present in both arms interfere destructively in the T. This simple circuit possesses the disadvantage that the carrier is reflected into the input arm; a hybrid ring corrects this problem.
The hybrid ring in Fig. 1 is $3\lambda/2$ in circumference, with active arms $\lambda/4$ apart. When no signal appears on the information line, half the c-w carrier is absorbed in the termination at (2), and the other half appears at the output. Destructive interference cancels the carrier out of the information line, since the information line is $\lambda/2$ from the carrier line in one direction and $\lambda$ in the other.
If a signal appears in the input line, it and the carrier arrive out of phase at (4), interfering destructively for no output, and all the signal is absorbed in the termination.
In tests of this circuit using stripline, actual values of c-w at the output were reduced 23 db when the information signal was present.
**"AND" CIRCUIT**—A stripline AND circuit requires the use of a nonlinear element for sharp discrimination between conduction and cutoff. The element, a microwave point-contact diode, controls the output gating action of the circuit and is called an expander.
The expander diode is placed at the end of $\lambda/4$ of stripline to form a quarter-wave stub shunting the transmission line. The diode is biased not to conduct under no-signal conditions. If the r-f power level in the transmission line is insufficient to cause conduction in the diode, the diode presents an open circuit $\lambda/4$ away from the line, thus shorting the line and preventing transmission. If r-f causes conduction, the shunt impedance in the line rises and the r-f is passed to the output. The AND circuit is shown in Fig. 2.
The two inputs to the hybrid ring in Fig. 2 are $\lambda/2$ apart, with the shunted output line between them $\lambda/4$ away. If a single input is present, half the power is absorbed in the termination and the other half appears at the expander. If two signals of the same phase and amplitude appear, they interfere destructively at the termination but reinforce at the expander. Thus four times as much power is incident on the expander when two signals are present in the ring as when only one appears. The four-to-one relationship simplifies selection of a bias value for the expander diode.
If the termination is removed from the fourth arm of the ring in Fig. 2, the circuit will make a primitive half-adder, with the sum output appearing at arm (4), and the carry in arm (2). Two coincident inputs will interfere destructively at (4) to produce a carry at the expander; any single input will lack power.
**FIG. 1**—Hybrid ring NOT circuit. Signals interfere destructively at (4); ring geometry also makes carrier cancel itself at (1) when information signal is not present, thus keeping the carrier out of the information line.
Microwave Computers: Advantages and Problems
The idea of using microwave circuitry in computers is not new. Kilomegacycle clocks, information rates in the hundreds of megacycles, and millimicrosecond switching are attractive ideas, and early probing is beginning to pay off now. Phase-locked subharmonic oscillators—parametrons, for example—go back five or six years, and logic using T-junctions and waveguide is as old as the missile technology.
Thin ferromagnetic film also holds great promise for microwave applications. "It is one of the few components," says University of Pennsylvania researcher Herbert Callen, "which may be expected to perform successfully at one-millimicrosecond switching speeds."
But microwave's attractions are counterbalanced by problems. One is size: a computer may have 10,000 or more connections, and making them with waveguide would result in a plumber's nightmare. Efficient stripline, thin films and small components materially reduce this problem, but cannot eliminate it.
Another problem is cost. Traveling-wave tubes and plumbing fixtures are costly in themselves, also cost more to assemble and maintain than more conventional parts.
For both problems, one answer is simplicity. The simpler designs, using the most sophisticated design techniques, will be the ones that break the back of the microwave computer problem.
---
to fire the expander but will pass as a sum to (4).
The phase of the sum output, however, will depend on which input caused it, since one is $\lambda/4$ from the termination and the other is $3\lambda/4$. To correct this situation requires either greater complexity of circuitry or the addition of a demodulator-modulator circuit in the sum output to allow a c-w of fixed phase to pass when a sum is produced.
**PHASE-DETERMINED HALF-ADDER**—Figure 3 shows a hybrid-ring complex that serves as a half-adder and corrects the phase ambiguities in the Fig. 2 circuit.
Signal inputs $A$ and $B$ are divided equally between two hybrids I and II. They are combined in I, passing through an adjustable attenuator to hybrid III.
Hybrid II functions as an AND circuit, passing a carry output when both inputs are present. The carry output is split so that half of its power arrives at hybrid III in phase with the combined signal from hybrid I. The attenuator is adjusted to equalize the amplitudes of both inputs to III whenever both $A$ and $B$ signals are present at I and II. Hybrid III serves as a NOT circuit, so that no sum is produced if $A$ and $B$ are both present, but either $A$ or $B$ will produce a sum from hybrid III.
In such hybrid-ring circuits, signal amplification can be provided by twt's and regeneration by means of diode regenerators. Subharmonic oscillators can be used both to amplify and regenerate; these circuits can also perform logical operations such as gating.
**DIODE-WAVEGUIDE CIRCUIT**—In baseband systems, logic will frequently require modulating and demodulating the information signal to make best use of the frequency-response characteristics of various...
components. A basic circuit consisting of a diode modulator controlled by the signal from a diode detector can be used to perform AND, OR, and EXCLUSIVE OR functions on pulsed microwave signals. The functional diagram of the circuit is shown in Fig. 4.
The modulator is actually a bridge circuit using waveguide hybrid. If the admittances of the modulator diodes $M_a$ and $M_b$ are equal, the bridge is balanced.
When the modulator is balanced, r-f power from $C$ will pass into the output when either $A$ or $B$ but not both are present. If $C$ is always supplied, then the output becomes the EXCLUSIVE OR function of either $A$ or $B$. If $B$ is never supplied, the output is the AND function of $A$ and $C$. If $B$ and $C$ are always supplied, the output signifies NOT $A$.
If the modulator-diode admittances are not equal, the modulator is unbalanced, and the output is the OR function of $A$ or $B$.
**SUBHARMONIC OSCILLATORS**—A year or so before his death in 1957, John von Neumann patented the idea of a phase-locked subharmonic oscillator, a resonant circuit in which a nonlinear element made possible two or more modes of oscillation. These parametric subharmonic oscillators operate by energy transfer from a pump frequency to the oscillator frequency through the nonlinear storage element. In the microwave range, this element is the nonlinear capacitance of a semiconductor diode, suggested by von Neumann because it was small and usable at extremely high frequencies.
The same idea is employed in the parametron, a phase-locked oscillator employed as the basic circuit in computers made by Nippon Telephone & Telegraph. The parametron was developed by E. Goto of NT&T and M. Takahashi at the University of Tokyo, and uses a nonlinear inductance rather than capacitance.
Parametron speeds are limited by the hysteresis losses incurred in the inductance at high switching and information rates, and is basically a vhf-range device. Kilomegacycle rates are entirely feasible with phase-locked oscillators using nonlinear capacitances.
**PLO THEORY**—The phase-locked oscillator (PLO) circuit requires a nonlinear reactive element whose reactance can be made to vary at some frequency $f'$ which is an even multiple of the characteristic or oscillating frequency $f$ of the tank circuit of which it is a part. The frequency $f'$ is usually set at $2f$, and is referred to as the pump or pumping frequency.
When the correct relationship exists ($1:2$ is the most efficient), an effective negative resistance appears in the tank circuit at its characteristic frequency $f$. The nonlinear element will oscillate parametrically at its frequency $f'$, with the result that it will pump the tank much as a child pumps on a swing, at twice the frequency of the swing oscillations.
Tank oscillations can be steered to start on the upswing or downswing when the tank is pumped, thus providing zero or 180-deg phase relationships at the information frequency. This in turn provides the binary discrimination needed for computer operation.
A lumped-parameter PLO is shown in Fig. 5; the stripline configurations for a microwave version of the same circuit are shown in Fig. 6. The nonlinear capacitance of the 1N93 diodes in Fig. 5 is the oscillating parameter. The diodes are back-biased, and two of them are used in order to balance the circuit and isolate the pump from the output line.
In the microwave version in Fig. 6, the filter is used to isolate the pump from the information frequency. A microwave point-contact diode provides the variable capacitance.
**OPERATION**—As pump power is applied to the tank of a PLO, there are at first no oscillations and no output appears.
Beyond some point, the tank begins to respond to the pump and begins to oscillate at its frequency $f$.
The tank can begin in either zero or 180-deg phase—either on the upswing or downswing—depending on noise in the tank. A lock signal may be provided to steer it into one or the other phase.
As pump power increases further, the tank output increases until it reaches a saturation level. This
maximum output point is established by the diodes, which begin to conduct excessively and load the tank circuit.
As pump power is reduced from the overdriving level, the path of tank output is retraced, excepting that oscillations continue beyond the pumping level at which they began.
**PLO TECHNIQUES IN COMPUTERS**—The PLO can be forced into one or another mode by a locking signal of desired phase injected into the tank. The lock must be applied for a long enough period, and at strong enough level, to quench the oscillations of the opposite phase and then restart the tank in the new phase.
To initiate a desired phase when the PLO is not oscillating requires only a small amount of forcing or locking signal. The tank can rise to full output from no output in about 8 cycles working as high as $f = 4$ kmc.
Even this delay can be shortened by keeping a low-level locking signal always on, then pulsing the pump. Tank output will follow the phase of the first pulsed cycle of pump energy and will rise to full output in less than two cycles.
In the region between a pump-power level insufficient to cause the tank to respond and the level at which the tank will definitely respond, there is a zone of ambiguity. In this zone, the PLO can operate as a tristable device, with two phases of operation and a jammed-off condition possible. This zone of ambiguity can be used for certain sophisticated techniques requiring tristability.
By force-switching, PLO's can be made to serve as memory devices. However, reading selected bits from a PLO store cannot yet be accomplished with reasonable surety of not altering the memory; and, of course, the memory is volatile. The circuits are capable of detecting information or discriminating among bits of information, can be used to amplify information signals and can store data—all at millimicrosecond rates. The phase-locked oscillator has the added advantage of being relatively insensitive to reasonable variations in both components and power supply.
**TWT'S**—Traveling-wave tubes amplify over a broader portion of the frequency spectrum than other types of tubes, and thus are suited for use in microwave circuits of either baseband or passband type. But the delay in a twt is at least a significant fraction of a bit interval in millimicrosecond pulse circuits, and may be several times as long. This fact makes it necessary to rethink the logic of any circuit requiring twt amplifiers.
Trigger pairs, for example, can no longer be regarded as monostable or bistable reflex circuits, but must be approached as recirculation loops. In one sense, a flip-flop does operate as a recirculation loop in which a pulse of one polarity recirculates either for a predetermined length of time, or until replaced by a pulse of opposite polarity.
A circuit can be designed around a single twt to perform this same function and operate in place of a conventional flip-flop. Such a circuit takes two or three cycles to build up the output signal to usable levels. This delay is comparable to the stabilizing time for an ordinary flip-flop.
Full-adder circuits present a special problem because the carry digit must recirculate from output to input in exactly one bit-interval. With twt's introducing a greater delay, it becomes necessary to consider multiplexing the adder lines. A single twt might be time-shared four ways, among either four different augend-addend combinations or for four parts of the same combination, so that its inherent delay would be no less than the necessary bit-to-bit waiting time.
**ACKNOWLEDGEMENT**—Much of the information contained in this article was presented at a symposium on microwave techniques for computing systems sponsored by the information systems branch of Office of Naval Research. Work summarized here was reported at the symposium by representatives of RCA, Bell Telephone Laboratories, GE, IBM, Sperry Rand and the University of Illinois. *Electronics* is grateful for the cooperation of H. E. Tompkins, editor of *IRE Transactions on Electronic Computers*, which will publish the full proceedings.
Design Trends in Mobile
Very-high-frequency range can be dramatically increased by the higher effective elevation of repeater station antennas. Selective coding for individual stations increases versatility
By L. G. SANDS, Consultant, Ridgewood, N. J.
IN THE DECADE since the FCC licensed the first mobile repeater station, use of repeaters has become widespread. The increasing demand for extended range has resulted in the development of new repeater station equipment.
Recent announcements of new equipment from commercial manufacturers include: a cross-band repeater by DuMont which receives signals on one band and transmits on another; a compact cross-frequency repeater by Kaar for use in the 450-470 mc band only; and a single-frequency repeater by Motorola which picks up a signal, records the audio intelligence and retransmits it on the same frequency after a short delay.
An interesting development in control of repeater stations is selective or coded dialing. With selective dialing equipment, mobile operators can call one another without alerting units not concerned. At the same time they can control a number of different functions at the repeater station itself.
In the 450-470 mc band, mobile-to-mobile range is ordinarily restricted to 3 or 4 miles, but this range can be increased to 20 miles with a repeater station using a 60-foot high antenna support. Mountain-top repeater installations can extend range to as much as 200 miles.
Basic Repeater Station
The basic repeater station is nothing more than a receiver and transmitter.
Received intelligence picked up from mobile units is retransmitted so that it can be heard by mobile units which would otherwise be out of range.
The repeater receiver is turned on at all times, but the transmitter is turned off until an incoming signal overcomes the receiver squelch. Squelch circuit operation has been described by this same author previously. (ELECTRONICS, April 10, 1959.) Transmitter tube filaments are kept turned on so that the repeater will be ready to operate without delay.
Matching Circuit
In a conventional repeater, the audio output from the secondary of the receiver output transformer is fed to the audio input of the transmitter. In a design developed by General Electric, however, the audio signal is picked up at the receiver discriminator and fed to the low...
Radio Repeaters
impedance input of the transmitter through an electronic impedance matching circuit as shown in Fig. 1. The signal from the discriminator is fed to the grid of an audio amplifier stage through an R-C network whose high impedance does not disturb the discriminator circuit. Output of this audio stage feeds a cathode follower whose output feeds the low impedance audio input of the transmitter.
Transmitter Power
Power consumption by the repeater transmitter may be reduced by turning off transmitter tube filaments and providing means for turning them on and keeping them on long enough to permit communications. When a signal is intercepted, the transmitter tube filaments are turned on and, after a time delay, plate voltage is applied. The filaments are held turned on by another time delay arrangement for several minutes after the repeater has been used. This setup will be satisfactory where repeater use is infrequent.
Usually, the transmitter plate voltage is keyed by a carrier-operated relay. This carrier-operated relay system consists of an electronic control circuit which is actuated by the receiver squelch voltage and which controls an electromechanical relay whose contacts key the transmitter.
To avoid repeater malfunctions owing to relay troubles, the Kaar TR502 repeater uses thyratrons to key the transmitter. The thyratrons serve as the rectifiers in the transmitter power supply. Normally they do not conduct, but when an incoming signal opens the receiver squelch the thyratrons conduct and provide d-c to the transmitter.
Figure 2 shows the circuit that is...
used. The squelch tube voltages are extended to the electronic control unit. When these voltages indicate a received-signal condition, a free-running relaxation oscillator is energized and triggers a flip-flop. Under standby conditions, the flip-flop keeps the thyatron in a nonconducting state. When the relaxation oscillator is running, the flip-flop reverses and applies pulses to the thyatrons causing them to conduct. This design prevents the transmitter from being activated in the event of receiver failure.
**Coded Repeaters**
The trend in FCC thinking apparently is to require that repeater stations respond to a coded signal rather than to the carrier alone. Therefore, manufacturers are designing systems relying on such techniques as tone-gated squelch, frequency-selective keying and dialed tones.
In General Electric's tone-gated system, shown in Fig. 3, each mobile unit is equipped with a single-tone or two-tone audio oscillator which transmits a coded tone burst. This coded tone actuates a tone receiver at the repeater station allowing the carrier-operated relay to actuate the transmitter. A time delay holds the transmitter on for five seconds after receipt of the matching tone. Thus, two units can intercommunicate without the transmitter dropping out when either mobile unit stops transmitting.
A three-minute timer is also provided which allows the carrier-operated relay to actuate the transmitter by carriers which are not accompanied by the tone. After the three-minute period has elapsed without carrier, a tone is required to again activate the repeater transmitter.
**Dial Code Sender**
Another positive way to lock out a repeater is to equip it with a decoder which allows the transmitter to be turned on only after receipt of a train of tone pulses of a specific combination. Figure 4 shows such a system.
The Secode RPD-634 decoder, shown in Fig. 5, responds to tone pulses produced by a telephone dial. Each mobile unit is equipped with a dial code sender, whose circuit is shown in Fig. 6. To actuate the repeater station, a mobile unit operator dials a number which may be a single digit such as 4 or a longer number such as 3-5-3. The decoder closes its contacts only when it intercepts the right code. Then, voice transmission follows in the normal manner.
It is not necessary to dial the repeater number for each transmission. The repeater is unlocked initially by dialing and responds to the carrier for an exchange of communications. A timer puts the lockout into effect a few minutes after no carrier has been sensed, necessitating the redialing of the number to unlock the repeater.
When the dial of the code sender is pulled, the tone generator and the mobile transmitter are turned on. When the dial is released, its pulsing contacts break the tone circuit causing the transmission of break pulses (absence of tone) which conform in number to the dialed digit.
The decoder first amplifies the tone and then, with each break in the tone, keys a relay whose contacts actuate a Secode 49HS or 59HS electromechanical selector. A neon bulb in the decoder unit prevents noise pulses from keying the selector.
With each break in tone, the selector advances one step. The selector is set to respond to a specific code by placement of code pins in a notched code wheel. The 49HS selector can be set to respond to any of 300,000 different code combinations; the 59HS can be set to any of 20,000,000 different combinations.
When an improper code is intercepted, the selector steps and then drops back to standby. However, when a matching code is intercepted, a pair of contacts mate and close the necessary circuits to permit carrier to activate the transmitter. Since the contacts close only momentarily, mechanical or electrical latching is required. A timer is used to disable the latched control circuits.
**Functions Controlled**
Selectors are available with up to five contacts, each responsive to a different dialed code. Up to five functions can be controlled at the repeater station, such as: turning on transmitter tube filaments for quick response to dialed commands for repeater activation; turning off transmitter filaments; transferring circuits to standby equipment; unlocking electric door latch on repeater station equipment shelter to permit entry of authorized personnel; and permitting activation of repeater by carrier.
Light-Pen Links Computer to Operator
Photoelectric sensing device reads computer-controlled cathode-ray tube display to allow operator to direct progress of a program or control auxiliary equipment attached to the computer
By BENJAMIN M. GURLEY* and CHARLES E. WOODWARD, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Mass.
CATHODE-RAY-TUBE DISPLAYS are frequently employed as a high-speed output monitor for a digital computer. When a display is used in conjunction with a photoelectric sensing device such as the light pen of the Lincoln Laboratory TX-2 computer, the pen becomes an instrument of two-way communication between operator and machine.
As used with TX-2, the light-pen system consists of a computer-controlled crt display, a photodiode in a pen-shaped holder for observing the display, a high-gain amplifier for the output of the photodiode, and quantizing circuits to bring the signal into digital form. A simplified block diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 1.
The computer program specifies $X$ and $Y$ coordinates of the spot to be displayed, along with the duration of the intensification. If, when the spot is displayed, the operator is pointing the light pen at the spot the flash is sensed by the photodiode. After amplification the signal from the flash fires a Schmitt trigger, which in turn produces a pulse to set a previously cleared flip-flop to a ONE. If the operator does not point the pen at the spot the flip-flop remains cleared. The computer can then sense the state of the flip-flop: A ONE indicates that the operator is interested in the spot just displayed, a ZERO that he is not interested. The computer program can make a decision based on the state of the flip-flop.
The light pen, shown in the photographs, was designed to be rugged, lightweight and easy to handle. Circuits are transistorized for reliability and compatibility with existing computer circuits.
**Operation**
The operator holds the pen within a quarter inch of the crt implosion shield and aims it at the point of interest. There is only one control, sensitivity, which is a potentiometer located in the high-gain ampliFIG. 1—Simplified block diagram of light-pen system
FIG. 2—Typical light-pen system waveforms: (A) intensification gate pulse; (B) unloaded main amplifier output; (C) amplifier output into Schmitt trigger; (D) trigger output
If the operator desires, he can select a preset sensitivity by switching in a back-of-panel trimmer, also located in the high-gain amplifier.
Typical waveforms associated with the light pen are shown in Fig. 2. The intensification gate, Fig. 2A, is a 20-μsec pulse. Output of the P7 phosphor of the crt, as observed at the amplifier output, is shown in Fig. 2B. It is a rising exponential, increasing throughout the intensification period and, in fact, rising briefly after beam current is cut off. The amplifier output driving the Schmitt trigger and pulse former is shown in Figure 2C, signal being clipped by trigger input circuits. The trigger fires at approximately −2 volts, which is two-thirds the swing between clamps (Fig. 2D.).
**Pen Configuration**
The light pen assembly consists of a lens, a photodiode and a preamplifier mounted in an aluminum shell the size of a fountain pen. As shown in the exploded view, the device is easily disassembled for maintenance.
The lens increases the effective light-gathering area of the photodiode. It is a plastic light pipe, large in diameter at the front of the pen and necked down to match the diode aperture at the other end.
A photodiode for this application must have high sensitivity. Ideally it would have its peak spectral response in the blue region to respond to the flash from the crt, yet provide some rejection of white room light. Unfortunately, the only diodes now available are germanium and silicon types, which have peak responses in the infrared region. Early models of the pen used an extremely fast germanium diode. The speed of this diode proved unnecessary for the long (10- to 80-μsec) flashes used, so a commercial germanium diode of moderate speed was utilized in later models.
A preamplifier is incorporated to raise the signal level before it is fed over the coaxial lead to the main amplifier. The preamplifier is an emitter follower with special decoupling in its collector circuit so power and signal can be supplied simultaneously over a single coaxial cable (Figs. 3, 4). Collector current is kept low, 40 μa dc, to reduce transistor noise.
**Main Amplifier**
The main high-gain amplifier, input stage shown in Fig. 4, consists of four 2-transistor wide-band-amplifier modules. Each incorporates inverse feedback to hold current gain to a highly stable value of 21. Individual amplifier modules have pass bands of 5 cps to 5 mc at the −3 db points. Each module incorporates a breakdown-diode powersupply filter to make it possible to
run the high-gain amplifier from associated computer power supplies, which often are inadequately filtered for such low-level circuits.
Pass bands of the amplifier modules, originally designed with possible use in other video-amplifier applications in mind, are much wider than needed for the light-pen signal. The interstage coupling networks of the amplifier were designed to raise the lower cutoff frequency to 500 cps to provide some rejection of 120 cps room light picked up by the photodiode. A low-pass filter was added to lower the upper cutoff frequency to 80 kc to avoid sensitivity to stray electrical pickup.
The amplifier circuits, including the preamplifier, have a current gain of several million. Output of the last amplifier stage drives a Schmitt trigger requiring a 1-ma 2-v signal.
**Applications**
The light pen has many uses. For example, it can be used to write information into the computer. The computer program can display a matrix of dots on the crt. By pointing the pen at these dots the operator can write a pattern—perhaps a word or a circuit diagram—into the computer memory, where it can be used by the program. During the writing process the program can signal the operator that it has received the message to store any given dot by either erasing that dot from the displayed matrix or by intensifying it.
In another application the displayed dots can be used as so many pushbuttons to control a program in progress. Since the program may have control over auxiliary equipment this is tantamount to controlling the equipment itself from the display console.
**Simulates Typewriter**
In one case the auxiliary equipment controlled was the display itself. A program was written by John T. Gilmore, Jr., of Lincoln Laboratory to simulate a typewriter using only the crt display and light pen.
The program displayed a rectangular array of dots in the lower half of the crt screen. These were the typewriter keys. Pointing the light pen at any key caused the program to write the corresponding letter—actually a small array of dots arranged in the form of the letter—in a line near the top of the display. Successive letters were printed across the line, and a carriage-return key made it possible to print several lines. It was also possible for the operator to draw special symbols (by a dot matrix called for by one key) and to move them about the face of the crt. In this way patterns, such as circuit diagrams, could be drawn. An example of such a pattern is shown in the photographs.
The work reported in this article was performed by Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts, operated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with joint support of the U. S. Army, Navy and Air Force.
**References**
(1) D. E. Sawyer and R. H. Rediker, Narrow Base Germanium Photodiodes, *Proc IRE*, 46, p 1122, June 1958.
How Rings Aid Design
Retaining rings which satisfy many different fastening requirements are tabulated. Formulas aid in calculating design loads.
By HOWARD ROBERTS,
Manager of Engineering Services, Truarc Retaining Rings Division, Waldes Kohinoor, Inc., Long Island City, N. Y.
COMPONENT DESIGN may be simplified through the proper use of retaining rings. The number, size and weight, complexity of components in an assembly may be reduced. Thus rings are ideally suited to electronic applications where miniaturization and lower manufacturing costs are design objectives.
FASTENING REQUIREMENTS—Retaining rings satisfy a wide range of fastening requirements in electronic assemblies. Because stamped retaining rings are essentially hard tempered springs, their shearing strength and their thrust and impact capacity, is high. Most rings are seated in deep grooves which increase the fasteners' static and dynamic load capacities.
Self-locking rings, which do not require grooves, are useful for assemblies in which the ring will not be subjected to any sizable thrust, but rather must serve as a positioning or locking device. For some applications, rings are available in sizes to accommodate shafts as small as 0.040 in. in diam.
The rings are easy to assemble and disassemble with simple hand tools and often can be installed with mechanized equipment which eliminates threading, tapping, drilling and other costly and time-consuming machining operations. Accurate location of ring grooves, which usually can be cut simultaneously with other production processes, assures precise seating of components in the assembly, and minimizes binding or end-play.
Some of the most widely used standard rings are shown in Table I. Except for certain self-locking types, all rings are reusable following disassembly.
RING APPLICATIONS—Table II lists the materials from which most retaining rings are manufactured, together with their shear strength and temperature limits. In selecting rings for individual applications, a number of factors should be considered. Size, loading conditions, clearance and method of assembly and disassembly are most important when selection is made.
Formulas for calculating safe design loads are
### Design, Characteristics and Applications of Retaining Rings
| Type | Size Range (in) | Thrust Load<sup>a</sup> (lbs) | Materials<sup>b</sup> | Characteristics, Application |
|-----------------------|-----------------|-------------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------------|
| Locking Prong External| 3/32 to 7/16 | 80 to 700 | CS BC SS | Prongs prevent ring from being forced out of groove. Bowed construction provides spring tension for end-play take-up. Retains tuner shafts, other control devices in radios, TV sets, tape recorders, other instruments |
| Interlocking External | 15/32 to 3-3/8 | 2,000 to 43,500 | CS BC PB SS AL | Two-part ring designed to withstand high rpm's. Provides shoulder uniformly concentric with shaft. Used for retaining bearings in high-speed motors, applications in which parts rotate at varying speeds relative to ring |
| SELF-LOCKING RINGS | | | | |
| Circular External | 3/32 to 1 | 27 to 220 | CS BC SS | Push-on type fastener. Prongs lock ring on shaft against movement in one direction. Retains small sockets, hinge pins, linkages, other components which normally do not have to be removed for field servicing or maintenance |
| Circular Internal | 5/16 to 2 | 45 to 150 | CS BC SS | Used in bores and housings. Secure against movement in one direction. Holds caps in capacitors, similar applications where ring must function as positioning and locking device |
| Grip Ring External | 5/64 to 3/4 | 10 to 90 | CS BC PB SS | For ungrooved shafts, tubes, bosses, die-cast and plastic studs. Locks against movement from either direction. Adjustable after assembly and re-usable. Replaces set-screw collars, cotter pins. Ideal for components which must be removed for servicing, maintenance |
| Type | Size Range (in.) | Thrust Load<sup>a</sup> (lbs) | Materials<sup>b</sup> | Characteristics, Application |
|-----------------------|------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------------|
| Triangular External | 1/16 to 7/16 | 25 to 270 | CS BC | Dished body. Prongs lock against shaft under spring pressure. Accommodates moderate tolerances, heavy thrust loads. Holds laminates in position in transformers, also retains medallions and ornaments to chassis |
| Triangular Nut External| Thread Series 6-32 to 1/4-28 | | CS BC | Dished body flattens under torque. Eliminates need for lock washers. Secure against moderate impact, vibration. Used on control devices to hold screw settings |
**SPECIAL TYPES FOR ELECTRICAL USE**
| Type | Size Range (in.) | Thrust Load<sup>a</sup> (lbs) | Materials<sup>b</sup> | Characteristics, Application |
|-----------------------|------------------|-------------------------------|----------------------|--------------------------------|
| Terminal External | 31/32 | 3,200<sup>c</sup> | BC | Inner tab locks ring on shaft. Large tab serves as wire shoulder, contact or terminal |
| Coil Shoulder External| 5/16 to 1/2 | | BC | External ring used as coil shoulders. Elongated lugs serve as terminals; inner tab locks ring on tubular shaft |
| Detent Spring Internal| 1-1/16 | 5,000 | CS | Internal ring without lugs. Acts as precision detent spring. Notches facilitate assembly, disassembly |
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<sup>a</sup>—Pr. (See Table III on following page) Value for carbon spring steel rings, installed on shaft or in housing made of hardened steel, with properly mating parts
<sup>b</sup>—See Table II on following page
<sup>c</sup>—Value for beryllium copper ring
Rings are available in sizes to accommodate shafts as small as 0.040 in. diam. for some applications. The basic internal and external rings are ideal for applications in which the fasteners will be subjected to heavy thrust loads or high rotational speeds. It is necessary for the ring to take up end-play caused by accumulated tolerances or wear in the retaining parts, bowed or beveled rings should be considered. Beveled rings provide rigid end-play take-up. Beveled rings which are installed in grooves with a corresponding bevel of the load-bearing wall, act as a wedge to provide rigid take-up. Available finishes are given in Table II.
### Table II
**Materials and Finishes Used in Rings**
| Basic Material | Shear Strength (psi) | Temp. Limits (deg F) | Remarks |
|----------------|----------------------|----------------------|---------|
| Carbon Spring | 120,000 to 150,000 | −100 to 650 | 800–900 F, use 2/3 $P_r$<sup>a</sup> |
| Steel (CS) | | | 1,200 F, 3/10 $P_r$ |
| Beryllium Copper (BC) | 82,000 to 110,000 | −100 to 650 | 800–900 F, use 2/3 $P_r$ |
| Phosphor Bronze (PB) | 48,000 to 60,000 | −42 to 212 | Not recommended for use above 212 F |
| Stainless Steel (SS) | 120,000 to 150,000 | −100 to 900 | At 1,000–1,100 F use 2/3 $P_r$ |
| Aluminum (AL) | 38,000 | −100 to 650 | . . . . . . . . |
---
<sup>a</sup> Available in variety of protective or decorative finishes
<sup>b</sup> Varies according to ring size
<sup>c</sup> Varies according to ring style
<sup>d</sup> Allowable thrust load of ring (See Table III)
### Table III
**Formulas for Calculating Safe Design Loads**
| Definition of Terms | Type of Stress | Formula |
|---------------------|----------------|---------|
| $a$ — acceleration of parts (in/sec²) | Static thrust load on ring | $P_r = \frac{St\pi s_g}{F}$ |
| $d$ — groove depth (in) | Static thrust load on groove | $P_g = \frac{Sd\pi s_g}{F}$ |
| $E$ — modulus of elasticity of groove | Impact loading on ring | $I_r = \frac{P_r t}{2}$ |
| $f$ — frequency (cps) | Impact loading on groove | $I_g = \frac{P_r t}{2}$ |
| $F$ — safety factor<sup>a</sup> | Vibration loading on ring | $wa \leq 540 P_r$ |
| $h$ — largest section of ring (in) | Vibration loading on groove | $wa \leq 400 P_g$ |
| $I_g$ — allowable impact load on groove (lbs) | Harmonic oscillation for ring or groove | $\alpha \approx 40 \beta f^2$ |
| $I_r$ — allowable impact load on ring (in lbs) | Allowable thrust load on ring when retained part rotates relative to ring | $P_{rr} \leq \frac{s th^2}{\mu 18S}$ |
| $P_v$ — allowable static thrust load on groove (lbs) | Elastic deformation (temporary displacement of retained part under load) | $\delta = \frac{T}{Ed}$ |
| $P_r$ — allowable static thrust load on ring (lbs) | $\mu$ — coefficient of friction (dry parts 0.15–0.20) | $\rho$ — amplitude (in) |
| $P_{rr}$ — allowable rotating thrust load on ring exerted by adjacent part (lbs) | $\alpha$ — Varies with ring design and material. Value is 4 for basic steel internal and external rings. |
---
STANDARDS—Stamped retaining rings are covered by a number of Government and industry standards. These include Department of Defense Military Standards MS 16624 through MS 16634 and MIL-R-21248; and National Aircraft Standards NAS 669-670, which supercede NAS 50-51. The rings also have been assigned various Federal Stock Number Classifications. Figures 1 and 2 below illustrate the use of retaining rings on actual assemblies. Rings replace screws and shim washers, eliminate tapping of studs, reduce size and overall height of units.
 
**FIG. 1**—Knob assembly (A) uses circular self-locking ring to position and lock dial skirt on plastic knob shaft. Push-on type ring is installed without groove, accommodates tolerances of plastic parts to eliminate end play. Portable industrial X-ray unit (B) uses beveled external ring to lock end plate of transformer tube housing.
**FIG. 2**—Radially-assembled crescent ring locks threaded ferrule on potentiometer shaft. Low shoulder, uniformly concentric with shaft, provides clearance necessary for assembly of panel locknut. Ring may be removed easily and reused.
Low-Cost Active Radar For Miss-Distance Data
By servoing the sweep frequency of an f-m radar, the miss-distance of a missile can be found quickly and accurately
By WILLIAM H. DOTY, Director of Engineering, Electronic Specialty Company, Los Angeles, California.
Final evaluation of a missile weapon system must be made from live tests. This is particularly true for tests of the guidance system. The missile must be fired against operational targets to make sure it approaches them close enough to be effective. For a positive kill, the missile must enter a predetermined zone around the target. The extent of the kill zone is determined from the energy and type of warhead.
If the guidance system can bring the missile into the lethal zone a successful mission is accomplished. Because many of the targets are expensive, and must simulate as closely as possible the intended operational targets, they cannot economically be regarded as expendable. Live warheads are accordingly not used in the test missiles.
A successful close approach to the target is just as effective as a direct hit. Evaluation of the weapon system is therefore made without hitting the target, provided it can be determined how close the missile approaches. This is the function of the miss-distance indicator (mdi).
Miss-Distance
There are several methods of determining if the missile comes within lethal range of a target during a test. Most of these fall into three distinct groups: optical, radar with missile participation, and radar without missile participation. All of these methods can be ground-based or airborne. In addition, miss-distance can be found with radio methods by using a ring-around system between target and missile. All these methods have advantages and disadvantages and all have been applied to the specialized testing of different classes of vehicles.
One way of finding the miss-distance is to track both missile and drone. Then, by a long process of data reduction, compute the trajectories in x, y, and z, thus solving the equations for the closest approach of the trajectories in space and time. This is a laborious process and suffers from the serious disadvantage that at long ranges errors arise from poor angular resolution of the radar and its shaft digitizers. Errors result because sine-cosine information needed to convert from polar to cartesian range coordinates is usually obtained by low resolution potentiometer pickoffs. If digital pickoffs are used the computer load is very great when real time data is required. Hence this system suffers from the disadvantage of complex and expensive ground equipment and the
continued expense of data processing.
Optical range systems may be inherently more accurate than radar systems when tracking both missile and target drone at medium ranges but they are dependent on good weather conditions. They also require a laborious and time-consuming film reading process to determine azimuth, elevation and boresight error. The data must then be processed in a trajectory computer.
**Airborne Systems**
Airborne optical systems with photo instrumentation on the target craft also suffer from data reduction delays. The film must be processed and read on specialized readers before the data can be interpreted. This system has, however, the great advantage that it can easily show explosion point by the flashing of a light on the missile. Also, the system is inexpensive in hardware. A typical optical system, for example, may require about $200 worth of equipment in the drone and about $20 in the missile. The main cost of this type of mdi goes into ground equipment and the continued labor of data processing. For an extensive test program, data processing costs can be high.
Feedback time for test results is an important factor in missile system development. Everything possible is done to reduce this time. Accordingly, any system which produces data immediately is highly desirable.
Several airborne electronic systems approach this ideal. One type of system relies on the Doppler effect. A c-w signal is radiated from the drone, reflected from the missile and received back at the drone where the receiver looks at the Doppler shift. Frequency shift caused by the relative motions of target and missile becomes zero at the instant the missile stops approaching the drone and starts to pull away from it.
To interpret the Doppler data it is necessary to match curves previously calculated for speed and miss distance. This is a time consuming process which does not lend itself readily to rapid data processing. Consequently the main disadvantage of the Doppler system is the volume of data reduction required. A Doppler system is also expensive, especially if it uses a transponder in the missile. Equipment for the drone is in the region of $10,000 and there is the continued cost of data processing.
Any mdi which requires equipment within the missile is at a disadvantage. The missile-borne equipment is expensive and can only be used once. While drone equipment can be used for several tests, missile equipment is usually destroyed. Furthermore, it is not always convenient to put equipment in the missile because of space and weight limitations. This is especially true for small air-to-air missiles and projectiles.
**New Indicator**
A new mdi system has recently been developed and is shown in the photographs. The new unit requires no equipment in the missile, requires no ground equipment, needs negligible data processing and avoids the use of a telemetry link. Cost is about $2,000 for installation in a drone.
The system was designed to combine the best features of pulse and Doppler radars without suffering their usual disadvantages. It is an active radar system completely contained within the target vehicle.
Since all the electronics are contained within the target vehicle, no transponders or other equipment is required on the missile. Further, no modifications of the missile are needed.
Figure 1 is a block diagram of the system. It is essentially a conventional f-m/c-w radar except for one feature. The receiver output is fed...
into a sawtooth generator for the continuous adjustment of the transmitter sweep frequency. The sweep period is directly related to miss-distance and, without any drift or calibration errors which occur in a telemetering system, miss-distance can be read out directly at a ground station.
**Drone Receiver**
The drone receiver gets a small signal directly from the transmitter and a reflected signal from the missile. But the transmitter frequency is being varied by the sawtooth generator. Since the signal reflected from the missile is delayed in time, it is therefore at a different frequency than the direct signal. The difference frequency is a function of the sweep rate and the distance of the missile from the transmitter. It can be seen that if the difference frequency is held constant by varying the sweep rate, then the sweep rate is a measure of the distance between missile and target.
The two signals appearing at the receiver input are shown in Fig. 2. The preset difference or beat frequency is illustrated by the length of line $A-B$ and the total sweep band is illustrated by the height of the sawtooth wave. As the missile approaches the target the delay period between transmitted and reflected signals becomes smaller and the sweep frequency must be increased correspondingly to hold the preset beat frequency constant. This is illustrated by the increased slope of the second waveform in Fig. 2.
**Difference Frequency**
The constant difference frequency is selected with attention to the range required of the mdi. For a range of 1,000 feet, for example, a frequency of 8 kc can be chosen. The received signals are passed to a discriminator which is set for 8 kc. If the beat note produced by the reflected signal and the direct signal is 8 kc, there is no output from the discriminator. However, if the beat note differs from 8 kc, the output from the discriminator is proportional to this difference.
The discriminator output is applied through an amplifier to the sawtooth generator to change the slope of the sawtooth by varying the sweep at a constant frequency deviation. The slope is changed so as to bring the beat note back to 8 kc. When the sweep frequency is greatest, the deviation period is least, and the missile makes its closest approach to the target. The actual value of the sweep frequency at this time therefore represents the miss-distance.
A ground station can receive the signal from the drone and rapidly determine when the closest approach took place and how far the missile was from the target. Ground reception requires an L-band f-m receiver tuned to the mdi transmitter. Its output can be displayed the 2,200- to 2,300-mc band for future use. A typical frequency deviation used is 5 mc, at a sweep rate of 6.3 kc. The receiver is a superhet whose local oscillator signal is the transmitter leakage. The received r-f signal is amplified and passed to the discriminator.
The system weighs 16 pounds and occupies 600 cubic inches. It can be used at closing speeds between zero and Mach 10 and at altitudes up to 100,000 feet. Its scoring range is normally 1,000 feet.
Continued demand for reduced lead time in the development of weapon systems calls for an absolute minimum of elapsed time between a missile test and the availability of test reports to the pilots and ground firing crews.
With transmitters of different power, the same basic system can be used at ranges up to 1,000 feet on a radar target area of two square feet. Actual miss-distance is immediately available at the monitor station, which uses a simple receiver tuned to the mdi transmitter. The monitor station can be ground based or airborne, depending on the requirements of the test. Thus a telemetering link is not needed for the transmission of data.
New Figure of Merit
Range determination in infrared systems is aided by using the quantity $Q$. Knowing the value of $Q$ for the given conditions permits using a nomograph to solve for the unknown parameter. Tables of $Q$ values are available.
By CHARLES S. WILLIAMS and JEROME J. REDMANN, Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, Texas
Computing the maximum effective range the required area of the optical entrance pupil or the signal-to-noise ratio available at the cell output of an ir (infrared) detecting system, can be simplified by use of a nomograph. Before a nomograph can be constructed, a useful range equation must be developed. This equation will be derived and then simplified by an approximation and a graphical integration.
Figure 1 illustrates the geometry that determines the amount of radiation received by the optical system. The energy radiated per second from the source to the optical system is proportional to the area of the source, $a$, and to the solid angle subtended by the optical entrance pupil from an element of area on the source. The solid angle is the area of the entrance pupil, $A$, divided by the square of the distance, $R$. This is true if the optical system is a large distance from the source compared to the diameter of the entrance pupil.
If we consider an element of area on the source, the power radiated from the element into a hemisphere is given by Planck's radiation law, and $J(\lambda, T)$ expresses this radiation in watts per square centimeter per 0.1 micron zone of the spectrum. Dividing $J(\lambda, T)$ by $\pi$ gives the radiation in a unit solid angle.
Neglecting the effects of transmission through the atmosphere and the optical system, the power at each wavelength, $P(\lambda)$, received by the optical system is
$$P(\lambda) = \frac{\alpha A}{R^2} \frac{J(\lambda, T)}{\pi} \text{ in watts.} \quad (1)$$
Notice that in going to the detector cell from the source, the radiant energy must pass through the atmosphere and be attenuated at each wavelength. This energy must also pass through an optical system, and be further attenuated by the optical elements before reaching the detector cell. Transmission by the atmosphere, as a fraction of the energy that would be transmitted through the same path length of empty space, is $\tau(\lambda)$. The fraction of radiant energy that passes through the optical system is expressed as $E(\lambda)$. Considering transmission of atmosphere and optical elements, the power reaching the cell, as a function of wavelength is
$$P(\lambda) = \frac{\alpha A}{\pi} \frac{\tau(\lambda) E(\lambda) J(\lambda, T)}{R^2} \quad (2)$$
The cell does not respond equally well to energy at different wavelengths so that $P(\lambda)$ should be weighted at each wavelength. The weighting function is $S(\lambda)$, the relative spectral response of the cell. The weighting function is defined so that a watt of monochromatic energy at the wavelength $\lambda$ is $S(\lambda)$ times as effective in producing a signal.
Table I—Part of Typical Q-Value Table
| CELL No. 7 | NEP = $2.2 \times 10^{-10}$ | AREA = 3.5 mm² |
|------------|-----------------------------|----------------|
| Path | Target Temp K | 100% Optical Trans | Two Element Silicon Optics | One Element Sapphire Optics | 3μ LWP Filter | Silicon and 3μ Filter | Sapphire and 3μ Filter |
| 3.4 Mile Path With 13.7 mm Water | 300 | 1 61 9 | 1 40 9 | 1 31 9 | 1 61 9 | 1 10 9 | 1 30 9 |
| | 301 | 1 65 9 | 1 43 9 | 1 34 9 | 1 64 9 | 1 13 9 | 1 33 9 |
| | 350 | 7 72 9 | 6 51 9 | 6 34 9 | 7 64 9 | 6 17 9 | 6 27 9 |
| | 450 | 6 56 10 | 5 23 10 | 5 47 10 | 6 34 10 | 5 14 10 | 5 28 10 |
| | 500 | 1 41 11 | 1 10 11 | 1 18 11 | 1 35 11 | 1 07 11 | 1 13 11 |
| | 550 | 2 72 11 | 2 07 11 | 2 29 11 | 2 55 11 | 2 00 11 | 2 15 11 |
| | 650 | 7 71 11 | 5 01 11 | 6 54 11 | 6 90 11 | 5 28 11 | 5 84 11 |
| | 750 | 1 70 12 | 1 19 12 | 1 45 12 | 1 44 12 | 1 08 12 | 1 22 12 |
Example: Read 1 61 9 as $1.61 \times 10^6$ Ft$^{-2}$
For Finding Infrared Range
as a watt of energy at the wavelength at which the spectral response is normalized. The ratio of Jones' $S$ plotted as a function of $\lambda$ may be used as the spectral response. Then the effective power weighted with respect to power at $\lambda_w$, received at the wavelength $\lambda$ is $P_w(\lambda)$.
$$P_w(\lambda) = \frac{\alpha A}{\pi} \frac{\tau(\lambda)E(\lambda)S(\lambda)J(\lambda,T)}{R^2}$$ \hspace{1cm} (3)
**Optical Efficiency**
The optical efficiency $\eta$ is used to account for any obscuration and loss of stray rays and represents the fraction of the energy intercepted by the optical system which reaches the cell when $E(\lambda)$ is one. The equation for the weighted power becomes
$$P_w(\lambda) = \frac{\alpha A \eta}{\pi} \frac{\tau(\lambda)E(\lambda)S(\lambda)J(\lambda,T)}{R^2}$$ \hspace{1cm} (4)
Total weighted power received by the cell is obtained by integrating with respect to wavelength.
$$P_w = \int_0^\infty P_w(\lambda) d\lambda = \frac{\alpha A \eta}{\pi} \times \int_0^\infty \tau(\lambda) E(\lambda)S(\lambda)J(\lambda,T) d\lambda$$ \hspace{1cm} (5)
Next, an expression for the minimum power at $\lambda_m$, which when incident upon the cell will cause the detecting system to recognize it as signal in the presence of noise, will be set up. This recognition occurs at some minimum signal-to-noise ratio, $C$. Let $B$ be that power, called noise equivalent power, which, when received by a cell, produces a signal equal to the noise.
If the limiting noise for the system is cell noise, the minimum power is the NEP (Noise Equivalent Power) of the cell. The NEP's for many cells have been measured under standard testing conditions, and the NEP must be modified when the cell is used under different conditions. This is not easy because the relationships between NEP and chopping frequency and area may not be known precisely.
If the limiting noise is some other noise, such as amplifier or radiation noise, it must be expressed in terms of an amount of power incident upon the cell that would produce a signal equal to the noise.
The term $NEP_m$ is used to represent the noise equivalent power as measured using monochromatic radiation to distinguish from NEP as used for the noise equivalent power when using 500 K black body radiation.
Measurement of $NEP_m$ is made at $\lambda_m$. The product of $B$ and $C$ is the desired expression for the minimum detectable signal. Equating the minimum detectable signal to the weighted power as received by the cell, we have
$$CB = \frac{\alpha A \eta}{\pi} \times \int_0^\infty \tau(\lambda) E(\lambda)S(\lambda)J(\lambda,T) d\lambda$$ \hspace{1cm} (6)
The usefulness of Eq. 6 is limited by the difficulty in evaluating the integral. A simplified equation would be very useful for general application to infrared detecting systems. Unfortunately, the reduction to a simple, useful form requires some procedures which may not be entirely satisfying mathematically. The procedure discussed in the following paragraphs is one method of simplification, and the result is generally useful so long as the user understands the approximations involved and exercises due precautions regarding its limitations.
**Simplification**
For a given atmosphere, $\tau(\lambda)$ is a function of the distance through which the infrared energy must be transmitted because it is related to the number of triatomic molecules between the target and the detector. The atmospheric molecules that absorb infrared are: $H_2O$, $HDO$, $N_2O$, $O_3$, and $CO_2$ of both isotopes of carbon, $C^{13}$ and $C^{12}$.
In addition to being a function of $R$, $\tau(\lambda)$ is a function of the atmospheric pressure and the partial pressure of each gas to which absorption is due. It is approximately correct that $\tau(\lambda)$ depends upon the total number of absorbing molecules of each kind in the transmission path and does not depend upon the distribution of the molecules along the path.
The attenuation due to water vapor is so great that it is also approximately correct that the transmission may be expressed as a function of the amount of precipitable water vapor in the path rather than the distance between source and the detector. By considering $\tau(\lambda)$ a function of the amount of precipitable water, we may remove $R$ from under the integral sign.
In using this approximation, a precaution must be observed regarding admissible values of $R$. A value of $R$ used in the equation or a value of $R$ determined by the equation, must be compatible with the atmospheric transmisELECTRONICS REFERENCE SHEET
The integral is evaluated by a graphical integration.
\[ \int_0^\infty \tau(\lambda) E(\lambda) S(\lambda) J(\lambda) d\lambda = \sum_{i=1}^{66} \tau(y_i) E(y_i) S(y_i) J(y_i) \] (7)
At \( i = 1 \): \( y_1 = y_i = 1.1 \) microns
\( y = y_{(i-1)} + 0.2 \) microns
\( \tau(y_i), E(y_i), S(y_i), \) and \( J(y_i) \)
Table II Nomograph Instructions
| Connect With Straightedge | Note Where Straightedge Crosses |
|---------------------------|----------------------------------|
| To Find \( R \): | \( A\alpha \) line |
| 1. \( A \) and \( \alpha \)| \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) line |
| 2. \( A\alpha \) and \( \Delta Q \)| \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) line |
| 3. \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) and \( \beta \)| \( R \) scale. Answer |
| To Find \( \Lambda \): | \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) line |
| 1. \( R \) and \( \beta \) | \( A\alpha \) line |
| 2. \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) and \( \Delta Q \)| \( A\alpha \) line |
| 3. \( A\alpha \) and \( \alpha \)| \( A \) scale. Answer |
| To Find \( \alpha \): | \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) line |
| 1. \( R \) and \( \beta \) | \( A\alpha \) line |
| 2. \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) and \( \Delta Q \)| \( A\alpha \) line |
| 3. \( A\alpha \) and \( A \)| \( \alpha \) scale. Answer |
| To Find \( \beta \): | \( A\alpha \) line |
| 1. \( A \) and \( \alpha \)| \( A\alpha \) line |
| 2. \( A\alpha \) and \( \Delta Q \)| \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) line |
| 3. \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) and \( R \)| \( \beta \) scale. Answer |
| To Find \( \Delta Q \): | \( A\alpha \) line |
| 1. \( A \) and \( \alpha \)| \( A\alpha \) line |
| 2. \( R \) and \( \beta \) | \( A\alpha \Delta Q \) line |
| 3. \( A\alpha \) and \( A\alpha \Delta Q \)| \( \Delta Q \) scale. Answer |
Definitions and Units
\( \alpha = IR \) source or target area in sq ft.
\( R = \) Range (Distance from source to detector) in ft.
\( \Delta Q = Q \)-value increment (see text) in It.\(^{-2}\)
\( \beta = \) Signal-to-noise ratio of detector output.
\( A = \) Area of entrance pupil detecting system in sq ft.
are the average values of the variables in the 0.2 micron region about the wavelength \( y_i \). A quantity \( Q \) is defined as:
\[ Q = \frac{18.59 \times 10^2}{\pi} \sum_{i=1}^{66} \frac{\tau(y_i) E(y_i) S(y_i) J(y_i)}{NEP_m} \] (8)
Substitution of \( Q \) into the range equation gives
\[ CR^2 = a.1 \eta Q \] (9)
The constant in Eq. 8 is chosen so that \( R \) and \( A \) in Eq. 9 may be in ft and sq ft, respectively.
Quantity \( Q \)
The quantity \( Q \) is a function of the radiant emittance of the target, the atmospheric transmission of radiation from the target, the transmission properties of the optical system including filters and the spectral response and NEP of the cell. Typical spectral response curves are shown in Fig. 2. Tabulations of \( Q \) values for various cells and optics are available. Table I shows part of a typical tabulation. Complete tables for 19 cells have been published in The Proceedings of IRIS, a classified journal, and can be obtained from Texas Instruments Inc., Dallas, Texas.
By defining the \( Q \)-value increment, \( \Delta Q \), as the \( Q \) of the target minus the \( Q \) of the background and \( \beta \) as the signal-to-noise ratio of the detector output, Eq. 9 can be expressed as:
\[ \beta R^2 = A\alpha \Delta Q \quad \text{when} \quad \eta = 1. \] (10)
The nomograph of Fig. 3 expresses graphically the relationship indicated in Eq. 10. Use of this nomograph allows solving for any one of the five variables when the other four are known.
For low temperature targets, \( \Delta Q \) may be negative. In this case the instrument detects the target as a cold object, if the target is nearer the detector than the radiating background.
Unique problems arise when the cold body is viewed through aircraft exhaust gases (as in tail-
FIG. 2—Typical spectral response curves warning infrared). These problems and their solutions are not discussed in this article.
In calculating \( Q \)-values, targets were assumed to radiate as black bodies. If the target radiates as a grey body, \( Q \)-value should be multiplied by emissivity \( \epsilon \) of the target. If the target exhibits a significant departure from black-body spectral radiance, the engineer should estimate the effects of the departure and multiply \( Q \)-value by a compensating fraction. Where \( \eta \) is not unity, \( \Delta Q \) must be multiplied by \( \pi \).
To read the \( Q \)-value from tables estimate the distance \( R \), or make a trial computation to find an approximate \( R \). Estimate the atmospheric condition with respect to humidity and estimate \( R \) large for a dry atmosphere or where the entire atmospheric path is more than 10,000 ft in altitude. Estimate \( R \) smaller for damp, humid conditions.
For example, (See Table I), if 5 miles is a very rough guess for a sea-level transmission path, use the 3.4 miles path. With the target at 650 K and using a two-element silicon lens, the \( Q \)-value for cell No. 7 is \( 5.61 \times 10^{11} \).
The user of a cell having a response curve the same as cell No. 7 but having a different NEP (identified as NEP') would find the \( Q \)-value for his cell, \( Q' \), by
A NEW ALL MOLDED OCTAL SOCKET by CINCH
This new all molded Octal socket offers a complete one piece construction. The saddle and body are a single casting.
The standard socket is molded of general purpose Bakelite. Contacts are of brass, cadmium plated. Mica insulation with brass or phosphor bronze contacts can be made available.
Two contact layouts can be supplied as shown below:
Cinch Electronic Components
Cinch Manufacturing Company
1026 South Homan Ave., Chicago 24, Illinois
Division of United-Carr Fastener Corporation, Boston, Mass.
Centrally located plants at Chicago, Illinois, Shelbyville, Indiana, La Puente, California and St. Louis, Missouri.
multiplying the known $Q$-value by the ratio of the NEP's:
$$Q' = \frac{2.2 \times 10^{-10} \times 5.61 \times 10^{11}}{\text{NEP}}$$
**Typical Solution**
Problem: Solve for range $R$ when the entrance pupil area $A$ is 0.25 ft², the target size is 2 ft, the target $Q$-value is $6.55 \times 10^{10}$, the background $Q$-value is $1.55 \times 10^{10}$, and the required $\beta$ is 10. Refer to Fig. 3.
Step 1: Locate 0.25 on $A$ and 2 on $a$. Place a straightedge connecting these points, and note where the straightedge crosses $A_a$ (point 1).
Step 2: Locate the value of $\Delta Q$, $5.0 \times 10^{10}$ on $\Delta Q$ and place a straightedge connecting this point and point 1 on $A_a$ line. Note where the straightedge crosses $A_a \Delta Q$ (point 2).
Step 3: Locate 10 on $\beta$, and place a straightedge connecting this point and point 2 on $A_a \Delta Q$. The range is read at the point where the straightedge crosses $R$, namely $5 \times 10^4$ ft (point 3).
**FIG. 3—Using this nomograph and Table II makes it possible to solve for unknowns in range equation. Column labeled $d$ gives diameter in inches of lens having area $A$**
DELCO RADIO ANNOUNCES REDUCED PRICES ON POWER TRANSISTORS
Effective November 1, Delco Radio's line of high quality, high reliability power transistors is now being offered at prices reduced as much as 34% in production quantities.
Lower prices are possible at this time as a result of new manufacturing techniques, design improvements, and increased production.
Delco Radio's power transistors have established enviable records for performance and reliability in virtually limitless applications. The new prices reflect Delco Radio's policy of offering products of the highest quality and performance at the lowest possible price.
These reduced prices will now permit many additional applications where transistor cost has been a limiting factor. Contact your Delco Radio representative for details and for applications assistance.
DIVISION OF GENERAL MOTORS
KOKOMO, INDIANA
BRANCH OFFICES
Newark, New Jersey
1180 Raymond Boulevard
Tel: Mitchell 2-6165
Chicago, Illinois
5750 West 51st Street
Tel: Portsmouth 7-3500
Santa Monica, California
726 Santa Monica Boulevard
Tel: Exbrook 3-1465
Recognition System Reads Ten Words
Handwriting reader has been invented at Bell Telephone Laboratories. It has a ten-word vocabulary—zero through nine, spelled out. The device demonstrates methods that might be applied in machines designed to read a wider variety of material.
Reading machines could be valuable in business or industry where information must be translated into machine language by punched cards, tape, or by pressing adding machine or typewriter keys.
To use the reader, the writer moves a metal stylus over a special surface just as if he were writing with a pen. When he touches an identify button with the stylus, a light appears beside the numeral corresponding to the word he has just written.
The device reads cursive script—connected handwritten material—despite variations in individual style. It reads by entire words rather than letter-by-letter. It picks out features of the overall shape of the word, such as word length, dotting of the letter i, and number and position of vertically extended letters like h and g.
FIG. 1—Ten-word reader was 97 percent accurate in test of 1,000 words written by 20 persons
The user must write within limits on the special surface. He must not print words nor lift the stylus between letters. He must dot the letter i. Despite these requirements, the machine was 97 percent accurate in a test of 1,000 words written by 20 persons.
Fifteen horizontal metal strips alternately sandwiched between strips of insulation form the surface. The wired stylus makes contact with the metal bars, two of which are made of brass. The brass conductors enclose the middle third of the writing space, in which small letters such as e or n are written. Vertically extended letters like t and g are carried beyond the brass conductors.
The middle bar is connected to a counter that provides horizontal location of features. If a feature comes before the stylus has crossed the middle bar six times, the feature is considered to be in the left portion of the word; if later, it is in the center or right portion.
A logic circuit examines each word for six features. They are lower vertical extension within left portion, lower extension in middle or right portion, upper extension in left portion, presence of more than one upper left extension, more than nine crossings of middle bar and a dotted i. The dotted i is detected when the stylus is lifted from the center portion to the upper portion at the end of a word.
As examples, zero is identified by a lower left extension, four upper and lower left extensions and seven more than nine crossings.
Theoretically, four separate tests are sufficient to identify ten words. Because of the great variation in writing styles, a practical recognition system should include some redundancy. This system therefore has two extra tests.
Low Silhouette Antenna
Retarded wave surface antenna with high gain and low silhouette was developed by Chance Vought Electronics Division for use in airborne early warning radar as well as ground based and shipboard radars. One-sixth scale model of 35-ft retarded surface wave antenna is shown.
Air Traffic Control System Developed
Development of an air traffic control has been announced by Lockheed. It would automatically and continuously tell ground controllers the location, identity and altitude of all aircraft over the country.
The Lockheed Tracking and Control System (LOCTRACS) is said to be less costly and more versatile and to give more thorough coverage than previously developed systems. The Federal Aviation Agency is
Tung-Sol 5687 contributes to the prime reliability of the IBM 709 Data Processing System!
The IBM 709 Data Processing system counts on unfaltering dependability from over 500 Tung-Sol 5687 Twin Triodes — approximately 340 5687's are found in the Arithmetic and Logic unit; the remainder in the Magnetic Drum Storage unit.
Because the Tung-Sol 5687 offers excellent power handling ability, the IBM 709 employs it largely in power follower circuits to supply high current requirements...in driving lines with high capacity loading. Frequent 200 millimicrosecond pulses make the latter a key job in the 709. Other special-circuit uses of the 5687 include: master oscillator, pulse shaping inverters, magnetic drum write head drivers, relay drivers and single-shot multivibrators.
5687 performance points up the reliability you'll find characterizes Tung-Sol tubes and semiconductors. It gives designers in-use testimony that lets them specify Tung-Sol for critical sockets with complete assurance of full-life trustworthiness. For full technical information on the Tung-Sol 5687, or other Tung-Sol tubes or semiconductors, contact: Tung-Sol Electric Inc., Newark 4, New Jersey. TWX:NK193
CIRCLE 101 ON READER SERVICE CARD
currently evaluating the system concept.
**System Operation**
The country would be divided into square sectors 70 to 100 miles on a side. Each sector would be provided with four fixed receiving antennas and a microwave link or cables for transmitting data to a centrally located point.
Lightweight transmitters installed in all aircraft would transmit encoded information identifying the aircraft and its altitude. Bandwidth would be about 2 mc. All transmitters would operate on the same frequency.
Ground acquisition equipment would be used in conjunction with air traffic control computer equipment. It would pinpoint each aircraft in the stipulated geographical sector 600 times per minute.
Pulses transmitted by the aircraft in all directions would be received by the four ground-based receivers in each sector. The received pulses would be relayed by microwave relay link or cables to a surveillance center. The four pulse trains would be passed through fixed delay lines to compensate inequalities in transmission distance.
The geographic sectors are subdivided into square surveillance elements from one-sixth to one mile on a side. Coincidence detectors determine over which element an aircraft is located. This is accomplished by entering each of the four pulse trains into one of four digital delay lines. Each delay line is provided with taps placed at one-microsecond intervals. A given combination of taps is used to bring the four pulses into time coincidence.
The pulses arrive simultaneously on all four inputs to a coincidence detector that represents a particular surveillance element. A corresponding display light is activated and a data pulse is supplied to the data readout.
**Equipment Requirements**
An effective nationwide system could be achieved with 630 large sectors and an additional 70 smaller ones (25 to 30 miles per side) located at terminals of air routes for detection of aircraft in more congested locations.
It is estimated that 33 digital
ANOTHER STEP TOWARD SPACE COMMUNICATIONS
The above antenna is part of a new ultra-sensitive radio receiving system under development at Bell Telephone Laboratories. It has extraordinary directivity. Beamed skyward, it ignores radio "noise" from the earth, yet picks up extremely weak signals from outer space.
The signals are amplified by the latest Bell Laboratories "maser" amplifier. The maser principle was first demonstrated, using gas, by Prof. C. H. Townes and his collaborators at Columbia University. Bell Laboratories scientists applied it to the solid state guided by a theoretical proposal of Prof. N. Bloembergen of Harvard University. Their latest traveling wave maser amplifier employs a ruby mounted in a waveguide. The ruby is excited to store energy. As signals pass through, they absorb this energy and are thus amplified.
The device uniquely combines the characteristics needed for practical space communication: extremely low inherent noise and the ability to amplify a broad frequency band.
At present the receiving system is being used to pick up and measure minute radio noise generated by the atmosphere. It also foreshadows important advances in long distance communications. For example, it could extend the range of space-probe telemetering systems, could help make possible the transatlantic transmission of telephone and TV signals by bouncing them off balloon satellites—and has numerous applications in radio astronomy and radar.
This pioneer development in radio reception is one more example of the role Bell Laboratories plays in the pursuit of better communications technology.
computers would be used in a nationwide system. Thirty-six sectors with associated equipment would be tied into each computer.
**Flexibility Is Design Aim of New Accelerator**
Preliminary engineering design studies on a multiparticle variable-energy cyclotron have been completed by scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Technicians of Catalytic Engineer Constructors, prime contractor, have moved into a second research and development phase where final design work will be completed. Catalytic has used results of earlier studies performed in 1957 by the ORNL staff on a 48-inch cyclotron concept, since then abandoned in favor of the more advanced machine.
**Versatility**
The new design incorporates an azimuthally varying magnetic field and variable-frequency resonant and oscillator system in place of conventional fixed-frequency system of the original 48-inch design.
Key feature of the machine will be its versatility. Based on analog studies it will surpass existing ones in strength of beam and in accelerating a variety of particles over a wide range of energies.
According to an AEC headquarters physicist the cyclotron will be able to handle particles of hydrogen, helium, lithium and of elements as heavy in the periodic table as oxygen. Energy ranges of the machine are: proton, 75 mev; deuteron, 40 mev; and heavy ions, 1 to 100 mev.
Existing cyclotrons can attain greater energy ranges but they contrast to the multiparticle cyclotron in being frozen to one function, such as accelerating a given particle to a given energy.
The Oak Ridge cyclotron would furnish assistance to a score of present studies going on in the fields of nuclear reactions, radioisotope production, fast neutron behavior, nuclear chemistry and radiation damage from a health physics point of view.
New Static Voltage Control
For reliable automatic voltage control of critical loads
New General Electric Sta-Vo-Trol regulator gives you maintenance-free, automatic, static voltage control using unique rate feedback and industry-proven zener diode sensing.
Static components eliminate tubes, brushes, and other moving parts.
Sta-Vo-Trol regulators assure you reliable, constant voltage—regardless of line or load fluctuation—giving optimum performance of critical military and commercial electronic equipment.
**Sta-Vo-Trol REGULATOR SPECIFICATIONS:**
- Rating: 1 Kva output, 0 to 8.5 amperes, single phase, 60 cycles ±5%
- Input range: 95 to 135 volts
- Output range: 115 volts normal, 110 to 120 adjustable
- Accuracy: ±0.25% bandwidth†
- Response time: 6 to 12 cycles‡
- Load power factor range: 0.5 lagging to unity
- Wave-form distortion: 3%
† ±0.25% bandwidth for any line and load changes at constant power factor; ±0.5% bandwidth for any change in load power factor.
‡ 6 to 12 cycles for 63% correction after ordinary line and/or load changes; up to 30 cycles for complete correction.
**NET PRICE—$475**
(type SLR-1000)
World-wide General Electric application and service facilities are available to you. For more information about the benefits of specifying G-E Sta-Vo-Trol voltage regulators for your application, write to Section 425-25, General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
*Trademark of General Electric Company for static voltage regulators.
Progress Is Our Most Important Product
GENERAL ELECTRIC
High-Frequency Microwave Generator
By K. A. STEELE, Radio & Electrical Engineering Division, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada
Low power klystrons, suitable for microwave test sets, are at present considerably more expensive for frequencies above X-band than for X-band and lower frequencies. Also, at high microwave frequencies, transmission from source to load becomes an increasingly more difficult problem if low attenuation and stability are important. Rigid waveguide is often inconvenient for field-test setups for checking equipment performance.
**Overcoming Drawbacks**
This frequency multiplier mount was designed to overcome these drawbacks and provide a Ku-band test signal when available sources are too expensive or when no primary source exists at the desired frequency. This crystal harmonic generator for the 7 kmc to 14 kmc band can obtain a milliwatt of second harmonic peak pulse power with a type 2K26 klystron source and a 1N78 crystal diode as the nonlinear element in the multiplier.
A short length of flexible coaxial line may be used to transmit 7 kmc energy to a harmonic generator connected directly to the equipment under test. A six foot length of RG-55/U cable, for example, has about 3 db attenuation at 7 kmc/s and is stable to within about ±½ db when flexed.
The mount shown in the photo is designed for second harmonic output over the frequency range from 12,500 kc to 14,500 mc. Type 2K26 and 5726 klystrons have been used as the source of fundamental power. An adjustable shorted stub is connected to the input transmission line for tuning the mount. A low pass filter is also incorporated in the input to the mount to reduce the amount of harmonic power transmitted into the input line. The presence of the filter results in an increase in harmonic output of the order of 10 db. The cut-off frequency of the filter is 7,300 mc.
**Adjustable Stub**
A schematic representation of the multiplier mount showing the important electrical dimensions is shown on Fig. 1. When the shorted stub line is a half wavelength long for the Ku-band frequency, it will be a quarter wavelength long at the fundamental frequency. The stub then has little effect on the input frequency transmitted to the mount through the low pass filter, but provides a short circuit to the second harmonic at the waveguide end of the input coaxial line.
The non-linear element of the harmonic generator is a mixer type crystal diode. Type 1N26 and 1N78 diodes have been used. Measurements on a limited number of diodes indicated approximately the same performance for both types. Peak pulse input power of 20 db above 1 milliwatt (1 microsec pulse at 1,000 prf) has been used with no evidence of diode deterioration. The multiplier mount has never been used with cw input.
The results of conversion loss...
utmost in performance
TYPE 33M
MOLDED mylar* CAPACITOR
applications: computers · instrumentation · test equipment
filter networks · transistor circuitry · amplifiers
Sangamo Type 33M molded mylar* capacitors combine the excellent electrical performance characteristics of mylar* dielectric material with a molded case of high moisture resistant thermosetting plastic.
Temperature Range: "The Type 33M is designed to operate over the temperature range of —55°C. to +85°C. Satisfactory performance at 125°C. can be obtained by derating the voltage to 50% of the 85°C. value."
Dissipation Factor: The dissipation factor of the Type 33M capacitor does not exceed 1% at normal equipment operating temperature over the complete audio frequency range.
Tolerances: Available in capacitance tolerance values of ±5%, ±10%, ±20%.
Life Test: These units will withstand a life test of 250 hours at 125% of rated voltage at 85°C. Life tests at 125°C. should be made at 125% of the derated voltage.
Dielectric Absorption: Dielectric absorption of Type 33M capacitors is less than half that of oil impregnated paper capacitors.
Moisture Resistance: Type 33M capacitors will successfully withstand the moisture resistance tests specified in Spec. MIL-C-91A.
Insulation Resistance: The insulation resistance of these capacitors will exceed 5,000 meg/mfd. over the normal operating temperature range.
*Write for engineering bulletin TSC-206A
*DuPont's trademark for polyester film.
SANGAMO ELECTRIC COMPANY
SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS
CIRCLE 107 ON READER SERVICE CARD 107
For more reliable soldering and less down time by skilled or unskilled workers
NEW Weller SOLDERING IRONS with built-in MAGNASTAT temperature control
...automatically maintains correct soldering temperature
Here from Weller, long-time leader in the soldering field—a precision soldering tool with built-in temperature control. Never overheats. Proper soldering temperature automatically remains constant. This means less tip redressing—less down time—and more reliable soldering by all production employees. Plus these other advantages:
- Only 1/2 the weight of uncontrolled irons—reduces operator fatigue
- Saves current when idling—reduces tip maintenance
- Cool handle even under constant load—increases the comfort of production worker
- Cord plugs into handle—speeds up cord repairs
- All structural parts are made of stainless steel—insures longer tool life
- Precise heat controlled at proper soldering temperature—eliminates "peaks" and lows
SENSING DEVICE IS IN THE TIP... fully protected by a sheath of stainless steel. Tip is tapered for heat efficiency and premium-plated for long life.
4 models available in 4 different wattages
MODEL TC-40—40 watts. For printed circuits. $9.00 list
MODEL TC-55—55 watts. Pencil type. $9.00 list
MODEL TC-60—60 watts. For medium electrical soldering. $10.00 list
MODEL TC-120—120 watts. For heavy electrical soldering. $11.50 list
ALL MODELS HAVE 3-WIRE GROUNDING CORD.
WRITE FOR MAGNASTAT CATALOG BULLETIN
WELLER ELECTRIC CORP. 601 Stone's Crossing Rd. Easton, Pa.
measurements using a 1N78 diode in the mount are shown on Fig. 2. The maximum pulse power available from a 2K26 klystron was used in these measurements. This varied from 16 to 22 db above a milliwatt over the frequency range. The measurement accuracy is estimated to be within ±2 db. Fundamental and second harmonic power was measured by the heterodyne method. Additional tuning devices at the coaxial input or in the waveguide output of the mount may increase the second harmonic output by about 2 or 3 db.
The third harmonic is at least 10 db down relative to the second when the stub line is tuned for maximum second harmonic output.
The author wishes to thank Mr. A. Staniforth and Mr. J. H. Craven for their advice regarding the design of the mount.
REFERENCES
(1) A. K. Scrivens, Pulse Modulated Beam Current Improves Operation of Mixer Series Klystrons, Canadian Electronics Engineering, 1955, NRC 4888.
(2) L. K. Anderson, Measurement of Low Power Microwave Pulses by Comparative Methods, NRC ERA-308.
Extending Range of Thyatron Tube
Detailed information about an improved gas-filled triode with a hot cathode, is reported in a Czechoslovak export journal. Called a Tesla Hydrogen Tacitron, this new tube is said to extend the applicability of the thyatron at higher frequencies and pulse repetition rates, and eliminate high noise caused by arc discharge, which in some cases prevents application of the classic thyatron.
According to the report, a tacitron, filled with a rare gas or with mercury vapor, widens the applicability of the thyatron because its grid potential controls not only the moment of arc ignition, but also its extinguishing. The discharge can be interrupted with a negative bias of the grid without altering the anode circuit, and the time required for breaking the current flow is considerably shorter than the deionization time of the thyatron.
The grid attains instantaneously its controlling property and keeps the tacitron closed regardless of the
deionization time of the applied gas filling. In all other respects, according to the report, the tacitron retains all the properties of a thyatron.
**Current Break**
It is claimed that the current of a tacitron, depending upon its applied bias and the sources resistance, can be broken within 0.1 microseconds, and this time does not exceed 15 microseconds even under unfavorable conditions. Experiments have shown that it is possible to break the current of a glowing tacitron by the application of a negative pulse of 1 microsec length to its grid. In pulse operation it is possible to achieve repetition rates above 500 kc.
Application possibilities cover heavy-duty equipment and its use is suggested as an oscillator, especially as a d-c to a-c inverter.
**REFERENCE**
(1) A. Hix and P. Hix, Tesla Hydrogen Tacitrons, *Kovo Export*, Vol 5, 1959, Rude Pravo, Praha, Czechoslovakia.
**Quick-Connect Circuit Board**
New electronic circuit board, developed by Plastic Associates of Laguna Beach, California, permits trainee to assemble circuit exactly as he finds it in schematic. Since there are no soldered connections, the circuit may be rapidly assembled and disassembled, and the components used again without damage. Connections are made by inserting bare leads into one of the 108 conductive cells shown at bottom. Gold-plated eyelets contain black elastic cores that stretch when pulled upwards, permitting wires to be inserted or removed.
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**Hi-Q® Cerafil® Capacitors†**
The smallest ceramic capacitors available anywhere. Cerafil capacitors are remarkably ultra-miniature units designed specifically for airborne and missile equipments, transistorized circuits and other critical applications where space and weight are at an absolute premium.
Exclusive new design and construction feature of Cerafil Capacitors make it possible to obtain extremely high capacities per unit volume. These tiny capacitors are the answer to the many problems arising from complete miniaturization of electronic assemblies and equipments.
Cerafil Capacitors are available in capacities from 10mmf to 100,000mmf. Type C80 of this rugged ceramic unit of exceptional reliability is rated at 100 VDC at 85° and derated to 50 VDC at 125°C. Type C80 units will meet or exceed all the applicable requirements of MIL-C-11015A.
†A 10% price reduction effective September 1, 1959 on all standard Type C80A units.
| CAPACITY (MFD) | C80—DIMENSIONS |
|----------------|----------------|
| | DIA. LENGTH |
| 10 mmfd thru .001 mfd. | .090 .320 |
| .005 | .120 .500 |
| .01 | .180 .500 |
| .02 | .200 .500 |
| .05 | .240 .650 |
| .1 | .310 .750 |
| ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS |
|---------------------------|
| Working Voltage DC | Test Voltage DC (Flash) |
| 100 | 300 |
| Capacitance Change Over Temperature Range of -35°C to +85°C |
| ± 10% with no voltage applied |
| ± 10% with 10 volts applied |
| ± 10% with 100 volts applied |
| Power Factor: 2.5% Max. Insulation Resistance: 100 mfd.—megohms or 10,000 megohms whichever is smaller. |
Write today for complete technical information...
AEROVOX CORPORATION
OLEAN, NEW YORK
CIRCLE 109 ON READER SERVICE CARD 109
Racks Simplify the production of Increductor controllable inductor type of high frequency saturable reactor made at CGS Laboratories, Inc., Wilton, Conn. The racking method protects partially-finished units from handling damage and also provides a means of assembling, encapsulating and storing the inductors in batches of 18 units.
Each rack is a piece of wood \( \frac{3}{4} \times 1\frac{1}{2} \times 31 \) inches. Headless nails are spaced along the top edge. The mounting brackets of the inductors are hung from the nails by means of the mounting holes in the brackets. Nine are hung on each side.
First step in assembly is stacking the U-laminations and riveting them to the brackets, providing a solid base. The subassembly is hung on the brackets. The wound bobbins are slipped over the laminations and pushed down to the bracket.
The clips shown in Fig. 1 (looking from inside the laminations) are slipped over the inside edges of the lamination stack. The clips are made of copper spring alloy and hug the stack ends on two sides. The wound ferrite rods are slipped into the prongs of the clips. No other fastening is used.
The rods are prepared by winding on each the required number of magnet wire turns and cementing the wire in place. To apply cement, the wound rods are laid parallel in waxed, corrugated paper spacers on wood and aluminum frame fixtures. This permits many rods to be cemented with a few brush strokes. The frame also serves as a tote tray.
The top rod has 2 specially-shaped tabs as part of the high frequency coil. The tabs are stamped from sheet copper and fixed to the rod. The bottom tab's ears are folded over the wire winding and held in place by rubber bands. The top tab is held in place by the rubber bands and cement (Fig. 2).
The leads of the windings have been stripped of insulation, tinned and coated with silicone grease to permit cleaning off the encapsulant.
Completed assemblies are dipped 9 at a time in a tank, as long as
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**FIG. 1**—One-piece metal clip aligns and holds ferrite rods
**FIG. 2**—Rubber bands and cement keep tabs of top rod in place until dipping
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Nose cones of Thor ballistic missiles are being shipped and handled in containers lined with form-fitting polyurethane foam. The containers, built by General Electric Co., Missile and Space Vehicle Dept., Philadelphia, Pa., simplify packaging while protecting the cone's highly-polished surface from scratching and marring. Polyurethane is foamed in the steel contained shell by the Dayton Rubber Co., Dayton, Ohio. The case is cleaned by sandblasting and the mold positioned. Chemicals which react to form the foam are placed in the cavity between shell and mold and expanded. The new foam used is reported to have excellent temperature stability, does not absorb moisture and forms a thick, smooth skin. Twelve cubic feet, weighing 96 pounds, are used in each case.
For Capacitors with GREATER RELIABILITY...
Choose El-Menco
The Capacitors You Find Wherever There's Electronics!
EL-MENCO DUR-MICA CAPACITORS
Only 1 Failure Per 43,000,000 Unit-Hours!
- It has been computed that "debugged" DM30, 10,000 MMF units, when subjected to 257,000 hours of life at 85°C with 100% of the rated DC voltage applied, will yield only 1 FAILURE PER 43,000,000 UNIT-HOURS!
- DM15, DM16, DM19 and DM20 - perfect for miniaturization and for new designs using printed wiring circuits. Also available in DM30, DM42 and DM43.
- New "hairpin" parallel leads insure easy application.
- Exceed all electrical requirements of military specification MIL-C-5A.
EL-MENCO CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS
Toughest Ever!
- Available in 500 working volts DC and 1,000 working volts DC ratings.
- Low-loss phenolic coating that is wax impregnated.
- Flat design assures reduced self-inductance... particularly adaptable to very high frequency applications.
- Insulation resistance far exceeds the 10,000 megohms minimum requirement.
- Exceed all electrical requirements of E.I.A. specifications RS-198.
EL-MENCO *MYLAR-PAPER DIPPED CAPACITORS
Only 1 Failure in 7,168,000 Unit-Hours!
- Life tests at 100°C with rated voltage applied have yielding only 1 FAILURE PER 716,800 UNIT-HOURS for 1 MFD. Since the number of unit-hours of these capacitors is inversely proportional to the capacitance, 0.1 MFD Mylar-Paper Dipped capacitors will yield only 1 FAILURE PER 7,168,000 UNIT-HOURS!
- Working volts: DC 200, 400, 600, 1000 and 1600.
- Durable phenolic wax impregnated.
- Tolerances: ± 10% and ± 20% (closer tolerances available).
- Dielectric strength: 2 or 2½ times rated voltage, depending upon working voltage.
- Exceed all electrical requirements of E.I.A. specification RS-164 and military specifications MIL-C-91A and MIL-C-25A.
*Registered Trademark of DuPont Co.
EL-MENCO MOLDED MICA CAPACITORS
Superior Performance!
- Unmatched for excellent stability, dielectric strength, high insulation resistance, extremely high "Q" and correspondingly low power factor.
- Units can be subjected to a short "debugging" life test at elevated voltage and temperature for removal of early life failures and for improved reliability.
Write for Free Samples and Booklets on Any of The Above Capacitors
EL-MENCO OFFERS A COMPLETE LINE OF CAPACITORS... STANDS READY TO SERVE ALL YOUR CAPACITOR NEEDS.
THE ELECTRO MOTIVE MFG. CO., INC.
Manufacturers of El-Menco Capacitors
WILLIMANTIC CONNECTICUT
- molded mica • dipped mica • mica trimmer • dipped paper
- tubular paper • ceramic • silvered mica films • ceramic discs
Arco Electronics, Inc., 64 White St., New York 13, N. Y.
Exclusive Supplier To Jobbers and Distributors in the U.S. and Canada
ELECTRONICS • NOVEMBER 20, 1959
CIRCLE 111 ON READER SERVICE CARD 111
the smallest lightest POWER DIVIDERS are from TRANSCO PRODUCTS
most complete line too!
Design features of Transco's Power Dividers include broad bandwidth and low VSWR.
Here are four examples that have 50 ohm impedance, VSWR less than 1.3 to 1, and weigh only 2.5 to 4 oz:
| "L" BAND | "S" BAND |
|----------|----------|
| 1100-1400 MC | 2700-3500 MC |
| Type N | Type N |
| Coax Connector | Coax Connector |
| Part No. 40011 | Part No. 40013 |
| "C" BAND | "X" BAND |
|----------|----------|
| 5340-5960 MC | 8.2-12.4 KMC |
| Type N | Type UG 136 |
| Coax Connector | A/U Connector |
| Part No. 40009 | Part No. 40015 |
Transco specializes in designing and manufacturing microwave components and systems for transmission control.
Creative microwave engineers... write for information about your future with this progressive, well established firm.
Send for complete Product Data on Power Dividers and Transco's Coaxial Switches
PRODUCTS, INC.
12210 Nebraska Ave.
Los Angeles 25, Calif.
Assembled units prior to dipping
Dipping assemblies into tank sized to accept 9 units
FIG. 3—Rack dips 9 assemblies into encapsulant with 1 motion
the racks, of thermoplastic resin. The racks are hung on the upper bar of the mechanism shown in Fig. 3A. The heads of the nails in the racks are slipped into slots in the bar.
As the lever arm is raised, tilting the lower bar, side bars and upper bar and rack toward the tank, the rack tilts a quarter-turn clockwise (Fig. 3B). The 9 inductors which are now hanging down are dipped. The rack is lifted from the bath, a shift lever is pushed, causing the chain drive to rotate the rack so that the other 9 inductors are in dipping position.
Racks are also used for storage. The ends of the racks are hung from horizontal wood strips nailed to the sides of the storage spaces.
Rotating Fixture Improves Brazing
![Diagram showing cross section of setup, showing how take-apart fixture positions internally-brazed part]
**FIG. 1—Cross section of setup, showing how take-apart fixture positions internally-brazed part**
INDUCTION BRAZING of internal parts can be made more precise by rotating the assembly within the coil supplying the r-f energy, according to John Gombos Co., Clifton, N. J.
The brazing fixture is inserted in a chuck which turns the work in the coil (Fig. 1). Bead uniformity is improved and warping which might result from uneven application of heat is prevented.
The type of fixture shown brazes an Invar washer inside an Invar tube, forming part of a waveguide system. With fixture modifications, more than 1 washer may be brazed. Flatness of the washer or washers is held to 0.0002 inch; bead uniformity, 0.005 inch, and spacing between washers and tube ends, 0.0003 inch.
Photographed at G.E.’s Receiving Tube Plant, Owensboro, Ky.
Lint-free Uniforms
You can reduce lint... improve product quality standards in precision work... by using uniforms of 100% filament DACRON polyester fiber. The smooth surface of DACRON yarns will not generate or pick up lint. These new uniforms are extra-durable, too... mean savings on replacement costs. And they keep their neat appearance with easiest possible maintenance.
For advice tailored to your own lint-control program write: Industrial Uniform Consulting Service, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), Textile Fibers Department, 31G6 (E), Centre Road Building, Wilmington 98, Delaware.
©Du Pont’s registered trademark for its polyester fiber. Du Pont makes fibers, not fabric or uniforms shown. Enjoy THE DU PONT SHOW WITH JUNE ALLYSON, Monday Nights—10:30 E.S.T.—CBS-TV
Oscillators
1 to 18 kmc
Alfred Electronics, 897 Commercial St., Palo Alto, Calif. Series 620 microwave oscillators provide electronic sweep of r-f output, or extremely stable c-w operation. All feature linear frequency sweep coverage over all or part of each band for rapid evaluation of reflection coefficient, gain, attenuation and other network transfer characteristics. They offer two adjustable frequency markers for convenient calibration of oscilloscopes or recorders. Markers save valuable test time by indicating either band limits or intermediate frequency values. Also featured is 0.5 μsec rise and fall response to a-m.
CIRCLE 301 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Transformer
mu shielded
Microtran Co., Inc., 145 E. Mineola Ave., Valley Stream, N. Y., announces miniature transistor transformers in mu metal construction. Use of mu metal in place of steel cans is said to provide hum pick-up reduction of approximately 20-30 db. Available in MIL-AG construction 1 in. square by 1½ in. high or in cylindrical construction ¾ in. diameter by 1½ in. high. Manufactured to meet MIL-T-27A Grade 4 Class R with a reliable life of 10,000 hours.
CIRCLE 302 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Power Control Unit
solid state
Control, a division of Magnetics, Inc., Butler, Pa., has developed a standard power control unit utilizing solid state thyatrons and its own control amplifier. The small, chassis-mounted unit requires only power and load connections, and can be controlled in an open or short circuit mode of operation from a variety of signal sources. It controls up to 3 kw, and gives circuit designers a complete solid state system from logic input to power-handling output. Application is possible at extremely high levels due to the thyatrons used.
CIRCLE 303 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Digital Stop Clocks
a-c and d-c
The A. W. Haydon Co., Waterbury 20, Conn. Digital a-c and d-c stop clocks feature extreme accuracy in measuring time intervals over wide voltage and ambient temperature variations. The a-c type may be used for 60 and 400 cps operations; the d-c type, for 20-30 v d-c operation. Units are ideal for a wide variety of applications, such as calibration of intervalometers, fire control equipment, production testing of timing devices, controlling various process functions during material fabrication, and many other applications.
CIRCLE 304 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Hand Winder
heavy duty
Geo. Stevens Mfg. Co., Inc., Pulaski Road at Peterson, Chicago 46, Ill. Heavy duty hand winder offers a choice of 6 variable speed/torque ranges. Model 610-AM winds sizes as heavy as No. 8 Awg at 12 in. diameter and even heavier gages on smaller diameters. Maximum coil o-d is 12 in., maximum loading distance between headstock and tailstock 12 in. and output end of spindle ¾ in., keyed slot. The ¾ in. diameter spindle is designed to
Sperry Piedmont Finds Academic Atmosphere, Adaptable Labor, and Plenty of Elbow Room in VIRGINIA
In today's competition for engineering talent, good living conditions are important. And that's one major reason why Sperry Piedmont Company built its plant at Charlottesville, Virginia. Home of the University of Virginia, this historic town provided unsurpassed recreational and cultural background... traditionally good living... plus the academic atmosphere that's so attractive to technical men and so prevalent in Virginia's numerous university towns.
Other factors influencing Sperry's choice of location were excellent transportation facilities, nearness to Washington, no shortage of housing, good hospitals and medical care, dependable, conscientious manpower.
If you're planning a new plant, let us tell you why so many companies are locating in Virginia. Phone, wire, write, or visit in complete confidence...
C. M. Nicholson, Jr., Commissioner
Division of Industrial Development
Virginia Dept. of Conservation and Economic Development
State Office Bldg., Richmond, Va.
Phone Milton 4-4111 Ext. 2255
You, too, can find these... and many other great competitive advantages in VIRGINIA
Virginia's a wonderful place to play or work. Send for Free Vacation Guide Book.
116 CIRCLE 116 ON READER SERVICE CARD
NOVEMBER 20, 1959 • ELECTRONICS
There are 7,500 dots shown here.
This is the number of engineers in the eight divisions of Martin. And 40 percent of these—the 3,000 dots in the circle—are electronics/electrical engineers.
It is this specialized capability that enables Martin to develop electronic systems which anticipate the exacting demands of the missile-space age.
Example: A Martin electronic system known as Master Operations Control (MOC) has been a vital factor in the exceptional performance of TITAN. By automatically checking the hundreds of systems necessary to successful flight, MOC has removed much of the human error from complicated countdown procedures.
Repeaters transistorized
TREPAC CORP. OF AMERICA, 30 W. Hamilton Ave., Englewood, N. J. The Diamond-Trepac 560-series of solid-state repeaters clean up distorted and marginal signals; and maintenance and repair problems are practically eliminated. The repeater contains a rechargeable standby battery which enables the unit to operate independently for three months after failure of the external power source. Location of the unit with respect to battery or ground terminations or any particular part of a telegraph line or loop is not critical. Each repeater is bidirectional. Pilot lamps indicate the direction of transmission.
Stalo Tester multiband
PITOMETER LOG CORP., 237 Lafayette St., New York 12, N. Y. The Pitlog series 800 stalo tester is designed for use in any application where a precise measurement of frequency stability is required. Accurate and versatile, it measures long term drift and short term deviation in frequency bands between 1,100 mc to 10,000 mc, and its primary purpose is to check the
Wave Analyzer
Type FRA2
★ BANDWIDTHS: 2, 25, and 125 cps
★ 3 microvolts to 400 volts
★ 0 to 16 kc
★ SIMPLIFIED AND STABLE INITIAL ADJUSTMENT AND BALANCING
A new, improved Wave Analyzer with outstanding features:
- Spurious responses and harmonics are suppressed by 80 dB
- 1500 cps output available for a recorder (provisions for mechanical coupling as well)
- Type FRA2T, a special design with built-in Tone Generator (0 to 16 kc), simplifies selective measurement of frequency responses and recording of intermodulation phenomena. Remote control of output.
ACCURACY: 0.5 dB
HUM: Below 5 µvolts
NOISE: Below 2 µvolts
MAIN DIAL: 0 to 16 kc, accurate within 1% + 1 cps
INCREMENTAL DIAL: 0 to ± 60 cps, direct reading
WRITE FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION
Radiometer, a leading Scandinavian instrument manufacturer with a world wide service organization, offers a line of 50 different instruments such as:
AF-OSCILLATORS
R-L-C BRIDGES
STANDARD-SIGNAL GENERATORS
VACUUM-TUBE VOLTMETERS
ELECTROCHEMICAL INSTRUMENTS
RADIOMETER
72 EMDRUPVEJ, COPENHAGEN NV, DENMARK
Representatives:
United States: WELWYN INT. INC.
3355 Edgewater Terrace
Cleveland 11, Ohio
Canada: BACH-SIMPSON LTD.
London Ontario
stability of radar systems components either on the production line or in the field. Unit comprises two main subassemblies: An indicator unit, model 800, houses the measuring circuitry and power supplies, and two interchangeable units, models 801 (L/S band) and 802 (X-band) are used to heterodyne the signal down to the input range of the indicator.
CIRCLE 307 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Preamplifier for telemetering
LEL, INC., 380 Oak St., Copiague, L.I., N.Y. Designed to meet severe environmental conditions, the TP-4 telemetering preamplifier is enclosed in a weatherproof housing for antenna tower mounting and is complete with self-contained power supply. Each unit is provided with a sun shield for use in tropical areas. TP-4 is designed to operate from a 50 ohm source, has 22 db minimum gain, 4 db maximum noise figure, and covers the 215 to 260 mc telemetering band. Individual test data including a plot of noise figure vs frequency are supplied.
CIRCLE 308 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Coaxial Attenuators with SC connectors
Weinschel Engineering, 10503 Metropolitan Ave., Kensington, Md. Company's 1 to 12.4 kmc fixed coaxial attenuators are now available
WHAT'S YOUR INSULATION PROBLEM?
FOR VINYL, IT'S RESINITE
Resinite Vinyl Insulation Sleeving more than fills most applicable commercial or military specification requirements. You'll find, where dependability is imperative, that Resinite's adherence to exacting standards makes these insulations your outstanding choice.
| Temperature Range | EP-2 | EP-14 | EP-69C | EP-93 | EP-93C | HI-Heat 105 & 105A | Super-Heat 125 | Vinyl Glass |
|-------------------|-------|-------|--------|-------|--------|-------------------|---------------|------------|
| Dielectric Strength | 900 volts/mil av. | 800 volts/mil av. | 900 volts/mil min. | 390 volts/mil av. | 400 volts/mil av. | 1,000 volts/mil | 1,000 volts/mil | 8,000 volts |
| Cut-Through Resistance | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Excellent | Outstanding | Outstanding |
| Oil Resistance | Slight Swelling | Slight Swelling | Slight Swelling | Slight Swelling | Slight Swelling | Excellent | Excellent | Excellent |
| Resistance to Flame (Self-Extinguishing) | 5 sec. Max. | 5 sec. Max. | 6 sec. Max. | 5 sec. Max. | 5 sec. Max. | 10 sec. | 1 sec. | 45 sec/inch |
| Fungus Resistance | Yes Clear Fungicide | Yes Amber Fungicide | Yes Clear Fungicide | Available (105A only) |
| Corrosion Resistance | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good | Good |
| Specification Conformance | MIL-I-631C Type F Form U Grades a CL II Cat. I | AMS 3630 | MIL-I-631C Type F Form U Grades a and b CL I & II Cat. I | MIL-I-7444B Types I & III | MIL-I-7444B Type II | MIL-I-631C Type F Form U, GR Class I + (105A only) Class II Cat. I Also U.L. 105°C | U.L. 105°C | ASTM D372-55T NEMA-VSI-1950 MIL-I-3190(4) |
Resinite Plus Values
SOFT-WOUND SPOOLING Prevents flattening of even thin wall sleeving at the spool core. All sleeving is delivered full round — speeds assembly time, saves material.
POSITIVE TEST NO. IDENTIFICATION Every lot of Resinite Specification Sleeving is rigidly tested for conformance. Each spool carries this test number for easy, positive reference to the permanent test record.
Write us your requirements and we'll send samples and performance data on the appropriate material.
Resinite
VINYL INSULATION SLEEVING
THE Borden CHEMICAL COMPANY
Resinite Department Santa Barbara, Calif. • No. Andover, Mass.
ELECTRONICS • NOVEMBER 13, 1959
CIRCLE 119 ON READER SERVICE CARD 119
24 HOUR DELIVERY OF TRIMPOT® POTENTIOMETERS
500,000 STOCKED BY DISTRIBUTORS AND FACTORIES
Immediate "off-the-shelf" delivery is available of the entire line of standard Trimpot potentiometers—20 basic models... 4 terminal types... 3 mounting styles! More than ½ million units are stocked by franchised distributors across the nation and at Bourns plants in Riverside, California and Ames, Iowa. Wherever you are, whatever standard unit you need, there's a Trimpot source close at hand waiting to fill that rush order... no need to hold up your prototype or production projects.
This fast service is made possible by mechanized production processes, enlarged facilities, and greatly expanded engineering and production staffs. All this is part of our intent to provide the finest customer service program. It is another Bourns plus—in addition to the high quality, reliability, and performance that have won Trimpot potentiometers a place in major missile, aircraft and commercial electronic systems.
A complete list of distributors appears on the opposite page. Write for price quotations or help with your special requirements—today.
BOURNS Inc.
P.O. Box 2112q Riverside, California
Plants: Riverside, California and Ames, Iowa
In Canada: Douglas Randall (Canada), Ltd., licensee
Exclusive manufacturers of TRIMPOT®, TRIMIT®. Pioneers in potentiometer transducers for position, pressure and acceleration.
with type SC connectors (male/female, double male or double female). These attenuators are made with Weinschel film resistors for maximum stability under pulse power, as well as humidity and temperature cycling. Attenuation range is 1 to 20 db. Impedance is 50 ohms.
CIRCLE 309 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Silicon Rectifier
25-ampere
GENERAL ELECTRIC Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Fourteen new silicon stud-mount medium current rectifiers—7 conventional types with the stud as the cathode and 7 reverse current types with the stud as the anode—are announced. They are available with piv ratings from 50 v through 600 v. All are rated at a forward current of 25 amperes in a single phase circuit at a stud temperature of 145 C. They have a maximum one cycle surge current rating of 300 amperes. Maximum leakage current at full load is specified as 5 ma for the 50 v units down to 2 ma for the 600 v units in a single phase circuit at a stud temperature of 145 C.
CIRCLE 310 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Linear Trimming Pot
wire wound
EASTERN PRECISION RESISTOR CORP., 675 Barbee St., Brooklyn 7, N. Y. Comp-U-Trim model F is designed to allow for mounting through the front panel of equipment or for below chassis mounting. Only ¼ in.
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What can you do with a remarkable instrument like this?
We knew we had an outstanding instrument in our product line when this readout device was introduced several years ago. It proved to be ahead of its time during those early days, but now this remarkable precision instrument for displaying data is gaining acceptance in many industries. It's about as big as a candy bar, and it will display, store, or transfer up to 64 different numbers, letters, or symbols without using complicated conversion equipment and "black boxes."
This is an entirely new species of readout device so we had to give it a new name, the Readall* readout instrument.
We developed the Readall instrument for data display in flight control equipment. We knew the Readall instrument was fine but didn't know just how valuable it was. But one of our engineers did. He designed a complete new pipeline control system based on the new instrument. The application was a breakthrough in data handling, and the control system is a big success.
Naturally, we put the Readall instrument on the market so systems engineers could use it to improve their control systems. We announced the Readall instrument as "...an electro-mechanical, D.C. operated, readout device for displaying characters in accordance with a pre-determined binary code...a compact, self-contained device...which can be applied to the output of digital computers, teletype receiving equipment, telemetering systems, or wherever data must be displayed."
Other systems have been developed with separate units for data display, decoding, storing, and electrical readout. These separate units cost more and occupy more room. Market response confirms the need for one, small, inexpensive unit that does all three jobs. The Readall instrument serves the purpose.
We'd like to discuss possible applications for the Readall instrument with you. If you want information as to possible applications you have in mind for this remarkable instrument, please fill in the coupon.
"Pioneers in Push-Button Science"
Union Switch & Signal
Division of Westinghouse Air Brake Company
Pittsburgh 18, Pennsylvania
Here is a possible application we have in mind for the Readall instrument:
☐ Send more information about the Readall instrument
Name________________________Title________________________
Company__________________________________________________
Address___________________________________________________
City_______________________Zone_____State__________________
See us at Eastern Joint Computer Conf. Dec. 1, 2, 3, 1959
Statler Hilton Hotel, Boston, Mass. Booths #1 and #2.
Frequency Detector expanded-scale
AIRPAX ELECTRONICS INC., Seminole Division, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. The expanded-scale Magmeter, a frequency detector, delivers an output current directly proportional to input frequency at an accuracy of 0.1 percent. The solid-state units cover a 10 percent bandwidth at any center frequency in the audio range. Output will operate any average reading, 0 to 50 ma device. Magmeter is insensitive to changes in input amplitude and waveshape with 1 w of driving power. Uses include instrumentation, tachometry, telemetering and automatic control.
Oscillogram Scanner self-contained
THE GERBER SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT Co., 89 Spruce St., Hartford 1, Conn. Model S-2 oscillogram
scanner is an electrically driven record transport system with a backlit viewing area two ft wide able to accommodate records up to 12 in. or up to 16 in. wide. The drive system consists of two independent rollers, one at either end, each containing a variable speed drive assembly. Record speed can be varied from 0 to 100 fpm. A transparent cursor is mounted on a horizontal bar for direct editing purposes.
CIRCLE 313 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Delay Line
lumped-constant
ESC Corp., 534 Bergen Blvd., Palisades Park, N. J. Model 31-6 lumped-constant delay line designed for missile application has a time delay of 3 μsec and a delay/rise time ratio of 15/1 with a characteristic impedance of 1,200 ohms. It operates in a temperature range of -55 C to +125 C. Dimensions are 3 in. by 1 in. by 1 in.
CIRCLE 314 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Microwave Components
G-band and F-band
FXR, Inc., 26-12 Borough Place, Woodside 77, New York, offers a commercial line of 2-mm wavelength (G-band) and 3-mm wavelength (F-band) components. The miniature instruments have frequency ranges from 90 to 140 kmc and 140 to 220 kmc. Line is com-
creating new engineering concepts and discovering solutions to those problems which serendipity has revealed... is the task of the professional minds at Martin-Denver. To individuals who possess this creative talent and who seek this stimulation, there is offered an opportunity for outstanding recognition. To participate in this program, inquire immediately of N. M. Pagan, Director of Technical and Scientific Staffing, The Martin Company, P. O. Box 179, (Dept. JJ-1), Denver 1, Colorado.
If noise annoys you...
FORCE IT DOWN WITH F
...and get typical receiver noise figures of 5.5 to 6.0 db!
UP TO A FULL DB BETTER THAN 1N21E's
Used in conjunction with a 30 mc IF of 1.5 db noise contribution, these typical noise figures are attained in receivers operating from 300 to 4000 mc...up to 1 db less than Microwave's famous low-noise E-series diodes! The 1N21F diodes are directly interchangeable with other diodes of the 1N21 series.
WIDE APPLICATION
A major application is as a low-noise mixer diode following a low noise parametric amplifier in the 100 to 3000 mc range. Others include: UHF scatter, TV, telemetering, microwave links, radio navigation and astronomy, long range radar, and communications receivers.
COST REDUCTIONS
A significant cost reduction in UHF receiver RF front ends is possible by substituting this diode for the RF vacuum tube preamps, associated power supplies and other accessories previously required for low-noise figure performance.
HOW TO GET BEST RESULTS
In receivers designed for 1N21C or 1N21E diodes, maximum noise figure improvement is obtained by retuning RF match, adjusting local oscillator injection for lowest noise figure and the IF matching transformer for optimum IF impedance match of the 1N21F. For minimum receiver noise the 1N21F should be matched into a low noise IF preamplifier using WE 5842 triodes or similar tubes.
AVAILABLE NOW in production quantities. Write or call for data and prices.
MICROWAVE ASSOCIATES, INC.
BURLINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS
BRowning 2-3000 — TWX 942
Insulation Sleeve for wire ferrule
AMP INC., Harrisburg, Pa., announces a newly designed insulation sleeve for its Termashield shielded wire ferrule line. It is designed to slip on and snap in place over the previously crimped ferrule. Slipping the insulation on after crimping prevents interference of the sleeve with the insertion of ground tap leads. It also permits maximum visibility during the insertion process. The Termashield ferrule and the matching post-insulation sleeve are color coded.
Tracking System records radar data
DATEX CORP., 1307 So. Myrtle Ave., Monrovia, Calif. Missile tracking system accurately records dynamic radar data correlated in time to 0.001 sec. It employs servo repeater units to drive shaft position encoders for encoding range, azimuth and elevation. Range resolution is 1 yard in 10^4 yards, and azimuth and
IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN:
A SCIENTIFIC CLIMATE FOR THE ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
An important aspect of Southeastern Michigan's scientific climate is the steady growth of electronics research and production activity. Here electronics firms can benefit because of the area's world-wide reputation for know-how in production technology. Here components for improved missile controls, communications systems, data processing and miniaturization are produced profitably, for economical distribution throughout the United States.
The men that manage and man this new industry have found that Southeastern Michigan is a great place in which to live and work. And it has dozens of modern communities which have provided wisely for future expansion. Many have retained professional city planners to assure optimum land use. We would welcome the opportunity to discuss communities and plant sites with you on a completely confidential basis.
Typical of Southeastern Michigan's electronics activity are: (Left) Burroughs Corporation—assembly of test equipment for checkout of Atlas ICBM guidance system. (Center) Scientist observes formation of a vanadium crystal in Ford Motor Company Scientific Laboratory. (Right) Technician at Performance Measurements Company finishing a digital torque indicator.
Write Plant Location Service,
Area Development Division
DETROIT EDISON
elevation 0.2 mils in 6,400 mils. Time is recorded with each sample with an accuracy of 0.001 sec. The system is capable of recording data at rates up to 10 samples per sec, via an IBM 523 card punch in IBM 704 code format.
CIRCLE 317 ON READER SERVICE CARD
D-C Modulators
hermetically sealed
MILLIVAC INSTRUMENTS Division of Cohu Electronics, Inc., Box 997, Schenectady, N. Y. Spdt, 60 cycle, d-c modulator is designed for computer systems, servomechanism, automation, vtvm's and similar applications. Each unit has less than 1 μv d-c offset, a drift of less than 1 μv over long service periods. Normal contact dwell time is 55 percent, changing less than 2 percent during the first 1,000 hr, even less afterwards. New contact design and contact treatment holds rms noise voltage generation below 1 μv. Life expectancy is from 10,000 to 25,000 hr.
CIRCLE 318 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Silicon References
subminiature
TRANSITRON ELECTRONIC CORP., 168 Albion St., Wakefield, Mass. Hermetically sealed glass encapsulated silicon voltage references, combine features of lower dynamic resistance and voltage stability exceeding that of a standard cell. Single-piece construction affords an ideal thermal connection between Zener diode and the compensating
In-Circuit Transistor Tester
Measure transistor Beta—without removing transistor from circuit—with equipment power off!
Ideal for production line testing, incoming inspection of transistorized sub-assemblies, field trouble-shooting and maintenance.
Incorporating an internal reference signal source with low impedance input and output coupling circuits, new Sierra Model 219A Transistor Tester provides, for the first time, measurement of transistor Beta on an in-circuit basis. Beta and Ico parameters may also be measured with the transistor disconnected.
Since testing may be done without energizing equipment under test, there are no spurious signals to confuse results and hours of trouble-shooting and service time are saved. Model 219A is compact, rugged, conservatively rated and built of high quality components throughout. Request Bulletin from your Sierra representative or write direct.
Other new Sierra equipment
Calorimeters, Water Loads
Sierra offers two groups of Calorimeters and Water Loads for both waveguide and coaxial measurements. Calorimeters and associated Loads provide measurements covering DC to X band.
Power Sources 25 to 1,000 MC
For fast, accurate calibration of power monitors and termination wattmeters. Output power adjustable 20% to 100% of rating; 50 watts output. Four models cover 25 to 1,000 MC in varying band spreads.
Model 218A Monitor Oscilloscopes
These new instruments are designed for continuous function monitoring of up to 7 channels simultaneously in one rack unit. Rugged and compact, they provide in the smallest possible package a convenient means for viewing and evaluating complex voltages. Ideal for measurements of stress, strain, vibration, pressure, displacement, acceleration and other quantities through a transducer.
Data subject to change without notice
SIERRA ELECTRONIC CORPORATION
A Subsidiary of Philco Corporation
5443A BOHANNON DRIVE • DAVENPORT 6-2060 • MENLO PARK, CALIF., U.S.A.
SALES REPRESENTATIVES IN ALL MAJOR AREAS
Canada: Atlas Instrument Corporation Ltd., Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Winnipeg
Export: Frazar & Hansen, Ltd., San Francisco
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Where only the best is good enough...
Krohn-Hite power supplies are used
In basic electronic instruments for lab or test work, less than the best may be a dangerously bad bargain. Unexpected limitations — of reliability, range, precision — can throw out weeks of work on today's jobs, and can make tomorrow's tougher jobs untouchable.
The best instrument of its type is probably a bit more expensive, but it's worth buying... because you can believe in it today, and will rely on it tomorrow. An example is the Krohn-Hite Model UHR-240 ultra-high-regulation power supply. Here are some facts about it.
**MAIN DC OUTPUT:** zero to 500 volts, continuously adjustable, at zero to 500 milliamperes.
**REGULATION:** less than 0.001% plus 0.002 volt from no load to full load.
**LINE STABILIZATION:** less than 0.003% plus 0.003 volt, for 10% change.
**OUTPUT IMPEDANCE:** DC — less than (0.005 + 0.00002 × output volts) ohm; AC — less than 0.05 ohm plus 0.1 microhenry.
**RIPPLE:** less than 0.1 millivolt rms.
**DC BIAS OUTPUT:** zero to minus 150 volts, continuously adjustable, at zero to 5 ma; regulation less than 1%.
**DC HEATER OUTPUTS:** 5 to 12.6 volts, adjustable, at zero to 2.5 amperes.
**AC HEATER OUTPUTS:** two, each 6.3 volts at 10 amperes.
There's a lot more you should know about the UHR-240... and about the other Krohn-Hite power supplies, oscillators, tunable electronic filters and amplifiers. In all of them, you'll find the same far-ahead engineering, design and construction. Because K-H instruments are good enough even for tomorrow's most critical work, they are increasingly chosen today where true reliability and precision are needed.
Write for your free copy of the new Krohn-Hite Catalog.
Krohn-Hite CORPORATION
580 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge 39, Mass.
Stabistor, assuring that the junctions operate at the same temperature, thereby eliminating warm-up transients. The references offer temperature coefficients as low as 0.001 percent/deg C.
CIRCLE 319 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Ceramic Capacitors three models
CENTRALAB DIV., Globe-Union, Inc., 9144 E. Keefe Ave., Milwaukee 1, Wisc. Three new ceramic disk capacitors have capacitances of 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 μF, 600 vdcw. They are Durez coated and impregnated with high melting point wax to withstand extremes of temperature and humidity. No. 22 tinned copper leads are 1½ in. long. Units are primarily designed for by-pass, coupling and filter applications.
CIRCLE 320 ON READER SERVICE CARD
D-C Power Supplies transistorized
DRESSEN-BARNES CORP., 250 No. Vinedo St., Pasadena, Calif. Models 62-141 and 62-142 power supplies are rated 5 and 10 amperes, respectively. Both are rated ½ to 32 v d-c output. Regulation, for either line or load, is less than 18 mv; ripple, less than 1 mv. The 5 ampere unit is 19 in. wide by 7 in. high by 16 in. deep; the 10 ampere unit, 19 in.
At speeds up to 24,000 RPM precision rotor bearings in inertial guidance and navigational systems are highly critical components. Early research and development in design and manufacturing at New Departure is solving the problem and thus winning vital roles for N.D. integral rotor bearings in missile projects. For example, "B" Series bearings with separable inner ring developed by N.D. are helping set performance records in such inertial guidance systems as the AChiever.
New Departure is also supplying high-precision rotor bearings for the inertial guidance system in Polaris.
These bearings, through advanced manufacturing techniques, exacting inspections and controlled environmental tests, backed by 50 years of laboratory testing experience, give precision and uniformity far above the most precise industry standards. They promise new performance and reliability for the submarine-launched IRBM.
You can look to improved performance and reliability when you include an N.D. Miniature/Instrument Bearing Specialist in early design level discussions. Call or write Department L.S., New Departure Division, General Motors Corporation, Bristol, Connecticut.
NEW DEPARTURE
MINIATURE & INSTRUMENT BALL BEARINGS
proved reliability you can build around
LAPP INSULATION
FOR
WATER-COOLED SYSTEMS
For carrying cooling water which must undergo a change in potential, use of Lapp porcelain eliminates trouble arising from water contamination and conductivity, sludging and electrolytic attack of fittings. Permanent cleanness and high resistance of cooling water is assured with the completely vitrified, non-absorbent Lapp porcelain.
PORCELAIN WATER COILS
Twin hole or single hole models to provide flow of cooling water from 2 to 90 gallons per minute. Each assembly includes ceramic coil, aluminum mounting base, nickel plated brass attachment fittings...and is proof-tested to 100 lbs. per square inch water pressure.
PORCELAIN PIPE
Practically any piping layout can be made with these pieces...swivel flanges provide automatic alignment. Straight pipe up to 60" lengths, 90° and 180° elbows, fittings for easy attachment to metal pipe; matching support insulators. Inside diameters 3/4" to 3".
WRITE for Bulletin 301 containing complete description and specification data. Lapp Insulator Co., Inc., 160 Sumner Street, Le Roy, New York.
Delay Lines S-band
RAMO-WOOLDRIDGE, a division of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc., P. O. Box 90534 Airport Station, Los Angeles 45, Calif. Low-loss, wideband, compactly packaged microwave delay lines weigh only 25 oz and can replace more than 100 ft of coaxial cable each. The S-band helical microwave delay line provides a time delay of 0.1 μsec for signals nominally in the 2.2 to 4.2 kmc range.
Silicon Transistor mesa type
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC., P.O. Box 312, Dallas, Texas. The TI 2N696 and 2N697 silicon mesa transistors are equally suited for medium power and small signal amplifier as well as switching applications. Both are capable of 2 w dissipation at 25 C case temperature and are available with a collector-base voltage of 60 v. Both have a guaranteed beta spread—20 to 60 for the 2N696 and 40 to 120 for the 2N697—and a maximum saturation resistance of 10 ohms.
Reactance Computer slide rule
JFD ELECTRONICS CORP., 6101 Sixteenth Ave., Brooklyn 4, N. Y. New reactance computer slide rule
interfering electromagnetic energy within the frequency range of 30 cps to 10.7 kmc
...can be investigated, analyzed, monitored and measured to the highest practical degree of accuracy with Stoddart Radio Interference & Field Intensity Measuring Systems.
Stoddart RFI Measuring Equipment is approved for use by all departments of the Department of Defense. Military and commercial equipments are identical ... were designed and manufactured to Military Equipment Specifications to meet the requirements of Military Measurement Specifications. Equipments are portable, dripproof, dustproof, and ruggedized for all-weather field use ... precise and dependable for sensitive-selective laboratory measurements.
Applications include interference measurement and location, frequency conservation and allocation studies, spectrum signatures, antenna propagation studies, field intensity surveys, RF energy surveillance and monitoring, and verification of the electronic compatibility of modern weapons systems, i.e., missile firing and guidance, computer, telemetering and communications; the measurement of all rotating electrical devices, transmitting and receiving equipment, or any system or equipment capable of producing unwanted radiated or conducted electrical disturbances.
Stoddart instruments are available as individual self-contained units covering specific frequency ranges, or in rack-mounted console systems for laboratory, mobile, airborne and marine use.
**our sales engineering department**
will give you individual consideration and information in the areas of interference problems or measurement with which you are particularly concerned ... provide engineering bulletins, military specification information, descriptions of new measurement techniques and applications ... class or individual instruction in the operation, calibration, and maintenance of Stoddart instruments. For prompt service please call "Sales Engineering", Hollywood 4-9292.
Lease-purchase and lease-rental agreements available Immediate delivery
Send for complete literature
STODDART
AIRCRAFT RADIO CO., INC.
6644 Santa Monica Blvd., Hollywood 38, Calif., HO 4-9292
serving 33 countries in radio interference control
FIRST Airborne Atomic Frequency Standard
Uses HERMES CRYSTAL FILTER
The National Company's Atomichron is the world's most accurate and stable instrument of its kind. It compares the precise unvarying resonance of the cesium atom which occurs at exactly 9192.631840 Mc with the output of a Crystal Oscillator. One of the critical problems in the development of the Atomichron was the elimination of spurious responses which occurred while generating the cesium frequency by a complex synthesis technique. The use of a Hermes Crystal Filter, Model 661B, between the Synthesizer and the Multiplier (see block diagram above) removed all spurious responses and allowed exactly 21.8872186 Mc to pass to the Multiplier.
Hermes Crystal Filters were selected for this critical application because of their sharp frequency characteristics, small size, and excellent performance over a wide range of severe environmental conditions. Close cooperation between the Engineering Departments of the two companies contributed to the rapid development of this new frequency standard. Hermes Crystal Filter's characteristics, Model 661B, include: Center Frequency: 21.8872186 Mc; Bandwidth at 6db: 6Kc; Bandwidth at 60db: 15 Kc; Insertion Loss: 3db max; Temperature Range: -55°C to +85°C.
Whether your selectivity problems are in transmission or reception, AM or FM, mobile or fixed equipment, you can call on Hermes engineering specialists to assist you in the design of your circuitry and in the selection of filter characteristics best suited to your needs. Write for Crystal Filter Bulletin.
A limited number of opportunities is available to experienced circuit designers. Send Résumé to Dr. D. I. Kosowsky.
The new name for HYCON EASTERN, INC. is
Hermes Electronics Co.
75 Cambridge Parkway • Dept. A • Cambridge 42, Massachusetts
enables design engineers to determine the resonant frequency of a circuit knowing inductance and capacitance or to select various inductances and capacitances for a desired frequency. The slide rule also has provision for computing inductive and capacitive reactance as well as inductance and capacitance of resonant circuits from 1 mc to 1,000 mc. Price is one dollar.
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Tape Duplicator professional type
MAGNETIC RECORDING INDUSTRIES, 126 Fifth Ave., New York 11, N. Y. Model 10 tape duplicator is capable of producing 150 perfect copies in a single 8-hr day. Utilizing the common, horizontal mandrel principle, it makes three high-speed duplicate copies simultaneously. Model 10's amplifier is of all-solid-state rectifier design. The preamp is all-transistorized. Operating at 30 ips model 10 can duplicate a 1200-ft tape in 7½ minutes. Unit has a frequency response of 50 to 10,000 cps with a signal to noise ratio within 2 db of a magnetic tape recording system's theoretical limit. Price is $4,950; lease-purchase plans also available.
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Fuel-Gage Tester ruggedized unit
GENERAL RADIO Co., West Concord, Mass. Type 1428-A fuel-gage tester meets military specifications. It contains a pair of 3-terminal air capacitors, continuously variable linearly from 20 to 220 μf; one to simulate the jet-fuel compensator, the other, in conjunction with fixedHUDSON
-the Standard Line that's Deep-Drawn to Precision Standards*
*The Most Complete Line in the Industry, too!
HUDSON STANDARD CASES AND COVERS offer a quick, economical solution to your military and commercial closure problems. Components of mu metal, nickel-silver, aluminum, brass, copper, steel and stainless steel are available in any required finish.
HUDSON STANDARD TOOLING saves you time and money on all but the most unusual closure applications. Check your requirements with HUDSON engineers, now!
Hudson Tool & Die Co • Inc
18-38 Malvern St., Newark 5, New Jersey
Precision Metal Components for Electronics, Nucleonics, Avionics and General Industrial Applications
Telephone: MArket 4-1802
Teletype: NK 1066
3 MODERN PLANTS TO SERVE YOU
silvered mica units, to simulate the main sensing capacitor of the fuel gage. The main capacitor can be extended to 6,200 μμf using two sets of switched, solder-sealed precision silver micas; one provides five steps of 200 μμf; the other five steps of 1,000 μμf. For compensation there is an additional capacitor, continuously variable linearly from 10 to 210 μμf. Air dielectric losses are almost negligible since solid insulation is largely outside the electric field. Capacitor scale length is 19.2 ft; settings are accurate to 1 part in 25,000.
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**Instant CONTACT IDENTIFICATION**
**Idento SEAL**
**HERMETIC RECEPTACLES**
Faster wiring, less chance of errors, reduced inspection time—these production advantages are possible only with AMPHENOL’s superior Identoseals. Each contact is clearly and sharply defined—fired-on white ceramic letters contrasting strongly with the dark brown glass—both on the face and the rear of the insert.
Instant contact identification is one of many advantages of AMPHENOL Identoseals. Rugged compression sealing provides a tight bond between shell, glass and contacts that is extremely strong and highly resistant to thermal shock. Identoseals are capable of continuous operation at 850° F. Insulation resistance is over 100,000 megohms.
Identoseals are available in MS-type receptacles that mate with MIL-C-5015 plugs, in miniature sizes and in numerous special configurations. An engineering staff experienced in hermetic sealing can immediately meet your requirements.
"MS" Round Flange "MS" Square Flange "MS" Flangeless "MS" Hex. Flange
**CONNECTOR DIVISION**
Amphenol-Borg Electronics Corporation
1830 S. 54TH AVENUE • CHICAGO 50, ILLINOIS
---
**Tachometers transistorized**
ELECTRO PRODUCTS LABORATORIES, Chicago, Ill., announces Electro-Tach Multiple 7120 series, a line of transistorized tachometers that measure speed without physical loading and provide overspeed underspeed control. Unit illustrated is housed in a JIC-type enclosure.
CIRCLE 327 ON READER SERVICE CARD
---
**Servo Amplifiers**
**400 cps units**
MAGNETICO, INC., T. A. Division, 6 Richter Court, East Northport, L. I., N. Y., announces a line of 400 cps transistorized servo amplifiers. The T1000 measuring 1½ by 1½ by 3 in., with a voltage gain of 2,500, has a power output capability
Simplified, Accurate Broadband Measurements
Frequency Range 500 KC to 250 MC
BRC Type 250-A RX Meter...
Complete, Integrated, Self-contained—No External Units Required
The integral design of this RF bridge eliminates difficulties from leakage, hand effects or improper matching that can occur when several units must be interconnected to make measurements. Integrated within the 250-A are an accurate, continuously tuned RF oscillator, high frequency bridge, amplifier-detector and null indicating meter. Connections to the unknown impedance are arranged for practically zero lead length. Equivalent parallel resistance and capacitance are read directly from the calibrated dials over the entire range.
Typical Applications
The RX meter provides a quick accurate means of measuring the RF resistance and reactance of a wide variety of materials, components and circuits. Measurements can also be made of the dynamic parameters of transistors, vacuum tubes and diodes under selected conditions of D.C. bias and operating levels. Measurements of antennas and antenna systems are readily convertible to series equivalents or VSWR. Transmission line characteristic impedance, attenuation and velocity of propagation are easily determined.
Specifications
Frequency Range: 500 KC to 250 MC
Frequency Accuracy: ±1%
Resistance Range (Rp): 15 to 100,000 ohms (28'' scale length)
Resistance Accuracy: \( \pm \left[ 2 + \frac{F^*}{200} + \frac{R^*}{5000} + \frac{Q^*}{20} \right] \% + 0.2 \Omega \)
\( F^* = \text{frequency (MC)}; R = \text{RX Meter Rp reading (\(\Omega\))}; \)
\( Q = \frac{R}{\omega C \times 10^{-12}} \), where \( C = \text{RX Meter Cp reading (\(\mu\mu f\))} \)
Resistance Calibration: Increments of approx. 3% throughout most of range.
Capacitance Range (Cp): 0 to 20 \(\mu\mu f\) (0.1 \(\mu\mu f\) increments)
Capacitance Accuracy: \( \pm (0.5 + 0.5F^* C^* \times 10^{-9})\% \pm 0.15 \mu\mu f \)
\( *F = \text{frequency (MC)}; C = \text{RX Meter Cp reading (\(\mu\mu f\))} \)
Capacitance Calibration: 0.1 \(\mu\mu f\) increments.
Inductance Range (Lp): .001 \(\mu h\) to 100 mh
Inductance Accuracy: Basic accuracy is capacitance accuracy given above.
Test Voltage: 0 volts D.C. (50 ma permissible thru unknown terminals)
0.1 to 0.5 volts RF (conveniently reducible to 20 mv)
Price: $1525.00 F.O.B. Boonton, N. J.
CO-AX ADAPTER KIT TYPE 515-A
Permits connection to the RX Meter bridge circuitry through transmission line or fixture fitted with a type "N" male connector.
PRICE: $38.50
FOB Boonton, N. J.
Precision Electronic Instruments since 1934
BOONTON RADIO CORPORATION
BOONTON, NEW JERSEY, U.S.A.
ELECTRONICS · NOVEMBER 20, 1959
CIRCLE 135 ON READER SERVICE CARD 135
Arnoux's new unique temperature transducer, solving several problems, is an advanced concept in resistance thermometry. It's modular... simple to provide in variable tube lengths, from 1\(\frac{1}{2}\) to 2\(\frac{1}{2}\) inches—special lengths on request... all parts are interchangeable, simplifying replacement or reuse; and, replaceable, humidityproof sensing elements... available in either gas- or fluid-immersion types with sensing elements of nickel-iron, platinum, or thermistor (semiconductor oxides).
Other features: With suitable circuitry, outputs of from 0 to 5 volts; ranges of from \(-320\) F to 1000 F; mounting permits variation in tube length—also changing element while fitting is in place; LOX compatible; pressure rating, fluid-immersion, 4500 psi to 1000 F; pressure rating, gas-immersion, 4500 psi at 77 F and 2000 psi at 1200 F; resistance tolerance to 0.5%; and, solder terminals for increased reliability. Bulletin 308.
Arnoux Corporation
11924 W. Washington Blvd. • Los Angeles 66, California
Teflon Terminal slotted-lug
SEALECTRO CORP., 610 Fayette Ave., Mamaroneck, N. Y. Convenience of the slotted or bifurcated lug, coupled with a through-center hole bringing the connecting lead from one side to the other of a chassis or casing, and wrapping the lead on the external lug, is offered by type FT-1025 SL Press-Fit Terminal. Terminal is ideally suited for assemblies requiring potting, or for other sealed-in equipment requiring handy external connections. The Press-Fit feature—simply pressing into a hole, without need of nuts, washers, lockwashers or other hardware—provides an excellent seal, particularly with potted units.
Power Transistor military-type
BENDIX AVIATION CORP., Long Branch, N. J. The 2N297A germanium power transistor meets the MIL-T-19500/36A (Sig C) specification. It can be used in numerous military applications, such as in missiles and supersonic aircraft.
NEW AMPLIFIER PACKS 90 DB IN HALF CUBIC INCH VOLUME
New 455 kc three-stage amplifiers developed by the U.S. Army Signal Corps utilizing the facilities and competence of General Electric produce up to 90 db gain with 5 kc bandwidth in one-half cubic inch volume. This degree of miniaturization evolved from sustained research and development in solid state filters, delay lines and transformers at the Electronics Laboratory, Electronics Park.
The unique bar-shaped transformers developed for these amplifiers, combined with improvements in existing ferro-electric ceramics, permits the most compact packaging with extreme gain. This achievement in research and development is indicative of General Electric's technical competence in defense electronics.
Progress Is Our Most Important Product
GENERAL ELECTRIC
DEFENSE ELECTRONICS DIVISION
HEAVY MILITARY ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
SYRACUSE, NEW YORK
and also in many commercial fields for high-current switching, audio amplification, regulators, power supply circuits, and oscillator circuits. Maximum collector voltage rating is 60 v, and maximum collector current rating, 5 amperes. It has a dissipation of 35 w at 25 C and 10 w at 75 C.
CIRCLE 330 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Nixie Tube Driver transistorized
TRANSISTOR ELECTRONICS CORP., 3357 Republic Ave., Minneapolis 26, Minn. The TND series may be driven by low level signals, such as are commonly available from transistor circuitry, without need for driver relays or external drive amplifiers. Unit includes standard Nixie tubes and up to ten transistor drive circuits. Signals required are +4 for the "ON" condition, 0 volts for "OFF" and both are referenced to the common terminal. This signal may be shifted up or down by the use of an external bias on the common terminal. Circuit may be modified to fit any exact signal and supply voltages, including negative "ON" and positive "OFF" conditions.
CIRCLE 331 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Transducer Element high temperature
U. S. SONICS CORP., 625 McGrath Highway, Somerville, Mass. A new type of ceramic transducer element (US 500) exhibits high stability at temperatures up to 300 C. It is very active and has a high linear couSIX VSWR AMPLIFIER FEATURES
...available only from NARDA
1. Battery-operated (rechargeable nickel-cadmium).
2. Completely transistorized for low current drain.
3. Independent of line voltage variations.
4. Complete bolometer protection during switching.
5. Most compact unit available.
6. Completely portable.
Model 441B—$225
Now you can get a completely portable battery-operated VSWR Amplifier offering complete protection against bolometer burnout at the same time!
Narda’s Model 441B is supplied with nickel-cadmium batteries, providing complete freedom from line voltage deviations. Batteries recharge automatically when unit is plugged in; provision is built-in to show state of battery charge. A special protective circuit permits switching and connect-disconnect with no danger of bolometer burnout. Provision is made for both crystals and high and low current bolometers.
Full sensitivity is provided over both normal and expanded scales; eliminates switching attenuation range. Other features are shown on this page; for complete information and a free copy of our latest catalog, write to us at: Department E-10.
FEATURES:
- **SENSITIVITY:** 0.1 microvolts at 200 ohms for full scale.
- **FREQUENCY:** 1,000 cps ± 1% (plug-in frequency networks available for 315-4,000 cps and broad-band applications)
- **BANDWIDTH:** 25-30 cps
- **RANGE:** 72 db (60 db in 10 db steps, 11 db continuous)
- **ACCURACY:** ± 0.1 db per step • ± 0.2 db maximum cumulative • meter linearity: 1% of full scale
the narda microwave corporation
118-160 HERRICKS ROAD, MINEOLA, L. I., N. Y. • PIONEER 6-4650
CIRCLE 139 ON READER SERVICE CARD 139
KLIKON Thermostats Provide Rigid Temperature Control for Army's Redstone Missile
Extremely close temperature control is required in the Redstone missile propulsion system. In readiness at launching sites from the equator to the polar regions, heater assemblies, developed by Safeway Heat Elements, Inc., Middletown, Connecticut, are mounted directly on or around components in the propulsion system. These heaters withstand temperature extremes from -80°F. to +450°F., and incorporate a unique "snap-on" mounting feature for ease of installation.
KLIKON M1 hermetically sealed thermostats, integrally molded in the heater assemblies, insure the rigid temperature control required. These tiny thermal switches, coupled with an unusually narrow temperature differential and setting tolerance, utilize a saddle type thermal inertia plate for accurately sensing the components.
KLIKON snap-acting thermostats are ideal for such applications for several important reasons . . . inert gas filled and heliarc welded construction provides a superior seal. Elimination of solder flux and completely inorganic components produce a highly resistant unit . . . small in size, light in weight . . . responds to temperature change quickly and accurately . . . have ample capacity to handle heavy electrical loads . . . calibrations stand up under severe environmental conditions. Rated: 7 amp, 30 VDC; 2000, 100 cycles. Exceed 50 — 500 Cycles procedure I, MIL-E-5009.
More and more manufacturers of all kinds of equipment choose KLIKON controls with confidence. Investigate the KLIKON line for application possibilities in your products. Write today for Precision Thermostat Catalog.
Power Supplies plug-in
Mid-Eastern Electronics, Inc., 32 Commerce St., Springfield, N. J. Designed for use with computing systems or strain gage apparatus, the P1 series of power supplies have a capacity of 15 w output with 0.1 percent regulation. Voltage ranges are available from 0 to 300 v d-c; such as, 100 v d-c at 50 ma, or 50 v d-c at 100 ma. Recovery is less than 50 μsec; ripple, 0.01 percent, and overshoot, less than 1.0 percent of the voltage setting. The supply is programmable over a narrow voltage range. Unit measures 4½ in. by 4½ in. by 6½ in.; weighs 3 lb.
Coax Termination low power
Empire Devices Products Corp., Amsterdam, N. Y. Model TE-80 termination was designed for both field and lab use over the range from d-c to 10 kmc. Consisting of a resistive center conductor within a coaxial housing, the unit affords an accurately matched termination for vswr measurements of coax.
WIDE BAND ELECTRONIC SWITCH
DC to 15 MC DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE PRESENTATIONS
Model ES-180A
- Alternate-sweep or alternate-sample displays, switching rate up to 400 kc
- Amplifier rise-time .023 microseconds, megohm input, 93 ohms load impedance
- Unity-gain, feedback, regulated power supplies for linearity and stability
- Index trace calibrated in volts and % amplitude eliminates parallax errors
- Time-signal input allows accurate and rapid measurement of pulse parameters
TELETRONICS LABORATORY, INC. 54 KINKEL STREET WESTBURY, L. I., N. Y.
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need reference data?
Look in the new electronics BUYERS' GUIDE
Complete list of government buying agencies, specs and applications in 64 page reference section of the '59-'60 issue.
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION
330 W. 42nd Street
New York 36, N. Y.
S.S.WHITE MOLDED RESISTORS retain their values!
S. S. WHITE Molded Resistors retain their original values and never deteriorate due to age!
S. S. WHITE resistors serve dependably in hundreds of commercial...industrial...and scientific applications. They are characterized by low noise level...precision...stability...negative temperature and voltage coefficients. Non-hygroscopic base withstands temperature and humidity. They are compact, have excellent stability and mechanical strength.
For full details, write for our Bulletin 5409. We'll be glad to help you apply these high-quality, "all-weather" resistors to your product. Just drop us a line.
FIXED RESISTANCE VALUES RANGE FROM 1000 OHMS TO 10,000,000 MEGOHMS!
65X Molded Resistor ............... 1 watt
80X Molded Resistor .................. 3 watts
S. S. WHITE INDUSTRIAL DIVISION
10 East 40th Street, New York 16, New York
Western Office: Dept. R
1839 West Pico Blvd., Los Angeles 6, Calif.
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PHILCO TECHREP DIVISION
ANNOUNCES
NEW GROUND-FLOOR OPPORTUNITIES IN ENGINEERING
As the pioneer in electronic field services, PHILCO is now moving into the broader field of Electronics...researching...engineering...designing and performing engineering modifications of global communication systems, world-wide radar defense networks, and missile systems and components.
OUR NEW FLEXIBLE POLICY LETS YOU —
- Choose Your Own Field of Interest
- Choose Your Own Location
WHILE PROVIDING
— constant career guidance
... professional growth ...
top compensation and the very best in employee benefits.
WRITE TODAY
Let us review your professional experience and desires, so that we may arrange a confidential consultation in your city.
MR. CLIFFORD F. GRAEBE, Personnel Manager
PHILCO TECHREP DIVISION, Dept. 39-A
22nd & Lehigh Ave., Philadelphia 32, Pa.
NAME: ____________________________________________
ADDRESS: _________________________________________
CITY: ___________________________ STATE: ___________
P.S. Please Enclose Resume.
components; a standard impedance termination for coax devices such as directional couplers or filters; or it may be used as a laboratory impedance standard. Center conductor is a precision film resistor rated at 1 w. Impedance is 50 ohms. Vswr is less than 1.07:1 from d-c to 4 kmc and less than 1.15:1 from 4 to 10 kmc.
CIRCLE 334 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Stalo Driver for radar system
BJ ELECTRONICS, Borg-Warner Corp., 3300 Newport Blvd., Santa Ana, Calif. New stalo exciter driver provides a stable frequency power source in radar systems or as a klystron driver source. It is designed for applications where 5 to 10 w c-w or pulsed r-f are required over S band. Model 86 consists of an L band cavity oscillator, cavity doubler to S band and cavity r-f amplifier. The amplifier stage may be pulsed at any repetition rate. IFM is less than 150 cycles throughout the frequency range.
CIRCLE 335 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Servomotor weighs 15 oz
HELIPOP DIVISION OF BECKMAN INSTRUMENTS, INC., Fullerton, Calif. The 18SM691 servomotor is a precision control component engineered to provide the high torque and instantaneous acceleration reNEW... Insulating Oils Tester
On-the-Spot Dielectric Strength Measurements
Portable HYPOT® Model 4505
Insulating Oils Tested to ASTM Specifications
Complete Catalog
Data on the full line of ARI instruments for dielectric strength, resistance and other measurements.
Testing of insulating oils at the point of application, as well as in the laboratory, is made possible by this compact HYPOT® Tester, weighing only 42 pounds.
The test potential is adjustable from 0 to 35 kv-o.c., at 2 kva output rating. Operation from 110 v, 50/60 c line. Motor-driven automatic rate of rise control optional.
Complete description and application data is available.
Write Today!
ASSOCIATED RESEARCH, Incorporated
"Electrical Testing Instruments Since 1926"
3781 W. Belmont Ave., Chicago 18, Illinois
CIRCLE 203 ON READER SERVICE CARD
specify...
G-E SOLID TANTALYTIC* CAPACITORS
for transistor circuitry, both in military and industrial electronic applications.
- Offer small size, stable operating characteristics, long shelf life, and operating temperatures from -55C to +85C.
- Selected ratings to 50 volts d-c and capacities to 22 mfd in units as small as .003 cu. in.
- Have mechanically rugged, hermetically sealed, dry construction to eliminate leakage and corrosion.
SPECIFYING INFORMATION on G.E.'s Tantalytic line is available from your nearest Apparatus Sales Office, or write for CEZ-796A, to General Electric, Section 449-13, Schenectady 5, N.Y.
*Registered Trademark of General Electric Co.
GENERAL ELECTRIC
CIRCLE 204 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Sub-Min. NEON
Widest selection of Pilot Lights -from DIALCO
T-2
(Dialco's Sub Miniatures use tiny T-2 Neon Glow Lamps: NE-2J (High Brightness) at 105-125 V., A.C.; or NE-2D (regular) at 105-125 V., A.C. or D.C.)
NEW Series mounts from FRONT of panel in 15/32" clearance hole (supplements 17/32" Series). Also—units for mounting from BACK of panel in 15/32" clearance hole. Unique lenses in 5 colors; give all-angle visibility. Units are fully insulated; meet applicable Mil. Specs.
Ask for Brochures L-159B and L-162.
(Front mtg., 15/32")
No. 137-8536-931
(Front mtg., 17/32")
No. 145-5036-991
(Back mtg., 15/32")
No. 138-3836-1431-99
INCANDESCENT 2-Terminal and 1-Terminal Types
T-1¾
Designed for use with T-1¾ midget flanged incandescent lamps—1.3 V. to 28 V.
NEW Series mounts from FRONT of panel in 15/32" clearance hole—(supplements 17/32" Series). Also—units for mounting from BACK of panel in 15/32" clearance hole. Unique lenses in 7 colors. Units are fully insulated; meet applicable Mil. Specs.
Ask for Brochures L-156C thru 159B, and L-162.
(Front mtg., 15/32")
No. 162-8430-931
(Back mtg., 15/32")
No. 134-3830-375-7
Spring-mounted Lens-with-Message is rotatable.
(Front mtg., 13/32")
No. 101-4630-971
Foremost Manufacturer of Pilot Lights
DIALIGHT CORPORATION
58 STEWART AVE., BROOKLYN 37, N. Y. • HYacinth 7-7600
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VERSATILE MULTI-RANGE METER TESTER
Model M-2
... POWER SUPPLY ... LIMIT BRIDGE
Precise power supply unit for laboratory and production use. For DC instrument calibration from 25 ua full scale to 10 ma full scale, and 0-100 VDC; sensitivity and resistance measurement; DC current-voltage source; limit bridge measurements from 0-5000 ohms. Regulated power supply. Stepless vacuum tube voltage control accuracy exceeds 1/4% (current), 1/4 ohm or 3/4% (resistance). For 115V, 60 cycle AC. Complete with all accessories. Bulletin on request. Marion Instrument Division, Minneapolis - Honeywell Regulator Company, Manchester, N. H., U. S. A.
Copyright © 1968, Marion U. S. Patent 2,740,093
CIRCLE 336 ON READER SERVICE CARD
UHF Socket for 2C39 tubes
JETTRON PRODUCTS, INC., 56 Route 10, Hanover, N. J. The CD-7620 uhf socket is completely assembled and ready to solder into the customer's chassis. It features very low capacitance from cathode to ground and from anode to ground. Rexolite 1422 insulators are employed for their extremely low loss and low dielectric constant characteristics at vhf and uhf. Heat treated, heavily silver plated beryllium copper finger springs make multiple peripheral contact with the tube elements. The socket construction prevents undue strain on the tube and the tube is not clamped in the socket, but held captive by two lugs at the anode end.
CIRCLE 337 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Capacitors ultra low leakage
RADIATION RESEARCH CORP., 1114 First Ave., New York 21, N. Y., announces development of a capacitor using polystyrene dielectric having a d-c resistance in excess of $10^9$ megohm-$\mu$F or a leakage time constant greater than 100 years. Individual 0.1 $\mu$F capacitors charged to
When you've got big plans for the future — you have good reasons for reading your businesspaper mighty carefully. This is where a man who means business gets facts, news, ideas . . . information he needs to do business. Issue after issue you find meaty stuff to keep your job and your business growing — in both the advertising and editorial pages of . . . your businesspaper.
Where there's business action, there's a businesspaper . . . where there's electronics business, there's electronics
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION • 330 WEST 42nd STREET, NEW YORK 36, N.Y.
ELECTRONICS • NOVEMBER 13, 1959
ADVANCED RECONNAISSANCE system developments at Melpar provide unusual opportunities for the technical advancement of participating professional personnel. Technological challenge in an area vital to our national defense assures our engineers and scientists that their contributions will have lasting significance. Melpar's reconnaissance systems engineering department has achieved national recognition for its outstanding accomplishments in the fields of acquisition, processing, and interpretation of intelligence. Techniques resulting from our deep probes into advanced aspects of electronics, optics, and physics are being quickly translated into operational equipment for the armed forces.
Positions in the following areas offer particular challenge at this time:
- Reconnaissance Systems
- Airborne Equipment
- Ground Data Handling Equipment
- Simulation & Training Systems
- Communication & Navigation Systems
- Ground Support Equipment
- Detection & Identification Systems
- Antenna & Radiation Systems
- Physical Sciences Laboratory
- Applied Physics Laboratory
- Production Engineering
- Quality Control
Melpar's remarkable growth continues to create attractive opportunities for the exceptional engineer and scientist. Your own intellectual dimensions govern remuneration and assignments.
INTERVIEWS ARRANGED IN YOUR LOCALE
For Details
Wire Collect or Write to:
Professional Employment Supervisor
MELPAR INC
A SUBSIDIARY OF WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE COMPANY
3306 Arlington Boulevard, Falls Church, Virginia
In Historic Fairfax County
10 miles from Washington, D. C.
1,990 v (99.5 percent of initial charge) after 2 years. Uncased developmental models with voltage ratings from 1,000 v to 10,000 v are available for test and evaluation.
CIRCLE 338 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Voltage Monitors
solid state
ALTO SCIENTIFIC Co., Inc., 855 Commercial St., Palo Alto, Calif. Model L102 monitors are solid state sensors followed by amplification to either close or open relays, thereby indicating automatically when the voltage exceeds preset limits. Typical applications are for voltage comparators in incoming inspection, voltage indicators for automatic checkout and voltage detection in ground power systems. Units have a range of 5 v to 40 v d-c and a response time of 100 millisec. Repeatability of trip is within 0.1 percent of voltage setting. Output relay rating is 2 amperes resistive load, and the trip point changes by less than ±3 percent (from 25 C) over a temperature range of -29 to +54 C.
CIRCLE 339 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Transistors
silicon mesa type
RHEEM SEMICONDUCTOR CORP., 327 Moffett Blvd., Mountain View, Calif. These npn, double diffused silicon mesa transistors have very fast switching time, as low as 25 milliusec. Saturation resistance is typically 5 ohms. Units are designed to meet the most rigid miliJack Carroll
Managing Editor, electronics
Holds Partial Staff Meeting
Resumé:
Carroll, John M., (seated in photo) Lehigh University, BS, Hofstra College, MA in Physics, member several I.R.E. committees. Naval electronics, World War II. Electronics engineering officer during Korean war. Background in engineering derives from experience with the National Bureau of Standards, Naval Research Laboratories, Liberty Aircraft, American Instrument Co. Author of technical books for McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Present Occupation:
Jack Carroll is responsible for "getting-out-the-book" each week within the framework of editorial policy formed by W. W. MacDonald, Editor of electronics. Jack is occupied with editorial makeup, with the accuracy of editorial content, with scheduling the workload of a 26-editor staff to provide maximum coverage of technical developments and business information.
References:
Jack is a dedicated man—dedicated to the interests of the readers of electronics magazine. His prime goal is to help edit a publication which will be required reading for the important people in the electronics industry—a publication that will fill the needs of design-research, production, management. If you are not receiving the publication that is edited to keep you best informed, if you are not a subscriber, or if your subscription is expiring, fill in the box on the Reader Service Card. Easy to use. Postage is free.
electronics
A McGraw-Hill Publication
330 West 42nd Street, New York 36, New York
can your business afford a power supply failure?
"Emphatically no!", says Frank Marx, Vice President, engineering of the ABC-TV network in New York. "In network broadcasting a power supply failure can not be tolerated. That's why ABC relies on transistorized power supplies by POWER SOURCES, INC."
The power supplies shown in the photograph are Model PS-4000B . . . typical of the broad industrial line of POWER SOURCES precision, transistor regulated supplies. Other supplies available range in output from 4.5 volts at 10 amps to 300 volts at 1.5 amps. Each is "short-circuit protected" and designed to provide a highly regulated source of power for critical Industrial or Military applications. Write for complete specifications.
Specify POWER SOURCES BY POWER SOURCES, INC.
Burlington, Massachusetts
CIRCLE 147 ON READER SERVICE CARD 147
YOKE DISTORTION your problem?
Uniform magnetic fields Produced in Celco Precision Deflection Yokes Minimize SPOT DISTORTION
Exclusive Celco core materials make it possible to achieve faster recovery times, minimum hysteresis, high linearities and maximum sensitivities.
Contact Celco Engineering Department for a fast solution to all your yoke problems.
Celco produces a complete line of standard or special commercial and military precision deflection yokes.
Magnetic Circuit Elements Inc., 3722 Park Place, Montrose, Calif., has 172 different models of swinging inductors, each in three basic forms—open construction, encapsulated and can-type. Encapsulated and can-type, with their unique internal construction, are designed to meet or exceed applicable sections of MIL-T-27A.
Swinging Inductors wide selection
... and Peerless Electric Solves Another Electronic Gear Cooling Problem!
- A large aircraft manufacturer needed to cool stationary and airborne electronic gear. Peerless PW-12 Pressure Blowers were selected. Square-to-round discharge adapters with intake filters were fabricated to provide dust-free air. We are working continuously with many of the nation's top producers and users of electronic equipment.
We design and build our own fans and blowers ... motors and all. That's why we unconditionally guarantee their dependable performance. Our engineers work to your specifications to produce the fans and blowers that enable your equipment to operate at its best.
Contact us today! We're interested in your inquiry!
H. K. Porter Company, Inc.
W. MARKET ST. • WARREN, OHIO
PORTER SERVES INDUSTRY with 14 Divisions including: Porter Blowers, Inc.; Electric National Electric, Peerless Electric, Riverside-Alloy Metal, Refractories, Connors Steel, Vulcan-Kidd Steel, Forge and Forgings, H. K. Leschen Wire Rope, Mouldings; H. K. Porter Compania de Mexico, S.A., and H. K. Porter Company (Canada) Ltd.
Member of the Air Moving and Conditioning Association, Inc. (AMCA)
Also Manufacturing The Massachusetts Line®
CIRCLE 208 ON READER SERVICE CARD
NOVEMBER 20, 1959 • ELECTRONICS
HOW BENDIX SPARK GAPS CAN PROTECT YOUR RADAR EQUIPMENT
Bendix Red Bank “Spark Gap” Tubes are specially designed to do two big jobs in electronic circuits.
First, to act as a “triggering” switch—as on jet ignition systems. Here, Bendix* Spark Gaps pass high currents with relatively low voltage drop and have the advantage of being able to handle high voltages in small space. Further, these tubes can be made insensitive to ambient temperature variations and are not normally affected by pressure, altitude, or humidity changes.
The second function of Bendix Spark Gaps is as a protective element—guarding radar equipment against voltage overload, to name one example. Here, Bendix Spark Gaps keep high voltage surges from getting through to damage circuit components.
Our design and manufacturing experience with spark gap tubes is extremely broad. If our extensive line of these tubes . . . ranging from 750V to 50KV in DC breakdown voltages . . . does not already contain a type to fit your needs, we are in a position to design one to handle the job with the exact degree of efficiency that you require.
To find out more about what we can do to help you with your spark gap problems, get in touch with RED BANK DIVISION, BENDIX AVIATION CORPORATION, EATONTOWN, NEW JERSEY.
*TRADEMARK
West Coast Sales and Service: 117 E. Providencia Ave., Burbank, Calif.
Canadian Affiliate: Computing Devices of Canada, Ltd., P. O. Box 508, Ottawa 4, Ont.
Export Sales & Service: Bendix International, 205 E. 42nd St., New York 17, N. Y.
When you've got big plans for the future — you have good reasons for reading your businesspaper mighty carefully. This is where a man who means business gets facts, news, ideas ... information he needs to do business. Issue after issue you find meaty stuff to keep your job and your business growing — in both the advertising and editorial pages of . . . your businesspaper.
Transmitter Racks
22-in. wide frames
Premier Metal Products Co., 337 Manida St., New York 59, N.Y. A new line of Prem-O-Rak modular transmitter racks is designed for multiple installations and for use with the Prem-O-Rak console cabinets. The F series have front and rear rounded tops, 22 in. wide frames made of 14 gage steel, and two adjustable panel mounting angles.
L-F Oscillator
polyphase
General Radio Co., West Concord, Mass. Type 1305-A oscillator can be used for gain and phase measurements at low frequencies (0.01 to 1,000 cycles) on geophysical prospecting and sonar systems,
servomechanisms, and power-system analogs. A feature of the unit is an output circuit continuously variable in phase and calibrated from 0 to 360 deg.
CIRCLE 346 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Snap Switch Relay
solenoid operated
WARCO INDUSTRIES, INC., 6625 Delmar Ave., St. Louis 30, Mo. The SS-101 multipole solenoid operated snap switch relay is well suited to the control of several circuits handling inductive loads. It is available in contact arrangements up to 6 pdt. Each snap action contact is rated at 10 amperes, \( \frac{1}{2} \) h-p, at 125 v a-c or 5 amperes, \( \frac{1}{2} \) b-p, at 250 v a-c. Plunger clears through top of frame for convenient push button-self holding operation where desired. Overall dimensions are 3\( \frac{1}{2} \) in. long by 1\( \frac{1}{2} \) in. diameter.
CIRCLE 347 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Cooling Systems
for microwave tubes
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL PRODUCTS, Inc., 12 Clinton Road, Caldwell, N. J. Hydraulic cooling systems employing fluoro chemicals are custom designed for traveling wave
Typical display of recovery time of two diodes tested simultaneously.
FROM
GET DUAL POSITION OPERATION FOR QUALITY CONTROL TESTING OF FAST RECOVERY DIODES WITH THE EG&G MILLI-MIKE OSCILLOSCOPE
Now two operators can use the same EG&G Type 2236A Milli-Mike Oscilloscope at the same time. It's like getting two oscilloscopes—(EG&G Oscilloscopes)—for the price of one!
TYPE 2236A PERFORMANCE DATA
| Vertical (TW) | Horizontal |
|---------------|------------|
| Sensibility | .054 v/trace width | 0.30 v/trace width |
| Nominal Spot Size (trace width) | 0.002 inch | |
| Deflection | 27 v/inch (nominal) | 150 v/inch |
| Frequency Response | DC to greater than 3,000 mc | |
| | (—3db at approx. 2,000 mc) | |
| Input Impedance | 50 or 100 ohms | |
| Writing Speed | 3 x 10\(^{-11}\) trace widths/sec. | |
The EG&G Milli-Mike Oscilloscope—one of a family of millimicrosecond instruments—is now being used to solve problems in measurement of high speed semiconductors, decay times of scintillators, discontinuities in transmission lines and as a synchronoscope in high resolution radar systems. For information on this and other millimicrosecond pulse techniques, write to Application Engineering Group.
EDGERTON, GERMESHAUSEN & GRIER, INC.
160 BROOKLINE AVENUE, BOSTON 15, MASS. 1622 SOUTH "A" STREET, LAS VEGAS, NEV.
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When you've got big plans for the future—you have good reasons for reading your businesspaper mighty carefully. This is where a man who means business gets facts, news, ideas...information he needs to do business. Issue after issue you find meaty stuff to keep your job and your business growing—in both the advertising and editorial pages of your businesspaper.
Tape Recorder weighs 10½ oz
LEACH CORP., Los Angeles, Calif., announces an airborne tape recorder weighing 10½ oz and occupying 14 cu. in. of space. It will register information about air or space flights on one to 16 channels on a continuous tape, which will then play it back to earth receivers. It has a high resistance to shock, over 2000 g's, and extremely low power consumption, 1½ w.
Sealed Relay minimum current
GUARDIAN ELECTRIC MFG. Co., 1621 W. Walnut St., Chicago 12, Ill. Series 3005 hermetically sealed relay meets overload rupture, vibration and minimum current requirements of MIL-R-6106-C. It operates with 4 pdt contact switch combinations at 10 amperes. Unit has vibration resistance of 15 g's to 1,000 cycles plus 10g's from 1,000 to 2,000 cycles; is applicable for operation in temperature ranges of -65 C to +120 C. It has standard coil voltage of 24 to 28 v d-c, is also available with rectification network for a-c operation up to 400 cps.
CIRCLE 350 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Silicon Rectifier high voltage
BRADLEY SEMICONDUCTOR CORP., 275 Welton St., New Haven 11, Conn. Silicon tophat rectifier Siamese series BR/IN2772-2781, has peak inverse voltages ranging from 700 to 1,600 v, with a maximum d-c output of 750 ma (25 C). Maximum forward voltage drop is 1.8 and reverse leakage factor, 4 µa (25 C). Recovery time is 5 µsec. Body length is 19/32 in.; maximum overall diameter, approximately ¾ in. All units are hermetically sealed to meet MIL specs.
CIRCLE 351 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Latching G Switch timed-action
INERTIA SWITCH, INC., 311 W. 43rd St., New York 36, N. Y. A timed-action latching switch is designed to activate automatically many critical operations aboard a soaring rocket or missile. The 6U0-115 has just one moving part—a precision ground steel ball held in place by a two-pole magnetic field. The switch can be set to respond to acceleration forces from 1 to 40 g's within a tolerance of ± 5 percent of the setting. Time delays can be ad-
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MARCONI FOR FM TEST GEAR
For years Marconi’s have been specialists in precision instrumentation for FM systems. Here are two models from our extensive range, designed to answer your FM measuring problems. Ask for leaflets B 149 for complete details.
CARRIER DEVIATION METER Model 791D
Crystal locking facilities in this new deviation meter insure freedom from microphony, and allow measurement of FM hum and noise in VHF and UHF communication and broadcast transmitters.
MEASURES DEVIATION: 200 cps to 125 kc in four ranges; extends down to 10 cps using external reader. Indicates positive or negative deviation at the turn of a switch.
IN-BUILT DEVIATION STANDARD, crystal controlled, for sustained accuracy.
CARRIER FREQUENCY RANGE: 4 to 1.024 mc, directly calibrated.
MODULATION FREQUENCY RANGE: 50 cps to 35 kc.
FM AM SIGNAL GENERATOR Model 995A/4
Narrow-deviation FM, stepped and extra-fine incremental tuning, and a high-stability low-noise output make this versatile VHF generator particularly suitable for mobile radio testing.
FREQUENCY RANGE: 1.5 to 220 mc with 100 cps check points above 13.5 mc. Less than 0.002% short-term drift.
DIRECT READING INCREMENTAL TUNING: Stepped control up to ± 40 kc, extra-fine control over control up to ± 15 kc.
OUTPUT RANGE: 1 µv to 100 mv at 52 and 75 ohms.
MODULATION: FM deviation monitored and variable from 0 to 5 and 0 to 15 kc. AM monitored and variable up to 50%. Modulation frequencies, 400 cps, 1 and 1.5 kc.
SPURIOUS FM ON CW: Less than 25 cps deviation.
AM & FM SIGNAL GENERATORS
AUDIO & VIDEO OSCILLATORS
FREQUENCY METERS
VOLTMETERS • POWER METERS
DISTORTION METERS
FIELD STRENGTH METERS
TRANSMITTER MONITORS
DEVIATION METERS
OSCILLOSCOPES, SPECTRUM & RESPONSE ANALYZERS
Q METERS & BRIDGES
MARCONI INSTRUMENTS
111 CEDAR LANE • ENGLEWOOD • NEW JERSEY
Tel: Lowell 7-007
CANADA: CANADIAN MARCONI CO. MARCONI BUILDING 2442 TRENTON AVE. MONTREAL 16
MARCONI INSTRUMENTS LTD • ST. ALBANS • HERTS • ENGLAND
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THE GUIDE TO INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONIC WIRE & CABLE
including ALPHLEX® TUBING & LACING CORD
- now over 5,000 items
- industry's most comprehensive line
- Alpha Wire products are IN-STOCK at electronic parts distributors coast to coast. Write for your free catalog to Dept. 159
ALPHA WIRE CORPORATION
200 Varick Street, New York 14, N.Y.
NEW INDUSTRIAL EDITION
CIRCLE 210 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Voltmeter highly accurate
B & K INSTRUMENTS, Inc., 3044 W. 106th St., Cleveland 11, Ohio, marketing agency for the manufacturer, Bruel & Kjaer of Denmark, offers model 2409 electronic voltmeter. It measures either the true rms, peak or average values of voltages over the frequency range from 2 to 200,000 cps. An accuracy of 0.5 db is obtained for true rms indication of signals with crest factors up to 5 and over a 20 db dynamic range. Unit may serve as a calibrated decade amplifier with 60 db gain as well as a vtvm.
CIRCLE 353 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Power Supply solid state
DELTRON INC., 2905 N. Leithgow St., Philadelphia 33, Pa. Series LH transistor regulated power supplies are available with output over any 2 v band from 1 up to 100 v, in all even numbered steps up to 20 amperes. Regulation is less than 0.1 percent from no load to full load; line regulation, less than 0.1 percent for changes from 105-125
IF YOU USE BWOs & TWTs
you need the NEW PRD 813
There is a "spanking" new BWO/TWT power supply that's really a work horse. PRD's latest contribution to the test equipment art, the Type 813 can supply just the right kind of power for driving a host of microwave tubes ranging from voltage-tuned magnetrons to travelling-wave amplifiers.
Featuring the latest advances, the PRD Type 813 has built-in time delays for filament and grid, delay line and collector, and anode voltages...and includes other frustration inhibitors, such as:
1. Individual adjustments of delay line, collector, anode, grid, and heater elements
2. Provisions for both internal and external sweep and amplitude modulation
3. AGC at the grid when used with external detectors
4. Digital read-out for delay line supply.
In addition to these features are the (typical of all PRD equipment) bedrock stability and high sensitivity of the first truly Universal BWO/TWT Supply. The remainder of the features and full specs for the PRD Type 813 can be yours by writing to: PRD—first in microwaves.
POLYTECHNIC RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
Factory & General Office:
202 Tillary St., Brooklyn 1, N.Y.
Ulster 2-6800
Western Sales Office:
2639 So. La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles 34, Calif.
Upton 0-1940
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ELECTRONICS • NOVEMBER 20, 1959
v a-c; temperature stability, better than 0.05 percent available to 0.01 percent; response time, better than 50 μsec; ripple, below 1 mv.
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Voltage Regulator militarized
THE SUPERIOR ELECTRIC Co., 83 Laurel St., Bristol, Conn. Designed to meet MIL-E-4158B, this Stabiline electromechanical automatic voltage regulator type EM4108MR maintains a constant output voltage regardless of line or load changes. Efficiency is 99 percent. Unit features zero waveform distortion, 0.1 sec per v speed of response, accuracy of ± 1.0 percent, advanced control circuit and all under-chassis wiring. Input is 105-135 v, 45-66 cycles; output, 120 v rms nominal, adjustable from 115-125 v with proportional shift in input voltage range; output current, 66.6 amperes.
CIRCLE 355 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Transistor medium-power
BENDIX AVIATION CORP., 200 Westwood Ave., Long Branch, N. J., announces a medium-power transistor series for applications in single-ended Class B drivers, output amplifiers for portable radios and tv, and other commercial units. The transistor, called Yeoman and designated the 2N1176, A and B series, features low cost. It has a low saturation voltage of 0.3 v d-c, and can be supplied in 15, 40, and 60 voltage ratings with a 300 ma d-c maximum collector current rating. Its linear current gain characteristics permit efficient switching and low distortion output.
CIRCLE 356 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Here are SILICON SLICES more consistent than any others
When you come right down to it, in order to get good device yields, consistency is just about the most important characteristic of Silicon single crystal slices. And consistency can only be assured when you are able to trace the genesis of every slice (even production lots) all the way back to original raw materials.
This you can do with the above slices. They're from Allegheny—the only company now operating a completely integrated silicon production facility. Naturally, since we start from raw materials, we can also supply bulk, billets, rods, doping alloys, seeds or whatever special forms you might need.
And the slices? They come from vertically pulled or float zoned crystals doped to range with 99.999% group III and/or V elements. You get them in standard thicknesses from .005" to .020", with diameters from 1/10 to 1-1/2 inches. Lapping we do to your specs, preparing for diffusion if you wish. Otherwise, your slices are etched, cleaned and dried—ready for use when you get them.
Isn't now the right time to get all the facts?
Allegheny Electronic Chemicals Co.
207 Hooker-Fulton Bldg., Bradford, Pa.
ALLEGHENY
ELECTRONIC CHEMICALS CO.
Producers of semiconducting materials for the electronics industry
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NEW BOOKS
Materials and Processes of Electron Devices
By M. KNOLL assisted by B. KAZAN.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1959, 484 p., DM 66.
Thoroughly covers theoretical and practical considerations involved in choosing and testing materials and production processes for vacuum tubes and semiconductor devices. For example, metals are also described in terms of their annealed, outgassed and work-hardened states and their specific application as tube elements.
Topics include the various tube metals and alloys, glass and glass working, semiconductors, organic and inorganic compounds, cements, gases and vapors, working and outgassing tube parts, gettering, welding, exhausting and sealing. Both American and European practice is reviewed. The text is backed up with 411 figures, four color plates and 2,300 references.—G.S.
THUMBNAIL REVIEWS
From Microphone to Ear. By G. Slot, Macmillan Co., New York, 1959, 258 p. This second and enlarged edition, like the original Philips' Technical Library volume, presents a complete survey of modern sound recording and reproduction techniques. Though the author does not go into circuit details, he offers an excellent system treatment that should make this book of interest to every engineer concerned with the recording and reproduction of sound.
Molecular Science and Molecular Engineering. By A. R. von Hippel, The Technology Press of MIT and John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1959, 446 p., $18.50. This volume is the third in a series on modern materials research. Written for the professional engineer and scientist, it is an up-to-date book which presents theory and applications of the fundamental molecular properties of matter. Many frontier topics such as masers and parametric amplifiers, ferromagnetic devices and other subjects of interest to electronic engineers are discussed by noted contributors.
Electronic Communication. By Robert L. Shrader, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, N. Y., 1959, 937 p., $13.00.
Book presents a wide coverage of the electronic communication field for both commercial and amateur operators.
Proceedings of the Extended Range and Space Communications Symposium. J. J. Renner, c/o Jansky & Bailey, 1735 DeSales St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C., 1959, 119 p, $2.00. These proceedings of the Oct. 1958 symposium include papers on space transmission problems, space vehicle television, space satellite and ionospheric scatter communications, and the like.
An Introduction to Electronics for Physiological Workers. By I. C. Whitfield, St. Martin's Press, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1959, 263 p, $3.75. Though primarily intended to acquaint workers in the electrophysiological aspects of biological research with electronics and electronic circuits, some chapters of this book, such as the one on biological amplifiers, should also be of interest to the electronics engineer.
Electronics Industry Fact Book. Electronics Industries Assn., 1721 De Sales St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C., 28 p, $0.50. This book presents sales and production figures on television and radio sets, phonographs, military and industrial electronics expenditures and component and tube sales. Information covers exports, excise tax collections, etc.
Ceramic Fabrication Processes. Edited by W. D. Kingery, Technology Press, MIT and John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 235 p, $9.50. Applicable to ferrites, ferroelectrics and other high-temperature materials, this book covers traditional and new ceramic fabrication methods.
High Fidelity: A Bibliography of Sound Reproduction. Compiled by K. J. Spencer, Iota Services Ltd., London, England, 325 p, '30s. Approximately 2,600 entries are listed under subject headings and also in chronological order. Books are listed alphabetically by author and trade literature by company. In the U.S., this book is available from High Fidelity, Great Barrington, Mass.
New Forces in American Business. By D. M. Keezer and Associates, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1959, 278 p, $4.75. This is an unusually readable and forthright book on the forces that are shaping our economic future. According to the authors, the business outlook for the sixties is for steadily sustained growth and prosperity. A technical development that got underway during World War II—the planned application of scientific research to develop new products on a foreseeable schedule—provides much of the support for the authors' conclusions.
Yesterday's limitations on logic design are broken through today. Our capabilities in this field contribute to the advanced design of the airborne computers used in our Inertial Guidance systems. If the new parameters in logic design challenge you, perhaps you'd like to work with us. Write to Mr. C. T. Petrie.
LITTON INDUSTRIES Electronic Equipments Division
Beverly Hills, California
NEW! ENGRAVED Deep-Kut®
PIN & PEG STAMPS
are better than ordinary rubber 3 ways
★ ENGRAVED Deep-Kut is Acid-Proof
★ ENGRAVED Deep-Kut Stamping gives Razor-Sharp impressions every time
★ ENGRAVED Deep-Kut has cushion-like resilience
Engraved Deep-Kut stamp faces are adaptable to any marking device. They can be used to stamp on every surface, metal, wood, fabric, paper, plastic, etc.
THE KRENGEL INSPECTION POCKET STAMP THE PIN & PEG
KRENGEL MANUFACTURING CO., INC. Tel. CO 7-5714
227 Fulton St., New York 7, N. Y.
Please check the following
FREE ENGRAVED Deep-Kut Sample & Price List
Please have salesman call for appointment
NAME ..........................................
COMPANY ........................................
STREET ...........................................
CITY ............................................ ZONE ........... STATE ............
160 CIRCLE 160 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Literature of MATERIALS
Dielectric Materials. Emerson & Cuming, Inc., Canton, Mass. A colorful chart gives properties of dielectric materials at microwave frequencies over a wide range of dielectric constant and dissipation factor.
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Magnetostrictive Ferrites. Kearfott Co., Inc., 1500 Main Ave., Clifton, N.J. A 14-page booklet covers magnetostrictive ferrites for transducer applications.
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COMPONENTS
Pulse Transformers. Technitrol Engineering Co., 1952 E. Allegheny Ave., Philadelphia 34, Pa., has published three new technical brochures to help circuit design engineers accurately specify the design of low power pulse transformers.
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Variable Fixed Attenuator. Waveline Inc., Caldwell, N. J. A single-page bulletin covers the type 609 shielded, rugged, lightweight, inexpensive variable fixed attenuator.
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Tantalum Capacitors. Mallory Capacitor Co., Indianapolis 6, Ind. A 16-page catalog contains complete information on 15 different types of solid, foil and sintered anode tantalum capacitors.
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EQUIPMENT
Equipment Carts. Northeastern Engineering, Manchester, N. H. A data sheet lists prices and condensed specifications of different models of scope and test equipment carts.
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Power Control Units. Magnetic Amplifiers, Inc., 632 Tinton Ave., New York 55, N. Y. A line of power control units utilizing magthe Week
Magnetic gating amplifiers driving silicon controlled rectifiers is described in bulletin S-1075.
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Digital Frequency Meters. Kay Electric Co., Maple Ave., Pine Brook, N. J. A mailing piece fully describes direct-reading digital frequency meters which cover the spectrum from 1.1 to 18.0 kmc in 9 models.
CIRCLE 367 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Frequency Response Sliderule. Boonshaft and Fuchs, 994 Byberry Road, Huntingdon Valley, Pa. Technical bulletin 81407 describes a new direct reading frequency response sliderule.
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Computer Typewriter. Bendix Computer Division, 5630 Arbor Vitae St., Los Angeles 45, Calif., has issued a single-page data sheet describing its new alphanumeric typewriter used in conjunction with the Bendix G-15 digital computer.
CIRCLE 369 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Digital Tape Transport. Data-Stor, a division of Cook Electric Co., 8100 Monticello, Skokie, Ill., has published a bulletin on the model 59 digital tape transport which is suited for use in computer, instrumentation and control applications.
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FACILITIES
Environmental Testing. Teledynamics Inc., 5000 Parkside Ave., Philadelphia 31, Pa. The complete environmental test facilities located at the company's plant are covered in bulletin 859.
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Construction Services. Panellit Service Corp., 7401 No. Hamlin Ave., Skokie, Ill., offers a 16-page brochure illustrating and describing its complete installation through start-up service for automation and instrumentation systems.
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NEW FREQ METER
From the manufacturer of the widely used and well known FM-3 Frequency Meter, the later FM-7 and FM-7A Meter comes the newest addition to a growing family of fine instruments. The newest, the FM-7 provides in a small package all of the essentials for the maintenance of mobile communications systems.
MEASURES AND GENERATES: 20 mc to 1000 mc
ACCURACY: 0.0001% exceeding FCC requirements 5 times
MODULATION: AM, 30% at 1000 cps; FM, 1 kc at 30 mc
5 kc at 150 mc, or 15 kc at 450 mc max.
MODEL FM-7
As optional equipment the FM-7 may be combined with the DM-3 Dual-Range Meter as illustrated. The DM-3 is a new Dual-Range Deviation Meter with 15 kc and 7.5 kc full scales.
GERTSCH PRODUCTS, Inc.
3211 South La Cienega Boulevard, Los Angeles 16, California
EPlton 6-2761 • VErmont 9-2201
WRITE OR CONTACT YOUR GERTSCH REPRESENTATIVE FOR FULL DETAILS
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need reference data?
Look in the new electronics BUYERS' GUIDE
Complete list of government buying agencies, specs and applications in 64 page reference section of the '59-'60 issue.
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION
330 W. 42nd Street
New York 36, N. Y.
Harvey-Wells Expands R&D
The Research and Development Division of Harvey-Wells Electronics, Inc., now occupies a new building in the East Natick (Mass.) Industrial Park, reports Richard A. Mahler, president of the New England electronics firm.
Situated about 15 miles west of Boston in a recently-created industrial development area, the new facility will contain research, engineering, manufacturing and marketing offices of the expanding R&D division.
"Increasing demand and sales of both high-speed digital computer components and nuclear magnetic resonance equipment have made expansion necessary," Mahler says.
In addition to digital building block components, this division markets a line of precision gaussmeters, nuclear magnetic field control equipment and high-resolution magnets.
The new facility, which will afford expanded manufacturing space, is designed to accommodate production of the new magnet line. Some high-resolution magnets weigh up to five tons and require exacting production and testing techniques.
Designed into the plant layout are demonstration and consultation rooms where customers can actually operate Harvey-Wells equipment, and discuss their specific engineering problems with the firm's engineers.
The company founded in 1940, is one of New England's earlier electronics firms. It joined the Whitin Machine Works in 1957. This merger enabled the electronics firm to manufacture heavy equipment for its expanding markets.
The Research and Development Division founded in 1957, has enabled the company to broaden considerably its product mix. The division is convenient to MIT, Harvard and other centers, placing supplemental research and consultation within easy access.
Goldsmith Heads Nytronics Inc.
The board of directors of Nytronics Inc., Berkeley Heights, N. J., has announced the appointment of Bernard M. Goldsmith as president. The corporation manufactures custom built and stock delay lines, r-f chokes, coils, transformers, and electromechanical devices.
Goldsmith was formerly president of Essex Electronics, a post he held from 1943 until now.
Phillips Takes New Post
R. Andrew Phillips has joined Trans Electronics, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif., as sales manager.
In joining the company, he leaves Osborne Electronics, Inc., Hawthorne, Calif. Prior to this, he was on the sales staff at Servomechanisms, Inc., also in Hawthorne.
In his new post, Phillips will be responsible for the expansion of sales of an already established power supply line, and instruments for testing transistors and diodes, in addition to introducing the company's growing capabilities in the inverter and converter field.
Leavitt Joins Burnell Staff
Michael Leavitt recently joined the staff of Burnell & Co., Pelham,
FREE BULLETIN...
TURN TRASH INTO CASH
Just produced by Handy & Harman—this new Refining Bulletin describes the great cash potential in precious metals industrial waste... lists many possible sources. Types and forms of refinings are illustrated photographically and described in text. Equally important, the bulletin calls attention to the fact that much of industry's valuable waste is truly wasted.
For your free copy of this new and cash-provoking bulletin, write to Refining Division, Handy & Harman, 82 Fulton Street, New York 38, N.Y. Your biggest dividend will come when you send a refining lot to Handy & Harman and see for yourself the cash benefits you get from the country's leading refiner of precious metals waste.
Your No. 1 Source of Supply, Refiner and Authority on Precious Metals Alloys
Refining Plants & Collecting Stations:
Bridgeport 1, Conn.
Chicago 22, Ill.
1900 W. Kinzie Street
Providence 3, R.I.
425 Richmond Street
El Monte, Calif. (Los Angeles)
330 North Gibson Road
New York 38, N.Y.
82 Fulton Street
Toronto 2B
141 John Street
HANDY & HARMAN
General Offices: 82 Fulton St., New York 38, N.Y.
N. Y., as supervisor of operations.
Prior to taking his new post, he had been with Laboratory for Electronics eight years as a manager of the reliability group in charge of materials and processing. Leavitt has also served on the standards engineering staff of the Raytheon Co. and as plant manager for Electrolab.
**Plant Briefs**
Wallson Associates, Inc., recently moved to new quarters in Elizabeth, N. J. The new 13,000 sq ft building expands the company's facilities for design, development and manufacture of its complete line of semiconductor test equipment, power supplies, and high vacuum exhaust equipment.
International Radiant Corp., manufacturer of environmental test equipment has moved from Westbury, N. Y., to new expanded quarters in New York City.
Hazeltine Research Corp., a research subsidiary of Hazeltine Corp., is opening a new research and development center in Plainview, L. I., N. Y. Plans call for engineers and administrative personnel to move into the new facility during November and December.
Kahn Research Laboratories, Inc., recently moved to new, larger office and plant facilities in Freeport, N. Y.
Kearfott Co., Inc., Little Falls, N. J., has opened new engineering, sales and service offices in Cambridge, Mass.
Hannibal Glass Products, Santa Ana, Calif., is a new company manufacturing precision drawn glass tubing and rod primarily for electronic applications.
Three of the member companies of the Nytronics Group, formerly operating under individual identities, were recently united and are now called Nytronics, Inc. The three companies were formerly named Essex Electronics, BerkeDallas Brains Aid Jet-Age Planning
To meet expanding air traffic requirements and increase flight safety, the Federal Aviation Agency is installing a network of microwave relay systems across the nation. These systems enable constant en route air traffic surveillance. For the design and installation of this huge network, the FAA turned to a Dallas firm...the Texas Division of the Collins Radio Company.
Left, typical microwave-radar site near Dallas.
Brainpower and scientific initiative concentrated in the advanced research laboratories of Collins Radio, Varo, Ling-Altec, Alpha Corporation, Texas Instruments, and other Dallas-based companies are constantly expanding the frontiers of the electronic industry.
Dallas' magnetism for brainpower, and its favorable environment for advanced scientific research as typified by The Graduate Research Center at SMU, are major reasons why any company interested in electronics needs the full Dallas story before making relocation or expansion plans.
Dallas offers Dependable Business Climate and Tangible Competitive Advantages
Industrial Dallas, Inc.
Dept. E-2, 1101 Commerce St., Dallas, Texas
Please send me Facts on Dallas' Dependable Business Climate.
Name ____________________________
Firm _____________________________
Address __________________________
City _______________ Zone ______ State ______
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Electrical Coil Windings
For 40 years...specializing in all types of coils to customers' specifications. Design or engineering assistance available on request.
COTO-COIL CO., INC.
SINCE 1917
65 Pavillion Avenue Providence 5, Rhode Island
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COMMENT
Polar Periodic Table
While attending a "Continental Classroom" lecture earlier this year, I thought it a gesture of resigned futility when Professor White laid aside a piece (the lanthanide and actinide series) broken out of the Mendelev table.
Then and there the inspiration struck me that I must experiment with making a new look for the table. The sketch here shows the result of my efforts.
ESTEN MOEN
CROOKSTON, MINN.
For another version of a Mendelev periodic table, see the cover of our July 17 issue. Best we can do with reader Moen's version is to print it sidewise; to wit:
The Communications Special
In the Oct 23 issue of ELECTRONICS there is an article (on p 93) entitled "Modern Communications Methods," by your associate editor Samuel Weber.
I should like to congratulate Mr. Weber on a most outstanding article. This department will furnish each of the 12 instructors who teach communications electronics an individual copy of this article...
MAJ. H. A. SCHULKE JR., SigC
U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY
WEST POINT, N.Y.
Magnetic-Core Counter
(Ref. "Magnetic Core Operates Counter," in Research & Development, p 130, Oct. 23) . . . the story in print looks very good, but apparently the gremlins were at work at the printing plant. It looks as if one line of the byline was omitted. Unfortunately, this is the line containing the name of this company. In its present form, we have a fictitious company name in the byline.
Can you arrange to publish a correction notice in a subsequent issue? This has important legal implications since, as the item appears in print, the work is not credited to IBM . . .
Furthermore, in Fig. 1 the emitter of the transistor should appear at the bottom rather than at the top as shown . . .
RONALD K. JURGEN
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
NEW YORK
Reader Jurgen knows his type. The byline should have read:
By E. H. Sommerfield, Product Development Lab., International Business Machines Corp., Endicott, N. Y.
One line dropped out—the second line—and then there was trouble.
Radar Fishfinder
The enclosed clipping (from Newsday Oct. 7 '59) concerns an important use of radar aboard our 40-ft sports fisherman Knickerbocker's Pacemaker.
The brewery uses this craft to further the cause of marine recreation and makes daily trips during the season to the best fishing spots in the four-state area which our Knickerbocker Salt Water Fishing Contest covers: New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Your readers might be interested in hearing the use to which our Capt. Walter Drobecker puts his radar unit . . .
CY MANN
JACOB RUPPERT CO.
NEW YORK
We were interested, too. The skipper uses his radar unit to find fish. He can pick up marlin-size fish on the surface, can also detect white-water tide rips wherein lurk blues, pollack and stripers.
For the discerning
SALES ENGINEER:
electronic system sales, on behalf of Raytheon's Government Equipment Division
For the discerning
FIELD REPRESENTATIVE:
liaison between Sales and customers, on behalf of Raytheon's Government Equipment Division
To Your Advantage
(1) Raytheon, America's largest company exclusively in electronics, is growing faster than the industry as a whole... has more than 600 contracts in the house... has private industry's first ASW-Sonar Center... pioneered the RAMP microwave platform... expects 1959 sales to approach $500 million, making it one of the country's 100 largest corporations.
(2) Government Equipment is one of Raytheon's two biggest divisions, headquartered in suburban Boston.
(3) The positions now available assure extensive professional satisfaction.
Responsibility — sales of complete systems for application to: logistical data processing, ASW, continental air defense, communications, ground support, interplanetary vehicles. Duties include proposal presentation, technical explanation, service as information source.
Tact, judgment, decisiveness in contract administration plus comprehensive knowledge of market are assumed.
Background — BS in EE; 4 years' sales, representing electronics firm to gov't. Or, 5 years in electronics as project, systems, design engineer.
Responsibility — maintaining liaison with Military concerning systems for logistical data processing ASW, communications, continental air defense, ground support, and interplanetary vehicle applications. Entails broad contact, participation in sales plans, service as information source.
Intimate market knowledge, persuasive diplomatic manner are assumed. Frequent travel, choice of home location.
Background — BS in EE; BS in Physics if experience is electronic; 3 years military contact as electronics sales representative. Or, 2 years in electronic systems sales plus project, systems, design engineering work.
For further information, inquire in strictest confidence of: Mr. Robert E. McAndrew, Engineering & Executive Placement, Raytheon Company, 624 Worcester Road, Framingham, Mass. (suburban Boston).
Link has grown to be one of the world's largest producers of analog computing equipment, from its start as the pioneer (and now leading producer) of electronic flight simulators.
And your career will grow with Link Aviation, Inc., in Binghamton, New York. These and other opportunities are available now!
Advanced circuit development
ASW/AEW systems simulation
Fire control computer design
Radar simulation
Analog & digital computer components & systems
Aircraft simulation
Optical systems development
Note your engineering degree (or equivalent) and previous experience in your reply and write immediately to:
Mr. A. O. Darrah
Link Aviation, Inc.
Binghamton, New York
GOVERNMENT EQUIPMENT DIVISION
EXCELLENCE IN ELECTRONICS
SUBMARINE SIGNAL
AIRBORNE ELECTRONIC
SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
HEAVY ELECTRONIC
SANTA BARBARA
A GENERAL PRECISION COMPANY
A subsidiary of General Precision Equipment Corporation
NOVEMBER 20, 1959 • ELECTRONICS
WE'RE LOOKING FOR A MAN LIKE Torricelli
MGH = \( \frac{1}{2} MU^2 \)
—WITH A MODERN TURN OF MIND
Air has weight—atmosphere has pressure.
This knowledge, centuries old, lies at the base of searching problems facing the exploration of space.
At Goodyear Aircraft, hand-picked men with a modern turn of Torricellian mind are finding rewarding stimulation of their talents in programs* involving Crew-Escape Capsules—in the perfection of mass-production nose cones of optimum efficiency.
New multimillion-dollar research and development facilities—in Akron and in Litchfield Park, Arizona—are manned by this good company of men who would welcome good company like you.
If you have a Torricellian talent and are seeking a challenge that has solid substance and long-range surety—then write direct: Mr. Charles Jones, Director of Technical & Scientific Personnel, Goodyear Aircraft Corporation, Akron 15, Ohio.
*Also programs in rocket propulsion, interplanetary guidance, ground support systems for missiles, nose cones, radar structures, advanced black boxes, radomes and structures engineering.
Job Security in a Dynamic Industry . . .
SENIOR ELECTRONICS ENGINEER
you: B.S.E.E. with at least 5 years experience in instrumentation and electronic equipment used in chemical, paper, or plastics industries. Looking for secure position with excellent growth potential.
the job: Primary responsibility design and development of electronic equipment at project level. Occasional travel. Will evaluate new plastic films on packaging equipment. Chicago is home base.
the future: Secure with excellent opportunity for recognition and advancement. Will grow with THE pioneer of the industry. All large company benefits plus advantages of a small group atmosphere.
resume to:
W. P. Engelking
VISKING COMPANY
DIVISION OF UNION CARBIDE CORP.
6733 West 65th Street Chicago 38, Illinois
REliance 5-1234
ENGINEERS Interested in Becoming a Specialist in
PRECISION ROTATING COMPONENTS?
Ketay Department offers immediate opportunities in Design and Developments of:
SYNCHROS & RESOLVERS
MOTORS & TACHOMETERS
TRANSISTORIZED AMPLIFIERS
U. S. Citizenship Required
If you take pride in fine engineering, and are looking for an opportunity to grow professionally, contact KETAY
Send your resume to:
TECHNICAL PERSONNEL DEPT.
KETAY DEPT
NORDEN DIVISION
UNITED AIRCRAFT CORP.
Jericho Tpke & Larkfield Road
Commack, Long Island, New York
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
Challenging positions open for high caliber Electrical Engineers with some experience to work in interesting research and development programs in instrumentation and circuitry.
We offer you an opportunity to do non-routine research and use your initiative and creative ability.
Excellent employee benefits, including liberal vacation policy and tuition-free graduate study. Please send resume to:
E. P. Bloch
ARMOUR RESEARCH FOUNDATION
of Illinois Institute of Technology
10 West 35th Street
Chicago 16, Illinois
ENGINEERS for COMMERCIAL CONSUMER PRODUCT DESIGN
Diversified Development Programs
Move up to New Levels of professional achievement with GRAFLEX
Permanent positions with unusual opportunities for personal recognition and growth are offered to qualified applicants with B.S., E.E. and with experience in one or more of the following areas:
AMPLIFIER DESIGN
Vacuum Tube or Transistor
MAGNETIC RECORDING SYSTEMS
SERVO SYSTEMS
Including Transistor Power Supplies
Opportunity for Post Graduate study at University of Rochester
Will also consider men who have had mainly military design experience
You'll enjoy the pleasant environment and conditions of our new completely equipped plant located on 80 acres of scenic land, minutes from downtown Rochester.
Liberal benefits and comprehensive personnel program
Send complete resume including salary requirements to MR HERBERT WATKINS
GRAFLEX, Inc.
3750 Monroe Ave.
Rochester, New York
Since 1887 synonymous with the finest photographic and precision equipment
SECTION HEAD . . . $18,000
Will be responsible for design & acceptance of Communications equip. Will assist Chief Eng. in administration. Will have opportunity to earn 3 or more years exp. in above will warrant an interview. Chicago location ideal. Agency fee, interviewing and moving expenses paid by client. Send resume in complete confidence.
ESQUIRE PERSONNEL
202 State St. Chicago 4, Ill.
TECHNICAL DIRECTOR—$25,000
Plan and coordinate the work of scientists, engineers and technicians in the expansion of work with solid financial background. R&D in advance military techniques of the most challenging nature. Profit sharing.
MONARCH PERSONNEL
28 E. Jackson Chicago 4, Illinois
POSITION VACANT
Electronics Engineer, design, development or sales. Good opportunity for advancement. Send resume to AD-YU Electronics, 219 Terhune Ave., Passaic, New Jersey.
EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
Engineers—Write today for job opportunities—Mid-West. Baker Employment, Decatur, Ill.
SELLING OPPORTUNITY WANTED
Offering to represent manufacturer of industrial electronics or electromechanical components. Expert facilities and personnel including services in N. Y. metropolitan area. RA-3007, Electronics, Class. Autv. Div., P.O. Box 12, N. Y. 36, N. Y.
Need Engineers?
Contact them through this EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES section
NOVEMBER 20, 1959 • ELECTRONICS
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
ELECTRONIC DESIGN SUPERVISOR
Electronic design engineers with M.S.E.E. or Ph.D.E.E. Physics and extensive design experience with supervisors and planning responsibilities. Activities will include developing new measuring control systems employing such principles as micro-wave, infra-red, and multi-radio frequencies as well as conventional radio-frequency detection devices, and to provide practical engineering leadership.
Excellent salary and bonus, modern air-conditioned plant near Columbus' nicest living areas, schools, and shopping facilities.
Address resume of experience and education to:
Phil Paul
INDUSTRIAL NUCLEONICS CORPORATION
650 Ackerman Road Columbus 14, Ohio
ENGINEERS
LENKURT
has opportunities FOR YOU in the following fields:
- COMMUNICATIONS
- DEVELOPMENT
- SALES
- ASST. ELECTRICAL
- ENGINEERING WRITERS
Live and work on the Beautiful San Francisco Peninsula.
Please call—collect—LYtel 1-8461 or send resume to:
E. Jack Shannahan, Employment Manager
LENKURT ELECTRIC CO., Inc.
1105 County Road San Carlos, California
MANUFACTURER'S REPRESENTATIVE WANTED
An expert in marketing High-Speed PHOTO-ELECTRIC TAPE READERS requires representatives capable of high caliber engineering sales. All territories except California, Arizona, R.W.-2830, Classified Advertisements, P. O. Box 12, New York 36, N. Y.
Put Yourself in the Other Fellow's Place
TO EMPLOYERS - TO EMPLOYEES
Letters written offering employment or applying for same are written with the hope of satisfying a current need. An answer, regardless of whether it is favorable or not, is usually expected.
Mr. Employer: won't you remove the mystery about your desire to employ an applicant by answering by acknowledging all applicants and not just the promising candidates.
Mr. Employee: you can help by acknowledging applications from all offices. This would encourage more companies to answer position wanted ads in this section.
We make this suggestion in a spirit of helpful cooperation between employers and employees.
This section will be the more useful to all as a result of this consideration.
Classified Advertising Division
McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING CO., INC.
330 West 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y.
Additions to your working library from McGRAW-HILL
DIGITAL COMPUTER PRIMER
Just Published: A concise explanation of the modern general-purpose digital computer. Describes in non-specialist's language how they work, what they can do, and their important mathematical, engineering, and accounting applications. Covers timing, number systems, logic of computers, and the control, arithmetic, storage, and input-output units. Includes a chapter on testing and accuracy checks. By E. M. McCormick, Head, U. S. Naval Ordnance Lab., Corona, Cal. 265 pp., 63 Illus., $7.50
PRINCIPLES OF CIRCUIT SYNTHESIS
Just Published: Introduces the principles of modern circuit synthesis together with the key aspects of classical filter theory. The topic of synthesis is introduced with a discussion of typical communication and control systems. A discussion of the approximation problems and basic concepts and techniques of circuit realization follows. By E. S. Kuh and D. L. Pederson, Associate Professors, U. of California, Berkeley. 241 pp., 300 Illus., $8.50
INTRODUCTION TO MONOPULSE
Just Published: Here is the first unified treatment of a special type of radar, giving you a solid theoretical basis in the field. It covers the concept of direction-finding by monopulse, and explains three postulates which form the basis of the theory of monopulse operation. Dual-plane systems, monopulse antenna principles, Class J system characteristics, and other topics are covered. By H. R. Rhodes, Radiation Inc. 119 pp., 53 Illus., $6.00
CONTROL ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK
A basic source of information on components and techniques for use in the design of feedback control systems. Emphasis is largely on components including electro-mechanical, mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic as well as electronic and magnetic components. Gives physical explanations where appropriate, with mathematical descriptions of their uses in typical control systems, limitations on operating characteristics, and measurement techniques. Prepared by a staff of Specialists; Editor-in-Chief, John G. Truxal, Professor and Head of the Engineering Dept., Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. 1018 pp., 1114 Illus., $18.50
See These Books 10 Days Free—
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., Dept. FL-II-20
327 W. 41st St., N.Y.C., 36
Send books checked below for 10 days' examination on approval. In 10 days I will remit for book(s) I keep. Plus few cents for delivery costs. (If not satisfied, hospital postpaid.) (No pay delivery costs if you return with this coupon—same return privilege.)
McCormick—Dig. Comp. Primer, $7.50
Kuh & Pederson—Prin. of Circ. Syn., $8.50
Rhodes—Intro. to Monopulse, $6.00
Truxal—Control Eng. Handbook, $18.50
(PRINT)
Name ...........................................
Address ...........................................
City ................................ Zone... State...........
Company ...........................................
For price and terms outside U. S. write McGraw-HILL INT'L, N. Y. C. FL-II-20
CONTACTS FOR THE FIELD OF ELECTRONICS
"How To Make Money Mobile Radio Maintenance"
AUTHORITATIVE GUIDEBOOK ABOUT MOBILE RADIO MAINTENANCE GIVES FACTS, FIGURES, PAY RATES. 100 PAGES.
LAMPKIN LABORATORIES, INC. Instruments Div. BRADENTON, FLA. CIRCLE 461 ON READER SERVICE CARD
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
YARDNEY ELECTRIC CORP. "Pioneers in Compact Power"®
Electro-Chemical Generators of Energy "from milliwatts to megawatts"
40-50 Leonard Street New York 13, N. Y. Worth 6-2100 * T.M.
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
About Classified Advertising,
Contact The McGraw-Hill Office Nearest You.
ATLANTA, 3
3301 Rhodes-Hubbard 2-7160
J. Ackson 3-6951
M. MILLER
BOSTON, 16
350 Park Square
D. J. CASSIDY
CHICAGO, 11
520 N. Michigan Ave.
W. HIGGINS
E. S. MOORE
CLEVELAND, 13
1161 Illuminating Bldg.
W. B. SULLIVAN
T. H. HUNTER
DALLAS, 2
1712 Commerce St.
Riverside 7-5117
GORDON JONES
F. E. HOLLAND
DETROIT, 20
856 Penobscot Bldg.
Woodward 2-1793
J. R. PIERCE
NEW YORK, 36
500 Fifth Ave.
M. BOZARTH
H. T. BUCHANAN
R. P. LAWLESS
T. W. BENDER
PHILADELPHIA, 3
Six Penn Center Plaza
Locust 8-3338
M. W. BOZARTH
ST. LOUIS, 3
3616 Lindbergh St.
JEFFERSON 5-8857
SAN FRANCISCO, 4
68 Post St.
Douglas 4-4600
S. HUBBARD
ELECTRONICS • NOVEMBER 20, 1959
WHO NEEDS FEEDBACK?
The patented chronometric governor of this standard DC Timing Motor is a tyrant: without any other circuitry, it holds the motor output speed within ±0.1% while driving charts, cams, contacts, actuators or other devices. It holds the rate even if output shaft load, line voltage, or ambient temperatures change. And that's just the standard model of this little gem: custom variations can do even better, under special conditions.
The A. W. Haydon Co. knows all about timers and timing. If you have a specific timing problem, you ought to have our literature. Bulletin MO 802 is yours for the asking (5800 Series chronometrically governed DC Motor.)
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
- Ace Electronics Associates, Inc. ............... 159
- Aerovox Corporation ......................... 109
- Airpax Electronics, Inc. ..................... 101
- Allegheny Electronic Chemicals Co. .......... 155
- Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp. ................. 72
- Allen Bradley Co. ............................ 17, 18
- Alpha Wire Corporation ....................... 154
- Amphenol-Borg Electronics Corp. .............. 134
- Armoux Corporation .......................... 136
- Associated Research, Inc. .................... 143
- Gardner-Denver Co. ........................... 20
- General Ceramics Corp. ....................... 19
- General Electric Co.
Apparatus Dept. ............................. 75, 105, 143
Defense Electronics Division .................. 137
Semiconductor Products Dept. ................ 62
- General Transistor Corp. ..................... 51
- Gertsch Products ............................. 161
- Handy & Harman ............................... 163
- Haydon Co., A. W. ........................... 172
- Hermes Electronics Co. ....................... 132
- Hewlett-Packard Co. .......................... 8, 9
- Hitomp Wires, Inc. ........................... 36
- Hoffman & Co., Inc., H. L. ................... 156
- Hudson Tool & Die Co., Inc. .................. 133
- Hughes Aircraft Co. .......................... 29, 30, 31, 32, 68, 69
- Industrial Dallas, Inc. ....................... 165
- International Business Machine Corp. ......... 12, 43
- International Rectifier Corp. ................ 33
- International Resistance Co. ................ 3rd Cover
- James Vibrapower ............................. 174
- Kearfott Co., Inc. ............................ 70
- Keithley Instruments, Inc. ................... 167
- Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Co. ............. 136
- Kip Electronics .............................. 38
- Klein & Sons, Mathias ........................ 66
- Krengel Mfg. Co., Inc. ....................... 160, 161
- Krohn-Hite Corporation ....................... 128
- Lambda Electronics Corp. ..................... 3
- Lumpkin Laboratories, Inc. ................... 174
- Lapp Insulator Co., Inc. ..................... 130
- Litton Industries ............................. 160
- Mallory & Co., Inc., P. R. .................... 76
- Marconi Instruments .......................... 153
- Marion Instrument Division Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co. .... 144
See advertisement in the June, 1959 Mid-Month ELECTRONICS BUYERS GUIDE for complete line of products or services.
TUBE PROBLEM:
When the 6AF4 tube was replaced in UHF TV tuners, servicemen sometimes got a big surprise. Reason: the tubes were not standardized, and a replacement was likely to bring in one channel where another should have been.
SONOTONE SOLVES IT:
First. Sonotone set up extremely tight controls on all materials going into the 6AF4 components. Second. Sonotone used a more thorough exhaust process.
RESULT:
The Sonotone AF4 family of reliable tubes has been accepted by the industry as standard for initial production and replacement.
Let Sonotone help solve your tube problems, too.
Sonotone
Electronic Applications Division, Dept. TBR-119
ELMSFORD, NEW YORK
Leading makers of fine ceramic cartridges, speakers, microphones, electronic tubes.
In Canada: contact Atlas Radio Corp., Ltd., Toronto
CIRCLE 220 ON READER SERVICE CARD
ELECTRONICS • NOVEMBER 20, 1959
Recorded Events, only when referred to Time... have significance!
...and with today's accelerating technology, the need for the most accurate time reference available becomes more acute. It is available ... and free; the standard time and frequency transmissions of the National Bureau of Standards radio stations WWV and WWVH are accurate to better than 1 part in 50 million and are placed at the disposal of anyone having a receiver capable of tuning to one or more of the transmitting frequencies.
The new Model WWVT receiver, designed especially for remote operations under extreme environmental conditions, is a highly-sensitive crystal-controlled instrument capable of utilizing WWV and WWVH transmission.
Model WWVT
A 6-position dial switches instantly to any Standard Frequency — 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 mc. It is compact, light-weight and rugged — sealed metal case and plastic components, all transistorized and battery operated and has better than 2 mv sensitivity. Priced at $545.00
Send for bulletin #159A which details many free services available from WWV & WWVH.
SPECIFIC PRODUCTS
Box 425, 21051 Costanso, Woodland Hills, Calif.
This index is published as a service. Every care is taken to make it accurate, but ELECTRONICS assumes no responsibilities for errors or omissions.
ARE YOU MAKING THE SAME MISTAKE IN DEPOSITED CARBON RESISTORS?
Switch to IRC Molded Deposited Carbon Resistors—“PRE-SHRUNK” for miniaturization.
If you have anything to do with miniaturizing components, be prepared for a pleasant surprise.
IRC has reduced the size of Molded Deposited Carbon Resistors in the 3 most popular wattage ratings at the same ambient, an improvement made possible through the use of a unique IRC alloy film and a new high-temperature coating.
This means that you can now choose a smaller unit with wattage equivalent to the one you formerly specified. Weight and space savings, as it happens, are especially significant in the most-used sizes.
**COMPARE**
| OLD SIZE* | NEW IRC SIZE |
|-----------|-------------|
| Molded Deposited Carbon Resistor | Molded Deposited Carbon Resistor |
| .1875" | .130" |
| .625" | .406" |
| .375" | .261" |
| 1 WATT | .719" |
*MIL NOMINALS
These SIZE REDUCTIONS also result in nearly corresponding weight reductions.
| MIL Type | IRC Type | Length Nominal | Diam. Nominal | Min. Ohms | Max. Ohms | Max. Volts Continuous | WATTAGE |
|----------|----------|----------------|---------------|-----------|-----------|----------------------|---------|
| | | | | | | | MIL 70°C | IRC 70°C | IRC 125°C |
| RN60 | MDA | .406 | .130 | 10 | 5M | 300 | ¼ | ¼ | ¼ |
| RN65 | MDB | .594 | .203 | 10 | 5M | 350 | ¼ | ½ | ¼ |
| RN70 | MDC | .719 | .261 | 5 | 25M | 500 | ½ | 1 | ½ |
**IRC EXCEEDS MIL SPECIFICATIONS**
IRC Resistors are designed for MIL-R-10509C Characteristic B requirements.
**DERATING CURVE FOR IRC MOLDED RESISTORS**
**IRC HAS GREATER LOAD LIFE RESERVE**
IRC Molded Deposited Carbon Resistors exhibit excellent heat dissipating characteristics. Size for size, IRC Resistors will run cooler under any load condition and take sudden overloads with very low permanent change. Load life is superior to that of hermetically sealed resistors which cost three times as much!
**IRC HAS DOUBLE-BARRIER INSULATION**
Resistance element is coated with a moisture-resisting material, then encased in a molded, break-resistant dielectric case which, though heavy-duty, is well within MIL size.
Write for Bulletin B-9C
INTERNATIONAL RESISTANCE CO., Dept. 379, 401 N. Broad St., Phila. 8, Pa. • In Canada: International Resistance Co., Ltd., Toronto, Licensee
New RCA Scan-Conversion Tube Makes Possible Brighter and Larger Air-Traffic-Control Displays
Once again RCA Tube Engineers have provided another practical answer to the long-standing problem of large-screen radar display in brightly lighted rooms. The answer...RCA-7539 Scan-Conversion Tube.
The 7539 is designed to transform signal information continuously from one time base to another. For example, PPI information generated by a conventional radar system can be processed by this tube for display on a high-resolution, large-screen TV monitor for comfortable viewing in a brightly lighted room.
Depending on system requirements, the persistence of information in the display is adjustable from several seconds to more than a minute. Moreover, writing and reading may take place simultaneously without recourse to rf carrier techniques of signal separation.
The resolution capability of the 7539 is 150 range rings per display radius with a response of 50% or better. To utilize fully the resolution capability of the 7539, the TV monitor system must be designed for resolution in excess of 1000 TV lines.
For complete information about RCA-7539 and its possible applications, contact the RCA Field Office nearest you. Technical bulletin for the 7539 will be available about January 15. For a free copy, write RCA Commercial Engineering, Section K-19-Q-3, Harrison, N. J.
ANOTHER WAY RCA SERVES YOU THROUGH ELECTRONICS
RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA Electron Tube Division Harrison, N. J.
Government Sales: Newark 2, N. J., 415 S. Fifth St., Humboldt 5-3900; Dayton 2, Ohio, 224 N. Wilkinson St., Baldwin 6-2366; Washington 6, D.C., 1625 "K" St., N.W., District 7-1260
Industrial Tube Products Sales: Newark 2, N. J., 744 Broad Street, Humboldt 5-3900; Detroit 2, Mich., 714 New Center Building, Trinity 5-5600; Chicago 54, Ill., Suite 1154, Merchandise Mart Plaza, Whitehall 4-2900; Los Angeles 22, Calif., 6355 E. Washington Blvd., Raymond 3-8361
|
APRS preview
Tape machines 16-track and above
Autolocators and synchronisers
Sound on Vision
Some rather discerning people are using Soundcraft Series 2400 master recording consoles. They've established that Soundcraft performance and reliability meet the rigorous standards broadcast and video post production impose - within some fairly tight budgets too.
In conjunction with Television Projects in London, Alan Bunting, the Audio Manager for BBC Scotland, specified the Series 2400 for their new dubbing suite - making this the second 2400 the BBC have purchased for their Glasgow studios so far.
If you'd like to find out why more and more Soundcraft consoles are being specified for broadcast and post production audio mixing, contact Soundcraft or your Soundcraft distributor today.
Soundcraft
Soundcraft Electronics Limited, 5-8 Great Sutton Street, London, EC1V OBX, England. Tel: 01-251 3631. Telex: 21198.
Soundcraft USA, 20610 Manhattan Place, Suite 120 Torrance, Ca. 90501. Tel: (213) 328 2595. Telex 182499.
Editorial
From whence does creativity come? Does it fall from the skies? Well, it might, but there are aspects of recording which can be learnt, if only there was somewhere to go to learn them...
Autolocator design
Autolocators are an important part of the modern studio. Steve Brown examines what they have to do and how they can be made to do it.
New ways in West Africa
Noel Bell writes on the rapidly-expanding West African recording scene, taking a particular look at Studio de la Nouvelle Marche in Lomé, Togo. Today's West Africa means big business for studio designers.
APRS preview
Our customary look at the exhibitors and products appearing at APRS 83, to be held at the Kensington Exhibition Centre, Derry Street, London, from June 22-24. Of course, we'll be there too.
Inside Compact Disc
You've heard about CD, and if you are in Europe, you've probably heard it too. Rod Duggan provides data on the discs and what goes on inside the domestic and professional repro machines.
Compact Disc mastering
Or, 'Don't worry, it's only digital', as Chris Hollebone puts it. His article gives hints and tips on preparing both digital and analogue masters for CD manufacture. If you found ten pages of data on subcode too much to handle, try this instead.
Holophonics - an investigation
Hugo Zuccarelli's 'Holophonics' has got a lot of press in the UK recently. There's no doubt that the system works, but is it just good binaural or the brilliant new invention it's claimed to be? Barry Fox attempts to find some answers.
AES report
A summary of the papers presented at the AES Eindhoven in March.
Studiofile
Eel Pie, London—Sear Sound, New York—Quattro, Rome
Business
Barry Fox's piercing gaze reveals further curious goings-on in the audio industry.
Reviews
by Hugh Ford
Fostex B-16 ........................................... 104
dbx 900 series processing rack .................. 104
Cover: The Fostex B-16 16-track recorder, reviewed on page 104. Photo by Roger Phillips
Editorial
Editor: Richard Elen
Deputy Editor: Keith Spencer-Allen
Production: Ann Horan
Consultant: Linda Fieldhouse
Secretary: Hugh Ford
Carrie Love
Advertisements
Group Exec Manager: Phil Guy
Assistant Manager: Martin Miles
Sales: Linda Gubby
Secretary: Audrey Slatford
Production: Jacky Thompson
Publisher: Paul Messenger
Editorial and advertising offices:
LINK HOUSE, DINGWALL AVENUE, CROYDON CR9 2TA, GREAT BRITAIN
Phone: 01-686 2599. International: + 44 1 686 2599. Telex: 947709
© Link House Publications PLC 1983 All rights reserved
Truly superior. We’ll prove it!
The Orban 424A Gated Compressor/Limiter/De-Esser
There are lots of production limiters out there. Old favorites. Pretenders to the throne. The competition is fierce. So, when Orban set out to design a new production limiter, we knew it had better be superior.
The result of our research is the “Studio Optimod”—a Gated Compressor/Limiter/De-Esser with versatile controls, simple set-up, and a natural, transparent sound that must be heard to be appreciated.
Try one and A/B it against your current favorite. You’ll notice the sound—remarkably smooth and natural over a wide range of control settings—even at high compression ratios where apparent loudness and punch are significantly enhanced. It’s no accident: The unit is a direct descendent of our super-popular, second-generation OPTIMOD-FM broadcast limiter. So it exploits our years of experience in making an AGC device sound natural on diverse program material without critical re-adjustments. Yet full versatility exists for special effects in production.
A bonus is a smooth, natural de-esser. It’s independent of the compressor/limiter section so you can simultaneously compress and de-ess vocal material without compromise. You can even de-ess sibilant vocals which have been mixed with other program.
The icing on the cake is unique gating and “idle gain” functions which prevent unnatural noise-producing gain variations during pauses and abrupt gain changes when the unit is switched in.
Our new Model 424A (dual channel) and 422A (single channel) are destined to become the new industry standards in dynamic range control. Prove it to yourself. Contact your Orban dealer today.
Orban Associates Inc.
645 Bryant Street
San Francisco, CA 94107
(415) 957-1067
Telex: 17-1480
Scenic Sounds Equipment Ltd
37-39 Dean Street
London W1V 5RA
Telephone: 01-734 2812/3/4/5
Telex: 27 939 SCENIC G
Technology, technique and training
We live in a technological society, and the recording industry is one of the highest-technology industries around. Surrounded by technology in the studio, it is very easy to lose track of what we are trying to do—which is to express creative ideas through that technology, whether the end result is the sound at a live concert, a record, a video soundtrack or a commercial. From time to time, this fact is pointed out to us, an excellent example being the interview with Glyn Johns that we published a couple of years ago.
Technology does not exist in a vacuum; with it comes a set of techniques which enable us to use the equipment. For most people, those techniques are operational ones: like the average car driver, we do not also need to be mechanics (although we do have to remember and know enough to look after the gearbox day-to-day fashion, whether it is remembering to fill the tank with petrol or lining up the tape machine for a different operating level). In many ways it makes sense to think of the technology as including both the hardware and the operational techniques that go with it.
Very often, the operational knowledge required for a piece of equipment—even very advanced gear, like a console automation system—is quite straightforward. We learn how to drive the gear by a combination of what we are given in the manual plus a good dose of experience—ours and that of other people, if we are working in a studio, or our experience alone in the case of, say, someone using a 'home recording' system outside the studio environment.
But however complex the equipment, and however simple (or otherwise) the operating knowledge, it is very tempting to regard the two as sufficient on their own to do a good job. This is, of course, not the case: there is another ingredient that is vital to the recording industry (and many other industries too, particularly in the entertainment sector) and that is creativity. Creativity is something that gives every indication of being an innate quality which, when added to our knowledge of how to drive the equipment, enables us to do something useful, something 'artistic', something more than the traditional job of the 'recording technician' (which was simply to get the music on to disc or tape).
Of course, there are those who believe that creative intervention by the recording engineer (or the producer, for that matter), beyond simply translating musical requirements into sound engineering practicalities and performing them, is an anathema: that the job of the recording engineer is simply that of a technician, accurately capturing musical ideas. While there are no doubt producers and engineers who 'overproduce'—who transform an artist's work into something quite alien to the musicians concerned—I tend to feel that engineers and producers do have a creative role to play in all but the simplest (a stereo mic in front of a concert-hall orchestra) recording sessions. Surely, I would suggest, we must regard an album, say, as the end product of a studio team, one which is largely the band, but also includes influences and ideas from the engineer and the producer in a creative sense. Certainly there is an ethical question here concerning how far studio personnel should creatively influence an artist's music, but it is a question of degree rather than basic concept. We cannot, surely, necessarily expect the band to be expert at the possibilities of the modern studio, just as we cannot expect the lead guitarist to be an excellent keyboard player. As the musical abilities of individual band members are complemented by each other, should we not also allow the band to be complemented by the studio engineer and the producer? If so, then we must ask how the engineer develops such creative talents. Just as a musician, however creative and imaginative, does not become a virtuoso performer merely by reading the instruction manual supplied with a new instrument (or even by taking lessons on how to play), a recording engineer does not become a 'virtuoso performer' merely by learning how to do overdubs or drop-ins, or by studying mic technique.
This, of course, is where creativity comes in. An artist of any kind needs to have both a 'message' (whatever it may be) and the expertise—the command of relevant technique—to get that message across via the chosen medium. Creativity in our field might be described as the mixture of both—the message and the medium may be as close as McLuhan portrayed them in the sense that the message may well be 'arranged' for the medium, just as, for example, Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells could not have have existed without the modern recording studio.
Unfortunately, the question 'What is creativity?', apart from being a difficult one, is impossible to take much further here. More relevant to today's studio people is, in fact, how expertise is developed. In Britain, and perhaps even in North America, the answer is 'with difficulty'. As the recession has hit the studios, they have tended to reduce staff, and with the benefits of modern technology, particularly the autolocator, studios have tended towards 'self-op' configurations in which the second engineer or tape-op is an unnecessary, expensive luxury. Although the major studios on both sides of the Atlantic still employ assistant engineers, they do not account for as great a percentage of recordings as they used to, and they alone provide only a very narrow and restricted avenue through which new recording engineers can enter the industry.
In smaller studios even this avenue does not exist. Many smaller facilities are operated by the people who own them; they are used by the owners or by engineers from elsewhere and they are often maintained simply by calling the manufacturer when things go wrong.
The industry therefore relies on the educational system to provide new 'talent', but here the situation is quite appalling. What is needed is an accredited 'entry level' course which will supply the people—on both the maintenance and the balance sides—which tomorrow's studios will need; this course a most certainly would need to be part of the national educational system. And with educational budgets cut on both sides of the Atlantic this seems a long way away. But without such a course, or courses, the recording industry will soon be in quite a state. On the balance side, the industry will have to rely on the training given by a few major studios to supply all its needs—this limits the potential size of the industry (perhaps it is all too realistic) but also puts a burden on the major studios to operate with higher staff overheads than their competitors. On the maintenance side the situation is even worse, as there is no course which will be able even to take engineers from other parts of the electronics industry and train them for the pro audio environment, let alone train audio technicians from scratch.
Overall, the future looks rather grim.
Richard Elen
3000 Packages Ready. Exclusively ours. We've acquired the British rights to, and completed gruelling tests on, the Dynamix 3000 mixer. A distinctive new shape with many unique features, providing the basis of some remarkable new package deals.
If you are looking to sixteen track plus, and ready to update, we urge you to see what's now possible within your budget.
Stand 65/66
Excitement for Disbelievers Two new psychoacoustic processors from EXR. Success in both broadcast and recording studios, has resulted in development of specialist units to enhance sound using their patented process, yet offering a degree of control.
Stand 65/66
Audio by numbers, when your experience counts.
Stop just thinking digital. We are SONY's newest professional audio dealer. And, as an opening offer, we'll let you evaluate the F1 digital audio processor in your studio for a week at no obligation. Call on us for full details.
Stand 65/66
Winning Workhorse.
We surprised everyone when we topped our sales target for these remarkable new machines. For OTARI, this is a year of praising reviews and a track record of studio success.
A closer look at all their advanced facilities and meticulous detail will show you how they challenge the established names, and win.
Stands 65/66
Is this what FOSTEX have been hiding up their sleeves?
The remarkable X15 Tracker. The smallest studio package ever. A four track recorder with simulsync, and a mixer with full monitoring to match.
Or is it something even more revolutionary they've been keeping secret about?
Find out, on Stand 42.
Go digital and save time. The latest solution to the test dilemma. The LOFT TS1 includes oscillator, dB meter and frequency counter in one, palm sized unit. It's designed to work fast with the minimum of controls. A laboratory instrument which provides accuracy equal to devices costing many times the price, only much, much faster.
Stand 65/66
Updating the Speed of Sound.
The 50 Series are the toughest TEACs to date. Designed for all demanding production applications like SMPTE control. Built smarter and stronger, a microprocessor and better electronics to make interlock and editing faster. A new range of recorders that shows how serious TASCAM is about the professional recording industry. Stand 65/66
Studio Sounds. Talk to Andrew Stirling or Garry Rokson about our latest major installations. With Andy Munro of Turnkey Two, our track record of studio design, supply and installation is truly unbeatable. Throughout the show on Stands 65/66
A delay that's been worth the wait. Now MXR turn the tables on their oriental imitators by cutting prices and setting new performance standards. The full range of time shift and warp effects, with the smoothness of control that's the hallmark of these American pioneers. It's the most delay for the money in recent memory. Stand 65/66
The Newest Reverb
A plate, a spring, slapback, a chamber, realistically created, digitally. Up to 90 user programmed settings as well as 9 preset classic sounds. The AMS reverberator offers full 18kHz bandwidth and 90dB dynamics. We are the new South of England distributors. Arrange for a demonstration. Stand 65/66
Introducing the Outperformers.
The new Series 200 offers Soundcraft know how and reputation at a price within the reach of every musician. Modular design, sub-grouping, multitrack monitor, and the famous curves of their four band equaliser. Prove for yourself that Soundcraft are unbeatable for performance and quality at any price. Stand 65/66
Synclavier Sings.
An opportunity to discover how the system can perform, verify, analyse and score music. Sixteen track digital multitrack, and all the most advanced facilities for the composing and performing and recording music. Yes, a synthesiser from Turnkey may seem a somewhat unusual but then, this is no ordinary synthesiser. Stand 65/66
Instant Acoustics?
Illsonic panels are acclaimed as the quickest and most effective way to control room response. They are sculpted from the most effective absorption material ever produced. Installing a panel is like opening a window wherever you need to control reflections. Call us for a free copy of the latest Acoustics Cookbook. Stand 65/66
These are the hottest new products. All are represented by Turnkey. We offer Britain's widest range of major products and accessories. Visit us on Stand 65/66, or if you can't make the show, call for a copy of our latest newsletter and catalogue.
Brent View Road
LONDON NW9 7EL
01-202 4366, Telex 25769
ITA. The One
BUDGET PACKAGES
Tascam 4 track systems
A variety of small systems for the cost conscious, from the M244 Portastudio, complete on its own; or the latest Tascam 34 channel reel-to-reel now available in a package with the new PEP 800 8 x 4 mixer. This mixer has the comprehensive facilities of larger mixers costing twice the price. Total Package Price only £985.
Fostex
The world's smallest 8 track. Available also as a complete system, with the 350 Mixer. NEW LOW PRICES.
The New Sensation from Fostex – X-15 Tracker
A portable battery or mains operated 4 channel cassette recorder with built-in mixer. The musical note book you can use anywhere. Dolby noise reduction, treble and bass EQ, punch-in/out, and lots more for only £260.
Tascam 8 track systems
38 — the sensational new half inch 8 track has shattered price barriers. Yet performance is better than ever, with digital counter, lower noise electronics, and pitch control.
Special Offer
Only from ITA — the new Tascam 38, 8 track with Itam dB30 noise reduction. 8 channels of simultaneous NR giving 30dB improvement in sig/noise ratio.
£1750 Complete
ITAM/TRIDENT 16 track system
This brand new package brings 16 track recording to those with an 8 track budget! The Itam 1610 is a one inch 16 track and features 3 speeds (inc. 30 ips) full function remote with varispeed, optional noise reduction. The Trident VFM is a fully modular 20 x 8 x 16 console with 20 inputs and full 16 track monitoring. Special Offer (subject to stocks):
£6350 Complete
ITA, 1-7 Harewood Avenue, Marylebone Road, London NW1. Tel: 01-724 2497. Telex: 21879
What do you need? A budget 4 track system? A 24 track recorder? The hire of a 2 track for a day, or just a reel of tape? Come to ITA — the Central London source for every requirement!
STUDIO SYSTEMS
OTARI/ITAM
8 track system
The ultimate compact 8 track studio. Otari’s advanced MkIII-8 recorder, with microprocessor controlled transport, built-in oscillator, and full function remote. The MkIII-8 can be interfaced to video synchronizers for “audio sweetening” work. The entirely new Itam 12-4-8 is a professional multitrack mixer. All 8 tracks can be continuously monitored while recording and the 8 tape returns are additionally normalled to the line inputs on 8 of the 12 input channels. Autolocator Now Available
MULTITRACK MIXERS
ITAM Sigma
SIGMA — the new multitrack console that outclasses the competition — in price, features and performance. Facilities include: Full modular construction, full 16 track monitoring, 8 busses + stereo buss + 4 aux busses, programmable muting, autosolo, LED bargraph metering with switchable VU/PPM characteristics, PFL on groups and cue sends, comprehensive line-up oscillator, dedicated FX returns, 4-band EQ mid-bands sweepable, hi and lo pass filters, flexible talk-back system, electronically balanced mic. inputs with switchable phantom power, phase reverse and pad.
SPECIAL OFFERS
D & R signal processing
Any 4 of the following modules, complete with power supply and cabinet:
parametric EQ, noise gate, compressor/limiter, stereo limiter, compander, stereo disc amp, high-low pass filter.
Only £295
Alternatively, buy any 4 D & R modules at our normal professional price, and get a 19 inch rack FREE!
16-8-16: £3,960
With Audiofad faders: £4,360
Stand: £155
SECOND HAND EQUIPMENT
The following equipment has been taken in part exchange, and has been overhauled in our workshops.
| Equipment | Price |
|----------------------------|---------|
| MCI JH114 24TR | £12,000 |
| STUDER A80 MKII 16TR | £9,500 |
| TASCAM 80-8 | £1,150 |
| TASCAM 3440 | £400 |
| OTARI MX5050B 2TR | £855 |
| OTARI MKIII-8 8TR | £2,400 |
| PENTAGON CASSETTE duplicator | £625 |
[Please phone for latest details]
ITA. The One Source.
CASSETTE DUPLICATION
We have been installing and servicing duplicating equipment for 10 years, and have built up considerable expertise for small or large systems. Whether you need to copy 100 cassettes per week, or 50,000, we can give you the back-up you need.
PENTAGON
Small in-cassette copiers, mono or stereo. 16 times duplicating speed. Prices from around £500.
OTARI
Highest quality and reliability from the world's leading manufacturer. Cassette or reel master. DP4050C2 is expandable to max. of 11 slaves.
DP2700. An automatic loader for blank or recorded pancakes. Will wind any length precisely. One operator can run up to 3 machines. Reliable and attractively priced.
HIRE
ITA — the complete Central London facility
| TAPE RECORDERS | Week | 3 days | Daily |
|----------------|------|--------|-------|
| Fostex AB 8-track ½" | 60 | 40 | 20 |
| Fostex Multitracker | 35 | 20 | 10 |
| Tascam Portastudio 244 | 35 | 20 | 10 |
| Revox B77 Stereo | 40 | 25 | 15 |
| Otari MX5050B Stereo | 60 | 40 | 20 |
| Tascam 4-track | 50 | 30 | 20 |
| Tascam 38 8-track ½" | 90 | 50 | 30 |
| Otari Mk. III-B 8-track ½" | 110 | 60 | 40 |
| Itam 8-track 1" | 150 | 80 | 50 |
| Itam 16-track 1" | 200 | 120 | 75 |
| Otari MTR90 24-track 2" | 600 | 400 | 150 |
| MIXERS | Week | 3 days | Daily |
|--------|------|--------|-------|
| Teac Model 2A 6 x 4 | 20 | 10 | — |
| Tascam Model 30 8 x 4 | 40 | 25 | 10 |
| Fostex 350 8 x 4 | 35 | 20 | 10 |
| Itam Stereo 8 8 x 2 | 45 | 25 | 15 |
| Sedek 14 x 4 | 25 | 15 | 10 |
| Sedek 18 x 6 | 75 | 40 | 25 |
| Location 8 x 2 portable | 60 | 40 | 20 |
| Itam 14 x 4 8-track monitor | 100 | 60 | 35 |
| CASSETTE DUPLICATORS | Week | 3 days | Daily |
|----------------------|------|--------|-------|
| Otari DP4050C2 cassette master | 150 | 80 | 40 |
| Otari DP4050 OCF reel master | 300 | 200 | 80 |
| VARIOUS | Week | 3 days | Daily |
|---------|------|--------|-------|
| GBS Reverb | 20 | 10 | — |
| Quad 405 amp | 20 | 10 | — |
| DBX noise reduction 2 track | 20 | 10 | — |
| Dolby C N R. 4 track | 20 | 10 | — |
| Fostex Digital Delay | 20 | 10 | — |
| Fostex Graphic EG | 20 | 10 | — |
| Stereo compressor (various) | 20 | 10 | — |
| Roland Drumatix | 20 | 10 | — |
| Roland Space Echo | 30 | 20 | 10 |
| Roland Rhythm Composer | 50 | 30 | — |
| TR808 | 50 | 30 | — |
Subject to our standard conditions of hire. Prices exc. VAT. Only a small selection shown here. Please phone for any requirement.
TAPE + ACCESSORIES
Always available — big stocks of tape and accessories. Your Central London source for: AMPEX tape, Editing accessories, Jackbays and leads, Auratone speakers, Signal processors, etc. etc. Open an Account & order by phone! Daily deliveries.
ITA, 1-7 Harewood Avenue, Marylebone Road, London NW1. Tel: 01-724 2497. Telex: 21879
Low Prices on Ampex Tape
| Model | Single | Carton 1 | Carton 2 |
|------------------------|--------|----------|----------|
| 406 7 inch | 3.95 | 3.50 | 10 |
| 406 ¼ 10½ HU3 Bulk pack| | | |
| 406 ¼ 10½ NA3 spool | 8.45 | 7.95 | 10 |
| 406 ½ 10½ NA3 | 15.50 | 14.50 | 7 |
| 406 1 inch NAB | 25.45 | 24.25 | 5 |
| 406 2 inch 10½ | 52.90 | 49.50 | 2 |
| 407 7 inch (LP) | 5.25 | 4.75 | 10 |
| 407 ¼ 10½ NA3 | 11.95 | 11.45 | 10 |
| 456 7 inch | 5.65 | 5.25 | 10 |
| 456 ¼ 10½ HU3 Bulk pack| | | |
| 456 ¼ 10½ NA3 spool | 10.45 | 9.90 | 10 |
| 456 ½ 10½ NA3 | 18.95 | 18.00 | 7 |
| 456 1 inch NAB | 29.90 | 27.90 | 5 |
| 456 2 inch 10½ NAB | 62.50 | 59.50 | 2 |
| 456 2 inch 14 NAB | 144.00 | 140.00 | 2 |
| 457 7 inch (LP) | 6.95 | 6.60 | 10 |
| 457 ¼ 10½ HU3 Bulk pack| | 12.25 | 10 |
OTARI 2 TRACKS
NEW MX5050B2II 2 track
Otari's latest compact 2 track features — microprocessor controlled transport, LED tape timer, active balanced input/output for better transient response, 3 tape speeds, ref. flux indicator. Now in stock.
NEW MTR12-2 2 track
An additional model in the MTR range—MTR12-2 2 track Master Recorder, featuring 12 inch spools for extra playing time. Available in 2 track ¼ inch, 2 track ½ inch and 4 track ½ inch formats.
THE MULTITRACK MASTERPIECE
OTARI MTR90-II
The new series MTR90 — the pinnacle of tape recorder technology. Now available in 8 track 1 inch, 16 or 24 track 2 inch versions. Optimal Tape Guidance System, with pinchroller-less PLL capstan, two ½HP DC reel motors, and integral tape guidance headblock assembly governed by Otari’s proven microprocessor controlled servo system. Transformerless I/O, adjustable record phase compensation, spot erase, tilting deckplate for easy access, 14 inch reel capacity.
I.T.A. is pleased to add to its list of latest Otari users:-
BBC Radio—5 units of MTR90 are now in use at Cardiff, Manchester and Bristol.
Limehouse Productions—the new £10 million TV studios in Dockland will use two MTR90 24 tracks for Video applications.
THE INTELLIGENT TEST SET THAT CLEANS UP YOUR ACT.
The Sound Technology 1500A
It's the first microprocessor controlled audio measurement test system. It can do in minutes what used to take hours with more conventional and ordinary test set-ups. And, it can show you things you've never seen before.
Designed around the most advanced microprocessor hardware, the 1500A will show you the whole story on an integral CRT with adjustable cursor. Push a "Copy" button, and it delivers a hard-copy printout from the optional VP-150 Video Printer.
What Will It Do?
Conceived to be the ultimate precision test instrument for tape recorder analysis, the 1500A evolved into a comprehensive audio test system for many applications. Here's just a small sample of the varied jobs it will do:
- Complete tape recorder mechanical and electronic performance checks
- Thorough phono cartridge analysis
- One-third octave spectral analysis
- Evaluation of audio quality for VTR's
- Acoustical room analysis including microphone and loudspeaker measurements
- Quality control for high speed tape duplication systems
- Semi-automated production testing
- Research and development for the audio tape manufacturer
- Quality assurance for the audio distribution network
- Exclusive asynchronous inputs and outputs for remote location testing (satellite, transmitter, studios, etc.)
Here's the kind of data you can get:
- Frequency Response
- Azimuth at 4 discrete frequencies
- 2nd and 3rd Harmonic Distortion Vs. Level
- Wow & Flutter; noise; weighted or flat
- Channel Separation 20Hz - 20k
- Delta Speed & Drift
Because of the modular plug-in design, the 1500A is designed to grow with you. Many accessories are now available which include a 1/3 octave spectrum analyzer card (noise: 20Hz-20kHz, Wow & Flutter, .5Hz-200Hz) that easily plugs into the mainframe; a hard copy printer; a comprehensive test record that lets you test cartridges, tonearms and turntables; a balancing system that will allow you to interface balanced I/O test applications; and a heavy-duty transport case. There's even a kit for rack mounting.
Add to the above the powerful new GPIB, IEEE interface for computers, and you have an extremely broad range of functions and applications that the advanced 1500A can tackle.
Who Can Use It?
Broadcaster. Recording studio. Film sound studio. Audio manufacturer. Audio dealer. Service technician. Researcher. Virtually anyone whose job requires accurate evaluation of audio equipment performance. Wherever you are in the audio spectrum, it can make life a whole lot easier.
Clean up your act with the 1500A. It's intelligent. And so is a phone call to Sound Technology. We'll be pleased to send full information on the 1500A and our other industry standard test equipment.
SOUND TECHNOLOGY
Precision Audio Marketing
Bimini House, Christchurch Road
Virginia Water, Surrey, U.K.
Tel: Wentworth 4416 © Sound Technology, 1982
1400 Dell Avenue, Campbell, CA 95008
(408) 378-6540 Telex: 357445
Since 1950 Bauch has supplied the finest products and an unrivalled service to the professional sound recording and broadcast industries.
Today, with the inclusion of broadcast video and semi-professional sound divisions, Bauch is actively satisfying the requirements of the entire spectrum of communications industries.
Bauch offers a complete service for the design and installation of professional audio and broadcast video systems: an all inclusive service combining up-to-the-minute technology and skills with individual and personal attention.
From the initial enquiry through installation and acceptance to comprehensive back-up and after-sales service, Bauch provides the assurance and stability needed to meet the ever increasing demands of today's professional audio and video markets.
F.W.O. Bauch Limited
49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire WD6 4RZ
Telephone 01-953 0091, Telex 27502
QUE-4 STEREO STUDIO FOLDBACK SYSTEM
KEEP THE MUSICIANS HAPPY
An easy to use headphone system which allows the artist to adjust his own sound. Now in everyday use in studios here and abroad. 8 channel versions also available.
S19GA GRAPHIC EQUALISER/ANALYSER
A 1/2 octave equaliser/analyser takes the guesswork out of setting system response.
S.E.1 SYSTEM EQUALISER
For permanent installations. All controls are behind the removable front cover for cost effective tamper-proof equalisation.
PM-80 PRODUCTION MIXER
MODULAR DESIGN THE CHOICE OF INPUTS IS YOURS
A professional unit with a choice of modules and type of fader to put you in control.
For further information on any of these products contact:
FORMULA SOUND LTD
3 Waterloo Road, Stockport, Cheshire SK1 3BD
Tel: 061 480 3781 Telex: 667108
Drawmer Electronics
STAND NO. 68
A.P.R.S. 22nd, 23rd, 24th JUNE 1983
TEL: 01-943 1368
THE MORE-AFFORDABLE 948.
From the makers of the world's finest broadcast turntables comes the EMT 948, a direct drive unit that embodies the proven circuitry and reliability of the EMT 950 in a compact format.
Featuring almost instant start (0.02 secs), stop and reverse cue; motor-driven tone-arm lift and integral amplifiers, the EMT 948 has a new shock-absorbing system and pick-up illumination.
Available for use with a standard 47k-ohm cartridge, the EMT 948 is an integrated system ready to drop straight into a desk-top. The EMT 948 brings excellence within greater affordability.
For further information contact F.W.O. Bauch Limited.
F.W.O. Bauch Limited
49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire WD6 4RZ
Telephone 01-953 0091, Telex 27502
EMT FRANZ GmbH
Postfach 1520, D-7630 Lahr Tel. 07825-1011, Telex 754319 Franz D
You need a solid base to grow this big.
THE CATHEDRAL STAND AND EXTENSION
This microphone stand is manufactured exclusively under license from the B.B.C.
It's non-reflective, it's telescopic and it has hydraulic clutch control.
It's extendable from 1 metre to 1.93 metres, and with the addition of two cathedral extensions it can reach a height of 4.26 metres.
It has a detachable cast base which weighs 11 kilogrammes with a diameter of just 45 centimetres.
This highly versatile stand, is now available from sole distributors Kelsey Acoustics Ltd.
For further details, please contact Richard Vickers on 01-727 1046/01-727 0780.
Kelsey Acoustics Ltd
28 Powis Terrace
London W11 1JH.
Tel 01-727 1046/0780.
APRS COURSE FOR STUDIO ENGINEERS
THE 10th COURSE IN THE SERIES WILL BE HELD SEPTEMBER 10-16, 1983, SURREY UNIVERSITY
The Course includes lectures on each link in the chain of operations, Microphone to Finished Product, to record sound for Professional Recording Studios · Radio · Television Video using a large range of modern equipment assembled especially for this Course.
Prospectus from:
APRS
23 Chestnut Avenue,
Chorleywood, Herts., U.K.
Telephone: 0923 772907
WE MAKE YOU MOBILE
with
KANGAROO™ Nagra Pack
Get more from your Nagra recorder with a Kangaroo™ Nagra Pack. Designed and built with the same care as our Kangaroo™ Video Pack for video cassette recorders, the Nagra Pack provides the ultimate in a convenient, lightweight operational way to carry a Nagra tape recorder.
● Detachable pockets hold tapes, batteries, cables and clapperboard;
● Comes complete with heavy-duty, padded shoulder strap, cable organisers and more;
● Made with care from the finest foam, cloth and metal materials for quality and long life.
WE SET THE STANDARD
In addition to the Kangaroo™ Nagra Pack, our quality products for users of video equipment now include:
Kangaroo™ Semi-tough Camera Case, an aluminium-reinforced padded case for carrying video cameras.
Kangaroo™ Video Pack, a convenient, lightweight operational way to carry a video camera, recorder and extra tapes, microphones and batteries.
Grappler™ strap, a padded heavy-duty shoulder strap that won't slide off nylon jackets or other slippery material.
KVP Limited, 197 High Street, Egham, Surrey TW20 9ED. England Tel. (0784) 31471. Telex 923239 NOMOB G
IF YOU THOUGHT THAT YOU COULDN'T AFFORD MELKUIST AUTOMATION, THINK AGAIN.
Practical, versatile and easy to operate, the new Melkuist Mastermix generation of automation systems reflect the Melkuist design philosophy of extending the power and performance of the engineers art.
The microprocessor based storage unit reproduces fader movements and mutes within single frame accuracy and features integral high density disk storage and a multi-standard SMPTE time code reader/generator system.
Melkuist Mastermix utilise the very latest developments in semi-conductor and floppy disk technology to provide high performance at low cost.
Complementary front-end modules have been custom-engineered for the full range of VCA fader types currently used in mixing consoles: not only the processor-based grouping systems of Harrison (Series 4), and MCI, but also the Melkuist and Fadex.
Designed by musicians for musicians, Melkuist Mastermix works quietly in the background, leaving the engineer free to concentrate on the mix.
Melkuist Mastermix
Combining versatility with high performance.
F.W.O. Bauch Limited
49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire WD6 4RZ
Telephone 01-953 0091 Telex 27502
www.americanradiohistory.com
Audio & Video Jackfields for Recording and Broadcasting
Mosses and Mitchell are recognised as being the largest manufacturer of Jacks and Jackfields in the U.K. We are approved suppliers to the B.B.C., British Telecom, the Post Office, Pye T.V.T., Pye Telecommunications, Mercia Sound and many other major users.
We have a policy of continued design and technological innovation and are now able to offer miniature type Jacks and Jackfields which can be supplied with wire wrap terminals as an alternative to the traditional solder terminals.
At our modern factory in Farnham, Surrey we are equipped to offer a flexible manufacturing service geared to meet your individual specification and delivery requirements.
Mosses & Mitchell Limited, Weydon Lane, Farnham, Surrey GU9 8QL
Telephone: Farnham 721236 (STD 0252) Telex: 858820
Welcome to the first issue of our news magazine. As designers and manufacturers of audio mixing, control and distribution systems since the early days of the industry, we have many installations throughout the world in quality radio, TV production, film and recording studios. Future issues will describe an interesting selection of such installations as well as report on the fast developing Digital audio scene.
This issue’s publication is due to coincide with the TV Symposium at Montreux so its main coverage is on items of specific interest to Broadcasters. We hope that they will stimulate you to look for a Neve solution to your audio projects.
Laci Nester-Smith
Group Managing Director
Live Theatre Ancient and Modern
Between a Victorian public house and a disused cinema, facing the common in Shepherd’s Bush, London, stands the BBC Television Theatre. Originally the Shepherd’s Bush Empire built in 1903, this impressive red-brick building was acquired by the BBC in the early 1950’s and converted into a “live” television studio specialising in light entertainment programmes.
Inside, much of the original fabric remains including most of the seating although, the stage, orchestra pit and all the stalls to the right-hand side of the centre gangway have been removed to make way for a modern TV studio facility.
Working together with their BBC colleagues, Neve’s engineers had to find solutions to several problems. Firstly, one of the space and shape – the new sound mixing console had to fit the control room perfectly and yet be ‘spot on’ ergonomically. Secondly, difficult access meant the console was going to be fork-lifted through a specially created hole in the wall into the control room. This meant the console had to be capable of being dismantled into sections for installation. Thirdly, the variety of productions called for unique flexibility in arranging the physical position of the group faders.
There is always an enormous demand for tickets to the shows and waiting lists are usually quite long but, if you are interested in seeing what must be the only Theatre/TV Studio of its kind in the world, then the experience is worth waiting for. Information can be obtained from the BBC Ticket Unit.
Neve Audio Systems
The name of Neve is known worldwide as the manufacturer of fine audio consoles but Neve has also become renowned for the supply of complete audio systems constructed to the same high standard as all the company’s products.
Projects handled by the Systems Department cover the whole range of the broadcasting and music recording industries – from local radio stations to national broadcasting centres, from an OB Vehicle to a multi-studio recording complex.
1982 was an excellent year for the Systems Department. It saw the completion of the seven month installation programme of broadcasting equipment into the new Conference Palace in Baghdad. A consortium of three European suppliers – Neve, Bosch-Fernseh of West Germany and Sajkoltokheuden Oy of Finland – handled the installation of all audio, video and lighting equipment, with Neve taking care of the audio side, of course. The work was completed on time, despite the problems caused by the political tensions in that part of the world.
This contract was followed by a three-studio recording complex for Farian in West Germany, the re-equipping of five radio studios in Dubai and installations for the Arab Broadcast Union Training Centre in Damascus.
Nearer at home, was the supply and installation of all audio equipment for Britain’s latest television company TV-AM.
But Neve engineers do not restrict themselves only to fixed installations. During 1982 they were responsible for equipping the audio cubicles in two outside broadcast vans for Bosch-Fernseh and for the complete construction of three multi-track recording and broadcasting vans for NOS in Holland.
The systems section of the Neve organisation has been built-up over many years with experience gained from numerous contracts undertaken as far apart as Radio Stations in Papua New Guinea and TV studios for the BBC and ITN in London.
1983 will be another record year for Neve systems. During 1983 installation teams will be working in Syria, Dubai, Holland, Egypt, Thailand and Northern Ireland. One of their largest assignments will be the complete audio package for the new studio complex for Central Television in Nottingham.
Neve is not just the manufacturer of the finest audio consoles in the world, it is also one of the foremost suppliers of complete audio systems.
News from North America
Neve's influence in North America can be seen from New York to Los Angeles, from Quebec to Florida. From the major networks of ABC, CBC, CBS, NBC and PBS, to local stations such as WFSB in Hartford, Connecticut. Neve has won respect in this very demanding market.
Rupert Neve Inc., Bethel, Connecticut
The needs of North American broadcasters are served by their own Neve company. Rupert Neve Incorporated is located in Bethel Connecticut with an office in the heart of the action on the West Coast in Hollywood and provides Sales and Service to the USA and Canada.
The Sound of Neve, via satellite
In the heart of New England lies one of the world's major satellite broadcasters, ESPN, beaming sports programming 24-hours a day across the United States. Neve recently bid, and won against intense international competition, a $250,000 contract, part of a general re-equipping program to replace existing audio consoles in ESPN's fleet of outside broadcast vehicles. Both companies' personnel worked closely together to ensure that installation and commissioning of consoles could take place on site as and when trucks were released from engagements.
All pre-wiring was done before delivery, minimising down-time and hence additional costs. The new consoles have helped ESPN maintain their leadership in sports broadcasting.
TELEVISION POST PRODUCTION
Neve is well known in film circles with such household names as Lucasfilm (of "Star Wars" fame) and in recent years has found equal success in television post production. With their 542 "one inch" audio consoles and the impressive 81 series NECAM computer-assisted mixing consoles, nearly 100 edit rooms now enjoy Neve audio.
One such complex is the Skaggs Video Center in Salt Lake City. A Neve 8108/32 console fitted with NECAM II is linked to an AMPEX ATR124 and SONY BVU800 video tape machine.
Their NECAM II system is fully compatible with over 40 other NECAM systems in operation in North America, ensuring business from any area. Skaggs also use Neve consoles in their main production area.
The great Neve movie
In the USA, on cable television you can usually watch around 30 different channels of entertainment, the American way.
Home Box Office provide a complete programming schedule 24-hours a day to cable operators on two channels and three time zones. Neve have been chosen seven times as the major contractor for audio equipment.
The latest is for 300 distribution amplifiers with associated dual power supplies worth over $100,000, to be installed at HBO's satellite transmission network. The new network will be fully stereo equipped and Neve have had to build and install all the equipment in just 6 weeks.
Neve Leads in Digital Standards
Neve’s development work on the FULLY DIGITAL Sound Mixing Console (DSP) is now coming to fruition with the first of the series being assembled for operational service.
The DSP console will lead to new heights in sound quality and automation. The quality degradation which would be caused by the multiple conversions and reconversions between analogue and digital will be avoided. This coupled with the complete assignability of the DSP represents a leapfrog in technology over any known form of analogue desk.
This ultimate in quality requires all the equipment to interface satisfactorily and this is where Neve has played an important role. Neve’s Technical Director, Dr Martin Jones, together with colleagues of the Digital Standards Working Party agreed final recommendation for the details of interface specifications at the Audio Engineering Society’s convention at Eindhoven. The 48kHz sampling rate is now formally agreed as the professional standard and the AES digital interface format is the de facto standard for interconnection.
After the convention Dr Jones said: “This has been an historic occasion marking the European launch of the Digital Audio Compact Disc – the beginning of a new epoch in audio. The quality now available to the home listener is such a tremendous step forward that it is as good as a direct line to the studio mixing desk. It is fitting that the ALL DIGITAL SOUND Studio System should become a reality at the same time as the Compact Disc”.
The new heights in listening quality brought by the CD, brings the focus on to quality of production in the studio; thanks to the standards agreement this, too, can now take a quantum leap forward with an ALL DIGITAL line.
Neve in Japan
The Neve Slogan “The Sound of Neve is Worldwide” is certainly borne out with over 40 installations in Radio and TV Broadcasting and Recording Studios in Tokyo and Osaka. One of the newest of Tokyo’s music recording studios is the very beautiful studio of EMI Toshiba. This attractive studio has been designed to present a lively and bright atmosphere both from the viewpoint of appearance and the ‘normal’ mode of the variable acoustics. Centre piece of the control room is a new Neve custom built multitrack mixer which is the second comprehensive Neve mixer in the EMI Toshiba complex. Just a few of the organisations in Japan who have specified Neve are: NHK, CBS-Sony, Fuji TV Yamaha, TBS, Mainichi-Hoso, Asahi.
Neve are enthusiastically represented and supported in Japan by:
ゼネラル通商株式会社
General Traders Limited
Marukoshi Building
2-19, Kanda Tsukasacho
Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 101 Japan.
Neve on show 1983
Because of the wide range of audio industries served by Neve (TV, radio, video, film and music) and the worldwide sales of its audio products, Neve is represented at most major professional Exhibitions and Conventions throughout the world.
| Event | Location | Date |
|----------------|------------------------|------------|
| MIDEM | Cannes, France | January |
| AES | Eindhoven, Netherlands | March |
| NAB | Las Vegas, USA | April |
| TV Montreux | Switzerland | May |
| APKS | London, UK | June |
| AES | New York, USA | October |
| Radio Show | Birmingham, UK | October |
| VIDCON | Cannes, France | October |
| Photokina | Cologne, Germany | October |
| Interbee | Tokyo, Japan | November |
| CTE/AP | Paris, France | December |
Visit us at these and also at our Headquarters in Melbourn, where we have a demonstration room with a fully-working Digital Audio System. We look forward to welcoming you.
STUDER RE-STATES THE ART.
With the new A810, Studer makes a quantum leap forward in audio recorder technology. Quite simply, it re-states the art of analogue recording.
The STUDER A810 is a microprocessor controlled audio recorder which in addition to total microprocessor control of all transport functions and electronics switching, also offers a set of eight "soft keys", which may be user programmed for a variety of functions. These can be selected from a library of: autolocate (up to four addresses), start locate, fader start, tape dump, remote ready, code channel ready, and a choice of two lifter defeat modes.
The A810 also provides programmable audio electronics, a revolutionary system which stores electronic alignment parameters (level, bias, equalization, and erase) for different tape formulations in memory or instant recall at the push of a button. Trim pots, normally used for this function, have been eliminated. The machine even lines itself up every time it is switched on.
Other features standard on the A810 are quartz-referenced capstan speed control, zero locator, real time counter with +/- readout, four selectable tape spooling speeds, self-sync, meters switchable for VU or PPM indication, phase corrected record and reproduce amps, calibrate/uncalibrate buttons, and monitor speaker.
The A810 offers time-coincident SMPTE code on a centre track between both audio channels. Audio/code crosstalk rejection is better than 90 dB, while an internal digital delay automatically compensates for the time offset at all speeds.
Just write or phone for full details.
Studer A810. A quantum leap.
STUDER
INTERNATIONAL AG
CH-8105 Regensdorf Telephone (01) 840 29 60
STUDER REVOX AMERICA INC Nashville Telephone (615) 254-5651
STUDER REVOX S A R L Paris Telephone 533 5858
STUDER REVOX CANADA LTD Toronto Telephone (416) 423-2831
F.W.O. Bauch Limited
49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire WD6 4RZ
Telephone 01-953 0091 Telex 27502
QUESTION: Which range of studio monitors, apart from the new Tannoy SRM Series with SyncSource™ provides a single point sound source for all monitoring applications?
ANSWER:
The New SRM Series with SyncSource™ A range of time compensated single point sound source monitors from:
Tannoy Monitors are available from:
Audio Services, Stockport 06632 2442
Elliott Bros., London W1 01-380 0511
HHB London NW10 01-961 3295
ITA London NW1 01-724 2497.
Don Larking Luton 0582 27195
Music Labs, London NW1 01-388 5392
Sigma Sound, Nottingham 0602 783306
Michael Stevens & Ptns., Bromley 01-464 4157
Turnkey, London NW9 01-202 4366
and in the USA & Canada: Tannoy Crown,
97 Victoria Street N, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
N2H 5C1. Telephone (519) 745 1158 Telex 069 55328
Tannoy Ltd., 21 Canterbury Grove,
West Norwood, London SE27 0PW
Telephone 01-670 1131 Telex 291065
THE CASSETTE DECK FROM STUDER. NEED WE SAY MORE?
Only now, years after the original launch of the Compact Cassette, have Studer put their name to a cassette deck - the Studer A710.
Its everything you would expect from Studer. Impeccable performance. Precision engineering. Die-cast Aluminium construction. In-built longevity. In short, Studer quality flexibility and reliability.
Its features include:
- Balanced line in and out on XLR connectors
- Separate input and output controls with calibration button
- Full remote control, including fader start
- Four motors: two spooling and two capstan
- Three head design for maximum precision with separately adjustable azimuth
- Suitable for rack mounting
The new A710. The Studer name says it all.
STUDER INTERNATIONAL AG
CH-8105 Regensdorf Telephone (01) 840 29 60
STUDER REVOX AMERICA INC Nashville Telephone (615) 329-9576
STUDER REVCX S A R L Paris Telephone 533 5858
STUDER REVOX CANADA LTD Toronto Telephone 416) 423-2831
F.W.O. Bauch Limited
49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire WD6 4RZ
Telephone 01-953 0091, Telex 27502
At Meyer Sound, we've applied over a decade of research and field experience to the production of a growing line of reinforcement loudspeaker systems optimized for arraying, and we've developed sets of simple, clear guidelines for applying these systems. For the professional user, calculation and experimentation are replaced by a body of dependable techniques offering the means to make arrays which afford consistent, exceptional performance.
**Polar Control**
An important key to this performance is careful control of polar response. Meyer Sound reinforcement systems are designed to be coherent not only in terms of phase, but also in terms of propagation. For this reason, the crossover transition in Meyer systems is smooth and seamless, and frequency response remains consistent over long throws. In arrays, propagation coherence means smooth addition between adjacent units, minimizing lobing and producing a coherent image of the source behind the array. In practical terms, this means even, controlled coverage, greatly enhanced clarity, and little or no need for room EQ.
**Modular Design**
Meyer Sound reinforcement loudspeakers are designed as modular systems - full-range building blocks which offer the user the ability to meet a wide variety of demands. This means, for example, that the same product which serves for live music reinforcement in a 500-seat club can be used to make a large array for room reinforcement in a 10,000-seat stadium. Finally, since the array retains the performance of the modular unit with which it is made, its characteristics are predictable.
**User Orientation**
For the professional in the field, dependable real-world performance is the ultimate goal. At Meyer Sound, we direct our efforts in system design and documentation toward making that goal more achievable. If you would like more information on the theory behind our arrayable systems, and how these systems can be made to work for you, call or write us today.
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**Distributed in Europe by:**
Contact: David Solari,
Autograph Sales Ltd.,
Stable 11, British Rail
Camden Depot,
Chalk Farm Road,
London, NW1 8AH, UK.
Tel: 01-267 6677
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**Microphones engineered to suit the most exacting professional standards**
**Crafted in Japan**
Toa's RD series of professional microphones should prove fine enough to satisfy the most discriminating ear. Strict attention to quality and research into a wide range of varying acoustic needs and environments has prompted us to produce a line of microphones tailored to every kind of circumstance. The series offers a choice between unidirectional and omnidirectional microphones, and for outside use all are equipped with windscreens and offer a high resistance to shock, noise and fumes. To minimize unwanted noise, breath and pop filters are provided on all models, and the mics are all adaptable either for hand-held use or use on a mic stand.
And behind each mic is Toa's assurance of quality - the guarantee of crystal clear sound, wherever you are.
TOA ELECTRONICS LTD.,
Castle Street, Ongar, Essex
Tel (0277) 364333
Telex 995554
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Please send me your Professional Microphone Catalogue
Name ____________________________________________
Address _________________________________________
_________________________________________________
JUST WAIT TILL YOU HEAR THIS SPACE
THE NEW ITC DELTA SERIES.
International Tapetronics Corporation, 2425 South Main Street, Bloomington, Illinois 61701, USA
F.W.O. Bauch Limited
49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire WD6 4RZ
Telephone 01-953 0091 Telex 27502
www.americanradiohistory.com
TELEX the name for performance
TELEX TAPE DUPLICATORS—The industry standard for in-cassette duplication. Proven worldwide in continuous duty applications for audio and data copying. The Telex range includes the budget desk top Copyettes and the new 6120 series, a fast reel to cassette and cassette to cassette system, duplicating in all formats.
Prices from £495.00 + VAT (Telex Copyettes)
Prices from £3,085 + VAT (6120 series)
TELEX AUDIOCOM—A heavy-duty, wired intercom system for professionals, designed for fixed installations or portable use. Available with 'belt-packs' or speaker stations, the Audiocom can accommodate up to 30 stations per line and each line can be up to 5 miles long.
TELEX WIRELESS MICROPHONES—Powerful, clean signals from the pocket transmitter WT-100, hand-held microphone transmitters WHM-300 and music performers WHM400 (guitar pick-up options available). The microphone system incorporates a unique compressor expander which increases the dynamic range and improves the signal to noise and ratio. With the patented dual antenna diversity system 'drop-outs' are effectively eliminated.
For more technical information please contact the UK distributors:
AVCOM SYSTEMS LTD
Stanlake Mews
London W12 7HS
Tel no: 01-740 0051
Telex: 892513
Individually, they’re amazing. Together, they’re unbeatable.
Recording studios, radio and television production suites, video and A/V facilities and serious musician/composers have discovered that Valley People equipment improves productivity, offers ease of operation, requires little or no maintenance and provides excellent signal quality. Standing alone they offer unrivalled processing power and versatility; used together by the creative engineer/producer, they increase variety and control dramatically.
**QHZ Quad Preamp**
Provides all the equipment below with instant access to the full range of high impedance sources, such as electronic musical instruments, microphones and even hi-fi kit. The clarity of audio is unsurpassed.
**QLZ Quad Mic Preamp**
The low impedance unit for transparent, distortion-free recording as well as on-the-air or live performances. Each of the four inputs is adjustable from 20dB to 60dB of gain.
**Maxi-Q Equaliser**
Provides maximum flexibility: the seven octave range on each of the three frequency bands gives a six octave overlap. Ideally suited to pre-conditioning of signals when used in-line with the Kepex II and Gain Brain II.
**Kepex II Expander/Gate**
Spectacular performance in noise gating, reduction and elimination is complemented by its creative value in ‘loosening’ drum effects, removing excess cymbal ring or performing electronic musical effects.
**Gain Brain II**
Widely adjustable limiter/compressor and ducker, specially designed for production work. Major advantages include ‘natural’ quality of sound, flatness of VU and improved low frequency performance.
Five superior products. Each amazing. All unbeatable.
Valley People Inc., Nashville, Tenn 37204
International distribution by Gotham Export Corporation, New York.
Telephone (212) 741-7411
F.W.O. Bauch Limited
49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood Hertfordshire WD6 4RZ
Telephone 01-953 0091, Telex 27502
The well-known Wow and Flutter Meters, ME105 (illus.), ME106, ME108, ME110. Also ME201 Flutter Classification Unit, ME401 Automatic Distortion Unit and ME302 (Wave Analyser). And now also an ever-increasing range of Tapeheads for Professional/Studio applications including Time Codes Heads.
Manufactured by
WOELKE MAGNETBANDECHNIK
8069 Schweitenkirchen, Germany
U.K. Distributors
LENNARD DEVELOPMENTS LTD
206 Chase Side, Enfield EN2 0QX
Tel. 01-363 8238/9
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Who said they didn’t want to take their work home with them? After a hard week in the studio why not come home to your own FOSTEX home recording set-up? Our newly expanded first-floor showroom is packed full of the very latest in musical instrument technology; we take pride in demonstrating ancillary equipment and showing it off to its best advantage.
Electronic musical instrument manufacturers such as Roland and Korg produce studio quality units that are gradually becoming essential equipment in most studios; after all, Roland (Boss) invented the “Jazz Chorus”! At the London Rock Shop we genuinely try to give “sound advice at a better price” …that is why we are advertising in Studio Sound — we think you will get a better deal with us than from any other studio supplier.
FOSTEX: B-16 16-track ½” new recorder: London main agents
FOSTEX: A-8, A-2, 250, X-15 recorders plus all rack units
MXR: Graphics, digital delays, dual limiter, drum Computer (June)
ROLAND: Dimension D, digital delay, power amps, tape echoes, guitar synthesisers, keyboard synthesisers, amps, microcomposers, studio synth (100M) …if they make it we sell it!
KEYBOARDS: Moog, Sequential Circuits (Prophet), Korg, Yamaha, Casio.
GUITARS: Tokai, Ibanez, Aria, Fender, s/h Gibson, Steinberger.
AMPS, CABS & COMBOS: Sessionette, Trace Elliott, Ampeg, Roland.
RACK-MOUNTING EFFECTS & Other recording equipment: Cutec, Ibanez, Yamaha, Vesta Fire, AKG, Shure, Audio-Technica, Beyer, TDK Tapes, Whirlwind and Belden cable…plus much, much more.
KORG SDD-3000 Programmable Digital Delay 9 memories, 10 Hz-17 kHz delay freq., 1.023 ms. delay, 4 modes of modulation, hold facility, 4 way low and high filters built in, stereo outputs with phase inversion.
RRP: £600 Our Price: £799 inc. vat.
IBANEZ DM-1000 Digital Delay: 1.75 ms. to 900 ms. delay with modulation for flanging, chorus and A.D.T. Mono in stereo out.
RRP: £365 Our Price: £299 inc. vat.
NEW: due June ’83 Ibanez Harmonic Delay—the first budget pitch transposer with + – 13 semitones up or down AND sub delay built in! RRP: £426.
AMDEK CMU-800 Compu-Music just arrived—now you can microcompose AND microcompute on an Apple III 8-channel composing with six voice channels built-in as well as a seven voice drum unit! Disk-based storage and hardware interfaces (CV, Gate per channel + Clock in/out)
Price: around £400.
Please send 25p in stamps for further details on any product listed. Quote “Studio Sound” and we’ll know you’re serious!
If you demand absolutely the best audio transformer, insist on a Jensen!
Choose From a Wide Variety of Types and Packages
- Microphone Input
- Microphone Bridging
- Line Input
- Direct Box
- Low Freq. Crossover
- M.C. Cart. Step-up
- Electret Mic Output
- Bridging
- Repeat Coil
- Line Output
- Special Types
Superb specifications, consistent performance, and unsurpassed reliability have earned Jensen a solid reputation as the world's preeminent manufacturer of audio transformers.
We control every facet of design and construction, from core alloy up, using sophisticated computer modeling techniques. With 5 years software development background, including an AC circuit analysis for Hewlett-Packard's 9845 desk top computer, we now market our own advanced circuit optimization programs. Because Jensen transformers are designed to function as an integral part of the circuit, not as an afterthought, all parameters can be optimized. The result is a clearly audible improvement in transformer technology. For example, our Model JE-115K-E mic input transformer has under 1% overshoot with no RC damping network (bridged output), and exceptional magnitude and phase response.
Our highly qualified technical staff is eager to assist you with expert applications engineering. Discerning engineers have field proven our transformers, by the tens of thousands, in the most demanding environments—professional recording studios, fixed and mobile broadcast facilities, and touring sound systems. That returns and failures are rare is no accident; we place strong emphasis on quality control.
We carefully inspect every transformer before and after encapsulation. Then, in our computerized automated test lab, we verify that each and every transformer meets or exceeds its specs.
We take this extra care because we are dedicated to excellence. So next time you need a transformer, insist on the best—insist on a Jensen.
Scenic Sounds Equipment Ltd
Dealers for Jensen Transformers
London W1V 5RA
Telephone: 01-734 2812/3/4/5
Telex: 27 939 SCENIC G
jensen transformers
By REICHENBACH ENGINEERING
Dolby Model 372
A portable 2 channel professional A-Type noise reduction unit
FEATURES
* Compact Construction
220mm × 184mm × 44mm; weight, 1.3kg.
* Independence from mains supplies.
* Input level controls either for record level setting before encoding or for rapid 'Dolby Level' calibration in play (decode), with accurate LED display for each channel.
* Stereo headphone monitor with level control independent from 'line-out' level.
* Differential inputs with wide sensitivity range, minimum −10dBv (245mV) for Dolby Level.
APPLICATIONS
* Video Tape Recorders — where noise reduction modules cannot be installed directly in machines, e.g. portable 1", U-matic, etc.
* Mobile Recording — giving portability and flexibility.
* Radio and Television Outside Broadcasts — keeping the noise low from the first generation, so that modern production techniques, with noise reduction, can be used to the best advantage.
Dolby A-type noise reduction is well proven throughout the world in professional sound recording, with over 70,000 channels in use. Applications include master recording, multitrack, film sound production, and 1" VTR soundtracks. Adding to the range of existing products, the Model 372 increases the versatility of Dolby noise reduction due to its compact size and independence from mains supplies.
Schlumberger’s
Know-how
Turnkey installations
(studios - broadcasting centres)
Equipment for:
• studios
• O.B. Vans
• professional sound
• broadcasting
• television
etc...
• Switching grid matrices
• Talkback systems
• Master F 462 tape recorders
• F 500 tape recorders
• UPS 5000 sound mixing desks
• UPS 6000 sound mixing consoles
ENERTEC DEPARTEMENT AUDIO-PROFESSIONNEL
1 rue Nieuport B.P. 54
78140 Velizy-Villacoublay Cedex France
TEL. (3) 946.96.50 TELEX ENERSON 697430 F
U.K. REPRESENTATIVES: CROW OF READING LTD. P.O. Box 36 - READING RG1 2NB - Berkshire - Tél (0734) 59.50.25 - Tx 847056
multitrack hire:
studer machines, headblocks, dolby,
maglink, fairchild.
and now;
q-lock,
sony pcm-f1 digital system,
sony u-matic vcr & monitors.
phone the professionals,
01-354-2955
01-348-1339
STL Offers The Most
Complete Selection
Of Test Tapes Available Anywhere
If you are looking for precision test tapes, look no further. STL can serve all your needs with 2", 1", ½", ¼" and 150 mil tapes for frequency alignment, level set, azimuth set, flutter & speed test, sweep frequency tests and pink noise analysis. Available on reels, in cartridges or cassettes. Also available is the Standard Tape Manual and the Magnetic Tape Reproducer Calibrator.
Write or phone for fast delivery or free catalog.
Digital Audio Test Set
Imagine the ideal hand held test set. A minimum of controls. An oscillator that covers the audio spectrum in a single sweep. A level meter that measures directly in dBs over 74dBs. And a frequency counter that reads the oscillator or meter input.
Small enough to operate anywhere, and precise enough for any professional application.
The Loft TS1 is manufactured by the Phoenix Audio Laboratory Inc., and distributed exclusively by Turnkey.
It's price £249.00. Call us now for more information.
01-202 4366
Brent View Road
LONDON NW9 7EL
STEREO POWER AMPLIFIERS
Model B 302 E350
POWER OUTPUT 60w-1, 100w-8, 150w-4 ohms
POWER RESPONSE ± 0.1dB, 20Hz-20kHz, 80w, 8 ohms
DISTORTION Typically C. 005% at 1kHz, 80w, 8 ohms
NOISE 110dB below 100w, 8 ohms
CROSS TALK 90dB at 1kHz, 100w, 8 ohms
Model 3502 E550
POWER OUTPUT 100w-16, 190w-8, 340w-4 ohms
POWER RESPONSE ± 0.1dB, 20Hz-20kHz, 150w, 8 ohms
DISTORTION Typically C. 005% at 1kHz, 150w, 8 ohms
NOISE 110dB below 190w, 8 ohms
CROSS TALK 90dB at 1kHz, 150w, 8 ohms
For specification, Sales, Service, Export and Technical, please contact:
TURNER ELECTRONIC IND. LTD.
175 Uxbridge Road, Hanwell, London W7 3TH, Great Britain
01-567 8472
FROM THE LIGHT MONO-STereo (SYNC) RECORDER SP8, THE PERFECT MIXER AMI 48, TO THE PORTABLE MULTI-STANDARD STUDIO TAPE RECORDER—TD88—(1/4"—1/2"—perfo-film 16mm)
all are distinguished by:
MOBILITY—MUSICALITY
BATTERY OPERATION
MODULARITY—VERSATILITY
SWITZERLAND
2068 HAUTERIVE-NE
€ 038 33 4233 Tx 35380
MICROPHONE SPLITTER COMBINER TRANSFORMER TYPE 4079
For use with one microphone to give two separate outputs; one to a PA mixer, the other to a recording mixer; or to group two microphones to give one output. Suitable for most types of microphones requiring loads of up to 1200 ohms. It will handle 2.3 volts at 30 Hz, typical frequency response is ± .5 dB, 20 Hz to 20 kHz contained in a high quality screening can with rugged fixing. Please write for leaflet 4079.
WITH 40 YEARS' EXPERIENCE IN THE DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF SEVERAL HUNDRED THOUSAND TRANSFORMERS WE CAN SUPPLY:
AUDIO FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS OF EVERY TYPE
YOU NAME IT! WE MAKE IT!
OUR RANGE INCLUDES
Microphone transformers (all types), Microphone Splitter/Combiner transformers, Input and Output transformers, Line transformers, Power transformers, Multi-Standard Studio Tape Transformers, Balancing transformers, Line transformers, Line transformers to G.P.O. Isolating Test Specification, Tapped impedance matching transformers, Microphone input transformers, Audio Mixing Desk transformers, Full Range Miniature transformers, Miniature transformers for PCB mounting, Experimental transformers, Ultra low frequency transformers, Ultra linear and low transformers, Variable transformers to 1000 watts, Inductors, Chokes, Transformers, Smoothing Chokes, Filter inductors, Amplifier to 100 volt line transformers, (from a few watts up to 1000 watts), 100 volt line transformers to splitters, Line matching transformers (all powers), Cartridge Lowpass audio transformers up to 300 watts.
We can design for RECORDING QUALITY, STUDIO QUALITY, HI-FI QUALITY OR P.A. QUALITY. OUR PRICES ARE HIGHLY COMPETITIVE AND WE OFFER LARGE OR SMALL QUANTITIES AND EVEN SINGLE TRANSFORMERS. Many standard types are in stock and normal dispatch times are short and sensible.
OUR CLIENTS COVER A LARGE NUMBER OF BROADCASTING AUTHORITIES, STUDIO ENGINEERS, RECORDING STUDIOS, HI-FI ENTHUSIASTS, BAND GROUPS AND PUBLIC ADDRESS FIRMS. Export is a speciality and we have overseas clients in the COMMONWEALTH, E.E.C., U.S.A., MIDDLE EAST, etc.
Send us your questionnaire which, when completed enables us to post quotation by return.
MULTI PURPOSE MICROPHONE TRANSFORMER TYPE 3678
This is suitable for inputs of 600 ohms, 200 ohms or 60 ohms (tapped primary) with a secondary load of 5 Kilohms (can load secondary with 2 Kilohms to 10 Kilohms), the frequency response is within ± .5 dB from 20 Hz to 20kHz. The secondary can handle 2 volts. Contained in well-finished screening can with colour coded flying leads. Please write for leaflet 3678.
SOWTER TRANSFORMERS
Manufacturers and Designers
E. A. SOWTER LTD. (Established 1941), Reg. No. England 303990
The Boat Yard, Cullingham Road, Ipswich IP1 2EG,
Suffolk. P.O. Box 36, Ipswich IP1 2EL, England.
Phone: 0473 52794 & 0473 219390. Telex: 987703G
Fraser Peacock Associates Limited are well known and respected for their creative and effective audio visual productions, high quality audio cassette duplicating and, more recently, video duplication.
Details relating to our various products will be demonstrated from Colin Vipond and Tony Shawyer, who have our own brand of cassettes on display.
At this year's exhibition we will be demonstrating the improved version of cassette to cassette tape machines.
Visitors to the FPA stand will be able to listen to their own programme, which is recorded onto cassette of their choice and taken away for evaluation and used to bring
We can't show everything, so why not come along and talk about the rest
APRS '83
MEMBER
APRS
ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL RECORDING STUDIOS
The full range of Altec professional entertainment, and studio systems, together with H.F. and L.F. drivers, loudspeaker units and cabinets for incorporation into your custom built systems are now available from Rank Strand Sound. We can also help you to plan and install total sound systems for any environment, theatres, discos, touring rigs or to up-date and improve your existing equipment with the latest high quality speaker components and electronics. For Altec, it's Rank Strand Sound. For you, it's all systems go.
Please send full details of the Altec Lansing Professional Speaker Range.
Name
Address
Ten times less distortion
This is the most powerful mid range driver of its type in current production.
Powerful but clean.
At levels up to a shattering 128dB peak spl, the harmonic content is minimal. None of the inherent harshness, or distortion, which characterises typical horn loaded monitor systems.
You hear dirty sounds, only if they are recorded that way.
**T Series Monitors** from Turnkey Two incorporate these drivers. They are the first high level monitors to employ this soft dome technology.
As a result, they are smoother, more accurate, and less tiring to listen to.
Electronic, phase coherent cross-overs, ensure definition and high precision imaging for the most critical of monitoring applications.
The systems are acclaimed as setting a new standard for faithful reproduction of sound.
We have a programme of the finest digitally recorded material, it allows you to discover the accuracy with which it is now possible to monitor sound.
Call Andy Munro now to arrange an audition.
All you need to do is listen.
Brent View Road
London NW9 7EL
01-202 4366
DMM for EMI
After accepting CD, EMI have taken a significant step forward in conventional record production by adopting the Teldec DMM system under license. Several of the production problems associated with conventional vinyl discs—especially those associated with surface noise and clicks—are the result of using lacquer blanks. Lacquer is a good surface for cutting but has rather unstable characteristics which vary with time and climate (particularly temperature). Audible results include pre- and post-echo effects caused by adjacent grooves influencing each other. There are also problems with the next stage in the manufacturing process—nickel plating the master lacquer, including purity and metallic structure of the coating.
The DMM process avoids many of the problems of conventional cutting, and in addition enables the production of stampers direct from the master disc, reducing the production time and cost by a large proportion (not that the consumer will ever see any of that reduced cost, of course). The system was first suggested almost a century ago but was not technically capable of perfection until recently, when it was revived by RCA a couple of years ago for their capacitance video disc system, about which very little has been heard outside the United States—laser technology strikes again!
The process involves depositing a copper surface on to a steel disc, and cutting this in more or less the normal fashion—with the exception that a number of changes are made to the cutting stylus, including a lack of burnishing facets and a face angle of greater than 90°. In addition, the cutter stylus is vibrated ultrasonically, the vibration amplitude being proportional to groove depth (and thus cutting resistance), the result being a very smooth groove structure and a limitation of the cutter head mechanical loading. The master may be used to produce stampers directly, exhibiting 10 dB or better reduction in surface noise, and virtually no clicks and pops. If records are made carefully, these advantages will be present on the final product, though of course average levels of quality control, regurgitated vinyl, and an inability to aim straight at the factory will quickly dispose of all but the money-saving advantages.
The elimination of pre- and post-echo also allows the groove spacing to be reduced on the cut: computer-controlled lathes like the VMS-80 can achieve 10-15% more playing time per side by making use of groove-nesting and other varigroove techniques. In addition, the stability of the master during and after cutting prevents any transient information. Finally, the reduction in processes (one in DMM as opposed to three—master stamper, mother and stamper—from the master lacquer in conventional disc manufacture) greatly improves reliability. Fewer recuts are required because of processing or other problems.
EMI will be introducing the DMM system into their Cologne plant in the next few months, and other major EMI pressing operations will have the system installed early next year—Teldec will press DMM releases (which will have a special logo) for EMI until then. We currently have no information on the availability of blanks or cutter heads (the Neumann SX80CM) for independent cutting rooms who want to offer the system.
APRS bar shock
Despite the recession, APRS '83 will be bigger than ever, with 17 new exhibitors. In order to accommodate them, the bar area has had to be reduced severely. The original plan was for 93 exhibitors; the additional stands will no doubt make for an even more lively and interesting show this year.
APRS will be held at the Kensington Exhibition Centre from June 22-24 1983.
Correcting an omission
In the January 1983 issue we published a feature entitled Bandpass Filter Design by Dennis A Bohn. Unfortunately we omitted to mention the company affiliation of the author. This should have been Rane Corporation which is a relatively new US-based designer and manufacturer of professional audio products.
Rane Corporation, 6510 216th SW, Mountlake Terrace, WA98043, USA.
Address changes
Recording Studio Services have moved to new premises at 1145 Brookdale Avenue, Bay Shore, NY 11706. Tel: (516) 667-6737. This address replaces the one listed under Studio Designers and Consultants in the April service guide.
Queens Award
Audio Kinetics (UK) Ltd has been awarded the Queen's Award for Export Achievement. Although initially founded to produce acoustic screens, their main products are now autolocators and the QLOCK synchroniser system of which about 80% are exported.
Agencies
- Otari UK have appointed Turnkey as dealers for the full range of Otari products. They wish to make it clear that this does not affect the existing dealership held by Industrial Tape Applications who also handle the full range.
Industrial Tape Applications, 1/7 Harewood Avenue, London NW1. Phone: 01-724 2497. Telex: 21879. Turnkey, 8 East Barnet Road, New Barnet, Herts. Phone: 01-440 9221. Telex: 25769.
- Tannoy have announced that the products of Tannoy and Tresham Tannoy will now be distributed in North America by the Canadian company Crown. All enquiries should be addressed to Tannoy Crown, 97 Victoria Street North, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2H 5C1.
Go for it with MXR Professional Products. Imagine a sound, then create it. MXR delivers the wide ranging versatility professionals demand. Create the right sound when you want it in the studio or on the road. You can depend upon MXR reliability. And there are no surprises with MXR. The equipment responds exactly as you expect—every time. So compare MXR to any other equipment. Get the best at a realistic price. See your local MXR dealer today.
MXR Professional Products. Versatile. Reliable. Predictable. Affordable.
MXR INNOVATIONS, INC., 740 Driving Park Avenue, Rochester, New York 14613
☐ Please send new Professional Products catalog.
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**Ecoplate III**
New from Studio Technologies is a modestly priced plate reverb system in a fairly compact unit. The *Ecoplate III* apparently retains most of the features of the other *Ecoplate* models. It has a pre-tuned plate with a new shock resistant plate suspension system that will, it is claimed, eliminate tuning problems. The reverb time is variable from ½ to 5 secs with a signal-to-noise ratio of 65 dB and frequency response of the reverb signal is 80 Hz to 20 kHz. The input requirements are -10 or +4 dBm, 10k Ω unbalanced with stereo outputs at +4 dBm (24 dBm max) unbalanced. Both high and low EQ is variable.
The *Ecoplate III* has dimensions of 55 x 37 x 9 in and weighs 98 lbs.
Studio Technologies Inc, 6666 North Lincoln Avenue, Lincolnwood, IL 60645, USA. Tel: (312) 679-9400.
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**Canford speaker mounts**
Canford Audio has released a new range of mounting brackets for loudspeakers and TV monitors. Called the *Omnimount* range, the systems are based around ball and socket clamps offering precise angle adjustment. Two styles are available, one featuring rear supports which make it suitable for speaker mounting, and the other providing 'stand on' mounting for such items as video monitors. There are also three methods of mounting: wall mounts, ceiling plates and a threaded rod system for mounting through false ceilings.
The brackets also feature anti-vandal protection—preset angles can only be altered with a socket spanner, and wiring can be threaded through the central tube. Advantages of the system include good acoustic decoupling and easier installation than conventional systems.
Canford Audio, Stargate Works, Ryton, Tyne and Wear NE40 3EX. Tel: (091) 413 7171.
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**Harrison Series 4**
Released for the first time at AES Anaheim was a new range of consoles from Harrison, the *Series 4*. There are two basic configurations: the *MR-4/24*-track recording console and the *TV-4* stereo teleproduction console. A number of options are available including choice of metering.
The consoles have been designed from the ground up and represent a significant advance in facilities and cost-effectiveness, brought about in part by the application of new circuit technology and manufacturing techniques.
Harrison Systems Inc, PO Box 22964, Nashville, TN 37202. Phone: (615) 834-1184.
UK: FWO Bauch, 49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Herts WD6 4RZ. Tel: 01-953 0091.
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**In brief**
- Quad/Eight Electronics have a new model of the *System 5* digital reverb processor. This is designated *System 5-LC*, LC referring to local control. This unit has all the features of the full *System 5* but without the remote control unit. All the controls are mounted on the front panel of the mainframe rack mounting processor section, which results in a fairly substantial reduction in cost with the possibility of adding remote facilities at a later date.
Quad/Eight Electronics, 11929 Vose Street, North Hollywood, CA 91605, USA. Tel: (213) 764-1516. Telex: 662446.
- Agfa-Gevaert have announced that their new digital audio tape, *PEM 297D* is now available in the UK. *PEM 297D* is a ¼ in reel to reel tape that will be supplied in 4,600 ft lengths on 10 in NAB reels.
Agfa-Gevaert Ltd, 27 Great West Road, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9AX. Tel: 01-560 2131.
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**Formula Sound system equaliser**
The *SE1* is a new 2-channel ½-octave system equaliser from Formula Sound. The basic unit is a standard 19 in rack mount design with 1½ in height. Each channel operates independently, both having 19 screwdriver rotary controls for frequency bands with centres from 11 Hz to 16 kHz. All these controls including the EQ in/out and LED power indicator are situated behind a removable front panel with only the LED being visible.
The filter type is a simulated inductor and gives equal Q in both cut and boost. With all the controls set flat the unit has unity gain with EQ in or out. With EQ in but flat it has a frequency response of 10 Hz to 30 kHz ± ½ dB.
In the event of the mains power failing, the *SE1* is equipped with relays that bypass all the electronics. These same relays also provide a delayed turn on for protection from transients, when the power is applied.
All connections are 3-pin XLR type. The front panel is finished in black anodised aluminium while the casing is black plastic coated steel.
Formula Sound Ltd, 3 Waterloo Road, Stockport SK1 3BD, UK. Tel: 061-480 3781.
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**Pro phono preamp with CX**
Advancing Technology Corporation have announced the availability of their new phono preamp with switchable CX decode capability. The unit has a distortion of 0.002%, noise is given as –90 dB/10 mV input, with the frequency response specified as per RIAA ±0.05 dB. The output level is adjustable to +24 dB at 600 Ω.
CBS will no doubt be pleased that one of their licensees has produced a professional decode preamp, and the unit will find obvious broadcast applications. CBS may be less pleased, however, to read the first paragraph of the press release, which includes the words ‘CX... compresses the audio on the disc... Therefore, encoded discs cannot be played without serious side effects.’ Unless, of course, you have a decoder, where the ATC preamp would be an obvious choice. So much for ‘Compatible Expansion’.
Advancing Technology Corporation, 27106 46th Avenue South, Kent, WA 98032. Phone: (206) 854-1004.
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**ADA Digital delay**
The ADA *D1280 DDL* is a new delay processor from ADA Signal Processors of California. The unit features delay times from 0.156 ms to 1280 ms all at 15 kHz bandwidth. Seven delay range pushbuttons and a multiplier control allow rapid access to any desired setting. A novel feature of the unit is an LED whose flashing rate is related to the delay time such that the unit may be adjusted visually so that repeats fall on the beat. The unit also incorporates regeneration, repeat hold and modulation features and a LPF allows HF rolloff in the regeneration path. The modulation switch panel has a 4:1 delay sweep range while the speed control varies the modulation rate between 0.1 and 25 s per sweep cycle. A 4-step LED headroom indicator is included, and options available include a footswitch for effect and repeat hold switching, and a 240 V AC version.
ADA Signal Processors, 2316 Fourth Street, Berkeley, CA 74710. Tel: (415) 548-1311.
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**New ProTech items**
ProTech Audio has introduced a new power amplifier to its product line, the model 872. The output is 70 W continuous into 8 Ω and is also available with 70.7 V transformer isolated line output. The amplifier incorporates speaker protection overload and short circuit protection circuitry. The power switch incorporates a magnetic circuit breaker giving fuse protection of the AC lines. Both rails of the bipolar DC power supply are also fused. The volume control is rear mounted to prevent unauthorised use.
Another item recently introduced by ProTech is the model 72509 2-channel mic preamplifier, with compression and limiting facilities. Each channel incorporates mic input transformer, adjustable gain and threshold settings and offset trim. The unit is designed to mount in any of four different *Integra III* enclosures. Frequency response is ±0.2 dB 20 Hz to 20 kHz with a gain of 55 dB, maximum output +20 dBm with compression and limiting ratios of 2.5:1 and 40:1 respectively.
ProTech Audio Corporation, Flowerfield Building 1, St James, NY 11780, USA.
The LinnDrum Syndrome...
With the emergence of a number of 'alternative' drum machines, Linn Electronics, the inventors of the digital drum machine, feel that you may be slightly confused as to why professional musicians, producers and studios still insist on a LinnDrum as their drum machine.
We don't think that it's only because of the longer, crisper sounds or the flexibility and ease of operation; and it isn't merely the large library of user-changeable plug-in drum sounds or the custom sound chip service that lets you put your favourite kit sounds in the LinnDrum; nor is it the sixteen drum sounds each with its own output, volume fader and pan control or even the 2600 event memory with its 98 patterns and 49 songs and programmable dynamics; and it isn't simply the five trigger inputs with which you can trigger all the drum sounds from drum synthesiser pads, tape tracks or any audio source or the programmable trigger output that allows the rhythmic programming of external synthesiser sounds; nor is it the unique tempo display in beats-per-minute or frames-per-beat or the adjustable hi-hat decay.
But it is the combination of these features and many more that makes professionals choose the LinnDrum. But don't take our word for it - come and hear it. Then decide.
Linn
20 Conduit Place, London W2 Tel 01-724 2451 for appointment
www.americanradiohistory.com
Teac digital recorder
New from Teac is the FXZ-100 fixed-head PCM recorder. The machine features 2-channel PCM recording with 48 kHz sampling rate and 16-bit linear quantisation; 130 min recording time per 10% in reel of 200 tape; 4-, 8-, or 16-track upgrade possibilities with the same tape format; full error correction; and a thin-film digital recording head. The tape speed is 7 1/2 in/s, the record density being 17.6 Kbits/in, and the minimum recording wavelength 4.32 µm. The machine measures 25 3/4 x 41 x 25 ins (w/h/d approx. Technical specifications are the usual for PCM systems.
Oberheim digital drum machine
Oberheim Electronics have announced a new digital drum machine to be known as the DX. It uses recordings of real drums retained in the memory and allows programmability of rhythms, time signatures, sequence length and tempo, plus real time and single step modes. There are seven voices with the bass drum, snare and high hat adjustable to three further settings for dynamics in the case of the drums, and open, closed and accented for the high hat. There are separate outputs for each voice as well as mixing facilities.
The DX has 100 sequences and 50 songs with a memory capacity of 2,000 notes. Other features include the ability to sync with other equipment, accept external trigger inputs, cassette interface for storage of sequences and back up battery for memory retention.
Oberheim Electronics Inc, 2250 South Barrington Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90064. Tel: (213) 473-6574.
Toa microphones
The RD series is a range of eight microphones recently introduced by Toa. Primarily designed for live work, the range includes many different types with some models being described as having studio applications. Models RD-10/12/13/14 are basically handheld vocal mics, all being unidirectional dynamics with integral large windshields.
Models RD-15C/16/17E are described as mics for instrumental pickup and are phantom-powered condensor, dynamic and electret-condensor respectively. All three are unidirectional although the response of the RD-15C is further described as cardiac. The RD-18 is an omnidirectional dynamic mic that is actually recommended for recording use.
Toa Electric Co Ltd, Kobe, Japan.
UK: Toa Electric Co Ltd, PO Box 82 Castle Street, Ongar, Essex. Tel: 0277 364333. Telex: 995554.
USA: Toa Electronics Inc, 1023 Grandview Drive, San Francisco, CA 94080. Tel: (415) 588-2583. Telex: 331332.
Fostex new products
Three new products have been launched by Fostex and they will all have a fairly large impact on different areas of the recording market.
Firstly comes the B16, 16-track on ½ in tape machine which is featured on the cover of this issue and also reviewed on page 104. At present this machine is only a prototype although it will apparently only change in minor ways before full production commences shortly. The impact that this machine will have is difficult to predict although it appeared quite impressive during the short time it was available for the photo session before being sent for review. It will officially be shown at the APRS and until then precise information is rather limited.
The second new item is the X-15 Tracker, a 4-channel, 4-track recorder/mixer that runs on an external AC adaptor or from a clip-on battery pack. Its dimensions are 3 x 11 ½ x 7 ¼ in without the battery pack and this only adds 1 ¾ in to the depth. Features include Dolby B, 1 ¾ in tape speed, 3-position input selectors, a tape-speed and remote switch in facilities. Two tracks may be recorded at one time and the levels are set by the two faders with LED indicators running alongside them. These faders are switched between pairs of tracks and these signals may be equalised with the simple treble and bass controls on the record channels. There is a 4-channel monitor mixer with pan control on each channel. For mixdown these balance the level on each track and the mix is then routed through the faders and may also be equalised. The price is also attractive at about just over half that of the Multitracker 250.
The final item is a new version of the A-8 8-track on ¼ in tape machine. Designated the A-8LR, it has the ability to record all eight tracks at once and not just the four of the standard A-8 which will continue to be available.
Fostex Corp, 512 Miyazawacho, Akishima, Tokyo, 196, Japan.
UK: Bandive Ltd, Brent View Road, London NW9 7EL. Tel: 01-202 4366.
USA: Fostex Corp of America, 15431 Blackburn Avenue, Norwalk, CA 90650.
High power Genelec monitor
Genelec demonstrated a new high power monitor system, the I025A at the recent Eindhoven AES. The design criterion was natural reproduction at high levels in large control rooms. Designed for flush mounting, the cabinet is a 450 litre dual chamber, bass reflex enclosure with a 19 in rack mounted 3-channel power amplifier/active crossover unit. The system is equipped with full logic circuitry to sense the condition of the drivers and to self-check the amplifiers themselves.
Quoted specifications include a frequency response of ±2 dB from 28 Hz to 20 kHz, power amplifier ratings of 750 W 'continuous' and 1 kW 'music power' and an SPL of 122 dB per pair in a normally damped 100 m³ control room.
Genelec OY, Satamakatu 7, SF-74100 Iisalmi, Finland. Tel: (77) 24. 942. Telex: 4404.
UK: Future Film Developments, 36/38 Lexington Street, London W1R 3HR. Tel: 01-437 1892. Telex: 21624.
Boundary recording news
It seems that at the present time almost all of the major microphone manufacturers have something new to offer for boundary recording. The company with the largest product line of this type of mic is Crown/Amcron and their newest model is the PZM® 2.5. This is the unit that combines a pressure capsule with a corner boundary constructed of a perspex-type material that is clear, giving the mic a very low profile appearance. This design gives greater directivity to the mic response and is designed to be placed on a surface such as a floor or table and aimed at the sound source. The frequency response is apparently specifically tailored for speech and hence applications such as theatre sound.
The PZM® 2.5 plugs directly into a 12 to 48V phantom power supply and includes a transformer balanced, low impedance output with a permanently attached 15ft cable.
Sennheiser have announced an Acoustical Boundary Microphone, the MKE212. They have decided to take a slightly different approach to Crown and have decided to mount the capsule within the boundary plate rather than pointing at the plate from another housing. They claim that reduces even the reflections and disturbances that such small protrusions cause. The capsule they use is the KE4, a 4.75mm condenser-type positioned so that the sound inlet hole is flush with the plate surface. The inlet hole is only 0.5mm in diameter and this further minimises cancellation problems. The MKE 212 is designed to point directly at the sound source. The sound inlet is protected by a plastic cover and a windscreen insert is also available. There are two versions and they differ in powering requirements. Sennheiser claim that they can be used to achieve stereo results and are similar to dummy head stereo but are actually loudspeaker compatible.
Crown, 718 West Mishawaka Road, Elkhart, IN. 46514.
UK: HHB Hire and Sales, Unit F, New Crescent Works, London NW10. Tel: 01-961 3295. Telex: 923393.
Sennheiser Electronic, D-3002 Wedemark 2, West Germany.
UK: Hayden Laboratories Ltd, Hayden House, Chiltern Hill, Chalfont St Peter, Bucks SL9 9UG. Tel: 02813 89221. Telex: 849469.
USA: Sennheiser Electronic Corp, 10 W 37th Street, New York, NY 10018. Tel: (212) 239-0190. Telex: 421608.
NEUTRIK
Connectors and plugs extensively used in UK Broadcasting, Mixing Console Manufacturers and Microphone Distributors.
LNE
These connectors are not suitable for making external connections to equipment for domestic use as defined in the Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations 1975.
Distribution Nationwide
LINE
Sole Agent UK
Eardley Electronics Ltd.
Eardley House
182-184 Campden Hill Road, Kensington, London W8 7AS
Telephone: 01-221 0606 Telex: 23894
Sony Broadcast Sounds
PORTABLE ANALOGUE PRODUCTS
TCD-5PRO MX-P42
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JUNE 22-24
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Autolocators are a vital part of the modern cost-effective self-operated recording facility, and even if there are assistant engineers available, many engineers find it difficult to believe that they could ever have managed without one. Autolocator design is a fascinating example of the use of microprocessors to control 'real' systems, and in this article Steve Brown discusses the basic design criteria for autolocation systems, with examples taken from his own company's range of products.
I suppose one could split writing programs for microprocessors or computers into two categories. One, the computer would be a "black box" which could be on a different continent for all the difference it makes. The input and output from that computer would be a visual display unit and printer. The program would probably involve a good deal of mathematics and logic but all operations would happen inside the computer. My second category is the one that has something attached to it that is controlled by the microprocessor. The programming has to take into account the characteristic of whatever (or whoever) is connected to it. In the latter case the aspects of design are far more interesting—which is how I come to be writing about autolocators.
Most tape transports now are controlled by a microprocessor, a job to which it is very well suited. Unlike digital audio projects it has plenty of time in which to think. A microprocessor can only do one thing at a time. In a complex operation, it's surprising how all the microseconds add up. However, in tape transport control, the microprocessor has the luxury of milliseconds in which to carry out its various tasks. Many tape machine manufacturers, although using microprocessors in their decks, don't take the additional step of providing an integral autolocator. In many cases they provide one as an extra either under their own label or manufactured by a separate company but customised to their own machine. The Audio Kinetics XT24 has a stable of several machines which can be attached. Also, controlled return to zero is now common on several decks such as the Tascam 52 and 58, and in the case of the AR10 and ATR800 a limited number of stored cues is provided. However, there are still a large number of current tape machines that can benefit from an autolocator and, of course, many older machines—some even with mechanical counters—can enjoy a new lease of life with microprocessor control. One wonders, then, why autolocators don't feature as a commonly-used accessory in the same way as digital echo, signal processing and noise reduction. In these days of timecode, it is enough to be able to locate a section of tape to the nearest second or two? Well, autolocators don't really have to compete with synchronisers. Although there are some cases where they may form an integral part of a synchroniser by spooling a tape to a 2- or 3-second window from which it will pull into sync, their own applications are as much needed now as they ever were. Also, there's no reason why prices for autolocators shouldn't fall to anything between £200 and £750 depending on facilities offered. At the moment the market is relatively limited and therefore prices reflect that. But in many ways, the need for a cheap and simple autolocator is greater now. Many smaller multitrack users are one-man bands; the balance engineer is the tape jockey and also probably the producer. That's understating it; he's probably the musician as well!
What facilities is he going to need and how much is he prepared to pay? He probably won't want to pay much more than 25% of the original cost of the tape machine whether it be a 2-track ¼ in machine costing around £800 for a top-of-the-range multitrack. So, the autolocator on tape and also the target time which may be a stored cue (in which case the cue number may also be displayed). The target time may also be updated directly from the key pad. Numerals would shift left in the same way as a calculator, and an entry would be terminated by pressing ENTER. The autolocator should take account of an illegal entry such as 90 s, converting it to 1 minute 30 seconds. These basic facilities may be expanded to provide, for example, a string of events instead of a single fixed shuttle:
01 PLAY CUE 1 TILL CUE 2
02 PLAY CUE 4 TILL CUE 5
03 PLAY CUE 7 TILL CUE 8
04 JUMP BACK TO LINE 01
(Or stop)
This string of events may be stored in a battery-protected memory together with the cue times, and each line shows on the LED display in an abbreviated form. Designed primarily for audio-visual work, it does enable the operator to have a greater control over how his autolocator performs; after all it is supposed to be an extension of his own arm. He can always settle for a conventional shuttle.
01 PLAY CUE 1 TILL CUE 2
02 JUMP BACK TO LINE 01
Another expansion for an autolocator is to provide a greater degree of information on cue times. I remember one studio where I turned up wearing my salesman's hat and nearly blew a take because the control room was occupied by the engineer and musicians with the drummer looking very lonely in the studio. I had to stand rigid between the vocalist and his guitarist clutching my case until the take was finished, feeling a real charlie. I mention this because when I finally got to speak to the engineer he was not working by cue numbers and timings; time meant nothing to him. He didn't actually have an autolocator which is why I was there; so if he recognises himself in this article, perhaps he'd still like one! He wanted to be able to shuttle back to 'chorus 1' or 'middle 8'. (It does help if an engineer such as myself can learn such musical terms!) So an autolocator could really become a useful tool! I feel strongly that a great deal of
Autolocator design
A unit with an LED display in minutes and seconds coupled to an idler wheel as would be found on a studio tape machine. The tape is laced around the idler wheel and instantly gives the facility to time an item on tape in fast wind instead of having to time with a stop watch at normal replay speed. Power is taken from the remote socket on the Revox series while special versions fit inside such machines as the PR99 and Otari 5050. The idler wheel used by Spin Time may then be used as the basis of an autolocator for early tape transports. Another problem with adding an autolocator is that some machines have electronic counters but still can't drive an autolocator without modification. There are several 4- and 8-track machines such as the Fostex A8 which could benefit from an autolocator, so we mustn't let these problems stand in the way.
Once the physical problems of bringing the tape motion information out into a separate unit are overcome, it's interesting to see how much is common to a wide variety of decks. To go right back to basics, the tape movement is measured by wrapping it around an idler wheel of a circumference which relates to the tape speed; for example a wheel of circumference 3\(\frac{1}{4}\) in has an approximate diameter of 1.1 in, which fits neatly on most tape decks; similarly, a 5 in circumference gives a diameter of about 1.6 in. A photo-electric sensor is arranged to detect holes or slots in a disc attached to the idler wheel. A popular combination is a 3\(\frac{1}{4}\) in circumference wheel with 4 slots giving, for example, 16 pulses per second at 15 in/s. A single sensor will detect the movement and speed of the tape but, like viewing the world through one eye, leaves a missing dimension, in this case the direction of the tape. The answer to this is, as far as I know, universal. A second sensor is set at a specific angle to the first so that it gets a different view of the slots. Fig 1 shows how the information is decoded by a microprocessor, there are also several different methods using conventional logic.
The electronic signal is used by the autolocator for two purposes. One is to keep track of the time on tape; the second is as a measure of deck speed. Some tape decks even provide a higher resolution pulse signal which is used only as a measure of tape speed. This can be an advantage to the autolocator as it enables the speed of a deck to be measured more rapidly, especially important at low speed. Later versions of the A80 and the Tascam 58 series are examples here.
The whole accuracy of the system depends totally on the accuracy of the wheel diameter and the amount of tape slip, and the better the tape the greater amount of tape slip! So anything that depends on this as a time reference is bound to be imperfect although there are ways of overcoming this (see later). At least, the current use of electronic sensing is a great improvement over previous mechanical tape counters due to the fact that there is very little additional friction which could contribute to tape slip.
If a section of tape is spooled backwards and forwards repeatedly, even with a good quality deck, the slip errors will accumulate and the time display could very soon read 2 s error. One interesting answer to this problem is to update the time display. The best way to illustrate it is by a strange verbal dialogue! Spool back to cue 5, the time shows cue 5 stored time but because of tape slip, when replay is operated, the deck is already \(\frac{1}{15}\) s into the cue. Spool back to cue 5, find the start on tape and tell the autolocator "This is really cue 5". The autolocator will then shift its zero reference and all stored cues will be adjusted by the same amount. If you think about it, there are a few pitfalls here, but it's better than nothing.
If you are using a multitrack, then the chances are you'll have a spare track. This can be used for timecode—not SMPTE (which is expensive and would eclipse the cost of the autolocator in many cases) but a 10 s code identifying frames or 25 ths of a second (make it 30 for the USA) in a 10 s cycle. The autolocator can be guaranteed to find the right section of tape to within 2 to 3 s, let alone 10. The timecode (call it 'micro timecode') can be recorded on to a spare track and will remain there for the lifetime of the tape. The frequency would be low because less information has to be recorded per frame than with SMPTE (18 bits against 80) so crosstalk would be proportionally less.
The autolocator would continually correct itself between the time that it reads off the idler wheel (which could be wrong) and the 'micro timecode' it reads off the control track assuming that it has already stored in its memory the timecode for each cue. The autolocator would store against each cue its time in minutes and seconds as normal but in addition would store the timecode number which would be 1 to 249 representing a maximum of 25 frames over 10 seconds. This code can form the basis for a simple synchroniser: by interlacing hours, minutes and seconds into the basic 10 s code, a complete (but non-standard) frame-defined timecode can be devised, far simpler than SMPTE but yet—because it is also frame-defined—it may be 'standards-converted' into SMPTE. Even without the hours and minutes it will still lock two machines providing they are both started within the same 10 s window.
When I first viewed the prospect of writing about autlocators, I felt rather like a student having to write about the Napoleonic Wars or something similar! It's a subject on which one could write a paragraph or write for ever. I've covered the subject as broadly as I can.
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Togo, for those readers not in 'the know', is a West African Republic situated on the 'Slave Coast' of the Gulf of Guinea. The country, which is a former French colony, forms a narrow corridor of land some 75 miles wide and some 350 miles in length situated between Ghana to the West and Benin and Nigeria to the East. Unlike some of its neighbours, Togo is one of the most politically and economically stable parts of West Africa—something which is reflected in its choice as a regular venue as host to Organisation of African Unity conferences—and Togo has in fact been termed 'the Switzerland of Africa' a phrase which does give the 'flavour' of the country. A somewhat unlikely place to find a complete record pressing, disc cutting and recording complex, you might think, but not so!
Situated some five miles inland from Togo's seashore capital Lomé, in a sparkling new purpose-built structure, is Studio de la Nouvelle Marche, Office Togolaise du Disque. This rather grand sounding name, and the excellently equipped and constructed complex, is the end result of a major decision by the Togolaise government to invest in recording technology. The complex which is semi-autonomous, comes under the aegis of the Togolaise Ministry of Information, which decided to finance the venture in 1978. For a country with only limited resources, but with a healthy economy, such a project was not to be undertaken lightly. However, West Africa, and in particular Nigeria, is an expanding market for records and even now there are still few facilities available for the recording and pressing of music by African artists. Despite high initial investment, the project can be seen as a viable proposition that has foreign currency-earning potential with the opportunity to attract outside artists and export pressings. In addition, of course, it has a considerable prestige value for such a small country.
Prior to detailing the construction and facilities of the Togolaise complex, it is perhaps worth giving some background information on the music and recorded music scene in West Africa, and on the area itself. This information, which was largely gleaned first hand whilst visiting Studio de la Nouvelle Marche in the company of David Hawkins of Eastlake Audio, is to say the least interesting.
The countries surrounding Togo—Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Upper Volta—form a vast potential consumer market of some 110 million people. Nigeria with an estimated population of some 77 million is by far the predominant influence economically. Despite a collapse in its oil revenues with the fall in the price of oil, and the pressures of feeding such a large population, Nigeria is still the richest country in the area. Whilst its economy has been dislocated by the effects of world economic recession Nigeria still has a considerable influence on the consumer, ie record buying market. Next in rank after Nigeria is Ghana with a population of some 13 million. Under normal circumstances Ghana would also be a significant economic influence, however, Ghana's economy is currently in a sorry state. Following a military coup which overthrew the previous civilian spendthrift government, Ghana is now under military rule with curfews, strict money control, petrol rationing, and much reduced scope for consumer spending. Continuing with the league table, next come Ivory Coast (7½ million), Upper Volta (6½ million), and Benin (3½ million). Togo by comparison has a population of a mere 2½ million with some 135,000 people in the capital, Lomé. These bare statistics whilst indicating the potential market to be served by Studio de la Nouvelle Marche also indicate the relatively small economic 'home base' upon which the complex depends. An additional factor which needs to be taken into account is that the majority of the aforementioned populations are primarily agrarian based, with little access or money to pay for the consumer goodies we take for granted. Accordingly, in purely economic terms the number of potential users or consumers of the finished recorded products from the Togolaise complex is relatively small, probably in the order of some 500,000 people. Reducing this figure to take account of imported material and the output of other—mainly Nigerian—pressing plants and recording facilities, and one has a potential buying market of perhaps some 200,000 people. Sufficient to justify the Togolaise government's decision to embark on its complex, but indicating that a cautious approach was necessary.
Obviating the limited record buying potential of West Africa is a curious, but I suppose logical consumer practice. I suppose it could be called semi-legalised record taping, but it fulfils two criteria. It solves the problem of limited supplies of singles and it meets consumer demand. The practice in question takes the form of a member of the public going to his local record store and having the proprietor record the singles or LP tracks required on to cassette, the record store owner charging for this service. The cassette which is recorded can be either a virgin item sold by the record store owner, or one the customer brings with him/her for over-recording. Since the supply of blank cassette tapes in West Africa is by no means constant, whilst record store owners seldom have more than five copies of even the most popular single records in stock, this practice seems to meet a consumer need. Quite what the world's major record companies would make of this is another matter!
Whilst live music is a major cultural and artistic activity in West Africa, I was somewhat surprised at how often workers would stride out from semi-dense greenery along the roads clutching portable radios or portable radio cassette recorders. What sources of music these workers were listening to I have no means of knowing, but the aforementioned practice plus conventional taping from a friend or a radio programme seem the most obvious means. One thing is for sure, as in much of the Third World, the people who manufacture and sell batteries aren't likely to go out of business.
Another interesting aspect of the West African recorded music market is the prevalence of pirated recordings on cassette tape. Because of the limited supply of the real item it seems only natural. However, seeing street stalls selling pre-recorded albums or 'selections' (complete with appropriate facsimile cassette liners) in the heat of the midday sun doesn't exactly augur well for the 'baked' quality of the pirate merchandise. Add to this the fact that these copies were probably made in a back room with fairly limited equipment and one doesn't need too much of an effort to keep walking. Whether these street vendors are mainly after unknowing tourist trade is difficult to say, but pirating is a problem which the Togolaise authorities seem to condone as a necessary evil rather than encourage. Now that the government has a stake in producing records it may take a less charitable view, though.
Finally, in this overview of the West African recording scene, a few
words about the music. As one would suspect the colonial hangover from French or British rule has had some effect. Certainly at a Lomé night club it seemed odd to hear Dire Strait's *Sultans of Swing* booming out of the loudspeakers, whereas other French or French influenced artists seemed more in place. However, the range of home grown West African music, both instrumental and vocal, was wide. This ranged from fairly 'raw' chants with drum or percussion accompaniment, through to bands producing the equal of anything that for example West Indian influenced bands are producing in Europe.
Another interesting factor was that although distinct tribal influences could be heard in many items, because many West Africans are multilingual and because much of the music is rhythm dominated there is a universal market for the majority of recorded home grown music. Overall there was certainly evidence of a healthy local West African music scene which should point to a busy future for Studio de la Nouvelle Marche.
Following authorisation of the record pressing, disc cutting and recording complex by the Togolaise Ministry of Information in 1978, the first task was to appoint a contractor to design, build and equip the project. Because Togo is a French speaking country, and a former French colony, it was therefore only natural that a French company used to carrying out such work in the Third World should be appointed. The choice in this instance was 3M France who have carried out similar projects elsewhere in Africa. After visits to the proposed site for the complex, 3M France engineers drew up complete construction plans and arranged provision of a complete turnkey package. As part of this process 3M France, who act as agents for Eastlake Audio in French speaking areas, also appointed Eastlake Audio as subcontractors for the acoustic treatment of the relevant areas of the complex.
From the initial stages of the project it was decided that it should be constructed in three phases. This was partially done to spread the cost of the project thereby easing the drain on this small country's resources, whilst also having the advantage that as phases were completed they could begin contributing revenue. Phase 1 comprised the construction of a 24-track recording studio; Phase 2 which followed shortly after involved the construction of a disc pressing facility with a capacity of 3,000 discs per day; while Phase 3 saw the construction of a disc cutting room. Other conveniences which were provided included maintenance facilities, offices, and—most important—a bar!
Construction of Phase 1 of the project commenced in late 1979, with the recording studio being completed in November 1980, the complete project being finished in November 1981. Inauguration of the operational life of the complex took place on January 11, 1981 even though the disc cutting room was still under construction.
Five miles from central Lomé and adjacent to a main highway, the complex is on land purchased by the Togolaise Ministry of Information from local farmers, so it is in peaceful rural surroundings away from the hubbub of the capital. The building housing the complex is constructed from concrete and is split into two halves with a corridor linking the multitrack studio/cutting room section with the electroplating/pressing departments. The studio/cutting room is built on floating slabs as per normal practice. The choice of concrete as the main construction material was for purely practical reasons as the climate in West Africa with torrential rain bursts followed by blistering sun is highly conducive to destroying and rotting timber materials. In addition the local wildlife species which include lizards and termites of all varieties have a certain predilection for making their homes or alternatively living off other materials. These problems posed particular headaches for Dave Hawkins as acoustic treatment and the Eastlake philosophy make much use of the wood and other materials which have a natural attraction to bugs. As Dave puts it "West Africa produces some excellent native hardwoods, but none of the structural grade long span softwoods which we typically use for studio and control room construction. Moreover, it is difficult to obtain locally grown and prepared timber of consistent nominal size," therefore it was decided that all timber to be used by Eastlake's construction crew would be imported from Europe. The timber used was kiln dried and treated with preservative insecticide and shipped out to Togo by container, hence minimising potential problems. Certainly when I visited the complex in 1982 no visible signs of decay were evident and coupled to Togolaise pride in the care of their facilities it seems that the extra trouble involved has been worthwhile.
**Tour**
The tour of Studio de la Nouvelle Marche, which literally translated means Studio of the New Way, commences with the multitrack studio. This is laid out in a basic rectangular shape with a bright live area with a ceramic tiled floor at one end which can be shut off from the rest of the studio by two sets of sliding glass doors, and with the control room at the opposite end. Access to the control room from the studio is via double sliding glass doors with a small area in between which may be used as a live isolation booth if necessary. To the immediate left of the control room end of the studio is a drum booth. The overall size of the studio is some 1,500 ft² with the partitioned live area having an area of some 375 ft². The finish of the studio is to the usual Eastlake style with wood panelling in the live area, the side walls of the drum booth and on a couple of sections of the irregular walls of the studio. Other sections are finished with cork bark and carpeting, while in addition sliding wall drapes are fitted along the righthand wall of the studio. Considering that the studio had been in constant use for some two years it was surprising that it appeared to be in 'as new' condition. It would appear therefore that the studio staff treat it with much tender loving care.
Loitering within the studio is a fine range of musical instruments, particularly including a Ludwig drum kit, Fender guitars and amplifiers, a Martin acoustic guitar, a Hammond B 3000 organ, Fender Rhodes electric piano, Elka string synthesiser, Polymoog synthesiser, ARP Odyssey synthesiser, Hohner Clavinet and a Yamaha grand piano. The reason for this wild plethora of instruments is quite simple; since this is West Africa you can't just order up extra instruments from the hire company down the road at a few hours notice. Accordingly if artists want anything unusual the onus is on them to provide it. However, the studio's selection is certainly more than adequate for most purposes.
Other equipment includes a useful selection of microphones—AKG C414EB, D224, C451E, D12; Neumann U87 and U47; and Shure SM7. Other items included a pair of JBL 431/s and Pioneer headphones for foldback driven by Crown D75s.
The control room looks directly on to the studio with the console centrally placed opposite the sliding glass doors. To aid observation there are also two windows each side of the doors, one looking directly into the studio and the other looking into the drum booth. Above these two windows are placed two Eastlake TMI monitors flush mounted on sloping wood panelling. These monitors are two of four monitor housings provided, but the two housings on the rear wall of the control room (2 to accommodate quadraphonic monitoring and mixdown) are driverless. The Eastlake monitors are driven by HH S50D power amps and the control room is equalised with White 4001 ½-octave equalisers with a plug in 18 dB/octave crossover at 80 Hz. The Eastlake monitors are fitted with Gauss LP and MF drivers and Eminar tweeters.
The console in the control room is a 32/24/32 Audio Help CS2405 modular console provided on an OEM basis to 3M France. This console with 32 inputs and outputs has parametric equalisation, four subgroups and eight echo sends. At the right of the desk is a sloping patchbay while to the left is a section of 19in racking flush with the console fascia. This contains an Aphex 602B Aural Exciter, UREI
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527A graphic equaliser, Eventide H910 Harmonizer, Eventide FL201 Instant Flanger, a dbx 162 stereo comp/limiter, and an Audio and Design F-760X-RS Compex limiter. The console also includes two inbuilt Audio Kinetics XT-24 autolocators, plus tape remotes for two Revoxes situated above the subgroup master faders. Metering on the desk is of the conventional VU type and includes a phase meter. Located above the meter penthouse are a pair of the ubiquitous Auratones.
Situated in two alcoves at the rear of the control room are the tape machines and a free standing 19 in auxiliary equipment rack. The tape machines and a free standing 19 in auxiliary equipment rack. The tape machines comprise a 3M M79 24-track, a 3M M79 2-track master recorder, and a pair of Revox A7's. To accompany the tape machines the studio has Dolby noise reduction while the tape used is 3M 250 and 236. The free standing rack accommodates the Dolby M-2H noise reduction cards and PSU, plus a pair of MicMix Master Room 2-channel reverbs and a Kenwood Dolby stereo cassette deck. Lurking elsewhere there was also a JVC record turntable. The studio is excellently equipped with facilities that would be the envy of some European studios. Not only does it look good, it is well maintained and it sounds good.
Next on the itinerary is the cutting room. This exactly mimics the layout of the studio's control room even to the extent of fitting glass fronted cupboards for tape storage in the same relative positions as the observation windows and sliding doors of the control room. Accordingly, since the Eastlake monitoring arrangements are identical to the studio control room, a producer/artist can check each phase of the recording to disc cutting process under optimum conditions. A most useful feature and a good example of the care which has gone into the design and implementation of this project.
The console in the disc cutting room is again an Audio Help desk supplied on an OEM basis to 3M France. Yet again this includes Auratones mounted on the top fascia, plus an Audio Kinetics XT-24 autolocator, and a 2-track tape remote. The console also includes pre-listening and programme monitoring facilities, parametric ±15 dB equalisation, and inset in the facia are two Dolby 361 noise reduction units, two dbx 162 stereo comp/limiters, and a small patchbay. The console's centrally placed meter hood has two L and R VU meters, a phase meter, and two NTP bargraph meters for monitoring A and B signals plus L +R phase. The tape machines in the cutting room are a pair of 3M M79 2-track preview machines which have interchangeable 4-track ½ in heads. Situated in the righthand rear alcove is a Neumann VMS70 disc cutting lathe with an SX74 stereo cutterhead. These are fed and driven from a Neumann VG74B rack. The lacquers in use here are from Pyral and Alpoidisc.
Both the studio and the cutting room are completely air conditioned with a highly efficient system of silencers and ducts in fibreglass to keep the noise level of the system at a minimum. Another useful precaution was the provision of an electronic tension regulator to ensure a smooth electrical supply to the studio and cutting room.
Moving along the linking corridor to the pressing facility, this comprises an electroplating department and record pressing plant. The electroplating section is equipped with 3M France supplied units comprising an electroplating tank with two separate cathodes, silver plating by pistol process, polishing, preforming, and a centering and trimming machine. Highlighting the quality approach to the whole complex, a de-ionising water processing plant is also included.
The pressing plant has two 3M France supplied record presses (complete with extruders), one for 7 in singles and one for LPs. These presses are semi-automatic thereby providing higher quality pressings and the potential for producing picture records. The presses take up only half the available space in their designated section of the building allowing extra presses to be added as required. In addition to the above facilities the presses are supplied with hydraulic power, steam, refrigerated water and compressed air by means of a hydraulic plant, boiler, cooling tower (complete with closed circuit water system and pumps) and an air compressor all supplied by 3M France. The pressing plant also has a quality control cabin with a record player for checking finished pressings.
As the studio is situated in West Africa the complex also has a fully equipped maintenance department, for fairly obvious reasons. This is fitted with a wide range of test equipment including an oscilloscope, multimeters, etc., all manufactured by Hewlett Packard. The Togolaise complex is staffed exclusively by Togolaise nationals. Overall a total of 23 staff are employed directly by the studio, but of these the 'nitty gritty' personnel around which everything revolves number six. These are the commercial director Amable Kokouw, artistic director Tassane Ouyi, maintenance/cutting engineer Assih Patanahni, and the three balance engineers Woamekpo Koffi, Anifrani Ekpi and Kagnassim Kalentena. All these crucial personnel were extremely competent and well-trained, complementing the high technical standards of the complex. The studio has recently recorded a wide range of artists including bands from Togo, Ghana, Nigeria, the Ivory Coast, Upper Volta and—interestingly—American Tamla Motown artists. Whilst the first group of nationalities are only to be expected it is interesting to see that without any substantial promotion as it were, mainstream recording artists were availing themselves of the complex's excellent facilities. Hopefully this initial 'toe in the water' exercise will bear fruit and other North American and European artists will follow in the Tamla footsteps. Certainly the commercial director hopes they will and at a very competitive studio rate for top quality facilities it is one of the few places where you can go from recording to finished pressings. They deserve to succeed in this aim.
To sum up, Studio de la Nouvelle Marche offers prestigious facilities in an unusual part of the world. Togo is a very friendly part of the world and the weather and relaxed atmosphere are extremely conducive to non-pressurised recording. Lomé has a number of top quality hotels which already cater for tourism, while for long term stay bands arrangements can be made for the rental of villas. Communication is also no problem as Lome airport has international connections to Paris, Zurich, Amsterdam and Rome, plus other African connections.
Studio de la Nouvelle Marche, BP 1244, Lomé, Togo. Tel: Togo 21-67-73 or 21-68-62. Telex: 5294 MINFO TO marked for the attention of Tassane Ouyi.
I would like to record my thanks for assistance to Jean-Pierre Estalieu, Audio, Guy Berriot and Bertrand Lablancherie of 3M France, and Assih Patanahni, Tassane Ouyi and Amable Kokouw at Studio de la Nouvelle Marche.
The Mark III/8, 1/2" eight channel machine stands at the top of the range of 5050 Series recorders.
Built to exacting studio standards, the entire 5050 Series offer features and performance typically found only on recorders priced considerably more.
All models feature D.C. controlled capstans with ±7% variable speed; 10½" reel capacity, plug-in head assemblies, built-in test oscillator, comprehensive and easily accessible calibration adjustments and selectable output level of either +4 dBm or –10 dBv. Certain models additionally offer active, balanced transformerless inputs and outputs. Every recorder features a microprocessor-controlled transport with an L.E.D. counter and return-to-zero as standard.
Optional accessories include a roll around pedestal stand for all models, remote control facilities and a full-function autolocator.
Rugged, compact construction and specifications that meet critical professional standards are the hallmarks of all Otari recorders. Regardless of which format you require, a 5050 Series recorder will give you the confidence to meet the most demanding recording situations.
“well conceived.”
Hugh Ford, Studio Sound, May 1983
To receive the complete text of Hugh Ford's exhaustive review of the Mark III/8, comprehensive brochures and price details, or to arrange your own "hands on" review, call one of our authorised dealers now or contact us directly at 0753 38261 and ask for Mick Boggis.
The 5050 Series are built with quality you can hear and feel - affordability that makes Otari the "Technology You Can Touch."
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The APRS exhibition will be held at the Kensington Exhibition Centre, Derry Street (just off Kensington High Street), Kensington, London, between June 22nd and 24th inclusive from 10.00 to 18.00 hours except for the last day when the exhibition closes at 17.00 hours. Entrance is by business card.
A
- **AC Electronic Services**: wide range of power amplifiers, crossovers and accessories. Featured items include 24-channel *ML24/24* in-line console, *TR16* and *TR24* 16- and 24-track machines in a new modular format, the first showing of the *TR2 ½* in 2-track tape machine and a low cost simultaneous encode/decode noise reduction system. The latter item will hold 16 channels in a 19 in rack and has a claimed noise reduction factor of 50dB.
- **Advanced Music Systems (AMS)**: full range of products with featured items—*DMX15-80S* stereo digital delay line pitch changer with new de-glitch module and audio triggerable loop editing software; the *RMX 16* digital reverb with the first demo of the optional bar code reader addition and two new programs; the *A/V SYNC* 3-channel digital delay for use with video synchronisers.
- **AKG**: full range of mics, headphones, reverb systems and delays and other audio components. Featured items will include *The Tube* valve microphone, mini monitors and the Aplex range of equipment with the new Aplex *Type B* aural exciter.
- **Agfa-Gevaert**: full range of audio and video tapes. On show for the first time is *PEM 297D*, a ¼ in digital tape in 4,600ft lengths on 10 in NAB reels. Other tapes on show will be *PEM 328* long play, *PEM 468*, *PEM 369*, *PEM 359*, *PE 328*, *PE 369* duplicating tapes *PE 619* and *PE 819*, *PER 368* for use with Nakamichi decks and a new range of audio cassettes.
- **Allen & Heath Brenell**: a *Syncon B* console running with a *M24* 24-track tape machine, a selection of other mixers including units from the *System 8* and *21 Series* ranges.
- **AmpeX**: the full range of products with featured items being *ATR800* tape machine available in a variety of formats and with intertrack time code, the other tape machines in the *ATR* range and the full range of tapes and cassettes.
- **Applied Microsystems**: *Spin-Time* real time tape timer, *CMSO* and *CM55* autolocators, and a new development in basic synchronisers.
- **Atlantex Music**: the full range of MXR and Ashly products and the other lines that they handle. New items include the MXR *Pitch Shifter*, two MXR digital delay lines with 320 ms and 1 s max delays, the Ashly SC 33 stereo noise gate and a revised model of *The Kit* known as the *MPC 2*.
- **Audio & Design (Recording)**: the full range of Audio & Design products including two new Scamp modules, the S30 expander/gate and the S31 compressor/limiter. Also on show will be the full range of ‘little boxes’ including the *ProPak* audio interface, the *AmPak* monitor amp and a new time code reader. Other equipment on show will include: Eela *Audio 3000 Series* in-line console, *S200* broadcast console and the economic *S100* console with a full range of Eela accessories; Calrec microphones including the *Mk IV Soundfield* mic and the Ambisonics Mastering System including a *Transcoder* and a *Pan/Rotate Unit*; Telefunken *Telcom* noise reduction; the Neutrik *Audigraph 3300* and the Meridian interactive speakers in a professional format.
- **Audio Developments**: full range of products including the *AD049*, *AD060*, *AD045* and *AD062* sound mixers.
- **Audio Kinetics**: the *Q LOCK 3.10C* time code synchroniser will be demonstrated in a audio/video post production set-up with a video master linked to a multitrack recorder and a mastering machine. Also incorporated will be new software programs, Automatic Dialogue Replacement *Q.SOFT-ADR* and Sound Effects Assembly *Q.SOFT-SFX*.
- **Audio Services**: details of the new and secondhand equipment available.
- **Audio Systems Components (ASC)**: modified *PR99* for broadcast use.
- **Audio Visual Marketing**: full range of Milab microphones, and products from NEAL and Ferrograph.
- **Audix**: products designed for the broadcast industry. Demonstrated will be the *MXT1200* console designed for broadcast and OB use, the *3B06* modular distribution amplifier, and the featured item will be the *Assignable* console.
- **Alice**: featured item will be the *SILK Series* of mixers, the first of which has just been installed. It is a multitrack digitally controlled 24/6/2 console for music recording and video post production. Capable of simultaneous stereo and 24/26-track working using an external event controller with digital interface which can assign up to 24 separate functions on each channel. The console can be placed under computer control.
- **Autograph**: will feature the Meyer *833* studio monitor and information on other Meyer products, together with a number of other lines.
B
- **BASF**: full range of tape for recording and duplication including test tapes and audio cassettes etc.
- **FWO Bauch**: will feature a wide range of products from Studer, Rexox, Neumann, EMT, Albrecht, Klein + Hummel, Harrison, ITC, Melkuist, UREI, Lexicon, Valley People, MRL, Switchcraft, Gotham, Ivie, Transco and Europe Film. Recently introduced products which will be on demonstration include the Studer *A810 ¼* in mono/stereo tape machine with timecode facilities; the Studer *A710* professional cassette recorder; the Studer *TLS 4000 SMPTE* synchroniser; a Studer *900B Series* mixing console; the Neumann *TLM 170* microphone; the EMT *938* record turntable; Lexicon *PCM 42* digital sound processors and the *PrimeTime II* digital delay processor; Harrison *MR-4* mixing console and the *TV-3* and *TV-4* television sound consoles; the Valley People *610* dual comp/limiter; the first European showing of the new ITC *Delta Series* of cartridge machines; and the first public showing of the new Melkuist *Master-Mix* mixing console automation systems.
- **Beyer**: range of dynamic and condenser mics, headphones and radio mic systems.
- **Bruel & Kjaer**: comprehensive range of test equipment and showing for the first time, the range of music recording microphones Types *4003*, *4006*, *4004* and *4007* with power supplies.
C
- **Cetec International**: high speed cassette duplication systems.
- **Clyde Electronics**: range of broadcast orientated electronic equipment including the *Alpha Series* mixing consoles that have an 8-track capability.
- **Cunnings Recording Associates**: Ferrograph *Studio 8* tape machines, pilot tone synchroniser, pulse rate converter, details of their tape and cassette duplication facilities, cassette materials supplies and products for which they are dealers.
- **Crow of Reading**: Enertec tape machines featuring the *F500*, and details of the other products and services offered.
- **Citec**: range of high quality studio faders.
- **Canford Audio**: a selection from their large range of studio and broadcast sundry equipment and supplies. New products will include the Citec range of conductive plastic faders and Niverco cassette to cassette duplicators. Also on display will be Illison acoustic tiles and other studio furnishings.
- **Clive Green**: Cadac multitrack in-line consoles available with modules suitable for broadcast or recording applications.
D
- **Dolby**: the full range of noise reduction units including the *SP Series*. New items include the 2-channel *M372* portable noise reduction unit and a range of noise reduction cards for video recorder use — including *cat 226* for Ampex *VPR2B* and Marconi *MR2B*, and *cat 234* for the Sony *BVH 2000*.
How to get the most mileage out of our three year warranty.
Rest assured. If anything goes wrong with your Amcron power amplifier within three years of purchase, we'll fix it or replace it. But the odds are it'll continue to function sweetly and smoothly into the twenty-first century without so much as a hitch or a hiccup. And our warranty will be ancient history.
For, over the years, Amcron has earned a reputation for peerless engineering. Each of a range of professional power amplifiers represents a near-perfect synthesis of reliability and sonic precision, whether it was conceived for use in sound reinforcement, the studio, the theatre, in broadcast, or any of a host of industrial applications.
The D75, for instance, sets an impeccable standard at the lower output end of the range, with its 50 watts per channel into eight ohms, balanced and unbalanced inputs, front panel controls and patent Amcron IOC indicators.
The high-powered PSA2 is the acknowledged first choice for critical applications in studio monitoring and sound reinforcement, with its high-power output, fast slewing rate and sophisticated design.
Together, the Series II DL50A and DC300A represent the standard against which all general-purpose power amplifiers must be measured in terms of sound quality, versatility and sheer cost-effectiveness.
And new developments like the PS200 and PS400 with their Multi-Mode Circuitry™ are dramatic testimony to Amcron's continuing ability to turn radical new technology into rugged and practical hardware.
For further information on the world-renowned range of Amcron power amplifiers, just give Ian Jones a call on 01-961 3295.
APRS preview
E
- **Ernest Turner Instruments**: comprehensive range of VU and PPM meters including bargraph display units.
- **Elliott Brothers**: details of the recoin, installation and design services offered as well as a selection of Tannoy products.
- **Eardley Electronics**: the full range of Neutrik connectors and the Neutrik Audiograph 3300, a modular audio measuring system.
- **EMO Systems**: range of products manufactured including DI boxes, mic splitter, 19 in rackmount power distribution unit and an RIAA disc preamp.
F
- **Film Tech Electronics**: range of compact portable mixers for ENG use.
- **Formula Sound**: details of design, manufacture and installation services. Products on display include S19GA 19-band graphic equaliser/analyser, QUE-4 studio foldback system and PM-80 production mixer. Also on show will be new room equaliser units.
- **Feldon Audio**: products featured will include RTW digital/analogue interface for the Sony PCM-F1; Digital Systems DPU 1610 analogue/digital disc cutting delay unit; Audionetics PPEQ-I programmable parametric equaliser; Eventide SP2016 digital signal processor plus the full product range; Sony digital recording systems, mics' high speed cassette duplicators, headphones; and products from the Electro-Voice, First, Major, Ortofon, Inovonics, Commodore PET computer systems, Synton and Pulse Designs.
- **Freer-Peacock Associates**: details of their audio visual production, audio and video cassette duplication. They will also be demonstrating the improved version of the Sony CCP 13B cassette to cassette copier. Demonstration copies of visitors material will also be made.
- **Future Film Developments**: selections from the large range of connectors, cables, patchfields etc that they handle as well as products from Stellavox RTS and Genelec.
H
- **Hill Audio**: new items will be the DX2000 1,000 W/channel stereo power amplifier, the J Series 3 sound reinforcement and multitrack console available in any format from 16/4/2 to 48/16/2; Series 3 monitor console, the latest version of the B Series budget modular mixers and the DX range of amplifiers.
- **H/H Electronic**: the MosFet range of power amplifiers, TPA series and SS00D amplifiers, the range of drive units and details of their other PA products.
- **HHB**: full range of Amcron power amplifiers and PZM mics with several new models; selection of Gauss speakers; Sony products including PCM 1610 and DAE 1100 editor, PCM F1 and Compact Disc players; selection of signal processing equipment from their hire stock plus several new products as yet unconfirmed.
- **Harman Audio**: will be showing the Tascam 50 Series tape machines with a 38 running in sync with video units, the Tascam M50 mixing console, the Tascam 16-track, the Enhancement Series of processing units and the JBL 4612 mini PA sound system.
- **Hayden Labs**: wide range of products from Nagra, Sennheiser and Telefunken.
I
- **International Musician**: musician orientated magazines and publications.
- **Industrial Tape Applications**: the complete line of Otari equipment, details of the ITA hire business—mics to multitracks, the Itam Sigma console, the smaller Itam consoles and the compact 1610 16-track on 1 in tape machine.
J
- **John Hornby Skewes**: will be showing the complete range of Audio-Technica microphones for stage and studio applications. Four models are now available with phantom power option.
- **James Yorke**: details of the company's cassette duplication, production and packaging services; its tape coating and slitting operation and micro computer program duplication service.
K
- **Klark-Teknik**: the full range of products will be on display including graphic equalisers, digital delays, reverb system and audio measurement equipment. New items will include the DN 360, a 2-channel 1/3 octave graphic equaliser with 30 bands at ISO frequencies using thick-film filters; the DN 300 single channel version of the DN 360 with tunable HF and LF filters; DN 360 1/3 octave attenuating graphic equaliser; DN 332 2-channel 1/3 octave graphic equaliser; DN 700 low-cost digital delay with 5 outputs and 434 ms max delay.
- **Kelsey Acoustics**: wide range of connectors, transformers, mic stands DI boxes, the NG4 MK1 4-channel noise gate stage boxes, Audionic intercom systems; the Yamaha Professional range of power amplifiers and accessories.
- **Keith Morris**: a wide range of equipment including record cleaning machines, mic stands, cable drums and other accessory products. New items include the MSF3 folding leg stand, a carbon fibre fish pole, and a new mic splitter box.
- **King Instruments**: self feed cassette loaders and various video tape loaders.
L
- **Leevers-Rich**: Proline series of 1/4 in tape machines, Garner bulk erasers, Tomcat cart machines and BMX broadcast consoles.
- **Leeholme Audio Services**: details of the company's cassette duplication and cassette supply services.
- **Lennard Developments**: range of test equipment from Woelke Magnetband Technik together with the range of professional recording tape heads.
M
- **Music Laboratories**: PSE range of equipment and selections from the range of products that they carry as dealers.
- **Mike Fraser Film Services**: demonstration of the CAT automatic tape splicer and other tape editing products.
- **Magnetic Tapes**: the Chilton range of mixing consoles for recording, PA and broadcast use.
- **Mosses & Mitchell**: full range of audio jacks and jackfields.
- **Midas**: PR System consoles for sound reinforcement applications; TR System modular theatre consoles; and Auditorium console system.
N
- **NEAL**: models from the full range of NEAL recording and broadcast cassette recorders. Latest addition to the range to be shown is the 600 Series dual deck recorders. Facilities offered within this format include: 24 track version for logging, control or dual recording (up to four channels).
- **Neve**: a selection of consoles for recording, broadcasting and film use. Featured will be a 51 Series console, the new 8128 console available in formats up to 56 channels, the latest fully working version of NECAM for post-production dubbing work. Information on the Neve Digital Audio Console will also be available.
O
- **Otari**: full range of tape machines including the MTR10 in 2-track 1/4 in and 1/2 in formats, the MTR-12 available in the same formats as the MTR-10, the MTR90 24-track also available in 16- and 8-track versions, and the MX5050 series of tape machines.
P
- **Pilkington Fibreoptic Technologies**: details of fibreoptic products and multiplexing systems.
- **Precision Audio Marketing**: the full range of Sound Technology test equipment featuring the new Model 1510A microprocessor controlled tape recorder/audio test system.
- **Philip Drake**: products from their range of talkback/intercom, audio distribution and theatre systems.
- **Penny & Giles**: the range of conductive plastic faders featuring the 3000 Series faders as well as the full range of other faders and rotary pots.
R
- **RE Instruments (Danbridge)**: will feature the RE201 dual channel audio analyser and a sample of other products from their range.
- **Rebis**: full range of modular and rack mounting effects and signal processing units.
- **Ratnafirk**: examples of the ranges of broadcast and recording consoles together with various peripheral equipment.
- **Roland**: wide range of products including the Roland Rack system, the SDE-2000 digital delay line, the MC4B Microcomposer, a range of mixers and power PA units, synthesisers and drum machines.
S
- **Solid State Logic**: the established 4000 series with Total Recall and the new SSL 6000E series consoles and computer systems. The 6000 is designed for live teleproduction, outside broadcasts and video post production.
- **Soundracs**: featured will be a modular mixer system available from 16/4/2 to 32/12/2 with 24-track monitoring, using a microprocessor for routing and memory allowing full write, store and recall routing externally via a keyboard on one of the modules. The established range of 4-, 8- and 16-track mixers will also be displayed together with a new 26/26/8/2 console.
- **Sifam**: wide range of VU and PPM meters, control knobs, switches and transformers.
- **Swisstone Electronics**: full range of Rogers monitoring systems.
- **Sony Broadcast**: PCM 1610 PCM processor with U-matic based digital recording systems, 3324 digital multitrack with new autolocator/remote control unit, Compact Disc players and professional version, mics, radio mics, ancillary digital units. In addition there will be mixing consoles and tape machines from MCI.
- **Surrex Electronics**: the full range of products for metering, disc preamps, frequency shifters, distribution amps etc. New items include Stereo Disc Amplifier 4 to accept cartridge outputs and deliver balanced lines, PPM20 pin dual in-line hybrid, stereo microphone amplifier and a stereo version of the Stabilizer/Frequency Shifter.
- **Sonifex**: range of NAB size machines and small mixers.
- **Scenic Sounds**: will be exhibiting items from the wide range of products that they handle. Items shown for the first time include the Lexicon 200 reverb system, 360 Systems digital keyboard, Deltalab Effector delay lines, btx Cypher SMPTE time code generator with video character insertor, jam sync and other options; Shadow control unit, dbx 700 digital system, Schoeps capsule BLM 3 for the Colette range using boundary techniques, Orban 424A and 422A, and the Countryman range of miniature mics. Also featured on the stand will be the Amek range of consoles with the centre of attention being the Angela in-line console. Modules from the other consoles in the Amek range will also be shown.
- **SRT**: details of the company's disc cutting and disc pressing
facilities. ● **Stanley Productions**: a range of products from Zonal and Magna Tontraeger, including audio cassette materials for duplication, both tape and casings etc and ¼ in Generation I high level, low noise, reel to reel tape. ● **Shuttlesound**: selection of items from the Electro-Voice and Tapco ranges. ● **Syco Systems**: as UK agents for a wide number of digital synthesisers, there will be information available on products from Fairlight, PPG, Digital Keyboards, E-mu Systems, Linin, RSF as well as the Quantec Room Simulator. ● **Soundcraft**: featured will be the new TS24, an inline console with a design that is claimed to reduce the confusion that can sometimes occur in consoles of this type. Also on show will be a Series 2400 with automation, consoles from the Series 1600 range, live consoles 800B, 400B and Series 200, and the range of Soundcraft multitrack tape machines with the recent addition of the SCM 2000 2-track machines available in ½ in stereo, 2-track and a ¼ in version all with centimetre tape options. ● **Surefire (HW International)**: full range of Shure mics together with other selected items. Featured items will include the Shure AMS 8000 directional mic/automatic mixer system, the Alpage range of cassette decks with the AL90 and the possibility of some new models. ● **Samcine**: wide range of custom flight and transit cases.
● **Turnkey**: selections from their product range. Featured items will be the Synclavier with recent options, the Turnkey monitors, Ilsonic acoustic foam and EXR signal processors. Studio design and construction services from Turnkey 2 will be shown. Associated company Bandive will be showing the Seck mixer range and from Fostex, the new X15 Tracker and the B16 ½ in 16-track. ● **Tannoy**: range of professional studio monitors from small to very high power units with several new models. Also Tannoy Tresham power amplifiers. ● **Technical Projects**: new products on display will include MJS 401D audio measuring system in working prototype form, ART—automatic reverb timer which includes a detailed 60dB decay curve video display, IQS Model 401 FFT spectrum analyser, HME System 85 radio mic system, an intercom range comprising LS300 Series loudspeaker stations, LS200, 400 and 600 Series listen only loudspeaker stations, DMH 200 Series headsets, HS121 headset station and AD903 2 wire to 4 wire intercom unit. ● **Thorn EMI**: will be showing the full range of products from Capitol Magnetics. These include the new Apollo lacquer master which they describe as the ultimate lacquer master for analogue applications, cassette tape and Audiopak NAB cartridge. EMI Tape will also show their range of audio cassettes and accessories. ● **Trad**: a selection of new and secondhand equipment and details of services. ● **Tweed Audio**: Wide range of sound recording and broadcast consoles. Details of custom design and building services. ● **Trident Audio**: featured items will be the new 80B and Series 70 consoles. The Series 80B is a development of the 80 and uses a hard wired patch bay and a differing construction but with the same facilities and reduced price. The Series 70 is a console derived from the Trimix. Also displayed will be the redesigned VFM Series consoles. ● **TAM Studio**: a working lathe cutting on the stand as last year with details of their cutting and duplication services. Further information will be available on their new disc cutting sales and services together with new items they will manufacture as well as products from Ortofon who they now represent professionally. ● **Tracktech**: the BMB Series of mixing consoles will be shown for the first time in the UK. Models include 18/18/16 and 26/26/24 and both are in-line types. CMOS switching is used in the routing. Each channel has four modes—on (for recording), over-dub, track bounce and mix. These may be set on the channels or by master status controls. VU meters are standard with LED bargraphs optional, as are several other options. ● **Tandberg**: full range of tape machines and cassette recorders. Shown for the first time will be the TCCR 530 computer controlled cassette recorder, the TCR522 mono 1 or 2 track cassette machines, and the TCD 30/4 microprocessor controlled 4-motor cassette recorder.
● **Vitavox**: range of loudspeakers and mic equipment as well as D&R Electronica consoles.
● As last year, Don Larking Audio Sales are organising an 'Over The Road Show' at the Kensington Town Hall on the same days as the APRS with opening times of 10.00 hours til late. The show will comprise operational recording set-ups based around the Trident Series 70, Teac and Fostex systems. Other items on display will be the Bel product line, Cutec portable cassette studio, and the Movement Drum Computer.
● Editorial and advertising staff from *Studio Sound* and sister publication, *Broadcast Sound* will be attending the exhibition based either at our stand or around the exhibition itself. Copies of the magazine will also be available from our stand.
Training course report
Dear Sir, I recently attended a course advertised in Studio Sound for studio engineering and thought you might be interested in a review of my experience.
The course is run by JSO Studios. They offer weekend, one week and 24-track courses for people considering studio engineering as a profession, or just plain interested. I attended the one-week course (five days). I was attracted to the course by the wording of the advert and JSO's letter following my enquiry, indicating small numbers for low teacher/student ratio and tutoring "to a person's own level and with regard to their own particular interest".
I run a small studio at Bristol Polytechnic which specialises for teaching and radio production work. All my experience has been in speech and effects and mixing programme material for radio. What I wanted from the course was to find out about, and have experience in, multi-track music recording and stereophony with a view to expanding my work into that area.
The cost of the course was £220 for the five days, inclusive of hotel for four nights. On top of this was travel and subsistence.
During the five days' course members could ask questions at any time, but only on the first two days and morning of the third was there any form of structured instruction.
Before being critical I think everyone who attended the course went away having learned something that was beneficial. But to most of us a studio session with the band was not something we were seeing for the first time. For a novice I have no doubt the week would have been extremely enlightening, but having talked to most of the course members what everyone wanted was practical supervised experience on the mixing desk, problem solving, and technical information. In the event what most of us got practically was between 30 and 60 min on the last day.
The reason for this is clear. The engineer had a divided loyalty (not his fault) between the course members and the band who were paying for and expected finished demos of three songs by the end of the week. The engineer was consequently under pressure.
It was fortunate and by chance that on the second day one of the course members volunteered to play the studio drum kit and piano for us to practise setting up microphones and getting a balance. This exercise demonstrated a phasing problem which otherwise would not have occurred. There was no time for us to experiment in this way with the band as there should have been, due to the time restriction imposed by the number of songs to record. We simply had to watch the engineer do his job.
It is sound well proven educational practice that a person learns and understands most from doing, not from watching.
For a satisfactory outcome there should have been fewer people on the course. JSO advertised a norm of six or seven. There were eight (nine if you include their own staff member who was obviously along for the ride). Five would have been realistic. It is impossible for one person to "tutor" eight people "to their own level with regard to their own particular interest" in a week let alone a weekend in the way they had it organised.
With one exception everyone on the course had some professional experience. This is not surprising as it was advertised in a professional magazine, Studio Sound. I would suggest that this led many of us to have certain expectations.
Overall I was disappointed. The engineer was very good and under the circumstances did a good job, but he was unfairly compromised by having a responsibility to both the band and the course.
To be constructive. It would have been better with fewer course members, a band to record one song so everyone can mix-up, record and mix under supervision then the final mix to be done by the engineer after course members have finished. Better still would be to hire three musicians (piano, bass and drums) who can double on guitar and vocal. The drummer could be brought in first as the drums take the longest to set up and mix. All three for the next session to record the backing track, then two for the last session for vocals and overdubs. Three 3 hr sessions to do one song leaving more time for the essential tasks of the course.
We would like to express our thanks to Mike, the engineer.
Yours faithfully, Dave Griffiths, Bristol Polytechnic, St Matthias Site, Oldbury Court Road, Fishponds, Bristol BS16 2JJ.
A pat on the back
Dear Sir, Congratulations on the 'look' of the May issue. I have been a reader of Studio Sound almost since it was called Tape Recorder, and it has been my 'bible' ever since I was a tape-op. While the quality of articles has always been very high, it has tended to look a bit conservative and staid as times have changed. After all, you are not the AES Journal and I suspect you don't want to be! The May issue changed all that, though, and looked really 'state of the art', in keeping with your articles. I was particularly impressed by the contents page, which looked very good. I am also glad to see that you now have more room for editorials, which I always read, even though I don't always agree with what you say, particularly about digital recording and home taping. I also like the colour in your articles, which as well as looking good, often makes things clearer. Keep up the good work!
Yours faithfully, R. Sturgeon, Chief Engineer, Sound Production Associates, 41/42 Wychtree Street, Morriston, Swansea SA6 8EX.
Interfacing
Dear Sir, In the January 1983 issue, page 3, Richard Elen referred to 'rumours abounding that it is possible to interface the . . . PCM-F1 Sony digital processor . . . with a 16-bit PCM editing system'.
In fact, direct interfacing, ie without extra interfacing circuitry, is impossible, as the PCM-F1 encoding format differs from that used in the 16-bit professional processors. Some basic information about this format business can be found in the paper of T. Doi & al., 'On Several Standards for Converting PCM Signals into Video Signals', JAES Vol. 26 September 1978, pp. 641-649.
A direct digital transfer of recordings made with the PCM-F1 is possible only by using a 14-bit professional processor, eg the PCM 100 (Sony), but in this case you can forget the 16-bit resolution.
For a direct transfer of the 16-bit PCM-F1 recordings on a 16-bit professional equipment an extra interface circuit is needed. This circuit can be based:
(a) on the formatting of the digital signals 'collected' inside the PCM-F1 (prior to video encoding);
(b) on the decoding and formatting of the video output of the PCM-F1.
The solution (a) is less complicated as circuitry but needs some modification of the PCM-F1, while the solution (b) uses the normal inputs/outputs of the processor but is more complex.
Our lab developed such an interface (patent applied for), which was already used successfully for the direct digital transfer of several albums of different record companies and studios who asked for this service.
We should also like to inform interested readers that PCM-F1 processors accept for digital replay either NTSC or PAL videorecorders. If you, for example, own a NTSC system and a colleague sends you a cassette recorded on a PAL system, you can replay the cassette using a PAL video-recorder and even copy it on your NTSC video-recorder. The only problem is that the pitch will be slightly changed by 1/100th in most cases; this is acceptable.
Yours faithfully, Dr Benjamin Bernfeld, Harmonia Mundi Acustica, In den Sigristmatten 6, D-7800 Freiburg, West Germany.
Tron
Dear Sir, Completely misleading is the best way to describe Bob Anthony's Tron article (Nov '82). Contrary to what the article implies, Frank Serafine and Gordon Ecker were part of a large team responsible for creating and editing Tron's sound effects.
Wendy Carlos, who scored the film, contributed many sound effects as well as the fascinating 'orchestral textures' incorrectly labelled as layers of sound effects in the article.
While the new SMPTE technology is exciting and has many applications, cutting good old 35 mm mag film proved faster and easier for about half the effects, and I suggest doing some careful research before utilizing one technique over the other.
Finally, my role in all of this is made out to have been the hiring of Serafine and Ecker. In fact, the overall concept of the sound design—the interplay of music and sound effects—and many specific effects, were conceived by me. I thought you should know.
Yours faithfully, Michael Fremer, Music and Sound Design Supervisor, Tron, 2308 Pisani Pl, Venice, California 90291, USA.
The funny-looking mike that's taken very seriously.
The PZM with its flat back plate, is as unconventional as it looks. Its revolutionary design eliminates phase-induced interference and provides a significant improvement in signal quality.
Indeed the PZM represents the most important advance in microphone technology of the last fifty years.
But why take our word for it? The PZM has won the utmost respect from sound engineers all over the world.
In a recent issue, Studio Sound examined the applications of the PZM in contemporary recording, and its conclusions are a glowing endorsement of all we've claimed for this remarkable microphone.
Top engineers were interviewed and confirmed that the PZM provided an undistorted output, free from comb-filtering.
They found that it gave a 180° pickup with no off-axis problems and that it was ideal for reproducing anything from ambience to a grand piano.
They spoke of its extraordinary reach and clarity, of the way in which it simplified the business of miking-up and how its low profile made it ideal in hidden applications such as theatre and television.
All in all, the experts are deeply impressed by the PZM and already regard it as an indispensable tool in the creation of a transparently natural sound, free from non-linear characteristics, both on stage and in the studio.
For details of available models, including the new 3LV tie clip microphone, prices and suggestions for further applications of the PZM microphone, just telephone Mike Silverston on 01-961 3295.
HHB Hire and Sales, Unit F, New Crescent Works, Nicoll Rd, London NW10 9AX. Tel: 01-961 3295. Telex: 923393.
Solid State Logic
In the Foreground of Television Audio
Audio for video is on a lot of minds these days. Advanced video formats and transmission methods make dramatic improvement possible. Producers' concerns over the initial impact and residual value of their programmes make it desirable. EFP, new competitive arenas and increased consumer awareness make it necessary. And now, the SSL Stereo Video System makes it practical.
The SL 6000 E Series places all of the signal processing, switching and machine control required for live and post-production stereo audio under the control of a single engineer. Fully distributed master logic and extensive local switching accommodate the immediacy of broadcast requirements with the versatility of multi-track technology. Exclusive SSL software and a unique mix bus system combine the creative flexibility of film sound technique with the efficiency and economy of electronic production.
The SL 6000 E Series lets you specify a system which will meet your current needs exactly. As those needs grow and change, SSL fills them with additional hardware and software modules which retrofit in the field. The Stereo Video System is designed and built to last. Your investment is further protected by performance specifications which exceed the challenge of the best 16 bit digital recorders.
And of course, the Solid State Logic Stereo Video System provides you with the ergonomic and sonic attributes which have made our companion SL 4000 E Series the leading choice of the world's great music studios.
Format Flexibility
The Stereo Video System's six bus mix matrix accommodates all audio-for-video formats. Along with standard mono, stereo and multi-track operations, each input may be panned between one of three stereo mix buses. This allows the engineer to freely divide the console into dialogue, music and effects sections as each project requires.
Computer Assistance. Live And In Post.
The SSL Primary Studio Computer is instructed with simple phrases entered via dedicated command keys and an alphanumeric keyboard at the console centre. A small video display advises the engineer of all activity. Above this display, controls for the SSL Video Switcher enable the mixer to call programme, preview or computer displays to the main video monitor.
The computer accepts entries in all timecode and foot/frames standards, and provides complete cue, edit, punch-in and mix list management. In post-production, it links multiple ATRs, VTRs or film chains with the Dynamic Mixing functions, providing fast and familiar rollback and pick-up recording, with every move automatically updated in the computer!
Comprehensive Signal Processing
Each I/O module contains an expander/gate, compressor/limiter, high and low pass filters, four band parametric equalisation, six cue/aux sends and tape electronics remotes. Master logic, pushbutton signal processor routing, patchfree audio subgrouping, and 8 VCA Group Masters ease complex productions, and always provide the minimum signal path.
Total Recall
Complete details of all I/O module control settings are stored on floppy disc by SSL's Total Recall System, enabling console setups to be restored within .25dB accuracy. Not only does Total Recall save time on each production, it allows greater scheduling flexibility with fewer headaches than ever before possible.
In live production, the SSL Real Time System enables complex sequences of all channel and group fades and cuts to be pre-programmed, and then manually executed with a single set of controls.
The SSL Events Controller provides up to 16 multi-repeatable contact closures under computer control. The SSL Effects Controller adds 40 A/D ports to link the computer with external signal processors.
The Solid State Logic Stereo Video System is available in studio and Outside Broadcast versions from 16 to 56 I/O modules, with up to 112 line and microphone inputs plus four stereo effects returns. Please call or write on your letterhead for complete details and prices.
This product guide contains details of analogue multitrack tape recorders with more than eight tracks. Machines of 8-track and under were covered in the June issue. Digital multitrack machines will be surveyed in a forthcoming guide.
**ABE (West Germany)**
ABE Becker GmbH & Co, Mainaustrasse 5, D-7750 Konstanz. Tel: 07531 21536.
**MTR Series:** 16-, 24- and 32-track on 2 in; 7½/15 in/s.
**ACCURATE SOUND (USA)**
Accurate Sound Corp., 114 5th Avenue, Redwood City, CA 94063. Tel: (415) 365-2843. Telex: 348327.
Model 2600 Transport: 24- or 16-track on 2 in; 16-track on 1 in; 3¾ to 30 in/s; remote control and DC servo option; Ironovics or ASCO electronics.
**ACES (UK)**
AC Electronic Services, Broad Oak, Albrighton, Near Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 3AG. Tel: 0939 29571.
USA: ACES (USA), 244 Lyell Avenue, Rochester, NY. Tel: (716) 458-5610.
**TR Series:** 16- and 24-track on 2 in; 15 in/s.
**ALLEN AND HEATH (UK)**
Allen and Heath/Brenell Ltd, Pembroke House, Campsbourne Road, London N8. Tel: 01-340 3291. Telex: 857721.
USA: Allen Marketing Ltd, 652 Glenbrook Road, Stamford, CT 06906. Tel: (203) 359-2312.
Syncon M16/M24: 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 15/30 in/s; varispeed – 50 to + 100%.
**AMPEX (USA)**
AmpeX Corporation, 401 Broadway, Redwood City, CA 94063. Tel: (415) 367-2011. Telex: 348464.
UK: AmpeX Great Britain Ltd, Acre Road, Reading RG2 0QR. Tel: 0734 875200. Telex: 848346.
**MM1200:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 7½/15 in/s or 15/30 in/s.
**ATR Series:** 24- and 16-track on 2 in; 7½/15/30 in/s; varispeed – 50 to + 200%; accepts up to 16 in reels.
**FOSTEX (Japan)**
Fostex Corp, 512 Miyazawacho, Akishima, Tokyo. Tel: 0425-45-6111. Telex: 2842-203.
USA: Fostex Corporation of America, 15431 Blackburn Avenue, Norwalk, CA 90650. Tel: (213) 921-1111.
UK: Bandive Ltd, Brent View Road, London NW9 7EL. Tel: 01-202 4366.
**B16:** 16-track on ½ in; 10½ reel capacity; built-in Dolby C, varispeed.
**IEM (USA)**
International Electro-Magnetics Inc, Eric Drive and Cornell Avenue, Palatine, IL 60067. Tel: (312) 358-4622.
1000 Series: 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 7½/15/30 in/s; varispeed 7½ to 30 in/s; accepts 14 in reels.
**ITAM (UK)**
Industrial Tape Application Ltd, 1-7 Harewood Avenue, Marylebone Road, London NW1. Tel: 01-724 2497/7368. Telex: 21879.
**1610:** 16-track on 1 in; 7½/15/30 in/s; ±50% varispeed; optional dbx.
**LYREC (Denmark)**
Lyrec Manufacturing A/S, Hollandsvej 12, DK-2800 Lyngby. Tel: 02 87.63.22. Telex: 37568.
UK: Lyrec (UK) Ltd, c/o Feldon Audio, 126 Great Portland Street, London W1N 5PM. Tel: 01-580 4514. Telex: 26658.
USA: Rupert Neve Inc, Berkshire Industrial Park, Bethel, CT 06801. Tel: (203) 744-6230. Telex: 969638.
**TR532:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 15/30 in/s.
**MCI (USA)**
MCI Inc. A Division of the Sony Corporation of
The New FFD Components and Equipment Catalogue...
available on request, free of charge.
Those who are involved in cabling and interconnection of audio, video, data and instrumentation signals will find this catalogue an invaluable tool. The experience of over a decade in this field has been applied to the selection of a range of components and equipment — many of which are now exclusive to FFD.
CONTENTS
AUDIO
- Adaptors
- Attenuators
- Connectors
- Curly Cables
- Faders
- Headphones and Headsets
- Intercoms
- Jackfields
- Level Meters and Drivers
- Loudspeakers
- Microphone Cables
- Mixers
- Multi-Pair Cables
- Patch Cords
- Switches
- Tape Recorders
- Terminal Blocks
VIDEO
- Cables
- Coaxial Connectors
- Delay Lines
- Filters
- Jackfields
- Patch Cords
DATA
- Coaxial Cables
- Connectors
- Fibre Optic Cables, Connectors, Line Drivers and Multiplexers
- Jackfields
- Multi-pair Cables
- Patchcords
STUDIO EQUIPMENT
- Active Monitoring Loudspeakers
- Balancing Amplifiers
- Distribution Amplifiers
- Intercoms
- Line Amplifiers
- Tape Recorders
STUDIO ACCESSORIES
- Direct Injection Boxes
- Fish Poles
- Goosenecks
- Microphone Splitters
- Microphone Stands and Booms
- Warning and Status Lamps
WIRING AIDS
- Cable Markers
- Ties and Fixings
- Desolder Guns
- Fish Tapes
- Lacing Thread
- Sleeving
- Sleeves and Fitting Tools
- Soldering Irons
- Wire Strippers and Cutters
HARDWARE
- Cabinets
- Cable Winders
- Duracell Batteries
- Equipment Housings
- Mains Connectors and Filters
- Mains Testers
- Racks
- Test Probes
FUTURE FILM DEVELOPMENTS
36/38 Lexington Street, London W1R 3HR, England. Telephone: 01-437 1892/3.
Telex: 21624 ALOFFD G. Cables: Allotrope-London W1.
**Tape Recorders**
**America, 1400 W Commercial Blvd, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309, Tel: (305) 491-0825, Telex: 514362.**
**UK: Sony Broadcast Ltd, City Wall House, Basing View, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2LA.**
**JH-24:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 15/30 in/s; accepts 14 in reels; NAB/CCIR/AES selectable EQ.
**3M (USA)**
3M Company, 3M Centre, St Paul, MN 55101, Tel: (612) 736-9567. Telex: 297434.
UK: 3M (UK) Ltd, PO Box 1, Bracknell, Berks RG12 1JU. Tel: 0344 26726. Telex: 849371.
**M79:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 7½/15 in/s or 15/30 in/s.
**OTARI (Japan)**
Otari Electric Co, Otari Building, 4-29-18 Minami, Ogikubo, Suginamiku, Tokyo. Tel: 03 333-9631. Telex: 26604.
USA: Otari Corp, 2 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002. Tel: (415) 592-8011.
UK: Otari Electric (UK) Ltd, Herschel Industrial Centre, 22 Church Street, Slough SL1 1TP. Tel: 0753 382611.
**MTR-90:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 15/30 in/s, varispeed.
**SOUNDCRAFT (UK)**
Soundcraft Magnetics Ltd, 5-8 Great Sutton Street, London EC1V 0BX. Tel: 01-253 9878. Telex: 21198.
USA: Soundcraft USA, 20610 Manhattan Place, Suite 120, Torrance, CA 90511. Tel: (213) 328-2595.
**SCM 381-16:** 16-track on 1 in; 15 in/s; varispeed +15 to –50%.
**SCM 762-16/SCM 762-24:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 15/30 in/s; varispeed +15 to –50%.
**STEPHENS (USA)**
Stephens Electronics Inc, 3513 Pacific Avenue, Burbank, CA 91505. Tel: (213) 842-5116.
**Capstanless Multitrack:** 16-, 24-, 32- or 40-track on 2 in; 15/30 in/s, plus 60 in/s scan.
**STUDER (Switzerland)**
Studer International AG, Althardstrasse 150, CH-8105 Regensdorf. Tel: 01 840-29.60. Telex: 58489.
UK: FWO Bauch Ltd, 49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Herts WD6 4RZ. Tel: 01-953 0091. Telex: 27502.
USA: Studer Revox America Inc, 1425 Elm Hill Pike, Nashville, TN 37210. Tel: (615) 254-5651. Telex: 554453.
**A80/U MkIII:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 7½/15 in/s or 15/30 in/s; CCIR or NAB EQ.
**A80U:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 7½/15 in/s or 15/30 in/s, varispeed.
**TEAC (Japan)**
Teac Corp, 3-7-3 Naka-ch, Musashino, Tokyo. Tel: 0422 211111. Telex: 222111.
UK: Marconi Radio (UK) Ltd, Mill Street, Slough SL2 5DD. Tel: 0753 76911. Telex: 849069.
USA: Teac Corp of America, 7733 Telegraph Road, Montebello, CA 90640. Tel: (213) 726-0303. Telex: 677014.
**Tascam Series 85-16:** 16-track on 1 in; 15 in/s; ±10% varispeed.
**TELEFUNKEN (West Germany)**
AEG-Telefunken, Postfach 2154, D-7750 Konstanz. Tel: 07531 862460. Telex: 732333.
UK: Hayden Laboratories Ltd, Hayden House, Chilton Hill, Chilton St Peter, Bucks SL9 9UG. Tel: 0753 888447. Telex: 849069.
USA: Gotham Audio Corp, 741 Washington Street, New York, NY 10014. Tel: (212) 741-7411.
**M15A:** 16-, 24- or 32-track on 2 in; 7½/15 in/s or 15/30 in/s; NAB/CCIR/AES switchable EQ; ±50% varispeed.
**TRIDENT (UK)**
Trident Audio Developments Ltd, PO Box 38, Studios Road, Shepperton, Middx TW17 0QD. Tel: 09328 60241. Telex: 8813982.
USA: Trident (USA) Inc, 692 Glenbrook Road, Stamford, CT 06906. Tel: (203) 357-8337.
**TSR Series:** 16- or 24-track on 2 in; 15/30 in/s; varispeed 6 to 38 in/s; accepts 14 in reels.
---
**KLARK TEKNIK**
**Authorised worldwid distributors**
**AUSTRALIA**
Klarion Enterprises Proprietary Limited, Regent House, 63 Kingsway, South Melbourne 3205. Telephone: (03) 61 3801
**AUSTRIA**
Penton GmbH
Edgasse 56, A-1120 Wien.
Telephone: 01222183 22 24
**BELGIUM**
Trans European Music
Koeltwyverstraat 105, 1710 Dilbeek.
Telephone: (02) 5691823
**CANADA**
Omnimedia Corporation Limited
9653 Côte de Liesse Road, Dorval, Quebec H9P 1A3. Telephone: (514) 636 9971
**DENMARK**
S.S. Sound ApS,
Malervæj 2, DK 2630 Taastrup.
Telephone: 10299 88 77
**FINLAND**
Nores Oy
Munkkiniemi 32-34, 02180 Espoo 18.
Telephone: 09 5203111
**EASTERN EUROPE**
Denis Tyler Ltd
59 High Street, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. England.
Telephone: (02406) 6262
**FRANCE**
Régliscène
21 rue de l’Alouette, 94160 Saint-Mandé.
Telephone: (01) 74-58 36
**GERMANY**
Harmonia Consert Electronic,
Alt-Tempel 12, 1000 Berlin 27.
Telephone: 030 4 33 60 97
**GREECE**
Bon Studio,
17 Ermou Street, Athens 148.
Telephone: (01) 363-5372
**HOLLAND**
Pieter Bollen Geluidstechniek bv
Hondsrugdaan 83a, 3628 DB Eindhoven.
Telephone: 0404 424455
**ITALY**
BELLUDA s.r.l.
Via Marmolada 17 Bis, Sorbolo, Parma.
Telephone: (0521) 690158
**JAPAN**
Hibino Electra Sound Inc.
Nishizawa Building, 4-6-8 Asakusabashi, Taito-ku, Tokyo 1.
Telephone: (03) 804-4981
**NEW ZEALAND**
General Video Company Limited
63 Miramar Avenue, Miramar, Wellington.
Telephone: (04) 881-169
**PORTUGAL**
Valdemar de Carvalho CISAR,
Rue Nova do Almada 95-99, 1200 Lisboa.
Telephone: (079) 367051/4
**SINGAPORE**
Vulcanstar International
3201 International Plaza, Anson Road.
Telephone: 22 10387
**SOUTH AFRICA**
Coloseum Acoustics
PO Box 23817, Joubert Park 2044, Johannesburg.
Telephone: 011 23-1431
**SOUTH EAST ASIA**
Studer Revox (Far East) Limited
25th Floor, Arion Commercial Centre,
2-12 Queen’s Road West, Hong Kong.
Telephone: 3-412050/441310
**SPAIN**
Singleton Productions
Via Augusta 59, Desp. 804, Edificio Mercurio, Barcelona 6.
Telephone: (03) 228 38 00
**SWEDEN**
Intersang AB
Vestreborgs Vägen 9, Box 42 133, S-128 12 Stockholm.
Telephone: 08-744 58 50
**SWITZERLAND**
Dr. W. A. Günther
Seestrasse 49-51, CH-8702 Zollikon-Zürich.
Telephone: 01-591-3939
**TAIWAN**
Linfair Engineering & Trading Limited
7th Floor, 7 Jen Ai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei.
Telephone: 321-4455
**Distributed in the UK by:**
Autograph Sales Ltd
Stable 11, British Rail Camden Depot, Chalk Farm Road, London NW1 8AH.
Telephone: 01-267 6677
"Untwisting all the chains that tie the hidden soul of harmony."
Milton, 1608-1675
Knowledge is the key to unequalled audio equalisation — and klark·Teknik's DN60 Audio Spectrum Analyser is a rack-mounted, laboratory standard instrument that provides instantly usable information for an enormous range of applications. With continuous measurement and display of signal levels at 30 points across a broad audio spectrum from 25Hz to 20kHz, this cost-effective, microprocessor-based analyser adds new standards of accuracy to the audio professional's vocabulary.
The most powerful audio-analyser on the market today — and because it is microprocessor-based, it can not only continuously monitor the full audio band from 25Hz to 20kHz but also offering three memories plus a peak hold memory.
Options include X/Y plotter, dot matrix printer, the matched RT60 Reverberation Decay Analyser and a calibrated measuring microphone.
It is a tough but compact rack-mounted instrument with easy operation and superb 'lights-out' readability, and it is tested rigorously to klark·Teknik's usual high standards, with a long burn-in period to ensure maximum reliability on the road and in the studio.
ALL THESE USES:
- Tape recorder alignment
- Room acoustical analysis
- Microphone/loudspeaker design and testing
- Reverberation checks
- Continuous system quality control
- Audio components research and development
- Fast semi-automatic production testing
- Subjective noise level checks and environmental analysis
- Quality assurance for VTR audio channels
- Broadcast programme quality monitoring
- Music content analysis and level monitoring
- Level optimisation in disc cutting
THE PERFECT EQUALISER
Klark·Teknik's new DN30/30 dual channel Graphic Equaliser gives fingertip control at precisely the 30 measurement frequencies displayed on the DN60.
For technical details ask for Our DN60/RT60 Data Sheet or Our DN30/30 Data Sheet.
Klark·Teknik Research Limited
Coppice Trading Estate, Kidderminster, DY11 7JU, England
Telephone: 01562) 741515 Telex: 33982
Klark·Teknik Electronics Inc.
262a Eastern Parkway, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA
Telephone: (516) 249-3660
**Autolocators**
This product guide excludes autolocator and synchroniser systems where these form part of a dedicated control system such as SSL and Neve products.
**ADAMS-SMITH (USA)**
Adams-Smith Inc, PO Box 130, 34 Tower Street, Hudson, MA 01749. Tel: (617) 562-3801. Telex: 710-46-6800.
UK: Pye TV Ltd, PO Box 41, Coldhams Lane, Cambridge CB1 3JU. Tel: 0223 45115. Telex: 81103.
USA: Philips Broadcast Equipment Inc, 91 McKee Drive, Mahwah, NJ 07430. Tel: (201) 529-3800.
**Model 605:** synchroniser for master transport with two slaves (video or audio), using SMPTE/EBU timecode. Operates over 1/100 of a TV frame with an accuracy to 1/100 of a TV frame (33.3 us USA, 100 us Europe), operates with inconsistent and mixed timescales, provides programmable stop and automatic tape-based independent rapid cueing of transports. Slaves follow master wind and stop functions; 15 stores available for ilmecode comparisons. Servo outputs available as either bipolar DC signals with adjustable offset or as 9.6 kHz FM signals. No specific interfaces required. Accepts ATR100/1200, ATR100, VPR1, VPR2, VR2000. Ferragraph Studio 8, Bosch BCN50, JVC CR8300, Sony VO2850 (modified), Studer A80, 3M M79 and Philips PV4R2. Does not include ilmecode generator.
**Model TS-1650:** system controller with extended editing memory for television audio post-production; uses VTR for master accepts up to two audio tape transports and includes transport control auxiliary equipment such as cartridge transports. Also has facility to sync telecine sound following equipment with a film transport and facility to sync audio tapes with film projection equipment interlocked to a magnetic film transport. Unit uses SMPTE/EBU timecode; can accept 50/60 Hz sinewave pilot tone signals operating at 1% to 100% open ratio with an accuracy of 1/100 of a TV frame (33.3 us NTSC, 400 us PAL); operates with inconsistent and mixed timescales, provides fast and slow channel phase adjustment, provides programmable stop and automatic cycling, independent rapid cueing of transports. Slaves follow master wind and stop functions; switch panel memory with 100 10-digit registers for stored edit and cue point memory offsets. Servo outputs available as either bipolar DC signals with adjustable offset, or as 9.6 kHz FM signals. No external interface boxes nor specific transport-related interfaces. Interfaces modules required. Does not include ilmecode generator.
**Series 2600:** modular SMPTE/EBU synchronising system for video tape editing utilising VITC (vertical interval timecode) pulses. Slaves are locked to track by eliminating the need for longitudinal ilmecode on helical scan VTRs. System accepts PAL/SECAM, NTSC and 24-frame film standards. Includes a tape synchroniser module for slaving an audio tape deck onto a master which can be a video recorder or a second audio machine. No specific interfaces required.
**APPLIED MICROSYSTEMS (UK)**
Applied Microsystems Ltd, 80 Baker Street, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 8AL. Tel: 0932 54778. Telex: 895202.
**CMS50:** microprocessor controlled autolocator working in real time from tachometer pulses. Uses two separate LED displays for 'Time Now' and 'Target Time', nine memory locations; numeric keypad entry of cue points, or by single keystroke on-the-fly. Single cycle or continuous cycle facility, plus relative time location.
**AUDIO KINETICS (UK)**
Audio Kinetics (UK) Ltd, Kinetic Centre, Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Herts WD6 4PJ. Tel: 01-953 8118. Telex: 299951.
**USA:** Audio Kinetics Inc, 4721 Laurel Canyon Blvd., Suite 209, North Hollywood, CA 91607. Tel: (213) 980-5717. Telex: 194731.
**Q.LOCK 310:** microprocessor SMPTE/EBU general purpose synchroniser able to locate and lock three audio/video tape transports; SMPTE single frame accuracy; five additional event operations for autorecord drop in/out memories or additional machines start/stop; built-in SMPTE/EBU skip/SMPTE non-skip generation; full jamming, off-set memory with calculation facility, 10 memory locate points; record/offset/locate memory frame trim facility; user definable pre-roll and instant replay; full transport remote controls; high speed counter/pointer; digital timing display; tape-to-head contact in wind. Q-Link feature allows linkage of two more Q.LOCK systems for control of five machines or control by external computer command source; many interfaces available. Q-Soft range of specialised software packages for the Q.Lock synchroniser including an automated record entry and exit package with five timecode programmable events for multitrack studio recording; an automated dialogue replacement package for film and video post-production; a telecine mastering package where automated assemble editing with separate audio is required; a tape editing package for specialised film and video post-production; also on request special software to user requirements.
**XT-24 Intelocator:** intelligent autolocator that has the capacity to learn a particular tape plus transport behaviour pattern and subsequently optimise the local sequence. Uses two separate counters for master and interlocator memory memories; in's readout for varispeed; full transport remotes; leverwheel numerics for fast entry of locations, +2 s accuracy over 30 min of tape, 15 dB audio compensations for high and low speed. Various interfaces are available for many machines.
**btx (USA)**
The btx Corporation, 12 Huron Drive, Natick, MA 01760. Tel: (617) 653-6811.
**UK:** Scenic Sounds Equipment Ltd, 97-99 Dean Street, London W1V 5RA. Tel: 01-734 2812. Telex: 27939.
---
**DOUBLE PRECISION EQUALIZATION**
**ONE-SIXTH OCTAVE**
**SERIES 4301**
**ACTIVE EQUALIZERS**
- 1/6 Octave offers TWICE as much TUNING RESOLUTION as 1/3 Octave.
- Our 1/6 Octave Equalizers are COST-EFFECTIVE HYBRIDS of 1/6 Octave and broader bandwidth filters, typically 1/3 Octave. The DOUBLE RESOLUTION is concentrated where you need it the most for your tuning needs.
- Recording Studio Control Rooms and other Small Volume Rooms tend to have more acoustic problems below 1000 Hz than above. Models 4301 and 4303 offer 28, 1/8 Octave bands from 40 Hz through 900 Hz plus 13, 1/3 Octave bands from 1000 Hz through 16 kHz.
- As the volume of rooms increase to Auditorium or Gymnasium sizes, the acoustic problems tend to rise in frequency. Models 4310 and 4311 offer 29, 1/6 Octave Bands from 19 Hz through 10.5 kHz plus 12, 1/3 Octave bands from 31.5 Hz through 160 Hz and 5000 Hz through 10 kHz.
- We have a 1/6 Octave equalizer OPTIMIZED FOR SPEECH. This Model 4240 concentrates the 1/6 Octave resolution in the SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY band with broader bandwidth filters to trim either side.
- Quick and efficient installation of these new equalizers is made possible by the MODEL 200 SIGNAL ANALYZER which features inexpensive, field plug-in, INTERCHANGABLE FILTER SETS.
- Call or write us for all the details.
**ONE SIXTH OCTAVE REALTIME ANALYZERS AVAILABLE**
**White Instruments, Incorporated**
P.O. Box 698 AUSTIN TEXAS 78767
PHONE AREA 512/459-7554
TELEX 776569 WHITE INST. AUS.
Distribution in U.K. & Western Europe
SCENIC SOUNDS EQUIPMENT
97-99 Dean St., London W1 Tel: 734-2812
www.americanradiohistory.com
These Are The Originals... Accept No Substitutes!
The EFFECTRON™ series is the only low cost, full bandwidth, high performance line of digital delay processors. A real technological breakthrough unmatched by anyone!!!
At last—you can afford high quality, natural sounding digital delay.
Visit your local dealer and check it out!
Listen and compare...
ADM-1024 Full Second Delay
ADM-64 Flanger/Doubler
ADM-256 ¼ Second Delay
SCENIC SOUNDS EQUIPMENT LIMITED
97-99 Dean Street London W1V 5RA
Telephone 01 734 2812/3/4/5
Telex 27 939 SCENIC G
DeltaLab
Music & Electronics...Naturally!
Shadow System: microprocessor, software-based, synchroniser and tape controller with intelligent interface to audio and video tape machines. Comprises two units; the Shadow and Shadow Control command console. Basic Shadow is a chassis synchroniser with a standardised RS232C interface for remote controller control. Optional Shadow Control command console provides full automatic control capabilities with 34 dedicated key commands, LED data display and nine memory registers. System operates with SMPTE/EBU timecode, 24-frame film timecode, or 60 Hz tachometer. Shadow has internal sync to 1/100th-frame in play mode; has 24-hour offset capability; will sync three or more transports. Does not include timecode generator.
EECO (USA)
EECO Inc, 1601 East Chestnut Avenue, Santa Ana, CA 92701. Tel: (714) 835-6000. Telex: 678420.
UK: Ampex International, Acre Road, Reading RG2 1QR. Tel: 0734 875200. Telex: 84765.
USA: Ampex Corp, 201 Broadway, Redwood City, CA 94063. Tel: (415) 367-2011. Telex: 348464.
MQS-100: provides synchronisation for three machines, video or audio, using SMPTE/EBU timecode. Features include roll back, cue, store direct, chase, offset adjustments, machine status, mixed transports, mixed timecodes (unrestricted offsets, dual or single frame) remote operation. Timecodes may be transferred from any machine readable to any cue or register storage; machines enabled or disabled during system operation to reduce mode changes; interlock on command; stop/go, start/stop, starting; six scratch pad memories; freeze store of running code. Resync time is slow or fast, accuracy is ±100 µs. Various interfaces available.
MQS-100+ is similar to MQS-100 with extra features including timecode transfer from any machine to any cue or event register; variable preroll; event offset capability; and the ability to make mode changes 'on-the-fly'.
ELECTOR (Canada)
Electro & Optical Systems Ltd, 31 Progress Court, Scarborough, Ontario M1G 3V5. Tel: (416) 438-0333. Telex: 4225431.
USA: E & O Systems Ltd, 2998 Scott Blvd, Santa Clara, CA 95050. Tel: (408) 727-1506. Telex: 171200.
MkII Time Code Series: variety of synchronising units comprising TCR/TCG/D-2 reader, TCG/D-2 generator, a range of timecode distribution amps and a wideband amp. Readout via NTSC, PAL or monochrome video; LED timecode display, speed x101 to x60 with extended speed option; SMPTE or EBU timecodes.
GIESE (West Germany)
Gies Electronic KG, Klaus-Groth-Strasse 84/86, D-2000 Hamburg 26. Tel: (040) 250 31.13. Telex: 211853.
Lock System: 3 modular synchronising system for audio/video/film. Comprises main control unit with numeric keypad, LED timecode display and SMPTE/EBU timecode generator/reader; plus interface module for master and slave.
Taker: WB, SMPTE/EBU timecode based autolocator/synchroniser for audio and video tape machines where the master is a video machine. Also available in a version for film projectors.
GTC (West Germany)
GTC Film-und Fernseh-Studiotechnik GmbH, Wöhrendamm 29, D-2070 Grosshansdorf. Tel: (04102) 62062. Telex: 20189854.
UK: GTC Ltd, Stonefield Way, Ruislip, Middlesex HA4 0YL. Tel: 01-864 1601.
Edition: videotape interlock system using VTC (vertical interval timecode) and/or longitudinal SMPTE/EBU timecode. System is accurate to half a frame at all speeds and usually only requires the use of two control buttons, one defining the sync point and the other for initiating the lock. Interlock tasks include synchronised sound transfer from video to audio machines or vice versa; synchronisation of mag film on an editing table to a videotape master; trace edit motion control; use of a video as a slave to mag/mag film dubbing; and interlock of mag tape or mag film units to video machines for parallel sound editing. Sync interlock, including still, is achieved by the use of VTC recorded on two picture lines and read by the revolving head drum of the video recorder. Other features include automatic transference to phase locked sync at sound speed and use of CTL pulse from the VTR control track to ensure interlock in the event of poor timecode reading. Interfaces available for JVC and Sony U-matics and many tape machines.
MAGLINK (UK)
Maglink Audio Products Ltd, 17 Emcroft Way, Twickenham, Middlesex TW1 1DA. Tel: 01-891 2770/0895. Telex: 8954029.
Maglink Multi-Machine System: expandable synchronising system. The Maglink timecode basic system operates with one master and one slave, but additional slave cards may be added, up to a maximum of four; interfaces to audio, video and film machines. Features include: location display, switchable display format for various video or film formats, display hold, system status display, machine select and keyboard for entries, offset, searching, programme cues, advance or retard to speed up or slow down machines, repeat function, and cue recall. Various interfaces available; built-in timecode generator.
Maglink II Synchronising System: basically similar to the Maglink Multi-Machine Synchroniser but simplified to only operate with one slave.
MAGNA-TECH (USA)
Magna-Tech Electronic Co Inc, 630 Ninth Avenue, New York, NY 10036. Tel: (212) 586-7240. Telex: 126191.
UK: Branch & Appleby Ltd, Stonefield Way, Ruislip, Middlesex HA4 0YL. Tel: 01-864 1577.
Multi-Lok II: film-to-video interlock system providing synchronisation of MTE electronic drive high speed mag film recorders and reproducers.
The Eventide SP 2016 programmable effects processor:
The most versatile audio processing instrument ever developed is now available: EVENTIDE, with over a decade of leadership in digital audio effects again advances the state-of-the-art with the SP2016 Programmable Effects Processor.
In a single 3½" rack mounted device, EVENTIDE has engineered the most powerfully versatile digital processing system ever employed in an audio component.
FEATURES OF THE SP2016:
REVERB
At your fingertips is a wide variety of reverb programs with operator control of all parameters plus superb audio spec. performance and reverb quality. The SP2016 accepts EVENTIDE's new software "Reverb Library" Roms, a growing collection of plug-in programs.
DIGIPLEX® ECHO
The SP2016 provides EVENTIDE's Digiplex echo, our digital version of multiple-head tape echo. Exclusive features include incredibly stable operation, giving literally hours of decay time with no noise build-up.
CHORUS EFFECTS AS YOU'VE NEVER HEARD THEM BEFORE
ADT takes on a whole new meaning. "D" can now stand for dozens, not just double! Each voice can vary randomly in time, amplitude and space.
FULL BANDWIDTH DELAY
16kHz: 0 to 1.6 sec. delay in 25 microsecond steps.
8kHz: 0 to 3.2 sec. delay in 30 microsecond steps.
SELECTIVE BAND DELAY
The first in a series of dramatic new effects exclusive to the SP2016. You can separate the signal into a number of frequency bands and independently delay each band up to 3.2 seconds.
FLANGING AND PHASING
Quality and control features far surpassing existing devices.
CLASSICAL DIGITAL LINEAR PHASE FILTERS
For PA, crossovers and EQ. Design filters to your specifications using the IEEE-compatible remote controller.
FULL STEREO OPERATION
2 in, 2 out.
PROGRAM SOFTWARE SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE
The SP2016's digital circuitry is so powerful, we've yet barely tapped the ultimate capabilities inherent in the Programmable Effects Processor. EVENTIDE continues to develop new and exclusive effects for the SP2016. Not just updated and refined reverb programs (although we will offer these, too) but totally new and unique effects. Because the SP2016 is a fully programmable system, we can supply these new effects (as well as revisions) as they are developed via convenient plug-in modules. They will be available individually or through our program software subscription service. The SP2016 is obsolescence proof.
SELF-TEST FEATURE
The most extensive self-test capabilities of any pro-audio product ever! Should a problem develop, the SP2016 will spot it and even pinpoint the part number of the suspect I.C.
(single or multiple units) with a video tape recorder and/or audio tape recorders. Sync accuracy is within 5/100 of a frame and the spacketed machine can be used as master or slave. System operates with SMPTE/EBU timecode at either 24/25/30/30 drop frame rates. Record-On, Record-Off, Stop and Mute are pre-settable and there is a programmable variable offset facility. Other features include variable advance/retard, slow lock, and operation as either code-only master or sync-only master.
MCI (USA)
MCI Division, Sony Corporation of America, 1400 W Commercial Blvd, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309. Tel: (305) 491-0825. Telex: 514362.
UK: Sony Broadcast Ltd, City Wall House, Basling View, Basingstoke, Hants RG21 2LA. Tel: 0256 55011. Telex: 858424.
JH-45 Autolocator: self-contained synchroniser with built-in SMPTE/EBU timecode generator, readers, synchronisers and autolocator; slaves any MCI transport to any audio/video/film transport replaying timecode, with a typical accuracy of ±50 µs; generates timecode synchronised to, and powered by, frequency; permits use of any bits in timecode; reads either tacho pulses or high speed timecode in spooling mode; advance/retard at rate of three frames; code display shows absolute difference between timecode on transport and recorded timecode display subtracts the offset to absolute timecode difference; park slave allows machine to stop within a frame of timecode display; punch input for automatic recording of up to 1000 cues; 10 scratch pad memories; autolocator mode with realtime display; auto read/write of tape position counter on all tape itself with 10 memory positions; shuttle function; and more.
Autolocator III: microprocessor-based autolocator for MCI transports; 10 memories; repeat function; tape velocity indicator showing both in/ths and pitch shifts; 10 connection cables; fast start-up time for 30-in. of about 15 sec.; 100 ft of tape by measuring inertia of tape spools.
RTZ III: microprocessor-based autolocator for the JH-710 Series tape machines; zero-to-zero, non-linear, 10 memory locations, presettable, up/down real-time counter; tape speed indicator capable of locating from the positive or negative domain.
MELKUIST (UK)
Melkuiest Ltd, 35a Guildford Street, Luton LU1 2NQ. Tel: 0582 416028.
UK: FWO Bauch Ltd, 49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Herts WD6 4RZ. Tel: 01-953 0091. Telex: 27502.
Event Selector: SMPTE/EBU timecode-based programmable event selector capable of programming up to 250 cue points. External units are 'fired' by 32 changeover relays.
OMNI Q (Canada)
Commercial Electronics Ltd, 1335 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 1Z7. Tel: (604) 669-5525. Telex: 0544740.
USA: Omni Q Inc, 8-12th Street, Blaine, WA 98230.
Omni Q TL Series: synchroniser/effects module system comprising the TL1 synchroniser/effects unit, TL2 expansion module, and TL3 remote control. TL1 generates a 40 MHz carrier incorporating a phase change modulated by a 20 MHz carrier allowing limited audio use of timecode channels. Other features include external sync from pulses within a 20 to 80 Hz range; video sync mode from a video signal; 10 memory locations; 100 ms slewing modes; servo control of slave machine ±50 µs; and phase control facility allowing manual offsetting of the 40 ms for phasing and flanging effects. TL2 adds 10 memory locations, LCD time display; address meter; master/slave remote transport controls; and dual master/slave autolocate. The TL3 remote control unit for the TL2 features a remote display, remote transport controls; and keypad entry of automate times with 10 memory locations and automated punch in/punch-out facility.
SONDOR (Switzerland)
Sondor Export AG, Bachlecherstrasse 11, CH-8702 Zollikon-Zürich. Tel: 01-65.80.90. Telex: 55870.
UK: Preview Two (Sound) Ltd, 37-39 Oxford Street, London W1R 1RE. Tel: 01-437 1441.
EPS8000: system allowing synchronising of any number of Sondor magnetic film transports from timecode supplied by an audio/video/film master transport. The system will operate by using timecode on slave as a timing reference for synchronous operation with actual synchronism achieved by using start marks, or timecode, using timecode on slave to achieve precise synchronism compared frame by frame but not possibly word perfect, and finally not using slave timecode but taking timing information from transport itself with synchronism manually achieved on start mark. Has electronic loopback (rock'n'roll) with the Sondor system; provides real-time ¼ to 50 x play speed and display of SMPTE/EBU timecode but no built-in generator; synchronising input from slave is either timecode or 2-phase signal, output to slave is 2-phase signal.
STUDER (Switzerland)
Studer International AG, Althardstrasse 150, CH-8105 Regensdorf. Tel: 01-840.29.60. Telex: 58430 STUDER CH.
F.WO Bauch Ltd, 49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Herts WD6 4RZ. Tel: 01-953 0091. Telex: 27502.
USA: Studer Revox America Inc, 1425 Elm Hill Drive, Nashville, TN 37210. Tel: (615) 254-5651. Telex: 554453.
Tapelock System 2000 MK II: system to operate with A800/VU or A800 as slaves; accepts most machines as masters. Synchronisation accuracy 30 µs. Principal features are lock where the slave searches for the master address and synchronises to it; continuous offset up to 24 hours with display of actual offset; pilot which uses pilot tone as reference after synchronising achieved for transfers back to film; edit mode for programme drop-in and drop-out to 100% accuracy with 8 s memory facility; and with rehearse facility (A800 only); address start and stop for up to four playback machines (cart machines); SMPTE/EBU timecode generator built-in; automatic start/hold to capture a time in the memories; store mode which allows discontinuous timecode to be read back, offset being changed when necessary; and automatic compensation. Operates for 24/25/29.97 or 30 frames; lock-up time 3.5 s; and muting of all playback amps during lock-up; ±5 ms (+1 ms with compound) accurate park. All manual editing is within calculable address memory; built-in variable control ±15/8 tones; presettable address limits to stop tape winding out. Parallel/serial converter rack allows up to 10 machines to locate separately 100 metres away from the sync master. Main programmer is available for A800, A80/VU master control or A80 locator. Various interfaces available.
TL4000: compact synchroniser capable of automatically handling timecode, pilot signals and tachometer pulses. All functions may be remotely via a serial data bus.
ECP1000: compact event controller system capable of storing up to 1,500 events and handling up to 24 slave units. Two SMPTE/EBU timecodes can be used alternatively and interfacing to computer terminal is via standard RS-232C serial data bus.
Autolocator: available to operate with A800 and A80 models, no interfacing required. Microprocessor-based, two separated displays for actual tape position and tape position memory to store addresses; cue store for auto storage of cue points on the fly (10 memories); roll back to defined time; loop operation; two additional work modes; offsetting of tape position using keyboard; optimisation of search and park for fastest response.
TELEFUNKEN (West Germany)
AEG-Telefunken, Postfach 2154, D-7750 Konstanz, West Germany. Tel: 07531 862460. Telex: 733233.
UK: Hayden Laboratories Ltd, Hayden House, Chiltern Way, Monton St Peter, Bucks SL9 9UG. Tel: 0793 888447. Telex: 888447.
USA: Gotham Audio Corp, 741 Washington Street, New York, NY 10014. Tel: (212) 741-7411. Telex: 129269.
MTS151A-1 Synchronising System: multi-machine synchronising system using one or two linked MTS151 transports and slave and most EBU timecode generators as masters. Operates using EBU timecode; three built-in readers but no generator; fast synchronising time; timecode offset for record/replay head preparation; timecode display; timecode word count; with non-continuous timecode; external indication of parking and synchronisation; accuracy to one frame (40 ms); stability 0.5 ms; slave MTS4 transports require timecode amplifier and synchroniser adaptor; interfaces for Bosch BCN, Sony 2850, JVG 8300.
Worldwide Distribution.
AUSTRALIA
Audio & Recording Pty
194 Sussex Street, Sydney Australia
Contact: John Henderson
Tel: (02) 290 2631
BRAZIL
Stereofax
Rua Antonio de Godoi 122 12ª, Sao Paulo, Brasil
Contact Sergio Petruscu
Tel: (01) 055 11 2221
CANADA
Glen Davis Acoustics
363 Adelaide Street East, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Contact: David Snelgrove
Tel No: (01) 416 858 0528 Tlx No: 065-24385
DENMARK
SLT Studio & Bygter ApS
Henriksvej 10, DK-2800 Copenhagen F, Denmark
Contact Ole Lund Christensen
Tel No: (01) 45 12 84 Tlx No: 22924 SLTDK
EASTERN EUROPE
Denmark
59 High Street, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire
Contact Denis Tyler
Tel No: (01) 826 6622 Tlx No: 837088 TYLER G
Telex: 554453
FINLAND
Studio-Ky
Siltakatu 10, SF-02600 ESPOO 60 Finland
Contact Peter Strahman
Tel: 358 01 43 33 Tlx No: 125284 Tlx No: 125284
Studio-Ky
FRANCE
3M France
Bldg 10, Route de l'Oise, 95000 Cergy, France
Contact Nicole Thuiller
Tel No: (01) 33 01 63 46 Tlx No: 695185
WEST GERMANY
Emerson AG
VertretergK, Berliner Str 42 1000 Berlin 33, West Germany
Contact Helmut Kehret
Tel: 49 30 8240401
GREECE
Bihn Studios S.A
14 Zaimis, Athens 148, Greece
Contact Manolis N Bohafakis
Tel No: 3633 572 Tlx No: 218725 BONGR
HONG KONG
Studio-Ky
25th Floor Orion Commercial Centre, 2-12 Queen's Road West, Hong Kong
Contact David Ling
Tel No: (01) 852 5/441 310 Tlx No: 60185 SIFEL HK
HOLLAND
Pieter Boelen Geluidstechniek BV
Hongruistraat 83a, 5626 DB Eindhoven, Holland
Contact: Pieter Boelen
Tel No: (01) 0392 42455 Tlx No: 59281
ITALY
Professional Equipment
20142 Milan, Viale Famagosta 37, Italy
Contact Ermanno Palazzini
Tel No: (02) 817839 Tlx No: 312239 PIECEI
JAPAN
Nakao Electronics Corp.
1-22 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Contact Mr. Osamu Nakao
Tel No: (010) 81 544831
NEW ZEALAND
Cinema Video Co
63 Miramar Avenue, Miramar, Wellington, New Zealand
Contact C Warriner Jennens
Tel No: (01) 64 41 881 169 Tlx No: NZ 30129
NORWAY
Swing Benum & Co
Boks 2493, Oslo 2, Norway
Contact: Bjorn Benum
Tel No: (01) 0472 565753 Tlx No: 17681
SINGAPORE, THAILAND, SRI LANKA,
Malaysia, Philippines
Ultrafunk Int, Pte Ltd
4301 43rd Floor International Plaza
10 Anson Road, Singapore 0207
Contact Donald Wong
Tel: 2206828/210387 Tlx RS 23860 ULTRA
SOUTH AFRICA
Electronics Africa
PO Box 23656, Joubert Park, Johannesburg 2044
Contact Paul Horber
Tel No: (01) 21 71 29 3066 Tlx No: 8-9416
SPAIN
Fadimex
C/Servando Batanero 8, Madrid 17, Spain
Contact Felix Mayo
Tel No: (01) 34 11 408 6808 Tlx No: 44330 FADIE
SWEDEN
Tec-Audio AB
Kampegaatan 16, 5-410 04 Gotenburg, Sweden
Contact Jan Setterberg
Tel No: (01) 46 31 180 3620 Tlx No: 27498 Taio Tan S
USA
Audio & Design Recording, Inc
PO Box 206, Renton, WA 98310, USA
Contact Nigel Brannwell
Tel No: (01) 206 275 5009 Tlx No: 230 152426 ADR
Innovative Signal Processing for Creative Audio Tracks
The SCAMP system is used in broadcast and recording audio productions worldwide. The SCAMP processors are modular and flexible. SCAMP provides a really comprehensive range of top quality signal processing units. The SCAMP system can be a hard-wired installation or used in portable form. Gold plate connectors, sealed pots, on-board power regulation (± 24v rails) and beefy supply equate to standards of reliability demanded by professionals.
Modules in the SCAMP range include:
F300 Expander/Gate, S100 Dual Gate, S01 Compressor/Limiter, S02 Microphone Pre-Amp, S03 Sweep Equaliser, S04 Parametric Equaliser, S05 Dynamic Noise Filter/Gate [Hi pass], S06 Dynamic Noise Filter/Gate [Lo pass], S07 Octave Equaliser, S08 Distribution Amp, S12 Jack Module, S23 Pan Effects Module, S24 ADT/TSM, S25 Dual Channel De-Esser, S26 Power Supply Module, S28 Dual VCA Module.
SCAMP Mini-Rack
The SCAMP Mini Rack gives SCAMP portability making sound sense of the economics of a SCAMP system. Completely compatible with its big brother, any of the sixteen modules in the SCAMP range will fit either rack. SCAMP has become a processing modular standard; what's more it's British-made.
Worldwide: Audio & Design (Recording) Ltd,
North Street, Reading, Berks. RG1 4DA. Tel: (0734) 53411. Telex: 848722ADRUK
U.S.A.: Audio & Design Recording Inc.
P.O.Box 786, Bremerton, WA 98310 U.S.A. Tel:(206) 275 5009. Telex: 152426ADRUSA
Eel Pie, London
Pete Townshend took over the lease of Eel Pie's Broadwick Street property from the video facilities company Molinare back in 1979. There was already a 24-track studio in existence in the upper half of the building, and after a little tidying up, Pete opened it as a commercial concern. However, the construction of the studio and the fact that it was on the first floor with no service lift led to the decision to construct a purpose-built facility on the ground floor and move the operation down.
If you thought that Eel Pie Studio was situated down by a river in Twickenham, you were right: there are two of them. The Twickenham place opened for business around September 1981, and without the aid of any kind of advertising, has been doing tolerably well ever since. Most of the second half of last year was taken up with recording and mixing an album for Thin Lizzy, whilst January of this year has already seen the likes of Elvis Costello, Duran Duran and Wah! booking time there.
The Twickenham control room was designed by the very experienced Keith Slaughter, working with the partnership of Bill Mackey and Phil Fox who handled all the physical construction work. The results were very good (see Studiofile, May 1982) and it was the same team who tackled the Broadwick Street project. In fact, even as the final stages of Twickenham studio were being completed work was started on the West End building.
The downstairs area was more or less an empty shell, and so the proportions and layout of the various rooms was limited only by the overall size of the building. The control room measures 12 x 19 ft., and is a mechanically isolated structure with a 6 in cast reinforced concrete floor resting on Teco pads. These pads consist of a layer of rubber sandwiched between two layers of cork, thus maintaining a high resonant ratio of compliance against load bearing ability. A certain number of holes are cut in the rubber layer according to the load to which it is to be submitted. A medium pile carpet was laid directly on to the concrete.
The control room window measures approximately 6 x 4 ft., and is triple-glazed with ½ in toughened plate glass. It is mounted in a double skin brick wall with a 2 ft cavity, forming one of the sides of the room.
The end wall supporting the monitor housing is also of brick whilst the remaining side and end walls are of a 4 x 2 in stud construction resting on neoprene pads for isolation. The lower 3 ft of these walls has been designed as a low frequency absorber using low density Rockwool, Fibreglass and 6 mm plywood with a covering of carpet.
The upper part provides wide band absorption by means of medium density, tissue-faced Rockwool with a hessian covering. In addition, there is a large active bass trap running along the top of the rear wall which also houses the air conditioning trunking.
The monitor housing is based on a 4 in reinforced concrete slab running the complete width of the room. Either side, separate compartments have been constructed for each speaker from a plasterboard, Revac, plasterboard sandwich on stud work, whilst the space remaining between them, though usable for anything, is ideal for supporting a video monitor and has been wired for that purpose. The standard house monitors are UREI 813s, although Tannoy Super Reds are available and the housings will accept any medium-sized monitor, although the JBL 4350s are just a little too large. The UREIs are driven by a Studer A68 with no equalisation whilst secondary monitoring is available via JBL 4311s, David 6000s or, of course, a pair of Auratone cubes, powered by a Quad 405.
The false ceiling is a 6 x 2 in framework which, acoustically, has been split into two such that the front half, constructed from plasterboard, Revac, Fibreglass and chipboard, all with a final finish of Brazilian mahogany boarding, is generally bright and reflective, whilst the rear half offers broadband absorption from a more open structure of Rockwool and Fibreglass with a covering of hessian, and spaced mahogany boarding.
The main studio floor area is about 200 ft² with an extra 120 ft² being offered by an isolation booth separated by a standard, double-glazed sliding glass door. Parquet flooring, hessian-covered plaster walls and large expanses of glass (patio doors and control room window), make the room very bright and live. The second patio door is the entrance to the main studio from the corridor leading from the control room and the only broadband absorption provided in the main room is on the wall opposite this entrance. Most of this wall is covered with a modular treatment, whilst the false ceiling of Rockwool-backed acoustic tiles was most efficient at higher frequencies. Optional extra absorptive treatment is planned for clients wishing to work with a more controlled acoustic although the present situation apparently yields an excellent live drum sound.
The main equipment includes a modified Neve 32/24 model 8058, a 3M M79 with an 8-, 16- or 24-track headblock option, a pair of Studer B62s, an Ampex ATR/100 with ½ in headblock option, and a good assortment of processing equipment. This included an EMT 140 plate; UREI, Scamp and A&D compressor/limiters; Scamp and Drawmer gates; an Eventide 1745A DDL and H910 Harmonizer plus various other effects units by MXR and Bel. There will soon be available a Lexicon 224 and an AMS DDL with pitch change facilities. Dolby-A is used throughout.
The only instrument included in the hourly rate is a Yamaha 5 ft 6 in grand, and a Roland JC120 is the only amplifier.
A good selection of professional mics is available including Neumann, PZM, AKG, Sennheiser and most other standard models. Multitrack lock to picture is available on request from the Twickenham studio.
A recreation room was being completed at the time of our visit. It measures approximately 21 ft x 10 ft, and although it won't include any real cooking facilities, it will have one of those horrendous space-based games, which may put you off your food anyway.
James Francis
Eel Pie Studio, 45 Broadwick Street,
London W1. Tel: 01-434 3953.
Already well known for its musicality and ultra low noise, the EQF-2 Equalizer/Filter packs 3 bands of sweep EQ with peak shelf and 12 dB of reciprocal boost or cut as well as an independent sweep hi and lo pass filter section in an A.P.I. sized module. With +30dBm output capability, the EQF-2 can fix that impossible part without adding any coloration of its own.
The CX-1 Compressor/Expander offers performance beyond any similar device previously available. Total transparency, headroom to spare, up to 100 dB of expansion/gating without clicks, smooth acting "soft knee" compression and unique multi-function LED metering. It is simple to use, compact, powerful and effective.
Aphex Systems Ltd. 7801 Melrose Ave., Los Angeles, Ca. 90046
(213) 655-1411 TWX 910-321-5762 or: Aphex offices worldwide
Also available through: AKG Acoustics (U.K., Germany, Austria)
Sear Sound, New York
When it comes to recording studios in New York City, to borrow a phrase from Arlo Guthrie, you can get anything you want. There are so many facilities, from $10-an-hour basement 8-tracks to automated 32-track studios with video lockup and multiple soundstages, that it might seem like going out on a limb to call any one place 'unique.' But for a variety of reasons, Sear Sound is such a place.
On the surface, Sear Sound appears to be a well-equipped, modestly-priced, somewhat traditional 16-track house in midtown Manhattan, with a solid, wide-ranging clientele. A little digging, however, reveals several important deviations from the norm: the unusual history of the studio and of the people who run it, the scope of operations that go on within its walls, and the fact that Sear Sound is passionately devoted to the technology of vacuum tubes.
This is not just referring to a few vintage Neumann mics, Fairchild limiters or McIntosh power amps, although all of these are here. I'm talking about almost the entire audio chain, including console and tape recorders, using no solid-state devices.
Before we get down to details, a little background is in order. Walter Sear, the owner of Sear Sound, started his professional career as a tuba player, performing with such august groups as the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Radio City Music Hall orchestra. In the mid '50s, he got involved with one Robert Moog. The two of them had a wild idea about making cheap transistorised guitar amps, but given the technology of the time, they couldn't get them to sound very good. So instead, they made Theremins, and from there moved into synthesisers. These early devices were all modular, patch-controlled contraptions. It was Sear, apparently, who suggested putting a keyboard on the thing, and the rest, as they say, is history. Sear helped to design the Moogmonoid and the Electrocomp line of synths, and started to create electronic music for a variety of projects, including records, commercials and film scores like Midnight Cowboy. To facilitate his work, he rented a studio at Fine Recording, then one of New York's most respected studios, where he also contributed his services as an engineer.
The story goes that Sear also designed the first VCA console: one day he installed three Moog VCA's in Fine's board. The late Bob Fine, the studio owner, took one look at it and said: "Sure it works, but no self-respecting engineer would ever use it." When the studio went out of business, a victim of the recession of the late '60s, Sear bought some of its equipment, and set up shop in the mezzanine of the Paramount Hotel, in what was to become the heart of New York's studio district.
Along with Russ Hamm (now with Gotham Audio), he designed and built the console. According to current chief engineer Bill Titus: "They didn't start out to build a tube console, but they had worked at Fine when the first transistorised boards came in, and they all thought they sounded like the speakers had blown. Then did some research, and concluded that you can't build a transistor console that sounds like a tube one."
The 16-by-16 console, which after ten years remains almost totally unmodified, uses 3-stage Class-A triode circuitry for the mic preamps and output amps—nothing fancy, just "standard textbook tube technology". The equalisers are passive, with a tube-stage follower, and they can be cut completely out of the signal path. "The fewer components in the way, the cleaner the sound," says Titus.
"Nuvistors are the trick," he explains. "They are non-microphonic, and have a high signal-to-noise ratio. The faders appear to be linear tracking, but actually they are mechanically coupled to rotary pots sealed inside the board. It's a lot of metal, but in ten years, there's never been a crackle."
To extend tube life, the console filaments are turned on slowly with a manual variac before the HT goes on. The power supply is government surplus—it originally powered radar equipment on the DEW (Distant Early Warning) Line anti-ballistic missile system. Heat from the tubes hasn't been too much of a problem, but Titus does admit to occasionally running the air-conditioner in January.
Like his boss, Titus came to the studio business via the classical-music world. He was a tuba student of Sear's at New York's Mannes College, and built a recording facility there after his graduation. Following a change in the school's administration, he went out into the real world, landing a job as a maintenance engineer at A&R Studio. For two and a half years, he held down the evening and graveyard shifts, working with producers like Phil Ramone, and putting out fires at 3 am. "Many's the night I would have killed for the Neve rep's home phone number," he laughs. Early in 1981, after a few months of 80 hr weeks, he decided his health might be better served were he to work elsewhere, and he went to his old teacher to ask him advice on where to go. Sear hired him as chief engineer and studio manager.
Besides the console, tube equipment at Sear Sound includes microphones (AKG C/12 and C28, Sony C37A, and Neumann U47, U67 and KM56—along with KM84 and U87, "for people who have to have transistors," according to Titus), instrument amps (Ampéq and Traynor), equalisers (Pultec), limiters (LA-2A and Fairchild), power amps (a pair of McIntosh M175s—"it's plenty of power, tubes don't clip"), reverb (EMI mono), and the master 2-track and monitor tape decks (Ampex 300s with .35" electronics). The most fascinating piece of outboard gear is a Pultec (tube or solid-state) limiter, which has been modified for use as an optical peak limiter. "You can't hear it at all," says Titus, "even on film dialogue."
Of course, not everything can use tubes, and there are goodies like a UREI notch filter, an Orban stereo synthesiser ("It follows the plate—it's great because there's no cancellation in mono"), an Eventiude 949 Harmonizer, and a DeltaLab delay.
There are non-tube mics as well: RCA 44 and 77, Electro-Voice 666, Altec 'lipstick', and a host of less esoteric units. "This studio is set up for keyboard players," says Titus, and sure enough, there's an 1894 Steinway 7 ft 5 in grand, a Baldwin electronic harpsichord, a Rhodes 88, a Hammond C3, a celeste, an RMI Rockschöck, a 1930s-vintage Novachord, Electrocomp and Moog synthesisers, and some weird old stuff even Titus can't describe. There's also a hybrid drum kit, timpani, orchestra bells, bell tree, and a well-stocked percussion toy box.
Control room monitoring is handled by UREI 811As and Auratones ("which are going as soon as Radio Shack has another sale on its Minimus-78") as well as three JBL Aquarius fs—hi-fi speakers that the manufacturer discontinued ten years ago, but that Sear claims are the best-sounding speakers ever made.
Multitrack work is handled by an Ampex MM-1200 (solid state, alas), and besides the Ampex ¼ in decks, there's a Studer B67 ("I can't hear the difference") and a Pioneer ¼-track. Titus explains that the studio prefers the 16-track format because of its improved noise figure over 24-track, and it refuses to put in noise reduction, "because it kills all the transients, and that's what tubes are all about."
Sear and Hamm built an additional 16 modules at the time the console was constructed, with the idea of eventually expanding the board to 32 tracks, and bringing in a second 16-track tape machine. Professional ¼ in VTRs, along with video editing and monitoring facilities, are already in house, so improving post-production capabilities is the next step.
Super Prime Time lets you put your personal stamp on audio effects.
The Super Prime Time is the first microprocessor-based special effects device and audio processor which enables you to create, store and recall effects for any piece of music live or in the studio.
Eight conventional sound effects are built-in (flanging, tripling etc), and there are 32 additional memories that can be used to modify, create and store your own personal effects.
There is up to 1.92 seconds of full bandwidth delay (from 20Hz to 20kHz), which increases versatility. Each effect can be recalled at any time through the panel controls or at the touch of a footswitch. Complete effects programs can be stored on tape, and re-loaded on to any Super Prime Time processor when needed.
Super Prime Time. The effects are out of this world. For full details, contact F.W.O. Bauch Limited.
Lexicon Inc. 60 Turner Street, Waltham, MA 02154
F.W.O. Bauch Limited
49 Theobald Street, Boreham Wood, Hertfordshire WD6 4RZ
Telephone 01-953 0091 Telex 27502
In the back of the complex is a film mixing theatre, which features a completely passive 20-track Westrex mixing console. The board was built originally for MGM, then bought by Fine, and eventually by Sear. 'We're real auction freaks,' says Titus. 'Ten years ago Walter was buying old tube mics for $100 to $200 each, and people were laughing at him.' The only active audio gear ever used here are three more of the Pultec line amp/limiters.
Also back here, mostly resulting from Sear's activities composing scores for film and A/V clients, are complete editing facilities for both 16 mm and 35 mm film, including two flatbed film editors and three upright Movilolas. Sear's idea is to provide complete vertical structure to the film maker, under one roof. Here the sound can be recorded, the music composed, transfers done to mag film, sound effects from an extensive library added, and the final track mixed and edited. One film that had just been completed when we visited, an 'adult fantasy', included a rather steamy scene shot in the recording studio. Titus himself had a non-speaking part as a tape op.
Besides film tracks, the studio covers the entire spectrum of music recording, from rock and rockability to classical, MOR, and country. Clients have included the mammoth advertising agency BBD&O, Columbia Records, PBS-TV, and theatrical productions like Oh! Calcutta!, as well as independent engineers like Bill Fischer and Chuck Irwin.
Seating for musicians and visitors is provided in front of the control room window so that the engineer doesn't have them breathing down his neck—in Quattro 1's case, owner/producer/engineer, Luciano Tarani—and almost providing a sort of mobile acoustic treatment. Recording and mixing centres around an MCI package comprising a 500 series console with 42 i/o channels and 8 VCA groups, 24-track recorder and two mastering machines, the console being complete with automation and all recorder channels having Dolby. Monitoring is a choice between two systems plus the inevitable desk-mounted Auratones. For Tannoy enthusiasts, there is a pair of pedestal-mounted Buckinghams driven by a McIntosh amplifier on either side of the window and for JBL fans a pair of 4330's mounted on a shelf over the window and driven by an SAE amplifier. Both power amps are on the shelf as well so that you can see how hard you are driving them. It also keeps speaker leads short which is always a good idea. As well as being used separately, the monitors are often used together, which makes for a very 'present' sound, to say the least. The monitor chain is equalised by a pair of UREI 536 1/3-octave graphics having some rather steep curves in places. When I discussed this with Luciano he told me that he wasn't too happy with the acoustics of the control room and that a rebuild was on the cards for the near future. In common with a growing number of engineers and producers today, he is more concerned with hearing what is going on on the other side of the glass than with the 'sound' of the control room, and thus be able to work more creatively. However, on hearing some of the masters done recently at the studio there is no doubt that Quattro 1 gets down good results, all with a clear, tight sound. The signal processing racks are neatly mounted into the walls and contain enough to keep most people happy. Gain reduction is available via UREI 1176 and L4-3/4 limiters as well as an A&D Vocal Stressor. In addition, channels can be kept clean with 12 channels of the Italian-made EFT noise gates. (I have already commented upon the efficiency of these gates in reports on other Rome studios.) For those cases requiring some special EQ, two UREI 545 parametrics are at the ready. Time domain effects are well catered for with an Eventide Harmonizer plus keyboard and Instant Flanger, Dynacord TAM 19 digital echo, Lexicon Prime Time, EMT 251 and straight reverb from AKG BX15 and BX10. Cassette copies are not forgotten either, and these are taken care of by Teac and Sansui quality decks.
The studio is in a large rectangular room, rather like a small hall, with an airy, spacious feel about it. Again, acoustic treatment is fairly simple but effective with moquette on the floor and walls, some spaced wooden panelling and a dropped and angled ceiling covered with acoustic tiles. In the interests of separation, various large screens are available in order to make up booths for drums, percussion, etc, though for general working the studio is left open-plan apart from the drums. The sound of the studio is quite crisp and free of troublesome resonances, as a quickinkle on the piano illustrated. Apart from the Bosenodler grand, other instruments include a Hammond B3 with 760 Leslie, Yamaha CP30 electric and Gretsch drums. Various amplifiers are also available as is a selection of little boxes for distortion, chorus, phasing and other goodies.
And at $80 an hour, the clients keep coming in a steady stream. That is due in large part because, despite their fascination with old technology, the people at Sear Sound are well-steeped in the business realities of today. Given the tough shape the recording-studio business is in at present, Titus is confident that his studio, with its 'mid-line' status, can do well. 'The $200 studio is becoming more and more irrelevant,' he opines. 'Here, we have the sound, but not the price.' His biggest worries lie elsewhere—like in the fact that RCA has stopped making nuvistors. There are other manufacturers, but it's hard to say how long they will continue in the business. Of course, that's the price a traditionalist has to pay in an innovation-hungry industry. To borrow another phrase, you gotta get 'em while they're hot!
Paul D Lehrman
Sear Sound, Paramount Hotel, 235 West 46th Street, New York, NY 10036, USA. Tel: (212) 582-5380.
Foldback for the studio is the usual cans and a pair of wall-mounted JBL 4320 monitors. Microphones consist of a fairly representative collection from Neumann, Sennheiser, AKG and the like.
As well as the usual 'mood lighting' available from a combination of spots, both studio and control room (plus the foyer) enjoy full daylight. However, there are shutters available for those people who are bent on keeping their studio tans. Since I was visiting between sessions, I was able to talk to the musicians working there (always interesting) and gathered that they liked working in Quattro 1 very much, the atmosphere being a lot less hectic than the in-town studios. The added attraction of daylight is also well appreciated, so studio designers take note! Asking about the Italian music scene, while they agreed that things were quite healthy, there was a general wish that the music be a bit more progressive at times and not quite so hit-parade-oriented, my question about the Italian rock scene being met with polite amusement! However, having seen singer Gianna Nannini with her band on the Rockpalast, I don't think they need to be too pessimistic. That the studio produces hit records is evidenced by the record sleeves in the foyer and includes such notables as Riccardo Fogli, Eduardo de Crescenzo, Viola Valentino, Mimmo Locasciulli and others.
Luciano was going to rush off for a quick bite in what was left of the lunch hour and it was time for us to be moving on as well to our next appointment, so it was thanks all round to all at Quattro 1 for an interesting visit.
Quattro 1 recording studio, Via Nomentana 1111, 00137 Rome, Italy. Phone: (06) 827 52 66 or 827 83 05.
Terry Nelson
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Royal Pavilion Brighton. Photo courtesy of Brighton Resort Services Department.
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The success of this new system, launched in Japan last October and more recently in Europe and Britain, has brought digital sound reproduction to the consumer market. The quality of sound available is capable of revealing hitherto unnoticed faults in professional recording equipment and recording techniques. Hence there is a great deal of interest in both the Sony CDP-101 (Domestic), and Sony CDP-5000 (Professional) disc players from all parts of the recording and broadcast industry. This article describes the basic structure of the discs and players.
Assembled programme data from a PCM-1610 processor is etched by laser on to the photoresistive surface of a glass master disc. After developing, silver plating enables a metal master to be taken and a stamper is produced—nothing too unusual here. Individual discs are pressed out of clear plastic and the pitted disc thus produced is coated with aluminium to provide the reflective surface needed for the playback laser. The aluminised side is then coated with a protective film and printed with a label, the data thus appears as a spiral of bumps to be read out from the other side.
These data bumps are read by a laser beam, focused through the clear plastic to the reflective surface. At the disc surface, the beam is about 500 times larger than at the data surface, so that small marks accumulated on the disc surface in everyday use have little effect on the relatively large beam of light, and no effect on the final sound output.
As well as the two (or four) channels of audio, the digital track on the disc contains information for maintaining a constant speed of the disc (sync), error correction capability, and eight 98-bit control words for time display, titles, indexes and random access capability. Of these eight words, only two are used at present for indicating track number and location, time into track, and total time of disc. The six remaining words will be used in future for more advanced information such as a video display, or similar.
The disc spins at a constant linear velocity, of between 1.2 and 1.4 m/s, depending on each individual disc. The angular velocity or RPM will change as the radius of the track changes, so at the start (innermost track) the disc spins at about 500 RPM, and at the end (outermost track) it slows to about 200 RPM. This constant linear velocity is maintained by decoding the sync information off disc and feeding it into the disc motor servo.
To aid error correction, adjacent data is scattered around the circumference of the track in a predetermined order, so that if there is damage to one place on the disc, the error would appear as many small errors in the re-assembled data, and the error correction code could then easily correct these. Most small blemishes on the surface of the disc do not cause errors as the laser beam is out of focus on the surface, and covers a relatively large area.
Table 1 shows a comparison between the conventional 'vinyl and cardboard' LP and the Compact Disc. These figures are all fairly approximate, and vary slightly between different discs due to programme content but it shows how the performance of CD exceeds the LP.
Players
Discs are placed in the players, label uppermost, and the laser tracks from underneath. In the CDP-101, the sliding drawer shuts on a play command, the disc is optically sensed and the laser focus lens moves up and down to detect a focus point (if no focus is found after three attempts, the disc is ejected and the operator usually finds the disc was put in upside down). If a focus point is detected, the focus servo is turned on and fine focus is performed, the disc spins, and the first tracks are read out. These are the table of contents. The disc stops and awaits operator commands.
Tracking, focus, and data reading are all sensed by the single laser unit. Fig 1 shows the optical pick-up unit. The laser diode emits one narrow beam of red light, at a power of nearly 0.4 mW, through a diffraction grating where, by interference, side beams are produced. The first side beams appear as side spots to the main beam on the disc and enable tracking to be performed, as there is no wall of vinyl to push the pick-up sideways as in conventional discs.
The polarising prism allows the light from the grating through to the collimating lens to produce parallel light ready to be focused on to the disc by what goes under the name of 'a 2-axis device'. This is really a lens that is eccentrically mounted in a drum that can both turn and move up and down, to perform fine tracking and focus respectively.
Just before the 2-axis device is a plate that rotates the polarisation of the light by 45° each time it passes through, so by the time the reflected light from the disc reaches the prism, the plane of polarisation has been altered by a total of 90°. This change is detected in the prism and the light is reflected sideways out to the photo-detectors.
On leaving the prism the light is converging to a spot focus, but on passing through the cylindrical lens, its horizontal convergence only is altered. This has the effect of producing a spot that is an ellipse when the disc is out of focus, and a circle when the disc is in focus. The ellipse is rotated 90° between too near and too far out of focus due to natural image inversion.
Fig 2 shows the array of detectors. The spots are always centred as shown, and changes in their areas cause different outputs from each cell. The sum of outputs A + B + C +
| TABLE 1 | COMPARISON OF SYSTEMS |
|---------|-----------------------|
| | Vinyl LP | Compact Disc |
| Speed | 33 1/3 RPM | 200 to 500 RPM |
| Max time per side | 25 min | 75 min |
| Groove length | 400 m | over 5 km |
| Frequency response | 30 Hz to 20 kHz, ±3 dB | 20 Hz to 20 kHz, ±½ dB |
| Pick-up life | 500 hr | 5,000 hr |
| Signal/noise ratio | 60 dB (ignoring scratches) | 90 dB |
| Distortion | 2% | less than 0.01% |
FIG. 3
1 frame (588 bits)
control signal
sync signal
data (12 symbols)
error correction CIRC (4 symbols)
data (12 symbols)
error correction CIRC (4 symbols)
sync signal
24 (bit) 3 14 3 14 14 3 14 12 (R) 13 16 17 27 28 29 32 3
There are 9 types of this length every 0.3 μm.
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
D is data and is fed to the processing circuits. The difference (A + C) - (B + D) is positive for the disc too near, and negative for the disc too far away, and zero for correct focus. This is identified and fed to the focus servo. The side beams that were produced by the grating end up on detectors E and F, and are compared and fed to the tracking servo.
The data format is shown in Fig 3. One 16-bit word is split into two 8-bit words and encoded onto the disc as two 14-bit words (eight to 14 modulation). An 8-bit word can have 256 forms. A 14-bit word can have 16,384 forms. Of those, 256 are chosen that are very convenient for this system, hence the name or 'eight to 14 modulation'.
By now someone must have spotted that the control word is only 8 bits long (14 on disc due to EFM). This control word is stacked for 98 frames and read 'vertically' so there are now eight words of 98 bits each. Only two of these words are presently in use. One frame consists of 12 16-bit audio samples, four 28-bit error correction words, and 34 coupling, control and sync signal bits. The coupling bits are put in purely to help the transition between words on the disc.
The digital processing hardware in the units is greatly reduced due to mass production of three LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips, CX-7933/34/35. These three chips contain a total of 27,654 transistors, or the equivalent of 500 logic ICs. The CX-7933 manages data demodulation, subcode demodulation and frame sync, the CX-7934 manages RAM control, interpolation and interface for D/A converter, and the CX-7935 is used solely for error detection and correction.
The D/A converter used is a CX-20017, the same as the CX-890 used in the PCM-3324 and PCM-FI, but with some more integration of external circuitry. Full 16-bit resolution is achieved and assured with no need for adjustment.
There are three microcomputers in the CDP-101, one for the remote control (either infra-red or via the accessory port), one for the servo system control and subcode signal and one for master control keyboard control, display and laser switching control.
To cater for the professional market the CDP-5000 has been developed, together with its partner, the CD4-5000 disc analyser. The transport is totally different from the CDP-101 in that the laser remains still while the disc moves for tracking, search and focus. This enables even faster access times than the CDP-101 to be achieved.
The professional player has comprehensive timing and selection facilities, with instant start time of 300 ms maximum. A 2-speed cue dial enables any point in the disc to be found and starts practised on monitor playback before going out on line output, discs can then be started on any particular note in a disc. The Analyser system, CDA-5000, complements the professional player, and consists of a keyboard and video screen. With this, any Compact Disc can be played and all parameters checked, including error rates, timing accuracy of indexes, and coding errors. The whole information can be printed on paper for a permanent record of production quality.
The first generation of digital audio equipment is thus completed, incorporating several new concepts that are still to be refined, developed and accepted. The next few years are bound to see many changes in all industries related to audio products, and in particular recording studios and their work.
Note: UK users may be interested to note that Sony Broadcast will shortly be running a basic Digital Audio Concept course.
Compact Disc mastering
Chris Hollebone
(Sony Broadcast)
In this article Chris Hollebone attempts to explain some of the more important points of Compact Disc production in a non-technical manner. He will then suggest one or two areas where a little thought would go a long way towards improving some of the lamentable software that has accompanied the launch of the CD system.
Every advance in recording techniques is accompanied by its share of problems and pitfalls. The list of precedents is formidable; for instance, remember how long it took to overcome Dolby level compatibility difficulties, not just internationally, but between adjacent studios. Compact Disc production is no exception. In fact the process involves many techniques that are alien to the analogue world in which we have grown up. This creates its own special aura of mystery. Indeed, the mythology and misunderstanding already prevalent would fill a book. The cause has not been helped by some particularly confusing, and sometimes conflicting, information that has been circulated by the major partners, Philips and Sony.
Many studios were circulated with a document entitled Specifications of the % in Cassette Type CD Master Tape. This bewildered everybody by devoting half a page to the digital audio section and half to the timecode information and the following 10 pages to a very complex explanation of subcodes and PQ data. This was especially difficult to follow because the devices used in this process are only just appearing now. The general reaction from engineers was predictable and ranged from 'You must be joking' to 'You need a bloody degree to understand this'. Fair comment, but a future article may attempt to tackle this maze of maths. Suffice it to say, if you were fortunate enough to possess a Cue Editor, it would do the maths for you.
We shall deal with the first page of the specification which is absolutely fundamental to producing Compact Discs with the minimum fuss, delay, and most importantly, doing justice to the recorded material.
It's a Sony
One of the first nettles to grasp is that all masters must finish up on the Sony PCM-1610/U-matic system. Sorry chaps, but if you don't master on the Sony system, somebody else has to. If you are fortunate enough to have a PCM-1610, you have the opportunity to produce a master that will be faithfully reproduced on CD. There is no 'tweaking' in the cutting room, and no facilities exist in the factories for equalisation, level control or any other refinement. So the tape has to be perfect when it leaves you otherwise any mistakes are reproduced with frightening clarity.
Analogue masters
I will return to the problems of preparing your own CD masters later, but let's assume that the majority of tapes are analogue and you don't have access to a PCM-1610. Can you send these to be processed? Yes, but it will cost you more because somebody else has the job of copying the tapes, pre-mastering and cue editing. Your tape should be the nearest to first generation that is usable. Do not follow the examples of those who have sent a production master specially equalised for analogue cutting. Please remove all leader tape and insert room tone or recorded blank tape. The sudden dropping in and out of tape hiss is disturbing on CD. You should make a timing list noting the beginning and ending of each title (see Fig 1). If there is a crossfade, note it on the list and list the time when the new title starts. Remember these cue points should start as cleanly as possible otherwise, when accessing on the player, you will never get a precise start. It is also recommended that you mark the start and finish points with splicing tape to give a visual indication. If you have sufficient time in the band you should set your cue point about 1½ s before the music starts. This lessens the chances of a few frames' miscue affecting the music and allows a comfortable start. If more than one tape is being sent, mark the reel numbers clearly. The CD is one sided so the label cannot be swapped. Remember to indicate the band timing between the original separate sides in order to keep the continuity.
Digital masters from analogue masters
So, you are the proud owner of a Sony PCM-1610 system and you have a library of tapes to transfer. Great, you have control of your masters and only yourself to blame. For heaven's sake check the quality of the original tape. Don't use the first tape you can find without establishing its origin. If there are splices, check that they have not spread or become sticky. Many record companies do not have the original master but it is well worth trying to locate it. If you need to make a production master to iron out level problems or add more reverb or whatever, this is no problem. Copy it on to the digital machine and you enter the domain where copies no longer matter and your production master will be the same quality as the original.
It has to be said that in an ideal world with limitless resources, it would be preferable to remix many of the albums. Many analogue tapes are condemned to sounding awful on CD because when the original mix was done, it was with analogue disc cutting in mind. There were certain conventions that had to be observed otherwise it would be impossible to cut. If you do remix, the chances are that many will complain that the 'old sound' was better but consider what could have been done. No need to put the bass instruments in the stereo image centre. No need to compress it to death. No need to screw on extra HF boost to keep the transients. It's a new medium, so why not use its capabilities?
Digital masters
Mixing straight to digital will help to minimise these problems but ironically, you may find that you finish up with a master that cannot be used for analogue cutting—a dilemma! Obviously, to do two
mixes of everything is not realistic, but surely it is easier and preferable to make an analogue production master from the CD mix rather than the other way round. You can take things away but once they are gone, you can't get them back.
So, what is the digital standard and how do we prepare the tape? We have already said that it must use the PCM-1610 format and it must use U-matic cassette. PCM-F1, JVC/U-matic, dbx or any of the linear machines, 3M, Mitsubishi/Telefunken, or Soundstream, are not acceptable (unless you don't mind transferring it to a 1610 via analogue—Ed). The sampling rate must be 44.1 kHz. Older tapes made on the PCM-1600 or 1610 at 44.056 kHz must be transcoded. This can be done by direct digital dubbing through the 1610. The incoming sampling rate is automatically detected and decoded and provided the internal sampling rate switch is selected to 44.1, the resulting copy will be at this rate. Anyone who has not switched to 44.1, please do so immediately. (If you have an unconverted 1600, please contact your nearest Sony office.)
Now we have an interesting difference between the two majors. To emphasise or not to emphasise, that is the question. Polygram say no, CBS/Sony say yes and so do the other Japanese plants that are coming into production now. However, it matters not a lot. The emphasis is automatically detected by the receiving player, so no manual switching is necessary.
The timecode is not in dispute. It must be SMPTE 'non-drop frame' or, if you prefer the term, 'fully framed'. It must be synchronised to the video signal and not running wild. Before you ask, the internal timecode generator in the PCM-1610 is switched to Non-Drop Frame when operating at 44.1 kHz, but check that the switch on the DAE-1100 Editor is in the Non-Drop Frame position. (The switch is on the front of the TLC board.) Having got this together, it is vital that there is a minimum of 30 s uninterrupted timecode before the start of the music. On no account cross the 24 h barrier. Do not start the code at 23:59:30:00 and start the music at 00:00:00:00. It might have seemed a neat idea but it plays havoc with the system.
Tapes presented without timecode incur an extra pre-mastering charge and must be accompanied by the timing chart in Fig 1. Be warned that crossfades between tracks will not be welcome. Tapes with code are preferred and will cost less. These should be accompanied with the timing chart shown in Fig 2, again with crossfades, mark the time of the start of the new track. Exact frame accuracy is not required, and again a lead in of $1\frac{1}{2}$ s is preferred, the absolute minimum being 10 frames.
There have been some misunderstandings over the recording level of the digital master. I have already said that the PCM-1610 tape is transferred exactly one to one and this obviously applies to the level recorded on tape. Those familiar with the meter on the 1610 will know that the nominal zero appears half way up the scale of the meter, implying that there is a lot of headroom above this point. This is quite true and unless you are peaking well into this plus area you are not taking full advantage of the quantisation available on the processor. Recently it has emerged that it is recommended to make the peak level at +18 or +20 dB above the zero mark. Curiously, this crucial fact has never been mentioned in any of the written circulars, but emerged from the back.
**FIG 2**
| TNO | Title | Beginning/ending | Hour | Minute | Second | Frame |
|-----|-------|------------------|------|--------|--------|-------|
| 1 | XXXX | B | 00 | 00 | 30 | 00 |
| 2 | XXXX | B | 00 | 03 | 59 | 29 |
| 3 | XXXX | B | 00 | 04 | 03 | 21 |
| 4 | XXXX | B | 00 | 08 | 32 | 13 |
| n | XXXX | B | 02 | 15 | 13 | 18 |
Notes
1. Encode the mastertape (on channel 2 of its analogue track) with the SMPTE code at least 30 s before the beginning of the first band. The SMPTE code must be synchronised with the video signal, fully framed and consecutive throughout the tape.
2. If 'frame' cannot be read, chart without it is acceptable.
HARNESSING SOUND AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT
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door of both major companies. The logic behind this is that the optimum signal to noise and minimum distortion can occur at this point, but beware that not much head room remains. Exceed the end of the meter, and clipping and severe distortion may result. This does pose some problems because to load the tape to this extent plays havoc with the VU meters on your mixer. But in the words of the boffins "This emphasizes the fundamental incompatibility of analogue and digital systems". There can be no solution to this until there are digital mixers in common use; in the meantime this remains a serious drawback. Those tapes previously recorded at too low a level can be copied through the DAE-1100 with maximum gain preset, which raises the level by 6 dB per copy. The PCM-1610 has some 6 dB gain increase available at the input preset. This additional 12 dB gain will assist in improving the discrepancy between the mixer output and the input level required for the PCM-1610. This does pose some problems because to load the tape fully plays havoc with the VU meters on your mixer, but if you stay within these confines you will produce a very quiet Compact Disc. I fear that many will pursue the opposite course to attempt to produce the world's loudest CD, with all the signal compressed into the section between zero and the end of the scale. To do this is to make a mockery of the whole system and to perpetuate boring and lifeless music with absolutely no dynamics or colour. The CD system offers great opportunities to the composer who need no longer fear that his writing will be submerged by tape hiss and surface noise. As with all things, a good deal of common sense is required to get the best out of the system but no doubt we shall see a norm emerge for various types of music that will be acceptable to the listening public and the broadcasters.
Final processing
Now the tape is finished and has been sent for processing. What happens? The manufacturing process is discussed later, but you will see that it is not feasible to submit test pressings. Quality is carefully monitored at the factory, but as always, 'garbage in, garbage out' and some discs have appeared with bad cue editing. This is largely because comparatively crude editors have been used hitherto. The introduction of the Sony DA-Q-1000 will help to eliminate these problems and Philips are also developing a more sophisticated computer-based model. One precaution may pay off at this stage when sales are not so rapid. Only have a small production run and if these are good, ask for a repress. Minimum quantities are often as low as 500 with similar quantity re-orders.
The maximum recommended running time is 60 min but it is possible to cram more than this on a CD. The problem is that the longest U-matic cassettes are only 60 min long. Bearing in mind that most cassettes are slightly overlength, and deducting your initial 30 s for lead-in, you might get 65 min if very lucky. This will probably incur a small surcharge at the factory. If you need more than 65 min, please discuss this with the pressing plant concerned. The possibility of a longer cassette (say KCA-75 BR) is being studied at this moment, but there is no easy answer now.
What do you think of it so far?
When you consider that it was about a year between the appearance of the first prototype players and laboratory-assembled discs, and the introduction of reliable and sophisticated hardware and mass-produced software, I think one has to be impressed. Also impressive is the lack of faulty discs on the market. Contrary to the myth, the pressing yield rate for CD production is between 85 and 95% depending on plant and circumstance. Given the complex process and the very tight tolerances, this is very creditable. The audio industry is lucky to be riding on the back of LaserVision because, without a doubt, much was learned from the trials and tribulations of this system in its early development stages.
What of the comments so far on the quality of the software? There has always been a strong incentive to get discs out the door as fast as possible. All too often the record companies' attitude is 'Never mind the quality, so long as it sells'. I am afraid that this also applies to CD and most companies have played safe by issuing the old favourite best-sellers. Those companies playing so safe that they produce no CDs at all are fortunately dwindling. Most encouraging are the small and enterprising businesses in the UK that are showing the multi-nationals how to do it. I wish them well.
I make no apology for returning to a subject recently highlighted in a Studio Sound editorial. How many of the discs give the listener any clue as to their origin? Once again, the record companies' behaviour is thoroughly reprehensible. For the sake of one line of script on the accompanying literature, reviewers and enthusiasts alike are left to speculate as to how the recording arrived on this magical piece of plastic. Some have made the distinction between 'Digital recording' and 'Digital mastering'. The first is supposed to mean it was originally digitally recorded and the second means precisely nothing. Everything has to be digitally mastered to appear on CD. From what was it digitally mastered? Was it an analogue 2-track tape or Edison's phonograph? One simple line of text is all that is needed. For instance: 'Processed from an original analogue stereo master' or 'Processed from a digital master mixed down from analogue multi-track'. A bit of a mouthful maybe, but most buyers of CD will be interested in this sort of information.
One particularly famous label has re-issued one of the classic albums of the '60s, and much to their credit, on the reverse of the box, print the words 'Digitally mastered from an original analogue recording'. Open the box, and look at the disc and you will be surprised to read that it is 'An original digital recording'. Pretty remarkable for 1986 but pretty inexcusable on the part of the record company. Incidentally, on the same disc there is a false start on one title which was certainly not on the original and one of Britain's best known bass guitar players is playing the drums according to the sleeve notes. Enough said, but this sort of stupidity by the major companies is bound to impede the progress of a system which should significantly contribute to their own survival.
Immediate future
The preceding paragraphs should have laid a few ghosts. Cue editing is still a mystery subject and I am sure it will have its share of problems which will emerge later this year. Those of you who have read the 'Specifications of CD' will have noticed that there are eight subcode channels on the disc but so far we have only used P and Q. Discussion documents will be circulated soon to try to establish the best use for R,S,T,U,V,W. I am also sure that this will generate its own unique set of problems to keep us on our toes. Never a dull moment!
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It would be very convenient if Hugo Zuccarelli's sound recording system, which he calls Holophonics, didn't work. Then there would be no need for this article. But Holophonics does work, up to a point, and as a result has generated a considerable amount of publicity. Normally level-headed journalists have gone overboard in print. The Southern ITV station TVS has devoted half an hour to the subject and pop group Pink Floyd is paying Zuccarelli a royalty for use of his system on their latest LP, *The Final Cut*.
So whatever the circumstances surrounding Holophonics, it seems incumbent on *Studio Sound* to report. This is far easier than it sounds. The Holophonics phenomenon is very long on colourful opinion and soft theory, but painfully short on hard fact. Preparing this report was like cataloguing cotton wool. If it weren't for the fact that Holophonics offers audibly interesting results I would have quit early. What follows is a sincere attempt at sifting fact from fantasy and confusion. Inevitably questions are raised. Hopefully they will prompt some hard fact answers.
First, it's useful to distinguish between discovery and invention. You *discover* a natural phenomenon, like gravity, which has always existed but never previously been recognised or explained. The established procedure in science circles is to publish a full description with backup theory in one of the many specialist academic journals which are published by and for the scientific fraternity. These journals have a stringent vetting procedure. For a scientific paper to be published it must be written clearly, describe the discovery as fully as possible, expound any new theories in full and give source references for work that has gone before, often over hundreds of years. The stringent vetting is of course intended to save the publication from embarrassment by hoaxers, eccentrics and opportunists.
Publication usually stimulates debate and controversy. If the subject is of popular interest, it will be picked up and reported, in greatly condensed form, in more popular scientific magazines. These will give due credit to the original academic source. The next step is for the popular press to select and re-publish a few tidbits. In this way the scientific discovery may eventually become an established part of text book theory, perhaps replacing a previous theory. This of course happened when the supposedly unsplittable atom was split. If the discovery is of monumental importance, the author of the original academic paper may receive recognition in the form of an award, the highest of which is the Nobel Prize.
Sometimes a published theory is publicly ridiculed. It is a risk any scientist must run in return for the chance of recognition. The Austrian monk Gregor Mendel bred peas in a monastery garden for seven years before publishing details of his work in 1866 in the *Proceedings of the Brunn Society for the Study of Natural Science*. It wasn't until after Mendel's death that scientists realised he had explained the basics of genetics, or why children take after their parents. Russian scientist Trofim Lysenko published a quite different theory, namely that children take after their environment rather than their parents. Under Stalin the Russians tried, but failed, to put Lysenko's theories into practice, to boost grain output. Now Lysenko's name is a bad joke in the scientific world.
An *invention* is quite different from a discovery. It involves the construction of equipment, or the design of a process, to produce a tangible, or at least saleable, end product. Since the 17th century the law has recognised that inventors are entitled to some reward for their work—without financial reward there is no incentive to invest time and money in research. This is why patents are granted for inventions. They give the inventor a monopoly on the achievement for up to 20 years. The exact period depends on the country. But the inventor must enter into a bargain with the State. In return for granting a monopoly the state demands that the inventor disclose full details of the innovation. This basic principle is embodied in the very word patent, which means to lay open.
The inventor's ideas are published in a patent so that they are added to the sum of human knowledge. Under modern law, patent applications are also published, a year or so after filing. While a patent is in force the public may read, write and talk about these ideas, but not put them into practice without permission from the inventor. Usually this involves payment, which is one way an inventor makes money. After the patent expires the published ideas become public property. If an invention is not new, then either the Patent Office will refuse the original application or, if a patent is granted, a third party will contest its validity in court. But once a patent application has been published it cannot then be unpublished. The only patent applications that remain secret are those which the Patent Office think represent a danger to national security, for instance a defence weapon. The decision not to publish on grounds of security is taken very promptly, within a few weeks of the original application reaching the Patent Office. Only once, in the case of some nerve gas patents, has the Patent Office in London taken something off the public library shelves.
Almost every patent application, in every country, is initially refused by the Patent Office. Sometimes the objections are purely formal and easily overcome, such as that the patent application covers more than one invention and should thus be trimmed or split into several separate cases. Other objections are more serious, for instance that the idea is old in the light of previous knowledge, for instance prior publications which are found by the Patent Office in the routine searches that are carried out on every new ap"We do use a lot of Shure mics... I think to great advantage. There are a lot of their mics I tend to use for fairly specific things. I've got good tom mics, good overhead mics. And there are certain Shure models—like the SM7—if we had only SM7 mics it wouldn't be the end of the world because you can actually use them on anything.... Actually, the SM7 is a great bass mic, that's the particular function I use it for."
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Holophonics an investigation
'After a quarter of an hour I found Zuccarelli's demonstration very boring'
A decoder, four channels of amplification and four loudspeakers. So headphones for listening from a stereo source seemed an attractive alternative. The BBC Research Department built a dummy head and Radio 4 broadcast some drama programmes and documentaries recorded using the technique. Several recordings were made and heard, but most were dreadful. Musicians and producers soon discovered the problems of binaural or dummy head recording. It works best for sound effects close to the dummy head or sounds moving past the head. The tape recorder must have good phase characteristics to preserve the inner-ear phase relationships i.e. to replicate the subtly different delays of different frequencies arriving at the two ears of a human head. The tape or disc recording medium must be free from background hiss and random snap, crackle and pop because this destroys the illusion.
Although the system works well when used to record one or two musical instruments close to the head, it falls flat when used for a band or orchestra which is of necessity recorded from a distance. In this case ambient noise clutters the recorded sound. In real life, humans are blessed with the 'cocktail party effect' which enables us to home in on one sound or conversation, to the exclusion of others which are equally loud or even louder. Microphones cannot work in the same way, so they simply pick up everything and the result is a jumble.
Experimenters with dummy head stereo have also noted that the effect is more dramatic if the listener sits in a dark room, with eyes closed. This isn't a natural way for everyday listening. One inherent problem of binaural recording, the difficulty of distinguishing front sounds from rear sounds and sounds above from sounds below, was solved in a simple way. The recording gives the listener aural clues to the location of the sound, for instance a commentator says where he is standing or moving to give the listener a fix.
Although several pop groups flirted with binaural stereo in the 70's they soon abandoned the technique. Major groups like The Who, rejected the idea out of hand. Apart from the technical problems there's little demand for a disc that only sounds right when heard through headphones. Remember this was all before the Walkman boom made headphone listening an everyday routine. Also with dummy head recording it's impossible to overdub or edit in the manner of conventional pan-potted multi-track stereo. Most musicians and producers don't like this restriction at all!
Several firms looked at the possibility of recreating the binaural effect with loudspeakers. The obvious way is to use one loudspeaker to each side of the ear so that the speakers function as giant headphones. A modification of this approach is to build a pair of loudspeakers into a cocoon-like affair. JVC adopted a different approach, with Bi-phonics. The left and right channel signals are electronically doctoried so they can be replayed in a room through a pair of loudspeakers located for conventional stereo reproduction.
According to the conventional (Blumlein) approach to stereo reproduction, now standard for studio monitoring and domestic listening, the signals from the left and right loudspeakers mix in the room and reach both ears. For obvious reasons this destroys the effect of a binaural recording intended to be heard on headphones, where the left hand channel reaches only the left ear, and the right channel reaches only the right ear.
The JVC Bi-phonics system doctors the phase of the left and right channel signals so that they cancel where they mix. But Bi-phonics only works for a listener sitting in a tightly defined position in the room. Although Bi-phonics made news in 1977, when it was first demonstrated in Paris, London and Tokyo, it was soon forgotten. Sitting rigid and still on a carefully measured spot marked X is even more anti-social than headphone listening!
Meanwhile other Japanese manufacturers have pursued binaural headphone technology. Their main line of research has been to try and analyse what happens to sound as it passes through the natural canals of the human head. This is the essential starting point for any engineer trying to build a dummy head that replicates a human head, because a cleft stick problem faces all serious dummy head designers. If the microphones are located in the outer ears, they cannot "hear" the same sound as the human ear drum buried deep inside the head. But if the microphones are set deep inside the dummy head, then the sound which the listener eventually hears through headphones will have travelled through two sets of ear canal passages; once in the dummy head on the way to the microphones and once in the listener's head from headphones to eardrums. As the ear canals stamp a characteristic equalisation pattern on the sound passing through them, reverse equalisation must be applied to the dummy head signal recording. Hence the need to analyse the audio characteristic of the canals. Both Sony and Matsushita in Japan have worked on this problem, and filed patents on their ideas for a solution. British patents 1520318 and 1520319, from Sony, BP 1517938 from Matsushita and another patent 2000941, also from Matsushita, all discuss the transfer characteristic of the ear canals in human and dummy heads. I have personally seen engineers in Japan experimenting in an anechoic chamber with miniature microphones inserted by probe deep inside the canals of a human ear. The problem isn't new, nor is the solution. The problem for the Japanese is pragmatism - No-one has been sufficiently interested in dummy head recording to warrant the manufacture for sale of hardware to improve the technology.
By using the Sony F1 for his tapes, Zuccarelli has immediately ensured that his recordings are accurate in phase across the head, and do not
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Holophonics
an investigation
'The record industry does not survive on sound effects records'
The use of conventional electronics Zuccarelli also uses silicon and organic fluids, not employing the use of conventional audio signals.' You see what I mean about silly publicity. The sound effects are also rather silly, but impressive if you prefer your music to an accompaniment of odd sounds, like earth falling on the top of a coffin as it is buried.
As for the music, well a few sounds, like voice and marimba had obviously been recorded very close and sounded passable. Other music sounded flat and dead, with the image collapsing inside the listeners head. This does not bode well for holophonics as a musical medium. The Pink Floyd album *The Final Cut* could genuinely be said to benefit from the sound effects, simply because the Pink Floyd as a group have now espoused a musical style that naturally embraces sound effects. A record to be issued by CBS of Zuccarelli recordings will apparently be sound effects only. Doubtless this will excite some ears, but the record industry does not survive on sound effects records that only sound as intended when heard through headphones. CBS has had to delay release by at least a month because of the surely inevitable problem of cutting very wide dynamic range sound effects from digital tape on to analogue disc.
Probably as a result of all the publicity generated by Holophonics, someone somewhere is at this very moment recording a musical album, using hardware supplied by Zuccarelli Labs. We can only wait to hear how it sounds.
There is also vague talk of adapting the system for use in cinemas. Zuccarelli says he has been in touch with Arthur C. Clarke, author of 2001, and talked about future films. But will the cinema be equipped with phased arrays of loudspeakers all down each side? And how will the system cope with an audience that is randomly spaced different distances from the loudspeakers on each side? Will the cinema perhaps equip each chair with its own pair of loudspeakers? Don't laugh, this is just one of many ideas buried in the history of binaural sound. And this history bears a brief run through, even though Hugo Zuccarelli and Mike King refute the idea that holophonics is anything to do with binaural stereo.
In 1881 Clément Ader, a Frenchman fascinated by the aeronautics telephony, arranged a demonstration at the Paris Exhibition to put the then-new Bell telephone through its paces. As previously well-documented in *Studio Sound*, he arranged a row of 80 telephone mouthpieces or transmitters across the front of the Grand Opera stage in Paris and connected them by wire to 80 ear pieces. Visitors put a receiver to each ear. To quote a contemporary report, 'the sound took on a special character of relief and localization' because M. Ader had discovered 'a new acoustic effect'. It was the first demonstration of binaural stereo transmission and Ader filed patents. Throughout the last century that same new acoustic effect has repeatedly been discovered!
W. Barlett Jones of Chicago was almost certainly the first to file a patent on binaural recording, in 1927. In his US patent number 1855 149 he envisaged a cinema, with each seat equipped with a pair of small speakers arranged as headphones one each side of the listener's head. The sound was to be recorded in the groove of a disc. In the 30's, the Chicago Museum of Science and Technology ran a permanent demonstration, sponsored by Bell Labs, of dummy head reproduction. The audience was equipped with headphones through which they heard an announcer in a transparent sound-proof booth talking into a dummy head microphone system. Even with the unrefined transducers then available, the results were impressive. Half way through the demonstration each visitor heard an unfamiliar voice whispering in their left ear, "Could you please move a little to the right, you're blocking my view", said the voice. Like a field of corn every visitor, imagining that they were blocking the view of the listener behind, moved to the right. So binaural stereo is hardly a new idea.
Now let's move up to date again. In February 1983, TVS the Southern ITV channel station, transmitted a *Real World* programme on Holophonics. It expounded Zuccarelli's theory, also repeated piecemeal to various journalists, including myself, that Edison got it wrong when he invented the phonograph. To cut a long confusing and highly questionable story short, Zuccarelli believes that the human hearing system is not simply a passive mechanism like a microphone. Instead it uses a reference signal, generated in some unspecified way, which mixes with the incoming sound to produce an interference pattern which is analogous to the interference pattern used in optical holography.
At the end of the programme TVS invited anyone interested to write in to the TV station, enclosing a stamped addressed envelope, for further information on Holography. Those who did so were sent a sketchy data sheet that reiterated points made in the programme, and suggested that anyone who wanted "further information" should now send another stamped addressed envelope, this time to the Holophony Information Service, 60 Hungerford Road, London N7 9LP. Those like me who followed through, were sent a single sheet of paper marked 'Zuccarelli's holophonic demonstration record will be available in May on CBS label'. The sheet thanked correspondents for their interest and accompanied a bundle of photocopied cuttings from the press. These extolled the virtues of holophonics but gave no more hard facts.
At around the same time as I received this bundle of nothingness more articles appeared in print, all largely enthusiastic about holophonics, including two from sister publications of *Studio Sound*, *Hi-Fi News and Record Review* and *Professional Video*. Even Golden Ears of the audio business were impressed.
Almost no-one, it seemed, was expressing level-headed reservations. In some cases this was to be expected. Few people in the music and popular press have heard of dummy head or...
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Holophonics
an investigation
'In twelve months'
time
Holophonics will be a forgotten fad'
sound, like an echo, when triggered with an input sound. There have been many reports over the years that the ears of cats, especially Siamese cats, will sometimes produce an audible whistle. Humans who suffer from the highly irritating problem of tinnitus, a popping, clicking, buzzing, roaring of sinewave tone heard inside the head, will sometimes emit the same sound from their ears so that it can be heard by others. Is this audible emission part of the active mechanism for hearing referred to by Zuccarelli? Or has Zuccarelli been sent off on a wild goose chase by observation of this effect, without realising that it is old and well documented? We'll know the answer only when he is prepared to discuss, or publish, a full account of his theory.
The one document worth reading is European patent application 0 050 100. It's available from most national Patent Offices, including the London Patent Office in Chancery Lane. This patent application was filed by Zuccarelli and dates back to 1980. It covers nine European countries and describes a carefully constructed dummy head, with brief reference to the kind of equalisation necessary to compensate for canal resonances. There's only passing and obscure reference to 'holographic' interference. The European Patent Office examiners have raised both formal and more substantial objections. The formal objections, that the patent claims don't relate to a single invention, will be easily overcome by Zuccarelli's patent agent. The more substantial objections, that what Zuccarelli claims as new isn't new in the light of prior publications, may well be much harder to refute. The basic concept of binaural stereo is of course as old as the hills. Only new, fine details, remain open for patenting. To be patentable those details must be both genuinely new, and genuinely inventive.
But Hugo Zuccarelli obviously has faith in his patent application. He has paid the £500 or so in official fees necessary to keep the application alive for a further stage of formal examination. If he succeeds in satisfying the examiners, and the patent is granted, the total bill including the obligatory translations, will be around £10,000. Under the circumstances it's hard to believe, as has been suggested, that Zuccarelli's patent application is a red herring. It's equally hard to believe, as has also been suggested, that there are other applications lurking in the patent files, under different names, which cover other pieces in the holophonic jigsaw. Such a ploy would be criminally expensive and legally dangerous.
In the absence of any hard fact to the contrary from Zuccarelli, an observer is entitled to come to his conclusions. For what they are worth mine are these. Zuccarelli's recording head, which he calls Ringo, is a carefully constructed dummy head with equally carefully designed electronic equalisation. The European patent application was an early attempt to cover the system, with details of the equalisation omitted, either because it wasn't ready in the interests of secrecy or because the circuits used are available as off-the-shelf hardware and thus not patentable.
The undeniably impressive results obtained are thanks to a combination of circumstances; good design of the head and sensible equalisation, the use of a digital tape system and demonstration of the system with carefully chosen sound effects under ideal conditions, that is to say with the listener alone in a darkened room. Clever publicity, including initial demonstrations to journalists most likely to write enthusiastically about the experience, have been another important ingredient.
But now crunch time is coming. The publicity generated and Zuccarelli's disparaging remarks about accepted hearing theory will oblige Zuccarelli to publish his theory on hearing. He has also whetted the record industry's appetite for Ringo-recorded music and its reproduction through loudspeakers, rather than headphones. They will now want to satisfy that appetite. Reputations, of technical journalists who have enthused over the system, and of experts like Dr. Martin Rosenberg who have publicly shown support, are on the line. We will return to Holophonics in a year and report again on what's happened. If you are interested in the subject, put this issue aside as a handy reference for twelve months' time. If my hunch is correct you'll need it because Holophonics will by then be a forgotten fad. But prove me wrong, Mr. Zuccarelli, and I'll gladly say so.
Richard Elen
Readers may be interested to know that we first contacted Zuccarelli over a year ago, before he came to Britain, following reports on the system from a number of sources. At the time, Zuccarelli was working in Italy, sponsored by a group of musicians. Ultimately they fell out with each other and Zuccarelli came to England; the Italian group has now set up its own operation, and exhibited at the Eindhoven AES this year.
Soon after Zuccarelli's arrival in England, we heard the demonstrations and he agreed to write an article for us on the system that never appeared. At Eindhoven, I asked Mike King about the European patent application, and was told that it was in fact a cover, and that the 'real' patents were filed under several different names and titles, allegedly to protect the 'invention' from rip-off. Zuccarelli approached several manufacturers at Eindhoven, and most of them, of course, asked to see the patents before taking it further. One American loudspeaker manufacturer was told that they would be in the mail the following week; at the time of writing, they still are. We, too, would like to see the patents, and that article we were promised. Until then we can only be sceptical, and wonder what Zuccarelli is hiding, and why. Is it a new recording system, based on an important discovery? Is it just binaural done properly for the first time commercially? Is it original? All these questions have been asked. What are the answers?
Richard Elen
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The 73rd AES Convention was held at the POC Congress Centre, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Aside from a wide range of demonstrations and other technical presentations, there was the usual wide range of technical papers presented—46 papers in total. As with all European AES conventions, the vast majority of papers were European in origin with the Netherlands being particularly well represented—which is not surprising considering that the Philips organisation has very close connections with the town of Eindhoven itself.
The papers presented were given under session topics and these included Psychoacoustics and Listening Tests, Digital Signal Processing and Interfaces, Musical Instruments, Transducers, Applications in Digital Audio, Sound Reinforcement and Room Acoustics, Measurement and Instrumentation.
In this report, a selection of the more relevant papers are covered and where available, the preprint number is given so that further information can be obtained if desired.
The subject matter of the first session was Psychoacoustics and Listening Tests. In a paper entitled 'Measurement and Prediction of the Timbre of Sound Reproduction', Henrik Staffeldt of the Danish Engineering Academy described how measurements of the $\frac{1}{2}$-octave spectrum at the ear canal entrance can be used to calculate the subjective frequency response of a sound reproduction system. The subjective response to the perceived sound is determined by the loudness at specific critical bands. A model has been designed to aid prediction of tone timbre and helps to explain the role of head diffraction phenomena in creating this spectrum. (No preprint available.)
Paul M Boers in a paper under the title of 'The Influence of Anti-phase Crosstalk on the Localisation Cues in Stereo Signals', began by discussing the stereo widening facility that has become fairly common on some portable entertainment centres by the introduction of crosstalk between the channels in such a way that it is out of phase with the stereo signals. He detailed the current state of the practise and the acoustic phenomena associated with serious listening tests using such techniques. In the final part he went on to discuss the further effect of adding a slight delay to the anti-phase crosstalk signal and its result with relation to the stereo image. (Preprint 1967.)
'Modern Multitrack Recording Techniques' were covered in a paper from Andre Bourget of Studer International. The title is perhaps a misnomer as for a great deal the paper covered the deficiencies of the recording process and the techniques required to overcome them, not all of which are limited to multitrack work. The preprint is available and should form an excellent introduction to the background of multitrack technique both audible and inaudible. (Preprint 1974).
Objective and subjective loudness comparisons between speech and music were the topics in 'Loudness Balance of Speech and Music in Radio Broadcasts' by Zorana Hrasovec Caric and Blazo Guzina of Radio Beograd. This is a tricky area particularly for those engineers who do not have to mix speech and music together on a regular basis. The paper detailed objective measurement techniques experimented with as well as subjective listening tests with a range of music and speech types. Further experiments with limiting, EQ and filtering on meter circuits were described and the results were discussed. (Preprint 1965.)
The many facets of Digital Signal processing and interfaces were covered in the second technical session. Messrs Sakamoto, Kogure, Shimbo and Komae from Matsushita described a signal processing system they have developed for a compact cassette digital recorder. The system is based around a metal evaporated tape development known as Digital Angrom tape. This is used in Compact Cassette format and the recorder employs a stationary head, high density ferrite recording head having 12 tracks at one recording side of 120 µm track width. This required a new modulation system to be developed referred to as FEM-4. Using the Digital Audio Tape-recorder (DAT) 60 mins of playing time is achieved with a compact cassette of DA tape—stereo in both directions, using a tape speed of 3¾ in/s. Sampling frequency is specified as 44.1 kHz and quantisation as 16-bit linear. They additionally proposed a standard for the development of a similar system using the DA tape in a Micro cassette format. (Preprint 1960.)
Oliver F Bodemann of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology presented a paper covering 'Easy Active Filter Design: A Personal Calculator'. In this paper he outlined computer programs that enable the user to design low-pass, high-pass or band-pass active filters with Chebyshev and Butterworth approximations up to 16th order. (Preprint 1979.)
In a paper titled 'Recent Developments in Digital Audio Techniques', K J Grundy, D P Robinson and C C Todd of Dolby Labs presented the Dolby approach to companded delta modulation. They detailed the background to their approach and went on to describe a practical system including encoder and decoder details. We hope to cover this subject in more detail in a future issue. (Preprint 1956.)
The last paper in this session was 'Design and Structure of a Digital Sound Mixing Desk' by V Aubrun and A Debayle of Eneretc. In this paper they outlined the changing role of the console within an all, and partly digital, studio and the design criteria to be covered when designing a console capable of handling the requirements for the future. (Preprint 1981.)
The third technical session under the title of Musical Instruments consisted of just one paper—'Acoustics Within and Around the Grand Pianoforte' by Prof Dr Jan J Geluk, a Dutch consultant. He covered the basic acoustic production, development and transmission within the instrument and the resultant soundfield of the instrument. He also adds that the pianoforte took nearly 200 years to develop to a form similar to today using the ear as the principle research instrument. He raises the interesting question as to what shape the piano would have if it had developed using modern measurement and design techniques particularly the use of electronics. He also presented an electrical analogue of the pianoforte. (Preprint 1982.)
Transducers were the topic of the next session. Stephan Peus and Omar Kern of Neumann gave details of the development of the new TLM 170 microphone in 'Transformerless Studio Condensor Microphones'. This mic has an
impedance convertor fed from a pulse width controlled DC convertor. This results in transformerless matching of the mic output to its load and capsule polarising voltages for five polar characteristics. (Preprint 1986 in German only.)
Ilpo Marikainen and Ari Varila of Genelec and Matti Otala of the Technical Research Centre of Finland presented a paper on 'Input Current Requirements of High-Quality Loudspeaker Systems'. They set out the way that amplifiers are generally designed and suggested that perhaps the concept of the loudspeaker system generally employed for design purposes is often inaccurate in the light of research. They draw a number of conclusions, the most important being that the output current demanded from an amplifier may grossly exceed the rated output current under conditions where the loudspeaker is carrying certain amplitude and band limited signals. From this they suggest that new ways of rating and measuring amplifiers are needed and that certain other points may now have to be considered. (Preprint 1987.)
The first paper in the Applications in Digital Audio was on the subject of 'Compact Disc Subcode Origination and Processing' by Messrs Wesdorp, Brands and van Dijk of Philips ELA. Information covering the origination and processing of the subcode information as well as possible future use of the subcode channels in professional applications was presented. Unfortunately no preprint is available. Also on the subject of the Compact Disc, Kees Schouhamer Immink and Jozef Braat of Philips gave details of experiments leading to the development of an erasable Compact Disc system. (Preprint 1970.)
Paul Skritek, Ernst Parth and Robert Pollers from the Institute for Telecommunications Technical University, Vienna gave a paper detailing an approach to digital audio mixers based on 'low-cost' expandable design. They give details of a system with channel features such as level control, three equalisers, two shelving filters, pan pots and variable delay. (Preprint 1962.)
Robert Adams of dbx presented a paper concerning 'Companded Predictive Delta Modulation: A Low-Cost Conversion Technique for Digital Recording.' This was covered in the February issue of Studio Sound although there have been some further developments that are covered in this paper. (Preprint 1978).
The papers in the Sound Reinforcement and Room Acoustics session were predominantly concerned with the acoustics and sound reinforcement of large stadiums and halls. Ernst-Jo Volker from the Institut Fur Akustik und Bauphysik gave a paper entitled 'Control Room for Music Monitoring' that was particularly interesting. It gave the subjective results achieved when you take 90 varied pro-audio people and replay a wide selection of music in four different control room designs. All criteria apart from the acoustics of the rooms were kept as constant as possible and the reactions of the subjects were recorded. Dummy head recordings were also made within the control rooms and these are also contrasted with the test results. From the results, certain conclusions are drawn with perhaps the overriding point being that different designs are preferred for different types of music and perhaps there is no such item as a control room ideal for all music types with all designs being a compromise for certain music types. (Preprint 1958.)
Stephen Julestrom and Thomas Tichy of Shure Brothers gave details of the Shure AMSR8000 in a paper called 'Direction-Sensitive Gating: A New Approach to Automatic Mixing.' This involves the use of dedicated mics and circuitry with the system as a whole providing direction-sensitive gating on each mic. The mics have a gate each as with normal automatic mixing systems, but the acceptance angle of incoming sounds is restricted to the front area of the mic. Quite loud sounds originating from the rear and sides, well above the gating threshold, are ignored while front signals operate as normal. This is achieved in simple terms by the use of two capsules within the mic and the outputs compared by the control electronics deciding when to open the gate. (Preprint 1976.)
The final session was entitled Measurement and Instrumentation. Eduard Stikvoort from Philips Research Labs presented a paper describing a digital distortion analyser for testing A/D conversion, sampling rate convertors etc. In operation it resembles its analogue equivalent, removing the test sine wave between 500 Hz and 20 kHz from the input signal and puts the amplified THD plus noise in the monitor DAC. This unit will reduce the influence of the DAC in the test chain by 40 dB enabling 16-bit A/D circuitry to be tested more easily. (Preprint 1972.)
In a paper 'Dynamic Distortion Measurements in Broadcasting and Mixing Consoles' Prof. Matti Orala of the Technical Research Centre of Finland and Sule Hamalainen and Kalevi Rantala of the Finnish Broadcasting Company covered a measurement technique for IMD that resembles real-life signals rather than conventional static measurements and gives rather higher distortion levels as a result. It further explains why certain distortions may well be audible under certain conditions previously thought not relevant. (Preprint not available.)
With the recent advancement in the state-of-the-art of studio recording, the microphone has become a decisive and crucial component in the recording process. So, take the next logical step — take advantage of Brüel & Kjær's more than 40 years of electroacoustics engineering excellence to bring your front end in line with the rest of your recording equipment.
| Balanced or single ended output | Low Noise Studio Microphone | High intensity Studio Microphone |
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| No-compromise design | | |
| Powering via Type 2812 Two Channel Microphone Power Supply | | |
| Standard P 48 Phantom Power | Type 4006 | Type 4007 |
See and hear these microphones at APRS 83, June 22-24
Bruel & Kjaer (UK) Ltd.
Cross Lances Road, Hounslow, Middlesex TW3 2AE.
Telephone: 01 - 570 7774 Telex: 93 41 50 bk uk g
Northern Division: Globe House, Gordon Street, Chadderton, Oldham OL9 9GW Telephone: 061 - 678 0229
83-213
CD—Pressing matters
Amidst all the soft puff about Compact Disc here are some hard facts. The system went on sale in Japan in October and in Britain, France, Germany and Holland in March. Belgium, Sweden, Switzerland and Singapore followed in April and Italy, Denmark, Spain, Finland, Austria, Norway and Australia in May. The US market opens out some time this summer. Everywhere the same pattern is repeating. Dealers can't get enough players so there are waiting lists. In Britain, Sony sold 3,500 players in the first six weeks, Philips sold 1,200, and Marantz sold 1,100. Despite much promising, other manufacturers were slow to get their players on to the market. Hitachi hit technical problems and had to modify its players after a lambasting by reviewers.
The discs on sale, around 200 titles and rising, came from PolyGram in Hannover and CBS/Sony in Japan. The only other two pressing plants in the world, Nippon-Columbia and Technics in Japan, have so far been producing relatively small quantities for the Japanese market. Next year CBS/Sony will press in the USA, Sonapress will join PolyGram in Germany and Nimbus and Forward Technology will press in the UK. Nimbus is of course already well known for its analogue pressing work. Forward Technology is owned by the same company that runs Orilake, a custom pressing plant. Both Nimbus and Forward Technology will start pressing from masters cut by Philips in Eindhoven but both plan eventually to do their own mastering. Nimbus is building its own mastering system and Forward Technology has commissioned the Engineering Department of Cambridge University to do the work. Neither Nimbus nor Forward Technology will be pressing in bulk before 1984.
PolyGram in Hannover has 24 presses running 24 hours a day and originally aimed at 4 million discs a year. This has now been upped to 5.6 million thanks to an extension of the factory which should be ready in June. But this may prove an optimistic estimate. PolyGram made only one million discs in the nine months after Hannover started production. The system launch was supported by discs stockpiled prior to the launch. Although PolyGram won't talk about the yield from Hannover, the company hasn't denied German reports that it is only 50 per cent, ie one disc junked for every two pressed.
Sony predicts that between 35,000 and 40,000 players of all makes will be sold in Britain this year. In Japan this number had been sold in the first three months. Some people with players have bought every single disc that's available. But the average is around 10 or 12 discs per player in the first month of ownership. In Japan 0.3 million discs were sold with the first 35,000 players. If this pattern repeats itself around the world then there must be a shortage of discs later this year. As soon as the trade smells the risk of a shortage, it will become a reality. People who have ordered players will buy discs in advance. This is already happening in Japan.
Philips could press discs at its LaserVision videodisc pressing plant in Blackburn, where poor sales of the system have meant redundancies for the workforce. But conversion to Compact Disc would be expensive and Philips still has hopes that LaserVision will take off, if only for the industrial market. Thorn-EMI could press discs at its Swindon factory, built to manufacture VHD/AHD discs and now mothballed. But again, conversion work would be expensive and there is pressure from video divisions in the company to hold fire until the dust has settled over the April launch of VHD in Japan. Also, Thorn-EMI still objects to the idea of paying a 3 US-cent royalty to Philips for every disc pressed. That's just for a patent licence and technical specification. The pressing plant has to pay extra for mastering and pressing equipment and know-how on how to use it. That's why, for the time being at least, Thorn-EMI is releasing EMI music titles on discs custom pressed by PolyGram. Some people in PolyGram are now wondering how it can possibly cope with 200 extra titles to press.
Technically, most people seem satisfied with Compact Disc. But the honeymoon may not last. Already there are signs that Japanese pressings have fewer faults than European pressings. Most discs leaving the PolyGram factory are acceptable, that is to say that the error correction and interpolation circuits in domestic players can cope. PolyGram says the return rate of defective discs is 0.3 per cent. But what will happen when the public starts to recognise the fluttery sound of interpolation? And as discs in homes and broadcast stations get scratched through use and digital errors inherent in the pressed disc add to the number of digital errors caused by scratching, they may tip the player over the edge from correction into interpolation, or even muting. Also, there are advance signs of a very naughty practice in the making. One firm is suspected of copying its analogue master tapes on to digital tape so that it can claim to be issuing Compact Discs from digital masters!
Compact Disc could make an ideal archive medium. Carefully pressed and carefully handled it can last for ever. Engineers are puzzled why Philips hasn't yet agreed a standard for mono coding on a Compact Disc. Bits in the data stream have been assigned to switch the player between decoding and cueing the serial stream into 1 hr of 2-channel stereo or ½ hr of 4-channel surround sound. But no assignment has yet been made for mono or 3-channel surround sound.
Acting on video
Earlier this year the BBC announced a long-awaited deal with the Musicians Union and Equity to allow the release of old television programmes, like Hancock, Faulty Towers and Last Night of the Proms, on home video tape or disc. The announcement was made over a weekend when there was no-one available to comment. The BBC planned a weekday press conference, but cancelled it when they realised that journalists would ask questions they didn't want to answer. And when the press 'phoned the BBC Video Division, their official spokesman wouldn't talk about the deal.
What we all wanted to know was how much the BBC had agreed to pay the unions. In fact, after several days of hard digging, I was able to winkle out the story from unofficial sources. To cut it short, the BBC had buckled to the unions' demands and agreed to pay actors and musicians money in advance of video release. For years they had been refusing to do this offering only to pay royalties on cassettes and discs actually sold. This is the deal which the ITV companies had with the unions, and which cleared the video release of productions like Upstairs, Downstairs.
The BBC had also buckled under another sticking point. They agreed to pay money upfront to walk-on parts, like third spear carrier from the left, and extras in crowd scenes, as well as featured performers. Apart from the cost, think of the work involved. The BBC must contact every single person involved in a production and get their signature (or, if dead, the signature of their estate), before the release can go ahead. Effectively it means the BBC will only be able to release sure-fire winners that are guaranteed to sell enough cassettes or discs to pay for the advances. They will also have to release mainly programmes with a small cast.
The sting, for me, was in the tail. After laboriously finding all this out, I published the facts in several magazines. The same BBC spokesperson who had refused to give me any facts, then 'phoned and wrote to the editor of one magazine complaining that I had not made some subtle point clear.
The moral, dear BBC, is that you can't have your cake and eat it. If you won't talk to journalists, you can't complain about what they write.
Light programme
The Laserium light shows at planetariums around the world have now been going for 10 years. Nearly 10 million people have paid to sit back and listen to recorded music while watching laser patterns traced on the planetarium ceiling. Although it began with rock music, Laserium are now putting on shows with a programme of classical music. And recently at the London Planetarium the 'Keep Synthesisers Live' duo, Helden, performed as near live as you can get with synthesisers to the visual accompaniment of a Laserium light show.
Helden is Hans Zimmer and Warren Cann. Zimmer is part of Buggles, who had a hit with Video Killed the Radio Star and Cann is the drummer with Ultravox. Their music is pretty much what you would expect from two well-heeled rock stars who can afford as many synths as they like and have delusions of musical grandeur. It starts loud and pretentious, stays loud and pretentious, and ends loud and pretentious. No light, no shade, and nothing to remember afterwards. In fact, the ideal musical backdrop to a laser light show is rather than the other way round. If, like people who live in London and have never got round to visiting St Paul's, you haven't seen the Planetarium's Laserium show, then do give it a whirl. It doesn't really matter what the music is; inevitably you'll be curious about how some of the effects are achieved.
Well, it's all done with a single J W Krypton laser made by Spectra Physics. The Krypton beam is multicoloured and split by prisms into four pure colour beams; red, green, blue and yellow. These sub-beams are then bounced from galvanometer mirrors which are moved by control signals. If a mirror moves in a circle then the laser beam traces a circle on the planetarium ceiling. Because the mirror can oscillate at frequencies up to 2 MHz, the beam moves so fast that the pattern it traces looks solid. But in fact at any instant in time it's just a spot of light. It's the same effect as you get on the screen of an oscilloscope when the scanning electron beam traces a fixed pattern. When the laser beam is scanning a large pattern over the vast planetarium roof, it's moving over the pattern faster than the speed of sound. Basic patterns are pre-programmed then the pattern, position and size are controlled by manual faders. Other patterns are generated by an Apple computer and more are recorded as data on tape. So the light show is in effect a free-form improvisation, using basic pattern building blocks.
Every sound engineer's tool kit should have one.
The Ursa Major Space Station is one of those basic sound processing tools every sound engineer needs. It's a reverberation system. A delay line. An echo generator. A voice enhancer. A stereo simulator. An incredibly versatile special effects device.
In fact, the Space Station will let you create an almost infinite variety of acoustic spaces and time-delay effects. And this versatility doesn't come at the expense of sound quality or ease of use—both are exceptional.
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URSA MAJOR, Inc.
How live is live?
The annual Battle of the Bands competition was sponsored this year by tape manufacturer TDK, which is not a bad PR move when you bear in mind the flack which the tape industry has been getting from the music industry. TDK chipped in over £80,000 and for six months helped audition 126 amateur rock bands, to select six for the final. This was held early in April at the Hammersmith Odeon, and the BBC taped it for later transmission. The winning band, Sugar Ray Five from Kent, walked off with £5,000 cash, a recording contract worth £5,000, a holiday in the South of France and an Akai reel-to-reel tape deck.
It's no joke getting six bands on and off stage to play just a few numbers each, especially when the whole thing is being videotaped and the audience is as ruly as a football crowd. But somehow everyone got by. The low spot of the evening was a guest appearance by top pop Shakatak. They came on, played two numbers to a decidedly unenthusiastic audience, and left. Some of the kids out front said they though the bands were miming. Others said it wasn't so. Why would the band have gone to all the trouble of wiring up their instruments, and miking up the drums if they weren't plugged in? Surely a professional guest star band booked to round off an amateur contest, and show the competing musicians how it's really done, doesn't mime to a tape? Well that's exactly what Shakatak did. And the same thing happened last year at the Battle of the Bands final, when Dollar mimed to tape for their top of the bill appearance.
TDK weren't happy. They thought Shakatak would be playing live. The competing groups were scornful. The firm Battle of the Bands Ltd that booked the guest group were embarrassed. "We booked them as live, it was intended to be a live guest spot," said BOTB. Shakatak's management had a different story to tell: "We said right from the beginning that we would not mimic or play to a machine. But three days before they said they thought we were doing it live. It cost £900 in studio time out at Shepherd's to pre-record two numbers. The only money we got for the appearance was from the BBC. We're not getting a bean from the Battle of the Bands."
The idea of a Battle of the Bands competition dates back to the swing era, when big jazz bands used to cut each other up on the stage of theatres like the Apollo in Harlem. I wonder what would have happened at the Apollo, up on 125th Street, if a band like Count Basie or Duke Ellington had made a guest appearance by sitting on stage and pretending to blow their instruments while a sound engineer played a disc recording? I doubt whether they would have got out alive.
Arrangements
Did you know that earlier this year there was almost one mother and father of a battle between the BBC, Music Publishers Association and Musicians' Union? The first visible sign was a memo out of Room 308, Langham Place, on January 28, 1983. With effect from February 1, it said, no one in the BBC could commission any new musical arrangements. The only 'new' music was to be note-for-note copies or amendments to existing arrangements. It stemmed from a dispute between the BBC and the MPA, and would have had the most disastrous effect on the livelihood of musicians working for the BBC.
Behind the scenes the MU bared its knuckles. The MPA saw that it was a case of put up or shut up—and subsequently shut up. So the memo went into the waste paper basket and confrontation was averted. As far as I know, news of this never leaked out of Broadcasting House into the popular press even though the BBC (as Harold Wilson once said in that memorable Dimbleby interview of which pirate tapes abound) "... is as leaky as an old battleship". The full story is complicated but interesting.
Arrangers have always had a bad deal. They breathe new life into old songs, convert the whistled doodlings of musical illiterates into pop hits, and make the most ordinary tunes sound memorable. The partnership between Miles Davis and Gil Evans was symbiotic. Puppet on a String, which sold millions round the world, would have been nothing without that Eurovision arrangement. When Midge Ure of Ultravox spent two days in the Mayfair Studio producing a synthesiser version of the Walker Brothers' No Regrets he didn't just copy the tune, he copied Steve Gray's arrangement as well. What do you remember about Gene Kelly's version of Singing in the Rain? It's the introduction to the title tune, not the tune itself. But usually the arranger gets nothing for his or her work, after an initial flat fee.
For instance Gil Evans never made any money from royalties on those Miles Davis records. I know, I asked him when he was in London recently for some concerts. "I could sure use a cheque from those records, once in a while," he said laconically.
In theory an arranger needs the composer's permission to make a new arrangement of an original composition. By tradition no one bothers to ask. But occasionally the composer puts a block on an arrangement. For instance Leonard Bernstein blocked use of his America tune by the pop group Nice, and the Holst estate blocked the import into Britain of Tomita's synthesiser adaptation of The Planets. To make life easy all round the BBC has, since the '40s, had a blanket licence from the Music Publishers Association to commission arrangements without seeking individual permission. Meanwhile the Musicians Union has been trying to persuade the Performing Rights Society to pay arrangers royalties for their work. This is the backdrop to the dispute that almost crippled the BBC early in 1983. The BBC is generally liked by arrangers because it's probably the only broadcasting station in the world that recognises copyright in arrangements.
The MPA suddenly told the BBC that in future it would have to assign the copyright in new arrangements to the copyright holder of the original work, ie the publisher. This pulled the rug from under the MU in its plan to get payment for arrangers' copyright. The MPA told the BBC that if it didn't play ball, it would terminate that old agreement which gives the BBC a blanket licence to commission new arrangements of existing works. In a panic the BBC bought time by sending out the memo blocking any new arrangements. It then had to decide whether to fight the MPA or the MU.
With memories of the last battle against the MU, two years ago, the BBC decided to take on the MPA instead. The MPA then decided not to take on the BBC and MU, at least not yet. It now remains to be seen whether they will try again.
Sensible levy?
The horse race betting levy is often cited by the record industry as an example of how a tape levy could work in practice. I see that the Department of Veterinary Medicine at Bristol University has just received a grant of £19,507 for a one-year study on 'the uterine tract defence mechanisms in the horse'. Presumably this means that Bristol scientists will be looking at ways of making horse breeding safer. As such, and I'm not being sarcastic, it seems an eminently sensible way of using money raised from a levy on horse racing bets. Let's hope that if the record industry does ever get away with a tax on tape, they'll use some of it in similarly sensible ways. Like, for instance, developing a low-noise anti-static vinyl mix for disc pressing.
BBC memories
The National Film Theatre in London recently ran a programme of films with a broadcasting slant, to mark the BBC's 60th anniversary. Death at Broadcasting House, made in 1934, is a fascinating insight into BH nearly 50 years ago. The BBC had very recently moved in (May 15, 1932) from Savoy Hill and the film is about a murder that takes place during the broadcasting of a murder play. A contemporary review said: "The picture is able to provide a number of interesting glimpses of Broadcasting House from the inside... various technicalities being admirably explained for the benefit of those unfamiliar with the workings of the BBC." There's a John Reith figure, tap dancing on radio, live sound effects and cue lights that go wrong. There are also some control desks, with rotary faders, that look suspiciously like some of the equipment still in use in corners of BH.
Unfortunately we never get to see the real star of the show, the Blattnerphone. This steel tape recorder was even then being used by the BBC to record programmes as they went out live for relay transmission to what was then the glorious British Empire. The plot of the film turns on a Blattnerphone recording of the murder most foul. It holds a vital clue, the sound of the murderer's watch. As the Blattnerphone had a sandpaper signal-to-noise ratio it's all a bit fanciful, but good fun. Unfortunately, and probably because the Blattnerphone was such an extraordinary-looking machine, the actors gather round a loudspeaker, not a real live Blattnerphone, to hear the playback denouement.
Death at Broadcasting House has been sold to TV and has already been transmitted once. If it's transmitted again anyone interested in radio history should make a point of watching. Note by the way that it cost only £16,000 to make, around half the average cost of a British feature film in those days.
As a public service let me at the same time warn you against BBC Droitwich, a short film made in the same year by famous documentary producer John Grierson. It's a film record of the BBC's first Long Wave transmitter, operating on 1500 metres. The NFT screened it along with Death at Broadcasting House. To be euphemistic I'd say it's probably the most boring film ever made in the history of the cinema, even for someone interested in the content. The commentary, by Stuart Hibberd, has all the excitement of a pregnant snail. So next time some pundit film buff goes starrry-eyed about John Grierson's contribution to film history, ask them if they've ever had the misfortune to sit through BBC Droitwich. Perhaps if our prisons get too overcrowded, judges could sentence football hooligans to several viewings of BBC Droitwich. That would teach them to behave.
End slow audio interlock with our Series 50 compact recorder/reproducers. They’re designed for demanding production applications like SMPTE control. Built smarter and stronger, with better electronics to make interlock and editing faster.
All three motors—the strongest we’ve ever put into a compact unit—are included in the microprocessor-controlled servo system for faster and smoother tape handling. Input from five independent photo interrupters and multiple tachs provide a more accurate detection of tension, tape speed and direction, improving external computer control. A single connector delivers all status and remote signals for editor/synchronizer interface and eliminates complicated wiring.
For non-sync recording, two built-in auto locators find critical cues with a single command. Tape location is presented in minutes and seconds, positive or negative.
For easy maintenance and service, all electrical and mechanical adjustments are made from the front and each audio channel is built on its own glass epoxy PCB.
The Series 50 recorder/reproducers are tougher and work harder than any compact machines we’ve ever produced. Tough enough to bring your audio editing up to speed.
For more information contact HARMON (AUDIO) U.K., Ltd., Mill Street, Slough, Berks, SL2 5DD, Phone (0753) 76911.
Copyright 1983—TEAC Corporation of America
WE JUST BROUGHT SMPTE CONTROLLED AUDIO EDITING UP TO SPEED.
TASCAM
TEAC Production Products
DESIGNED BY POPULAR COMPLAINT.
The start of this review it should be made quite clear that the recorder being reviewed is one of three prototype units, one having been made for each of the domestic (Japanese), USA and European markets. Bearing in mind that the recorder is suitable for mounting into a standard 19 in rack and only 17½ in high and 9 in deep behind the front panel, it is quite an achievement to get 16 tracks into a package this size. In fact the recorder arrived in a solid flight case which could readily be used for transport with no need to remove the recorder for use.
The basis of the tape transport is a ¼ in thick alloy plate which is mounted on to the fabricated steel frame which houses the complete recorder, the rack mounting ears bolting on to alloy bars which are in turn secured to the main plate. Both reels are driven directly from the spooling motors with height adjustment being provided for the solid alloy reel hold-downs which work on a combined spring and cam arrangement. This provides a positive hold-down, but whilst providing a good grip for locking the spools, the large diameter outer locking rings are not suitable for 'rock and roll' editing as they easily unlock the spools.
A single solenoid operates the band brakes which are rather weak in action leading to very slow stopping of the reels on tape run-out but strong enough to bring the tape to a gentle halt if power failed in the fast wind modes. From either spool the tape passes to a spring loaded arm equipped with a twin ball bearing guide. The positions of the arms are sensed optically to control tape tension which was sensibly set at 150 g for take-up and remained remarkably constant without any tape snatchling when changing modes.
On the pay-off side the tape then passes to a large diameter roller which is pre-loaded with twin ball bearings, this being followed by the optical tape presence sensor and the headblock area. The head area comprises an alloy plate which mounts on to four posts on the main deck plate, this secondary plate supporting three fixed edge guides and the third plate from which the heads are suspended. In the tape path following the first fixed guide there is a position for an extra head followed by a solenoid operated tape lifter pin and a large diameter fixed guide post which has azimuth adjustment. This is followed by an edge guide which is adjustable in height, before the ferrite erase head which is followed by the second tape lifter pin, the record/replay head and the final edge guide.
Azimuth adjustment of the record/replay head and zenith adjustment of the erase head was by screws opposing spring loading, the springs being rather weak.
Perhaps surprisingly these days the capstan is belt driven from the capstan servo motor, the capstan shaft having a 12 mm diameter sleeve at the tape end and a flywheel at the other end. Engagement of the pinch roller is from a solenoid via a spring-loaded linkage.
After the capstan, the tape passes over a large diameter rubber-covered roller which is equipped with an optical tachometer working on a strobe disc on its underside. This is used to drive the electronic tape timer.
A mechanical tape lifter defeat is provided for listening in the fast modes, but this contraption was rather crude in action and flimsy. Also fitted is a retractable headshield which slides up through the casting to cover the record/replay head.
Below the tape transport a thin full width panel contains the power on/off pushbutton followed by the 16 record/ready buttons, a single input monitor all/individual button and a pitch control on/off button which activates a geared dual concentric pitch control. Both the input monitor button and the pitch control button have nearby red warning LEDs which flash with individual track selection and pitch control in.
Beneath this panel an orange transparent strip has track identifications and red record ready LEDs under each record switch, the LEDs flashing in record ready and being constantly illuminated in the record state. Further to the right is the tape timer which operated in minutes and seconds in real tape time giving indications of ±99 m 59 s relative to timer zero which can be reset by the adjacent set zero button.
To the bottom of the machine the metering takes the form of vertical LED bar type VU meters aligned under their associated record ready buttons and LEDs. Indications of +6, +3, +2 and +1 VU are in red LEDs with green LEDs showing 0, −1, −2, −4, −7, −10, −15 and −20 VU.
To the right of the meter panel a small panel contains six momentary pushbutton switches which provide a return-to-zero function in addition to the normal transport controls which are fully interlocked. Entering the record ready mode flashes a red warning LED which becomes steadily illuminated when any track is in record. Punching in and out of record is possible on the fly without stopping the tape.
The 16 audio electronics boards plug into a full width mother board through the base of the recorder such that access to most of the preset controls is through holes underneath the VU meter panel at the front of the recorder, the panel being hinged at its bottom so that it folds down. These controls consist of an erase level inductor and skeleton presets for bias, record equalisation, record level, replay equalisation and replay calibration. Further potentiometers for meter calibration are on the bottom end of the boards.
With the exception of the power supplies, most of the remaining electronics are on a single board.
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Advanced Music Systems
England: Tel. (0282) 36943
U.S.A.
Harris Sound (Los Angeles)
Tel. (213) 469 3500
Audio & Design (North West)
Tel. (206) 275 5009
Trident (North East)
Tel. (203) 357 8337
Australia A.M.S. (Aust) Pty Ltd Sydney
Switzerland ABQ Zurich
Norway Pro Teknikk A/S Oslo
Canada Octopus Audio Toronto
Japan Continental Far East Inc Tokyo
Spain Singleton Productions Barcelona
Hong Kong Audio Consultants Kowloon
France Etaerie S.P.R. Paris
W. Germany Elmus GmbH Berlin
Italy Professional Espri Milan
Denmark SLT Copenhagen
Holland Audio Script Zoondrecht
Sweden Soundtrade Solna
New Zealand Vides Auckland
which occupies the full width of the rear of the recorder and hinges down to give access to the tape transport. This board has 11 preset controls which mainly deal with tape tension and speed. All components were clearly identified and ample test points made obviously available for alignment.
Further features to the rear of the unit include the fixed power cable and phono sockets for the unbalanced audio inputs and outputs. Multiway ribbon cable type connectors are provided for the remote control unit and for remote metering, it being possible to remove the VU meter panel and use it remotely.
A slide switch at the rear identified as noise reduction internal/external switches the Dolby C internal noise reduction in/out. It is rather surprising that this facility is at the rear and that there is no front panel indication of the noise reduction status. Finally a \( \frac{1}{4} \) inch jack socket at the rear, identified as 'punch in/out', allows remote entry into the record mode by means of a single-pole switch.
Overall the standard of construction was good from both an electrical and mechanical point of view having regard to its intended applications. Access for servicing was excellent with all printed circuit boards having sockets or ribbon cable connectors.
**Remote control unit**
This very neat unit (whd 210 × 180 × 30 mm) connects to the recorder by about 8 m of multiway cable.
Within the unit all the transport controls and the tape timer with its reset button are duplicated and permanently active, together with a cue button and repeat button which makes the recorder cycle between timer zero and the time when the cue button was last pressed.
Pressing the 'remote' button on the control unit activates its remaining functions which include its own set of record ready buttons and warning LEDs plus an input monitor button allowing input monitoring of all or individual tracks as on the recorder with a warning LED.
**Inputs and outputs**
As received, replaying a fluxivity of 320 nWb/m gave an output of −6 dBm from all tracks with or without the Dolby C noise reduction in circuit, this level corresponding to +1 VU. The replay level control allowed a maximum output of +1 dBm for 320 nWb/m from a source impedance of 200 Ω.
In the record chain the minimum level to record 320 nWb/m on Ampex 456 tape could be set to −14 dBm, both level controls being of the full range type. The impedance at the unbalanced input was 34.9 kΩ varying slightly with the sensitivity setting.
The record electronics were capable of driving +15 dB relative to 320 nWb/m on Ampex 456 tape, a reasonable margin, with the replay electronics clipping at +8 dB.7 V output corresponding to +14 dB relative to 320 nWb/m—a rather tight margin here.
In the input monitor mode the frequency response from the inputs to the outputs was as shown in Fig 1 with a −3 dB point at 27 kHz followed by a sensible and rapid roll-off.
**Frequency response**
The replay frequency response as found was checked with a calibration tape to the CCIR 35 μs standard on three channels which were found to be effectively identical. The results obtained are shown in Table 1.
For some reason the alignment instructions recommend a 0.7 dB boost at 10 kHz relative to 1 kHz and these results certainly confirm this high frequency boost. The available range of the replay equalisers is shown in Fig 2, the range being far wider than necessary making adjustment rather critical. The opposite was true of the record equalisers which had a completely unsatisfactory range within the audio band as shown in Fig 3.
The recommended method of biasing is to bias for optimum frequency response, a practice which does not meet with my approval as it does not optimise bias for distortion performance or modulation noise. Checking the bias as supplied showed this to result in an overbias of only 1.5 dB at 10 kHz.
The number of tracks in record had no significant effect on overall bias levels but inter-track leakage at the erase head lowered a 10 kHz tone on an adjacent track by 0.4 dB.
Fig 4 shows the overall record/replay frequency response with Dolby C off at various levels with respect to a fluxivity of 320 nWb/m, Fig 5 being the same with the Dolby C switched into circuit. In both cases the low frequency response is remarkably good with no sign of long wavelength ripples.
As expected switching the Dolby into circuit
---
**TABLE 1**
| Frequency | Replay | Equaliser |
|-----------|--------|------------|
| 31.5 Hz | +0.2 dB | 4 kHz | +0.4 dB |
| | +1.2 dB | 6.3 kHz | +0.8 dB |
| 63 Hz | +1.0 dB | 8 kHz | +1.4 dB |
| 125 Hz | −1.4 dB | 10 kHz | −0.4 dB |
| 250 Hz | −0.5 dB | 12.5 kHz | +1.6 dB |
| 500 Hz | −0.1 dB | 14 kHz | +1.4 dB |
| 1 kHz | 0 dB | 16 kHz | +1.0 dB |
| 2 kHz | +0.1 dB | 18 kHz | 0 dB |
---
**FIG. 1 FOSTEX B-16 FREQUENCY RESPONSE INPUT TO OUTPUT, LINE IN**
**FIG. 2 FOSTEX B-16 REPLAY EQUALISER**
**FIG. 3 FOSTEX B-16 RECORD EQUALISER RANGE**
re-stating the Art
HILL AUDIO LTD
HOLLINGBOURNE HOUSE
HOLLINGBOURNE
MAIDSTONE
KENT
062-780 555
HILL AUDIO INC
231 MARQUIS COURT
LILBURN
GA 30247
USA
www.americanradiohistory.com
increases frequency response errors, but the effect was minimal with little mis-tracking of the Dolby circuits.
**Distortion and noise**
The maximum output level for 3% third harmonic distortion at 1 kHz was measured on several tracks as was the third harmonic distortion at a fluxivity of 320 nWb/m; the results being consistent at +9.5 dB reference 320 nWb/m and 0.4% respectively with zero VU being sensibly set at about 12 dB below the MOF.
Noise was measured in several outputs with and without tape which had been recorded without an audio input to show the margin between machine and tape noise, both with and without the Dolby C in circuit with the results shown in Table 2 which relate noise to a fluxivity of 320 nWb/m.
With the exception of track 1 which was sensitive to hum there were only small differences between tracks, the above being the average of a number of tracks. As is only to be expected, the cramming of 16 tracks on to 1/8 in tape creates noise problems due to the very narrow tracks. However, the inclusion of the Dolby C circuits more than compensates for the narrow tracks and offers a remarkably good performance.
In the input monitor mode there was no problem with noise which was well clear on the machine replay noise.
Recording and reproducing a 1 kHz square-wave gave the overshoot shown in Fig 6 with or without the Dolby circuits active, there being a degree of overshoot also in the input monitor mode.
**Crosstalk and erasure**
Adjacent channel replay crosstalk without the Dolby C is show in Fig 7 plotted by recording the output from channel 6 whilst replaying a frequency sweep on channel 5, the performance being generally good and of course far better with the Dolby C circuit.
Crosstalk in the sync mode was again evaluated without the Dolby in action. Fig 8 shows the crosstalk outputs from channels 6, 7, 8 and 9 whilst simultaneously recording channel 5. By any standards this is a good performance.
Erasure of a 1 kHz tone with Dolby was better than 90 dB, being around 73/74 dB without Dolby which is an acceptable level.
**Wow, flutter, speed and phase**
The IEC weighted quasi-peak wow and flutter was measured at the beginning, middle and end of a full 2400 ft reel of tape and found to be generally 0.05% at the beginning and middle or 0.06% at the end of the reel. However, whilst this applied with the machine horizontal or vertical, repeated stopping and starting could lock the machine into 0.08% wow and flutter with the modulation corresponding to the capstan diameter at about 8.3 Hz. Hopefully this is a defect in the review machine only.
Speed drift from one end of a reel to the other was good at 0.1% with the speed being stable within this limit. The variable speed control offered +20% to -15% speed variation with accurate setting being possible with the geared drive to the potentiometer.
The record and subsequent spectrum analysis of a 10 kHz tone produced Fig 9 which demonstrates freedom from discrete modulation sidebands but random flutter components.
Similarly recording and replaying a 10 kHz tone on tracks 1 and 16 gave the minimal phase jitter shown in Fig 10 where the vertical scale is
---
**TABLE 2 Reference level (320 nWb/m) to noise**
| Measurement method | Dolby | No tape | No Dolby | Dolby | No Dolby |
|-----------------------------|-------|---------|----------|-------|----------|
| 22 Hz to 22 kHz RMS | 57.6 dB | -56.0 dB | -56.0 dB | -50.5 dB |
| A-weighted RMS | -76.0 dB | -63.0 dB | -72.0 dB | -56.0 dB |
| CCR-weighted RMS | -74.0 dB | -56.0 dB | -67.5 dB | -48.0 dB |
| CCR-weighted quasi-peak | -70.0 dB | -52.0 dB | -63.0 dB | -44.0 dB |
| CCR-ARM ref 2 kHz | -81.5 dB | -63.0 dB | -74.0 dB | -54.5 dB |
---
**FIG 4**
FOSTEX B-16
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AT DIFFERING LEVELS, DOLBY OFF
**FIG 5**
FOSTEX B-16
FREQUENCY RESPONSE AT DIFFERING LEVELS, DOLBY ON
---
**REVIEWED IN MAY 1981 ISSUE**
**DISC PLAYBACK**
Optimum performance from any cartridge
**STEREO DISC AMPLIFIER 3**
Line level RIAA equalised outputs from moving magnet cartridge inputs.
**MOVING COIL PREAMPLIFIER**
A preamplifier for all low impedance cartridges
Used by broadcasters and recording studios throughout the world.
Please ring or write for extensive specification leaflets.
Dominus
P.O. Box 1, Cranleigh, Surrey GU6 7JF. Tel. 0483 276477
Development of the Auditronics Model PPEQ-1 Programmable Parametric Equalizer marks another milestone in the evolution of master equalization. Carefully designed to provide the flexibility and expediency demanded by today's production methods, the PPEQ-1 is a totally new concept.
Each equalizer is a self-contained unit, and up to four mono or stereo tracking equalizer units may be mounted in a compact 19" equipment rack mounting package. Each unit includes three bands of equalization with variable frequency, variable boost/cut, variable Q, peak/shelf selection on the high and low bands, and a separate in/out switch for each band. An overload indicator is provided, and all parameters are accessible and visually indicated on all bands at all times. 32 on-board non-volatile memories are included, along with the ability to interrogate and display the complete contents of any memory at any time without affecting current program material.
Interface to computers or editors for external sequencing or programming as well as a full function remote control are available. The PPEQ-1, advanced technology from Auditronics.
Feldon Audio
The First Name in Sound Equipment Sales
Feldon Audio · 126 Great Portland Street, London W1N 5PH · Telephone: 01 580 4314 · Telex: London 28668
www.americanradiohistory.com
only 2°/division and the horizontal scale 0.5 s/div.
**Other matters**
Whilst the level meters are identified as VU meters their performance is nothing like a genuine VU meter. The rectifier characteristics were like a peak rectifier with the rise time to −1 dB being 80 ms and the fall time to −10 dB 500 ms.
Generally the machine worked very smoothly and was very practical to operate, but in the vertical position the spool hold-downs would benefit from a more positive grip on the spools. Also the heatsink on the top of the machine ran rather hot, but we understand that the manufacturer is modifying the overall cooling arrangements.
The return to zero function and repeat (cue) functions tended to overshoot zero by about 0.5 s and to be rather slow to find the stopping place. Also for some reason the search for zero function was not disabled until stop or some other command had been given.
The remote control unit was particularly nicely contrived and small enough to be conveniently located on the desk.
**Summary**
This is an ambitious recorder which provides a fully-portable machine with a 16-track capability. The use of Dolby C noise reduction compensates for the narrow track width inherent in putting 16 tracks on ½ in tape.
Clearly the machine is made to a price but the standard of construction is sensible with good access to all components including the alignment controls.
A limitation is that there is a single record/replay head making alignment of the record electronics rather tiresome and in some circumstances making crosstalk potential something that requires extra thought.
Bearing in mind that the review machine was a prototype I trust that the manufacturer will take note of the few criticisms that I have raised as this is a machine with great potential.
**Hugh Ford**
**Manufacturer's Comment**
1. Prototype reel clamps were supplied with the machine. The production version locks the reels tightly, eliminating chatter and allowing easy rock and roll editing.
2. The output headroom is determined by the Dolby IC used. The highest output version has been selected for the B-16; +14 dB above 320 nWb is considered ample.
3. The playback equalisation range has been reduced to +5/−10 dB at 10 kHz. The record equalisation range is intentionally limited, to prevent serious misalignment.
4. The 'VU' meters are, in fact, peak reading bargraph types. The panel graphics have been corrected in accordance with this.
5. Response discrepancies on track 1 are not characteristic of the B-16 record/replay production head.
6. There are, in fact, three 'stop' modes. As well as the 'return to zero' mode, there are both brake locked and shuttle modes. These latter two are selected by successive operation of the stop key.
7. Inclusion of only one head is a cost consideration.
Consistent with Fairlight's policy of always offering the musician a choice, the CMI offers no less than three compositional programs - a real-time multitrack sequencer (Page 9), a non-real time music composition language (MCL) and the revolutionary Rhythm Sequencer. Each specifically designed to suit different styles and methods of composition. Together they are probably the most complete compositional package available today.
The Real Time Multitrack Sequencer records performances from the CMI's six octave dynamic keyboards together with all expressive nuances from either the keys or the six real time controllers. The recorder is organised in such a way that there is no limit to the number of tracks that may be laid down or overdubbed, and total storage capacity is in excess of 50,000 notes. After recording, each track may be easily 'patched' to any of the CMI's voice channels, allowing orchestration and arrangements, even while the music is replaying.
MCL is a non-real time composition language that allows all the parameters of a composition to be specified from the alphanumeric keyboard. Designed primarily to allow non-keyboard players to record music within the CMI, great attention has been paid to the expressive control of each sound. Powerful editing facilities allow any part of the score to be located and changed as necessary. MCL incorporates an error detection program that assists the composer by pinpointing any error he might have made while entering the music.
The Rhythm Sequencer, which has caused more excitement amongst CMI users than any other single development, allows real-time composition of complex rhythmic phrases which may then be combined to form complete songs. After specifying a phrase length eight separate channels of sound may be combined while that phrase is looping. The interactive program displays notes on the screen as they are played. All pitch, timing and dynamic information is recorded and an adjustable time correction facility will correct any playing inaccuracies. The Rhythm Sequencer may also be used in non-real time using a combination of the keyboard and the lightpen.
Each channel in the CMI benefits from a separate audio output allowing it to be independently equalised and echoed; the complete composition may then be recorded onto tape in one take. With the use of the analog interface, a hardware/software peripheral for the CMI, that musical information may be extracted as voltages and used to control up to eight analog synthesisers simultaneously.
If you are a composer you will find the CMI one of the most creative tools you have ever used. If you're not, we have a feeling that very soon you will be.
For further information on the CMI please contact:
Syco Systems Ltd, 20 Conduit Place,
London W2
Telephone: 01-724 2451.
Telex: 22278 Syco G.
**MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICATION**
**Common to all units**
- **Input impedance**: balanced 25 kΩ, unbalanced 185 kΩ.
- **Output impedance**: 22 Ω designed to drive 600 Ω or more.
- **Maximum input level**: +24 dBm.
- **Maximum output level**: +24 dBm into 600 Ω or more.
- **Frequency response** 20 Hz to 20 kHz, +0/−1 dB.
- **Dimensions**: (wdh) 1½ × 5¼ × 9½ in (except 906 flanger which is 3 in wide).
**Model 902 de-esser**
- **Total harmonic distortion**: less than 0.02% at 1 kHz.
- **Equivalent input noise**: −82 dBm, 20 Hz to 20 kHz bandwidth unweighted.
- **Attack rate**: programme-dependent—to achieve 63% gain reduction, 2 ms for 10 dB spectrum shift above threshold and 600 μs for 20 dB spectrum above threshold.
- **Release rate**: 925 dB/s.
- **De-essing range**: operates uniformly over input of −40 to +24 dBm without requiring adjustment.
- **Maximum 'less' attenuation**: variable, 0 dB to >20 dB.
- **De-ess crossover point**: variable, 800 Hz to 8 kHz.
- **Filter type**: 12 dB/octave lowpass, 6 dB/octave derived highpass, phase-coherent.
- **Gain**: unity.
- **Controls**: frequency, range.
- **Switches**: infinite mode (HF only/normal).
- **Metering**: LED column, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20 dB gain reduction.
- **Power requirements**: ±15 V regulated at 60 mA, +24 V unregulated at 30 mA.
**Model 903 compressor**
- **Distortion**: at infinite-compression, 1 kHz, 0 dBm, typically 0.05% 2nd harmonic and 0.2% 3rd harmonic.
- **Equivalent input noise**: −88 dBm, 20 Hz to 20 kHz unweighted.
- **Attack rate**: programme-dependent—to achieve 63% gain reduction, measured in the infinite-compression region of the over easy curve, 15 ms for 10 dB above threshold and 5 ms for 20 dB above threshold.
- **Release rate**: 20 dB/s.
- **Threshold**: variable from −40 dBm to +20 dBm (7.75 mV to 7.75 V).
- **Compression ratio**: variable from 1:1 through infinity.
- **Output gain**: variable, −20 dB to +20 dB.
- **Detector input impedance**: balanced 250 kΩ, unbalanced 185 kΩ.
- **Controls**: threshold, ratio, output.
- **Switches**: in/out.
- **Metering**: LED column, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 dB gain reduction.
- **Power requirements**: ±15 V regulated at 60 mA, +24 V unregulated at 30 mA.
**Model 904 noise gate**
- **Total harmonic distortion**: <0.02% at 1 kHz.
- **Equivalent input noise**: −82 dBm, 20 Hz to 20 kHz bandwidth unweighted.
- **Attack rate**: variable, 500 dB/ms to 2.5 dB/ms.
**Release rate**: variable, 2.5 dB/ms to 22 dB/s.
- **Threshold**: variable, −40 dB to +10 dB (7.75 mV to 7.75 V).
- **Expansion ratio**: variable, 1.5:1 to 5:1.
- **Maximum attenuation**: more than 60 dB.
- **Key input impedance**: balanced 250 kΩ, unbalanced 185 kΩ.
- **Controls**: attenuation limit, ratio, threshold, attack, release.
- **Switches**: in/out, PLM, key.
- **Metering**: LED column, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60 dB gain reduction.
- **Power requirements**: ±15 V regulated at 60 mA, ±24 V unregulated at 30 mA.
**Model 905 parametric equaliser**
- **Total harmonic distortion**: under any boost or cut condition, less than 0.03% at 1 kHz.
- **Equivalent input noise**: −88 dBm, 20 Hz to 20 kHz bandwidth unweighted.
- **Filter type**: each band symmetrical peak/dip, each switchable to notch mode, high and low bands switchable to symmetrical shelving.
- **Center frequencies**: low band 20 to 500 Hz, middle band 200 Hz to 5 kHz, high band 800 Hz to 20 kHz.
- **Range**: ±15 dB peak or shelved.
- **Notch attenuation**: more than 40 dB at maximum Q, 60 dB minimum attenuation (typically −70 dB).
- **Controls**: frequency, Q, boost/cut (each band).
- **Switches**: in/out, shelving (two bands), 'infinite' notch (all bands).
- **Metering**: LED overload indicator, monitors all critical circuitry points.
- **Power requirements**: ±15 V regulated at 100 mA, ±24 V unregulated at 30 mA.
**Model F-900 powered frame**
- **Power requirements**: 100, 120, 220, 240 V AC, 50/60 Hz ±10% externally switchable at rear panel.
- **Power consumption**: 40 W nominal.
- **Connectors**: input/output, barrier terminal, power output and input, 6-pin Jones female, +24 V, +15 V DC.
- **Module capacity**: eight operational bays, one spare.
- **Power supply current capacity**: >1.0 A, ±15 V DC regulated, 0.5 A, +24 V DC unregulated.
- **Switches/indicators**: illuminated power switch.
- **Weight**: 16.6 lb.
- **Dimensions**: (wdh) 19 × 5¼ × 14 in.
- **Manufacturer**: dbx Inc, 71 Chapel Street, Newton, MA 02159, USA.
- **UK**: dbx Ltd, Sound Equipment Ltd, 97/99 Dean Street, London W1V 5RA.
The F-900 frame contains a power supply (an unpowered version being available) to the right of the rack mounting unit which is three rack units in height. Constructed 1.0m strong alloy sides and cross members the rack forms a stable frame for the power supply and modules. It has two eight operational and one spare single width modules which fit into card guides and plug into printed circuit sockets on a mother board. This connects to the power supply which is fixed in the frame and to multiway rear connectors. These in turn connect to the rear panel which has eight 10-way barrier strips, one for each operational module. In addition, a 6-way Jones socket on the rear panel gives access to the nominal +24 V and ±15 V power supply rails.
The power input is via a combined IEC connector, fuse holder and tap changer with an on/off illuminated switch being fitted to the front of the power supply module to the right of the unit. Although the 24 V supplies are unstabilised giving +22.98 and −22.60 V at 240 V input the ±15 V supplies are stabilised giving +14.88 and −14.99 V with mains inputs down to less than 200 V with very good regulation.
In addition to being able to accept the dbx 4/1 noise reduction modules the 900 series signal
We listened to you—now we would like you to listen to us.
The dbx 160 was one of the world's best selling compressors, but still there were a few areas you wanted improved; stereo linking, mounting, clearer meters, easier rack selectable compression characteristics.
We listened and the result is the 160X.
At last a rival for the SCM 762
The new Soundcraft SCM 760
For three years now, the SCM 762 multitrack from Soundcraft has been in a field on its own.
No one else has been able to produce a 24 track machine with as many professional features, with the same Soundcraft quality, and for anything like our price.
So it was up to us to improve on our own standards. Like fitting the interchangeable 16/24 track headblock as standard, and incorporating an improved servo control. The new welded steel frame gives extra strength and durability too, while the machine is still transportable enough to move around wherever you need it.
Yet you can still buy the SCM 760 for less than you’d pay for a second hand model of any other multitrack. And that makes Soundcraft the all round winners for 24 track recording – every time.
Soundcraft
Soundcraft Electronics Limited, 5-8 Great Sutton Street, London, EC1V 0BX, England. Tel: 01-251 3631. Telex: 21198.
Soundcraft Electronics USA, 1517 20th. Street, Santa Monica, California 90404. Tel: (213) 453 4591. Telex: 664923.
processors are designed for the frame. At the time of writing these include 902 de-esser, 903 compressor, 904 noise gate, 905 parametric equaliser plus the 906 flanger and 907 stereo gated compressor slave which are not included in this review.
**902 de-esser**
The 902 de-esser is a single-channel device with the minimum of front panel controls and five internal preset potentiometers.
At the top of the front panel is a locking pushbutton in/out switch which when in the 'out' position connects the input directly to the output—this could cause confusion when using the input balanced as the output is unbalanced when the unit is in circuit. Both this switch and the similar 'HF only' switch beneath it have associated warning LEDs. The latter switch allows gain reduction when de-essing to be either wide band or in the high frequency spectrum alone.
To the left of these switches a vertical array of 10 LEDs indicate the current amount of gain reduction in 1 dB steps up to 4 dB and then 6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20 dB.
The remaining controls are two potentiometers one of which selects the amount of compression irrespective of the absolute input level, such that the de-essing function depends upon the spectrum of the input signal rather than the absolute level.
The second potentiometer selects the frequency over which the de-essing function will become operative, this control covering 800 Hz to 8 kHz.
**Inputs and outputs**
The balanced input was found to have an impedance of 21.9 kΩ in the balanced connection or 10.9 kΩ when operating unbalanced. In both cases the input could handle +25 dBm before the onset of serious distortion. Common mode rejection was better than 80 dB up to 2 kHz falling to 65 dB at 20 kHz.
At the unbalanced output the source impedance was low at 22 Ω with a drive capability of +24.9 dBm into 600 Ω which matches the maximum input level as the maximum gain is unity.
Finally there is the control voltage output which varies with the amount of compression from 0 V for zero compression to 1 V for 20 dB compression with a law of 20 mV/dB. The source impedance of this output was very low and less than 1 Ω with the compression indicators being accurate to within 0.2 dB over the full range.
**Frequency response**
The overall frequency response when not de-essing is shown in Fig 1 where the low frequency roll off is -1 dB at 30 Hz which is slightly on the high side, there not being any effective high frequency roll-off. The effective frequency response when de-essing depended upon the front panel frequency setting and the setting of the 'HF only' switch. This performance was assessed by applying a high frequency tone to initiate de-essing and then sweeping the frequency of a very low level tone whilst tracking the output with a selective filter.
The result with the 'HF only' switch in and out is shown in Fig 2. In the 'HF only' setting the response is flat as when de-essing is not operative but with gain reduction. With the 'HF only' function in circuit the high frequency response depends upon the setting of the frequency
**TABLE 1**
| Measurement method | Output noise (dBm) |
|-------------------------------------|--------------------|
| 22 Hz to 22 kHz RMS | –79.3 dBm |
| ARM ref 1 kHz RMS | –83.3 dBm |
| CCIR-weighted RMS ref 1 kHz | –74.5 dBm |
| CCIR-weighted quasi-peak ref 1 kHz | –70.3 dBm |
| CCIR-weighted ARM ref 2 kHz | –81.2 dBm |
control the effect of the frequency control being shown in Fig 3.
**Noise**
Noise in the output appeared to remain constant with the amount of compression with no resulting noise breathing, the output noise being identical to the effective noise at the input at the maximum gain of unity.
No power line hum or other undesirable effects were found in the output noise which was as shown in Table 1.
**Distortion**
Whilst the third harmonic distortion remained below 0.02% from 20 Hz to 20 kHz irrespective of level below clipping and control functions the second harmonic was affected to a large extent by the input configuration and input level.
The effect on second harmonic distortion of grounding the positive or negative inputs is shown in Fig 4 at +10 dBm input level the distortion with the negative input grounded increasing by 10 dB at +20 dBm output. When operating balanced the second harmonic was satisfactory and the same as when operating with the positive input grounded.
**Other matters**
The de-essing function became operative at input levels above –40 dBm being self-adjusting up to...
the maximum input level. Indication of the gain reduction was very rapid in action with the attack and release times depending upon the programme content with the attack time being as fast as 10 µs.
The subjective effect of the de-esser was generally very good without objectionable clicks etc. However, when operating in the wide band mode, not surprisingly, some nasty subjective effects could be obtained. This is not, however, a criticism of the de-esser itself.
903 compressor
The front panel controls of the compressor comprise three potentiometers and a pushbutton in/out switch with its associated LED indicator, there being eight preset potentiometers on the printed circuit board.
One front panel potentiometer sets the threshold between -40 dB and +20 dB with calibrations at -20 dB and 0 dB with a second control setting the output level between -20 dB and +20 dB with calibrations at zero and ±10 dB. The third control is the ratio control which provides ratios from 1:1 to infinity to one then to 1:1.
The amount of gain reduction is indicated by a vertical row of 10 red LEDs which operate at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 dB gain reductions.
Whilst little information was available on the unit it is understood to use true RMS detection in conjunction with a feed forward type limiter. Gain control detector inputs and outputs allow ganging of compressors for stereo use.
Inputs and outputs
The balanced input was found to have an impedance of 19.9 kΩ in the balanced mode or 9.94 kΩ in the unbalanced mode, being able to accept up to +25.6 dBm in either mode. Common mode rejection was better than 70 dB up to 1 kHz as shown in Fig 5.
At the unbalanced output the impedance was adequately low at 22 Ω with the drive capability being +26.5 dBV into a high impedance or +25.8 dBm loaded into 600 Ω.
With no compression or expansion in action the front panel gain control varied the gain from +19.8 dB to -19.5 dB with reasonably accurate calibrations.
The control voltage output varied from 0 V at zero gain reduction to nominally +2 V at 40 dB gain reduction with a constant law of 0.05 V/dB and a very low source impedance less than 1 Ω.
Frequency response
The frequency response from the input to the output when not compressing or limiting is shown to be very flat within the audio band in Fig 6 and to remain sensibly flat when compressing 20, 30 and 40 dB as shown in Fig 7. The slight rise in the low frequency response increased below 20 Hz which is probably a sensible feature stopping very low frequency input excursions affecting the gain.
In all other circumstances the frequency
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72-74 EVERSHOLT STREET LONDON NW1
Tel: 01-388 5392
response remained flat irrespective of the compression ratio or limiting threshold.
**Noise**
Noise in the output appeared to decrease slightly with gain reduction in action, but not to a measurable extent. However, noise varied in a not wholly logical manner with the setting of the output level control as shown in Table 2.
**Distortion**
Second and third harmonic distortion with no compression in action at +10 dBm input and output is shown in Fig 8 which remained similar in the balanced and unbalanced input configurations. At lower input levels the third harmonic changed little but the second harmonic dropped up to 10 dB giving a good performance.
With compression in action the low frequency distortion increased as might be reasonably expected, the results with 2:1 compression of 10 dB being respectable as shown in Fig 9.
Intermodulation distortion to the CCIF twin tone method was good with or without compression in action with the second order component remaining at 0.03% with or without compression up to 20 kHz and the third order component remaining at less than 0.3% under all conditions.
**Thresholds and compression**
The actual threshold of compression depended upon the setting of the threshold control in addition to the setting of the compression law with the measured onset of compression being as given in Table 3 for various control settings.
This downward shift in threshold is further shown in Fig 10 where the input level is plotted against the output level for 0 dB threshold and output setting at compression laws of 1:1, 2:1, ∞:1 and −1:1.
**Attack and release times**
Both the attack and the release times very much depended upon the programme content with typical release times of 10 ms to 63% for a 10 dB compression or 2 ms for a 40 dB compression.
At all frequencies the unit appeared to behave well without serious distortion even under unlikely conditions, the subjective performance always being good. The gain reduction indicators were accurate and fast in operation giving a useful indication for gain reductions as short as 10 μs.
**904 noise gate**
Like the other units in this series the noise gate has an in/out pushbutton (with a warning LED) which bypasses the unit in a direct wired mode. Two further locking pushbuttons with adjacent LEDs are fitted. One of these, the ‘key’ button, allows external control of the gating action via a balanced rear panel input, disconnecting the internal gating mechanism. The second “PLM” of programmed latch mode button is associated with a dual colour red/green LED.
In the PLM mode the unit waits with the red LED illuminated whilst attenuating by the amount shown on the LED attenuation level display. Once the input signal exceeds the preset threshold the green LED becomes illuminated and the gate latches into the linear (no gain reduction) mode until the unit is reset.
This is a useful feature for keeping a channel muted and free from noise or crosstalk until the wanted programme starts, whereupon the channel is latched open without any form of compression or gating.
The current gain reduction is indicated on a vertical array of 10 red LEDs showing 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50 dB gain reduction. Four further front panel controls are fitted in the form of potentiometers, there being four sealed internal pre-set potentiometers. The upper potentiometer sets the maximum attenuation with calibrations at 10 dB intervals from 0 dB.
The Home Office took two years to approve it.
Most artists take less than two minutes.
“I really had to work just to get a tiny bit of hiss out of the thing.”
Craig Anderton
Modern Recording and Music
March 1983
“Superb Sonic Accuracy”
– 88dB S/N Ratio with superb sonic accuracy – quiet, good definition, no noticeable glitches or artifacts, and a clean high end
“The Korg SDD-3000 is the closest I’ve heard yet to being truly noise-free”
Hearing is believing! The new SDD-3000 programmable digital delay from Korg is a remarkable piece of professional equipment, with excellent features and reasonable cost.
Write for further information and details of the nearest specialist Korg Key Centre where the SDD-3000 is on demonstration.
Distributed in the UK and Eire by:
Rose Morris and Company Limited,
32 – 34 Gordon House Road, London NW5 1NE
down to $-60$ dB. The second potentiometer sets the compression ratio of the attenuation from 1.5:1 to 5:1 below the threshold set on the third potentiometer between +10 dB and $-40$ dB with calibrations every 10 dB.
The fourth control takes the form of a dual concentric potentiometer for setting the attack and release times. These are uncalibrated with the specified attack being between .500 and 2.5 dB/ms and release between 2.5 dB/ms and 22 dB/s.
**Inputs and outputs**
The electronically balanced input was found to have an impedance of 21.9 kΩ in the balanced mode or 10.9 kΩ in the unbalanced mode with a signal-handling capability of +25.1 dBm in either mode. Common mode rejection was 52 dB up to 10 kHz decreasing to 51 dB at 20 kHz.
At the unbalanced output the source impedance was adequately low at 22 Ω with a drive capability of +25.4 dBV into a high impedance of +25.1 dBm loaded into 600 Ω with the gain from input to output being +0.2 dB.
The control voltage output had a linear law per dB gain reduction of 50 mV/dB from a relatively low impedance with the gain reduction indicators being adequately accurate.
The balanced key input was found to have an impedance of 226 kΩ in the balanced mode or 194 kΩ when operating unbalanced. The effective ‘sensitivity’ of the key input was identical to that of the normal audio input so far as the threshold setting was concerned.
So far as the degree of compression was concerned the effective frequency response of the key input was identical to that of the normal audio input. The possibility of triggering the PLM (programmed latch mode) from the key input offers some interesting possibilities.
**Frequency response**
With no gain reduction in action the frequency response from the input to the output was as shown in Fig 11, being effectively flat from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. However, the frequency response of the gain reduction chain in action either from the audio input or via the key input had significant effects.
Fig 12 shows the effect upon a 1 kHz tone being transmitted through the unit when the frequency of the key input is being swept, the plot being for 1.5:1 and 5:1 compression of 10 dB when 1 kHz is applied to the key input with the attack and release times set to slow. Significant gain deviations can occur at both high and low frequencies, however, in practical use mid-frequencies are likely to predominate in which case the gain tracking would be correct.
**Noise**
Noise in the output depended upon the degree of gain reduction in action as did mains hum components in the output. The figures in Table 4 were recorded for 0 dB, 10 dB and 20 dB gain reduction.
It was found that the output had significant noise at radio frequencies and that the unit was prone to radio frequency interference—the presence of a low power 150 MHz transmitter was most unwelcome!
**Distortion**
The second and third harmonic distortion at +20 dBm input and output without gain reduction is shown in Fig 13 which was a worst case with or without gain reduction. At lower levels without gain reduction both harmonics dropped below 0.01%. Above 500 Hz similar levels were achieved with any level of gain reduction in action, with as expected, the low...
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frequency distortion increasing dependent upon the attack and release time settings.
Intermodulation distortion to the CCIF twin tone method was measured using tones separated by 150 Hz centered on 1 kHz and 10 kHz and found to vary enormously with the release time setting.
At the maximum release time the distortion was constant with centre frequency and depended upon the gain reduction ratio irrespective of the input level and amount of gain reduction. Typically the distortion was 0.3% at 3:1 gain reduction ratio increasing to 0.5% at 5:1 gain reduction ratio.
**Gain reduction, attack and release**
The steady state gain reduction ratios were as shown in Fig 14 for a +10 dB threshold setting at the mid setting and extreme settings of the ratio control, the plot accurately following the specified ratios.
The attack and release envelopes took the form shown in Fig 15 where the upper trace is the input waveform with 3:1 gain reduction leading to 20 dB indicated reduction on the fast metering. Varying the attack time control led to stable gain conditions in 2 ms in the fast setting or 25 ms in the slow setting without overshoot or distortion even at low frequencies. Similarly the release time control offered clean release waveforms taking between 6 ms and 600 ms according to the control setting.
Sensibly the programmed latch mode did not release on transients but required a signal exceeding the threshold for at least 6 ms before releasing.
As with any type of compressor or expander some care is needed to select appropriate ratios and operating times if unpleasant sounds are to be avoided. With suitable settings the noise gate was relatively unobtrusive in use, the attenuation limit control being particularly useful.
**905 parametric equaliser**
The high, mid and low frequency sections each have three front panel controls, a frequency potentiometer giving overlapping bands and a dual concentric potentiometer. The outer knobs set the cut/boost over a nominal ±15 dB range with the inner knobs altering the Q of the filters. An additional feature of the Q control is a switched position when fully anti-clockwise providing an 'infinite' notch for the removal of unwanted tones in each band.
Whilst the equalisers are normally of the peaking type the high and low frequency sections each have a locking pushbutton switch with a warning LED to switch these sections into a shelving mode.
The remaining front panel features are a red overload LED and the equaliser in/out switch with a warning LED, there being four preset controls on the printed circuit board.
**Inputs and outputs**
The electronically balanced input was found to have an impedance of 21.8 kΩ working balanced or 10.9 kΩ when working unbalanced. In the balanced mode the common mode rejection was 57 dB below 10 kHz decreasing to 55 dB at 20 kHz with the maximum permitted input being +24.5 dBm balanced or unbalanced.
At the output the unit could drive +25 dBm from a suitably small source impedance of 22 Ω, the gain from the input to the output being within ±0.5 dB with the controls in the 'flat' position within the audio band. With the unit switched out of circuit the input terminals were connected directly to the output terminals without buffering.
**Frequency response**
The overall frequency response with the frequency and depth controls in their mid position is shown in Fig 16 which demonstrates a sensible high frequency roll off with the response in the audio band being within ±0.5 dB.
With the three sections in the notch mode at the mid frequency setting the response was as shown in Fig 17 and the frequency range and maximum attenuation is given in Table 5.
At the mid frequency setting the maximum
The specification of the AKG D130 dynamic microphone fits the needs of reporters and interviewers precisely.
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Technical Specifications
- Directional characteristic: omni-directional
- Frequency response: 50 Hz to 14,000 Hz
- Sensitivity at 1000 Hz: 1.7 mV/Pa (0.17 mV/μbar) ± 3 dBV
- Impedance at 1000 Hz: 220 ohms
- Max. sound pressure level for THD of 1%: 90 Pa ± 128 dB SPL
- Hum sensitivity at 50 Hz: 3 μV / 5 μT
- at 100 Hz: 6 μV / 5 μT
- Permissible climate conditions: temperature range: -10°C to +65°C; relative humidity: 90% at +20°C
- Connector: 3 pin XL4-type
- Housing material: die-cast zinc alloy, non-reflective nickel plated
- Dimensions: 41 ¼" x 1 7/3 mm (1.7 ¼" x 6.8 inch)
- Net weight: 240 g (8.8 oz)
To: AKG Acoustics Ltd. 191 The Vale, London W3 7QS
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attenuation was between the above figures which applied with the high and low sections set to the peaking mode. If the shelving mode was selected the high frequency limits fell to 102 Hz and 3960 Hz whilst the maximum attenuation being unaffected. The overlapping frequency ranges of the three sections allows the attenuation of two sections to be combined to obtain even deeper notches, tuning of the frequencies being easily accomplished.
The characteristics of the low frequency equaliser are shown in Fig 18 for the minimum and maximum frequency settings for maximum cut, boost and Q. The shape of these curves is very good. Whilst the Q control has no effect in the shelving mode its range in the peaking mode is shown in Fig 19.
Similar characteristics were exhibited by the high frequency equaliser as shown in Fig 20 for the 800 Hz settings. The general shape of the curves was similar at other frequencies with a degree of mid frequency shift at extreme cut/boost settings. This comment also applies to the peaking mid frequency equaliser with its frequency range being 200 Hz to 5 kHz. The similarity of the curves were such that frequency plots have not been included in this review.
**Noise**
Noise in the output was measured with the equalisers flat and under various cut/boost conditions where the noise remained virtually constant with cuts but increased when boosting. Table 6 shows the output noise when flat and with the high and low frequency equalisers at their mid frequency setting at maximum shelving up/down.
Bearing in mind the available headroom the above represents a good performance with the unit being free from hum or other extraneous tones.
**Distortion**
The second and third harmonic distortion above 100 Hz remained below 0.01% at any input/output level but at 20 Hz the second harmonic rose to 0.1% and the third harmonic to 0.02%.
Intermodulation distortion to the CCIF twin tone method was also very good remaining below 0.01% at any frequency within the pass band of the equaliser.
It was found that the overload LED was very fast in action operating 1 dB below waveform clipping under a variety of overload conditions.
**Summary**
The dbx 900 series frame and modules were to a good standard of construction with all components being clearly identified for servicing. However, at the time of writing, very little information about the modules was available.
All the modules reviewed had a good performance standard, in virtually all respects meeting the manufacturer’s claims.
Overall the 900 system is a most versatile signal processing system which can be readily configured to meet any particular requirements with the minimum of difficulty.
Hugh Ford
Hugh Ford comments: Some time after writing this review the preliminary instruction manuals for the system were made available.
These manuals include a considerable amount of user information such as connection instructions and general operational information. In addition some information is given on user modifications such as linking stereo units and modifying time constants.
Whilst circuits are included no servicing information as such or information about the functions of internal preset controls is given: the only advice being to return any faulty units to the manufacturer.
Rebis RA200 Series
The No1 Gate
The No1 System
Get the full facts on the most creative modular system in the world.
Rebis Audio Ltd., Kinver Street, Stourbridge, West Midlands, DY8 5AB, England.
Tel: 0384 71865. Telex: 335494.
Australia; Audio Mix Systems. Sydney. 377-9809. Belgium; S.E.D., Bruxelles 522-7064. Canada; Heini Electronics Inc., Ontario 495-0688. Denmark; Kinovox APS. Lynge 18 76 17. Finland; Studiotekniikka Helsinki 965-50 252. France; Azaret Electronics Paris 46-62-110. Germany; H. & M. Audio, Hamburg 217-1003. Holland; Conrad Electronic, Berlin 4336-097. Studiotechnik Jurgena Kleeer, Hamburg 217-1004. Greece; PDR (Recording Services) O.E. Athens 16200-09. Hong Kong & China; Audio Consultants Co. Ltd., Kowloon 3-7125251. India; Kajico Sound, New Delhi 437-18. Israel; More Productions B.P. Ltd., Tel-Aviv 62009. Italy; Startek, Bologna 23 30 34. Jamaica; Audifon Systems Ltd., Kingston 926-2569. Japan; Hibino Electro Sound Inc., Tokyo 864-4961. Netherlands; Special Audio Products B.V. Amsterdam 797055. South Africa; Tru-Fi Electronics, Johannesburg 838-4938. Spain; Mike Llewellyn Jones, Madrid 445-1301. Sweden; Tal & Ton, Gothenberg 8036-20. U.S.A.; Klark-Teknik Electronics Inc. Farmingdale, N.Y. 249-3660.
| Item Description | Price |
|------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| LYREC TR532 24 T. 16 memory Autolocate | £10,500.00 |
| STUDER A800 24 T. 50 hrs. only | £36,000.00 |
| STUDER A80 Mk II 24 T. Autolocate and remote | £23,500.00 |
| STUDER A80 Mk 24 T. | £21,500.00 |
| STUDER A80 Mk II 8 T. 1" | £6,000.00 each |
| STUDER A80R VU Stereo | £4,000.00 |
| STUDER A80 Mk II 16 T. with Autolocate and remote | £13,500.00 |
| STUDER B62 Stereo | £1,600.00 |
| STUDER A810 Stereo, new | £3,900.00 |
| STUDER A62 Stereo | £600.00 P.O.A. |
| STUDER A80 Mk I 8 T. 1" | £5,000.00 |
| AMPEX MM1100 24 T. Search to Cue, Varispeed | £10,000.00 |
| AMPEX MM1200 24 T. Search to Cue, Varispeed | £12,000.00 |
| AMPEX AG440 Stereo | £700.00 |
| 3M M79 16 T. | £7,000.00 pair |
| 3M M79 24 T. XT14 Autolocate | £9,500.00 |
| 3M M79 24 T. XT24 Autolocate | £10,000.00 |
| 3M M56 16 T. Selectake | £6,000.00 |
| M.C.I. JH116 24 T. Autolocate II | £12,500.00 |
| M.C.I. JH116 16 T. Autolocate II | £6,500.00 |
| M.C.I. JH110A 4 T. ½" + ¼" Stereo RTZ | £3,500.00 |
| SCULLY 280 Stereo 14" reels | £700.00 pair |
| SCULLY 280 Stereo 10¼" reels | £400.00 |
| PHILIPS PRO 51 Stereo | £600.00 |
| REVOX A700, as new | £700.00 |
| REVOX A77 Varispeed | £325.00 pair |
| TEAC 32B | £400.00 |
| TASCAM 80/8 8 T. on ½", as new, box etc. | £1350.00 pair |
| TEAC 3340 4 T. on ¼", as new | £500.00 |
| FERROGRAPH 7 ½" Mono, Steel cases, x 9 | £70.00 |
| OTARI 700 Stereo on console | £350.00 |
| I.T.C. Cart Replay machines | £450.00 |
| Item Description | Price |
|------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| NEVE 34-16-24 | £17,000.00 |
| NEVE 34-16-24 | £27,000.00 |
| NEVE 24-4-16 Rebuilt 1981 by Neve | £28,000.00 |
| HELIOS 32-24 | £1750.00 |
| SOUNDRAFT 3B 32-24 | £12,500.00 |
| TRIDENT TSM 40 input | £27,000.00 |
| HARRISON 32 input with Automation | £30,000.00 |
| M.C.I. JH428 Automated 28-24 | £15,000.00 |
| TRIDENT SERIES 80 32-24 | £15,000.00 |
| AMEK 2000 20-16 | £5000.00 |
| HELIOS 16-8-16 P.S. 4 Comp/Lim | £3800.00 |
| CADAC 28+8-24-24, Rebuilt | £13,000.00 |
| DECCA 12-4 4 Comp/Lim | £2000.00 |
| AUDIO DEVELOPMENTS 007 12-4 PPMs Ph/Power Etc | £1700.00 |
| M.C.I. 440 36 inputs, light meters | £13000.00 |
| ALICE 828 Balanced inputs VUs | £500.00 |
| VORTEXION 4 Mic. Mixer | £90.00 |
| SOUNDEX 4 Input Mixer | £120.00 |
| Large selection of Modules from Pye Broadcast Mixers | P.O.A. |
| Item Description | Price |
|------------------------------------------------------|---------|
| DOLBY M16 Noise Reduction | £5000.00 |
| DOLBY M24 Noise Reduction | £7000.00 |
| DOLBY A360 Noise Reduction | £295.00 |
| DOLBY A361 Noise Reduction | £315.00 |
| DBX K9-22 Noise Reduction Cards 16 x | £175.00 |
| DBX 216 Noise Reduction 8 chan. +2 spare | £1150.00 |
| DBX 154 4 channel noise reduction | £300.00 |
| KEPEX I Cards | £160.00 |
| GAIN BRAIN Cards | £160.00 |
| 50 Assorted Scamp Modules at low prices | P.O.A. |
| URSA MAJOR SPACE STATION, as new 3 months old | £1400.00 |
| MARSHALL TIME MODULATOR | £650.00 |
| SYNTOVOX VOCODER 222, new | £350.00 |
| FAIRCHILD CONEX 600 | £250.00 |
| PYE LIM/COMP | £250.00 |
| EMT 970 st Reverb | £400.00 |
| ECOPLATE from California, stereo | £1400.00 |
| AKG BX20E, as new | £1500.00 |
| MXR Graphic Eq. 31 Band | £330.00 |
| MXR Graphic Eq. Dual 15 | £330.00 |
| MXR Flanger Doubler | £300.00 |
| ASTRONIC 9 Band Graphic Eq. + p.s.u. | £180.00 |
| H.H.S500D | £300.00 |
| CROWN DC300 | £300.00 |
| CROWN DC300A | £450.00 |
| URIE 813A Loudspeakers, new | £2400.00 |
| LOCKWOOD Academy with 12" Tannoy Golds | £320.00 |
| AURATONE 5C Speakers, new | £51.00 |
| QUAD 405 Amps, new | £175.00 |
| AUDIO & DESIGN E500 RS Selective Processor | £500.00 |
| ½" Splicing Blocks £3.50 2" Splicing Blocks £52.00, all new | |
| 14" Empty Reels 2" | £10.00 |
| 10½" Empty Reels 2" | £9.00 |
| 10½" Empty Reels 1" | £4.00 |
| 10½" Empty Reels ½" | £3.00 |
| 10½" Empty Reels ¼" | £1.50 |
| 7" Empty Reels ¼" Plastic | £0.19 |
| 7" Reel Green or Blue Leader Tape (Zonal) | £1.25 |
| Spare heads, electronic and mechanical parts in stock for Studer, 3M, Ampex, Scully etc. | |
| Please enquire for your needs, e.g. 3M 16T Block | £1100.00 |
| 100 Valve Mic. P.S.U.'s in stock | P.O.A. |
| AKG C12 Valve Microphones | P.O.A. |
| NEUMANN SM2, KM54, KM56 Mics. in stock | P.O.A. |
| NEUMANN U87 Microphones, v.g.c. | each £260.00 |
| NEUMANN KM 64/84 Microphones v.g.c. | each £75.00 |
| 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 row Patch Fields £1.00 per hole, e.g. 5 row | £100.00 |
| BEYER Boom Stands, new | each £22.00 |
| SENNHEISER Headphones, s/h | £10.00 |
| NEUMANN Cutting Lathe & Amps AM131 Mono | £750.00 |
SEE US ON STAND 88 AT APRS EXHIBITION
ELECTRONICS SALES LTD
149b. St. Albans Road, Watford, Herts, WD2 5BB, England
Tel: Watford 47988/9
Telex: 262741
CHECKING PHASE . . .
A new approach from BSS
The BSS AR130 is a unique PHASE CHECK system that departs from the conventional unidirectional pulse method, with all its inherent inconsistencies. The AR130 utilises a continuous encoded-tone test system, that gives outstandingly consistent results in applications such as multiple driver speaker arrays, amplifier racks, multiways, etc.
If you use, design or build, any form of active or passive electrically connected equipment, call for your spec sheet on this invaluable piece of test equipment.
AGENTS:
France: Regiscene, Paris 374 58 36. Belgium: T.E.M. Brussels 569 18 23. Holland: Ampco BV Utrecht 431 134. Germany: Audio Vertrieb, GmbH Hamburg 524 615. Austria: Audio Design, GmbH, Badenstr 203 48 04. Italy: Ital Cida, Parma 698 144. Australia: Audio Mix Systems, Rose Bay, Sydney. South Africa: Colosseum Acoustics, Johannesburg. New Zealand: Bourke & Dissertori GmbH Wels 072 427 147. Canada: Get Sound Audio, Ltd., Toronto 868 05 28. America: Mark Teknik Inc, N.Y. 10063. Japan: Matsuda Trading Co, Tokyo 205 4731.
UK & Eire:
HHB Hire and Sales, London 961 3295; Scenic Sounds, 01-2734 422; Acoustic Laboratory 01-388 5392; Turners 01-458 4362; Wigan Acoustics 0706 68766; Autograph Sales, 01-267 6677.
Brooke Siren Systems, 213 Sydney Road, Muswell Hill, London N10. Tel: 01-444 7892. Telex: 912881 BSSAUDIO
telcom® c4 DM
Studio Comander
When every sound must be heard
Audio+Design Marketing
16 North Street, Reading RG1 7DA, England.
Tel: Reading (0734) 53411
Telex: 848722 ADR UK
AEG-TELEFUNKEN Nachrichtentechnik GmbH
Postfach 16 80
D-3340 Wolfenbuttel
W.Germany
Chips, Plates & Springs
About the only place that you can hear all three, side by side, Turnkey's new demo room.
There has never been so much choice in reverb effects. And there is no better way to decide, than direct comparison before you buy.
These are the latest products in each major category.
We are South of England distributors for the digital AMS RMX16 reverberator. Nine preset classic sounds, and programmable settings. Wide bandwidth, low noise and the special effects are particularly impressive.
On the other hand, we have just received our first shipment of Ecoplate III from America. The quality of effect is what you would expect from a state of the art plate. A smooth bright sound, that other systems only try to imitate.
What's most surprising is the size. Only 56 x 38 x 9 inches. At a very competitive price.
Our spring contribution is the G.B.S., the great British classic for tight budgets or as a second system. The latest XLR and broadcast approved versions are now available.
We invite you to bring along your own tapes and put these units through their paces. The only way to choose, and only at Turnkey.
turnkey
Brent View Road, London NW9 7EL
Telephone 01-202 4366, Telex 25769
Call us for full details of these products and copies of our latest catalogue, price list and newsletter.
SPACE INVADERS?
DON'T BE FOOLED BY THEIR LOOK: THESE S-SERIES MIXERS FROM SOUNDOUT PRESENT A FORMIDABLE CASE TO A HOSTILE WORLD. TAKE THEM ANYWHERE AND THEY'LL ALWAYS GIVE YOU THEIR BEST SHOT. WHY? BECAUSE THEY'RE TOMORROW'S TECHNOLOGY - BASED ON SEMI-MODULAR CIRCUITRY - THAT'S PAINSTAKINGLY TESTED AND RE-TESTED ALL ALONG THE LINE, ENDING UP WITH A 5-DAY CONTINUOUS SOAK-TEST FOR ULTIMATE RELIABILITY. YOU CAN RELY ON THAT. AND WITH A SELECTION OF SIZES: 24-4-2, 16-4-2, 8-4-2, 16-2-1, THERE'S ONE FOR YOU. YOUR LOCAL DISTRIBUTOR HAS ALL THE DETAILS.
SOUNDTRACS from SOUNDOUT LABORATORIES
91 Ewell Road, Surbiton, Surrey KT6 6AH, England
Telephone: 01-399 3392. Telex: 8951073/SNDOUT/G
WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION
America Soundtracs Inc., 262a Eastern Parkway, Farmingdale N.Y. 11735. Tel: (516) 249 3669
Denmark Kinoxov AS, Industriej 9, 3540 Lyngby. Tel: 321876
Finland MS Auditorion, Box 28, SF-00421 Helsinki 42. Tel: 566 4604
France Phase Acoustique 9651 Cote de Lessy, Brevil, Quebec H5P 1A3. Tel: 514 636 9971
Germany Riedel GmbH, Postfach 100 010, D-8000 Munich 10. Tel: 89/3 025
Hong Kong The Radio People Ltd., 25 Chatham Road South, Kowloon. Tel: 3690217
Italy Itai Cuda SRL, Via Marmolada 17 BIS, Sorbolo, Parma. Tel: 0521 690158
Japan Trichord Corporation, Bunsei Building No. 3 IFL 8-8, 5-Chome Toancimon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo
Netherlands Imke Roos, Kuperbergweg 20, 1101 AG Amsterdam Z.O. Tel: 20 935 (83) 972/21
Singapore Lintec Pte Ltd., Unit 212, Park Lane Shopping, 35 Serangoon Road, Singapore 07. Tel: 336116 / 3367119
Spain Comercio Laval, Lesaffre 64-66, Barcelona 24. Telephone: 932 101051
United Kingdom The H.P. Co. Ltd., 25-27 High Street, London SW19 1JU. Tel: 01-876 1000
West Germany Riedel GmbH, Postfach 100 010, D-8000 Munich 10. Tel: 89/3 025
Sweden OFO Elektronik AB, P.O. Box 5011 580 05
Switzerland Riedel GmbH, Postfach 100 010, D-8000 Munich 10. Tel: 89/3 025
The AD145 Pico mixer for people who are going places
The new AD145 is mixing business with pleasure and sport and current affairs and news etc. etc.
Audio Developments
SOUNDS PERFECT EVERY TIME
For personal attention contact Antony Levesley on 0543 375351 or write to Audio Developments Hall Ln., Walsall Wood, Walsall, West Mid. WS9 9AU
STAND NO.17
APRS83
22nd-24th June
"....another outstanding achievement."
"M" Series
DDA
Audio Equipment of Distinction
Unit 7b, Worton Hall, Worton Road,
Isleworth, Middlesex TW7 6ER
Telephone: 01-847 0363
APRS
Stand No 101
Canford
TROUBADOUR PRODUCTIONS
Ambisonic Mixdown
We can produce Ambisonic masters from 24-track tapes. These are mixed down to provide full surround sound, including height information (W, X, Y and Z B-format signals), and can be UHJ-encoded, with stereo compatibility. A demonstration cassette (UHJ-encoded) is available.
contact
TROUBADOUR PRODUCTIONS
197 High Street East
Sunderland
SR1 2AX
Tel: 0783 43398
DUPLICATORS .......
FOR COST EFFECTIVE
HIGH QUALITY REPRODUCTION
OF MUSIC, SPEECH
OR DATA
VISIT
TAPE AUTOMATION
'THE BRITISH MANUFACTURER'
ON STAND No 3 AT APRS
FOR
LOOP BIN MASTER TRANSPORTS
RECORDING SLAVES.
AUTOMATIC AUDIO AND VIDEO
WINDERS
TAPE AUTOMATION
UNIT 2,
RIVERWAY,
HARLOW,
ESSEX
CM20 2DN
TEL: HARLOW (0279)
442946
TELEX 87515
WISCO G
Just grab it and go. THE LOCATION MIXER was designed to travel. If there’s no AC at your location, no problem. You’ve got the battery pack right in the lockable cover. No need to bother with batteries or power supplies for your mics. THE LOCATION MIXER powers them all—12-48V, phantom, and even T-power is provided.
You can set up everything from a single mono mix, to a stereo mix, to an eight channel direct feed for your multitrack. You can even setup all three mix feeds at once!
You’ve got the flexibility to insert effects to individual channels. And you’ll appreciate the convenience of the tape return to the monitor section. An instant, easy way to check your tape, or the output of an outboard compressor.
With Mic/Line switches on all channels, audio and video sound people can monitor multitrack playbacks without patching—just press a button Multitrack mixdown in the field? Absolutely. And with no compromise in quality because you feed line inputs directly—not padded down through the mic preamp. You’ll love the ability to edit electronically through the flexible Scd system and channel mute... It can be a great time saver.
Doing a live remote? THE LOCATION MIXER is perfect. All four: mix buses (2 main, 2 AUX) drive a 600ohm line to 20dBm (with balanced Xlr option) giving both mono/stereo and backup feeds at the same time. And the ability to solo pre or post fader with the channels on or off makes set-up and trouble shooting a bad cable or mic easy.
What’s in THE LOCATION MIXER for film people? Plenty! No more battery or power supply hassles for your T-power mics. Just flip a switch. And there’s a low-cut filter ahead of the mic transformer to keep wind and boom movement from saturating your tape. This filter is independent of the EQ section. The EQ itself has sweepable mid, detented pots for reseatability and can be totally bypassed with the EQ in/out switch. Need a quick talk-back system for your boom man? Just use the pre fade Aux bus on an unused mic input, and he can hear his mic, cues, and your closed-circuit directions—his own custom mix!
For reliability and quick positive switch indication, we’ve used self-indicating colour-coded push button switches that—along with colour-coded knobs—keep you informed of control status at a glance.
For your next location job, get a LOCATION MIXER and you’re ready for anything.
Just unlock it, open the cover and you’ll find the most versatile 8-input mixer you ever uncovered. Compare features, compare performance, compare price. You’ll choose THE LOCATION MIXER.
AT £975.00 CAN YOU AFFORD NOT TO?
For your free colour brochure contact sole UK distributor, PROGRESSIVE ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS LIMITED, 83 Leonard Street, London EC2 01-729 5411 or see your nearest dealer – London, ITA, 1-7 Harewood Avenue, London NW1 01-724 2497. CHRISTIAN SOUND SERVICES, 43 Linden Gardens, Enfield, Middlesex 01 363 2337 Kent: MICHAEL STEVENS & PARTNERS, The Homesholde Centre, 216-218 Homesholde Road, Bromley, Kent 01 464 4157. Manchester: WIGWAM ACOUSTICS, St Annes House, Rycroft Avenue, Heywood, Greater Manchester, 0706 68766. Scotland: GAB STUDIO SERVICES, 26 Howffall Avenue, Ayr, Scotland. Holland: SELECTRONIC BV, 21 Adelijn 1, 1422 Bv Vithoorn, Postbus 509 1420 CA. France: RDG AUDIO PRODUCTS, BP 108-60 Avenue Foch, 29230 Landivisiau. Switzerland: EMM STUDIO, Im Neumattli 27, CH-4145 Gempen. USA: AUDIO FORCE INC, 147, West 24th Street, NY 10011. Manufactured in the UK by OXGLADE LIMITED.
The Quiet Powerhouse
We’re talking about noise, not volume.
True, the main purpose of any high-power amplifier is to pump out high-power sound, and in this respect the Yamaha PC2002M’s up there with the best of them. But any amount of volume won’t help if the sound reproduction is poor, prone to hum and noise, or just plain distorted.
And that’s where the design of the Yamaha PC Series scores. For a start, we’ve used two large-area, side mounted heat sinks, diffusing excess heat throughout the whole structure, doing away with noisy and potentially unreliable motor-driven cooling fans. And the excellent thermal dispersion is backed up by newly designed protection circuitry which senses the unlikely onset of thermal stress, as well as protecting against DC offset and excessive peak power levels.
Moreover, the PC circuitry is designed for barely measurable distortion — less than 0.05% THD at its conservatively rated full output of 240W + 240W into 8 ohms. A flick of a rear-panel switch transforms the PC2002M into a 700W Mono amplifier ideal for parallel full-range systems and the like.
Add to all this a smooth, accurate frequency response (10Hz -50kHz), a slew rate of 60 Volts/microsecond even at maximum output, and the result is an amplifier that can power anything from broadcast and recording studio systems to Disco or Rock PA, with hum, noise or distortion definitely a thing of the past.
Sophisticated for the studio, reliable for the road, the PC2002M delivers totally faithful reproduction at the lowest or highest volume level. So if you could use 240W per channel of clean, quiet, stereo amplification you could certainly use a Yamaha PC power amplifier.
Because quality matters just as much as power.
*The PC2002 is identical to the PC2002M but without the twin Peak Output meters.
Please send me more information about Yamaha PC Series Power Amps.
Name ____________________________________________
Address __________________________________________
Yamaha Musical Instruments, Mount Avenue, Bletchley, Milton Keynes, Bucks, MK1 1JE. Tel: (0908) 71771. (24 hour Ansaphone: 0908 649222).
When performance counts....
Use the Ernest Turner range of VU and PPMs. We are specialists in audio meters. From the conventional panel meters to the latest electronic analogue displays, our instruments are available to meet a wide range of internationally recognised specifications.
In over 60 years we have built an unsurpassed reputation for high performance, quality and reliability. Our PPMs are used by the B.B.C.
So when performance counts specify Ernest Turner VUs and PPMs.
See us on Stand I 26 at APRS '83.
Our specialists will be pleased to discuss your instrumentation problems. Or alternatively contact us now for advice.
HAWKER SIDDELEY
ERNEST TURNER INSTRUMENTS
TOTTERIDGE AVENUE, HIGH WYCOMBE, BUCKS. HP13 6XG. ☎ 0494 30931 ☏ 83444
EEC & Scandinavian countries - Crompton Turner Instruments BV,
Groenendaal 217-221, 3011 ST Rotterdam, The Netherlands ☎ 010-140144 ☏ 26324
INSTRUMENT SUPPLY & SERVICE CENTRES AT CHICAGO & LOS ANGELES USA, MONTREAL & TORONTO CANADA, SYDNEY AUSTRALIA, SINGAPORE.
MAIN-SIDE MATRIX UNIT
The unit is operated at line level, balanced or unbalanced. A figure-of-eight microphone is placed with its in-phase lobe pointing 90 degrees left. A main, forward-facing mic is placed co-incidentally, and can have any polar diagram. The outputs are a matrix of the two polar diagrams, to give conventional left and right. The stereo-mono control continuously varies the matrix units. The unit can also be used post-session, playing back previously recorded M and S signals through the unit. The circuit is mains powered, employs high performance audio op-amps and uses no transformers. Noise -100 dBm. Full details and specification on request.
PRICE: £68.00 INCLUSIVE, POST FREE FROM
CENTRAL RECORDING SERVICES
17 ROY CLOSE, NARBOROUGH, LEICESTER LE9 5DN
TELEPHONE 0533 866883
NEW at APRS '83
A MAJOR DEVELOPMENT IN MIXER TECHNOLOGY
The Alice SILK SERIES digitally controlled Multitrack recording and post production mixer: Meet Ted Fletcher, John Andrews, Steve Dove and Mike Law on Stand 100
Alice (STANCOIL LTD.),
Alexandra Road, Windsor, England. Telephone Windsor 51056/7 Telex AEGIS G 849323.
Over The Road Show
Don Larking
Audio Sales
These are just a few of the famous names to be seen, heard, and played at Don Larking's 'Over The Road Show' at Kensington Town Hall, June 22-24, 10 a.m. 'til late. Bring along your own tape and try out all this exciting equipment.
MOVEMENT
MXR
FOSTEX
BEL
AKG
STUDER
CUTEC
CONCORD
TRIDENT
Don Larking Audio Sales, 29 Guildford Street, Luton, Beds. (0582) 450066.
Studio Space in the West End
26/32 Oxford Street
Second Floor 3,500
Third Floor (front) 2,760
Third Floor (rear) 1,340
conference room
Fourth Floor 2,850
Fifth Floor 900
11,350 sq. ft.
★ Ancillary office accommodation ★ Lift
★ One level with raised floor ★ Refurbished
★ Possible car parking ★ Self-contained
★ Large conference room
Suitable for a variety of uses
For Further Details Contact:
Healey & Baker
01-629 9292
Use our flat top REVOX B77
With HOURS, MINS & SECS TAPE TIMER
For Editing, Program Timing, Office Listening
All the facilities you need for £785
3¾, 7½ version £770. All prices excl. VAT
MODULAR MONO QUAD 405'S
With integral power supply
300 watt modules in 3u nest
30 seconds interchange ability
SOUND ASSOCIATES LIMITED
23 REDAN PLACE LONDON W2
Tel: 01-229 0101
Cassette & Tape Copying facilities 7½, 15, 30 ips
Dual Channel Audio Analyzer
RE201
APRS '83 Stand 98
A unique advance in audio measurement
Powerful Hardware and Software Techniques allow the RE201 to initialize complex sets of audio measurements by simple ‘Keystroke’ operation.
The RE201 measures:
- Level (Peak and RMS).
- Frequency.
- Separation.
- Phase.
- THD.
- IM.
- DFIM.
- TIM.
Up to eleven further options are available including:
- WOW and FLUTTER (DIN, NAB, JIS).
- Loudspeaker testing.
- Dual channel programmable audio generator.
- Programmable I/O lines (24 lines available, audio matrix control).
Further details available from:
RE Instruments Ltd.,
Sherwood House, High Street,
Crowthorne, Berks. RG11 7AT.
Telephone: 03446 2369. Telex: 847782.
(formerly Danbridge (UK) Ltd.)
The Quad ESL-63 and Compact Disc.
Two steps closer to the original sound.
The Quad ESL-63 sets new standards in three important areas of loudspeaker technology, low distortion, low colouration and controlled directivity, resulting in a level of performance limited solely by the quality of programme source.
With Quad ESL-63's and a compact disc player less than 0.1% total harmonic distortion* intrudes between the listener and the studio master tape, reproducing exactly what was recorded, nothing added, nothing taken away and bringing the listener that much closer to the original sound.
For full details of the Quad range of products and the name and address of your nearest dealer contact: Quad Electroacoustics Ltd., Huntingdon, Cambs., PE18 7DB. Telephone: (0480) 52561.
QUAD for the closest approach to the original sound
*Above 150Hz and up to 96dB.
Building on Success
The new Spendor SP1 loudspeaker has been developed from the standard BC1 system, over two thousand of which are in use with broadcasting studios worldwide.
The SP1 possesses the neutrality and transparency of the BC1 together with increased power handling, sensitivity and improved bass control.
Write for details of the SP1 and the complete range of Spendor passive and powered monitor loudspeaker systems.
Spendor Audio Systems Ltd.
Station Road Industrial Estate
Hailsham, Sussex, BN27 2ER
SUCCESS IS GOOD TIMING
Timing is our speciality, so it won’t take a second to tell you that we have a unique range of tape timing products. The Spin-Time add-on timers, the CM50 autolocator, and now a synchroniser with a number 1 feature: simplicity!
Call us for details or see us at APRS Stand 22.
Applied Microsystems
60 Baker Street, Weybridge. Surrey KT13 8AL.
Weybridge (0932) 54778
Telex 8952022 CTYTEL
Quantec Room Simulation
More than just a Reverberator.
Applications and Operation
It is QUANTEC’s aim to present the sound engineer the most comprehensive tool for influencing the diverse parameters relating to room acoustics. Conceptual ideas pertaining to acoustical size and capacity of any selected space may be accurately reproduced via the clearly defined acoustical parameters of the reverberating signal. Whether employed for film sound dubbing, theater-, or musical productions, the QRS serves all demands of any given room acoustic simulation. E.g., it enriches the typically sound-insulated character of a commentator’s or speaker’s chamber in the process of film synchronisation and creates the natural sound concomitant to the staging of the film.
This sophisticated tool is completely stereophonic, and the first reflection, which may be separately adjusted in level and delay time, appears on an opposite side of the stereo image. Besides being able to define the spatial volume in cubic meters, further parameters available are the reverberation time and its high- and low-frequency deviations, as well as the ability of defining both level and time delay of the reverberation effect at will and in fine increments. All eight parameters of each adjustment are simultaneously displayed on the front panel of the mainframe as well as on the remote-control unit connected to it.
The built-in nonvolatile memory fixes up to 64 parameter combinations of which several are pre-programmed by the manufacturer, the largest portion being left open to the operator’s discretion. The special “Enhance-Programme” provides new dimensions in stage- and film productions. The “Freeze-Effect” (i.e. infinite decay time) enables continuous overlapping, or addition of successive entries, and allows for instantaneous building up of choral effects as well as the creation of impressive sound clusters. The QRS corresponds to the very latest demands placed upon operational efficiency, ton quality, and reproduction as well as technical conception to meet the standard of professional broadcast utilization and recording industry.
Display and Programming
The input and output levels are displayed by a total of six LED bar graphs spanning the entire dynamic range of −78dB to +12dB. The clearly legible LED display panel provides instant information concerning all adjustable parameters. Accurate and rapid programming and operation are guaranteed by sensitive touch buttons and a comprehensively elaborated logic system. To programme a given value, a pair of touch buttons corresponds to each indicator, whereby the desired parameter is selected by a quick touch of the proper button, thereby also allowing the so chosen parameter to be further adjusted until the following one is actuated in its turn. This readiness for adjustment is indicated by a short, intermittent flashing of the corresponding LED readout. Upon having chosen a particular value, adjustments may either be accomplished through further tapping of the set of buttons or via a centrally positioned, rotating knob.
The memory section is divided into 8 files of 8 locations and enables a clear definition of parts of memory, e.g. for different users. By means of an ingeniously designed operational logic, it is possible to transfer parameter combinations within a file and from file to file, in order to reorganize the stored programmes. A safety circuit prevents unintended erasing or altering of memory contents. Of course all stored programmes are safe in case of mains faults and long periods without power supply.
Technical Concept and Connections
The QRS, via its computerized systems, reproduces more than 10000 reflections per second, constituting the basis of pure and bounce-free reverberation. Due to a completely new conception of the antialiasing filters an almost total subduing of the often-discussed “roaring” and “ringing” of conventional filters is accomplished. High-efficient RF-lowpass filters at the inputs of the A/D-converters eliminate all problems of RF demodulation effects.
The QRS has a total of six connections comprising XLR plugs: 2 inputs (left and right) and 4 outputs. The QRS is provided with XLR connectors: Two inputs (stereo) and four non-correlating reverb outputs (quadro). In addition outputs 1 + 2 contain the mix with the first reflections appearing on the opposite side. Both inputs and outputs are balanced and isolated from ground by optocouplers.
Any room anywhere
Acoustics – a new element in the composing art of music
The quantec room simulator makes the construction and manipulation of acoustics a simple reality. Acoustics are no longer bound by the specific configuration of a room, but can be used to emphasise a scene, enhance or improve a sound or enrich a musical composition.
Quantec heralds a new era. A revolution in acoustic versatility. Every sound environment is obtainable at the push of a button. The tiniest drop of water in a deep well or the infinity of the ocean. The soft echo of a flute in the vast nave of a church, the rumbling of a thunderstorm in a fish bowl.
In much the same way a painter uses different shading details and texture to create atmosphere and impression on canvas, acoustics can sharply influence simple sounds, create a mood or atmosphere or totally change the listeners perception and experience.
By mixing acoustic elements, or using one of the infinite and variable environments, the composer’s actual intention and the music’s special qualities become a vivid musical experience.
Acoustic imaginings or aural hallucinations become so easily attainable. Genuine sounds in completely impossible rooms. Experience the acoustics of a rain barrel, the echo of the Grand Canyon, place music where it has never been before in environments that suit its mood and increase it’s impact.
The Quantec gives you the flexibility that has only just become possible, capabilities that apply so exactly to film and TV score. A rack mounted acoustic environment simulator that gives music its own space and you all the time and help to change it.
| Country | Company Name | Address | Phone Number |
|--------------|-----------------------|----------------------------------------------|----------------|
| Germany | CTC Maschinenbau | Neulandstraße 10, D-8000 München 80 | 089 / 7914041 |
| | | | |
| France | SYSTON | POB 39, 36000 Montluçon | 03/462 3449 |
| Belgium | IES ELECTRONICS | Vliegenhout 6, B-2500 Boom | (02) 462 2917 |
| United Kingdom| KENT SYSTEMS | 20, Conduit Place, London W2 | 01 / 742 6458 |
| Switzerland | QUANTEC AG | Planweg 10, CH-4050 Basel | 061 217 33 37 |
| Norway | TAL + UGF | Vestsjøveien 28, N-4114 Gjerdrum | 031 80 86 20 |
| Italy | MPE | Via Vittorio Veneto 78, I-00198 Rome | 06 644 0186 |
| Denmark | Water & Ljungström | Nygårdsgade 2000, Frederiksberg | 01 4612498 |
| Japan | TAIJU STUDIO | 7-2-12, Higashi, 3-jo, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo | 03 3441 68 |
| France | T F S | BP 1014, 95105 Argenteuil | 862 40 14 |
| USA | SOUND SYSTEMS INC. | 1000 West 10th Street, Fort Worth, TX 76104 | 817 / 731 8888 |
Quantec GmbH, Sollnerstr. 7a, D-8000 München 71, Tel. 089 / 7914041
www.americanradiohistory.com
keeps the world of broadcast audio fully informed on National and International developments and techniques.
- From ILR to NPR
- From AM Stereo to A/V Audio
- From Satellites to Synchronisers
- From Transmitters to Tape Machines
- From Cable to Communication Systems
To ensure you receive a copy of broadcast sound bi-monthly for one year, send £6.00 (UK) or £8.75 (Overseas) United States $20 surface mail $38 airmail.
I enclose cheque/postal order/international money order payable to LINK HOUSE MAGAZINES, or debit my credit card account (please tick box)
Signature ___________________________ Credit Card No. ________________
Name _______________________________________________________
Address _____________________________________________________
(Please print block capitals)
I understand that if, after receiving the first issue of BROADCAST SOUND, I am dissatisfied I can cancel my subscription and receive a full refund.
To: The Subscriptions Dept., Link House, Dingwall Avenue, Croydon CR9 2TA.
Tel: 01-686-2599. Registered in England and Wales No. 1341560
Limited number
of old size STUDIO SOUND binders available (each holds 12 copies).
Keep your copies of STUDIO SOUND in smart black binders with the title in gold block letters on the spine.
At only £3.50 each including inland and overseas postage and packing. Send your order with cheque or postal order to Modern Bookbinders Ltd., Chadwick Street, Blackburn, Lancs BB2 4AG (state clearly your name and address and the relevant magazine title).
OVERSEAS READERS MUST SEND INTERNATIONAL MONEY ORDER
LINK HOUSE GROUP
AUDIO CONNECTORS
Key Technology for your audio connectors. 3 pin male and female lockable sockets with gold-plated connection pins. Panel or rear mounting. P.C.B. vertical and horizontal mounting also solder terminals are available, attractively designed from tough nylon which makes them very durable and inexpensive. A 3 pin plug will also be available late '83.
Please contact Les Hamilton at:
KEY TECHNOLOGY LTD
15 Roche Way, Rochford, Essex
Tel: 0702 547252 or Telex: 995239
the new
RMS.12
radio microphone system
the product of more than 20 years continuous experience in designing and manufacturing quality radio microphone systems
Standardised slide-on battery-pack holders for instant battery changing.
Circuitry inherently spurious free
De-luxe attache type fitted carrying case to carry pocket transmitter, spare slide-on battery holder and mains P.S.U. hand-held transmitter/mic. and sub-mini electret mic. etc.
Audio’s latest, the RMS.12 shows deep understanding of the requirements of users in TV, radio, recording studios, theatres etc and is already in great demand world wide. Where but with Audio will you find such compactness and easy handling combined with efficient circuitry and excellent performance? Audio have made battery replacement virtually instantaneous; spurious response is reduced to an all time low level; meters provide better indication. Full descriptive literature and prices available on request.
Agents throughout the world
AUDIO LIMITED, 26-28 WENDELL ROAD LONDON W12 9RT
Telephone 01-743 1518/01-743 4352
The Professional's Choice
Rogers MONITORING
Swissstone Electronics Ltd, 310, Commonside East, Mitcham, Surrey CR4 1HX Tel: 01-640 72 Telex: 893980 SWISS1
Sales U.S. Distribution, Reference Monitor International Inc, 6074 Cortez Del Cedro, Carlsbad, CA 92008 U.S.A. Tel: (714) 4381214
Manufactured and tested by Rogers to the highest standards and offering consistent, reliable performance, Rogers Monitoring loudspeakers are:
- The LS5/8 BBC designed active studio monitor.
- The LS3/5a BBC miniature monitor loudspeaker.
- The Studio 1 broadcast monitor.
- The Studio 2 active/passive studio monitor.
TOMCATS PUT THE ART IN CART
A cartridge system which matches and often exceeds the performance of reel to reel recorders, the TOMCAT has been developed using computer-assisted design to the very highest standards.
MAXTRAX™ wide-track tape heads and precision stainless steel tape guides are fixed to give the lowest possible phase error. A fast-start DC servo-capstan motor, microprocessor control system and true mono/stereo compatibility make the compact TOMCAT system a leader among cartridge machines.
Without a doubt - TOMCATS put the art in cart.
Leevers-Rich Equipment Limited
319 Trinity Road Wandsworth London SW18 3SL
Telephone 01 874 9054
Cables Leemag London SW18 Telex 923455
The micro HS series, designed for the exacting demands of broadcasting use.
The micro HS series are available as players, recorder players and interlinked triple stack units, in mono or stereo. All are built to the same consistently high performance specification, ensuring a long running life and reliability, with the ability to meet and outperform current engineering codes of practice for cartridge equipment.
Our new micro HS range offers the following features:
- A COMPACT AND STURDY CONSTRUCTION
- QUIET AND FAST OPERATION
- EXTREMELY COOL RUNNING AT ALL TIMES
- EASY ACCESS TO ALL REGULAR ADJUSTMENTS
- VERY LOW WOW AND FLUTTER WITH LOW PHASE ERROR
- TRIPLE CUE WITH FAST WIND AND F.S.K. CUEING
- READILY ACHIEVES THE HIGHEST PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
The quality of the micro HS meets the most exacting demands and is not only the result of a careful production process but the philosophy behind the design.
For a data sheet with a full specification, or for a demonstration of the new micro HS contact our U.K sales office now.
15 College St., Irthlingborough, Northants NN9 5TU. Telephone: 0933-650770
For years, Tandberg’s recording techniques have set performance standards for the industry.
Never has this been more in evidence than with the recent development of the TD20A SE—a two-track tape recorder which provides professional facilities for amateurs.
SE stands for Special Equalisation and is an important refinement to Tandberg’s unique Dyneq recording system.
What it means in fact is that even if you’ve recorded intermittent high volumes and frequencies, tape noise on playback is an incredible -80dB, a figure you’ve probably never not heard except in the very best recording studios.
The aural authenticity of the TD20A SE is therefore of the utmost significance to the serious recording enthusiast.
But this recorder is also notable for its tape transport mechanism—a system as advanced as its electronics.
Basically the transport system consists of four motors. All its functions are controlled by a PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory). Full logic button control permits totally safe wind into playback and also allows the inclusion of “step/stop” editing with full monitoring capability. And amongst many other professional features, a switchable “simul-sync” facility enables the making of synchronised recordings of the two channels.
As you’d expect, all this ‘state of the art’ doesn’t come cheap—£399 in fact.
But compare the TD20A SE to the competition inside and outside the studio, and the price will seem so reasonable as to be almost unheard of.
TANDBERG
TANDBERG LTD, REVIE ROAD, ELLAND ROAD,
LEEJS LS11 8JG, TEL.: (0532) 774844
Michael Stevens & Partners
We have a growing reputation for offering unhurried attention and unbiased advice, backed by a prompt and efficient service whether your requirements are for recording, theatre, broadcast or PA.
The Homesdale Centre 216-218 Homesdale Road, Bromley, Kent BR1 2QZ
* Competitive prices
* Full after-sales service
* Equipment designed and manufactured
* Installation and commissioning
* World-wide delivery
Call 01-464 4157
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AUTO-LOCATORS
Built-in microcomputer controls ten memories, search, repeat last search, load memory with data, clear memory, transfer tape timer to memory, shuttle from memory to memory, reset timer to zero and full tape transport remote control.
Tape motion sensors for B77 and other machines are available now.
No tools are required for installation which can be carried out in a few minutes.
VERY COMPETITIVELY PRICED
For full details: send SAE to:
DEDICATED MICROPROCESSORS LTD.
REGENERATION HOUSE, SCHOOL ROAD
NORTH ACTON, LONDON NW10 6TD
HIGH QUALITY
CASSETTE DUPLICATION
AND SPECIALISED LENGTH
BLANK CASSETTES
Leeholme Audio
Leeholme Audio Services Ltd., 3504 Leabridge Road, Leyton, London, E10
Telephone 01 556 4748
To give you more control,
we gave it more controls.
PSIONICS — N.G.4. QUAD NOISE GATE
This noise gate features four individual channels, so you have more versatility.
For the technically minded, it also features Variable Threshold, Release, Attack, and Depth controls — utilising the latest in Voltage controlled amplifier technology.
Not forgetting the XLR/Barrier Strip option, balanced Mic/Line and Key inputs, and a unique Mono Sum output — all constructed in a one rack unit case.
For the not so technically minded, it means it's one hell of a noise gate.
And it's available now from sole distributors Kelsey Acoustics Ltd. For further details, please contact Richard Vickers on 01-727 1046/01-727 0780.
Kelsey Acoustics Ltd.
28 Powis Terrace London W11 1JH.
SEVEN HEADS ARE BETTER THAN ONE.
With the average condenser microphone, any professional soundman with diverse requirements will probably be more lastingly impressed by its limitations than its capabilities. Which is why we at BeyerDynamic designed our MCM Series condenser microphones on a modular principle. With only one powering module, you can interchange any of the seven microphone capsules to cater for every recording requirement and condition. More compact, more convenient and considerably more economic than a conventional system, every item in the MCM Series range is individually available for the maximum ease of adaptability.
But with over fifty years' experience in the refinement of audio technology, our standard of design and manufacture has a considerable reputation to maintain. Engineered around the most advanced components within a slim, functional casing, the MCM Series' crystal clear transient response and overall directional flexibility has established it throughout the country in top studios and broadcasting corporations.
Compare the MCM Series to any other system. Whatever your recording requirements, BeyerDynamic can put you in the right direction.
beyerdynamic
1 Clair Road, Haywards Heath, Sussex RH16 3DP Tel: (0444) 451003
Manufactured to the highest standards, all our products are backed by a full 2-year warranty and serviced direct from the factory. With specifications that compare with competitive products, a complete 24 track system can be purchased for under £11,000 including delivery and installation.
★ See us at APRS '83, Stand 135 ★
MODEL ML24/24
★ Input LED PPMS
★ 5 Band EQ
★ 48v Phantom
★ Cond. Plastic Faders
★ Patchbay
★ Fully Modular
MODEL TR24
★ 24 Track/2"
★ 63 dB S/N Ratio
★ 30Hz to 18kHz
★ Full Remote
★ Plug-in Channels
★ NAB/IEC/AES Curve
MODEL SM24/16/2
★ Input LED PPMS
★ 100mm Faders
★ Transformer I/Ps
★ 5 Band EQ
★ Remote PSU
★ Fully Modular
MODEL TR16
★ 16 Track/2"
★ 68dB S/N Ratio
★ 30Hz to 20kHz
★ Full Remote
★ Plug-in Channels
★ 50% Varispeed
★ NEW PRODUCT ★ MODEL NR16 ★ DYNAMIC NOISE REDUCTION SYSTEM ★
★ NEW PRODUCT ★ MODEL TR2 ★ 2 TRACK ½" MASTER RECORDER ★
Worldwide Sales and Service
ACES (UK) LTD.
Broadoak
Nr. Shrewsbury
Salop, England
Tel: (0939) 290574
Telex: A.C.ELEC. 337492
Austria — Ton Studio, A-1070 Wein, Lerchenfelder Gürtel 10. Tel: (0222) 53 85 73
France — RDG Audio Prod, 20 Rue St Guerel, 29230 Landivisiau. Tel: (98) 680 742
Germany — TTS Electronic, Dammlühlenweg 4, 6270 Idstein. Tel: (06126) 2014
Italy — Startek, Via Del Lapidari 8, 4029 Bologna. Tel: (3951) 321063
Switzerland — EMM Studio, Im Neumättli 27, 4145 Gempen B Basel. Tel: (061) 72 89 72
USA — Aces (USA), 244 Lyell Ave, Rochester, NY. Tel: (716) 458 5610
APRS 83
INTERNATIONAL PROFESSIONAL RECORDING EQUIPMENT
EXHIBITION
KENSINGTON EXHIBITION CENTRE, KENSINGTON, LONDON
JUNE 22 23 & 24
10.00 to 18.00 hours 10.00 to 17.00
AKG Acoustics
Advanced Music
Alice (Stancoil)
Audio Systems
Applied Microsystems
Allen & Heath
Audio & Design
Audio Services
AC Electronic
Audix
Atlantic Music
Audio Kinetics
Agfa-Gevaert
Ampex
Audio Developments
Audio Visual
BASF
FWO Bauch
Beyer Dynamics
Bruel & Kjaer
Cetec International
Clyde Electronics
Cunnings Recording
Crow of Reading
Citec Ltd.
Canford Audio
Cadac Electronics
Danbridge
Dolby
EMO Systems
Ernest Turner
Elliott Bros
Eardley Electronics
Film Tech
Formula Sound
Feldon Audio
Fraser-Peacock
Future Film
Hill Audio
H/H Electronic
HHB Hire
Harman (Audio)
Hayden Laboratories
"International Musician"
Industrial Tape
Industrial Acoustics
John Hornby Shewes
James Yorke
Klark-Teknik
Kelsey Acoustics
Keith Monks
King Instrument Corp
Leevers-Rich
Leeholme Audio
Lennard Developments
Music Laboratories
Mike Fraser Film
Magnetic Tapes
Mosses & Mitchell
Midas Audio
NEAL
Neve International
Otari Electric
Pilkington Fibreoptics
Precision Audio
Philip Drake
Penny & Giles
Rebis Audio
Raindirk
Roland (UK)
Scenic Sounds
SRT Productions
Stanley Productions
Samcine Sales
Shuttlesound
Syco Systems
Soundcraft
Solid State
Soundtracs
"Studio Sound"
Sifam
Swisstone
Sony Broadcast
Surrey Electronics
Sonifex
Shure Electronics
Turnkey
Tannoy
Technical Projects
Thorn EMI Tape
Trad
Tweed Audio
Trident Audio
Tam Studio
Tracktech
Tape Automation
Tandberg
Vitavox
Tickets: APRS, 23 CHESTNUT AVENUE, CHORLEYWOOD WD3 4HA, ENGLAND
THE FUTURE CHOICE
CALREC - always at the forefront of audio technology – are pleased to announce the impending launch of the Mark IV Soundfield Microphone, arguably the most fundamental advance in microphone technology since Blumlein’s invention of the near co-incident pair.
The latest Mark of this famous genre incorporates many worthwhile improvements in both performance and facility and a professional user price of £2,000 complete.
It is anticipated that demand will exceed production in the first few months and prospective purchasers are invited to contact their national Calrec distributors now to avoid disappointment.
CALREC – the choice of professionals worldwide.
Calrec Audio Limited, Hangingroyd Lane, Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire HX7 7DD. Tel: 0422 842159. Telex: 51311.
U.S.A. AND CANADA:
Audio Design Recording Inc., P.O. Box 786, Bremerton, Wa. 98310. (206) 275-5005.
LOCKWOOD
the SMALLER monitors
Studio Academy I & II
Miniature Monitor
LOWLANDS ROAD, HARROW, HA1 3AW, UK
Telephone 01-422 3704 & 01-422 0768
CABLES
SPECIALISED ELECTRICAL WIRES & CABLES FOR:
BROADCAST
RECORDING
DATA
AUDIO
CONTROL
COMPUTER
VIDEO
MACHINE TOOL
AUTOMATION
COMMUNICATIONS
Connectronics
UNITED KINGDOM & WORLD EXPORTS
CONNECTRONICS LIMITED
20 Victoria Road
New Malden, Surrey
EN4 9PT England
Telephone 01 4493662/4644
Telex 8851512 SCAL G
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CONNECTRONICS CORPORATION
652 Glenbrook Road
Danbury, CT 06810 U.S.A.
Telephone 203 221 2418
Telex 643678
APRS
Stand No. 401 - TURNBURY
Stand No. 402 - CANFORD
Stand No. 97 - KELLSY
ITD THE INDUSTRY'S MOST COMPREHENSIVE CASSETTE DUPLICATING COMPANY ★ 32 TIMES SPEED LOOP BIN SYSTEMS ★ WEEKLY CAPACITY 120,000 CASSETTES ★ QUANTITIES 50—50,000 ★ FREE DELIVERY LONDON AREA & LONDON DEPOT ★ FULL ARTWORK FACILITIES ★ BLANK CASSETTES ANY LENGTH ★
I.T.D. FACTORY, FARADAY ROAD
RABANS LANE, AYLESBURY
0296 27211
I.T.D. LONDON DEPOT, 16 STUCLEY PLACE
HAWLEY CRESCENT, CAMDEN TOWN,
LONDON NW1
EDC
RADIOMICROPHONES FOR ALL EVENTS
BRITISH MADE • HOME OFFICE APPROVED
For full details contact:
E.D.C. (ELKOM DESIGN) LIMITED, 29A WEST STREET
WAREHAM, DORSET. BH20 4JS ENGLAND
Tel: WAREHAM (09295) 6050/6061
CLASSIFIEDS
Advertisements for this section must be pre-paid. The rate is 40p per word, minimum £10.00. Box Nos. £2.50 extra. Semi-display rates on application. Copy and remittance for advertisements in AUGUST issue must reach these offices by 7th JUNE addressed to: The Advertisement Manager, Studio Sound, Link House, Dingwall Avenue, Croydon CR9 2TA. Cheques made payable to Link House Publications (Croydon) Ltd.
Note: Advertisement copy must be clearly printed in block capitals or typewritten.
Replies to Box Nos. should be addressed to the Advertisement Manager, Studio Sound, Link House, Dingwall Avenue, Croydon CR9 2TA, and the Box No. quoted on the outside of the envelope. The district after Box No. indicates its locality. SEX DISCRIMINATION ACT 1975: No job advertisement which indicates or can reasonably be understood as indicating an intention to discriminate on grounds of sex (e.g. by inviting applications only from males or only from females) may be accepted, unless (1) the job is for the purpose of a private householder or (2) it is in a business employing no less than six persons or (3) it is otherwise excepted from the requirements of the Sex Discrimination Act. A statement must be made at the time the advertisement is placed saying which of the exceptions in the Act is considered to apply.
The attention of advertisers is drawn to "The Business Advertisements (Disclosure) Order 1977", which requires that, from 1st January 1978, all advertisements by persons who seek to sell goods in the course of business must make that fact clear. From the above date, consumers therefore should know whether an advertisement relates to a sale by a trader or a private seller.
SERVICES
STUDIO MAINTENANCE, INSTALLATION from qualified freelance sound technician. Multi-track alignment, modification, fault-finding and repair. Test equipment and tools supplied. Telephone Peter 01-254 4023. (G)
14p FOR A CASSETTE TAPE (grey, assorted lengths). Over-runs 10p. Make your own 5p each. Details of special offers from Selecta Sound, Romford. 04024 53424. (G)
EVERYTHING FOR YOUR next small cassette production: Duplicating (from 1p per minute). Label printing (100 pairs £4.50), inlay cards printed or blank. Cassettes wound to any length. Audicord Records, 59 Mayfield Way, Barwell, Leicester LE9 8BL. Tel. 0455-47298.
AMPEX HIGH SPEED DUPLICATION, precision wound cassettes, reel-reel, copying. Contact: Rainhill Tape Specialists, 31 Eccleston Street, Prescot. Tel. 051-430 9001. (F)
LABELLING MACHINES, ¼" lube tape, endless cassettes, Ampex reel tapes, c-zero, bulk cassettes tape plus much more from Selecta Sound, Romford. Contact John Smailes. (G)
REAL-TIME CASSETTE COPIES direct from your ¼" master or cassette—no minimum order. Up to C62 18p each, up to C92.28p each plus cost of cassette. Selecta Sound, 18 Balmoral Road, Romford. 04024-53434 (from London 49-53424). (G)
TOP QUALITY LOOP BIN CASSETTE DUPLICATION—any amount from 200 to 200,000. Back to you in days, not weeks. C6c—50p. Ring John Smailes 04024 53424. (G)
MAXELL UDXLII cassette tape wound to short lengths on top quality c-zero. C10—30p; C15—34p; C30—45p. Selecta Sound, Romford. Telephone 04024 53424. (G)
C120—NO PROBLEM. Just call Selecta Sound. C12—23p, C50—33p, C62—38p, C92—50p, C100—60p, C120—78p. All with black-screwed c-zero and good quality tape. (G)
SPEECH RECORDING
(VOICE-OVERS; LANGUAGES; AUDIO-VISUALS)
HIGH-SPEED CASSETTE COPYING
OPEN-REEL COPYING
(ANY SPEED—ALSO TO BROADCAST SPEC)
HIGH QUALITY BLANK CASSETTES
(C1-C96)
LABEL & CARD PRINTING
SPEECH-PLUS RECORDINGS LTD
UNIT 32, NO19,PAGES WALK, LONDON, SE14 4SB.
01-231 0961
CHROME CASSETTE TAPE wound to your requirements—C30—40p, C12—33p, C50—43p. Selecta Sound, 18 Balmoral Road, Romford. 04024 53424. (49 53424 from London).
SELECTA SOUND—phone John Smailes anytime 04024 53424 (from London 49-53424) for a quotation or sample of exact length cassettes on Agfa, BASF, EMI or Maxell tape. (G)
TAPE DUPLICATING
ENDLESS CASSETTES
NUMBERED TAPES
EXACT LENGTH CASSETTES
SELECTA SOUND
18 BALMORAL ROAD
GILM PARK
ROMFORD, ESSEX
Tel. 04024-53424
From London 49 53424
John Smailes
RING US...
FOR BLANK CASSETTES
EMPTY SPOOLS
LEADER TAPE
ST CARTRIDGE BODIES
T TAB REFILLING SER.
CASSETTE DUPLICATING
WHITE TAPE BOXES
¼" TAPE IN ALL LENGTHS
SPlicing TAPE
RAZOR BLADES
RING 01-399 2476/7
MEDIATAPE LIMITED
The Courtyard, 152-154 Ewell Road, Surbiton, Surrey KT6 5NE, England
AMPEX MAGNETIC TAPE STOCKISTS
WHY NOT PHONE US NOW FOR A QUOTE?
CAN YOU AFFORD NOT TO?
MAIN 3M WOLLENSAK DEALERS
Perfective alignment of all machines before sale
Excellent servicing facilities. SCS Cassettes C2-C100
on orders of 100 and over. Stockists for 3M Audio
and Video cassettes. Fast-copying service. Prompt
personal attention
SOUND CASSETTE SERVICES LTD.
P.O. Box 2, Chard, Somerset TA20 1LR.
Tel: 0462 20988
Check It Out....
Quality Pressing DIRECT
from our modern UK plant.
- Singles, E.P. & L.P.'s.
- Cutting, Processing.
- Test Pressing.
- Labels & Sleeves.
- Cassette Duplication.
- Minimum Records - 500.
- Minimum Cassettes - 250.
- Qualified Staff.
- Sound Advice.
MARKET LEADERS IN STEREO
RECORDS AND TAPES.
SRT
01-446 3218
FOR SALE—TRADE
Soundcraft Series II, only 6 months work, 24-channel, 16-sweep EQ, PPM's, PG's, Custom stand, Loom, inc. 192-way Patchbay, Rebus rack comprising: 2 Gates, 2 Compressors and ADT delay system. Delta Lab DL2, mics and stands, leads, DI boxes, etc.
Package price £8,500 ex. VAT. Including installation in London area. Separate sales and prices negotiable. Also: A77 Revox, ¼-track, 7½ ips, Dolby mod. Man. record Cal mod. £350 o.n.o.
Phone 348-5782 or 341-3907
MAGNETIC TAPE/FILM HEADS
"We manufacture to order ¼", ⅜", 1" and 2" tape heads and a wide range of film heads at competitive prices. Please specify machine type for an early quotation. We also offer a prompt RELAPPING service at standard prices."
BRANCH & APPLIEBY LTD.
Stonefield Way, Ruislip, Middx. HA4 0YL
Tel. 01-864 1577
Standard 19" 3' 6" Equipment Racks. Extremely strong in plastic-coated steel construction. Complete pack including trolley wheels, all screws for fitting and mounting equipment. £85 + VAT per 3' 6"
Also manufacturing Recorder Racks with editing units and block price agreed on depending on make, i.e. Revox, Studer, Tascam. Can also be used as 19" Racking on front and top panels. Complete self-assembly unit on trolley wheels.
For further information phone:
Pete or Bob on 0244 881708/880714/880900
ABBOT EQUIPMENT — CHESTER
A. FANTHORPE LTD
for Technics, Sony, Teac, Tannoy, Revox, Beyer, Sennheiser, Shure. Suppliers of professional 2-way radio equipment and radio microphones. Second-hand audio equipment available.
for details telephone 0482 223096 or write to
A. Fanthorpe, Hepworth Arcade, Hull,
N. Humberside.
N.S.F. Stereo reverb plates complete with remote and rack mounted control unit ........ £520.00
N.S.F. 10" studio monitors ....................... £230.00
N.S.F. Drum transducers .......................... £27.00
Stratford-upon-Avon. 0789 76 5186, 0905-812750.
SITUATIONS VACANT
TRAINEE ASSISTANT FILM RECORDISTS
Would you like to specialise in sound with the BBC TV's Film Department?
Trainee Assistant Film Recordists work initially in Sound Transfer and Dubbing areas operating sound recording equipment with the prospect of moving on to location Film Recording work in due course.
EXCELLENT TRAINING is given if you have ambitions to do this type of work but lack experience. You will need 'O' level standard of education or equivalent, preferably including Physics and/or Maths and a basic knowledge of electronics. Applicants should be able to demonstrate a practical interest in Sound Recording. Normal hearing and colour vision are essential and applicants must hold a current driving licence or be prepared to obtain one within a reasonable period.
Successful candidates will start their three year training period in January 1984 at a salary of £5,451 (currently under review). An additional allowance is paid for shift work (not nights). Based West London. Relocation expenses considered.
Contact us immediately for application form (quote ref. 1350/SS and enclose s.a.e.): BBC Appointments, London, W1A 1AA.
Tel. 01-580 4468 Ext. 4619.
Completed application forms to be returned by Friday, 15th July 1983.
We are an Equal Opportunities employer
BBCtv
CLASSIFIEDS
FOR SALE—PRIVATE
APHEX AURAL EXCITER 602B £850.
Lexicon digital delay PCM41 1640, BEL flanger
BF20 £350. Tel: 0224-631307 (Day) 06517-2339
(Evening). (G)
FOR HIRE
MULTITRACK
01 354-2955 / 348-1339
Studer 24-16-8-4-2 track
Otari 24 track
Sony PCM Digital
Q-lock, Maglink
Sony U-matic VCR+ monitors
Headblocks, Dolby, Fairchild
Revox, Teac
SITUATIONS VACANT
CHIEF ELECTRONICS ENGINEER
To join a small highly motivated research and development team responsible to the Managing Director for all aspects of circuit design including component specifications, loudspeaker enclosures and test specifications from design to production stage.
The Company is involved in the manufacture and marketing of amplifiers, electronic effects and accessories in the music industry both in the U.K. and overseas.
Candidates must possess high technical qualifications and be experienced in an audio research and development environment. An active interest in live music would be advantageous together with the ability to communicate with non-technical people.
An attractive salary will be offered according to age, qualifications and experience.
PLEASE SEND FULL C.V. TO:
MR. S. H. MERCER, MANAGING DIRECTOR
CARLSBRO SOUND EQUIPMENT LTD.
CROSS DRIVE, KIRKBY-IN-ASHFIELD
NOTTS NG17 7LD
TECHNICAL TRAINING FOR TELEVISION
Thames Television will be running its Technical Training Scheme beginning October 1983. The course will be of 9 months duration and posts will be available in the following areas:—
1. Technical operations covering VTR, Telecine, Vision Control and maintenance.
2. Studio Sound Operations.
3. Film Editing.
The course will consist of 5 months broad based training and 4 months specialist training and will take place at the Training Centre, Teddington, with additional experience gained on attachment at each of the Company's sites.
Salary during training will be 1-3 months £5,500 per annum, 4-9 months £6,300 per annum. Successful Trainees will then be absorbed into operational departments at one of the Company's sites and go on to a salary structure applicable to the grade.
Candidates should preferably be 20-30 years of age and have academic qualifications, specialist training or experience relevant to their chosen area.
Thames is an equal opportunity employer and these vacancies are open to all male and female candidates regardless of national/ethnic origin and marital status.
For an application form and further details please send a large stamped addressed envelope to:—
Mike Allen,
Personnel Department,
Thames Television Limited,
Broom Road,
Teddington Lock,
Middlesex.
STUDIOS
HAVE YOUR studios decorated and sound-proofed in one clean sweep by using our new Hi-Line wall covering system. Very versatile with a wide choice of coverings. Phone 0206-22-5814 for further details. (G)
THE RECORDING BOOK THAT'S ROCKING THE MUSIC INDUSTRY.
"Practical Techniques for the Recording Engineer" by Sherman Keene is endorsed by the Recording Industry of America, New York State Univ. of New York, Colleges, Studio/Schools, Musicians and our Correspondence Students around the world. Recommended by reviewers of the MIX, Re/P, Guitar Player and other top publications. THE BOOK: Hard cover, 380 pages, 28 chapters (4 on computer assisted mixing), illustrations $29.75 ($31.69 in Calif.) + $2.50 (PS for surface) + $10 (overseas air mail $16). THE CORRESPONDENCE COURSE: Private instruction from a world-class author/lecturer. Certificate theory course using two textbooks, corrected and graded homework, three final exams, unlimited dialog with the author via cassette. Basic Intermediate and Advanced Level. Instrument plan available. THE CURRICULUM: for school or home - all you need for a very complete course: Teacher's Manual (lesson plans for 24 class modules in two textbooks, reading and homework assignments, suggested session content), Student's Workbook, Final Exams. FOR INFORMATION OR TO ORDER contact: S.K.P. 1626 N. Wilcox No E-677 Hollywood, CA 90028, USA. Order by phone using Visa or Mastercharge by calling (213) 708-2933. (X)
WANTED
USED 16tr 2" multitrack console, stereo machine etc. In v.g.c Sensible prices please. Private cash buyer. Box No 893 c/o Studio Sound. (G)
STUDIO WANTED
Small 16 & 24 track recording studio required by international production company. Would consider purchasing all equipment, freehold etc. North London area only. Please reply to box number Only BOX No 882
STUDIO FACILITIES
ATWELL STUDIO for classical sound recordings, location or studio (Steinway Grand), demonstration tapes, records or high quality cassettes 124 Lower Richmond Road, Putney SW15 1LN. Tel: 01-785 9666. (X)
8-TRACK MOBILE RECORDING UNIT
In an air-conditioned custom-built trailer we have combined the following MCI 1" 8-track, 10-B-2 Trmx, two twin-track tape decks, one dual spool cassette deck, mics by AKG, F1 video, digital recorder, Two way radios, GPS, radiophone, film/video platform. All for around £70 per day
PHONE ANDREW TOMS
Daytime: 061-430 2223. Evenings: 061-794 9807
Sales Manager/Executives/Demonstrators
Sales Manager The country's leading distributors of computer based musical instruments is now further expanding its market penetration and as a result an excellent opportunity is available for a Sales Manager to take on responsibility to develop the company's sales.
Ideally you will have at least two years sales management experience and possess sound organisational ability and a flair for exploring new business opportunities. Some knowledge of the music industry and recent developments in synthesiser technology would be desirable.
This senior position offers an attractive salary and expense account together with a very special working environment.
If you think you have the right qualifications please write giving full details of career to date
Sales Executives/Demonstrators To assist in the development of UK and European sales of a wide range of synthesizers and computer musical instruments, a number of sales executives are required. Preferably you must have a musical background, ability to play a keyboard and some working experience on synthesizers.
You will be expected to demonstrate equipment on display and provide general information on all products at pre-arranged sales appointments.
Training on all equipments will be provided, and sufficient time allowed for you to practice and gain more experience.
If you are looking for an ideal opportunity to develop your own musical ability and contribute to the success of a rapidly growing company please write giving full details of your career to date
Hicks & Hayes Recruitment, 5 Lansdowne Mews, Holland Park, London W11
In our first year we won five awards — join us and help win more!
TSW — TELEVISION SOUTH WEST LIMITED — employs over 300 people, is located in one of the best areas of the United Kingdom and offers attractive salaries and benefits in an extensively refurbished and re-fitted studio complex in Plymouth. We have the following vacancies:
BROADCAST ENGINEERS - TELECINE AND VTR experienced in film splicing and maintenance of C Format, quad video tape machines and flying spot telecine. Salaries up to £10,500 p.a.
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE ENGINEERS Experienced in the maintenance of broadcast studio and control room equipment. Applicants should be conversant with digital techniques used in microprocessor-based systems, field store and signal processing equipment used in control room systems. HNC or equivalent is required. Competitive salary offered.
SOUND ENGINEERS Experienced in the operation of sound mixers, tape operations and first line maintenance as well as film sound transfer, sound balancing/mixing, OB duties and dubbing. Relevant experience and a basic electrical qualification are required. Salaries up to £10,115 p.a.
PLANNING AND INSTALLATION ENGINEER Responsible for routine and advanced planning and installation of technical equipment and systems and ensuring that installations conform to specification and standards. HNC or equivalent and at least five years' experience as broadcast engineer essential. Salaries in the region of £11,000.
Good relocation assistance given with re-location expenses and allowances will be offered to the right candidates.
If you'd like the opportunity to work in a friendly environment and become involved in a number of work activities, please write or telephone:
THE PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT, TSW—TELEVISION SOUTH WEST
DESIGN CENTRE, PLYMOUTH PL1 2SP
TEL: 0752-63322, Extension 247/8
for an application form
These positions are open to men, women and applicants of all national and ethnic backgrounds — we are a genuine equal opportunities employer.
## AUDIO SERVICES
**BEST PRICES—BEST AFTER SALES SERVICE—PROMPT DELIVERY—PART EXCHANGE WELCOME**
### TAPE MACHINE (Multitrack)
- **AHB Syncron M24 24 Track (New Product)**
- POA
- **Teac 80-8 s/h with brand new DX6**
- £1,500
- **Otari 50/50 BT s/h less than 1 yr old**
- £2,200
- **Tascam 38, new**
- POA
- **Fostex AB, new**
- POA
- **Brenell mini 8, 1yr old, vari-speed, auto-locate, full function remote home use**
- £2,995
- **Tascam 85-16 + Remote [Mini]**
- £5,950
- **Tascam 85-16B, new**
- POA
- **Tascam 44 fitted with DX44 NR, new**
- £995
- **Teac 344D, s/h mint**
- £495
- **Tascam 58 [Pro '½' 8T], new ITAM 1610, 16T, new**
- £4,950
### TAPE MACHINES (Stereo)
- **Studer B67 MkII VU in console, new**
- £3,850
- **Teac 35-2B in console new**
- £345
- **Teac 32-2B (NAB or IEC switches), new**
- £510
- **Tascam 52 Pro '¼' Stereo POA**
- £490
- **Studer A80 RC (VU) Immortal**
- £3,495
- **Revox A700 Mint**
- POA
- **Revox PR99 (NAB or IEC), new**
- POA
- **Revox B77 HS (NAB or IEC), new**
- POA
- **Revox B77 HS NAB, s/h Otari MX 50/50**
- £795
### MIXERS
- **Syncron A28/24/4, new**
- £8,300
- **Syncron A20/16/4, new**
- £6,850
- **Syncron B all formats, new**
- POA
- **Soundcraft series 16/8 /2 rebuilt Trident VFM 16/4/2 one only, ex-demo**
- £1,037
- **Allen & Heath System 8 [all formats] from £1,037**
- **Allen & Heath 16/4/2, new and POA**
- **Tascam M30, new**
- £619
- **Allen & Heath 8/4/2, s/h**
- £185
### NOISE REDUCTION
- **Immediate cash paid for modern Dolby's**
- £1,300
- **Dolby 344 s/h with brand new CATZ**
- £395
- **DBX 150, new ex-demo (2 chan)**
- £195
- **Tascam DX4D 4-chan simultaneous, new**
- £185
### CASSETTE MACHINES
- **Teac C1 MkII with RX8, new**
- £550
- **Philips N2537 rack mounting pro model**
- £145
- **Tascam 122 (High Speed), ex-demo**
- £295
- **Revox B710, new in box**
- £350
- **Tascam '73 (Audio/visual) 'Mini'**
- £350
- **Teac A550 RX new**
- £195
### MONITORS
- **JBL 4324, full range in stock, new Tannoy full range in stock, new Tannoy LRM [Pair] exc. con.**
- £395
- **Ex-demo JBL clearance amazing deals**
- POA
- **Tannoy Ardens (pair) new in box**
- £450
### THE NEW FOSTEX X15 MULTITRACKER
- £299 inc VAT
### RADIO MICROPHONE ADAPTORS
- **EDC picamic... Brilliant plug on transmitter unit for use with your favourite mic, Hire or buy please call us 06632 2442 Transmitter and Receiver**
- £450
### TRADE COUNTER
- **Ampeox and TDK tapes, XLR's, multicore & leads, microphones, NAB adaptors, leader and splicing empty spools, edit blocks, jackfield & patchboards, Aurionettes, loads of cans, 8" reflex, stereo 9 stage boxes, 12" reflexes, 16" linear, even 24" Reflex & Caron or mallets P.S. We still sell more '24 Portastudios' than anyone else in the country £649 + freebies! The above price for '244 Portastudios' includes VAT and 48hr Securicor Delivery.**
Please allow for VAT and delivery to all other prices. Credit cards WELCOME.
### REVERBERATION
- **NSF Plate (New Product)**
- £795 + VAT
- **Dynaco/DRS 78 Digital Reverb**
- £999
- **Load of GREAT BRITISH SPRINGS'**
- £LIST
- **Fostex 3180 Reverb**
- £294
- **Masterson C' Series**
- £795
- **UK Made DOLBY Reverb**
- £3,900
- **Vesta-fire Rackmount Stereo, new**
- £175
### POWER AMPS
- **Turner A500VU, new H/H & Yamaha in stock**
- £495
- **Quad 303 2 months old**
- £95
- **Quad 303 405 in stock**
- £157
- **Studer A88 power amp 'mint'**
- £495
- **Quad 405 2 months old**
- £175
### EQUALISATION
- **Klark Teknik DN27A [pair as new]**
- £895
- **Klark Teknik DN22 Stereo ex-showroom**
- £425
- **Orban 6228Z-chan Parametric, new**
- £490
- **Tascam 4-chan, 4-band para new PEQ**
- £230
- **Audio & Design E900RS, new**
- £390
- **Klark Teknik DN3030 ex-showroom**
- £775
- **Goldline spec analyser**
- £250
### COMPRESSORS LIMITERS EXPANDERS & GATES
- **Audio & Design Transdynamic expander with MKIII express limiters**
- POA
- **Audio & Design Easy Rider, new**
- £325
- **MXR 136 Limiter, new**
- £389
- **Drawmer stereo comp/lim**
- £295
- **DBX 160X mono linkable, new**
- £250
- **Drawmer Dual-gate freq-cons new**
- £249
- **Audio & Design Express limiter ex-demo**
- £395
- **Fostex 3070 comp/lin/exp**
- £228
### TIME PROCESSORS & FX
- **EXR Exciter, new**
- £360
- **Aphex 2 Aural Exciter Stereo, new**
- £795
- **Eventide H910**
- £1,209
- **Delta-labs Effectron 1024, new**
- £595
- **Drawmer Multitracker, new**
- £395
- **Klark-Teknik DN34 as new**
- £439
- **Roland Phase Shifter SPH323, new**
- £150
- **Mic-Mix Dynaflanger ex-demo**
- £295
- **Bel Sireno flanger as new**
- £195
- **Lexicon PCM41, new**
- £695
### Portastudio, Tascam & Fostex in stock
- **Eventide H949 inc. De-G, new**
- £2,702
- **Loft Stereo Flangers, new**
- £195
- **Roland SDE2000, new**
- £420
- **MXR Phase Shifter, new**
- £289
- **MXR11 digital, new**
- POA
- **URSA Major Space Station**
- £1,687
- **A.M.S. DM220 Phase/Vibrato generator as new**
- £295
- **Survival Projects Autopan**
- £395
- **Sonitex cart machines, full range**
- POA
### INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
| Company | Page |
|----------------------------------------------|------|
| AC Electronic Services | 145 |
| APRS. | 16, 146 |
| Advanced Music Systems | 105 |
| AKG | 123 |
| Allen (Scotco) Ltd. | 134 |
| Allen & Heath Ltd. | 78, 79 |
| Amek Ltd. | 93 |
| Apnex Systems Ltd. | 73 |
| Audio Accessories Ltd. | 138 |
| Audio & Design Recording | 70, 71, 127 |
| Audio Instruments | 130 |
| Audio Kinetics | 85 |
| Audio Labs | 146 |
| Audio Service Co. | 88, 89, 154 |
| Audio Tools | 128 |
| Autograph Sales Ltd. | 22 |
| Avcom Systems Ltd. | 24 |
| Beyer Dynamic | 144 |
| Bloomfield Sounds | 134 |
| Britannia Row | 57 |
| Brooks Audio Systems | 27 |
| Bruel & Kjaer (UK) Ltd. | 99 |
| Calrec Audio Ltd | 147 |
| Central Recording Services | 134 |
| Clear Channel | 95 |
| Connectronics Ltd. | 147 |
| Crompan Instruments | 134 |
| DBX UK Ltd. | 113 |
| Design, Davies Assocs Ltd. | 131 |
| Dedicated Microprocessors Ltd. | 143 |
| Delta Lab | 47 |
| Dolby Lab | 28 |
| Doemhuis | 108 |
| Don Larking Audio | 135 |
| E.D.C. Ltd. | 148 |
| Earley Electronics | 41 |
| Enertec | 15 |
| Feldon Audio | 69, 109 |
| Formant Sound Ltd. | 14 |
| Fraser Prackoc Assocs Ltd. | 32 |
| Future Film Developments Ltd. | 11, 63 |
| FWO Audio Ltd. | 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 75, OBC |
| MES Electronics | 95 |
| HW International | 91 |
| H.B. Music Sales | 37, 55, 59 |
| Hardware House | 119 |
| Harris Audio Systems Inc. | 85 |
| Harwood Ltd. | OBC |
| Healey & Baker | 136 |
| Hill Audio Ltd. | 107 |
| I.T.A. | 8, 9, 10, 11 |
| ITC. | 23 |
| I.T.D. Ltd. | 148 |
| Ilbruck Ltd. | 50 |
| Jensen Transformers | 27 |
| KVP Ltd. | 16 |
| Kelvey Acoustics Ltd. | 16, 143 |
| Kenwood Musical | 133 |
| Key Technology | 140 |
| Klark Teknik Research Ltd. | 64, 85 |
| Knowles Audio | 97 |
| Leeholme Audio Services | 143 |
| Leverss Rich | 141 |
| Leonard Developments Ltd. | 26 |
| Lexicon | 75 |
| Lexicon Inc. | 47 |
| Lockwood & Co. | 147 |
| London Rock Shop, The | 26 |
| Mitchell Ltd. | 17 |
| Michael Stevens & Partners | 143 |
| Moses & Mitchell Ltd. | 18 |
| Multitrack Hire Ltd. | 30 |
| Musica Ltd. | 117 |
| MXR Innovations | 25 |
| Oars: | 52, 53 |
| Pilkington Fibre Optics | 121 |
| Precision Audio Marketing | 12 |
| Progressor Electronics | 132 |
| Quad. | 137 |
| Quad Eight Electronics | 82 |
| R.E. Instruments Ltd. | 136 |
| Rank & Bass Sound | 33 |
| Rehbs Audio | 125 |
| Recording Maintenance Assoc. | 14 |
| Rose Morris & Co. Ltd. | 11, 19 |
| Rycores | 68 |
| Scienz Sound | 4, 27, 47, 67 |
| Selbert Equipment Ltd. | 40 |
| Shortlouder | 77 |
| Solid State Logic Ltd. | 60, 61 |
| Soundfile Sound Equipment | 142 |
| Sound Broadcast Ltd. | 42, 43 |
| Soundcraft Ltd. | 36 |
| Soundcraft Electronics | 11C, 114 |
| Soundcraft Systems Ltd. | 29 |
| Sowier E.A. Ltd. | 31 |
| Spender & Associates Ltd. | 138 |
| Standard Tape Laboratory Inc. | 30 |
| Studer | 19, 21 |
| Suco Electronics | 68 |
| Swistone Electronics Ltd. | 108 |
| Synergy Sound Ltd. | 39, 111 |
| Tandberg UK Ltd. | 142 |
| Tannoy Products | 20 |
| Tape Machines | 131 |
| Teac Corporation | 103 |
| Toca Electron Co.Ltd. | 103 |
| Toca Sales Ltd. | 126 |
| Trident Audio Developments Ltd. | 87 |
| Troubadour Television | 131 |
| Turner Electronics | 31 |
| Turnkey Two | 6, 7, 36, 128, OBC |
| Turnkey Two | 33, 50 |
| URSA Limited | 101 |
| Valley People | 25 |
| White Instruments Ltd. | 66 |
Studio Sound is available without charge to qualified readers; these are directors, managers, executives and key personnel actively engaged in sound recording, broadcasting and cinematograph industries in any part of the world. The Publishers reserve the right to refuse applications considered inappropriate and will limit the number of free copies sent to any one company or organisation. Non-qualifying readers can buy Studio Sound at an annual subscription rate of £12.00. All enquiries to Subscription Department, Studio Sound Publishing PLC, Link House, Dingwall Avenue, Croydon CR0 2TA, Great Britain. Phone: 01-686 5591. Published by Link House Publications (Croydon) Limited on behalf of the proprietors, Link House Publications PLC, Robert Rogers House, New Orchard, Poole, Dorset BH15 1LU and printed by Lawrence-Allen Ltd., Gloucester Street, Weston-super-Mare, Avon BS23 1TB.
Synclavier II
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|
Summer Seminar for Young Public Policy Professionals from Southeastern Europe and the Black Sea Region
Public Policy Challenges – European and Regional Dimensions
Written revised versions of the presentations delivered at the XVII Edition of the Summer Seminar for Young Public Policy Professionals from Southeastern Europe and the Black Sea Region, held in the period May 30 – June 3, 2016 in Albena resort (Bulgaria)
Sofia
2016
The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the institutions they represent, neither the positions of the Economic Policy Institute nor the Seminar’s supporting organizations (Hanns Seidel Foundation and the Representation of the European Commission in Bulgaria).
© All the materials in this publication may not be reproduced, transmitted or disseminated in any form, without the permission of the authors.
The content of this volume does not fully cover the list of topics on the Seminar’s agenda and does not entail the presentations of all contributors. For further information, please, refer to the List of Contributors, to EPI’s web site – www.epi-bg.org or to Summer Seminars’ separate web site available at www.summer-seminars.epi-bg.org.
The current edition of the seminar was financially supported by the Hanns Seidel Foundation and the Representation of the European Commission in Bulgaria. The printing of this publication is funded by the the Hanns Seidel Foundation.
The publication is disseminated electronically and on hard copy for free.
All comments regarding this publication are welcome to:
Economic Policy Institute
2 Khan Asparouh Str., Fl. 3
1463 Sofia
BULGARIA
Tel./Fax: (359 2) 952 29 47
E-mail: email@example.com
www.epi-bg.org
www.summer-seminars.epi-bg.org
ISSN: 1314-2151
CHAPTER II: ECONOMIC AND ENERGY CHALLENGES ON THE EU AGENDA
AND IN THE SEE AND BLACK SEA REGION ................................................................. 85
The Future of Europe – Economic and Financial
Challenges and Perspectives
Kaloyan Simeonov, PhD ........................................................................................................... 87
Challenges in the Energy Sector of Bulgaria
Jordan Yankov ......................................................................................................................... 101
CHAPTER III: PROMOTING GROWTH AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: CATCHING-UP, COMPETITIVENESS AND INNOVATIONS .................................................. 109
Europe in the New Edition of the Catch-up Index: Implications
of the Convergence and Divergence Processes
Marin Lessenski ....................................................................................................................... 111
Technological Commercialization & VC Capital Financing
in the ICT Industry
Assoc Prof. Evgeni Evgeniev, PhD ............................................................................................ 135
CHAPTER IV: THE REGIONAL COOPERATION AND THE NEW CHALLENGES
TO THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY ...................................................... 151
The Visegrad Group as a Role-model for Cooperation
Dušan Štrauch .......................................................................................................................... 153
The Future of the Eastern Partnership – Theoretical Perspectives and
Practical Implications
Tamás Novák, Ph.D. .................................................................................................................. 157
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS TO SUMMER SEMINAR 2016
BEICHE, Wiebke
Project Assistant,
Hanns Seidel Foundation in Bulgaria,
Sofia
BELCHEV, Dragomir
Finance Director,
Economic Policy Institute, Sofia
BOSSEVA, Stephanie
Junior Researcher,
Economic Policy Institute, Sofia
CHUROV, Todor
Director of Political Affairs General Directorate,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria
EVGENIEV, Evgeni Assoc. Prof./ PhD
Vice-Rector for European Projects and Further Education,
VUZF University of Finance, Business and Entrepreneurship
GEORGIEV, Yasen
Executive Director
Economic Policy Institute, Sofia
IVANOV, Pavel
Executive Director
Institute for Public Administration, Bulgaria
JAKUBÓCY, Marián H. E.
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
of the Slovak Republic to the Republic of Bulgaria
KOPLOVSKY, Michael
Minister Counselor for Economic Affairs
U.S. Mission to the European Union
LESSENSKI, Marin
Program Director,
Open Society Institute, Sofia
NOVÁK, Tamás Dr.
Research Director, Budapest Business School
O’BRENNAN, John Dr.
Lecturer and Jean Monnet Professor of European Integration, Maynooth University, Ireland
Oorschot, Tom van H. E.
Ambassador of the Netherlands to the Republic of Bulgaria
PETROVA, Desislava
Director “European Programmes and Projects”
Economic Policy Institute, Sofia
RALCHEV, Plamen Ph.D
Associate Professor in International Relations at University of National and World Economy;
Consultant in Strategic Communications
SIMEONOV, Kaloyan Dr.
Chief Expert, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Bulgaria;
Associate Professor on EU affairs and Chairman of the European Studies Department at Sofia University
ZLATEV, Ognian
Head of EC Representation in Bulgaria, Sofia
# LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TO SUMMER SEMINAR 2016
| Name | Position |
|-----------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| APOSTOLOVA, Vaska | Junior Associate for Coordination of the Translation Process, Secretariat for European Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia |
| APOSTOLOVSKI, Elizabeta | Advisor for Effective Functioning of Management and Control System of IPA, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Macedonia |
| ARABADJIYSKA, Lilia | Junior Expert, Public Relations Department, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Bulgaria |
| BRZOVIĆ, Josipa | Financial Controller, Certification Specialist, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Croatia |
| BUCUR, Andra | Advisor in the Chancellor’s office, Government of Romania |
| CAZAC, Dumitru | Consultant, International Relations and European Integration Division, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Moldova |
| CHAUSHOSKA, Jasmina | Junior Project Officer, Macedonian Center for International Cooperation |
| CHAUSHOV, Mustafa | Chief expert, Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Bulgaria |
| DABIC, Dragana | Research Assistant, Institute of International Politics and Economics of Serbia |
| DIMCHEVA, Desislava | Expert, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Bulgaria |
| ĐUSIC RADMILOVIC, Biljana | Independent Advisor, Department for Accession Coordination and SAA Monitoring, Serbian European Integration Office |
| GORDANIC, Jelica | Research Associate, Institute of International Politics and Economics of Serbia |
| GOREA, Mariana | Consultant, European Integration Directorate, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Moldova |
| JURIC, Martina | Associate at Division for COREPER I, DG for European Affairs, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Republic of Croatia |
| KAYTAZKA, Dinela | Junior Expert, Directorate Coordination of EU Funds, Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria |
| KOSTOVA, Aleksandra | Junior Expert, Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Bulgaria |
| KOVACEVIC, Ivan | Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia |
| LIKA, Selim | Head of Department for Visas and Overflights, First Counselor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro |
| MLADENOVA, Ruzhina | Attachée, Planning, Information and Coordination Directorate, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bulgaria |
| MRDAK, Marko | II Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro |
| NAUMOVSKI, Trajanco | Junior Associate for Programme Monitoring of Framework, Service, Supply, Twinning and Grant Projects, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Macedonia |
| PETRESKA, Dana | Advisor for Monitoring of IPA, Sector for Coordination of EU Funds and Other Foreign Assistance, Secretariat for European Affairs of the Republic of Macedonia |
| REVIA, Aleksandre | Director of Department of Economic Security, Office of State Security and Crisis Management Council of Georgia |
| STAROVEŠKI, Danijela | Expert Associate, Directorate for European Union, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Croatia |
| SUSARA, Arina Florenta | Counsellor, Policy and Programme Coordination Department, Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Romania |
| TODOROVA, Rusiana | Junior expert, Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications of the Republic of Bulgaria |
| TOLIĆ, Slobodan | Head of Department of Finance, Administration of the City of Šibenik, Republic of Croatia |
| TOTEVA, Monika | Junior Expert, Strategies and Programmes for Economic Growth Division, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Bulgaria |
| TVERDUN, Tatiana | Senior Consultant, General Law Division, Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Moldova |
| VELJANOASKA, Elena | Junior Associate within the IPA and NPAA Unit, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Macedonia |
| VLJKOVIC, Marija | Junior Advisor, Serbian European Integration Office |
| VUGA, Annamaria | Expert Assistant at the Service for International Cooperation, Sector for International Cooperation and European Union, Ministry of Social Policy and Youth of Croatia |
| XHAXHIU, Gentian | Head of Unit for Cross Border and Transnational Cooperation Programmes, Ministry of European Integration of Albania |
| YÜKSEL POYRAZ, Suna | Coordinator, Ministry for EU Affairs of the Republic of Turkey |
INTRODUCTION
Dear colleagues, partners and friends,
It is our pleasure to bring to your attention the current publication consisting of the written and revised versions of the presentations and speeches delivered during the 2016 Summer Seminar for Young Public Policy Professionals from South Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region. The traditional five-day-long international forum was organized by the Economic Policy Institute, Sofia (EPI) for a seventeenth consecutive time in the period May 30 – June 3, 2016 in Albena resort at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and was made possible thanks to the kind financial support of the Hanns Seidel Foundation and the Representation of the European Commission in Bulgaria.
The long-term regional project was launched in 2000 by the late Dr. Ivanka Petkova, Founder and First Chairperson of EPI (1947–2011), with the joint project support of the Bertelsmann Foundation and the World Bank, seeking to meet the most visible and pressing challenges for South-Eastern Europe (SEE) at that time – building administrative capacity for facing EU requirements as well as for preparing for EU negotiations and fostering regional cooperation. Initially, the Summer Seminar targeted young officials from public institutions only from Bulgaria and Romania while nowadays it is open for a wider range of young experts from altogether fourteen SEE and Black Sea countries – Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. The 17th Summer Seminar edition entitled “Public Policy Challenges – European and Regional Dimensions” gathered together a diverse group of 34 promising young public policy professionals from the public administration structures and policy-oriented research centers from ten of the targeted SEE and Black Sea countries. Traditionally, the prestigious international forum was attended also by over 15 prominent speakers – high-level officials from EU institutions, ambassadors, international experts and practitioners, university professors and experts from the academia, representatives of reputable research centres and think-tanks from the SEE and Black Sea region.
The 2016 Summer Seminar’s diverse agenda touched upon not only key topics on the EU agenda such as the possible Brexit scenarios, the achievements of the Dutch EU Presidency and the priorities of the upcoming Slovak one, TTIP and the future of the ENP and the EU integration process, but also essential public policy issues like countering corruption in SEE, E-Governance for enhancing public policy performance, regulation practices, catching-up and technological commercialization, as well as topics of regional significance such as energy and security challenges and opportunities for more effective regional cooperation having the role-model of the Visegrad Group. Besides obtaining new insights and food for thought during the panel sessions, the participating in the seminar young professionals from the region had the opportunity to continue the effective cooperation and networking also during the interactive sessions envisaged in the seminar agenda. The traditionally organized during the seminar World Café session devoted to issues like good governance, efficient public institutions and effective public policies for increasing quality of life and enhancing competitiveness, also provoked lively discussions and exchange of knowledge and experience. Finally, the XVII edition of the Summer Seminar concluded with a discussion among speakers and participants on the Scenarios for the future of Europe and the SEE and Black Sea region.
Thus, following its well-established framework providing a platform for training, exchange of knowledge, ideas and experience, the EPI regional initiative and its follow-up activities including this publication of the seminar proceedings proved to be mutually beneficial for promising young experts and renowned panellists, but also for a variety of stakeholders in the targeted regions. What is more, the Summer Seminar justified its high recognition in South Eastern Europe, the Black Sea region and beyond as an appropriate format for fostering cooperation on the basis of personal contacts between professionals from neighbouring countries. Last but not least, these project efforts seek also to bridge the gap between ready-to-use solutions from different political, economic and administrative systems and regional particularities through stimulating an active brainstorming for the application of tailor-made ideas and eventually achieving spill-over effects in South Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region.
By publishing this issue on a hard copy and freely disseminating it to all participants, lecturers and stakeholders in the fourteen targeted SEE and Black Sea countries, we at EPI believe not only to actively contribute to the widening of beneficiaries’ circle but also to contribute to improving the perceptions and the image of South East Europe and the Black Sea region as a whole.
Yasen Georgiev
Executive Director
Economic Policy Institute
Desislava Petrova
Director “European Programmes and Projects”
Economic Policy Institute
In our rapidly changing world, there are less and less fix points we should orient ourselves to. In this environment, the combination of continuity and renewal, i.e. the right mixture of fix points, flexibility and adjustment to new challenges represents a unique value. The 17th Summer Seminar organized by a small, non-governmental organization in a small and less rich EU member country constitutes an enviable and rare positive example. The continuous efforts of the Economic Policy Institute (EPI) to keep alive the original idea of organizing regular seminars for talented young public administrators, some of them already in important positions, deserves a special thank. At the same time, thanks have to be expressed to the financial and professional supporters of EPI’s annual programme, as well as to all participants coming from various countries, part of them members of the European Union, part negotiating on accession or waiting for the start of the official negotiations, and another group of countries without the promise of membership but with clear commitment to European values and cooperation possibilities. The professional background and current position of the participants shall be considered as a highly relevant value added both to their personal career as experts in European integration and to their responsible contribution to the future of Europe. I am convinced that the future of Europe more and more is in the hands of the young generation that, fortunately but not accidentally, grew up in peace, stability and (in different levels of) material safety (not necessarily prosperity). In a continent and integration struggling with anti-European movements, most of them still outside the official government philosophy, but some already appearing in the official propaganda of the governments of some member states, the reinforcement of the European identity seems to be a vital necessity in order to keep or even increase Europe’s place in the global map of the 21st century. All deliberate or negligent attitudes aiming at undermining the European integration process and supporting trends of disintegration on various levels (politics, security, economics, social and mentality issues) would not only jeopardize Europe’s position in the global competition but could easily produce a turn-back in history, the unprecedented and very painful human, economic and physical
costs of are well-known although, fortunately, not experienced by the young generation. In this context, the responsibility of the young experts and future leaders of Europe cannot be sufficiently stressed.
The carefully selected topics to be addressed in the Summer Seminar offer an excellent opportunity for presenting different approaches and discussing the future of the European integration in several critical areas. Since, regrettably, I am not able to attend the seminar, it is not my task to take position in any of the subjects to be dealt with. Still, I would like to share with you some personal remarks.
1. For several reasons, the EU finds itself in a critical period of its integration, if not at a historical crossroads. A number of short- and longer-term challenges have been accumulated to which the EU, but particularly the member countries have to find the adequate and joint answer. Certainly, some deep problems cannot be solved probably not even in the medium-term, but the critical minimum of control can and should be developed and implemented (demography, competitiveness, migration, just to mention a few of them). In this context, the role of the EU institutions, not least the positive contribution of the European Council Presidency has to be highlighted. I am confident that the coming Slovak Presidency will provide a substantial impetus to the further and successful development of the European integration.
2. The role of the State (and of EU-level „supranational” institutions) has to be defined according to the size and quality of the internal and external challenges. The pro-active (but definitely not interventionist) role of the State is particularly desirable and unavoidable because sustainable development and competitiveness require new pillars, such as the efficiency of the public administration on all levels (from local to government levels), the critical mass of social cohesion (certainly different from country to country due to historical experience and current situation) and, most importantly, the ability and capacity of societies to get successfully adjusted to the challenges. Investment into the „innovative society” is a critical factor of success or failure. Openness, flexibility and solidarity have to be redefined and implemented both on the national and on the EU level. In this context, investment into the human capital (education, R+D, health and mentality-shaping) is crucial.
3. Convergence and divergence are parallel processes. Convergence on global level does not necessarily mean convergence on regional or cross-member country level. Similarly, within one member country, convergence in some areas may produce divergence in others, and vice versa. However, the critical mass of convergence has to be able to counteract growing economic and social polarization due to the aftermath of the crisis, uneven development but, not less importantly, to the differences in the accumulation of capital and wealth during three generations of war-free Europe. In many cases, wealth polarization is much more visible than income polarization. The maintenance of a European pattern of redefined „social welfare” architecture definitely needs new approaches on the one hand, and high level of social flexibility and adjustment capacity.
4. The European Union has to remain open to the outside world. Search for global solutions and serious initiatives to foster regional (bilateral or multilateral) links do not contradict each other. „New regionalism” as indicated by several bilateral free trade agreements of the EU or the ongoing negotiations on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership project (TTIP) should not create new dividing lines in the increasingly globalized environment but contribute to a more human and equitable future by untapping new and sustainable development resources. Global security can only be sustained if Europe behaves in an active, development-supporting way. Any passive attitude, even if this would be preferred by short-sighted politicians (and artificially mis-directed public pressure) would be unable to manage the current and future challenges. Instruments for a pro-active strategy have to be urgently developed and implemented, of course, with substantial support of the societies and European institutions.
5. It is encouraging that negotiations on accession are under way with Serbia and Montenegro and, in the near future, other (so-called) Western Balkan countries may join this process. What is really important is not the date of accession but the mutual trust in the accession process and its hopefully positive impact on the negotiating countries.
6. More problematic seems to be the neighbourhood policy of the EU. First, the original circle of the Eastern neighbourhood countries has been broken. Georgia, Moldova and the Ukraine are clearly pro-EU countries, while Belarus and Armenia have joined the Eurasian Community outlined and proposed by Russia, and Azerbaijan tries to keep a neutral line. Second, the Southern neighbourhood program,
originally based on the creation of a „ring of friends“, in a few years, turned to become a „ring of fire“, with unique stability challenges for the EU and, not least, for the North African and Near East countries.
7. Partly in connection with the above mentioned issue, instability has been and will be even more deepened by the impact of the dramatic decline of energy prices. While some oil- and gas-producing countries may be able to keep on financing their „social welfare“ created during high energy prices, some others will not to go this way. As a result, large-scale restructuring of the mostly oil-dependent economies (and societies!) can hardly be avoided. Such policies, even if successful, are likely to increase dissatisfaction in broad segments of the population, with uncalculable reactions. Internal destabilization in any of the neighbourhood of the EU are expected to have manifold direct and indirect impacts on the external stability of the integration as well.
8. Therefore, the internal cohesion of the EU and the development and implementation of common policies in new areas, such as security, foreign policy, migration, economic competition, are more urgent than ever. I can only repeat and strongly underline the timeliness of my messages formulated in my short introduction to the participants of the previous year’s Summer Seminar. For the future design of the European Union we need an honest survey of the „costs of non-Europe“ which would be automatically caused by the current trends of disintegration. Moreover, and simultaneously, we have to produce the „mission paper“ of Europe – what is the mission of Europe in the 21st century. The value-added of Europe to the world can easily be identified in several political, economic, social and cultural areas. The task consists in combining them in a credible and compact „mission strategy“ and communicate the key points of the European mission and global responsibility both to the citizens of the Union, to other European citizens and on the international level.
With these remarks, I would like to wish all of you a successful and future-oriented seminar. I would be very pleased if you could communicate and disseminate the results in your direct professional and personal environment and include the future-oriented approach into your daily and longer-term activities. We are all responsible for the future of Europe. In fact, it is first of all about the future of the young generation. And it is this generation you are members of.
Distinguished participants, partners and friends,
First of all, on behalf of the Hanns Seidel Foundation I would like to welcome you to the 17th Summer Seminar for Young Public Policy Professionals from Southeastern Europe and the Black Sea Region. I am very pleased and honored with your presence.
It was already nine years ago, when we started supporting this great initiative and in this context we launched a strong partnership with great events touching upon current political and economical issues, which contribute to the promotion of good governance processes and the intercultural dialogue. So allow me to use this opportunity to express my thanks to the Economic Policy Institute for making this Summer Seminar possible.
Through this initiative we seek to support and advance the regional cooperation and common understanding between young public policy professionals from the Black Sea Region and Southeastern Europe. It is our purpose to contribute to the EU integration and cooperation process in the region.
European Union stands for common values, ideas and visions. Especially nowadays it becomes more and more important to stand together – not only inside the community. Its great task is to keep the EU candidate states as close as possible, because – beside all challenges – their entry into our union will be an advantage for all Member States in terms of democracy, peace and development.
As one of the German political foundations, the Hanns Seidel Foundation is guided by the same principle. Given this background, the foundation works at the intersection of politics and science. Its task is to analyze political interrelations, to create a scientific basis for political, administrative and economical action and to bring experts, multiplicators and decision-makers together.
This is the moment to welcome you again to our Summer Seminar on Public Policy Challenges. The lectures will be held by distinguished scholars and experts. You will receive useful information, which you can use for your further work, and build a strong international network with your colleagues, participating this week at the seminar.
I hope as well that you will have the opportunity to gather some insights on the history, hospitality and the beautiful nature of this part of Bulgaria.
Again, thank you for being with us, I wish you interesting and stimulating days and have a wonderful stay here in Bulgaria.
Ognian Zlatev
Head of European Commission Representation in Bulgaria
Ladies and gentlemen,
Dear guests,
On behalf of the European Commission Representation in Bulgaria I am delighted and honoured to meet you today and to be able to talk to you. I would like to once again thank the Economic Policy Institute for giving me the opportunity to address you. I would like to congratulate the organizers for this initiative that aims to bring together public servants from the Balkans in order to exchange experiences, best government practices and to promote openness, free and easy access to information and greater public participation in the policy making debate and process.
The world is dramatically changing and we have to be alert and cautious in addressing the new challenges. Today in Europe more than ever we speak about security, about migration and the rights of human beings to look for better conditions of life, about energy security – all of which are topics to be explored and to be addressed not only on national and on European level, but have also regional dimensions and require international cooperation. Thanks to the close cooperation between the Western Balkans countries, EU Member states and the European institutions the crisis situation with migrants, which acquired alarming proportions, has stabilized and today things look more optimistic than a year ago. Since the beginning the refugee crisis in Europe in 2015, the Commission has provided humanitarian aid amounting to over €22.5 million to the Western Balkans, notably to Serbia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Aid is channelled via humanitarian partner organisations to the most vulnerable people, and consists of emergency assistance (food, water, hygiene, non-food items, health, basic protection) distributed at transit points such as borders and registration facilities.
This links with the countries of the Western Balkans aim to secure stable, prosperous and well-functioning democratic societies on a steady path towards EU integration. European institutions’ actions during the last years prove that it stands by its general commitment to a European future of the
Western Balkans, and is every day trying to make European perspective of the region more tangible. And in view of the five-year term of the European Parliament and the Commission, it is important for the EU and the enlargement countries in the Western Balkans to reconfirm their commitment to the latter European perspective. The migration crises prove that all your countries are trusted partner. The European Commission’s determination to fully and effectively support the Western Balkans on their path towards European integration is shown through various initiatives. The irrefutable proof of this engagement is the Summit in Wien, part of the five-year process marked by yearly summits in order to underline the commitment to future enlargement of the European Union towards the Western Balkans region. One of the main topics of the last year’s Summit in Wien was further developing the co-operation between the 6 Western Balkans countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia) in dealing with their common challenges, notably migration, which also includes regional cooperation and religious dialogue and anti-extremism.
Dear friends,
Europe has not yet fully emerged from the economic crisis that hit a few years ago, it is of course understandable that people tend to focus on their every-day problems and economic struggles, and not so much on the bigger picture. This is not helped by the unfortunate fact that another very negative consequence of the crisis has been the rise of populism in Europe. Many national politicians tend to play the nationalist card and blame the EU – or often, other countries’ politicians – for everything that is wrong. Consequently, political extremes and populism are tearing apart the political support and the social fabric that we need to deal with the bigger issues that Europe has to face; disunion is emerging between the centre and the periphery of Europe; prejudices are re-emerging and again dividing our citizens.
At the same time we, in the Balkans, know all very well how easy it is for tensions to escalate, unity to be broken and peace to be lost. That is why we can also fully appreciate how important it is to leave in harmony and how precious unity among people is. That is why it is crucial that the European integration process of the Western Balkans remains on track. The European integration of all Balkan countries remains a goal and a commitment of the European Union and I firmly believe that the lessons learned from these countries' rich history can only contribute to make the European idea stronger.
EU enlargement has brought Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine closer to the EU and, therefore, their security, stability and prosperity increasingly impact upon those of the EU and vice-versa. This Eastern Partnership is based on deep political association and economic integration with the EU.
Last November’s review of the European Neighbourhood Policy proposes how the EU and its neighbours can build more effective partnerships in the neighbourhood. Open markets and growth, inclusive economic development, and in particular the prospects for youth, is highlighted as a key to stabilising societies in the neighbourhood. There will be greater attention to the energy security and climate action both of the EU and of the partners themselves. On a regional level, the Eastern Partnership will be further strengthened in line with commitments at the Riga Summit in 2015. European Neighbourhood Policy will continue to ensure the deep involvement of the EU with both Eastern and Southern partners.
I am convinced that only through dialogue we could tackle the challenges that we are facing today in Europe. And we, as public servants are on the first line to deliver national and European policies to citizens which makes our role so crucial giving the fact that some of you work in a particularly challenging environment.
Finally I would like to once again thank the Economic Policy Institute for giving me the floor at this important forum and I would like to wish you all success in your work and your future endeavours. Allow me to conclude with a proverb which I consider very relevant and I personally have been guided by it in my professional path:
"If you are planning for a year, sow rice;
if you're planning for a decade, plant trees;
if you are planning for a lifetime, educate people."
Thank you for your attention!
Dear Mr. Georgiev,
Dear Mrs. Beiche,
Colleagues and friends,
It is a real pleasure to be with you today. Especially, since I have the privilege to address for a third time the selected audience of the Economic Policy Institute. So let me start with my sincere thanks to the organizers of the Seventeenth Summer Seminar for Young Public Policy Professionals for the kind invitation and to praise them for the excellent choice of venue and the perfect organization.
Let me also use this opportunity to pay my tribute to Dr Ivanka Petkova – the founder and first chairperson of the EPI and a person who left impeccable legacy and whom I was privileged to know.
Looking through the programme I cannot but commend the organizers for the selection of topics and panelists. Actually, almost everything on the current EU agenda is broadly covered by the substance to be explored by you in the next few days. We have to admit that in many ways the European Union does not look in its best shape. There is more than one crisis at a time, being it the potential Brexit, the still pending problems in the Euro zone, the terrorism and foreign fighters, the unseen migration pressure at our borders or the conflicts in our immediate neighbourhood to the East and South. And this by all means affects also the countries in the Southeastern Europe and the Black Sea Region and their European perspective.
This seminar provides the right place and the right time to ask the right questions. It is with full respect for the complexity of the problems that we need to address the most pressing issues. Being by necessity selective, let me put some of the related questions.
Firstly, because it is of the essence for the very future of the European Union: on the possible Brexit - is it still manageable? Has the referendum been a result of intrinsic EU processes or must be seen as an unhappy consequence of ill-pursued UK domestic politics? Do the eurosceptics in UK have a point or is it going to be a self-inflicted injury? Do we all have a fair
deal now, after the 27+1 negotiations? What would be the consequences for the EU in either result of the referendum? And what might be, as you have it on your seminar’s agenda, the possible scenarios if “leave” prevails?
Secondly, we all remember the high expectations related to the Eastern Partnership. It was supposed to result in a ring of stable and prosperous countries in the immediate vicinity of the EU borders. Are the achievements a convincing proof of success? Has the potential of Eastern Partnership been exhausted or more ambitious goals should be set for the future? Should “stability”, as repeated far too often recently, be the only name of the game? What about the European vocation of the Eastern Partners and, also, of those from the Western Balkans? What is the EU’s part of responsibility and does it properly deliver?
Thirdly, the Southern dimension and, what I probably miss in the programme, migration. It is not a new phenomenon but it is for the first time of such a scale and intensity. We have to face at least several questions: Is it an inevitable component of globalization? With 60 million potential migrants and displaced persons around the world, is it a threat or an opportunity, or maybe both? Do we properly walk the fine line between the humanitarian requirements and the legitimate protection of the interests of our societies? Can we afford to have red lines turning pink when it comes to our democratic values, while making a deal on migration with a third country?
Finally and separately, since this is an issue of a different nature – the EU Presidency. I noticed that it is very high on your seminar’s agenda. And I am not surprised. Since I see that you are going to discuss it with two ambassadors, may I wish them a very successful outcome of the efforts of their respective countries, especially to Slovakia for which, I believe, this will be the first of the kind. We ourselves will have the first EU Presidency of our own in the second half of 2018. It is a tough job and I wish we moved a bit faster with the planning and preparation. But I think I can safely depend on the judgment by the Dutch Ambassador in Sofia (the current Presidency) who is reported to have said: “Bulgaria will make it due to its talent to improvise”. I have no clue whether this is a face value compliment or an elegant precaution.
Dear colleagues and friends,
Let me at the end welcome you once again in my country on behalf of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and wish you a very successful and productive seminar. Last but not least - do have most enjoyable time in Albena and, this being on a strictly personal note, don’t overwork yourselves. In one of the famous “spaghetti westerns” by Sergio Leone a bad gay was telling the rest of the company: “If we are working for living why should we kill ourselves working?” Just keep this in mind and have a wonderful time!
CHAPTER I
POLITICAL AND SECURITY CHALLENGES ON THE EU AGENDA
THE EUROPEAN UNION DURING THE DUTCH PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL
Tom J.M. van Oorschot
Ambassador of the Netherlands to the Republic of Bulgaria
2013-present: Ambassador in Sofia (Bulgaria)
2009-2013: Director for Legal Affairs, MFA.
2005-2009: Deputy Head of Mission, Netherlands Embassy in Ankara (Turkey).
2000-2005: Deputy Head of Mission, Netherlands Embassy in Budapest (Hungary).
1996-2000: Head of department judicial and home affairs cooperation (EU), organised crime, drugs and terrorism, MFA.
1992-1996: First Secretary political department, Netherlands Embassy in Pretoria (South Africa).
1988-1992: Personal assistant to the Secretary-General and the deputy Secretary-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
1985-1988: Policy officer, Common Agricultural Policy, Department for European Integration, MFA.
1982-1985: Policy officer, Budget and Financial Affairs, Department for European Integration, MFA.
Studies: Civil law, international law: University of Leiden
12th Presidency for the Netherlands every Presidency is different. Dutch Presidency tries to be sober but efficient and innovative
Context: The EU faces a difficult time. A combination of three problems comes together at the same time.
– the aftermath of economic crisis of 2008,
– the region around Europe has become more unstable,
– the Eurosceptical movement within the EU.
Three Principles:
- Focus on main issues, big on the big things, small on the small things,
- Connect with the citizens,
- Innovation leading to growth and jobs.
Set an agenda together with trio partners Slovakia and Malta, successive presidencies. But expected unexpected developments:
- Migration,
- UK referendum.
Current Challenges:
Migration crisis
- The migration crisis will continue to dominate the European agenda, also after our presidency. It is still one of the most urgent and immediate challenges facing us. This crisis will be a true test for our Union and our neighbouring states. Any solution to the migration crisis must be European; no member state can find a solution on its own. We need solidarity and responsibility.
- The refugee crisis hits us where we most feel it. We are not only a union of interests, but also of values. We have fought for these values and we must not lose them. There is no alternative but to take action if we want to preserve a humane Union. We should not forget the humanitarian drama that takes place. We have an obligation to offer protection to those who really need it.
- The agreement with Turkey is yielding results. The number of illegal crossings in the East Mediterranean has reduced drastically. We are beginning to break the smugglers’ evil business model and are offering migrants an alternative to putting their lives at risk. The policy of waiving through has ended. We now have a chance to replace irregular, uncontrolled mass movements by orderly, controlled migration.
- Implementation, showing results and acting together is key for our Presidency. The situation is still far from acceptable or sustainable.
- There is still work to be done. There are several legislative proposals that are important for our common European approach, on issues like the European Border Guard, a European travel document for return, the Schengen Borders Code and safe countries of origin. The European Commission made a proposal to review the Dublin regulation.
- The focus and urgency for the coming period will be on the proposal for a European Border Guard. Now that the Council has received a mandate for negotiations with the European Parliament, we intend to make swift progress on this file.
- The integration of refugees in our country is as important as the previous aspects I just mentioned. There is an economic interest to it as well. Migrants can play an important role for our economy and solve challenges like aging population, problems in the health care system and provide skills that are lacking in the EU. Migrants can contribute to economic growth as long as we offer them an appropriate integration program, including education.
Another expected unexpected challenge: the UK Referendum
- The EU-referendum in the UK will be a political event of the first order; Europe is holding its breath as we see the campaigns unfold.
- We still firmly believe it is in the interest of us all that the UK remains in the EU. We are pleased we had a positive outcome of the negotiations at the February European Council to accommodate the wishes of the UK government. We sincerely hope it will be the basis for the UK’s EU-membership in years to come.
- As the question will be put to a vote on June 23rd, it is now up to the British voters and them alone.
- The outcome will determine the future of Europe.
Our 5 priorities
- Security
- Internal market
- Strong currency
- Climate and energy
- Rule of Law
Security and the EU as a strong global player
- The challenges the EU faces do not stop at our borders. We see that internal and external security are more intertwined than they have ever been. Migration and terrorism are two examples of this.
- Respect for the rule of law and our fundamental rights are among our strongest achievements and characteristics. To protect these rights, we need security throughout our Union.
- The need for a coordinated European approach has become evident in view of the transnational nature of cyber-crime and cyber security issues, organized crime and human trafficking.
- Countering terrorism will be an important priority. The attacks in Brussels and Paris show that counterterrorism requires our utmost attention. We will continue to work on fully implementing the anti-terrorism measures outlined in the joint statement following the Brussels attacks.
- These include intensified information sharing between our intelligence services; using the full potential of common databases; trace and cut off the financial lifelines that enable terrorist actions. However, if we want to stop the terrorism of tomorrow, we also need effective preventive measures and stop our own youngsters from radicalizing today.
- To tackle these challenges and make use of opportunities, the EU needs a vision and set solid goals. The EU is a strong but soft power that can and should play a role in the world. The Netherlands Presidency therefore supports the ambition of the High Representative of the EU to adopt a new EU Global Strategy on Foreign and Security Policy at the June 2016 European Council.
- For stability outside our borders, security at our borders and safety within our borders, we need better European cooperation and implementation.
Europe as an innovator and job creator
- Our economies are picking up, but the recovery is fragile. That is why we must not lose sight of the need to bolster the single market, in the interests of both business and workers. We need to establish a deeper and fairer single market, which can be our greatest asset, our strongest bond and the most powerful driver of growth.
- The future of Europe is in innovation. In the 21st century, knowledge and innovation remain the main guarantee of our Union’s competitiveness. Through purposeful, targeted policy, we want to encourage job-creating companies. The single market is key, as it enables businesses to offer their products to 500 million consumers with the same set of rules and without trade barriers.
- However, there is still much untapped potential in the single market; which is why it is important that we continue to deepen it and make it even fairer.
- The next concrete step towards deeper integration of our internal market is to create one single market for digital products. According to the European Commission only 15% of the citizens shop online from another EU-country. 7% of SME’s sell cross border. A fully functioning internal market could contribute 400 Billion Euro per year to our economy and create hundreds of thousands jobs. The Digital Single Market Strategy from the Commission outlines proposals to create a single set of Copyright rules, ease cross-border e-commerce and simplify VAT rules, to name a few.
- Another major step is the services market; if we make it easier for service providers to operate across borders, we create huge opportunities for businesses and new jobs. The Commission has published its Single Market Strategy to make that possible.
- Relying on the strength of our common market, we must not turn inwards but remain open to the rest of the world. That means that, we should continue to invest in free trade agreements with countries outside of our Union.
- the European Council has announced to adopt an Agenda on the Implementation of the Single Market at its June meeting; a clear signal of the European leaders.
A fairer internal market: Labor Mobility
- We need to make the internal market fairer. The free movement of workers and goods has brought the European Union incredible prosperity. But we also see some drawbacks. In a variety of sectors exploitation of workers and false competition undermine decent working standards and make public support erode.
- We should guarantee the equal level playing field that the internal market requires and strengthen the social dimension. We want to move forward on the Commission’s mobility package that outlines proposals in this direction. By doing this we can serve the interests of all of our respective workforces and to enable a fair internal market.
- When it comes to a fairer single market, we welcome the Commission’s presentation of a targeted revision of the Posting of Workers Directive. We’ve started work on this revision to swiftly reach a Council position. We are grateful for the constructive approach of Bulgaria in this matter.
**Sound, future-proof European finances and a robust Eurozone**
- Europe’s financial stability still deserves our undivided attention. A solid and robust Eurozone is important to all of us. After years of persistent crisis, the EMU institutional framework that has been built and the reforms that have been implemented in the Economic and Monetary Union are slowly starting to show results. We have to make sure that these effects are felt across the Union.
- Important steps have been taken to ensure that collective commitments are adhered to, while sustainable economic growth is stimulated. We are now better able to resist financial and economic shocks. One good example is the introduction of the Banking Union. The Banking Union provides a level playing field between European banks, and it reduces the risks of cross contamination by poorly functioning banks and financial systems.
- Although Bulgaria is not yet member of the Eurozone we welcome the asset quality review and the stress test of the banks. It will built trust in the banking sector (KTB-Case).
- Continued and consistent reform and sound budgets are essential for a healthy European economy. Agreements should be adhered to, for a strong Eurozone, for governments, businesses and citizens.
- More attention should be paid to the implementation of country-specific recommendations in the framework of the European Semester; a yearly cycle of economic policy coordination.
- In the European semester Bulgaria is recommended to reinforce and integrate social services and active labour market policies for the long term unemployed and young people not in employment, education or training. (Roma) It should improve efficiency of health system and develop criteria for setting minimum wages. It should reform the insolvency framework to accelerate recovery and resolution procedures. And improve public procurement.
- We support efforts to enhance transparency and simplification in the Stability and Growth Pact. The outcome of these discussions is crucial and should lead to improved budgetary guidelines applicable to all member states.
**Forward-looking policy on climate and energy**
- On 12 December, the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris resulted in a historical climate agreement. This agreement is legally binding and ambitious, though flexible to match the great diversity among participating countries.
- The Paris Agreement implicated some tasks for our Presidency: on 22 April the European Commission and the Netherlands presidency signed the Paris Agreement for the EU. Many Member States, including Bulgaria, and other countries signed as well, paving the way for the ratification process.
- For a livable future, we need a transition also in other fields than climate policy alone. This is why the Netherlands, during the presidency, wants to promote sustainable economic objectives, amongst which the transition to a circular economy. In a circular economy, natural resources are reused as much as possible. For example, by reprocessing the metals that make up the screens of our smartphones and not endlessly mining them. The responsible use of fossil fuels, other raw materials and energy, should be brought together in a sustainable, future-proof plan for growth.
- At the same time we have to work on the Energy Union. A well-connected and well-functioning single energy market is the best route to diversification, security of supply and sustainability. This is the only way in which our gas and electricity bills remain affordable. And
an important way for member states to reduce their dependency on energy imports from third countries.
**Rule of Law**
- The European Union is not only a coin, or a market, it is also a Union built on common values. Art. 2 of the EU Treaty states the values on which this Union is founded and reaffirms that these values are common to all Member States.
- Membership in our Union does not only entail benefits but also responsibilities. Among the foremost responsibilities of each Member State is the respect for the Union’s fundamental values and notably the rule of law, democracy and fundamental rights. It is what makes our Union unique in the world.
- These values are shared not only because they are written on paper but because they have been brought to life in our pluralistic and open societies over the last decades - sometimes against stiff opposition. They are fundamental because they ensure essential guarantees for the freedom of our citizens and the functioning of our democracies.
- We are ready to have open discussions about the best way to protect our values in times of change.
- We hosted a Rule of Law Seminar on EU fundamental values and migration in Strasbourg on the 2nd of February and last week we organized the second Rule of Law dialogue in the General Affairs Council on fundamental values and migration.
**Conclusion**
- This is a challenging time for the European Union
- Many Europeans have increasing concerns about the direction the EU is taking. The three challenges I mentioned in the beginning (economic crises or economic insecurity, unstable region around the EU and eurosceptical movement) are interlinked.
- This is why it is more important than ever that we promote a sense of confidence in the strength and value of our European cooperation.
Citizens of Europe are expecting effective European answers for many problems and challenges we face. But too often member states either do not allow the EU to work or fail to implement the acquis or reforms at home. Results will only persist if we work together closely and stand behind our common decisions. Strong states make a strong Union.
- We sometimes assume that everything we have, the values that are secured by our Rule of Law, are self-evident. Nothing is irreversible; everything stands or falls with sensible politics.
- And looking at the biggest challenges we have faced since the beginning of European cooperation, we must not forget what we have already achieved. The fundamentals of the EU are strong. Europe is an economic Union and a political partnership, but even more important, it is also a ‘soft power’. And as a ‘soft power’, Europe possesses enormous attraction and authority in the world.
- We should remember that Europe still is the place where we live in freedom and prosperity. A place where we can combine a rich culture and work on innovation. Where diversity, minorities and democracy are respected. We take these achievements for granted but that this is not the case in many parts of the world. Many people are ready to risk their lives to obtain it. With its soft power the EU has a role to play in the world.
- We should constantly remember how this successful project started 66 years ago and for Bulgaria in fact 27 years ago. Bulgaria will hold the EU-Presidency in the 2nd half of 2018. This is a enormous challenge but also an honor and privilege to steer the Union in the right direction.
- We are happy to work together with the next Presidency of Slovakia and the future Presidency of Bulgaria in 2018.
The Slovak Republic will hold the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for a period of six months from 1 July to 31 December 2016. As the presiding state, Slovakia will chair negotiations within the European Union (EU) about new European legislative as well as about current political issues. Its main role inward the Council of the EU will consist of searching for compromise among member states and outwardly Slovakia will represent the Council in relations with other European institutions such as the European Commission and the European Parliament. Together with Netherlands (in the chair of the Council of the EU between 1 January and 30 June 2016) and Malta (which will hold the presidency between 1 January and 30 June 2017) we form “Presidency trio”. The Slovak Presidency...
of the Council of the EU (SK PRES) represents an important challenge for the entire country.
1. SOME IMPORTANT DATES
In order to ensure smooth progress of the Presidency, Slovakia commenced preparations in 2012, 4 years before the official start of its term. On 1 August 2012 the Slovak government adopted the first document on SK PRES, which presented SK PRES starting points and priorities. Although the responsible institution for the overall coordination of the SK PRES is the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic, all public sectors are involved in the preparations and therefore a successful cooperation between them is essential. In order to ensure the effective coordination among all institutions, SK PRES Interministerial Coordination Council was established on 31 October 2012. Members of this Council are state secretaries of various ministries and heads of the Government office. Later on, on 9 January 2013 the National Education Programme giving the guidelines for training programmes for public administration employees was adopted. On 16 May 2013 the political parties represented in parliament signed the Joint Declaration on preparation and holding of SK PRES and in March 2014 the first consultations of the Presidency trio (Netherlands-Slovakia-Malta) was held. In September 2014 the Slovak government approved budget of the SK PRES for the upcoming year 2015 and preliminary budget for years 2016-2017. Few months later, on 1 July 2015 Government Plenipotentiary for the Slovak Presidency of the Council of the European Union, Mr. Ivan Korčok, was appointed. A new building of SK Representation in Brussels was inaugurated by ribbon cutting ceremony on 18 May 2015. The following important event related to the Presidency took place on 15 December 2015, when Council’s 18-month programme was drawn up by Netherlands-Slovakia-Malta trio and also adopted. At the beginning of the year 2016, more concretely on 22 January, the official logo of SK PRES was unveiled and lastly on 9 May 2016 the official website of SK PRES (www.eu2016.sk) was launched. However, nowadays it is also possible to use other communication tools such as Twitter (@skpres2016; @eu2016sk), Facebook (Slovenské predsedníctvo v Rade EÚ) and YouTube channel (EU2016 SK) in order to be informed on daily basis about the Slovak Presidency of the Council of the EU.
2. NATIONAL EDUCATION PROGRAMME FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EMPLOYEES
The main educational activities were held from 1 March 2014 until 31 October 2015 and the training programmes consisted of:
- Institutional-procedural preparation (916 participants)
- Language preparation – English and French (395 participants)
- Communication, presentation, negotiation skills (259 participants)
- Media training (38 participants)
The target groups for the training sessions were either future working group chairs/co-chairs, experts and coordinators at the ministries or other civil servants in touch with Presidency as for example spokespersons and liaison officers. Altogether 1092 staff members from 27 ministries/institutions have been trained to undertake their new responsibilities during the SK PRES. The total cost of educational activities reached 1,67 million € and was financed via an ESF grant.
3. SLOVAK PRESIDENCY BUDGET AND OTHER FIGURES
Total expenditures for four and a half years of preparations and the actual exercise of SK PRES should not exceed 70 million €. Those expenses are strictly linked with preparation and performance of tasks such as cost of human resources, i.e. experts, diplomats, and staff; education and training; logistics and security; cultural and social presentation and expenditures on administrative and technical support. However, some of the expenditures will be covered also by sponsorship, for example 40 minivans for delegations.
When it comes to human resources, central government bodies and other government entities, both in Slovakia and abroad have hired additional staff. Altogether 374 new staff members will help to exercise the increased work duties. Slovak Presidency of the Council of the European Union gives work and internship opportunities also to university students. The main role of 91 liaison officers is to coordinate activities and communicate with foreign delegations coming to Slovakia. Number of Slovak staff based in Brussels almost doubled from 139 to 220, without mentioning 30 temporarily recruited interns. In addition to regular employees, many volunteers – i.e. students/interns decided to join teams of Slovak embassies abroad.
The main events and political gatherings will take place in Bratislava. To be more concrete, during the period of July - December 2016, 20 ministerial meetings and conferences and 180 expert meetings will be organized in the capital city. Altogether more than 20 000 delegates are supposed to be accommodated in 23 partner hotels in Slovakia.
4. SLOVAK PRESIDENCY LOGO
The logo is the most visible sign of the country holding the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The official logo of the SK PRES is attractive, easy to remember and bear positive emotions. It contains specific Slovak elements – diacritical marks and Slovak tricolor, which represent Slovakia as a young and dynamic country. There are nine variations of the logo, which incorporate a variety of graphical symbols that can be put together in a number of shapes, known in electronic communication as emoticons that capture distinct moods, attitudes or emotions. Author of the logo is 23-year-old artist and designer Jakub Dušička, student at the Academy of Fine Arts (VŠVU) in Bratislava. His logo design was chosen in an open competition that attracted over 200 creative designs from experts and amateurs alike. In addition to representatives of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic, the panel that selected the winning design included three external experts in design and advertising.
The logo is the key element of visual presentation of the SK PRES. It appears on many documents, promotional materials, brochures and banners. It is also used for the official communication channels and events linked with the SK PRES in Slovakia and abroad.
5. SLOVAKIA’S FIRST EU PRESIDENCY – CHALLENGES AND PRIORITIES
Context/ the point of departure for Slovak Presidency
Slovakia will take over the steering wheel of the Council of the EU after Presidency of the Netherlands on 1 July 2016. Whereas the Netherlands has held the Presidency already 12 times (including the current one in 2016), both Slovakia and Malta will assume this position for the first time ever.
However, it can’t be forgotten that the story of the Slovak Republic within the European Union is much different from the one of the Netherlands. While for our predecessor it is the 12th time to lead the 28 member states, Slovakia has just celebrated the 12th anniversary since its integration into European structures. Nevertheless, for the Slovak Presidency, the Netherlands represents an excellent predecessor.
Moreover, Slovakia will be holding the Presidency of the Council of the EU in very challenging set-up for the whole European Union. We will deal with the current international and regional issues such as migration and refugee crisis, conflicts in our neighborhood – Ukraine/Russia, ISIS, terrorism threats, UK referendum and fragile Eurozone related to current assessment of the third bailout package in Greece. However, neither rising Euroscepticism nor radicalization with almost endless prophecies of the end of the Union helps to strengthen the position of the EU. It is a difficult context to digest, both for the member states and EU citizens. As a result we can spot attempts to draw divisive lines, to finger point, question the unity of the EU or the credibility of the core integration projects (such as Schengen or euro). But, we do not like such defeatist mentality. Any community would have huge problems if it was confronted with such type of challenges. Those who only criticize do it with a view to mobilize and manipulate the public against the EU. Therefore it is important to understand that the EU is the only solution that we have at hand.
Our contribution as Presiding country
The Presidency of the Council of the EU is an excellent opportunity to substantially contribute to the joint search for solutions and answers. Therefore, we are not painting gloomy pictures but we have an idea of how to move Europe forward with two main elements:
- Focus on positive agenda:
To build upon successful experience and continue to foster the Single Market in order to remove barriers and obstacles in it;
- Aim for sustainable solutions:
Not to lose sight of a strategic vision and long-term perspective but to propose solutions sustainable over time.
Our overarching ambition is to help Europe become more resilient - in terms of a stable economy, a deepened Single Market, effectively managed
migration and asylum policy as well as fostering external relations and international trade that will contribute to Europe’s position of a real global player.
**Priorities of the SLOVAK PRESIDENCY program**
The ingredients that we have to merge are three-fold and consist of our vision, current reality on the ground and strategic EU documents. Major principles which lead us to clarify priorities of the SK PRES are as follows:
- Bring tangible results / deliverables
- Help overcome the fragmentation in the EU
- Focus on EU citizens
We believe that these principles are mutually reinforcing, which means that with (1) tangible results we (2) help overcome the fragmentation and finally we can bring (3) real added value for our citizens.
The Slovak Presidency work program will focus on four priority areas: economic and financial agenda, single market, sustainable migration and asylum policy, external relations and trade.
**Vision of Europe that we aim for:**
The benchmarks of a successfully managed SK PRES are as follows:
- Tangible progress in legislative files
- Efficient interplay with other EU institutions (the European Commission and the European Parliament)
- Capacity to react to unforeseen events/circumstances
Nevertheless, the most challenging part of the Slovak Presidency of the Council of the EU will be our ability to assume the true role of the Presidency, which is to put aside national priorities and clearly pursue a common European interest. To do so, we need to fight our complacent mentality, restore trust among member states and last but not least deliver on what has been agreed.
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**SCENARIOS AFTER THE UK REFERENDUM ON BREXIT: ANOTHER POLITICAL GAMBLING?**
**Plamen Ralchev, PhD**
*Associate Professor in International Relations and European Studies at the University of National and World Economy, Sofia and Consultant in Strategic Communications*
*Plamen Ralchev is Associate Professor in International Relations and Foreign Policy. Since 2015 he is Deputy Head of Department of International Relations at the University of National and World Economy in Sofia.*
*In 2015 local elections Dr. Ralchev was running for a district mayor and municipal councillor in Sofia from Movement 21 Political Party. Within the party he is responsible for the education policy and is a member of the Working group on international affairs.*
*From 2000 until 2007 Dr. Ralchev has been working as Senior Research Associate at the Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia.*
*In 2003 he was a visiting fellow at the East Europe Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington D.C., and in 2004/2005 - a Chevening Scholar at the Department of Sociology at the University of Bristol, England.*
*In 2008 Dr. Ralchev established and has been running STRATCOM project, focused on research and study of strategic communications, international public relations and public diplomacy, country image and reputation management. His research, advisory and public activities in recent years concentrate on domestic and foreign policy development of the UK and Turkey.*
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The UK has a long track-record of being reluctantly European or the odd-man-out in the EU. There used to be ongoing debates in Britain about how deep and how far the European integration should evolve. Nevertheless, these debates have never surfaced so much and trigger such political consequences. Whatever the opinion split in the UK might have been in previous decades, it was the common sense of the political elite of both major parties – Labour and Conservative, alongside with the big business that prevailed in final decisions. In recent years, however, domestic political rhetoric in the
UK was overwhelmingly preoccupied with issues that stemmed directly or indirectly from EU developments, like the free movement of EU citizens, access to labour market and social care in Britain, immigration, etc. The degree of public sensitivity about these issues was further raised by populist rhetoric of Nigel Farage who helped strengthened the anti-EU camp. The divide in the British public over the EU and the future of the country as a member state appeared as a junction of domestic and foreign policy areas, resulting from deep structural social problems in British society concerning the rising numbers of Brits who are low-skilled, poorly-educated, permanently unemployed, or other concerns like school drop-outs and teenage maternity, which contrasted with the increasing numbers of immigrants, highly-educated as well as low-skilled, caused social anxiety among many British. In the foreign policy realm the UK continues to struggle for re-defining an international role for itself, always referring to the memories of the time of the British Empire and British “Greatness”. This mixture of exclusiveness nurtured public sentiments in Britain about self-exclusion from the EU, where the UK did not devotedly belong to, but rather used to sway due to different commitments of its political leadership. What we witness now is a coincidence of a split in both public support for EU membership as well as a deep divide in political leadership over the future of the UK as an EU member. Whatever the result of the UK Referendum on BREXIT will be, it will be very close, neck-to-neck, and will bring about many critical challenges.\footnote{As this paper had been prepared for presentation in early June 2016, it was “blind” for the results of the referendum held on 23 June 2016. Therefore it considers both options, “Stay” and “Leave”, as well as opinion polls results from the campaign before the referendum.}
Both options, BREXIT or BREMAIN, raise concerns not only for Britain but for the EU as well. It is expected that this may finally bring the outcome of an outstanding odd partnership between the UK and the EU. In the course of its European membership the UK has been behaving as a partner rather than a member of the EU. Probably this identification gap is one of the many factors that would perpetuate Britain’s swaying.
From the viewpoint of the UK, possible scenarios after the referendum could be ranged as positive, negative and “not-a-big-deal”. For the EU a possible withdrawal of the UK from the Union could be expected to enact a “self-curing” scenario, meaning that without the UK the EU would have a chance to strengthen and deepen the integration process into a more federal entity. The opposite possibility would be a “self-contaminating” scenario, i.e. further exit attempts by some other EU member states.
**KEY ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST STAYING IN THE EU**
Regarding different policy areas, debates over the future of the UK in the EU build on several major arguments for leaving or staying.
*First*, Immigration appears as a leading issue. The Leave Camp claims that Britain can never control immigration until it leaves the European Union, because freedom of movement gives other EU citizens an automatic right to live in the UK. On the contrary, supporters of EU membership argue that leaving will not solve the migration crisis but bring it to Britain’s doorstep because border controls from the continent will move from Calais in France to Dover in the UK.
The *second* area of concern is Criminal justice. The argument for leaving the Union underlines that the European Arrest Warrant allows British citizens to be sent abroad and charged for crimes in foreign courts, often for minor offences, and that Brexit would stop this. EU proponents bounce back that serious criminals who convict offences in Britain can only be returned once fleeing abroad thanks to the European Arrest Warrant. So, leaving the Union would stop justice being done.
The *third* area concerned is Trade. Leave campaigners raise the slogan that Britain’s links with the EU are holding back its focus on emerging markets – there is no major trade deal with China or India, for example. Leaving would allow the UK to diversify its international links. However, Stay campaigners quote that 44 per cent of Britain’s exports go to other EU countries.
*Fourth*, many Brits are concerned about law-making. Too many of Britain’s laws are made overseas by dictates passed down from Brussels and rulings upheld by the European Court of Justice. Opponents of EU membership argue that UK courts must become sovereign again. The Stay campaigners, on the contrary, say that the Exit campaign has over-exaggerated how many laws are determined by the European Commission. EU proponents uphold that it is better to shape EU-wide laws from the inside rather than walking away.
The *fifth* area concerns the effects on the labour market and especially job losses. EU opponents claim that the danger to jobs has been over-exaggerated. By incentivising investment through low corporation tax and other perks Britain can flourish like the Scandinavian countries outside the EU. On the other side, Brexit adversaries claim that around three million
jobs are linked to the EU and will be plunged into uncertainty if voters plump for exit, and businesses would be less likely to invest if the country was outside Europe.
Sixth, in terms of clout, Leave campaigners maintain that Britain does not need the EU to prosper internationally. By re-engaging with the Commonwealth the UK can have just as much clout as it does from inside the EU. Stay campaigners believe Britain will be “drifting off into the mid-Atlantic” if it leaves the EU, as Nick Clegg likes to say. In a globalising world the UK’s interests are best protected by remaining part of the EU bloc, with American and Chinese leaders indicating as much.
Seventh, financial issues are also at stake. Supporters of Brexit argue that talking about possible capital flight is nonsense. London will remain a leading financial centre outside the EU and banks will still want to be headquartered in Britain due to low tax rates. The contrary argument of those opposing Brexit is that banks will flee the UK and the City of London will collapse if Britain votes for exit, because the trading advantages of being inside the EU help boost banks’ profits.
Eighth, with regard to sovereignty, Leave campaign rallies under the slogan that the British Parliament is no longer sovereign. With the EU hell-bent on “ever closer union” and further economic integration likely after the Euro crisis, it is best to call it quits before ties deepen, EU opponents argue. On the other side, British EU supporters maintain that in a globalised world, every country must work closer with others if it wants to flourish economically. A desire for isolation will undermine the UK.
Ninth, in terms of defense, Leave campaigners warn that Britain could soon be asked to contribute to an EU Army, with reports suggesting Angela Merkel may demand the Prime Minister’s approval in return for other concessions. Brexit supporters fear that would erode the UK’s independent military force and should be opposed. Brexit opponents argue that European countries together are facing the threats from ISIL and a resurgent Russia. Working together to combat these challenges is best – an effort that would be undermined if Britain turns its back on the EU.
**OPTIONS FOR THE UK OUTSIDE THE EU**
The first, most widely discussed model for the UK outside the EU is the European Economic Area model (e.g. the Norway model). The advantages of that model are that the UK will still belong to the Single Market. Meanwhile, it will be also able to negotiate trade deals independently of the EU. This model, however, brings certain disadvantages. The UK would be required to implement Single Market policies, while having no representation in setting the rules of the Single Market. Britain must also comply with rules of origin for exports to the EU and subject to EU anti-dumping measures. It must contribute to the EU budget as well.
The second option for the UK would be similar to the Swiss model, based on bilateral agreements. These include free trade in goods and free movement of people with the EU, while keeping the ability to negotiate trade deals independently of the EU. This presents an à la carte approach, which permits opting out of EU programs on a case-by-case basis. Bilateral agreements however require Switzerland to adopt EU rules, but Swiss have no representation in EU decision-making. There is no agreement with the EU on trade in services, either. Switzerland pays a fee to participate in EU programs, but contribution is lower than if in EEA.
The third option is based on European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The pros here also include possibility for free trade in goods with the EU, while keeping the ability to negotiate trade deals independently of the EU. EFTA model does not require countries to adopt EU economic policies and regulations. There are no obligations to contribute to the EU budget, either. Disadvantages of EFTA model spell out no freedom of movement of people with the EU, no access to EU markets for service providers, whereas goods exported to the EU must meet EU product standards.
The fourth option seems the loosest one. It builds on the World Trade Organization rules (WTO). Within this model the UK would be able to negotiate trade deals independently of the EU. It will not be required to adopt EU economic policies and regulations. There would be no obligation to contribute to the EU budget, either. Disadvantages of this model however would be that trade with EU will be subject to Most Favored Nation tariffs and any non-tariff barriers that comply with WTO agreements. There would be no freedom of movement of people with the EU, no right of access to EU markets for service providers, while goods exported to the EU must meet EU product standards.
Another selection of BREXIT models is set out in a research report by Global Counsel presented in the table below.
The impact of Brexit depends on the relationship with the EU that follows. Five different models can be considered, but the most realistic politically is the case of policy independence, is also the most damaging economically. This is the Brexit paradox. The most likely models are the Swiss or the FTA-based approaches.
| Model | Implications of different Brexit models (Colour indicates attractiveness from an EU policy perspective) |
|------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Norwegian-style EEA agreement | - Nearly no tariff barriers
- Access to goods and services granted
- Dynamic agreement
- Rule of origin requirements avoided
- Single set of regulations for exporting firms
- Full single market access realised
- Passports of banks: From the UK possible
- Influence over EU regulations retained
- Able to adapt own approach to regulation
- Freedom to pursue trade deals independently
- No contribution to the EU budget
- Freedom to impose immigration controls |
| FTA-based approach | - The UK joins the European Economic Area and maintains full access to the single market, but must adopt EU standards and regulations with little influence over these. The UK still makes a substantial contribution to the EU budget and is unable to impose immigration restrictions.
Verdict: does not address EU political problems with the EU market regulations; but sector coverage of the customs union is incomplete. The UK is required to implement EU external tariffs, without influence or guaranteed access to third markets. |
| Turkish-style customs union | - Internal tariff barriers are avoided, with the UK adopting many EU product rules.
Verdict: a bad compromise for the UK |
| Swiss-style bilateral accords | - The UK and the EU agree a set of bilateral accords which govern UK access to the single market in the sectors. The UK becomes a follower of regulation in the sectors covered, but negotiates FTAs separately.
Verdict: possible, but may not be attractive to the EU |
| MFN-based approach | - No need to agree common standards and regulation, but at the expense of facing the EU’s common external tariff, which damages UK trade with the EU in goods as well as services. Non-tariff barriers may emerge over time to damage trade in services in particular.
Verdict: inconsistent with the UK’s liberal approach to trade |
Source: Global Counsel, BREXIT: the Impact on the UK and the EU, June 2015, p. 6
Open Europe think-tank published a study in 2015 estimating the impact of various BREXIT scenarios on UK GDP by the year 2030.
Source: Open Europe, The Consequences, Challenges and Opportunities Facing Britain outside EU, Report 3/2015, p. 7
Negative Impact on the UK
Featuring the negative impact Brexit may have on the UK, the list usually starts with the probability to lose attractiveness and competitiveness (the highest credit the UK has). This might be traced in any aspect – capital and financial services, education, worse conditions for R&D and Innovations, diverted workforce migration, deeper structural social problems in Britain, but also incurring deeper split in British political parties (especially, the Conservatives). A huge blow on Cameron government could be foreseen.
The EU is the largest trade partner of the UK. UK exports are directed primarily to the Single Market, esp. the exports in services. Brexit will probably spell out a decline in UK-EU trade volume. This may result in decline in UK economic growth rate and lower productivity.
Voting in favour of Brexit may make some British believe their country will have bigger freedom of choice, but in effect it would mean smaller bargaining power for the UK in global affairs. In addition to that, the UK will lose the opportunity for representation in the EU policy-making. Yet, it will still have to obey some common EU rules. The UK will lose leverage on EU policies, including security and defense.
As far as the comprehensive Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is concerned, the US will lose UK as a vociferous proponent of TTIP.
The last, but not least, English might not be among the chief working languages of the EU once Britain leaves.
Negative Impact on the EU
From the viewpoint of the EU, Brexit may create a negative precedent for other Eurosceptic members. It may also trigger a possible negative impact on the Euro-zone, as it is still struggling to recover after the financial and debt crisis. There might be pressure on Europe’s banking system as many EU businesses are exposed to UK banks. A possible slump in specific countries and industries could be observed – Irish, Dutch, Belgian and German exports to UK might be affected. Labour markets may also experience some turmoil as far as there are at least 3 million UK citizens working in other EU member states.
Scenarios for the EU
Before the referendum in June 2016 there were two possible scenarios for the EU. If Brexit occurs, it could push EU toward either deeper integration within the Economic and Monetary Union, or intensify further integration in European security and defense. Another feasible response would be more active public communications to nurture allegiance to the EU, and new European civic education to promote EU identity. Above all, however, the EU will badly need a new type of political leadership.
In case of Bremain, negotiations could be expected between the UK and the EU to strike a new deal aimed at reforming and redesigning the EU and keep UK presence in the EU policy-making.
Once we had the sober effect of referendum results the Bremain scenario is no longer at stake. However, as post-June developments and actions of the new UK government headed by Theresa May show, there will really be long and uneasy negotiations between the UK and the EU to strike a deal arranging the British withdrawal. Two issues will be highly contested – access to the Single Market and free movement of people. The UK cherishes and would like to keep its access to the Single Market at any rate, while at the same time there seems no way it can accept free movement of people. Some EU members, especially Germany and France, seem determined to curb this cherry-picking strategy of the British government.
A major lesson to be learnt after Brexit is that political communication has terminally lost credibility and governing elites both in Britain and EU-wide have failed to approach and deal with public opinion properly. Where political communication has failed to deliver, room was made for new age public communication, which gained leverage in opposing or defending EU integrity. There were good examples for this in both Leave and Stay campaigns before the referendum on Brexit. The one is BREXIT The Movie, which is a crowdfunded 2016 feature-length documentary film written and directed by Martin Durkin, advocating for the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. The second example is about the positive campaign - “Hug a Brit”, a grass-root campaign featured in Facebook, Twitter and Instagram with the hashtag #HugABrit, launched by EU citizens residing and working in the UK trying to persuade British friends and sway vote. “Please Don’t Go UK” was a new age generic public communication tactic to persuade UK to stay in the EU. Both examples illustrate the prominence of modern public communications over exhausted political messages to voters.
Conclusion
The results of the referendum definitely had sobering effect on British and European publics and political elites, as it was not meant to bring about this particular outcome. It was a fiasco of Cameron’s government and the campaign he steered. Post-referendum developments, especially the moves of PM Theresa May’s government and the EU stances hint that actual BREXIT can occur more difficulty than its supporters have envisaged. Pessimistic assessments point out that the process of withdrawal of the UK from the EU may take much longer than the two year period. Especially negotiating the terms will prove hard for both sides. The red-lines would be the access to the Single Market and the free movement of people. There are no signs for a compromise whatsoever.
Drawing the bottom line after the referendum, it is evident that the EU needs the UK more than the UK needs the EU. There will be gains and losses on the UK side, but definitely it will be more depressing for the EU. The EU needs to strengthen European identity and integrity, and avoid any future exits. In Jean Claude Juncker’s words – “We have full-time Europeans when it comes to taking and part-time Europeans when it comes to giving … Too many part-time Europeans. That is a problem.” His words clearly prompts that there is a great need for renewed dedication and leadership to the European idea.
References:
- Alternatives to Membership: Possible Models for the United Kingdom outside the European Union, UK Government Report, March 2016
- Booth S., C. Howarth, M. Persson, R. Ruparel and P. Swidlicki, What if…? The Consequences, Challenges and Opportunities Facing Britain outside EU, Open Europe Report 3/ 2015
- BREXIT: the Impact on the UK and the EU, Global Counsel Report, June 2015
- Dhingra, S., T. Sampson, Life after BREXIT: What are the UK’s options outside the European Union?, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE London, Paper BREXIT01, February 2016
- Dhingra S., G. Ottaviano, T. Sampson and J. Van Reenen, The Consequences of BREXIT for UK Trade and Living Standards, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE London, Paper BREXIT02, March 2016
- HM Treasury Analysis: The Immediate Economic Impact of Leaving the EU, London, May 2016
- HM Treasury Analysis: The Long-Term Economic Impact of EU Membership and the Alternatives, London, April 2016
GEOPOLITICS REVISITED: HOW THE MIDDLE EASTERN WARS TRANSFORMED EUROPE’S SECURITY AGENDA
Emil Tsenkov, PhD
Senior Fellow, Security Program, Centre for the Study of Democracy
Emil Tsenkov holds a Ph.D. from the Oriental Institute, Moscow and BA from the Department of History, Baghdad University. The scope of Dr. Tsenkov’s activities includes comparative political systems, international security, good governance and countering of political corruption. Dr. Tsenkov took part in a number of projects, related to democratic reforms in transition countries, anti-corruption and introducing integrity instruments in Bulgarian politics, European integration, transnational organized crime, etc. He is a co-author of the annual Corruption Assessment Reports of the Center for the Study of Democracy, and was a Coordinator of the Coalition 2000 anti-corruption initiative. In the period 2004-2007 he was Director of the Information Centre on the Council of Europe in Sofia. In 2008-2009 Dr. Tsenkov was DCM in the embassy of Bulgaria in Tripoli (Libya). He was also an OSCE observer at the parliamentary elections in Bosnia, Kosovo and Kazakhstan. Currently, he is Senior Fellow at the CSD Security Program.
Research focus: Post-authoritarian political reforms, international relations and soft security issues (countering corruption, organized crime and terrorism).
The last two years saw a seminal change in the way international relations are evolving – a process that led a number of scholars to conclude, that “geopolitics returned with a vengeance”\(^2\). As a matter of fact, in 2014 Putin’s Russia annexed Crimea in the aftermaths of the pro-European revolution in Kiyv, while in the Middle East Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared the formation of a modern-day caliphate – the “Islamic State” (ISIS), controlling Sunni territories in both Iraq and Syria, headed by a violent takfist-terrorist leadership. In a span of a year Europe found itself challenged by resurging revisionist Russia and by Islamist jihadism that declared war on the
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\(^2\) See for example Walter Russel Mead, The return of Geopolitics in: Foreign Affairs, May/June, 2014, available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2014-04-17/return-geopolitics
infidels and the “crusaders”. It was a startling development that not only was unanticipated in the Western capitals, but that dealt a crushing blow to the self-delusional European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) of the then EU leaders towards the countries in both the post-Soviet area and the South Mediterranean as well. In a sudden twist of political fortunes we witnessed a return to Cold War policies in the East-West relations, and to religiously-inspired total war, that revived Huntington’s ‘clash of civilizations’ paradigm\(^3\) *in lieu* of the Europeanization project.
Both developments had as an immediate effect by worsening of the global international climate, with worrisome consequences in Europe. The Balkan/Black Sea countries in particular found themselves at the intersection of two types of confrontation – a Cold War like tension between Russia and NATO, on the one hand, and a terror war of the “Islamic State” against the infidels, on the other. The geopolitical situation in the Wider Black Sea region further deteriorated during the short but extremely tense episode of Russian-Turkish mini-Cold War that followed the downing of a Russian military plane in November 2015\(^4\).
Although the ISIS war of terror\(^5\) was deemed a lesser evil, that lacks a strategic dimension, it was the spectacular series of terrorist acts in some of Western capitals that terrified public opinion and led to stricter police controls and limiting personal freedoms by the introduction of the anti-terrorist legal framework in EU member-states. On the other hand, the mutually linked conflicts in Syria and Iraq, in addition to the deteriorating security situation in Libya, generated or facilitated the trans-continental waves of illegal immigrants that swept Europe in the last two years, producing a cascade of intra-EU problems and mini-crises.
Islamist terrorism and radicalization of European Muslim groups/individuals, on the one hand, and mass illegal immigration on the other, became the most fearsome soft-security i.e. non-military threats to Europe; moreover, seen as a part of the radical Islamist/terrorist total war against the West, they represent an example of the increasingly blurred lines that usually divide
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3 The 1996 book by prof. Samuel Huntington “The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order”, based on a previously published article in “Foreign Affairs” is arguably the most famous study on contemporary international relations. See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations
4 Bilateral relations were partially repaired after the meeting Erdogan-Putin in July, 2016, although they are still far from friendly with Balkan policies of Ankara and Moscow still at odds.
5 It was president George W.Bush that was the first to use this term in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist acts, Under Obama initially its official usage was discouraged until the second half of 2014, when the US started their war against ISIS. On contemporary Islamist terrorism see: Brian Michael Jenkins, The new Age of Terrorism, available at: file:///C:/Users/Emo/Downloads/RAND_RP1215.pdf
soft from hard security, military from non-military issues.
On the other hand, the return to East-West politics of confrontation represents a fearsome *déjà vu* and a return to 20\(^{th}\) century strategies aimed to contain Russian expansionism/revisionism resulting in massive militarization efforts on both sides of the new “Iron Curtain” coupled with propaganda wars that remind of old ideological *clichés*. The countries most negatively affected by these trends are the EU member-states and those of the Balkan-Black Sea region. Although this repetition of the Cold War logic of last century deserves our full attention, I will limit my presentation with the effects of the Middle Eastern wars on European security.
When addressing the issue of the effect of the Syrian/Iraqi wars on European security, one should distinguish between **two main types of impact on both the national and regional security environments**: a direct and an indirect one.
**The direct implications of** Middle Eastern wars are represented by the spillover effect of illegal immigration, in addition to the terrorist attacks perpetrated on European soil by both emissaries and local “lone wolves”, radicalized by jihadist propaganda. Both are deemed soft-security issues, as they do not represent classic military threats\(^6\).
Of the two threats illegal immigration is more topical as it represents a palpable social-economic and political phenomenon that haunts hosting countries and directly challenges both the EU-immigration system and the multiculturalism mantra on a regional and national level. The problem started to unfold gradually as a side-effect of the increasingly internationalized Syrian war. The first country to be targeted by refugees and/or economic migrants coming from the war zones was Turkey and this is for a reason: it is bordering war-torn Syria and is the first secure country in the immigrants’ itinerary. Since the beginning of the Syrian conflict, but especially since 2014 the number of immigrants in the southern part of this country started to grow steadily. Currently, the country hosts up to 3,1 million people, which
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6 Usually ‘soft’ or non-military threats involve criminal offenses: organized crime, trafficking, corruption, etc., that are dealt with by law enforcement agencies and punished by criminal law. Since the beginning of the 21 century they are increasingly integrated into cross-border and even trans-continental criminal networks, the most important of which is the heroin “Balkan route” that links Europe to the puppy fields of Afghanistan. When we speak of the terrorist acts as “soft-security” threats, we rather refer to the fact, that they are committed by non-military perpetrators, but also, and increasingly so, to the soft targets they chose. See: www.stratfor.com/weekly/struggle-harden-soft-targets
makes it the country with the largest refugee population in the world.\textsuperscript{7}
By the beginning of 2015, however, the Turkish refugee problem suddenly was transformed into a European one, after Ankara apparently facilitated and/or did not prevent a wave of well organized groups of illegal immigrants to reach Greece mainly through the Aegean. By the end of that year almost one million immigrants have arrived in Europe, 80% of them using Greece and the “Balkan route” – Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia – to arrive in Germany and to a lesser extent to other Nordic or Western countries.\textsuperscript{8}
Almost half of the illegal immigrants, coming through Turkey are Syrians, while the other half is composed of Iraqis and Afghans\textsuperscript{9}. The majority of them are applying for a refugee/humanitarian status and wish to settle in the wealthier part of Europe – Germany and the Scandinavian countries. In the second half of 2015 and the beginning of 2016 we witnessed a critical situation develop with the inflow of over a million mainly Muslim immigrants claiming a refugee or other humanitarian status in the EU. “The Balkan route” of illegal immigration not only brought to light the vulnerability of the existing EU immigration system, but also emphasized the geopolitical linkages between the Balkans and the Middle East. And, as this wave of illegal entry in Europe and the EU was organized and undertaken by local traffickers, the immigration crisis led to the activation of transnational organized crime networks, which usually are busy in all types of smuggling – from drugs to antiquities.
With the advent of ISIS and the further festering of the Syrian/Iraqi conflicts the smugglers turned to large-scale operations of human trafficking that involved hundreds of thousands of refugees/economic migrants from the Asian and African areas. This was an extraordinary situation which not only led to huge inflow of “dirty money” to local smugglers and traffic networks, but activated and widened their corruption links to law enforcement officers and other public servants. Both processes are viewed as directly affecting not only public morals, but national security in the transit Balkan/Black Sea countries as well.
Another consequence of this closeness is the vulnerability, especially of the Western Balkans Muslim communities to Islamist radicalization\textsuperscript{10}.
Although the spread of radical Islamist ideas and Salafi militancy preceded the current Syria war, the latter impacted heavily on some Muslim groups in countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Macedonia. One particularly disturbing phenomenon is that of transnational fighters, including from the Western Balkans, traveling to and from conflict zones, who are believed to pose serious security threat to many European states.\textsuperscript{11}
As a rule, Islamist radicalization (albeit a superficial one in most cases) is the necessary precondition for committing terrorist acts. Terrorism/violent extremism in its religious form are currently considered to be among the most dangerous threats facing the world and Europe in particular. The Islamist form of terror is particularly disturbing as it uses a world religion as its motivation and proclaims its actions as a modern-day jihadism or adherence to a “holy war” against infidels and “crusaders”.
Despite the fact, that this phenomenon is one of the most researched and commented issues in both the academic and media/politics realms, not much attention was paid to the fact, that Islamist terrorism represents a new, asymmetrical threat and a part of an asymmetrical\textsuperscript{12} or total war declared to the West and the non-Muslim world in general. Therefore, an accurate way to describe it should focus simultaneously on both the Middle Eastern and the European “war theatres”, i.e. it should assess its different components, that include both classical military aspects (military/insurgency operations against Iraqi regime forces and Shia militia in Iraq plus the US-led anti-ISIS coalition in Iraq and Syria) and diversionary operations “behind the front-lines” and on enemy territory (terrorist acts in Iraq/Syria, but also Europe and elsewhere, often by “lone wolves”, Islamist radicalization facilitated by online propaganda, etc.).
As previously noted, “the softness” of such crimes, involving violence and killings is debatable – another way to describe it could be to regard such attacks as military diversion operations by an enemy foreign power. This ambivalence reflects the “asymmetrical” nature of the Islamist terrorism’s threat.\textsuperscript{13} To put it another way, it would be wrong to treat terrorist acts as imposing one’s views and principles over the rest of society, through rejecting the constitutional foundations of democracy and non-respect for fundamental human rights. Very often it leads to adopting the ideology of violence. (See: Radicalisation in Bulgaria: Threats and Trends, Center for the Study of Democracy, 2015, p.15
\textsuperscript{7} See http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/turkey_syrian_crisis_en.pdf
\textsuperscript{8} See for example http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911
\textsuperscript{9} Ibid.
\textsuperscript{10} In this context “radicalization” is defined as a process of adopting extreme opinions, views, beliefs and ideologies, to the extent of fierce rejection of all alternatives. It is characterized by a decisive readiness for
\textsuperscript{11} Ibid., p.7
\textsuperscript{12} See for example https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/islamic-state-complexities-asymmetric-warfare-christopher
\textsuperscript{13} As Scott Steward wrote, “now that the jihadist threat has devolved from professional terrorist cadres
ordinary crime as they are either part of the activities of diversionary terrorist network/group, or are inspired by the “holy war” on the non-Muslim world waged by the same networks/groups. Therefore, a successful remedy should include a combination of both law enforcement instruments and tactics, and military response.
The other way the Middle Eastern conflicts and the asymmetrical war of terrorism against the “infidel” impacted European security is an indirect one. The urgency of countering the twin threats of terrorism and illegal immigration was translated into hastily adopted reforms of both the EU-level and the national internal security and law enforcement systems. Eventually, they run counter the post-modern benefits of the “normative community” which were taken for granted by EU citizens. As a matter of fact, following the re-introduction of border controls even within the Schengen area free movement of people is constrained; border fences are hastily built between European countries; both member-states and Western Balkan accession countries are introducing harsh anti-terrorist laws and measures which are viewed by many as an infringement on the rights of the citizens, internal tensions are rising with the questioning of the wisdom of multiculturalism; Islamophobia is becoming a rallying cry of all types of racist and xenophobic parties and movements, which do not share the EU values and openly proclaim the return to the old Europe of independent nation-states.
These negative developments in the last two years represent a stark contrast to the “enlargement” logic of the previous period, not to forget the EU home affairs and justice policies designed to ensure security, rights and free movement within the Union. Until very recently the EU-member states from the region aspired to join the Schengen zone, becoming full-fledged EU-members, Western Balkan countries that are part of the stabilization and association agreements, were eagerly pushing for membership, while Turkey hoped to achieve progress in its pre-accession negotiations. Currently this agenda is completely reversed with both Western Balkan countries and
to grassroots operatives, the trend of hitting soft targets is becoming all the more apparent in the United States and Europe. Because grassroots operatives have fewer resources at their disposal and less sophisticated terrorist tradecraft than professional terrorists do, jihadist propagandists encourage simple attacks using readily available weapons. In addition, grassroots jihadists tend to attack familiar targets close to where they live, putting a vast array of potential soft targets at risk of attack. In the United States, attacks have occurred in cities as unassuming and geographically distant as Little Rock, Chattanooga, Columbus, San Bernardino and now Orlando. With such a broad selection of viable targets, anyone bent on conducting an attack will be able to find a suitably vulnerable venue. No government or private security apparatus is physically capable of protecting every possible target, and it is often true that when you try to protect everything, you end up protecting nothing. See: The struggle to harden soft targets, available at: www.stratfor.com/weekly/struggle-harden-soft-targets
Balkan member-states, especially Bulgaria and Greece; more concerned by fortifying their mutual borders and by prospects of becoming part of a buffer zone, as the other parts of Europe grew increasingly wary of hosting immigrants from the Middle East. In addition prospective members from the Western Balkans are discouraged by an almost universal fatigue from enlargement pervading European politics.
On the internal “front” the threat of another wave of illegal immigrants motivated an unprecedented militarization of border security. This involves not only ad hoc commissioning of army units to border areas but also their permanent use as an additional force in anti-terrorism operations and in securing of the international borders of a number of countries along the “Balkan route”. Another dimension of militarization of the soft-security sphere is the adoption of anti-terrorist laws that significantly widen the role of the military in countering this atypical (until recently) threat. One such example is Bulgaria, where a bill is devised, that empowers the army to detain people and search private homes, using force when needed, according to a draft published on the government’s website. It also allows the authorities to ban a person suspected of terrorist activity, from leaving the country or a city, from using more than one phone number, or using the Internet for up to six months as a preventive measure.\(^{14}\)
Even NATO is taking part in the efforts to stem the illegal immigration & trafficking threat. In February 2016, on the request of Germany, Greece and Turkey, the Alliance decided to join international efforts in dealing with this crisis. Currently, NATO’s Standing Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2) is deployed in the Aegean Sea to support international efforts to cut the lines of human trafficking and illegal migration. NATO’s goal is to help make a process that has been illegal, disorderly and dangerous into something orderly, legal and safe. NATO ships are providing real-time information to the coastguards and other national authorities of Greece and Turkey, as well as to Frontex, helping them in their efforts to tackle this crisis. Thanks to the information collected by NATO ships, Greece, Turkey and Frontex are taking more effective action to break the business model of human traffickers and save lives. The number of migrants crossing the Aegean Sea has decreased significantly.\(^{15}\)
The needed response: back to realism
\(^{14}\) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-06/bulgarian-cabinet-passes-anti-terror-act-that-may-curb-rights
\(^{15}\) http://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2016_05/20160519_1605-factsheet-aegean-sea.pdf
From the beginning of the immigration wave idealistic approaches prevailed with the insistence of accommodating all the immigrants and treating them as refugees. This was exemplified by the decision of the German chancellor Merkel to accept almost one million Middle Eastern immigrants in a stark example of open door policies. Very soon, however, this initial enthusiasm faded away, in the face of growing resentment in Germany itself, and in several other member-states and Western Balkan countries. The Visegrad Group flatly rejected plans for relocation of Middle Eastern migrants on the ground of national security.\textsuperscript{16} Similar concerns were not uncommon in the western parts of Europe as well.
By the end of 2015 a new, more realistic approach by Germany and other EU-members emerged that culminated in the March 2016 EU-Turkey deal on migration. Popularly known as the “1 for 1 scheme”, the deal provided that for every Syrian being returned to Turkey from Greek islands, another Syrian will be resettled from Turkey to the EU taking into account the UN Vulnerability Criteria. The documents also states that a mechanism will be established, with the assistance of the Commission, EU agencies and other Member States, as well as the UNHCR, to ensure that this principle will be implemented as from the same day the returns start.\textsuperscript{17}
This businesslike deal on an utmost humanistic issue stirred a loud outcry of protests by human-rights NGOs and activists. Europe’s leading human rights body – The Council of Europe - issued a stinging indictment of the document, which it said at worst exceeds the limits of what is permissible under international law. A report by the same organization listed numerous concerns on human rights, from keeping migrants in overcrowded and insanitary detention centres on the Greek islands to inadequate legal protection for people seeking to appeal against rejection of an asylum claim. The report also condemned Europe’s “shamefully slow” progress on relocating refugees from Greece to other countries. Only 937 out of a promised 160,000 had been found homes as of March.\textsuperscript{18}
Nevertheless, this highly controversial deal was a long overdue return to realism in European politics and a practical step to solve or temporarily lessen an otherwise unsolvable problem, which threatened European societies. Because the EU and leading member-states failed to react at an earlier stage of the emerging immigration threat, however, Europe will pay a higher price. In addition to the objections on human rights’ grounds, it will involve an increased pressuring from Turkey in a time, when Erdogan is imposing an autocratic style in Turkish politics and waging a civil war in the majority Kurdish populated South-Eastern provinces. Rewarding Ankara for stopping the illegal immigration with liberalization of the visa requirements for Turkish citizens and with defrosting the accession negotiations is a highly risky bet. It came as not surprising, that Erdogan openly threatened Brussels with reversing its promise to stop the immigration wave if the EU insists that Turkey changes its anti-terrorist legislation deemed overly repressive. Currently, Bulgaria, along with Greece, is the country that is most threatened by such a development.
In contrast to the return to security basics on “the refugee’s problem”, the EU and its leading member-states continue in their inefficient and one-sided efforts to crush Islamic terrorism. One part of this failure stems from the fact, that Europe continues to treat it mostly as a soft-security, domestic issue, although acknowledging the existing ties between terrorists’ cells on the continent and the Islamic State in the Middle East. Accordingly, it uses in its counter-terrorism response the instruments of the internal security sector in the member-states, in addition to EU specialized agencies like Europol and the newly instituted counter-terrorism structure. Although some individual member-states are part of the counter-terrorist coalition led by the US, they are largely sidelined by both Russia and the US, which not only lead multinational anti-terrorist coalitions, but also are co-sponsors of the Geneva Syrian negotiations.
What is to be done? The answer is obvious, but for the time being is not formulated as a security priority of both EU and nation-states agendas: in order to be effective, a counter-terrorism strategy should target both terrorists in Europe, and their organizations in the Arab-Muslim world. Europe needs a two-prong strategy that complements police and intelligence counter-terrorism at home with military efforts to defeat the Islamic State and the other terrorist groups in Syria, Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan and elsewhere. This is not happening though, with European political-diplomatic efforts in the Middle East lacking firm focus on anti-terrorism. Europe continues to arm and finance the so-called rebels in their efforts to destroy the Syrian regime, which is the main barrier to Jihadi forces. This is an idealistic ap-
\textsuperscript{16} https://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home-affairs/news/visegrad-countries-trigger-crisis-ahead-of-eu-refugee-summit/
\textsuperscript{17} http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:22014A0507(01)&from=EN
\textsuperscript{18} See https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/20/eu-refugee-deal-turkey-condemned-council-of-europe
approach similar to the US “regime change” antics that needs to be revised. On the other hand, by willingly or objectively distancing itself from significant international efforts to solve the Middle East crises and restore the regional order and the nation-states in the Arab world, Europe is undermining its own activities to curb radicalization and to cope with the terrorist groups. The EU ambiguity in its Middle East policies runs counter the efforts to restore stability in the Middle East, which in turn leads us to target the symptoms, rather than the root causes of this phenomenon.
**
A comprehensive approach could aim at dealing with Middle East conflicts that cause and/or trigger both external and internal challenges to European security – namely mass irregular immigration and Islamic terrorism/radicalism. The following are the basic pre-conditions for this to happen:
First – end or freeze the Syrian war and defeat and arrest the terrorists and the Jihadists in both Syria and Iraq.
Second – restore the Middle Eastern state system based on regional Shia-Sunni, and Arab-Kurdish reconciliation.
Third – keep the pressure on Turkey to renounce with its revisionist agenda and to behave as an EU-candidate country.
Four – offer Turkey a realistic form of association with the EU.
Five – bring to the fore the “mother of all Middle Eastern wars” the Israeli-Palestinian/Arab conflict.
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**THE FUTURE OF THE SCHENGEN AGREEMENT – A VIEW FROM A NON-SCHENGEN EU MEMBER STATE**
*Yasen Georgiev* is Executive Director at the Economic Policy Institute, Sofia (EPI). He is also Coordinator for Bulgaria of the Marshall Memorial Fellowship, a leadership program of the German Marshall Fund (GMF) of the United States. Yasen Georgiev graduated in International Relations from the University of National and World Economy, Sofia and in Business Administration/Strategic Management from the Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski. He participated in extracurricular courses at the Ludwigs-Maximilians University, Munich and the Hertie School of Governance, Berlin.
Yasen has been with the EPI since 2006 where he was appointed Research Fellow and then head of the International Projects and Programmes unit. Before joining EPI, Yasen worked at the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Bulgaria and Beiersdorf Bulgaria. In 2010-2011, he was selected to participate in the Carl Friedrich Goerdeler-Kolleg for Good Governance, a nine-month fellowship programme of the Robert Bosch Foundation (Germany) for young executives working in the public sector in Central and South Eastern Europe. Within this fellowship he worked as a visiting fellow at the Association of German Chambers of Commerce and Industry – DIHK and at the European Policy DG of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology of Germany (Berlin).
**Abstract**
The current research paper aims at examining the perceptions of the Schengen Agreement and its current state from the point of view of a non-Schengen EU Member State. It sheds light on the public support for the Agreement in Bulgaria and looks for parallels to Romania since both countries acceded the European Union together in 2007 and since then have been jointly put under a tailor-made mechanism for oversight of their judiciary, the shortages of which play a crucial role on their way to Schengen membership. While governments in both Member States attempt to tackle these shortcomings, public support for Schengen starts to decrease, since
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19 This paper was prepared within the research project “Migration, borders control and solidarity: Schengen at stake?”
it gets perceived no longer as an advantage, but rather than as a security threat. However, the paper argues that institutions can leverage on the strong support for EU in Bulgaria and Romania to prevent populist rhetoric from using Schengen for enhancing its outreach.
**Introduction**
Thirty years after the Schengen Agreement was signed, its main achievements seem to be under severe pressure due to the unprecedented influx of migrants and refugees to Europe and the terrorist attacks in Paris and most recently in Brussels. While Member States (MS) of the European Union (EU) are still in the pursuit of a working common approach based on the values of solidarity to tackle the former, preventing the latter in the future will be a subject of an imperative and long-term debate on the free movement of people in Europe.
All these recent developments raise the valid question about the future of the Schengen Agreement and its adjustment to the current circumstances or saying it in other words the price citizens are ready to pay for the free movement they have been enjoying in the recent decades, which many have already taken for granted. Understandably enough, the outreach of these debates is about not only to influence policy-makers in Brussels, Paris, Berlin, etc. but also to go beyond the 26 full Schengen members. What is more interesting in this regard is the reflection of the Schengen-future-debates on the Member States that aspire to become members of the Schengen Agreement (or at least did so) but experience delays in joining for differing reasons – Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania.
Citizens of Bulgaria and Romania, which both joined the European Union in 2007 and since then are often regarded as a group in different EU aspects, reportedly used to perceive this status as a second class EU membership. However, nowadays it is increasingly the case that nationals from the above-mentioned two non-Schengen countries might question the added value of the Agreement since even today they can easily travel to other EU countries despite the existing border controls. What is more, the fact that the residence permits for these countries are not valid for the Schengen area proved to be one of the reasons (among other purely economic ones) why migrants felt discouraged to head especially to these countries when entering the EU.
Having this as a background, the current research paper aims at examining the current implications of the Agreement on these two non-Schengen EU Member States and elaborate on the perceptions about the future of the the Convention there. It will eventually argue that restoring Schengen will be essential but not enough for communicating its full scope of achievements and advantages to countries outside the Agreement. After making Schengen working efficiently (and attractive) again, a period of time will be definitely needed before societies in member countries are fully convinced of its merits and Brussels can use it as a leverage in communicating with Schengen-outsiders that are about to join.
**Current situation**
The Schengen Agreement, which marked its 30th anniversary in 2015, started as an intergovernmental initiative of several of EU Member States and meanwhile has been incorporated into the body of EU law, thus making all acceding countries legally bound to join it from 2004 onwards. Nowadays it covers partially the territory of the European Union and includes four non-EU countries (Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Switzerland). EU Member States that are not participating are the United Kingdom and Ireland, both having the “opt-in” option, and several of the countries from the EU Fifth Enlargement – Cyprus, Bulgaria and Romania, as well as Croatia that joined in 2004, 2007 and 2013, respectively.
These four countries are expected to join the Agreement sooner or later, although by following different paths. Croatia, the latest EU Member State, started the application process in 2015, while Cyprus is still not part of the Convention because of the unsolved dispute with the Northern part of the island. When it comes to Bulgaria and Romania, the history of their aspirations to enter Schengen is multi-layered and significantly affected by the objections of several Member States that bind the Schengen membership with the persisting shortcomings both countries have been experiencing in the field of judicial reform, corruption and organised crime. To tackle them, the European Commission (EC) set criteria (“benchmarks”) for assessing progress made on these issues by both countries in 2006, which are a matter of tailor-made monitoring within the so called “cooperation and verification mechanism” (CVM).\(^{20}\) This monitoring appears as annual progress reports for Bulgaria and Romania since 2013 (and biannual reports between 2007 and 2012).
\(^{20}\) [http://ec.europa.eu/cvm/index_en.htm](http://ec.europa.eu/cvm/index_en.htm)
Although, the Schengen accession and CVM procedures are officially not connected, it gets increasingly obvious that CVM reports’ findings are crucial for taking decision on Schengen entry, which should be unanimous. Opposition comes from members countries of the agreement – officially from France, Germany, the Netherlands and Finland (as well as less formally from Austria, Denmark, Belgium and Norway).\(^{21}\) In 2011 the Netherlands and Finland blocked the Schengen membership of Bulgaria and Romania stating that both countries are not ready to join. According to the Netherlands the lack of progress in fulfillment the CVM benchmarks is a convincing argument for stopping the Schengen entry of the two countries. It was stated then that a minimum of two positive CVM reports will be needed before the veto is lifted. In 2013 Germany and France joined the Dutch resistance, which led to the withdrawing of the Romanian request for voting on the subject. Since then the issue of the two states’ membership in Schengen was reviewed only once – during the Justice and Home Affairs Council in December of 2014 when the ministers’ conclusions at the time stated that the decision for full application of Schengen legislation to Bulgaria and Romania had not yet been made.\(^{22}\)
The justice and home affairs deficiencies as mentioned above let the opposing Member States formulate their objections in the following main directions:
1) the inconclusive results in fighting corruption and organized crime in the two countries might jeopardize the security of the whole Schengen area;
(2) external factors, referring to the increased migration pressure on Europe and
(3) internal ones, linked to domestic public and political concerns.\(^{23}\)
These concerns, however, contradict to the repeated positions of European institutions confirming that Bulgaria and Romania fulfilled the Schengen criteria – firstly in June 2011 by the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers on Justice and Home Affairs, and most recently by the European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker.\(^{24}\)
In terms of the Schengen membership criteria, the main focus used to be on fulfillment of the so called “technical criteria” which proves to be a very ambiguous concept. Actually, there is only one set of criteria, which was negotiated during the pre-accession talks with Bulgaria and Romania. Therefore, when saying that both countries cover the “technical criteria” for membership in the border-free area, one should understand that they comply with all membership criteria and everything else is matter of the objections raised by Member States, which were never put even as in an unofficial list.\(^{25}\)
Having said that, the options left for decision-makers in Bulgaria and Romania to receive an official date for accession are mainly concentrated in trying to convince their counterparts from other Member States that both countries are not a risk for the Schengen Agreement. In order to achieve this, politicians in the two new Member States have been addressing the raised concerns in two thematic fields:
1) improving their countries’ performance within the Cooperation and Verification Mechanism in fighting organized crime, corruption and reform of judiciary or at least attempts to do so;
2) protecting the external borders of the EU by sticking to all current Schengen requirements and procedures and even putting in place additional compensatory measures.
As of the first thematic field, the fact that the CVM monitoring reports get prepared nowadays only once a year instead of twice as it was the case before 2013 indicates a progress, which however seems to be still fragile and not sufficient for lifting the mechanism per se. What is more, the latest reports under CVM from early 2016 point out that separation of Romania from Bulgaria becomes more possible in the near future, despite the fact that there has never been any binding between the two states formally. A possible separation of Romania from Bulgaria might lead to different dates for Schengen entry, which however seems less likely for the time being, but can additionally motivate political elites in both neighboring countries – to make the reforms in Romania sustainable and to serve as an external shock to the political establishment in Bulgaria and making it eventually deliver the expected results.\(^{26}\)
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\(^{21}\) Perspectives for the Schengen Membership of Bulgaria and Romania: Between the Implementation of Criteria and the Changes in the European and International Context, European Policies Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia, June 2011
\(^{22}\) http://www.euinside.eu/en/comments/juncker-romania-and-the-cvm-walk-into-a-bar, last access on May 31, 2016
\(^{23}\) Perspectives for the Schengen Membership of Bulgaria and Romania: Between the Implementation of Criteria and the Changes in the European and International Context, European Policies Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia, June 2011
\(^{24}\) http://www.rri.ro/en_gb/romanias_schengen_accession_likely_to_take_place_in_two_stages, 2546560, last access on May 30, 2016
\(^{25}\) Perspectives for the Schengen Membership of Bulgaria and Romania: Between the Implementation of Criteria and the Changes in the European and International Context, European Policies Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia, June 2011
\(^{26}\) http://www.euinside.eu/en/comments/juncker-romania-and-the-cvm-walk-into-a-bar, last access on May 31, 2016
Bulgaria and Romania seem to be much more successful so far in the second thematic field i.e. in protecting the external European borders. Reportedly, they did not spare resources for protection of the land, maritime (Black Sea and the Danube River) borders and airports, as well for acquiring technologies and training staff as a part of the measures, constituting the integrated border management system that is required by Schengen. The security risks in that respect arose initially form the Arab Spring and the expected at that time waves of migrants to Europe and later on the delays in Bulgaria and Romania’s entry were often attributed to the geographical proximity the countries used by refugees as main corridors to enter Europe, especially after the outbreak of the civil war in Syria. Sharing land borders with Greece and Turkey, Bulgaria has been even more exposed to this concern and in order to proactively tackle it, its authorities took the decision to build a fence on country’s 256-km-long border with Turkey (Fig. 1). The construction works started in 2013 and as of June 2016, the fence covers 95 km of the border, while another 119 are to be completed in the months to come, thus the total length is expected to reach 214 km by year’s end.\textsuperscript{27} In addition, protection of the country’s borders, which by law was a responsibility of the border police authorities, was reinforced by unites of the Bulgarian army – an amendment that was unanimously agreed by all political parties in the beginning of 2016.
Thus, so far neither Bulgaria nor Romania, which is however not directly exposed to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Western Balkan migratory route, proved to be targets of the waves of refugees or migrants and since policymakers in both countries are well aware of the fears in that direction and therefore are ready to take even extreme decisions to prevent such concerns turning into reality.
\textsuperscript{27} \textit{Denvnik Daily}, June 14, 2016
\textsuperscript{28} One of the possible scenarios for Bulgaria and Romania includes a joining the border-free area in
Future Schengen perspectives for Bulgaria and Romania
According to the 1951 Refugee Convention refugees may request political asylum if they are unable or unwilling to return to their country of origin because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.\(^{29}\) Political asylum includes the right to live and engage in wage-earning employment in the host country, to receive at least the treatment which is accorded to aliens, and to be re-united with family members. This implies to any signatory state of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, including all EU member states.
To apply for political asylum, refugees have to present themselves to authorities in the territory of the signatory state. What is more, latest EU rules require that the first Member State in which the application for international protection was lodged shall be responsible for examining it (Dublin III Regulation).\(^{30}\) If Schengen regulations are considered, Schengen countries do not grant visa to third country citizens for the purpose of seeking protection. On the contrary, conditions for obtaining any Schengen visa are usually so restrictive that many persecuted individuals do not qualify. Therefore, since refugees who seek protection in a Schengen country have to travel without valid documents and therefore are not admitted as passengers to airlines or other regular transport carriers, most refugees opt for reaching Schengen countries irregularly, usually by risking their lives. Additionally, enforcement efforts have been tightened over the last years and under the current regulation, refugees must have their finger-prints taken upon arrival and, in principle, no other Schengen country will process their application for asylum.\(^{31}\)
The regulations also determine which member state is responsible for processing asylum applications and providing material support to refugees for the duration of their status is being processed. Thus, having in mind the prolonged duration of such procedures particularly in times of excessive migratory pressure (and the still not functioning relocation plans), the selection of the first recipient country proves to be of paramount importance.
Understandably enough, less wealthy EU countries are less attractive to migrants. According to 2014 EUROSTAT data Bulgaria and Romania rank last with GDP per capita significantly below the EU average – 47% and 55%, respectively for Bulgaria for Romania, which along with the enhanced border protection masseurs as mentioned above, can make them everything but eager to join the border-free area any times soon or even not immediately after it will have been restored.
At first glance, citizens in Bulgaria for Romania continue to support the “free movement of EU citizens who can live, work, study and do business anywhere in the EU” above the EU average – 87% of the Bulgarians and 80% of the Romanians (Chart 1). However, since accession to Schengen was delayed for years, the public support in Bulgaria started decreasing over time. It remains relatively high but latest opinion polls clearly show the downtrend – it lost 13% in the period 2011-2015 and decreased from 67,3% to 54,3% respectively. Similarly, the opposition to Schengen entry increased from 6,2% in 2011 to reach 16% in 2015 (Chart 2)\(^{32}\).
\(^{29}\) *Convention relating to the Status of Refugees* (Geneva, 28 July 1951), Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (New York, 31 January 1967)
\(^{30}\) [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:0031:0059:EN:PDF](http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:180:0031:0059:EN:PDF)
\(^{31}\) Ademmer et al., *Internal blessing, external curse?*, Kiel Policy Brief; 30 Years of Schengen, No. 88, June 2015
\(^{32}\) *Assessing EU Membership Experience, Benefits and Futher Integration: Public Opinion in Bulgaria* 2015, European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia, May 2015
The main reason for opposing the Schengen membership is the perception that it can prove to be a security threat, which is increasingly the case if two consecutive opinion polls are considered (Chart 3\textsuperscript{33} and Chart 4\textsuperscript{34}). If only “no” answers within the 2015 survey are considered, the security threat ranks first with 46% of the answers, while within a comparable survey from 2014 it gathers 20% or the responses. This perception is likely to be even more dominant if a similar survey is conducted in 2016 since the latest nationally representative public opinion survey presented above was conducted in March 2015, which is much ahead the peak of the migration crisis in the second half of 2015.
\textsuperscript{33} Ibid.
\textsuperscript{34} What about the Pivotal EU Projects: Schengen and Eurozone Membership and Bulgaria’s Public Opinion, European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia, August 2014
The skepticism towards the Schengen Agreement can be further nurtured by the still existing lack of information or even considerable levels of misunderstanding among local population in Bulgaria and Romania. A survey from March 2010 shows that over 50% of the citizens in Bulgaria had incorrect idea of Schengen membership, with 23,8% of respondents stating that Bulgaria was already member of Schengen and some 36% pointing at that time at 2012 as the expected year of entry. In comparison, a February 2011 poll found out a more informed public opinion with about half of the respondent - 55% - saying correctly that Bulgaria is not a member of Schengen and 32% saying that the expected year of entry is 2011.\(^{35}\) Although, a certain level of improvement has been registered since then, more recent surveys show that the misinterpretation continues to exist. According to data from the opinion poll of the European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia mentioned above, reveal that 13% of the respondents support the entry in general being at the same time skeptical that the country meets the requirements for membership, while 5% link wrongly the Schengen entry with lifting of border checks to non-EU countries like Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey and another small group of 2,5% attributing the merits of the Agreement to abolishment of airport border checks only (Chart 5).
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**Chart 3. Reasons for disapproving Schengen in Bulgaria: only “no” answers are considered (2015)**
Source: European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia
**Chart 4. Reasons for disapproving the Schengen Entry in Bulgaria (2014)**
Source: European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia
**Chart 5. Reasons for supporting the Schengen Entry in Bulgaria (2014)**
Source: European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia
\(^{35}\) Perspectives for the Schengen Membership of Bulgaria and Romania: Between the Implementation of Criteria and the Changes in the European and International Context, European Policies Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia, June 2011
When it comes to Romania, in 2015 one out of five Romanians is not familiar at all with country’s bid to join Schengen and does not know its implications. Most of those who report to be aware of the topic believe that the accession to the Schengen Area point out possible impacts in the field of trade (83%), tourism in Romania (80%), travel of tourists from Romania to Schengen countries (78%), Romanian economy (70%), development of infrastructure (75%), migration of highly-skilled professionals (68%), migration of unskilled workers to non-EU countries and even decrease in prices (50%)\(^{36}\). Although, many studies provide detailed scientific evidence that increased cross-border transactions bring economic benefits\(^{37}\), the areas of impact mentioned by respondents seem to be overrated and often misleading (Chart 6). Eventually, the failure of authorities in both countries to explain appropriately the Schengen membership to their constituencies can lead to false expectations but more importantly it can leave enough space for populist and/or nationalist parties to take advantage of these communication shortages and to create half-truth messages paving the way for easy-to-spread security concerns.
**Political objectives and relative strategies**
In order to prevent the afore-mentioned scenarios from happening, political leaders in Bulgaria and Romania should still refer to the high levels of public trust in the European Union and its institutions for keeping the momentum of the EU integration and when the right time comes, to proceed with the two unfinished projects in front of both countries’ future within the EU – the delayed Schengen membership and the pending dates for joining the Eurozone.
In fact, Bulgarians und Romanians tend to trust the EU much more that the EU28 average, whereby they have a higher degree of confidence in the EU institutions than in the national ones, which might be attributed to wide-spread perceptions for corruption (almost entirely associated to the national institutions, not to the European ones)\(^{38}\) and the image of the EU as as an external center of control that might improve the situation in the respective country\(^{39}\). As it is shown below, 51% of the Bulgarians trust the EU, while the EU average stands by 37%, accordingly the level of distrust is much lower in Bulgaria (34%) compared to 50% in EU28. The picture is similar when the perception about the image of the European Union is questioned. The majority Bulgarians see it totally positive (51%), while this share is close to 40% in the EU as a whole.\(^{40}\)
**Chart 6. Trust and Image of the EU: Bulgaria and EU8**
Source: Eurobarometer EB82; 2014
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\(^{36}\) *European perceptions in Romania – 2015*, Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies and Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2015
\(^{37}\) Ademmer et al., *Internal blessing, external curse?*, Kiel Policy Brief, 30 Years of Schengen, No. 88, June 2015
\(^{38}\) *European perceptions in Romania – 2015*, Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies and Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2015
\(^{39}\) *Assessing EU Membership Experience, Benefits and Further Integration: Public Opinion in Bulgaria 2015*, European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia, May 2015
\(^{40}\) Ibid.
Another opinion poll (See Chart 7.) confirms that the level of trust of Bulgarians in the EU is by far higher than the confidence in national institutions – 41,7% in comparison to 12,4% in 2015, whereas this relation remains almost unchanged for the period 2011-2015.\(^{41}\) In the case of Romania, 2015 witnesses almost the same picture - the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament are better positioned than the Presidency of Romania as a matter of confidence on behalf of Romanians (Chart 8).\(^{42}\)
**Chart 7. Trust of Bulgarians in EU and Bulgarian institutions 2011-2015**
Source: European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia
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**Chart 8. Trust of Romanians in European and national institutions (minimum value is 1 (a very low/no confidence) and the maximum value is 5 (very high confidence))**
Source: European perceptions in Romania – 2015
Notwithstanding this, reaffirming the support for EU, respectively for the EU membership, should not be taken for granted over a long time. Although, Bulgarians remain consistently in favor of EU, with over 62% asserting that they would vote in favor of EU membership should it be put to vote. There is a decrease of about 7% in support to membership in 2015 and 2014 in comparison to 2013, accompanied by an increase of 5% on behalf of unfavorable potential votes, which reached 21,4% in 2015, starting from 16,2% in 2013.\(^{43}\)
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\(^{41}\) Ibid.
\(^{42}\) European perceptions in Romania – 2015, Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies and Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2015
\(^{43}\) Assessing EU Membership Experience, Benefits and Futher Integration: Public Opinion in Bulgaria 2015, European Policy Initiative (EuPI) of the Open Society Institute – Sofia, May 2015
Conclusion
The current challenges before the Schengen agreement including closing of borders and the debate on nationalization of policies can be considered another argument for delaying the entry of Bulgaria and Romania in the Schengen Agreement, although for the first time since announcing their aspirations to join, both countries witness a situation, which goes beyond the official and unofficial criteria they are supposed to comply with. These processes go hand in hand with ever lower rates of public support for Schengen membership, which together with the still insufficient knowledge about the coverage of the Schengen Agreement and its potential implications as well as the rising concerns for the security threats that it might impose, can put at risk the positive image of the European Union in both countries and can undermine its perception there as an external center of control. On the one hand side this might open the door to Eurosceptic attitudes that, if getting stronger than expected for the time being, can on the other impact on the leverage the European Union has at present to influence political elites in both countries for the benefit of its credibility and for the benefit of all European citizens, including Bulgarians and Romanians.
CHAPTER II
ECONOMIC AND ENERGY CHALLENGES ON THE EU AGENDA AND IN THE SEE AND BLACK SEA REGION
THE FUTURE OF EUROPE – ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES
Kaloyan Simeonov, PhD
Chief Expert, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Bulgaria;
Associate Professor on EU affairs and Chairman of the European Studies Department at the Sofia University
Kaloyan Simeonov holds a PhD in Economics and master degrees in European Studies and International Economic Relations.
Mr. Simeonov is Associate Professor on EU affairs and Chairman of the European Studies Department at the Sofia University. He is also a lecturer at the Diplomatic Institute in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria with previous teaching experience in the European Institute of Public Administration, the Bulgarian Institute of Public Administration, the Centre for European Programmes to the American University in Bulgaria and other universities and centers.
He has more than 18 years of practical experience in EU affairs in the EU Departments at the Ministry of Finance, the administration of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria and the Financial Supervision Commission.
Mr. Simeonov has more than 70 publications in different fields of the EU affairs, including five books and two manual for students as co-author. He has also experience in EU funded projects and programmes in Bulgaria, Kosovo, the northern part of Cyprus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Azerbaijan, Montenegro, Ukraine, Turkey, Algeria and others.
1. Introduction
The recent global economic and financial crisis that emerged in 2007-2008 influenced significantly the development of the European Union and the shape of its policies and initiatives. The consequences of that crisis will have also implications for Europe in the future. They will continue to bring new economic, fiscal and financial challenges for the EU Member States.
However, they will also give new opportunities and perspectives for developing and modernising the EU economy and architecture.
The global economic and financial crisis did not come alone in the recent years. This crisis was followed by debt crisis in several Member States of the EU, significant economic recession and high budget deficits through out of the EU, instability and lack of confidence in the financial sector, etc. Although these crises have direct and complementary effect to the global economic and financial crisis, there are other crises that hit the EU, that have also economic and financial implications, but that emerged due to different reasons and various global or regional problems. Among them, perhaps the most important one is the refugee crisis that has not only economic and financial implications, but many other effects that divide the EU society. The positive vote for Brexit in the United Kingdom on 23 June 2016 also creates negative spill-over effects.
All these crises and problems make the EU future quite unclear. However, they also provide more incentives for the European Union to reconsider its strategic policies and objectives as well as to undertake measures in order to become more competitive and successful in the global scene.
This paper is structured as follows. In the next section we provide some information about the recent crises that affected the EU and the main EU responses on building different unions and strategies. In the section afterwards we provide brief overview of the main policy reforms in the area of the Economic and Monetary Union of the EU. The following section mentions some of the main scenarios for the future economic and financial development of the EU. The last section concludes.
2. Too many crises, too many unions
It is hard to mention and highlight one crisis that influenced the EU in the recent years. In fact, the European Union was affected by series of crises, the majority of them having serious and profound economic and financial implications for the Union. However, it is clear that the major and triggering crisis was the global economic and financial crisis that erupted in the period 2007-2008. The EU economies experienced before that crisis sustainable economic growth that intensified economic activities and seduced many stakeholders to undertake more risky investments and activities, thus creating some investment and economic bubbles just before the crisis, such as the bubbles in the construction sector and mortgage loans. These bubbles made the global crises much more severe and profound.
There were many serious consequences for the European Union that were directly affected by the global economic and financial crisis from 2007-2008. One of the main consequences was the significant economic recession in 2008 and 2009 in all EU Member States. Some EU Member States has a contraction of their GDP of more than 10% and some countries registered a contraction of their GDP of more than 20% comparing to the pre-crises figures. That is why this crisis is very often referred as the “Great Recession” making recourse to the serious decrease of GDP in the EU and other globally developed economies.
The contraction of the GDP was not the only important consequence due to the crisis that started in 2007-2008. The fall in economic activities caused also significant rise in the unemployment levels in the EU Member States. It has led to the closure of many companies and some sectors suffered substantially from the economic slow-down. These developments intensified also the social tensions in the society. The social tensions in the EU Member States were increased further by the refugee crisis and the lack of common and effective decision on EU level how to tackle that crisis too.
The government finances in the EU experience serious challenges since the start of the global economic and financial crisis. They have some problems even before the start of that crisis and the latter just make things even worse. The debt crisis has hit seriously the whole economy of many EU Member States. The debt burden even blocked the economic developments of these countries for years to come. The most severe situation is that of Greece that has reached government debt to GPD ratio of close to 180%. This significant rise in the government debt of Greece occurred even though the creditors have made substantial efforts to calm down the situation and even though the country has made some efforts to reform its economy. These reforms were accompanied by large and sometimes almost violent protests of Greek citizens, civil servants or workers that disagree with the proposed reforms. Although the EU and the other international donors have invested many efforts and have granted new credits to Greece, the probability of default of that Member State is still not over. During the pic of the crisis there were even some voices for the need of Grexit, i.e. the opportunity Greece to leave the Euro area.
Hopefully, this worse-case scenario did not happen but the major debt problems of Greece are not resolved.
Greece is not the only EU Member State with very high level of government debt to GDP ratio. Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Cyprus and Belgium also have government debt to GDP ratio that is higher than 100%. The situation in many other Member States like Spain and France is also serious and these countries have close to 100% ratio, quite above the Maastricht convergence criteria of 60% that is used as entry test for accession to the Euro area.
Another important criterion in terms of fiscal policy is the ratio of budget deficit to GDP. The Maastricht convergence criterion is 3% budget deficit. After the eruption of the global economic and financial crisis the majority of the EU Member States did not reached the convergence level of that criterion and registered for several years quite high level of budget deficit. In 2010 Ireland registered even the “unthinkable” level of 32.3% budget deficit to GDP ratio. A major reason for that level of deficit was the Irish policy of providing substantial state aids to all problematic banks in the country.
The financial crisis and in particular the banking crisis were among the most important and serious crisis that affected the EU in the recent years. The banking and the government debt (fiscal crisis) are interlinked and they create mutual spill-over effect. The problems in the government finances such as the decrease of the prices of the government debt securities (even the probability of default in some cases), the significant rise of budget deficits, the decrease in ratings provided by the Credit rating agencies, the recession and slow down of the national economy leading to the increase of non-performing loans, etc. – they intensified the problems in the banking sector and the soundness of the financial system. The financial losses and the probability of insolvency in banks and other financial institutions, coupled with the problem of “too big to fail” for the banks with significant influence on the soundness of the financial system, they have influenced the governments to provide substantial subsidies and state aids to the banks further aggravating the fiscal situation and the indebtedness of the national budgets in the EU.
The capital markets in the EU also have incurred significant losses and have lost further their importance as financial intermediary for the real economy. The banking crisis and the losses in the capital markets decreased further the consumer confidence in the area of financial services and financial markets.
The refugee crisis and the positive vote for Brexit in the United Kingdom have further aggravated the economic and financial situation in the EU. They bring also uncertainties for the development of the European Union in the years to come.
The European Union has responded to these crises by establishing more deep integration among the Member States. It decided to add to the existing unions some more unions within the EU.
The Customs Union in the EU exists since mid-1968 and it is a cornerstone for the development of the EU Internal Market – an important and basic achievement of the European integration. After creating and modernising common EU policies in almost every single economic policy field (such as agriculture, trade, competition, transport, energy, consumer protection, fisheries, etc.), the EU decided to establish also a single currency for the majority of its Member States, thus creating an Economic and Monetary Union. Although the Monetary Union is finalised to a great extent with the leading role of the European Central Bank, the Economic Union is still not achieved even among the Member States of the Euro area.
Therefore, in order to overcome the effects of the global crisis at European Union level, the EU decided to develop further some unions, like the Economic Union, the Fiscal Union, the Financial Union (including Banking Union and Capital Markets Union) and even a Political Union, all of them aiming at completing the building of the Economic and Monetary Union and at strengthening the single currency. These reforms will be analysed in more details in the next section.
The European Union has started to build also some other unions that aim to further develop its structure and economy. One of these unions is the Energy Union that shall ensure that Europe has secure, affordable and climate-friendly energy. The idea is a wiser energy to be used while fighting climate change, creating new jobs and growth as well as an investment climate in the EU.\(^{44}\)
\(^{44}\) For more information, see the following website of the European Commission for the Energy Union and for the climate change – https://ec.europa.eu/priorities/energy-union-and-climate_en. The development of the Energy Union is closely monitored, see for example: European Commission (2015), “State of the Energy Union 2015” Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank, COM/2015/0572 final, Brussels, Belgium.
Another sector union is the establishment of the Single Digital Market. As admitted by the European Commission, Europeans often face barriers when using online tools and services, even though the EU has spent decades bringing down those barriers “offline”. The European Commission recognised that the fragmentation and barriers that do not exist in the physical “offline” single market are holding the EU back in the digital area. However, in a Digital Single Market, there are fewer barriers, and more opportunities: it is a seamless area where people and business can trade, innovate and interact legally, safely, securely, and at an affordable cost, making their lives easier.\footnote{For more information in relation to the development of the Single Digital Market, see the following website of the European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/digital-single-market_en}
Is it possible too many crises to be overcome by too many unions at EU level? That is a difficult question and only the future may respond more clearly to this interdisciplinary and significant challenge.
3. Strategies and plans for the deepening of the EMU
The Member States of the EU have often responded in the last decades to different crisis by ‘more Europe’, meaning deeper integration among them in order to resolve existing problems and challenges. The same answer was given after the recent global economic and financial crisis that started in 2007-2008. The main strategy in the EU in order to minimise the negative effects of the crisis and to prevent to the maximum extent future crisis is the strategy for the completion of the Economic and Monetary Union.
The completion of the Economic and Monetary Union was reinforced by the 5 Presidents Report that was issued in June 2015. This is a report that was published by the President of the European Commission in close cooperation with the President of the European Council, the President of the Eurogroup, the President of the European Central Bank and the President of the European Parliament.\footnote{European Commission (2015), “Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union”, a report by Jean-Claude Junker in collaboration with Donald Tusk, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, Mario Draghi and Martin Schulz, June 2015.} This is a strategy policy report of the 5 Presidents that outline the reforms and measures that shall be undertaken at EU level in order to achieve a genuine Economic and Monetary Union by 2025. These initiatives shall be executed in several stages, the first one ending by mid-2017. In October 2015 the European Commission has issued a Communication stipulating the steps during this first stage of completing the EMU as well as some further documents in form of draft decisions and other communications that outline in details the majority of the reforms during this first stage.\footnote{See: European Commission (2015), “Steps towards Completing the Economic and Monetary Union”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Central Bank, COM/2015/0600 final, Brussels, Belgium, 21 October 2015. For further information, see also European Commission (2015), “Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union” Commission takes concrete steps to strengthen EMU”, Press Release, Brussels, 21 October 2015.} The 5 Presidents Report was preceded in the 2012 by other strategic documents that aimed to describe the measures and actions that shall be undertaken by the European Union institutions in order to complete the Economic and Monetary Union.\footnote{See: President of the European Council (2012), “Towards Genuine Economic and Monetary Union”, A Report of the President of the European Council in collaboration with the President of the European Commission, the President of the Eurogroup and the President of the European Central Bank, 5 December 2012, as well as: European Commission (2012), “A Blueprint for a Deep and Genuine Economic and Monetary Union: Launching the European Debate”, Communication of the European Commission, COM(2012), 777/2, Brussels, 30.11.2012.}
We will quote some explanations from the introduction in the report that illustrate clearly the idea behind the need of completion of the Economic and Monetary Union:
*Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) today is like a house that was built over decades but only partially finished. When the storm hit, its walls and roof had to be stabilised quickly. It is now high time to reinforce its foundations and turn it into what EMU was meant to be: a place of prosperity based on balanced economic growth and price stability, a competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment and social progress. To achieve this, we will need to take further steps to complete EMU.*
*The euro is more than just a currency. It is a political and economic project.*\footnote{European Commission (2015), “Completing Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union”, a report by Jean-Claude Junker in collaboration with Donald Tusk, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, Mario Draghi and Martin Schulz, June 2015., p.4.}
The aim is to finish the house (the European Union) in order to make it more sound and safe even in from of future crises and challenges (storms and winds). As it was explained, the idea is this strategy to be accomplished during several stages until 2025, namely:
- **Stage 1 or “Deepening by Doing”** (1 July 2015 - 30 June 2017). The idea is that existing instruments and the current Treaties shall be used in order to boost competitiveness and structural convergence, achieving responsible fiscal policies at national and euro area level, completing the Financial Union as well enhancing democratic accountability.
Stage 2, or “completing EMU” (30 June 2017 – 2025). During this Stage 2 some Treaty changes may be also introduced. Stage shall provide for more far-reaching actions that will be launched to make the convergence process more binding, through for example a set of commonly agreed benchmarks for convergence which would be of legal nature, as well as a euro area treasury.
Final Stage (at the latest by 2025). The strategy is that once all the steps are fully in place, a deep and genuine EMU would provide a stable and prosperous place for all citizens of the EU Member States that share the single currency, attractive for other EU Member States to join if they are ready to do so.\(^{50}\)
The main pillars of these reforms are the building up of genuine Economic Union, Financial Union, Fiscal and Political Union. The accomplishment of these pillars will achieve a genuine and fairer Economic and Monetary Union.
One of the main pillars of this reform strategy is namely the establishment of a **genuine Economic Union** that enables to ensure that each economy has the structural features to prosper within the Monetary Union. One of the measures to achieve genuine Economic Union is the idea to establish a Euro area system of Competitiveness Authorities – creation by each Euro area Member State of a national body in charge of tracking performance and policies in the field of competitiveness. This idea is not warmly welcomed by all Member States as it question how new administrative institutions and costs may bring more competitiveness for the economy. Another measure for enforcing the Economic Union is making the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure stronger and more effective. This procedure is part of the European Semester – the annual cycle of reporting and surveillance of EU and national economic policies. Other measures in the area of building genuine Economic Union are the stronger focus on employment and social performance as well as the stronger coordination of economic policies. A long term measure in that area will be the formalisation of the convergence process among Euro area economies.
A second pillar for completing the EMU is the developing of a **Financial Union** that guarantees the integrity of the single currency and increases the risk-sharing with the private sector. The main reform in that area is the establishment of the Banking Union. Part of the Banking Union is the establishment of the Single Supervisory Mechanism – the new functions of the European Central Bank to supervise the banking sector in the Euro area with a special focus to the systemically important banks. Other elements of the development of the Banking Union are the creation of Single Resolution Mechanism, further harmonisation of the nation rules on deposit guarantee schemes with the possible future establishment of Single Deposit Guarantee Fund as well as the development of the Single Rulebook that provides the detailed rules for the execution of banking activities not only in the Euro area but in the whole EU. The participation in the Banking Union is obligatory for the Euro area Member States. For the Member States that currently did not adopted the euro, there is an opportunity to participate in the Banking Union through the mechanism of close cooperation with the European Central Bank.\(^{51}\) In addition to the Banking Union, the EU has started to establish also the Capital Markets Union that aim to develop the capital markets trough out the whole European Union.\(^{52}\) However, banking services and capital markets do not constitute all the financial services and in order to achieve a genuine Financial Union other measures shall be also undertaken in the areas of insurance companies, pension funds, etc.
Elaborating a **Fiscal Union** that delivers both fiscal sustainability and fiscal stabilisation is another pillar of establishing a genuine Economic and Monetary Union. The aim is in short term to strengthen responsible budgetary policies and in the long term to create a fiscal stabilisation function for the Euro area. The building up of a Fiscal Union may need even more ambitious measures such as the establishment of a Common Treasury for the Euro area, common treasury bills within the single currency area, etc. However, these measures are linked with the provision of more sovereignty in such a delicate field as the national fiscal policy which is not very likely to occur in the near future.
Aiming to achieve a **Political Union** is the possible ultimate goal of the European institutions. It shall provide the foundation for all the other
\(^{50}\) See: European Commission (2015), “Five Presidents’ Report sets out plan for strengthening Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union as of 1 July 2015”, Press Release, 22 June 2015.
\(^{51}\) The launch of the Banking Union may be analysed by the following document: European Commission (2012), *A Roadmap towards a Banking Union*, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, COM(2012) 510 final, Brussels, 12.09.2012. In order to analyse the recent trends in the development of the Banking Union, see European Commission (2015), “Towards the completion of the Banking Union”, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Central Bank, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, COM/2015/0587 final, Brussels, Belgium, 24.11.2015.
\(^{52}\) The start of the reforms leading to the establishment of the Capital Markets Union was provided by the following document: European Commission (2015), “Green Paper: Building Capital Markets Union”, COM(2015) 63 final, Brussels, 18.02.2015.
unions through genuine democratic accountability, legitimacy and institutional strengthening. The accountability shall be reinforced towards both the European Parliament and the national parliaments. There shall be also consolidation of the external representation of the euro on the international scene. Another measure shall be the integration of all the intergovernmental solutions in the EMU area under the EU Treaties and EU legal framework.
After the presentation of the recent strategies, policy actions and measures that are planned in the area of completing the Economic and Monetary Union, we shall also list some of the most probable scenarios for the future economic and financial development.
4. Scenarios for the future economic and financial development of the EU
There are different scenarios for the future of European Union, including for its economic and financial development. Among the more widely spread scenarios, there are four scenarios that are usually more frequently discussed in the academia and sometimes even in political debates. These scenarios are: status-quo, spill over, spill back and re-invented European Union.
The **status-quo scenario** is characterised with a situation where there are no major changes in the European Union architecture and in the distribution of powers and competences between the EU and its Member States. Under this scenario there is a relatively stable equilibrium with some minor modifications in the respective policies and common action at EU level. At the same time, there are no serious tensions and tendencies for disintegration. The main objective is the European Union to be further stabilised before any future enlargement to take place. The reforms in the completion of the Economic and Monetary Union may continue at a slow speed in order to accomplish step by step the proposed modifications without taking decisive steps towards complete fiscal and economic union. The Brexit will not happen too fast and the United Kingdom will achieve at least a status preserving its membership in the European Economic Area, therefore continuing to be part of the EU Internal Market without the right to vote for future legal amendments in that area.
The **spill-over scenario** is an example of a situation already discussed in this paper – where the crises in the EU lead the Union to more integration and to “more Europe”. Under this scenario, the institutional and legislative reform in the European Union is further enhanced and developed. There is a substantial deepening of the European integration process coupled with intensification of the enlargement talks and the accession of new EU Member States, especially from the countries from the Western Balkans. At the same time, new aspects and new economic policies will be moved to the supranational EU level. The coordination of the national economic policies will be modified to an example of common economic policy at least at Euro area level. European Union Member States will accept to share more sovereignty in various fields.
The third scenario is the **spill-back scenario**. Under this scenario there will be some minor or more substantial retreats from the current achievements at the European Union level. The basic Treaties will be amended in order to redistribute the competences between the EU and its Member States, giving more functions and powers to take decisions at national level. More decisions at EU level will be taken with unanimity and fewer decisions will be voted by qualified majority voting. The integration process will be replaced by more vague forms of cooperation among the Member States. The EU will go back and will be integrated around a free trade area rather that around an Euro area with a strong Economic and Monetary Union. The reforms for achieving genuine Economic and Monetary Union will stop and they will be even reversed with returning many decisions at national level. Under this scenario, the Brexit may be followed by other “exits”.
The fourth probable scenario is the **re-invented European Union**. Under this scenario the “core” Member States will continue to deepen slowly the integration between them and the other “willing” or “able” Member States may join at a later stage. At the same time, this scenario may be represented via the idea of “variable geometry” – where a network of parallel groups of Member States exists. These parallel groups will pursue sector integration in different policy areas. Under this scenario further deepening and widening is not excluded. However, it will be difficult all the new areas of integration to be valid for the whole EU and they will be rather applied by different group of countries.\(^{53}\)
It is interesting that these scenarios are discussed for more than a decade, even before the start of the global economic and financial crisis from
\(^{53}\) For more information in relation to these four scenarios, see: A. Faber and W. Wessels (2005), “Wider Europe, Deeper Integration?”, a common theoretical and methodological framework for EU-CONSENT, paper for the Kick-off Meeting, 18 November 2005, Brussels.
2007-2008. However, these scenarios are quite relevant even today. It is difficult to predict which scenario will be developed and realised in the future. More likely it will be a scenario that is a combination of these scenarios and options.
5. Conclusions
The European Union has experienced series of crises in the recent years, the most difficult one being the economic and financial crisis that was initiated in 2007-2008. This crisis was linked to other crises like the debt crisis, the financial crisis, the crisis of confidence, etc. Other crisis like the refugee crisis and the positive vote for Brexit also hit the European Union.
The answer of the European Union at this stage is in building new unions and deepening further the integration between the EU Member States. However, in order to achieve a genuine and fairer Economic and Monetary Union, in order to build Economic, Financial, Fiscal and Political Unions, there are many reforms and steps to be undertaken.
There are also many possible scenarios for the future development of the EU. Among the most frequently discussed scenarios are: status-quo, spill-over, spill back and re-invented European Union. These are not the only possible scenarios and the real development of the EU may be a combination of them plus other specific characteristics.
All these scenarios may happen in the near future. However, the author of this paper hopes that the future of Europe and the future of the European Union will lead to more integration, that the challenges will be transformed in reforms, that deepening and enlargement of the EU will continue to happen at the same time.
We shall not forget that the European Union helped us to achieve a peaceful European continent after the Second World War. However, with the notable exception of ex-Yugoslavia. We shall also not forget that the recent wars and conflicts in the Western Balkans in the 90s of the XX century happened just because of the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Therefore, the author believe that it is better to vote for more integration, even though sometimes it is more difficult to find common decisions and answers to difficult and complex challenges. It is more difficult but it is more promising too.
Bibliography
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The current crisis in the energy sector of Bulgaria is structural and this is a result of gradual accumulation of systemic imbalances in the type of power plants and the dynamics of energy consumption in the country. These imbalances are present not only in the production and consumption of electricity, but also in natural gas and liquid fuels, which are of strategic importance to the economy and national security. The energy crisis can be overcome only by coordinated and clearly defined institutional reforms to enable and create the necessary environment for significant private investment in the sector toward technological upgrading and its transformation into a sustainable foundation for accelerated development of the whole economy.
**Problems of Energy Sector**
*Inadequate today’s economy technological structure of the electricity sector*
Our electricity system was built more than 40 years ago in a completely different socio-political environment, with completely different economic goals and objectives. Bulgarian economy in those days worked around several large industrial complexes and the architecture of our energy system has been developed about the functioning of these industrial complexes. This means the presence of very large base generating capacity centered on regions with industrial users. This implies, in turn, the construction of large high-voltage transmission system (energy ring), in which is carried the bulk of the electricity produced and fed to the distributors and large
users. Nowadays, most of these industrial complexes are gone. This is not only a consequence of short-sighted, wrong or downright incompetent management, but mostly from the realities of today’s global economy - the free movement of goods and capital worldwide immediately expose the weaknesses of some of our industrial complexes and logically their inefficiency led to suspension of their work.
On the other hand, the very industrial production becomes more energy efficient, which also affects the total load on the system. Along with the removal of large industrial consumers of base load power, the type and structure of electricity consumption also undergone significant changes. We have increase in the share of final consumption, which has a strong dynamics within the day. This led to an increase in the differences between the minimums and maximums of the loads, which on one hand is an indicator of excess base load power, while the other speaks of a shortage of peak power.
In inadequacy of today’s economic realities and unstable electricity system, too many new renewable energy facilities have been introduced for political reasons. Their intrinsic unstable and unpredictable exploitation, combined with unfavourable contractual obligations, further destabilized the electricity system and deepened its problems.
The connectivity of our electricity system with neighbouring operators is also built on the logic of yesterday. This logic is based on the assumption that our country will always be a net exporter of electricity and our neighbours will rely on us. Still the import of electricity is a taboo. The idea to have an energy hub in the Balkans, however, requires the maintenance of a large cold reserve capacity that covers both our needs and those of the countries to which we export, which as it turns out today is an increasing social cost.
**The crisis in the gas sector**
Yesterday structure of our economy has modelled and the natural gas system. It was also built around large industrial users, which led to underdevelopment of domestic gas consumption and hence to the creation today of a side pressure on the power system due to increased consumption of electricity for domestic use and chronic problems of urban district heating. In other words, electricity and gas system are interconnected in a way that deepens the social costs of their operation.
Meanwhile, the supply of natural gas is almost entirely dependent on imports of raw materials from Russia, which determines the high prices and the strategic dependence of our economy from external interests, forces and processes. Several governments in turn did nothing to overcome this dependence and their efforts showed as inefficient and marked by strong public suspicions of corruption.
**Supply and production of liquid fuels as chronic ailment of the economy**
Along with natural gas, the supply of petroleum products is the main reason for maintaining the chronic deficit in the balance of payments of the country. The amount of net annual deficit is about 8 billion Levs due entirely to our dependence on imported liquid primary energy. This deficit is larger than the annual budgets of pension and health care systems combined.
Dependence on imported petroleum products dooms economy to be exposed to fluctuations on world markets at price levels that significantly exceed the real incomes of Bulgarian citizens.
Attempts to address these fundamental structural problems of the Bulgarian energy sector in terms of legislative institutionalized state monopolies and regulated prices are not effective and let to accumulation of enormous debts. Any decision of the regulator on prices in the sector, any lawsuits against unfavourable contracts, any orders of the Transmission System Operator cannot overcome the structural imbalances in our energy system. This will increase the risk of system failures. At the same time, the desire of foreign investors to develop new industries in our country will decrease.
**Program for Institutional Reform**
It is necessary to undertake large-scale investment program in energy sector to overcome the structural imbalances and to build new, adequate to modern economy generation capacity. This investment program must be based on deep institutional reform in the sector.
New energy strategy of the country
Bulgaria’s energy sector is in crisis and one of the reasons is the lack of clear and consistent management vision for the development of the sector. For the past 15 years, the country had three different strategies and common between them is that all three were abandoned too soon after their adoption as official documents. What caused this?
Above all, existing strategies were designed mostly as a political program of ruling parties in the energy sector. Inevitably, after a change of the political power, the current energy strategy was also changed. The lack of continuity can be explained by the fact that the principles of these strategies were more cyclical, driven by private economic and political interests rather than consensus arising from the real problems and needs of the industry in the long scale.
Secondly, it should be noted the unfavourable legacy in the management culture, which logically led to the preservation and reproduction of the command-administrative methods and views on the management of the sector. This affected not only operational decisions to cope with the current problems, but the lack of vision for long-term reform and development.
Third is the misunderstanding of what actually constitutes an energy strategy. An assumption exists that this is a kind of compendium of current problems in the sector and operational decisions at short scale. There is not an understanding that the strategy should be a common framework and institutional instruments that would facilitate making the right operational decisions far ahead in time, regardless of the current political and economic situation.
Another major problem is the weak definition of short- and medium-term trends in the sector. On one hand, official statistics in our country do not have the necessary scope and detail. On other hand, there is no expertise that can critically interpret data from foreign governmental and nongovernmental institutions. There is no systematically developed methodology for analysis of the trends in the sector. This often leads to uncritically accepted foreign general visions for the future development of energy sector at worldwide level, which in many cases are not relevant for our country.
The lack of understanding that energy sector is foundation of the national economy and its development directly influences the development of the country. How to manage the industry is particularly important in attracting foreign investment. Not paying attention to that dominant command-administrative approach suggests uncertainty in strategic investors. At the same time, it is disregarded that in the free market the problems in the energy sector could become a public burden in the development of the entire economy.
Finally yet importantly, in previous strategies, energy system has traditionally been burdened with non-typical functions - be it social or political. This inevitably leads to imbalances and crises, such as we see now.
A new all energy strategy of the country must indicate:
- Consensus over strategy targets for the development of the energy system of Bulgaria
- Resources for implementation of system goals
- Procedures and methods of analysis of the industry
- Total industry analysis
- Potential investment projects of national importance
- A new regulatory body
It is assumed that the system targets defined in the national energy strategy will be relevant for long period ahead. It is therefore important to define the role and functions of the regulatory body to serve as the primary means of achieving the strategic objectives, regardless of the current political, social and economic conditions.
Structure of the Energy Regulator
We propose creation of a Public Council formed by the major producers and consumers of energy, technological and commercial intermediaries, consumer organizations and professional associations. Main function of the Public Council will be the election and dismissal of Management Board, the composition of Expert and Licensing Committees and voting the budget of the Energy Regulator, which would be formed from collection of licenses and fees. The main governing structures of the Energy Regulator would be:
- Management Board, which alongside regular members elected by the Public Council, would be attended by a representative designated by the Government. Main function of the Board is operational control over the work of the Expert and Licensing Committees, adoption of
the annual report on the implementation of the objectives set out in the Energy Strategy, and the issue of price regulation in areas where due to economic or technological circumstances have sole supplier of energy resources or services.
- Expert Committee consisting of specialists in the various energy sectors whose primary function would be collection and analysis of information on current issues, terms, technologies and opportunities for energy development, according to long-term objectives set out in the Energy Strategy.
- Licensing Committee to prepare legislation in the energy sector, to issue licenses and to conduct operational control over compliance with the Regulator.
Because of technological interconnectedness of many of the energy sub-sectors and between them and other sectors of the economy, especially those that are resource-oriented, it is good to have expanded jurisdiction of the Energy Regulator. It should include besides electrical energy and gas sector, but also and extraction, production and consumption of liquid fuels, as well as water and forest resources.
It is particularly important to emphasize the political independence of the energy regulator. This is achieved through the procedures of election of its governing structures and sources of financing of its activities. In both cases, the role of state authorities can only be consultative and complementary to the self-governing Public Council set by the law.
**Free market**
Main objective of institutional reform in the energy sector is rapid introduction of principles and mechanisms of the free market as the main mode of interaction between producers and consumers of energy of all kinds. For this purpose, it is necessary:
- To remove all legislatively appointed exclusive monopolies in the energy sector: public providers and network operators. The market should decide which natural monopolies are, and which are not.
- To remove any regulated prices than those for access, transmission and distribution, where it operates more than one operator.
**Conclusion**
The institutional reform of energy sector should have a profound effect on the Bulgarian economy, creating the necessary security of supplies, robustness of energy infrastructure, and economic effectiveness. The scale of this reform requires political and social consensus, and broad understanding of the role of energy sector in the accelerated development of the country. The proposed institutional framework of the sector should help not only to overcome the deficiencies of the past, but to secure long-term sustainable development as well as predictable and attractive investment environment.
CHAPTER III
PROMOTING GROWTH AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP: CATCHING-UP, COMPETITIVENESS AND INNOVATIONS
This is the fifth edition of the Catch-Up Index and it registers the situation as of 2015. The timespan provides the opportunity to trace longer-term trends by comparing results to the previous four editions. The countries included in the index are the 28 EU Member States, the candidate and potential candidate countries. In the report, these are designated as the EU10+1 group – these are the ten EU Member States from the fifth wave of EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007 as well as Croatia, which joined in 2013. Until recently referred to as the “new” Member States, these countries used to share experience of the post-communist transition, then the EU accession process and the adjustment to the EU after the accession. The reference group, which sets the benchmark for achievement, is the EU15+2 or the “Western”, “old” EU Member States plus Malta and Cyprus.
The five-year trend of the Catch-Up Index 2011-2015 registers that the catching-up of the EU10+1 is working, as countries progress towards the desired goals. But there is also regress and stagnation, as some countries either fail to develop or backtrack on their achievements. The Catch-Up index main results can be summarized in several main points.
Quality of Life with public services remains the most problematic area of convergence. As it is directly affecting the citizens, the frustrations might be projected onto the EU and membership. Significant divergences in economy, quality of life, democracy or governance add up or translate into policy differences between the EU countries, diminish internal cohesion and impact solidarity in the EU. Europe cannot afford this any longer. Economy is the least problematic area of the catching-up, while performance in Democracy and Governance varies.
There seem to be geographic patterns of convergence and divergence in Europe with clusters of countries with similar characteristics. A diagonal line of division has been created by the gradual shift from East-West to a North-South rift in Europe, as the Northwest clusters are opposite to the Southeast ones.
To prevent this, convergence in the EU through the catching-up process should be accelerated. It is essential to regard the convergence process as encompassing not only the economy, but also democracy, good governance, quality of life, as they seem to be closely related in the European model of development.
Success in catching up is paramount for the legitimacy of the EU project, as citizens expect the EU membership to bring about the desired levels of development, public services or good governance commensurate with those of the wealthier and more developed states. Even in cases of agreement on common policies among EU members, differences in capacity may erode the implementation of policies.
**The Catching-Up and the European Project**
There are currently two burning questions concerning the essence of the EU as a project. Firstly, is the EU failing to deliver and therefore responsible for an array of problems? Secondly, is democracy or the European-style governance responsible for failure in economy or quality of life?
The Catch-Up Index in its own, though limited, right suggests that the answer tends to be “no” and “no”. With regard to the EU role, the index suggests that the catching-up for the EU10+1 is real and happening. This is the single group of states that is progressing, while the candidate countries have generally stagnated and the EU15+2 countries’ records vary significantly.
Convergence may be slower, not as successful as expected and economic growth may be largely due to the Cohesion funds.
With regard to the second question, there seems to be a strong link between performances in different categories. This is good in case the country has a strong democracy or governance record as it would certainly have high economic results and vice versa. But in case of poor results, the performance gaps tend to be projected on other factors, e.g. democracy is blamed for poor governance and economy. In reality, it would rather be democracy deficits that are in interplay with poor economy or governance.
**The Changes in the Scores Indicate Trends in Europe**
The Overall Score is the composite score of the four categories in the index – Economy, Quality of Life, Democracy and Governance. There are two perspectives at reading the results. The first one is to see the general direction the countries are moving, whether they are improving their performance or not. The second one is to assess the countries by the scores (lowest is 0 and highest is 100) and their place in the ranking (1\textsuperscript{st} place is the highest and 35\textsuperscript{th} is the lowest).
The group of EU10+1 Member States is the only one that registers progress over a five-year period. Seven of the countries of the EU10+1 demonstrate marked improvement year after year, one country stagnation and three countries show hesitant development. The candidate countries as a whole demonstrate stagnation with only a couple of them showing some positive development.
The progress of the EU10+1 in Economy presents a positive narrative for the catch-up process and the EU as a whole: with the exception of Croatia and Slovenia, which register slowdown, and to a lesser extend Bulgaria and the Czech Republic, all the other countries register improvement in ranks and scores. The other two groups – the EU15+2 and the candidate countries show mixed results with stagnation or regress. The damage caused by the economic crisis is especially visible in Cyprus and Greece, where the very abrupt fall has ended. Ireland registers continuous improvement, also seen in a more modest form in Portugal and Spain.
Democracy is another area where a group of EU10+1 countries steadily advance (the most recent setbacks in democracy such as Poland are yet
to be registered and assessed). Estonia deserves a special mention, as although it now registers some deterioration in scores and ranking, it is the best ranking EU10+1 country and 13th among all 35 countries in the index. The glaring exception is Hungary, which has significant deterioration. Among the non-EU countries, Serbia provides a positive example of gradual progress. Unfortunately, the other Balkan states show the setbacks: Turkey, BiH, Montenegro and Macedonia, though to a smaller extent.
The trends in Quality of Life show that the most dynamic countries are among the EU10+1 group as Estonia, the Czech Republic, Romania, Poland, Lithuania register improvement in several consecutive years. Hungary witnesses significant decline in the ranks and scores. Among the EU15+2 countries, those hit by the economic crisis experience Quality of Life score deterioration too, most notably Greece, which however still occupies the middle ground and 22nd place in 2015.
The EU15+2 group governance scores deteriorate, but this should not be that concerning, as their starting positions are very high. The majority of the EU10+1 countries perform very well – this is the case with Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Romania. It is worth noting that Hungary’s scores deteriorate significantly.
**The Clusters of the Index: Divergence and Convergence in the EU**
**Convergence and Divergence Dynamic**
The clusters of the Catch-Up Index are an alternative perspective on multi-speed Europe by showing the divergence and convergence dynamic. But instead of being based on “political clubs” of integration - such as Schengen or the Eurozone - the clusters show groups of countries based on the similar characteristics of the states. This is not a matter of diversity, as too much divergence might add up to the policy divides and the solidarity deficit in the EU, undermining coherence and ultimately the future integration.
The clusters in the index are based on cluster analysis of the index score of the countries, forming six clusters for each category. Each cluster thus includes similar countries in the given category. The clusters are hierarchical with the best scoring countries in the 1st cluster and those with the worst scores in the 6th cluster. The proximity of the clusters is also important, as some clusters tend be closer to each other and might form larger clusters.
Also, the clusters often have certain geographic patterns, making the prospect of small groups of EU members splitting from the rest – or being split from the rest – more feasible. But this is no longer the case of flexible cooperation in its beneficial forms, as the worst case scenario is of the breakup of the EU in its current form by dismantling the achievements so far.
The Catch-Up Index has identified several divides in Europe based on the findings of the Index:
- There is still the East-West divide, but it is gradually being replaced by a North-South divide – or rather a diagonal line running across Europe.
- The geographic patterns of divergence, based on the index clusters, show the existence of a vanguard and core of Europe to the North and Northwest. The lowest scoring countries are concentrated in the Southeast part of the continent.
- But the countries of the in-between groups demonstrate that a country can join a more advanced group by performing better, or adversely-backtrack to a worse performing group.
- The clusters show that the divides run across all four categories – Economy, Quality of Life, Democracy and Governance – and as they often overlap, they reinforce the existing cracks in Europe.
Superimposing the changes and clusters yields probably the most important takeaways. The changes occur mostly within two specific clusters. These are the middle 3rd and 4th clusters, where most of the action, up or down the ranking, takes place. The clusters follow certain geographic patterns, with a shift along the North-West to South-East axis. The 3rd and 4th clusters, where the changes occur, include CEE and South European states.
The geographic patterns of convergence and divergence offer an opportunity for an intriguing debate. It seems that the Central European and Baltic countries are catching up more successfully and converging with the better performing clusters which are their close neighbors to the North and to the West. In comparison, the worse performing “older” Member States are moving away from the clusters they are supposed to be in. Instead, they are getting closer or joining their neighbors’ clusters with the Balkans being the appropriate illustration. One might also be tempted to associate these geographic patterns to historic patterns in existence 70 or more years ago.
**The Clusters by Overall Scores and Categories**
In the case of the Overall Score, one can see that the first clusters are made up nearly exclusively of the EU15+2 members. But already in the third cluster there are four out of six in total countries from the EU15+2 group. The candidate countries are all (save for Iceland) in the last clusters. The gradual shift to a North-South divide is visible, which might be replacing the East-West divide. But this is not a straight line, but rather a diagonal across the continent.
The Scandinavian countries may be described as the vanguard, but the core is visible too with the three biggest EU members Germany, France and the UK. The third cluster is arranged across another diagonal line that stretches from Estonia in the Baltics, to Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovenia to Spain. The fourth cluster is formed again by a stretch that goes from Portugal, Italy, Croatia, Hungary, Slovenia and the rest of the Baltics – Lithuania and Latvia. This geographic pattern leaves the fifth and sixth clusters in the Balkans, including Romania.
The clusters by scores in the Economy category show that there is small vanguard, including Germany which joined this first cluster only in 2015. The second cluster follows closely with a number of Northern and West European countries, but Estonia of the EU10+1 group is among them.
The map of the Economy clusters shows that the first and second clusters consist of North and Northwestern countries, followed by the third cluster in the South, Central Europe and the Baltics. The fourth, intermediate cluster is made up of a diverse group in Southern and Central Europe. The last two clusters include the “wider” Balkan region.
There is a very positive perspective on the Quality of Life clusters as 21 out 35 countries are in the first two most advanced groups and there are 6 more in the third cluster. This means that the majority of European countries enjoy quite decent level of public services, e.g. education, healthcare. The EU10+1 countries, with the exception of Romania and Bulgaria, are better off and closing in on the rest of the EU. The Czech Republic and Slovenia are on a par with a number of the benchmark countries of the EU15+2 group. There is only one country in the intermediate 4th cluster. The lower scoring countries are in Southeastern Europe, but there are several exceptions such as Greece, Croatia and Montenegro that fare better.
The best of the best, the first cluster in Democracy, is a small group of countries, followed by the larger second cluster. This one includes Estonia of the EU10+1. The third cluster includes more countries of this group, in fact, five of the seven countries are from CEE. Regional divisions are visible in the Democracy clusters too. The “blue” states with higher democracy scores are stretched to the north of the diagonal between Estonia through Poland and Austria to Spain and Portugal. The “wider” Balkans, together with Hungary this time, hold the last place in the democracy ranking.
The Governance clusters of the Catch-Up Index for 2015 show that the majority of the EU15+2 countries are well-governed as they occupy the first and second cluster. The EU10+1 countries are mostly in the third and fourth clusters.
The Catching-Up of the EU10+1
The Catch-Up Index was created to measure namely the catching-up of the then-new or “young” (as opposed to “old”) member states of the EU. The group is designated as EU10+1 in the index and includes the ten Central and Eastern European countries of the fifth enlargement, which joined in 2004 and 2007 as well as Croatia, which joined in 2013.
The most important observations of the new Catch-Up Index is probably that the catching-up process is working and producing results at large, despite setbacks and frustration at the backdrop of high expectations. After five editions of the Catch-Up Index, the data shows that the EU10+1 is the only group of countries that registers improvement over time, as candidate countries have largely stagnated and the performance of the EU15+2 varies. However, there is still a significant divide between the EU10+1 and the better performers of the EU15+2, as none of the CEE countries exceeds the “average EU15+2” benchmark in the four categories and they are far from the best performers. Reversal of achievements can be registered, as some countries backslide in areas where they used to be among the better scoring ones. The catching-up seems to be an equal-opportunity process, as success is not limited to few counties only. But this underscores also the diversity within the EU10+1 group, with some countries doing much better than others.
In terms of the different categories, Quality of Life remains the most challenging category of the catching-up process, creating the most significant gap between the EU10+1 and the EU15+2 groups. For example, the hardest hit Greece has reached 32nd place in the Economy out of 35 countries in total, but stays in the middle zone of the ranking with 22nd place in Quality of Life. The catching-up in the Economy category is least problematic according to the index indicators, followed by progress in Governance and Democracy.
In terms of the performance of the different countries, Estonia arguably represents best the upside of the catching-up process, as it managed to be the overall best performer in the EU10+1 group, starting from a lower position in the first edition of the Index in 2011 and reaching 13th rank out of 35. There is a certain geographic pattern, as fellow Baltic states Lithuania and Latvia register improvement over the years. In comparison, Slovenia and the Czech Republic, which previously dominated across the board, worsened their performance. Hungary has been criticized for the authoritarian tendencies of its government, but the Index shows that Hungary regressed not only in the Democracy ranking as expected, but also in Governance and Quality of Life. Romania deserves a special mention as it registers improvement after shaky performance near the bottom of the ranking in previous editions of the index. If it can keep up this positive trend, it can join the better performers in the group.
The Catching-Up by Overall Score
The Index in 2015 showed that the EU10+1 group had the largest concentration of countries that progress, i.e. these countries are catching up with the desired levels of development of the EU15+2. Some countries are doing it better than other, some progress more rapidly, others seem to stagnate or even regress.
The index provides two ways of assessing a country in the catching-up process – by its general progress or regress over the years and by its score and position in the ranking. The frontrunners are the three Baltic countries and Poland, demonstrating continuing advancement year after year. Estonia is the champion again this year, as it is both continuously progressing and is occupying the first place among its group and very enviable 13th position among the 35 countries in the index. The Czech Republic and Slovenia are two countries that have very high scores and positions, but there are red flags, as Slovenia loses ground and the Czech Republic is not convincing either in its performance.
Hungary and Slovakia have been going down the ranking, which is especially troubling for Hungary, as it had a good starting position. Bulgaria and Romania are at the end of the row, but Romania deserves a commandment, as it manages to show improvement in its scores and ranking, probably signaling an upward trend for pushing up from the bottom. Croatia, the most recent member in the group, has generally stagnated.
There are certain geographic patterns, as the countries in the North – in the Baltics - perform generally better than those in the South – in the Balkans. However, the index shows that changes happen over time and countries can shape their performance and Romania offers a case for cautious optimism.
The overall scores and ranking show that the countries of the EU10+1 group are already quite diverse in their performance. Their positions vary from the very good 13th and 14th position to the 29th on a ranking scale from 1 to 35.
### Catching-Up in Economy
The catching-up process is most successful in the Economy category and the results of individual countries are indicative of this.
In fact, nearly all of them register very good or decent progress over the years. Only Slovenia and Croatia register continuous drops, to a lesser extent the Czech Republic. “Stagnation” can be registered in the case of Bulgaria both in terms of scores and ranks and in the case of Slovakia in terms of position, but not in scores, as they progress. There is certain North-South division within the group, with central European countries in the center.
The index shows that there is one country that catches up with the average score of the reference group – Estonia – and there are other countries that follow closely. Lithuania, Latvia, the Czech Republic and Slovenia have high scores near the average and way above the minimal score. But there is still no country that comes close to the best performers of the EU15+2 group.
Catching-up in Quality of Life
Quality of Life is arguably the most challenging category in the catching-up process for the EU10+1 states. This poses a serious problem, as the citizens of these countries expect improvement most of all in this area. Frustration from insufficient catching up with the better off countries further West might be projected onto the EU membership or democracy as the system of governance.
The Czech Republic and Slovenia stand out because of their good positions in the index – 13th and 14th out of 35 in the 2015 edition – along with good progress by the Czech Republic. Estonia, Poland, Lithuania and Romania are the countries that achieved most progress in the previous four editions of the index. Stagnation is registered in Slovenia, Latvia and Bulgaria, and Slovakia, Hungary and Croatia (to lesser extent) register deterioration.
Catching-Up in Democracy
Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe is one of the hotly debated issues with concerns of backsliding in a number of countries. The index registers both the advantages of countries advancing and the downsides of deteriorating quality of democracy.
The Catch-Up Index 2015 registers the significant decline of Hungary year after year both in terms of position and scores.
The problems in Poland are yet to be assessed and scored, so the index shows that until 2015 the country was an exemplary performer with a third place in its group and 16th among the 35 countries in the index.
Estonia and the Czech Republic show some hesitation, but they manage to keep their good positions with Estonia ranking 13th out of the all 35 countries in the index.
The end of 2015 witnessed a serious debate on the backsliding of democracy in the EU Member States in Central and Eastern Europe. The index confirms the situation with several countries deteriorating their standing in the index.
Catching-Up in Governance
Governance is an area where the EU10+1 are catching up more slowly than desired as a group. But on the level of individual Member States, there are positive examples. Several countries attained good positions in the ranking. Despite none of the EU10+1 states is above the average of the reference group, there are Estonia, the Czech Republic and Slovenia occupying ranks 14, 16 and 18 respectively out of 35 in the index. Poland is close to them.
The most progressing countries in the 2015 index are the three Baltic states and Romania. Slovenia, Hungary, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic to some extent are the countries that are backsliding and worsening their Governance scores.
Assoc Prof. Evgeni Evgeniev, PhD
Vice-Rector for European Projects and Further Education
VUZF University of Finance, Business and Entrepreneurship,
Sofia, Bulgaria
Dr. Evgeniev has been actively supporting the building and promotion of Bulgaria’s Innovation Eco-System since 2009. He is one of the authors of Bulgaria’s Smart Specialization Strategy (3S) and Sofia’s 3S. He has been actively collaborating with the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria as Adviser to the Deputy Minister for Science. Dr. Evgeniev is also in charge of Sofia Tech Park’s Academic Programs and Training as a member of the Scientific Council - http://sofiatech.bg/en/.
Dr. Evgeniev collaborates with the European Commission, IMF, OECD, UNIDO, and UNCTAD. As a former Private Sector Development Specialist at the Europe and Central Asia Region of the World Bank (2007–2015), he authored over two dozens of World Bank reports and provided advisory support in countries, like Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Kazakhstan and Poland, among others. He teaches courses in Global Strategic Management, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Business Regulation, Global Value Chains Theory and Practice and Korean Economic Development. He served as visiting lecturer in 2003 and 2006 at Central European University (Budapest) and at the Korean Development Institute School of Public Policy and Management (Seoul) in Fall 2014. Dr. Evgeniev authored over 30 scientific publications in refereed journals and published three books in the areas of industrial development, business environment, innovation and entrepreneurship and assessment of the financial sector. His recent academic research has focused on ICT, Pharmaceuticals, Automobiles, Cultural and Creative Industries. He defended his PhD thesis at Central European University in Budapest; conducted a 10-month specialization in European Policies at the European College of Parma; and served as one-year visiting researcher at the European University Institute in Florence before he returned to Bulgaria in end-2006.
Introduction
The Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policy is of high relevance today as a wave of policy measures have been considered by leading country innovators in USA, Asia and Europe. Decision policy-makers talk about innovation as if this is the most important policy intervention for economic growth, job creation and prosperity. Often, leading scholars relate innovation and technological transfer to opportunities for improving global competitiveness.
The topic of innovation and technological commercialization was among hottest topics at one of the largest economic forums in Europe, held in September 2016.\textsuperscript{54} Yet, if 10 years ago the relevant question was “\textit{How much you export matters for your global competitiveness}”, today it is believed that it is relevant to state “\textit{How much you invest in R&D matters for your global competitiveness}”. Yet, according to a recent study by the Industrial Research Institute (Winter 2016), it seems that Europe is far behind Asia and USA in terms of R&D financing. Asia is the global leader with 41.8 \% (China alone invested around 20 \%) of global R&D, while North America is second with 28.4 \% (dominated by USA with 26.4\% share of global R&D financing). Europe takes third position in the global R&D landscape with 21 \% (the EU being the regional leader with contributions ranging between 2-3 \% of global R&D for leading European countries, like Germany, France, and the Netherlands).
The structure of the paper is the following: firstly, the author presents an overview of relevant concepts in Section 1 and the role of the ICT industry in the economy, followed by Section 2, which builds upon the importance of VC financing with a focus on ICT. Section 3 discusses a world class Technological Commercialization Program and its potential implementation in Bulgaria. The conclusion summarizes and provides key recommendations.
I. Conceptualization
Technological Commercialization is a fairly new topic for countries in Eastern Europe. It is the process of transferring the research results from education and research institutions to the private sector. In this way, the development of products, services or technologies from the knowledge
\textsuperscript{54} The forum in Poland took place in Krynica on Sept. 6-9. More info at: http://www.forum-ekonomiczne.pl/26th-economic-forum-2016/?lang=en#.V9jdVfI97IU
The generations of billions of USD every year of technology transfer offices/technology licensing offices in leading universities have conveyed a great political power within the university systems. Therefore, one would trace their position in the hierarchy of academic institutions high and very close to the Rector/Provost, as seen from the example of Stanford University which is a key driver of the Silicon Valley ecosystem.
**Figure 2: Hierarchy Position at Stanford University**
Source: Dr. Didier-Kane, Consultant with the Global Technology Commercialization Program at the University of Texas, presentation at NEXT Level event, http://nextlevelguide.com
The focus on the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry in terms of Venture Capital (VC) Financing and technological commercialization has been extensive in the past decade.
It is no surprise that this is the case given the high return on investment and low investor risk compared to other industries, like biotech, which requires large investments (millions of USD) and a waiting period of 8-10 years for results to come out.
Besides high ROI, the ICT Industry does have an impact on economic competitiveness through the connectivity infrastructure, e-government services and innovativeness of ICT companies. They have a spill-over effect to the rest of the economy. For instance, a thorough study, demonstrating the benefits of broadband, was recently published by the European Commission (EC, 2013), which shows that it does have an impact beyond competitiveness. It lists benefits under a wide range of categories including “community”, “crime, public safety and online government services”, “education and skills”, “employment and economy”, “environment”, “equality and inclusion”, “finance and income”, “healthcare” and “wellbeing”. Moreover, a World Bank study found that a 10 percentage point increase in the market penetration of broadband services in developing countries increases the GDP by 1.38 percentage points on average (Qiang, K. and K. Kimura, 2009).
ICT-led economic growth is what is emerging as a new debate among scholars that discuss economic growth models (John, et. al. 2006; Kuppusamy, et. al, 2009). This is especially relevant to developing economies. For example, Kuppusamy and Solucis (2005) and Kuppusamy and Shanmugam (2007) examined the impact of ICT to Malaysia over the periods 1975 – 2002 and 1983 – 2004, respectively. Both studies found that ICT investment has statistically improved Malaysia’s economic growth. Scholars argue that this model does not replace old models of economic growth, but it is rather complementary in nature. However, it is important to note that the ICT industry employs also people that serve as catalyst for employment in other related industries. In addition, e-government services make processes more accountable and transparent, especially when we consider red tape practices and burdensome regulations for companies.
Investments in ICT and targeted public support could contribute to increased competitiveness of the domestic economy. The ICT industry is both a ‘market maker’ of new products and services based on innovative ICT solutions, as well an ‘enabler’ helping other sectors of the economy to be more productive, to manufacture and export products and services in the higher value-added market segment, thus contributing to their efficiency and competitiveness on global markets. (e.g., Nokia, Apple, Microsoft, etc.)
Investments in ICT could contribute to increased competitiveness of the domestic economy. This is especially valid for those countries that rely on developing more on knowledge, technology and intangible assets in order to remain competitive at the global scale. Integration of local SMEs in global value chains is a path to increasing their competitiveness; however, the EC rightly observes that “SMEs in particular risk elimination from global value chains, due to shortage of appropriate, affordable and interoperable ICT solutions to link them with large business partners.” Moreover, EC’s DG Enterprise and Industry points out “smart use of ICT in value chains by SMEs is still largely underexploited”. Thus, public support to the local ICT industries, including technology extension programs and forging international partnerships and attracting ICT-related FDI to boost local performance and build human resources in the field of ICT-related R&D could spur the development not only of the ICT industry, but would also contribute to the overall competitiveness of national economies of countries aiming the transition to knowledge-based growth.
II. ICT industry in the focus of VC Financing
Venture Capital Funds appeared in the USA at the end of the Second World War. They invest in growing companies with high potential and high risk, which offer an innovative product or service that is different from the conventional ones, available on the market. USA became a global innovation leader in terms of VCF funds and capital available. For instance, the Stanford University, which is in the core of the Silicon Valley eco-system, registers over 300 patents annually and produces companies, which eventually grow global, like Google, Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, Netscape, Cisco Systems, Yahoo. Similarly, the MIT builds annually about 150 companies and 10% of them are directly a result of technology transfer or technological commercialization of the university. In fact, top US universities are also among global leaders in terms of R&D financing.
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55 The author would like to thank Svetoslav Aleksandrov and Ventsislav Vitanov (master students at VUZF University), who prepared their master theses related to VC Financing and Lead Accelerators in Bulgaria, which drew many of the conclusions and data for this section of the paper.
As we see the magnitude of university funding in USA, it is not hard to believe that VC funding is stimulated and structured around the university eco-system.
Given that one of the most important factors for attracting high market share is the speed for introduction of new technologies, it is clear that the ICT industry does play a leading role.
Most of the investments of VC funds are in companies, which fail, but, in spite of this, the fund manager is able to double or even quadruple the capital. Therefore, the fund manager invests in 10-12 companies at the same time. Most VC funds have a fixed life cycle of 10 years with the option to extend with one year or Initial Public Offering on the market and exit from the investment (Draper, W. 2011).
The managers receive management fee to manage the fund and the process for attracting investment may last from 6 months to several years. It is usually the case that the fund manager prefers to exit from the investment faster than the preference of the entrepreneur (Draper, 2011). Joh Doerr identifies five factors in new investments: a) the companies are led by missioners; b) entrepreneurs are leaders; c) companies work in large, fast developing companies; d) VC funds have reasonable levels of financing; e) time is the most valuable resource for the technocrats. (Finkel and Greising, 2009)
There are usually six phases for financing, as offered by VC funds, which correspond to the level of company development.
- **Seed Money:** financing between $50,000 to $1,000,000. It proves a new idea, which could be offered to business-angels or small firms;
- **Start-up:** companies, which are found at a lower level of development and they need financing for about $500,000 to $2 mln. USD, related to marketing and product development;
- **First tour:** financing for early production and sales (between 1 mln. USD and 10 mln. USD);
- **Second tour:** turnover capital between 2 mln. USD and 20 mln. USD for enterprises at an early stage, who sell goods and services, but are still not on profit;
- **Third tour:** mezzanine financing, which provides funds for develop-
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**Table 1: Top Universities by R&D Expenditures (in USD)**
| Rank | University | R&D | Fed Obligations | Share |
|------|-------------------------------------|---------|-----------------|-------|
| 1 | Johns Hopkins Univ. | $2,169 | $1,539 | 71% |
| 2 | Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor | $1,375 | $610 | 44% |
| 3 | Univ. Washington, Seattle | $1,193 | $663 | 56% |
| 4 | Univ. Wisconsin, Madison | $1,124 | $440 | 39% |
| 5 | Univ. California, San Diego | $1,076 | $566 | 53% |
| 6 | Univ. California, San Francisco | $1,043 | $574 | 55% |
| 7 | Harvard Univ. | $1,013 | $459 | 45% |
| 8 | Duke Univ. | $993 | $454 | 46% |
| 9 | Univ. NC, Chapel Hill | $973 | $442 | 45% |
| 10 | Univ. California, Los Angeles | $967 | $481 | 50% |
*Source:* Industrial Research Institute (2016, p.13).
ment of new and profitable companies – it varies between 5 mln. USD and 50 mln. USD;
– **Fourth tour**: bridge financing, which facilitates the process of initial public offering of the company and it could be funded between 5 mln. USD and 100 mln. USD. (see, Gompers and Lerner, 2004).
It is of particular interest to note that the role of VC funds in developing the innovation eco-system is of huge importance. They fund small companies with great potential for growth. They develop entrepreneurship system and move forward a mass of young people, who are creative that generate innovative products and services that drive the changes in the markets. The new companies that are built thanks to the VC funds generate also qualified jobs.
In 2000, the Silicon Valley was in its peak (105 b. USD worth of investment, see Fig.3) around the Dot-Com bubble. In 2008, the eye of the global financial crisis, there were around 260 public companies and numerous start-ups and VC financing came to 30.3 b. USD. eBay sold a year earlier goods for a total of 60 b. USD, which was an amount that is higher than the GDP of 120 states in the world, including Bulgaria. In that same year, the VC funds invested 7.6 b. USD in the Silicon Valley and 2.5 b. USD outside of the Valley. The share of VC financing came to close to 40 % of all financing, compared to New York where it took a share of 9 % of total financing. Google spent over 28 b. USD in more than 160 companies since 2001 and they funded Skybox Imaging, created by four students from Stanford University in 2009, launching the first mini satellite in the world. The most spectacular capitalizations of risk investments (88 out of 100) were materialized between 2007 and 2014.
In 2014, Airbnb set a record as it attracted 500 m. USD, while another company, Lyft, attracted over 200 m. USD. In December 2015, GM announced an investment plan to fund Lyft with 500 m. USD.
The investment exits of VC Funds between 2010 and 2015 were also spectacular, in spite of the risky business environment and the slow revitalization of the global economy due to the impact of the global financial crisis (see Fig.4)
**Figure 4: Investment Exits of VC Funds (2010-2015)**
![Graph showing investment exits of VC Funds from 2010 to 2015]
*Source: National Venture Capital Association*
IPO’s continued to emerge after 2010 at a high scale, in spite of the consequences of the global financial crisis. In fact, the number of employees in new companies with innovative business model, like Facebook, e-Bay, Google, but also in mature companies, like Microsoft, Intel, Apple, grew substantially after the IPO (see Table 2).
**Table 2: Number of employees in companies with innovative business model**
| Company | Before the IPO | Today | Change |
|--------------------------------|---------------|-----------|----------|
| Facebook | 3 200 | 9 199 | 5 999 |
| Starbucks Corporation | 2 521 | 191 000 | 188 479 |
| Staples | 1 693 | 83 008 | 81 315 |
| Whole Foods Market, Inc. | 2 350 | 84 200 | 81 850 |
| eBay | 138 | 34 600 | 34 462 |
| JetBlue | 4 011 | 15 500 | 11 489 |
| Microsoft | 1 153 | 128 000 | 126 847 |
| Intel | 460 | 106 700 | 106 240 |
| Apple | 1 015 | 92 600 | 91 585 |
| Google | 3 021 | 53 600 | 50 579 |
*Source: National venture capital association.*
**III. Leading Technology Commercialization Program**
The University of Texas is one of the leading US academic institutions, which has an endowment of 25 billion USD (2\textsuperscript{nd} largest after Harvard), close to 220,000 students and 20 thousand faculty. It is ranked 28th in the world as per The World Universities Rankings and its largest campus is UT-Austin with 50,000 students from 126 countries. The UT Austin has USD 600 million per year in sponsored research and its Mc Combs School of Business is ranked 7\textsuperscript{th} for entrepreneurship.
The IC Institute of the University of Texas at Austin (rated in the Top 10 in entrepreneurship) has successfully deployed the Global Technology Commercialization Program in 18 countries since 2001. This program significantly accelerated the global commercial success of innovations in partner countries. The Program partners with leading universities, institutes,
technology parks, incubators and accelerators in the host country (or region thereof), thus the UT program complements local entrepreneurship education and technology commercialization efforts.
The program offers different models of intervention in partnering countries as per table below.
After a suitable number of candidate innovations have been identified by UT’s partner organization(s) in the country, the program includes training of the corresponding entrepreneurs on what they need to succeed in the U.S. and other global markets. A very thorough 4 month-long multi-steps selection process, in which partner organizations participate in the decisions, leads to the identification of the top startups. UT Austin then leverages its impressive C-level network at many companies in most sectors of the economy to obtain business deals, contracts, technology licensing agreements, distribution agreements, partnerships, financing, etc. for the selected companies.
After 4 months, there is a selection of most prominent companies, which undergo a phase of business development. This phase of the program, which lasts from 8 months to 20 months, allows the selected companies to gain access to potential clients, partners, distributors, logistics and supply chain providers, venture capital or private equity funders, as appropriate for the stage of maturity and needs of the company. The financial output is huge as the program for its 15 years of operation has reached over 1 b. USD in financial gains for the companies from contracts that have been reached with partners from US and other parts of the world.
Between December 2015 and May 2016, Bulgarian universities, Sofia Tech Park and other bodies had extensive interaction with the UT’s Global Technology Commercialization Program. The idea is to build partnership and host the Program in Bulgaria for about 100 companies in phase 1. The government and private sector is seen as an important partner, while VUZF University has been recognized as one of the leading institutions for coordination of the program.
Table 3: Participating Countries and Interventions of the GTC Program (2001-2016)
| Country | Regional assessment of the state of innovation | Training of managers of Incubators and Technology Transfer Offices | Transfer of UT’s Methodology | Establishment of new organizations (incubators, tech transfer offices, etc.) | Training of Innovators or Entrepreneurs | Business Development for selected Enterprises |
|---------------|-----------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Armenia | x | x | | | | |
| Colombia | x | x | | | | |
| Chile | x | x | | | | |
| Egypt | x | x | | | | |
| Hungary | x | x | | | | |
| India | x | x | | | | |
| Indonesia | x | x | | | | |
| Jordan | x | x | | | | |
| Kazakhstan | x | x | | | | |
| Kuwait | x | x | | | | |
| Malaysia | x | x | | | | |
| Mexico | x | x | | | | |
| Poland | x | x | | | | |
| Portugal | x | x | | | | |
| Russia | x | x | | | | |
| Singapore | x | x | | | | |
| South Korea | x | x | | | | |
| Spain | x | x | | | | |
| Ukraine | x | x | | | | |
| United States | x | x | | | | |
Source: IC2 Institute, GTC Program, University of Texas, http://ic2.utexas.edu/
Conclusion
This paper looked at key concepts like technological commercialization and related Venture Capital funding with a focus on the ICT industry to suggest that investment in R&D and innovation activities (especially in the ICT industry) would boost opportunities for increased global competitiveness, economic growth and job creation. In fact, policy-makers today are using frequently in public debates these concepts but Europe turns out to be a laggard in respect to global R&D funding when we compare with Asia and North America. The best innovation models, primarily found in the US context, and involving leading academic institutions, are well known today, thanks to scholars and practitioners who study their impact. What is needed is for politicians, especially those in developing and underdeveloped economies, to start building innovation eco-systems, involving lead academic institutions in the local economy and from abroad, that create opportunities for spill-over effects for the whole economy and stimulate integration of local firms in global value chains.
References
Draper, William H. (2011). *The Startup Game: Inside the Partnership between Venture Capitalists and Entrepreneurs*. Palgrave Macmillan, USA
EC (2013), *The socio-economic benefits of bandwidth*, (SMART 2010/0033), Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/study-socio-economic-impact-bandwidth-smart-20100033
Finkel and Greising (2009). *The Masters of Private Equity and Venture Capital*. McGraw Hill, USA.
Gompers and Lerner (2004). *The Venture Capital Cycle*. Second Edition, MIT Press, USA.
Hardy, J., Micek, G., & Capik, P. (2011). Upgrading local economies in Central and Eastern Europe? The role of business service foreign direct investment in the knowledge economy. *European Planning Studies, 19*(9), 1581-1591.
Industrial Research Institute (2016). 2016 Global R&D Funding Forecast. Winter 2016, at: https://www.irriweb.org/sites/default/files/2016Global%26DForecast_2.pdf
John, K.J., Nair, K., Selvanathan, P. and Kuppusamy, M. (2005) Using ICT as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development: the Role of National Policy, in Rinalia, A.R., Muinde, G.S. & Waldburger, D. (Eds.), *Access, Empowerment & Governance: Creating a World of Equal Opportunities with ICT*, Global Knowledge Partnership.
Kuppusamy, M., Raman M., and Lee J. (2009). Whose ICT Investment Matters to Economic Growth: Private or Public? The Malaysian Perspective, in *Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries* 27, 7, 1–19.
Nair, K. G. K., & Prasad, P. N. (2004). Offshore outsourcing: A SWOT analysis of a state in India. *Information Systems Management, 21*(3), 34-40.
National Venture Capital Association – info, available at: http://nvca.org/
Qiang, R. and K. Kimura (2009). *Economic impact of broadband*. World Bank IC4D 2009.
Wright, N. (2009). China’s Emerging Role in Global Outsourcing, in *The China Business Review, 36*(6), 44.
Dušan Štrauch
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Czech Republic to the Republic of Bulgaria
1975 - 03/1990: Institute of Econometrics and Statistics (INFOSTAT),
Bratislava, Slovakia (Economic models, economic forecasts etc.)
01/04/1990: appointed by the Government as Director (Chairman) of a central level agency – the State Material Reserves Administration - until 28/02/2005 (topic – Economic preparedness for emergencies, emergency planning and crisis management on the national level, emergency legislation, international cooperation in the oil and gas security – IEA, NATO, EU)
01/03/2005: joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague
01/12/2005 - 31/10/2009: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Tripoli
11/2009 – 01/2011: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague, Department for Middle East and North Africa, Asia/Pacific Department
29/01/2011 – 4/11/2014: Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the DPR Korea, Pyongyang
5/11/2014 - 31/12/2014: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague, Asia/Pacific Department
01/01/2015 – 16/08/2015: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Prague, Diplomatic Advisor to the Vice Minister for Logistics and IT
17/08/2015 – Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Republic of Bulgaria, Sofia
The Visegrad Group was formed on 15th February 1991 at a meeting of the President of the Czechoslovak Republic, Václav Havel, the President of the Republic of Poland, Lech Wałęsa, and the Prime Minister of the Republic
of Hungary, József Antall. This high-level meeting in Visegrad, Hungary, created an imaginary historical arch linking the idea of this meeting to the idea of a similar meeting, which took place there in 1335 and was attended by John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, Charles I of Anjou (Charles Robert), King of Hungary, and Casimir III, King of Poland. The central motif of the two meetings was the desire to intensify mutual cooperation and friendship among the three Central European states.
The formation of the Visegrad Group was motivated by four factors of decisive relevance:
1. the desire to eliminate the remnants of the communist bloc in Central Europe;
2. the desire to overcome historic animosities between Central European countries;
3. the belief that through joint efforts it will be easier to achieve the set goals, i.e. to successfully accomplish social transformation and join in the European integration process; and
4. the proximity of ideas of the then ruling political elites.
It was especially in the initial period of its existence (1991–1993) when the Visegrad Group played its most important role during talks with NATO and the EU. In the following years, the intensity of cooperation between the V4 countries began to slacken due to the prevalence of the idea that individual efforts towards accession to the Euro-Atlantic integration formations will be more efficient. Visegrad cooperation was resumed in 1998.
In the wake of disintegration of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Visegrad Group has since then been comprised of four countries, as both successor countries, the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic, are members of the Visegrad Group.
The Visegrad Group (also known as the “Visegrad Four” or simply “V4”) reflects the efforts of the countries of the Central European region to work together in a number of fields of common interest within the all-European integration. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia have always been part of a single civilization sharing cultural and intellectual values and common roots in diverse religious traditions, which they wish to preserve and further strengthen.
All the V4 countries aspired to become members of the European Union, perceiving their integration in the EU as another step forward in the process of overcoming artificial dividing lines in Europe through mutual support. They reached this aim in 2004 (1st May) when they all became members of the EU.
The V4 was not created as an alternative to the all-European integration efforts, nor does it try to compete with the existing functional Central European structures. Its activities are in no way aimed at isolation or the weakening of ties with the other countries. On the contrary the Group aims at encouraging optimum cooperation with all countries, in particular its neighbours, its ultimate interest being the democratic development in all parts of Europe.
The Visegrad Group wishes to contribute towards building the European security architecture based on effective, functionally complementary and mutually reinforcing cooperation and coordination within existing European and transatlantic institutions.
In order to preserve and promote cultural cohesion, cooperation within the Visegrad Group will enhance the imparting of values in the field of culture, education, science and exchange of information.
All the activities of the Visegrad Group are aimed at strengthening stability in the Central European region. The participating countries perceive their cooperation as a challenge and its success as the best proof of their ability to integrate also into such structures, such as the European Union.
**The Visegrad Group Today**
The V4 cooperation can currently be referred to as the most clearly profiled initiative in Central Europe. The backbone of this cooperation consists of mutual contacts at all levels—from the highest-level political summits to expert and diplomatic meetings, to activities of the non-governmental associations in the region, think-tanks and research bodies, cultural institutions or numerous networks of individuals.
Cooperation between the respective ministries constitutes an important part of the activities within the V4 framework, whether at the level of the ministers or in the form of joint expert teams. A number of joint projects are currently being implemented particularly in the fields of culture, enviThe member states of the Visegrad Group also desire to cooperate with their closest neighbours, with the reforming countries in the broader region, and with other countries, regional formations or organizations which are interested and with which specific areas of cooperation are found in the common interest and in the spirit of all-European cooperation.
**The Structure of Visegrad Cooperation**
Visegrad cooperation is not institutionalized in any manner. It is based solely on the principle of periodical meetings of its representatives at various levels (from the high-level meetings of prime ministers and heads of states to expert consultations). Official summits of V4 prime ministers takes place on an annual basis. Between these summits, one of the V4 countries holds presidency, part of which is the responsibility for drafting a one-year plan of action (see the Presidency Programs).
The only organization within the V4 platform is the International Visegrad Fund. The fund – established in 2000 with the aim of supporting the development of cooperation in culture, scientific exchange, research, education, exchange of students and development of cross-border cooperation and promotion of tourism – represents the civic dimension of V4 cooperation. In majority of cases, the fund provides financing to activities of non-governmental organizations and individual citizens. Apart from grant programs, the fund awards individual scholarships and artist residencies which contribute to the exchange of views in the V4 region and the neighboring countries.
The annual contributions to the fund by the governments of the Visegrad Group countries have had an increasing tendency. The 2004 Kroměříž Summit of Prime Ministers increased the funds to the amount of €3 million per year effective from 2005, €3.2 million as of 2006, €5 million per year effective from 2007, €6 million as of 2009, €7 million as of 2012, and €8 million as of 2014.
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**THE FUTURE OF THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP – THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS**
**Tamás Novák, Ph.D.**
*Associate professor and Head of the Research Centre, Budapest Business School, Hungary*
*Prior to his current position Tamas was the Deputy Director of Institute for World Economics in Budapest. In 2013-2014 he was an Austrian Marshall Plan Foundation fellow in Central European Studies at the Johns Hopkins University, Washington D.C.*
The original objective of the European neighborhood policy (ENP) was to manage the new challenges emerging after the large scale big bang enlargement of the European Union in 2004. The enlargement created a new geopolitical situation in the continent and the EU wanted to elaborate new forms of cooperation with East and Central Europe and with the Mediterranean countries. The EU aimed at preventing increasing instability on the boundaries of Europe without offering EU membership perspective for the countries concerned. According to the Treaty on European Union “membership is open to any European State”, but after the expansion of the EU a very difficult question arose: What are the boundaries of Europe? What to do with the countries which meet the preconditions of accession, the Copenhagen criteria, but lie somewhere on the borders of Europe? The ENP embraced Eastern Europe and the southern Mediterranean and in what was described as “a framework through which the EU is trying to diffuse its common values and norms” (Morrisey 2007). The ENP framework was wide and encompassed very different countries from the East and the South, which made this policy inefficient and problematic in its management (Balfour 2014). Due to the complexity of the two regions in question, only a few years later the need for differentiation within the ENP became unavoidable. The Union for the Mediterranean was initiated in 2008 and as its counterpart the EU launched the Eastern Partnership (EaP) as the Eastern
Dimension of the ENP in 2009. By doing so the EU created a new multilateral cooperation framework towards the Eastern neighborhood. The EaP as a new instrument devised for the Eastern countries triggered substantial academic interest. Debates have been concentrated on the theorization of EU policies for third countries and especially on the conditionality principle. Conditionality as an important assumption applied by the EU in its external relations has always been in the center of discussions. (Grabbe 2002) Critics mainly focused on the balance between conditionality and reward as a major concern in terms of efficiency of the policy.
Russia also initiated an ambitious integration project (after several integrational attempts from the mid-nineties) with the final objective of creating the Eurasian Economic Union. These two initiatives seemed to be increasingly competing with each other to attract post-communist countries of the East prior to the Vilnius Summit in 2013. Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy at that time, said that the Vilnius summit would “open a new chapter” in the EU’s relations with its Eastern partners. She was right, but most probably she was anticipating a different kind of change. (Novak 2015) Independently of the causes behind the difficulties in the EaP region, the EU is facing a fundamental dilemma. If at this point it wants to make an impact and at the same time preserve its attractiveness for third countries, strategic decisions with long term consequences have to be taken. But only if it really intends to make a difference.
A brief overview of the Eastern Partnership (European Neighborhood Policy)
After the collapse of the socialist system in Eastern Europe, one of the important issues from international relations perspective was to find the best strategy to connect this newly sovereign region to Western Europe in a mutually beneficial way. For several countries EU membership became the most important priority immediately after the systemic changes. The economically most advanced Central European states wanted to achieve membership as soon as possible in order to stabilize their internal political structures, enjoy protection against external threat, and to fast modernize their economies and improve living standards. The opportunity for a democratic transformation and economic convergence was opened wide for these countries. The international community, including the EU and the United States, showed interest in the transformation of the region for many reasons. From a geopolitical perspective, the systemic change was of tremendous importance, as it confirmed the end of the Cold War; the bipolar global system was replaced first by a unipolar superpower system, which later gave way to a multipolar or a new bipolar system. In 1993 the Copenhagen Criteria were framed, which set the conditions of accession to the European Union.\(^1\) But it was clear already at the onset of the transformation that there would be several “waves” of neighbors with significantly different development levels and of wide ranging international positions. In Central Europe, the accession was a feasible option, while in the territory of the former Soviet Union and in the Western Balkans the prospects were not at all promising due to the complicated task of nation building, strengthening newly regained sovereignty and managing external threats. The complexity of economic and political challenges was different to a great extent in the broader East Central European region. (Novak 2014)
It was widely supposed that Central, Eastern and South-Eastern European countries having just regained their national independence would be more reluctant to join an EU which requires relinquishing some crucial features of national ‘sovereignty’. Overall experience shows that it did not create any meaningful problem in any of the new Member States. Namely, two things were clear from the very beginning of starting to converge on the EU. Firstly, a clear strategic decision was taken in favor of EU membership and orientation towards ‘Western’ values. This approach has never been questioned by influential political forces prior to the accession date. No serious attempt was made to replace the EU by ‘independent’ national or regional initiatives. Secondly, membership of the EU was considered to more than compensate for giving up part of ‘national sovereignty’ by offering a larger scope for implementing or protecting ‘national interests’ in the framework of a large, globally influential Union and enjoying the new opportunities offered within the framework of ‘shared sovereignty’. For several reasons, this process encountered more difficulties in the Western Balkans and in the Eastern Partnership countries. Some of the problems originate in the complicated process of state-building. In other cases, ethnic considerations still seem to be more important than EU integration. And third, the geographical proximity of Russia and the economic dependence makes thinks more difficult.
\(^1\) [http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_DOC-93-3_en.htm?locale=en](http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_DOC-93-3_en.htm?locale=en). Section 7.A.iii on the criteria focusing on the former Warsaw Pact countries that were seeking, or had already obtained “Europe agreements.”
In the mid-2000s, the Eastward enlargement with the most likely new members from Central Europe was completed and the Union had to come up with new ideas to deal with the neighborhood, whose membership perspectives were much more uncertain and in some countries hopeless. The EU started to frame new strategies regarding the Western Balkans and the current Eastern Partner countries. These plans implicitly involved serious doubts about their future membership in the EU. The unwillingness from the EU side to offer clear membership perspectives for second or third wave Eastern European countries was expressed several times.\(^2\) The Commission’s (and the member states) official position was that although membership was not openly ruled out, they wanted to discuss the boundaries of Europe, thus identifying the group of countries that would theoretically become member states. But the debate was very slow and member state interests were diverse. Finally, a temporary solution crystallized according to which the EU would offer something more than simple partnership, but definitely less than membership perspective for the countries concerned. These ideas took form first in the Stabilization and Association Process for the Western Balkans then in the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), (the comparison of SAA and the Eastern Partnership would shed light on similar EU objectives, strategies and instruments applied in both regions). In 2003 the EU outlined its commitment to prevent the emergence of new dividing lines in Europe and to promote stability and prosperity within and beyond the EU’s borders by means of enhanced cooperation with new neighbors. (COM/2003/0104 final) The intention of the European Neighborhood policy was to manage the relations with Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova, which were geographically close to the expansion of the EU, as well as Russia, and with the Mediterranean countries in order to support reform, sustainable development and trade. In 2004 three states of the South Caucasus were added and Russia openly refused to cooperate within this form of neighborhood framework. This was the first case after the dissolution of the Soviet Union when Russia expressed its will to be handled by the EU on an equal footing and not only as one of the neighbors of the EU. It also indicated
\(^2\) “Each enlargement brings us new neighbors. In the past many of these neighbors ended up becoming candidates for accession themselves. I do not deny that this process has worked very well. But we cannot go on enlarging forever. We cannot water down the European political project and turn the European Union into just a free trade area on a continental scale. We need a debate in Europe to decide where the limits of Europe lie and prevent these limits being determined by others. We also have to admit that currently we could not convince our citizens of the need to extend the EU’s borders still further east.” Romano Prodi, President of the European Commission: A Wider Europe – A Proximity Policy as the key to stability. “Peace, Security and Stability – International Dialogue and the Role of the EU” Sixth ECSA-World Conference. Jean Monnet Project. Brussels, 5-6 December 2002.
the Russian demand for a framework in which the cooperation was based on different principles than the ones applied between the EU and smaller Eastern countries.\(^3\) The strategy of the EU at that time was a clear indication that it wanted to promote the development of a zone of stability in its neighborhood and separate the European Union and its neighbors instead of accepting new members from the East.
The Georgian war in 2008 sped up the creation of the Eastern Partnership in order to make the policies offered to Eastern countries more attractive and it aimed at applying certain principles that were thought to increase the efficiency of the policy. These principles were differentiation, ownership, multilateral cooperation and in the point of focus was placed on four distinct and very important issues: political development and relations, economic issues, energy security and civil reform. This new policy was similar to the “regional approach” applied in the Western Balkans. The similarities of the policies applied in both regions continue: the EU has tried to offer limited advantages without clear commitment to the membership perspective but expecting voluntary adjustment to EU demands and norms. This strategy was in line with the idea of and the belief in the EU’s soft power which really had worked in the first-wave Central European countries, which voluntarily had adjusted their structures and policies to the acquis. But the second and third waves of Eastern countries were completely different from the most advanced Central European states. By not taking these differences into account properly, the EU’s objective was clearly to set up alternatives to membership with the purpose of dimming the differences between member states and “outsider” Eastern neighbors. (Inotai 2007) From a theoretical perspective it was problematic already at the creation of this initiative: How would the EU be able to manage democratic transformation, promote rule of law and other important principles using only the role model of the European Union but without substantial reward (membership) in a region, where a competing and emerging power (Russia) started to express its foreign policy concerns and interests? The other option might have been that the EU had simply remained incognizant of the full extent of differences between the CEE countries and it was hoping for a smooth and cheap adjustment process both in the Western Balkans and the EaP region.
\(^3\) See the details here: “Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Council: Wider Europe – Neighborhood: A New Framework for Relations with Our Eastern and Southern Neighbors” (Brussels, 11.3.2003 COM(2003) 104 final [http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf](http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/pdf/pdf/com03_104_en.pdf).
It must be emphasized that perspectives do mobilize domestic players to make the required changes, including political and social transformation, if the goal is transparent, rewarding and the road to it is free from further unexpected and incalculable barriers (namely new conditionalities) and is reasonably short and reliable (*i.e.* not floating). However, the same conditions can barely be set for each country, since their starting position, adjustment capacity and, most importantly, social tolerance differ. What is a mobilizing factor for one country can turn out to be discouraging for another. The problems of that was clearly visible in the EU’s Balkan policy too. (Inotai 2007)
After several years of negotiations on the basis of the so-called “action plans” with EaP countries, it was thought that four countries had become very close allies of the EU which would undertake rapid and deep adjustment, while two other countries (Belarus and Azerbaijan) were not very much interested in the project. At the same time Russia made its dissatisfaction with the whole project clear – an indication that the Eastern Partnership had gone beyond her level of tolerance by violating her sphere of influence. (Mearsheimer 2014) Open condemnations about EU’s intention came from Sergei Lavrov, and soon after Vladimir Putin envisaged the birth of Eurasian Customs Union.
Putin framed to achieve a more complete reintegration of the CIS with Russian leadership as a number one strategic objective. On the basis of its economic performance (after the turn of Millennium until 2013), Russia behaved completely differently in its pursuit of international economic and political affairs than it had done in the nineties. Regarding economic issues, its role in international relations became significant even though several analysts were drawing attention to the long-term structural problems of the country or stressing the risks associated with short-term economic stagnation and hardship, suggesting that the Russian leadership’s position can become unstable. But Russia has become one of the most important capital exporters among emerging countries, often through state or state influenced companies, which are not independent from political interests. In Eastern Europe, Russia is probably the most active investor and it has also built strong positions in Central Europe. In addition to achieving economic penetration, it is also more and more in its interest to stop the spread of Western-style democracy, perhaps even in countries where democracy seemed to be solidly rooted. “I think that’s right that Russia doesn’t have an interest in having a healthy democracy on its borders because that’s going to give the wrong signals to its own people. So I think it’s probably right that Russia would prefer to have other authoritarian neighbors around it.” (Fukuyama 2013) Francis Fukuyama was right in this respect.
**Theoretical perspectives**
In the past decade the concept of Normative Power Europe (NPE) was considered to be a powerful approach in explaining EU policy towards Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). This theory was building on the notion that neighboring countries in CEE would transform their internal structures with relatively modest external political and economic support and they would do anything in order to comply with the conditions set by the EU without considering any alternative options seriously. Although this normative power had worked well in the case of the first wave of EU enlargement with CEE countries (in 2004) it proved to be less successful in the Western Balkans (the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina confirms this clearly) and the Eastern Partnership reflects the serious limitations of this approach. Faced with Russia, a strong regional power with large soft and hard powers that has been watching the possible geopolitical gains of the European Union with growing concern, the diverging lines and interest within the European Union have become evident. The EU adjusted to the changing environment by shifting from NPE approach towards security policy considerations based on the theory of Realism and towards theories focusing on economic interests.
Given this background I will explore three different scenarios for the future of the EaP, or more precisely for the structure of relations and the level of dedicatedness of the EU towards the region. All of them would be based on different theoretical backgrounds. The first alternative sets EU membership of the EaP countries as the final objective of the initiative. (Normative power Europe alternative) The second option would openly admit that the EU is unable and in fact does not want to be engaged more deeply in the affairs of the Eastern Partnership countries and in the Ukraine conflict and would rather seek to make an agreement with Russia in order to secure its Eastern borders and gain benefits from the Russian relations. (An approach based on Realism – balance of power) The third option is the continuation of the indefinite, vague and drifting policies due to the inability of the EU to create a common policy because of the diverging economic interests of its member states (Economic interests first: political economic explanations).
Behind the theory of the Normative Power Europe (NPE) there is the underlying idea that the European Union has developed into an international actor, which involves a significant ideational aspect. According to this notion the interests of the European Union in international relations go far beyond physical power and/or material interest. (Manners 2002). These normative interests are based on Treaty stipulations and policies developed over several decades.
The EU’s Normative Base according to Manner are as follows
| Founding Principles | Tasks and Objectives | Stable Institutions | Fundamental rights |
|---------------------|----------------------|--------------------|-------------------|
| • Liberty | • Social progress | • Guarantee of | • Dignity |
| • Democracy | • Discrimination | • Rule of law | • Freedoms |
| • Respect for human rights and fundamental freedom | • Sustainable development | • Human rights and fundamental freedom | • Equality |
| • Rule of law | | • Protection of minorities | • Solidarity |
| | | | • Citizenship |
| | | | • Justice |
Source: Manners 2002
The Normative Power then originates from the promotion of these norms and principles by the means of employing several “soft” instruments. The channels through which the EU’s normative power comes are basically related to contagion (unintentional diffusion of the EU); information (communication by the EU and its institutions); procedural (institutionalization of relations with external partners); physical presence (in third countries and international organizations); cultural relations (physical presence, exchange of views etc.) and exchange of benefits. (Manners 2002)
From another perspective, these norms can be grouped along with different important community values. According to this classification, core values are: peace, liberty, democracy, the rule of law, and respect of human rights, as well as four minor ones: social solidarity, anti-discrimination, sustainable development, and good governance. (Manners 2002: for more detailed explanation: see Manners 2008) The normative aspect of the European Union was a very important driver of cementing its identity in international relations. According to this identity, the EU is a very special actor which intends to promote certain core values way beyond its members. This value based approach created a very important and special image of the European Union for the rest of the world. According to a large volume of literature this identity was often used to explain the foreign policy of the EU towards Central and Eastern Europe. In the arguments designed to explain the rapid and successful adoption of first wave accession countries from Central Europe, the NPE concept was a convincing instrument. But for the EaP countries this theory is a little problematic: if this concept had been used for their EU relations, then the final objective could not have been anything other than preparation for accession negotiations and finally for the membership in the European Union. Using the Central European countries as the benchmark, one would expect that the commitment to the membership perspective by the European Union would lead to the smooth adjustment of EaP countries to EU norms and values. But this commitment to membership was lacking from the EaP strategy, which raises the question: were the EU Member States really interested in promoting EU membership of the countries concerned or were there other motives? Or did they want to attract and bring these countries closer economically and politically to the EU, but prevent them from becoming members? If the answer to these questions is yes, which seems to be very likely, then what other interests and motivations can be identified from theoretical (and practical) considerations that can explain the half-hearted attempt of the EU to bring EaP countries really close to the EU?
From both theoretical and practical perspectives, we can easily identify other important aspects for the analysis of the EU’s role and engagement in neighboring regions. The Normative Power concept does not seem to provide a full and exhaustive explanation to the motivating theoretical background of the EaP, because it mostly considers the EU as an actor. In reality, however, member states behave differently when external or internal challenges arise. In addition to norm promotion, member states try to address economic interests and security policy considerations. Thus, besides the Normative Power Europe, the analytical concept must also take into
account at the theoretical level the realist theory, which gives precedence to security interests and, at the same time, discusses economic issues and looks at the interest groups within each member states. As a result, a multi-theoretical approach must be applied in order to have a broader overview of the interests, and on the other hand, to counterbalance the shortcomings of each theory.
The realism being a cornerstone of international relations theories reveals the security interests of the EU Member States. (For diverse explanation of Realism see: Donnelly 2000). According to classical realism, national interests come first ahead of moral sentiments and other noninterest based considerations. At the state level there is a multitude of interests that influences support for collective action and policies towards the EaP region. The EU represents the common interests of the member states, but given that individual countries’ interests are different, they emphasize their own security interests with respect to the EaP countries. For example, Poland is geographically very close to the region and at the same time has very direct negative experiences with Russia. Northern countries or Italy may have completely different perspectives. As a result, the EaP is a kind of cooperative project that has evolved as a consequence of the balancing of power relations. If the balance of power between states is disrupted due to internal or external factors, a new state of balance is established which corresponds to the actual power relations. From this aspect, the role of Russia was crucial in the evolution of the EaP after it had expressed its intention to increase influence over the post-Soviet geographical area through military and economic instruments.
In addition to security considerations, the economic interests of member states are also important and significantly different from country to country. Liberal intergovernmentalism looks at the state level and tries to explain the behavior of states based on their national interests. (Moravcsik 1995) According to this, national interests are formulated through preference formation within states. In this preference framing economic interests of business groups or economic sectors must be taken into account. This way, contrary to the realist approach, liberal intergovernmentalism emphasizes economic interests which means that trade, investments, business relations constitute the essential components. The importance of economic interests was strongly confirmed by the reaction of member states to the economic sanctions against Russia after her intervention in Ukraine. Sectoral interests in member states influenced the policy formation at the political level, which in turn was translated into EU position towards third countries. Given that economic interests of member states are very much different regarding the EaP countries, it is not surprising that their interest in promoting EaP as an EU level policy towards the region has also greatly varied.
**Conclusions drawn from theoretical explanations**
The different approaches of the above theories confirm that there is not one single theory that can convincingly account for the theoretical background of the EaP alone. Thus, the theorization of the EaP has a number of shortcomings. During theorization several concepts must be applied in parallel in order to understand the motives and rationale of the steps at EU and at member states’ levels. Each of the three theories to which reference was made has strengths and deficits in explaining the developments. The Normative Power Europe concept is an attractive and ideal explanation of EU policies towards third countries but it only focuses on the EU level and does not explore member states’ interests in formulating preferences. Then we have the realist theoretical concept, which argues that Normative Power at EU level regarding EaP can only work as long as it does not pose a threat to national security interests and corresponds to the actual power of the individual states concerned. But in addition to geopolitical concerns or power maximization issues, other interests might also emerge during preference formulation. Economic interests cannot be neglected as they are very important motivating factors behind regional integrations or economic cooperation with third countries. Taking liberal intergovernmentalism into account as a theoretical explanation is also justifiable even if it neglects security concerns. (Just to mention one example: Hungary emphasizes the importance of economic relations with Russia and in order to maximize economic benefits, decision was made to build new nuclear power generators using a loan provided by the Russian state. Short term economic benefits are clear, but what about longer term security concerns associated with financial and other – not so evident – dependences?) As a conclusion we may say that Normative Power, Realism and Intergovernmental Liberalism seem to be interchangeable behind the policies towards the EaP countries depending on each country or on the changing situation in EaP countries or the precarious external conditions (Russia). Countries behave in line with their core interests may they be security policy or economic considerations and
as we know, these interests can and do change from time to time. Countries which do not have security or economic interests are most likely to act as strong supporters of norm diffusion. But when things change, norm promotion is easily sacrificed in lieu of other interests. The EU has portrayed itself as an actor having not only material or security interests in international relations. This identity made the EU different from other international actors. Giving up normative approach and the promotion of norm diffusion may cause loss of confidence in the EU among third countries. The erosion of identity has caused serious disillusionment for many international actors.
As a result, the EU soft power was limited in influencing Eastern Partner countries. The EU did not devote sufficient resources to convincing the elites of the Eastern States to trigger structural and democratic changes. Moreover, the adjustment capability of the EaP countries to the EU requirements were much more limited than in the Central European region. In Central Europe the “incentive of joining the EU” overwhelmed other domestic interests because there was such a strong sense among the political elites and the public that Europe was their destiny in terms of identity, as well as their preferred destination in terms of prosperity, stability and security. Because membership is not on the table, EU member states appear more reluctant than in the case of CEE to authorize sanctions and withhold rewards, not least because this might conflict with their economic and geostrategic interests, including relations with Russia.” (MacFarlane, Menon 2015) This also clearly indicated the limits of the EU’s willingness to really utilize its ‘soft power’ and combine it with bigger economic resources. To put it simply, the enlargement process in CEE and the history of policies towards the Western Balkans and Eastern Partners proves that reference to the importance of EU Normative Power only makes sense without substantial economic resources being invested and only in the absence of large external power interest (Russia). If EU engagement required greater commitments and/or taking up conflict with third countries, the concept of Normative Power immediately dissipates as a supporting theory behind the policies.
On the other hand, the EU simply did not take the potential competition with Russia over the influence in the Eastern Partnership countries seriously although every country in the region was more or less a hostage between Russia and the European Union. As long as Russia remained economically feeble, it could not frame viable and credible foreign policy objectives in the region. Despite the inability to protect its interests, concerns regarding the European expansion into the Russian sphere of interest by NATO and EU enlargements increased. The EU was shortsighted not least because of the easy expansion of the European Union towards Central Europe in 2004 and 2007. The expansion went without major Russian objections. But these steps along with challenges in Ukraine and NATO’s eastward expansion led to the formulation of Russian policy interests towards the Near Abroad as soon as its economy became strong enough to support foreign policy aspirations. All these led to Vilnius, where several policy makers were caught off guard by the turn of events, which indicated that the EU continued to underestimate the losses it had suffered regarding its position and ability to assert its interests in the East Central European region.
**Theory and practice – Power and The Eastern Partnership**
The failure of signing an Association Agreement in 2013 with Ukraine – the strategically most important country of the EaP\(^4\) – was a sign of inability by the EU to implement its objective in Eastern Europe in a rapidly changing international power system and to convince countries to favor the offered model. Several policy makers and analysts were caught off guard by the unfolding turn of events. As Federica Mogherini put it, the EU’s Neighborhood Policy may have been “naïve and confrontational”. But she also added that she would not be too critical with the previous Commission’s approach and that this issue should be rather raised after the completion of the four month consultation program on the future of the ENP.\(^5\) Currently, however, the major directions of strategic changes regarding the future of the EaP are unpredictable (or we may say that it is very predictable).
One of the most important conclusions that may be drawn from the developments in the Eastern neighborhood is probably that the EU has no choice but to abandon its approach that is based on the presumption that its model is sufficiently attractive for third countries and requires no additional efforts. This belief was building on the notion that neighboring countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) would transform their internal structures with relatively modest political and economic support and they would do anything in order to comply with the conditions set by the EU without considering any
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4 The Eastern Partnership (EaP) initiative aims to bring six Eastern European countries – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine - closer to the EU. It offers a framework for deepening and strengthening relations between the EU and its partner countries.
5 Mogherini's timid 'mea culpa' on EU neighbourhood policy, 04/03/2015. http://www.euractiv.com/sections/europes-east/mogherini-makes-timid-mea-culpa-eu-neighbourhood-policy-312631
alternative options seriously. In the case of the first wave of EU enlargement with CEE countries (in 2004) this approach had succeeded and the EU faced little if no difficulty in convincing countries in the region to internalize and accept that notion. Frankly speaking there was no foreign policy alternative to the enlargement or no intention to challenge it. The EU’s strategy, however, proved to be largely unsuccessful in the Western Balkans – the case of Bosnia confirms this very clearly. The EU’s transformative power also seems to be limited in Serbia, Albania, and Montenegro not to mention the unresolved economic, political and foreign policy dilemmas and problems in Kosovo.\(^6\) Although the soft power (or transformative leverage) of the EU had worked in Central Europe and achieved some results in the Western Balkans, it still remains low-key in Eastern Europe.
Russia, a strong regional power with large soft and hard powers has been watching the possible geopolitical gains of the European Union with growing concern. From the Russian perspective it was the European Union that revived geopolitics in CEE by launching the Eastern Partnership – after successfully incorporating several Central European countries into the North Atlantic economic and security institutions. The perception of the “weak and declining” Russia, which definitely had dominated the thinking of EU policy makers (and US analysts too) prior to the 2013 Vilnius Summit, did not seriously reckon with the possibility of a change in Russia’s attitude towards the West. But the more precise interpretation is that the Russian stance has not changed in comparison to previous years, but as John Mearsheimer put it “great powers are always sensitive to potential threats near their home territory.”\(^7\) This statement refers to the fact that the EU exceeded the tolerance level of Russia. Although the level of relations with the individual EaP countries is quite diverse, the primary concern is of course Ukraine.\(^8\)
As a result, the EU’s traditional model (financial incentives in exchange of good governance) used for the CEE countries, its “soft power” has proved to be inefficient in the Eastern Partnership. (MacFarlane, Menon 2015) The question as to how the EU can contain Russia while balancing the preservation of its role and goals in the region and keeping an open dialogue with
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\(^6\) Some of the most important challenges and risks are well described in Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BiEPAG) 2014: *The Unfulfilled Promise: Completing the Balkan Enlargement*. Policy Paper, May 2014
\(^7\) The origins of the crisis in Ukraine and the causes that had motivated Russian policy are explained in detail in Mearsheimer 2014.
\(^8\) It suffices to recall the famous statement of Henry Kissinger, according to which: “The West must understand that to Russia, Ukraine can never be just a foreign country” – *The Washington Post*, March 5, 2014
Russia remains open. As a foreign policy actor, the EU is far from being a global power. In order to get international reputation in foreign policy, success in resolving regional issues has to come first. If the EU, however, is not unified in maintaining a strongly supported common foreign policy towards the region and it is unable to offer EU membership perspectives to a country like Ukraine, the risk of disappointment of the pro-western population and political elite will likely be on the rise.
Concerning the three theories described in this paper and witnessing the problems in the internal dynamics of the EU and the multiple conflicts between member states, the future does not look promising. The signs for “realpolitik” are strong, in which case the moral or ethical premises and ideological notions of a value and principle based EU can easily perish. Russia has several channels at its disposal through which it can influence developments within the EU – for example supporting countries or political parties that may challenge the current course of the EU; influence economic and political developments in the Western Balkans; use open or indirect economic instruments to influence etc. The policy motivated by these fears would mean that the EU’s role as an anchor in international political and economic affairs for smaller, weaker neighboring or newly acceded countries is abandoned. This options should be avoided at any cost since it would create an environment where Western values and their future attractiveness can be questioned which will finally lead to the definitive elimination of the remnants of the EU’s soft power. For the time being, this soft power looks too soft. The EU is, by design an ill-adapted institution for the pursuit of interests in the face of geopolitical competition.
The problem and the sad truth is that the EU is the only external power that is expected to manage and influence the affairs in EaP countries including the crisis in Ukraine (with the supportive policy of the US of course) besides Russia. Given the fact that Russia does not pose a threat from a global perspective – unlike terrorism – and the United States does not possess vital national security interests in the region that need to be protected, the Ukraine conflict was less important for the US, which probably still did not take Russia seriously.\(^9\) Other important international actors are even less interested in the developments within the region. China, Japan considers it to be Russia’s business. These circumstances make the role of the EU in the EaP region unique. The future of the EaP and the ability of the EU to
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\(^9\) See for example: Joseph S. Nye: *The Challenge of Russia’s Decline*. Project-syndicate, 14 April 2015, http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/russia-decline-challenge-by-joseph-s--nye-2015-04
influence the developments therein becomes a very important test for the CFSP (Common Foreign and Security Policy). If the EU is unsuccessful in a region where it may have significant interest, what can realistically be expected from it on a global level?
Regarding the real content of the EaP, several difficult questions have to be answered. What is the policy objective regarding Russia?¹⁰ What can be the final objective, the “strategic approach” of the Eastern Partnership from the EU’s perspective? Using international relations (IR) and political economic theories and analyses, three major options can be identified.
**EU membership of the countries concerned**
This alternative sets EU membership of the EaP countries as the final objective of the initiative. EU enlargement (and the redefinition of NATO strategy) would without doubt express the value based approach according to which it is much better to live under democratic rules and guaranteeing these values, than under the rule of an autocratic and corrupt elite strongly connected to the Russian leadership. In pursuing this objective, the EU should do everything in order to support the democratic transformation and economic restructuring in the countries which really want to become members of the EU. But this strategy requires a very important factor in addition to large financial spending and strong and undivided support of the member states: power. The soft power of the EU is not enough to accomplish this objective. What is more, even hard power will not be sufficient.¹¹ In theory there exists an instrument that may be effective if applied with full strength: the policy of tough sanctions against Russia with the unanimous and full support of the EU member states.¹² This strategy is confrontational with Russia and is contingent on internal coherence and high level of coordination among member states and a value and principle based policy.
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¹⁰ “In light of Russia’s deliberate destabilisation efforts in neighbouring and EU countries, the union will need to present a strategy setting out clear objectives for policy towards every single EaP state, backed with credible implementation plans” Ozorina, Schwarzer 2015
¹¹ ‘Anything we did as countries in terms of military support for Ukraine is likely to be matched and then doubled, tripled and quadrupled by Russia. (Anthony Blinken, the US deputy secretary of state’. See more at: http://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/do-not-arm-ukraine#sthash.Q9txz2Ujs.dpuf (April 2015)
¹² Currently divisions are numerous within the EU regarding the policy towards Russia. And Russia is doing everything it can to deepen these divides in the EU as much as possible.
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**Maintaining buffer zones between the EU and Russia**
The second option would openly admit that the EU is unable and in fact does not want to be engaged more deeply in the affairs of the Eastern Partnership countries and in the Ukraine conflict and would rather seek to make an agreement with Russia. This approach de facto accepts the current situation and confirms the division of Ukraine and EaP countries between pro-western and pro-Russian countries/regions. This strategy would involve the acceptance of the outcomes of Russian activities in the EaP region because this is the “realpolitik” in the current power relations. It would also suggest that having relatively good relations with Russia is more important than relations with neighboring EaP countries. From another perspective this approach means that trading with countries and their peoples in order to mitigate the conflict with Russia and to be freed from this cumbersome situation would be the easier path to go down on. Instead of a confrontational policy against Russia, which requires economic sacrifices and diplomatic pressure, this policy would result in economic and political advantages or – in the worst case – only minimal losses. Such an agreement would be beneficial for the EU and Russia since it would not cost much and less effort would be required from the EU. It is why from an IR theoretical perspective this approach seems to be the most likely scenario to unfold. This approach also considers the Eastern Partnership mostly from a business and geopolitical perspective and subdues democratic values.¹³ With fading chances of EU membership, Ukraine would soon be facing very adverse economic and political consequences which could easily overwrite the benefits of democratic transformation achieved so far and may lead again to a change of direction the government is pursuing.
**Drifting without declaring the final objective**
The third option is the continuation of the indefinite, vague and drifting policies towards the region underpinned by the large diversity of the countries in question (especially if we deal with the whole Neighborhood, not just the Eastern Partnership). The paralyzed “no change” strategy can be justified by the numerous challenges facing the EU – in addition to Russia – such as Grexit/Brexit, growth problems, difficulties with TTIP negotiations, and Euroscepticism, refugee crisis etc. In this case the EU would emphasize the responsibility of individual EaP countries and would
¹³ The enlargement of the EU and the NATO can be considered partly a geopolitically motivated policy.
offer some vaguely defined support for countries that decide in favor of the European perspective. This is a cheap and convenient way for the EU to avoid any major confrontation with Russia and to refrain from elaborate strategic objectives in the EaP region. The outcome of this option would be similar to the second one but in this case the EU would silently give up the entire EaP region due to its inability to create a common policy, which wins the support of every member state. If the EU opts for this alternative, it will only reinforce the perception of it being weak in the face of Russia.
In summary, the world economic and political importance of the Central European region is insignificant; in fact, the weakening of the EU, the EU’s half-hearted strategy towards its neighboring region together with Russia’s consolidation have led to a situation where the area once again may be separated into two worlds: West and East. The former socialist countries that are implementing different models of capitalism may today still be under Western influence, but the future is much more unpredictable than anyone would have thought during the period of EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007. At that time it seemed that most of the region was firmly committed to the Western European development model in terms of economics, politics and the institutional system. The case of Ukraine is important because it highlights that the West’s attractiveness or ability to persuade other countries has greatly weakened in the region. In countries suffering from the adverse effects of the economic crisis, Ukraine’s further departure from Europe may result in unpredictable political and economic changes in the future, something no-one would have expected a few years ago.
Based on the above, it is worth citing here a paragraph from the “A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign And Security Policy” published in June 2016:
“State and societal resilience is our strategic priority in the neighbourhood. Many people within the scope of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) both to the east and to the south wish to build closer relations with the Union. Our enduring power of attraction can spur transformation and is not aimed against any country. Within this group are currently countries such as Tunisia or Georgia, whose success as prosperous, peaceful and stable democracies would reverberate across their respective regions. The ENP has recommitted to Eastern Partnership and southern Mediterranean countries wishing to develop stronger relations with us. We will support these countries in implementing association agreements, including Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs). We will also think creatively about deepening tailor-made partnerships further. Possibilities include the creation of an economic area with countries implementing DCFTAs, the extension of Trans-European Networks and the Energy Community, as well as building physical and digital connections. Societal links will also be strengthened through enhanced mobility, cultural and educational exchanges, research cooperation and civil society platforms. Full participation in EU programmes and agencies will be pursued alongside strategic dialogue with a view to paving the way for these countries’ further involvement in CSDP. Resilience is a strategic priority across the EU’s east and south both in countries that want stronger ties with the EU and in those – within and beyond the ENP – that have no wish to do so. The EU will support different paths to resilience to its east and south, focusing on the most acute dimensions of fragility and targeting those where we can make a meaningful difference.” (EU Global Strategy, p. 25.) This text clearly indicates that the first option has been openly abandoned. In other words, this is good-bye message to the old ENP (EaP) and to the belief in the EU’s transformative power giving place to the new pragmatic-realist approach in Europe.
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The present invention discloses a composition of a stable suspension of a poorly water soluble pharmaceutical agent or cosmetic in the form of particles of the pharmaceutical agent or cosmetic suspended in a frozen aqueous matrix and method for its preparation. The composition is stable for a prolonged period of time, preferably six months or longer and is suitable for parenteral, oral, or non-oral routes such as pulmonary (inhalation), ophthalmic, or topical administration.
COMPOSITION OF AND METHOD FOR PREPARING STABLE PARTICLES IN A FROZEN AQUEOUS MATRIX
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority from provisional Application Serial No. 60/347,548 filed Oct. 19, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof.
FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT:
[0002] Not Applicable.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] 1. Technical Field
[0004] The present invention discloses a composition of a stable suspension of a poorly water soluble compound comprising particles of the compound suspended in a frozen aqueous matrix and method for its preparation. The composition is stable for a prolonged period of time, preferably six months or longer.
[0005] 2. Background Art
[0006] There is an ever increasing number of pharmaceutical compounds being formulated that are poorly soluble or insoluble in aqueous solutions. Such compounds provide challenges to delivering them in an injectable form. Drugs that are insoluble in water can have significant benefits when formulated as a stable suspension of sub-micron particles. Accurate control of particle size is essential for safe and efficacious use of these formulations. Particles must be less than seven microns in diameter to safely pass through capillaries without causing emboli (Allen et al., 1987; Davis and Taube, 1978; Schroeder et al., 1978; Yokel et al., 1981). One solution to this problem is the production of extremely small particles of the insoluble drug candidate and the creation of a microparticulate or nanoparticulate suspension. In this way, drugs that were previously unable to be formulated in an aqueous based system can be made suitable for intravenous administration. Suitability for intravenous administration includes small particle size (<7 μm), low toxicity (as from toxic formulation components or residual solvents), and bioavailability of the drug particles after administration.
[0007] Suspensions may also be suitable for oral, intramuscular, pulmonary, topical or subcutaneous administration. When administered by these routes, it may be desirable to have particle size in the range of 5 to 100 microns.
[0008] Suspensions may lack sufficient physical and chemical stability when stored for a prolonged period of time. Physical instability occurs when the particles aggregate to form larger particles, which is generally the result of small particle size. Ostwald-Mie ripening may occur due to the small particle radius and attendant increase in surface activity, hence solubility. In particular, nanoparticles have a very high surface-to-volume ratio which enhances their dissolution rate and solubility. As a result, the particles may solubilize in the suspension followed by recrystallization to form large crystals. Aggregation and crystal growth result in suspensions of nanoparticles with larger and varying particle sizes. Suspensions with particles larger than 7 μm are no longer suitable for intravenous administration.
[0009] In a suspension, the active ingredient may also undergo degradation and result in reduced activity over time due to interaction with the suspension medium. Even slight dissolution may accelerate the degradation of the active ingredient. The rate of chemical degradation depends on particle size, intrinsic solubility, and the chemical nature of the active ingredient.
[0010] It is highly desirable to have a pharmaceutical preparation of an aqueous suspension with a long shelf life, preferably a minimum of six months in terms of both physical and chemical stabilities.
[0011] Several methods have been described in the prior art to limit aggregation and crystal growth of nanoparticles in suspension to improve their physical stability and shelf-life. One method includes the step of adding surface stabilizers to the preparations. Suitable surface stabilizers include surfactants, polymers, cloud point modifiers (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,298,262; 5,346,702; and 5,470,583), crystal growth modifiers (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,331), and cryoprotectants (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,401). While such approaches have found success in limiting-particle aggregation and crystal growth, suitable surface-active agents may not be found that would enable extended storage of the suspension in the liquid state, either at room temperature or in the refrigerator. Or, if stabilizing agents could be found, they may possess undesirable toxicity profiles.
[0012] Another approach to inhibiting the aggregation and crystal growth of nanoparticles is to limit the average particle size to a narrow range of from about 150 nm to about 350 nm, as described by Liversidge et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,267,989. The '989 patent discloses that aggregation and crystal growth are minimized when the particles are within this size range. However, the narrow range of the particle sizes limits its applications. For certain applications, it may be desirable to have nanoparticle suspensions with particle sizes in excess of 400 nm. These applications include, but are not limited to, oral, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration in which the desirable particle size may be from 5 to 100 microns. In other formulations, the desirable particle size may be smaller than 100 nm. This is true, for example, for particles designed to evade the RES (reticuloendothelial system). Such long-circulating particles can also migrate across loose, fenestrated vasculature such as that associated with certain cancerous tumors. This would facilitate passive targeting of such tumors.
[0013] Yiv et al. discloses in U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,349 a stable formulation of lipid nanoparticles of lipophilic and amphipathic drugs. The formulation is an oil-in-water microemulsion consisting of phospholipid, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, a surfactant and water. An oil component such as a triglyceride is optional. The components are blended together to form an emulsion. The average particle size should be smaller than 200 nm-for the preparation to be filter sterilized. The composition can be stored either in a concentrated form or a diluted form. The diluted form includes an aqueous buffer and is stable at a temperature range of about −50° C. to about 40° C. In Example 1, the composition was stored at −20° C. for 21 days with no evidence of phase separation, change in particle size, or drug
crystallization. The method, however, is limited to oil-in-water dispersions with particle sizes smaller than 200 nm, wherein all components are liquids. Such dispersions are commonly sterilized by filter sterilization which requires the dispersion be passed through filters with a pore size of 220 nm.
[0014] The prior art also describes methods of improving the chemical stability of nanoparticle preparations for prolonged storage. The general approach is to remove the aqueous medium by lyophilization and store the nanoparticles in dry, lyophilized form. An example is disclosed in Example 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,187. Dialysis is generally required before lyophilization to remove any unwanted solutes, such as salt, or to prevent the concentration of such solutes during the lyophilization process. The additional steps of dialysis and lyophilization increase production costs since dialysis is a very time consuming process and lyophilization is an energy consuming process. Furthermore, the lyophilized preparation requires reconstitution with an appropriate dispersing medium before administration either by injection (intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously), or orally. Such requires more labor in administering the pharmaceutical agent as well as introducing potential human errors that can occur during reconstitution.
[0015] As part of an effort to develop new methods for stabilization of these suspensions, we have discovered that freezing may circumvent these instability mechanisms by encasing the drug particles in a frozen aqueous matrix. At such low temperatures, drug solubility is reduced and very high viscosity of the aqueous medium disfavors diffusion of solute drug away from the solid particle. This includes nucleation, crystal growth and Ostwald ripening. Lower temperatures also increase chemical stability by slowing down drug degradation in the aqueous medium. Crystallization of water may also occur, for example below the eutectic point of the mixture, thus eliminating the possibility of forming a solution phase containing drug which can undergo secondary nucleation, crystal growth and Ostwald ripening.
[0016] The nanoparticles in the invention can be prepared from any of the known methods in the art. One approach centers on reducing the size of the particles that deliver the drug. In one such series of patents, which include U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,228,390; 6,086,376; 5,922,355; and 5,660,858, Parikh et al. discloses that sonication may be used to prepare microparticles of the water-insoluble compound. Of these patents, U.S. Pat. No. 5,922,355 discloses an improvement to a method that uses sonication for making smaller particles. The improvement comprises mixing an active pharmacological agent with a phospholipid and surfactants in a single-phase aqueous system and applying energy to the system to produce smaller particles. Stabilization of the suspension by freezing is not disclosed, however.
[0017] U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,188, issued to Haynes, also discloses reducing the size of particles of a pharmacologically active water-insoluble drug and employing a lipid coating on the particles to confer a solid form. The patent is directed to a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of an aqueous suspension of solid particles of the drug having a diameter of about 0.05 to about 10 microns. The lipid coating affixed to the surface of the particles acts to stabilize them. The composition is produced by adding the drug to water in the presence of membrane-forming lipid surfactants and then reducing the particle size within the aqueous suspension. However, freezing the suspension is not disclosed as a stabilization method.
[0018] U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,410 discloses a pharmaceutical nanosuspension suitable for parenteral administration. The '410 patent discloses subjecting at least one solid therapeutically active compound dispersed in a solvent to high pressure homogenization in a piston-gap homogenizer to form particles having an average diameter, determined by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) of 10 nm to 1000 nm, the proportion of particles larger than 5 microns in the total population being less than 0.1% (number distribution determined with a Coulter counter), without prior conversion into a melt, wherein the active compound is solid at room temperature and is insoluble, only sparingly soluble or moderately soluble in water, aqueous media and/or organic solvents. The Examples in the '410 patent disclose jet milling prior to homogenization.
[0019] U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,684 discloses another approach to providing nanoparticles of insoluble drugs for parenteral delivery by reducing the size of the particles. The '684 patent discloses the wet milling of an insoluble drug in the presence of a surface modifier to provide a drug particle having an average effective particle size of less than 400 nm. The '684 patent emphasizes the desirability of not using any solvents in its process. The '684 patent discloses the surface modifier is adsorbed on the surface of the drug particle in an amount sufficient to prevent agglomeration into larger particles.
[0020] Besides physically reducing the size of drug particles and coating the particles with a surface stabilizer, nanoparticles can also be prepared by the various methods of precipitation. These methods typically involve dissolving the drug in a solvent as a continuous phase followed by changing the conditions of the solution to a non-continuous phase so that fine particles of the drug precipitate out into the non-continuous phase. A coating agent or surface stabilizer is normally used to co-precipitate with the drug to stabilize the particles. Examples of these precipitation methods are solvent and anti-solvent microprecipitation, phase inversion precipitation, pH shift precipitation, supercritical fluid precipitation, and temperature shift precipitation.
[0021] Examples of appropriate precipitation techniques include preparing nanoparticle suspensions as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial Nos. 60/258,160; 09/874,799; 09/874,637; 09/874,499; and 09/953,979, which are incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. These applications disclose forming small particles of organic compounds by dissolving the organic compound in a water miscible organic solvent followed by precipitating the organic compounds in an aqueous medium to form a pre-suspension followed by adding energy to the pre-suspension to stabilize a coating of the particle, to alter the lattice structure of the particle or to reduce particle size. The process is preferably used to prepare a suspension of a poorly water-soluble, pharmaceutically active compound.
[0022] U.S. Pat. No. 5,118,528 discloses a process for preparing nanoparticles by solvent anti-solvent precipitation. The process includes the steps of: (1) preparing a liquid phase of a substance in a solvent or a mixture of solvents to which may be added one or more surfactants, (2) preparing
a second liquid phase of a non-solvent or a mixture of non-solvents, the non-solvent is miscible with the solvent or mixture of solvents for the substance, (3) adding together the solutions of (1) and (2) with stirring; and (4) removing of unwanted solvents to produce a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles. The '528 patent discloses that it produces particles of the substance smaller than 500 nm without the supply of energy. In particular, the '528 patent states that it is undesirable to use high energy equipment such as sonicators and homogenizers.
[0023] U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,689 discloses a method for making uniformly sized particles from water-insoluble drugs or other organic compounds. First, a suitable solid organic compound is dissolved in an organic solvent, and the solution can be diluted with a non-solvent. Then, an aqueous precipitating liquid is infused, precipitating non-aggregated particles with substantially uniform mean diameter. The particles are then separated from the organic solvent. Depending on the organic compound and the desired particle size, the parameters of temperature, ratio of non-solvent to organic solvent, infusion rate, stir rate, and volume can be varied according to the invention. The '689 patent discloses this process forms a drug in a metastable state which is thermodynamically unstable. The '689 patent discloses trapping the drug in a metastable state by utilizing crystallization inhibitors (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidinone) and surface-active agents (e.g., poly(oxyethylene)-co-(oxypropylene)) to render the metastable precipitate stable enough to be isolated by centrifugation, membrane filtration or reverse osmosis.
[0024] U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,062 discloses a method of preparing small particles of insoluble drugs by (1) dissolving the drug in a water-miscible first solvent, (2) preparing a second solution of a polymer and an amphiphile in an aqueous second solvent in which the drug is substantially insoluble whereby a polymer/amphiphile complex is formed and (3) mixing the solutions from the first and second steps to precipitate an aggregate of the drug and polymer/amphiphile complex.
[0025] U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,454 discloses a method for making uniformly sized particles from solid compounds. The method of the '454 patent includes the steps of dissolving the solid compound in a suitable solvent followed by infusing precipitating liquid thereby precipitating non-aggregated particles with substantially uniform mean diameter. The particles are then separated from the solvent. The '454 patent discourages forming particles in a crystalline state because during the precipitating procedure the crystal can dissolve and recrystallize thereby broadening the particle size distribution range. The '454 patent encourages during the precipitating procedure to trap the particles in a thermodynamically unstable particle state.
[0026] U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,235,224 Bi and 6,143,211, both issued to Mathiowitz et al., disclose the use of phase inversion phenomena to precipitate microencapsulated microparticles. The method includes mixing a polymer and a drug with a solvent. This mixture is introduced into an effective amount of a miscible non-solvent, thereby causing spontaneous formation of the microencapsulated product.
[0027] Microprecipitation by pH shifting is another technology used to prepare dispersions of a nanoparticulate pharmaceutical agent. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,766,635; 5,716,642; 5,665,331; 5,662,883; 5,560,932; and 4,608,278. This technology involves dissolving a pharmaceutical compound in an aqueous base having a non-neutral pH that is then neutralized to precipitate the compound in the aqueous base.
[0028] In yet another approach, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,635, issued to Spenlenhauer et al., nanoparticles have been prepared by dissolving a poly(ethylene) oxide and/or poly(propylene) oxide/polylactide copolymer in an organic solvent, mixing the organic solution so formed with an aqueous solution to cause nanoparticles to precipitate out of solution, and microfluidizing the suspension without the use of surfactants. Carrier particles consisting of a solid polymer matrix are thus formed, into which a co-precipitated pharmaceutical agent may be incorporated.
[0029] Precipitation by supercritical fluid is disclosed by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,360,478 and 5,389,263 to Krukonis et al., and WO 97/14407 to Johnston. The technology is similar to the solvent anti-solvent precipitation method. In this case, the supercritical fluid, which can be a gas or liquid at conditions of pressure and temperature above its critical point, acts as the anti-solvent. The addition of the supercritical fluid to a solution of a solute in a solvent causes the solute to attain or approach supersaturated state and to precipitate out as fine particles.
[0030] Temperature shift precipitation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,837 to Domb. The method involves adding a thermally stable drug to a polymer. The polymer is often oil-based (e.g., phospholipid, synthetic waxes) and has a low melting point. The drug is heated with the polymer to slightly above the melting point of the polymer to form a warm emulsion of the drug in the molten polymer. The emulsion is then cooled quickly by adding the emulsion to a bath of cold non-solvent, such as water, with vigorous shaking to cause the emulsion to form droplets and to solidify to entrap the active agent in a suspension.
[0031] Yet another approach to preparing submicron particles of poorly water soluble organic compounds is the formation of an emulsion of the compound. The organic compound is dissolved in an organic phase. The organic phase forms an emulsion with an aqueous phase. An emulsion evaporation method is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/964,273. The method includes the steps of: (1) providing a multiphase system having an organic phase and an aqueous phase, the organic phase having a pharmaceutically effective compound therein; and (2) sonicating the system to evaporate a portion of the organic phase to cause precipitation of the compound in the aqueous phase and having an average effective particle size of less than about 400 nm.
[0032] U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,785 discloses a process for forming nanoamorphous dispersions of photographically useful compounds. The process of forming nanoamorphous dispersions include any known process of emulsification that produces a dispersed phase having amorphous particulates.
[0033] Still yet another approach to preparing submicron size nanoparticle suspension of a pharmaceutically active compound is by seeding at some point during a precipitation process to generate crystals of a desired morphology. (see U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/035,821). The method comprises the steps of dissolving a first quantity of the pharmaceutically-active compound in the water-miscible
first organic solvent to form a first solution. The first solution is then seeded. Alternatively, a second solvent may be seeded. It is also possible to use seed compounds at other points during the precipitation process. The first solution is then mixed with the second solvent. The mixing of the first solution with the second solvent results in the precipitation of the pharmaceutically-active compound in a desired morphological form.
[0034] Another approach is directed to the production of suspended particles coated with protein. U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,596, issued to Desai et al., discloses the application of high shear to a mixture of an organic phase having a pharmacologically active agent dispersed therein and an aqueous medium containing a biocompatible polymer. The mixture is sheared in a high-pressure homogenizer at a pressure in the range of from about 3,000 to 30,000 psi. The '596 patent requires the mixture contain substantially no surfactants because the combined use of a surfactant with a protein results in the formation of large, needle-like crystalline particles that increase in size during storage. See columns 17-18, example 4.
[0035] U.S. Pat. No. 5,560,933, issued to Soon-Shiong et al., discloses the formation of a polymeric shell around the water-insoluble drug for in vivo delivery. The method discloses the application of sonication to a mixture comprising a polymer-containing aqueous medium and a dispersing agent having a substantially water-insoluble drug dispersed therein. In this reference, sonication is used to drive the formation of disulfide bonds in the polymer, causing it to cross-link so as to produce a polymeric shell around the drug. Sonication is conducted for a time sufficient for the disulfide bonds to form.
[0036] In U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,383, Grinstaff et al. discloses the application of ultrasound to a single-phase B i.e., an aqueous medium—to encapsulate an immunostimulating agent within a polymeric shell for in vivo delivery. The ultrasound promotes crosslinking of the encapsulating agent by disulfide bonds to form the shell.
[0037] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,981,719 and 6,268,053 disclose a method of preparing microparticles of macromolecules with particle size of less than 10 microns. Macromolecules are mixed with a soluble polymer or mixture of soluble polymers (e.g., albumin) at a pH near the isoelectric point of the macromolecule in the presence of an energy, preferably heat, for a predetermined length of time. The microparticles formed by this process allow aqueous fluids to enter and solubilized macromolecules and polymers to exit the microparticles and can be made to exhibit short-term or long-term release kinetics, thereby providing either rapid or sustained release of macromolecules.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0038] One of the drawbacks of aqueous nanoparticle suspensions is their poor physical and chemical stability. Physical instability is due to particle aggregation and crystal growth. Chemical instability is due to degradation of the active ingredient solubilized in the surrounding solution that is in equilibrium with the suspended solid phase, which can be enhanced due to interactions of active ingredient with excipients such as the surfactants and buffers. Because of these stability problems, many aqueous nanoparticle systems are not suitable for use as pharmaceutical preparations. For example, if the dissolved active compound is chemically unstable due to hydrolysis, for example, then decomposition in solution would shift chemical equilibrium toward progressive degradation and loss of the active ingredient.
[0039] We have discovered that freezing may circumvent these instability mechanisms by encasing the drug particles in a frozen aqueous matrix. At such low temperatures, drug solubility is reduced and very high viscosity of the aqueous medium disfavors diffusion of solute drug away from the solid particle. This includes nucleation, crystal growth and Ostwald ripening. Lower temperatures also slow down the spontaneous degradation of the drug molecules in the aqueous medium to improve their chemical stability. Low temperatures also slow down the degradation of the active ingredient due to its interactions with the excipients. Crystallization of water may also occur, for example below the eutectic point of the mixture, thus eliminating the possibility of forming a solution phase containing drug which can undergo secondary nucleation, crystal growth and Ostwald ripening.
[0040] The present invention provides a composition of a stable nanoparticle suspension of a poorly water soluble pharmaceutical agent in an aqueous matrix and a method for preparing the composition. The present invention contemplates providing a stable suspension of other compounds such as cosmetics, photographically useful agents and the like. The composition can be stored for a prolonged period of time, preferably six months or longer.
[0041] The invention can be applied to any nanoparticle systems known in the art. The nanoparticle suspensions can be prepared from any of the known methods such as physical grinding, homogenization, high shear mixing, emulsion evaporation precipitation, solvent anti-solvent precipitation, supercritical fluid precipitation, temperature shift precipitation, pH shift precipitation, melt precipitation, and seeding.
[0042] The invention is also applicable to nanoparticle systems with a wide range of compositions including, for example, surface modifiers, pH adjusting agents, crystal growth modifiers, cryopreservation agents, osmotic agents, co-solvents and viscosity modulating agents.
[0043] The composition does not require reconstitution with an appropriate dispersing agent before use and is applicable to a variety of routes of administration including, but not limited to, injection (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), pulmonary, ophthalmic, topical and oral.
[0044] These and other aspects and attributes of the present invention will be discussed with reference to the following drawings and accompanying specification.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0045] While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms, and will herein be described in detail, preferred embodiments of the invention are disclosed with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as exemplifications of the principles of the invention and are not intended to limit the broad aspects of the invention to the embodiments illustrated.
[0046] The present invention discloses a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous or oral administration of and a
method for preparing the composition as a nanoparticle suspension in an aqueous matrix. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intra-arterial, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, intraocular, intra-articular, intradural, intramuscular, intradermal or subcutaneous injection. The composition is also suitable for other non-oral routes of administration including, for example, topical, ophthalmic, nasal, buccal, inhalation, rectal, and the like.
[0047] The pharmaceutical agent is preferably a poorly water soluble compound. The composition is physically and chemically unstable when stored in the refrigerator or at room temperature for a prolonged period of time, preferably for one year or longer. Stabilization can be accomplished by freezing the aqueous nanoparticle suspension and storing the composition in the frozen state. At such low temperatures, drug solubility is reduced and the very high viscosity of the aqueous medium disfavors diffusion of a solute drug away from a solid particle containing the drug. This includes nucleation, crystal growth and Ostwald ripening. Lower temperatures also slow down the spontaneous degradation of the drug molecules in the aqueous medium to improve their chemical stability. Crystallization of water may also occur, for example below the eutectic point of the mixture, thus eliminating the possibility of forming a solution phase containing drug which can undergo secondary nucleation, crystal growth and Ostwald ripening.
[0048] The present invention can also be practiced with suspensions of other poorly water soluble materials that are not pharmaceutical agents, including, for example, photographically useful compounds.
[0049] A. Compositions of Nanoparticle Suspensions:
[0050] The composition of the invention comprises nanoparticles of a pharmaceutical agent suspended in a frozen aqueous matrix. One or more excipients can be included in the composition as desired, depending on the particular pharmaceutical agent, the method of preparing the nanoparticle suspension, and the route of administration.
[0051] 1. Pharmaceutical Agents
[0052] The invention can be practiced with a wide variety of pharmaceutical agents which can be a therapeutic agent, a diagnostic agent, or a cosmetic. They include organic and inorganic compounds and biologies such as proteins, peptides, saccharides, polysaccharides, polypeptides, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides.
[0053] The pharmaceutical agent can exist in a crystalline phase or in a non-crystalline, amorphous phase. The agent is preferably poorly water soluble. By “poorly water soluble” it is meant that the pharmaceutical agent has a solubility in water of less than 10 mg/ml, and preferably less than 1 mg/ml. These poorly water soluble agents are most suitable for aqueous nanoparticle suspension preparations since there are limited alternatives for formulating these agents in an aqueous medium.
[0054] The present invention can also be practiced with water soluble pharmaceutical agents, by entrapping these pharmaceutical agents in a solid carrier matrix (for example, poly lactate-polyglycolate copolymer, albumin, starch), or by encapsulating these agents in a surrounding vesicle that is impermeable to the pharmaceutical agent. This encapsulating vesicle can be a polymeric coating such as polyacrylate. Further, the nanoparticles and microparticles prepared from these water soluble pharmaceutical agents can be modified to improve chemical stability and control the pharmacokinetic properties of the agents by controlling the release of the agents from the particles. Examples of water soluble pharmaceutical agents include, but are not limited to, simple organic compounds, proteins, peptides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, and carbohydrates.
[0055] The therapeutic agent can be selected from a variety of known classes of pharmaceuticals including, for example, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, anthelmintics, anti-arrhythmic agents, antibiotics (including penicillins), anticoagulants, antidepressants, antidiabetic agents, antiepileptics, antifungals, antihistamines, antihypertensive agents, antimuscarinic agents, antimycobacterial agents, antineoplastic agents, antiprotozoal agents, immunosuppressants, immunostimulants, antityroid agents, antiviral agents, anxiolytic sedatives (hypnotics and neuroleptics), astringents, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, blood products and substitutes, cardiac inotropic agents, contrast media, corticosteroids, cough suppressants (expectorants and mucolytics), diagnostic agents, diagnostic imaging agents, diuretics, dopaminergics (anti-parkinsonian agents), haemostatics, immunological agents, lipid regulating agents, muscle relaxants, parasympathomimetics, parathyroid calcitonin and biphosphonates, prostaglandins, radio-pharmaceuticals, sex hormones (including steroids), anti-allergic agents, stimulants and anoretics, sympathomimetics, thyroid agents, vasodilators, vaccines and xanthines.
[0056] Diagnostic agents include the x-ray imaging agent and contrast media. Examples of x-ray imaging agents include WIN-8883 (ethyl 3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate) also known as the ethyl ester of diaztrioxy acid (EEDA), WIN 67722, i.e., (6-ethoxy-6-oxohexyl-3,5-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate; ethyl-2-(3,5-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyloxy)butyrate (WIN 16318); ethyl diaztrioxyacetate (WIN 12901); ethyl 2-(3,5-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyloxy)propionate (WIN 16923); N-ethyl-2-(3,5-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyloxy acetamide (WIN 65312); isopropyl 2-(3,5-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyloxy)acetamide (WIN 12855); diethyl 2-(3,5-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyloxy malonate (WIN 67721); ethyl 2-(3,5-bis(acetamido)-2,4,6-triiodobenzoyloxy)phenylacetate (WIN 67585); propanedioic acid, [3,5-bis(acetylamino)-2,4,5-triiodobenzoyl]oxybis(1-methyl)ester (WIN 68165); and benzoic acid, 3,5-bis(acetylamino)-2,4,6-triiodo-4-(ethyl-3-ethoxy-2-butenoate) ester (WIN 68209). Preferred contrast agents include those which are expected to disintegrate relatively rapidly under physiological conditions, thus minimizing any particle associated inflammatory response. Disintegration may result from enzymatic hydrolysis, solubilization of carboxylic acids at physiological pH, or other mechanisms. Thus, poorly soluble iodinated carboxylic acids such as iopamidole, dia trizioic acid, and metrizoic acid, along with hydrolytically labile iodinated species such as WIN 67721, WIN 12901, WIN 68165, and WIN 68209 or others may be preferred.
[0057] Antineoplastic, or anticancer agents, include but are not limited to paclitaxel and derivative compounds, and other antineoplastics selected from the group consisting of alkaloids, antimetabolites, alkylating agents and antibiotics.
[0058] Preferred therapeutic or diagnostic agents include those intended for oral administration and intravenous
administration. A description of these classes of therapeutic agents and diagnostic agents and a listing of species within each class can be found in Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, Twenty-ninth Edition, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1989 which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. The therapeutic agents and diagnostic agents are commercially available and/or can be prepared by techniques known in the art.
[0059] A cosmetic agent is any active ingredient capable of having a cosmetic activity. Examples of these active ingredients can be, inter alia, emollients, humectants, free radical-inhibiting agents, anti-inflammatory, vitamins, depigmenting agents, anti-acute agents, antiseborrhoeics, keratolytics, slimming agents, skin coloring agents and sunscreen agents, and in particular linoleic acid, retinol, retinoic acid, ascorbic acid alkyl esters, polyunsaturated fatty acids, nicotinic esters, tocopherol nicotinate, unsaponifiables of rice, soybean or shea, ceramides, hydroxy acids such as glycolic acid, selenium derivatives, antioxidants, beta-carotene, gamma-orizanol and stearly glycerate. The cosmetics are commercially available and/or can be prepared by techniques known in the art.
[0060] The pharmaceutical agent can be present in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 50%, more preferably from about 0.1% to about 30%, and most preferably from about 0.5% to about 5%, by weight of the composition.
[0061] 2. Excipients
[0062] The excipients in the invention are optional. One or more excipients can be included in the composition. Examples of excipients include buffers, surface modifiers, pH adjusting agents, crystal growth modifiers, cryopreservation agents, osmotic agents, co-solvents, and viscosity modulating agents.
[0063] Suitable surface modifiers can preferably be selected from known organic and inorganic pharmaceutical excipients such as an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant or a biological, surface-active molecule.
[0064] Suitable anionic surfactants include but are not limited to potassium laurate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylsulfate, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfates, sodium alginate, diocyt sodium sulfosuccinate, glyceryl esters, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, cholic acid and other bile acids (e.g., cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid) and salts thereof (e.g., sodium deoxycholate, etc.). Suitable cationic surfactants include but are not limited to quaternary ammonium compounds, such as benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, lauryldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, acyl carnitine hydrochlorides, or alkyl pyridinium halides.
[0065] Suitable nonionic surfactants include: polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers (Macrogol and Brij), polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (Polysorbates), polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters (Myrg), polyoxyethylene-derivatized lipids or phospholipids, sorbitan esters (Span), glycerol monostearate, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycols, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, aryl alkyl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypolypropylene copolymers (poloxamers), polaxamines, methylcellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxy propylecellulose, hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, noncrystalline cellulose, polysaccharides including starch and starch derivatives such as hydroxyethylstarch (HES), polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. In a preferred form of the invention, the nonionic surfactant is a polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene copolymer and preferably a block copolymer of propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. Such polymers are sold under the tradename POLOXAMER also sometimes referred to as PLURONIC®, and sold by several suppliers including Spectrum Chemical and Ruger. Among polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters is included those having short alkyl chains. One example of such a surfactant is SOLUTOL® HS 15, polyethylene-660-hydroxystearate, manufactured by BASF Aktiengesellschaft.
[0066] Surface active biological molecules include such molecules as albumin, casein, heparin, hirudin or other appropriate proteins.
[0067] Other representative examples of surface modifiers include gelatin, casein, gum acacia, cholesterol, tragacanth, stearic acid, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, glycerol monostearate, cetostearyl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, e.g., macrogol ethers such as cetomacrogol 1000, polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, e.g., the commercially available Twens™, polyethylene glycols, polyoxyethylene stearates, colloidal silicon dioxide, phosphates, sodium dodecylsulfate, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxy propylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, noncrystalline cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, triethanolamine, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Most of these surface modifiers are known pharmaceutical excipients and are described in detail in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, published jointly by the American Pharmaceutical Association and The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, the Pharmaceutical Press, 1986 which is incorporated herein by reference and made part hereof.
[0068] The surface modifiers are commercially available and/or can be prepared by techniques known in the art. Two or more surface modifiers can be used in combination.
[0069] Suitable pH adjusting agents include but are not limited to buffers, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris), citrate, acetate, lactate, meglumine, or the like. Buffers also include but not limited to amino acids such as glycine, leucine, alanine, lysine, or the like.
[0070] Suitable crystal growth modifiers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,331. A crystal growth modifier is defined as a compound that in the co-precipitation process incorporates into the structure of the microprecipitated crystals of the pharmaceutical agent, thereby hindering growth or enlargement of the microcrystalline precipitate, by the so called Ostwald ripening process. Some crystal growth modifiers may be structurally similar, on a molecular basis, to the pharmaceutical agent. Also suitable as crystal modifiers are polymers such as the crystallization inhibitor polyvinyl pyrrolidinone as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,689. Crystal growth modifiers may also act by forming a complex with the solute that is at supersaturation, and thereby preventing or inhibiting crystal nucleation and/or growth.
Cryoprotectants used in nanoparticle suspensions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,401. In the '401 patent, cryoprotectants inhibit the agglomeration of nanoparticles during the process of lyophilization. Examples of suitable cryoprotectants include carbohydrates such as sucrose, xylose, glucose, and sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, surface active agents such as the polysorbates (Tweens), as well as glycerol and dimethylsulfoxide. Cryoprotectants may also include water-soluble polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), starch, and polyalkoxy ethers such as polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, and poloxamers. Biologically derived cryoprotectants include albumin. Yet another class of cryoprotectant includes pegylated lipids, such as Solutol. A preferred cryoprotectant is a carbohydrate. A preferred carbohydrate is a monosaccharide or disaccharide. A preferred disaccharide is sucrose. Another preferred cryoprotectant includes polymers such as, but not limited to, those listed above. Yet another preferred cryoprotectant is albumin.
Viscosity modulating agents are agents that affect the viscosity of the composition. Examples of modulating agents are carbohydrates (e.g. celluloses, gums, sugars, sugar alcohols), polymers (e.g., poloxamers, poloxamines, polyvinylpyrrolidone), proteins (e.g. albumin, milk proteins). These agents are listed in the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives published by Gower, under the Section of Thickeners, Viscosity control agents, Consistency regulators, Bodying agents, Antigellants, which is incorporated herein by reference and made part hereof.
Suitable osmotic agents include sugars (e.g. dextrose, sucrose), sugar alcohols (e.g. mannitol, sorbital), salts (e.g. sodium chloride), glycerol and glycerol derivatives and the like.
Examples of suitable co-solvents are ethyl alcohol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (also called N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone). Other examples include lactic acid, acetic acid and other liquid carboxylic acids.
The excipient can be present in an amount from about 0.001% to about 20%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 5%, by weight of the composition.
The excipient(s) can be added to the aqueous medium in the process of preparing of the nanoparticles, or they can be added directly to the pharmaceutical agent before mixing with the aqueous medium. If the pharmaceutical agent is dissolved in an organic phase prior to mixing with an aqueous anti-solvent, the excipient(s) may be added to the organic phase prior to precipitation.
3. Particle Size and Shape of Nanoparticles
In this invention, particle size is measured by dynamic light scattering methods (e.g., photocorrelation spectroscopy, laser diffraction, low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS), medium-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), light obscuration methods (Coulter method, for example), rheology, or microscopy (light or electron) within the ranges set forth above). The invention is applicable to nanoparticle and microparticle suspensions of a wide range of particle sizes. The preferred average effective particle size of the particles is less than about 100 μm, more preferably less than about 7 μm, more preferably less than about 2 μm, and most preferably less than about 400 μm and even more preferably less than about 200 nm or any range or combination of ranges therein.
4. Methods of Preparing Nanoparticle Suspensions
Aqueous nanoparticle suspensions of the pharmaceutical agent can be prepared by any method including mechanical grinding of the active agent, by precipitation techniques or by methods of suspending the pharmaceutical agent. Mechanical grinding include such techniques as jet milling, pearl milling, ball milling, hammer milling, fluid energy milling or wet grinding techniques such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,684, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof.
The precipitation step can be used to make a particle suspension that is further subjected to an energy-addition step. The energy-addition step includes subjecting the particle dispersion to high shear conditions including cavitation, shearing or impact forces utilizing a microfluidizer, piston gap homogenizer or counter-current flow homogenizer such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,188 which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. Suitable piston gap homogenizers are commercially available such as those sold under the product name EMUL-SIFLEX by Avestin, and French Pressure Cells sold by Spectronic Instruments. Suitable microfluidizers are available from Microfluidics Corp. The crystal seeding step described below can be conducted at any point during the process of subjecting the solution to high shear conditions and most preferably is conducted prior to the energy addition step.
The step of adding energy can also be accomplished using sonication techniques. The step of sonicating can be carried out with any suitable sonication device such as the Branson Model S-450A or Cole-Parmer 500/750 Watt Model. Such devices are well-known in the industry. Typically the sonication device has a sonication horn or probe that is inserted into the drug containing solution to emit sonic energy into the solution. The sonicating device, in a preferred form of the invention, is operated at a frequency of from about 1 kHz to about 90 kHz and more preferably from about 20 kHz to about 40 kHz or any range or combination of ranges therein. The probe sizes can vary and preferably is in distinct sizes such as 12 inch or ¼ inch or the like. It may also be desirable to cool the solution during sonication to temperatures below room temperature. The crystal seeding step described below can be conducted at any point during the process of subjecting the solution to high shear conditions and most preferably is conducted before the energy addition step.
The Method of Precipitation
In the method of precipitation, the pharmaceutical agent is dissolved in a solvent to derive a solution. The solution is then mixed with an aqueous medium to derive a pre-suspension of fine particles of the pharmaceutical agent. The aqueous medium may optionally contain one or more excipients selected from the group of surface modifiers, pH adjusting agents, cryoprotective agents, crystal growth modifiers, osmotic agents, co-solvents, and viscosity modifiers. The excipients may also be included in the solvent in which the pharmaceutical agent is dissolved, prior to the precipitation step. Energy can be applied to the pre-suspension as needed to stabilize a coating of the agent, to change the lattice structure, or to further reduce the size of the particles of the precipitate. Sources of energy include but not limited to sonication, homogenization, microfluidization,
countercurrent homogenization, or other methods of providing impact, shear or cavitation forces. The energy sources also include methods for providing continuous thermal input in the form of heating or cooling, or by temperature variation (e.g., cycling).
Some known precipitation processes are emulsion evaporation precipitation, microprecipitation, solvent antisolvent precipitation, supercritical fluid precipitation, temperature shift precipitation, pH shift precipitation, and seeding.
Emulsion Evaporation Precipitation
The method of emulsion evaporation is disclosed in U.S. patent application Serial No. 09/964,273, which is incorporated herein by reference and made part hereof. The process comprises the steps of: (1) providing a multiphase system having an organic phase and an aqueous phase, the organic phase having a pharmaceutically effective compound therein; and (2) sonicating the system to evaporate a portion of the organic phase to cause precipitation of the compound in the aqueous phase and having an average effective particle size of less than about 2 μm. The step of providing a multiphase system includes the steps of: (1) mixing a water immiscible solvent (oil phase) with the pharmaceutically effective compound to define an organic solution, (2) preparing an aqueous based solution with one or more surface active compounds, and (3) mixing the organic solution with the aqueous solution to form the multiphase system. The multiphase system can be agitated or mixed to form a crude emulsion. The crude emulsion will have oil droplets in the water of a size of approximately less than about 1 μm in diameter. The crude emulsion is sonicated to define a microemulsion and eventually to define a submicron particle suspension.
The water immiscible solvent is selected from the group consisting of: linear, branched or cyclic alkanes with carbon number of 5 or higher, linear, branched or cyclic alkenes with carbon number of 5 or higher, linear, branched or cyclic alkynes with carbon number of 5 or higher, aromatic hydrocarbons completely or partially halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, esters, ketones, mono-, di- or triglycerides, native oils, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, amines, linear or cyclic silicones, hexamethyldisiloxane, or any combination of these solvents. A preferred water immiscible solvent is methylene chloride.
The sonicating step can be replaced by any other means of providing energy and examples of other sources of energy are sonication, homogenization, microfluidization, countercurrent homogenization, or other methods of providing impact, shear or cavitation forces.
Microprecipitation
The method of microprecipitation is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/258,160; Ser. Nos. 09/874,799; 09/874,637; 09/874,499; and 09/953,979. Small particles of organic compounds are formed by precipitating an organic compounds in an aqueous medium to form a pre-suspension followed by adding energy to stabilize a coating of the particle or to alter the lattice structure of the particle. The process is preferably used to prepare a suspension of a poorly water-soluble, pharmaceutically active compound suitable for parenteral or oral administration.
The process can be subdivided into two categories, Method A and Method B.
Method A
In Method A, the organic compound ("drug") is first dissolved in the first solvent to define a first solution. The organic compound can be added from about 0.1% (w/v) to about 50% (w/v) depending on the solubility of the organic compound in the first solvent. Heating of the concentrate from about 30° C. to about 100° C. may be necessary to ensure total dissolution of the compound in the first solvent.
A second aqueous solution is provided with one or more optional surface modifiers such as an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant or a biological surface active molecule added thereto.
It may also be desirable to add a pH adjusting agent to the second solution such as buffers, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, tris buffer, citrate, acetate, lactate, meglumine, or the like. Other buffers include amino acids such as glycine, leucine, alanine, lysine, and the like. The second solution should have a pH within the range of from about 2 to about 11.
In a preferred form of the invention, the method for preparing submicron sized particles of an organic compound includes the steps of adding the first solution to the second solution. The addition rate is dependent on the batch size, and precipitation kinetics for the organic compound. Typically, for a small-scale laboratory process (preparation of 1 liter), the addition rate is from about 0.05 cc per minute to about 10 cc per minute. During the addition, the solutions should be under constant agitation. It has been observed using light microscopy that amorphous particles, semicrystalline solids, or a supercooled liquid are formed to define a pre-suspension. The method further includes the step of subjecting the pre-suspension to an annealing step to convert the amorphous particles, supercooled liquid or semicrystalline solid to a crystalline more stable solid state. The resulting particles will have an average effective particle size as measured by dynamic light scattering methods (e.g., photocorrelation spectroscopy, laser diffraction, low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS), medium-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), light obscuration methods (Coulter method, for example), rheology, or microscopy (light or electron) within the ranges set forth above).
The energy-addition step involves adding energy through sonication, homogenization, countercurrent flow homogenization, microfluidization, or other methods of providing impact, shear or cavitation forces. The sample may be cooled or heated during this stage. In one preferred form of the invention the annealing step is effected by a piston gap homogenizer such as the one sold by Avestin Inc. under the product designation EmulsiFlex-C160. In another preferred form of the invention the annealing may be accomplished by ultrasonication using an ultrasonic processor such as the Vibra-Cell Ultrasonic Processor (600W), manufactured by Sonics and Materials, Inc. In yet another preferred form of the invention, the annealing may be accomplished by use of an emulsification apparatus as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,551 which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof.
Depending upon the rate of annealing, it may be desirable to adjust the temperature of the processed sample
to within the range of from approximately −30° C. to 30° C. Alternatively, in order to effect a desired phase change in the processed solid, it may also be necessary to heat the pre-suspension to a temperature within the range of from about 30° C. to about 100° C. during the annealing step.
[0100] In addition to amorphous particles, semi-crystalline solids, or a supercooled liquid, the pre-suspension may also consist of friable crystals that are more easily comminuted than in their solid state prior to precipitation. In this case, the energy-addition step breaks down these particles to a desired size.
[0101] Method B
[0102] Method B differs from Method A in the following respects. The first difference is a surfactant or combination of surfactants is added to the first solution. The surfactants may be selected from the groups of nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants.
[0103] In addition to amorphous particles, semi-crystalline solids, or a supercooled liquid, the pre-suspension may also consist of friable crystals that are more easily comminuted than in their solid state prior to precipitation. In this case, the energy-addition step breaks down these particles to a desired size.
[0104] One suitable emulsion precipitation technique is disclosed in the co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 09/964,273, which is incorporated herein by reference and is made a part hereof. In this approach, the process includes the steps of: (1) providing a multiphase system having an organic phase and an aqueous phase, the organic phase having a pharmaceutically effective compound therein; and (2) sonicating the system to evaporate a portion of the organic phase to cause precipitation of the compound in the aqueous phase and having an average effective particle size of less than about 2 μm. The step of providing a multiphase system includes the steps of: (1) mixing a water immiscible solvent with the pharmaceutically effective compound to define an organic solution, (2) preparing an aqueous based solution with one or more surface active compounds, and (3) mixing the organic solution with the aqueous solution to form the multiphase system. The step of mixing the organic phase and the aqueous phase can include the use of piston gap homogenizers, colloidal mills, high speed stirring equipment, extrusion equipment, manual agitation or shaking equipment, microfluidizer, or other equipment or techniques for providing high shear conditions. The crude emulsion will have oil droplets in the water of a size of approximately less than 1 μm in diameter. The crude emulsion is sonicated to define a microemulsion and eventually to define a submicron sized particle suspension.
[0105] An optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. The polymorph control step can be taken prior to, or after sonicating the system. In a most preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted during the sonicating step.
[0106] Another approach to preparing submicron sized particles is disclosed in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. Ser. No. 10/183,035, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. The process includes the steps of: (1) providing a crude dispersion of a multiphase system having an organic phase and an aqueous phase, the organic phase having a pharmaceutical compound therein; (2) providing energy to the crude dispersion to form a fine dispersion; (3) freezing the fine dispersion; and (4) lyophilizing the fine dispersion to obtain submicron sized particles of the pharmaceutical compound. The step of providing a multiphase system includes the steps of: (1) mixing a water immiscible solvent with the pharmaceutically effective compound to define an organic solution; (2) preparing an aqueous based solution with one or more surface active compounds; and (3) mixing the organic solution with the aqueous solution to form the multiphase system. The step of mixing the organic phase and the aqueous phase includes the use of piston gap homogenizers, colloidal mills, high speed stirring equipment, extrusion equipment, manual agitation or shaking equipment, microfluidizer, or other equipment or techniques for providing high shear conditions.
[0107] The polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. In a most preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted at the mixing step (3) of the step of providing a multiphase system.
[0108] Solvent Anti-Solvent Precipitation
[0109] A suitable solvent anti-solvent precipitation technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,118,528 and 5,100,591 which are incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. The process includes the steps of: (1) preparing a liquid phase of a biologically active substance in a solvent or a mixture of solvents to which may be added one or more surfactants; (2) preparing a second liquid phase of a non-solvent or a mixture of non-solvents, the non-solvent is miscible with the solvent or mixture of solvents for the substance; (3) adding together the solutions of (1) and (2) with stirring; and (4) removing of unwanted solvents to produce a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles. The '528 patent discloses that it produces particles of the substance smaller than 500 nm without the supply of energy.
[0110] As above, an optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. In a most preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted at step (3) prior to adding together the solutions (1) and (2).
[0111] Phase Inversion Precipitation
[0112] One suitable phase inversion precipitation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,235,224, 6,143,211 and U.S. Patent Application No. 2001/0042932 which are incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. Phase inversion is a term used to describe the physical phenomena by which a polymer dissolved in a continuous phase solvent system inverts into a solid macromolecular network in which the polymer is the continuous phase. One method to induce phase inversion is by the addition of a non-solvent to the continuous phase. The polymer undergoes a transition from a single phase to an unstable two phase mixture: polymer rich and polymer poor fractions. Micellar droplets of non-solvent in the polymer rich phase serve as nucleation sites and become coated with polymer. The '224 patent discloses that phase inversion of polymer solutions under certain conditions can bring about spontaneous formation of discrete microparticles, including nanoparticles. The '224 patent discloses dissolving or dispersing a polymer in a
solvent. A pharmaceutical agent is also dissolved or dispersed in the solvent. For an optional polymorph control step to be effective in this process it is desirable the agent is dissolved in the solvent. The polymer, the agent and the solvent together form a mixture having a continuous phase, wherein the solvent is the continuous phase. The mixture is then introduced into at least tenfold excess of a miscible non-solvent to cause the spontaneous formation of the microencapsulated microparticles of the agent having an average particle size of between 10 nm and 10 μm. The particle size is influenced by the solvent:non-solvent volume ratio, polymer concentration, the viscosity of the polymer-solvent solution, the molecular weight of the polymer, and the characteristics of the solvent-non-solvent pair. The process eliminates the step of creating microdroplets, such as by forming an emulsion, of the solvent. The process also avoids the agitation and/or shear forces.
[0113] The optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. In a most preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted prior to or during the adding of the non-solvent to the continuous phase.
[0114] pH Shift Precipitation
[0115] pH shift precipitation techniques typically include a step of dissolving a drug in a solution having a pH where the drug is soluble, followed by the step of changing the pH to a point where the drug is no longer soluble. The pH can be acidic or basic, depending on the particular pharmaceutical compound. The solution is then neutralized to form a pre-suspension of submicron sized particles of the pharmaceutically active compound. One suitable pH shifting precipitation process is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,331, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. The process includes the step of dissolving of the pharmaceutical agent together with a crystal growth modifier (CGM) in an alkaline solution and then neutralizing the solution with an acid in the presence of suitable surface-modifying surface-active agent or agents to form a fine particle dispersion of the pharmaceutical agent. The precipitation step can be followed by steps of diafiltration clean-up of the dispersion and then adjusting the concentration of the dispersion to a desired level. This process of reportedly leads to microcrystalline particles of Z-average diameters smaller than 400 nm as measured by photon correlation spectroscopy.
[0116] The optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. In a preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted prior to or during the neutralizing step.
[0117] Other examples of pH shifting precipitation methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,716,642; 5,662,883; 5,560,932; and 4,608,278, which are incorporated herein by reference and are made a part hereof.
[0118] Infusion Precipitation Method
[0119] Suitable infusion precipitation techniques are disclosed in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,997,454 and 4,826,689, which are incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. First, a suitable solid compound is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent to form a solvent mixture. Then, a precipitating non-solvent miscible with the organic solvent is infused into the solvent mixture at a temperature between about −10° C. and about 100° C. and at an infusion rate of from about 0.01 ml per minute to about 1000 ml per minute per volume of 50 ml to produce a suspension of precipitated non-aggregated solid particles of the compound with a substantially uniform mean diameter of less than 10 μm. Agitation (e.g., by stirring) of the solution being infused with the precipitating non-solvent is preferred. The non-solvent may contain a surfactant to stabilize the particles against aggregation. The particles are then separated from the solvent. Depending on the solid compound and the desired particle size, the parameters of temperature, ratio of non-solvent to solvent, infusion rate, stir rate, and volume can be varied according to the invention. The particle size is proportional to the ratio of non-solvent:solvent volumes and the temperature of infusion and is inversely proportional to the infusion rate and the stirring rate. The precipitating non-solvent may be aqueous or non-aqueous, depending upon the relative solubility of the compound and the desired suspending vehicle.
[0120] The optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. In a preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted prior to or during the infusion of the non-solvent.
[0121] Temperature Shift Precipitation
[0122] Temperature shift precipitation technique, also known as the hot-melt technique, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,837 to Domb, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. In an embodiment of the invention, lipospheres are prepared by the steps of: (1) melting or dissolving a substance such as a drug to be delivered in a molten vehicle to form a liquid of the substance to be delivered; (2) adding a phospholipid along with an aqueous medium to the melted substance or vehicle at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the substance or vehicle; (3) mixing the suspension at a temperature above the melting temperature of the vehicle until a homogenous fine preparation is obtained; and then (4) rapidly cooling the preparation to room temperature or below.
[0123] The optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps provided that the processing temperatures do not exceed the melting point of the drug. In a most preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted before the step of cooling the warm drug dispersion.
[0124] Solvent Evaporation Precipitation
[0125] Solvent evaporation precipitation techniques are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,465 which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. The '465 patent discloses methods for preparing microcrystals including the steps of: (1) providing a solution of a pharmaceutical composition and a phospholipid dissolved in a common organic solvent or combination of solvents, (2) evaporating the solvent or solvents and (3) suspending the film obtained by evaporation of the solvent or solvents in an aqueous solution by vigorous stirring. The solvent can be removed by adding energy to the solution to evaporate a sufficient quantity of the solvent to cause precipitation of the compound. The solvent can also be removed by other well known techniques such as applying a vacuum to the solution.
or blowing nitrogen over the solution. The optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. In a most preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted prior to the evaporation step.
[0126] Reaction Precipitation
[0127] Reaction precipitation includes the steps of dissolving the pharmaceutical compound into a suitable solvent to form a solution. The compound should be added in an amount at or below the saturation point of the compound in the solvent. The compound is modified by reacting with a chemical agent or by modification in response to adding energy such as heat or UV light or the like to such that the modified compound has a lower solubility in the solvent and precipitates from the solution. The optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. In a most preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted prior to or during the precipitation step.
[0128] Compressed Fluid Precipitation
[0129] A suitable technique for precipitating by compressed fluid is disclosed in WO 97/14407 to Johnston, which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. The method includes the steps of dissolving a water-insoluble drug in a solvent to form a solution. The solution is then sprayed into a compressed fluid, which can be a gas, liquid or supercritical fluid. The addition of the compressed fluid to a solution of a solute in a solvent causes the solute to attain or approach supersaturated state and to precipitate out as fine particles. In this case, the compressed fluid acts as an anti-solvent which lowers the cohesive energy density of the solvent in which the drug is dissolved.
[0130] Alternatively, the drug can be dissolved in the compressed fluid which is then sprayed into an aqueous phase. The rapid expansion of the compressed fluid reduces the solvent power of the fluid, which in turn causes the solute to precipitate out as fine particles in the aqueous phase. In this case, the compressed fluid acts as a solvent.
[0131] In order to stabilize the particles against aggregation, a surface modifier, such as a surfactant, is included in this technique. Particles prepared by this technique are generally 500 nm or smaller.
[0132] The optional polymorph control step discussed in detail below can be conducted during any of these steps. In a most preferred form of the invention, the polymorph control step is conducted prior to or during the particle formation step.
[0133] The Method of Suspension
[0134] The other method of preparing aqueous nanoparticle suspensions is the method of suspension. In this method, particles of the pharmaceutical agent are dispersed in an aqueous medium by adding the particles directly into the aqueous medium to derive a pre-suspension. The particles are normally coated with a surface modifier to inhibit the aggregation of the particles. One or more other excipients can be added either to the pharmaceutical agent or to the aqueous medium.
[0135] Energy may be added to the pharmaceutical agent or the pre-suspension to reduce the sizes of the particles of the pharmaceutical agents to the desired particle size. Examples of sources of energy include but not limited to sonication, homogenization, microfluidization, counter current homogenization, or other methods of providing impact, shear or cavitation forces.
[0136] Polymorph Control
[0137] The methods of preparing a suspension can further include the step of crystal seeding to control the crystal structure of the drug. What is meant by the term “crystal structure” is the arrangement and/or conformation of the molecules within the crystal lattice. Compounds that can be crystallized into different crystal structures are said to be polymorphic. Identification of polymorphs is an important step in drug formulation since different polymorphs of the same drug can show differences in solubility, therapeutic activity, bioavailability, and suspension stability. Similarly, different polymorphs of the same excipient can show differences in solubility, compatibility with the drug to be delivered, chemical stability and suspension stability. Accordingly, it is important to control the polymorphic form of the compound for ensuring product purity and batch-to-batch reproducibility.
[0138] The polymorphic form of the compound in the process discussed above can be controlled by the additional step of seeding. Seeding includes using a seed compound or adding energy to form a seed compound. In a preferred form of the invention, the seed compound is the pharmaceutically-active compound in the desired polymorphic form. Alternatively, the seed compound can also be an inert impurity or an organic compound with a structure similar to that of the desired polymorph.
[0139] The seed compound can be precipitated from a drug containing solution of any of the above-described processes. This method includes the steps of adding the pharmaceutically-active compound in sufficient quantity to exceed the solubility of the pharmaceutically-active compound in the first solution to create a supersaturated solution. The supersaturated solution is treated to precipitate the pharmaceutically-active compound in the desired polymorphic form. Treating the supersaturated solution includes aging the solution for a time period until the formation of a crystal or crystals is observed to create a seeding mixture. Treating the solution also includes subjecting the solution to temperature shifting or pH shifting. It is also possible to add energy to the supersaturated solution to cause the pharmaceutically-active compound to precipitate out of the solution in the desired polymorph. The energy can be added in a variety of ways including the energy addition steps described above. Further energy can be added by heating or exposing the pre-suspension to electromagnetic energy, particle beam or electron beam sources. The electromagnetic energy includes using a laser beam, dynamic electromagnetic energy, or other radiation sources. It is further contemplated utilizing ultrasound, static electric field and a static magnetic field as the energy addition source.
[0140] In a preferred form of the invention, the method for producing seed crystals from an aged supersaturated solution includes the steps of: (i) adding a quantity of the pharmaceutically-active compound to a drug solution to create a supersaturated solution, (ii) aging the supersaturated solution to form detectable crystals to create a seeding mixture; and (iii) precipitating the seeding mixture to create
a pre-suspension. The pre-suspension can then be further processed as described herein to provide an aqueous suspension of the pharmaceutically-active compound in the desired polymorph and in the desired size range.
[0141] Seeding can also be accomplished by adding energy to the first solution or the pre-suspension to form seed compound provided that the exposed liquid or liquids contain the pharmaceutical compound or a seed material. The energy can be added in the same fashion as described above for the supersaturated solution.
[0142] Accordingly, the present invention provides a composition of matter of a pharmaceutical compound in a desired polymorphic form essentially free of the unspecified polymorph or polymorphs. It is contemplated the methods of this invention can apply used to selectively produce a desired polymorph for numerous pharmaceutical compounds.
[0143] 6. Sterilization of the Composition
[0144] The composition can be heat sterilized or filtered then aseptic processed before freezing, depending on the thermal stability of the particular components of the composition and on the particle size of the composition. The preferred method for the production of a sterile product is to filter selected components followed by an aseptic process of manufacture prior to freezing. An alternate method of sterilization for the invention is by gamma irradiation before or after the freezing step.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Preparation of Itraconazole Suspension by use of Microprecipitation Method A with Homogenization Followed by Freezing the Suspension
[0145] Surfactant Solution: To a 4L flask add 3500 mL of distilled water, 22 g of glycerin, 22 g of poloxamer 407, and 22 g of poloxamer 188. The surfactant solution was heated and stirred to dissolve the solids. The surfactant solution was cooled and diluted to 4 liters with distilled water.
[0146] Itraconazole Concentrate: In a 100 mL beaker, 15 g itraconazole and 67.5 g of lactic acid were combined. The mixture was heated to dissolve the solids. The itraconazole concentrate was cooled to room temperature.
[0147] Pre-suspension: The itraconazole concentrate was transferred to a 60 mL syringe. 1.5 liters of surfactant solution was transferred to a jacketed homogenizer hopper. An overhead stirrer was positioned into the diluent solution until the mixing blades were fully immersed. Using a syringe pump, the itraconazole concentrate was added slowly to the diluent solution with mixing.
[0148] Homogenized suspension: The pre-suspension was immediately homogenized (10,000 psi) for approximately 20 minutes.
[0149] Final suspension: The excess lactic acid was removed by centrifuging the homogenized suspension for 20 minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the solids were re-suspended in a surfactant solution consisting of fresh surfactant solution. The suspension was mixed then centrifuged for 20 minutes. The supernatant was discarded and the solids were re-suspended in a surfactant solution consisting of fresh surfactant solution. The re-suspended sample was homogenized for approximately 20 minutes at 10,000 psi. The final pH of the suspension was approximately 4. The suspension was collected into 50 mL bottles and sealed with Teflon® faced stoppers.
[0150] Frozen suspension: 3-50 mL samples of the final suspension was put into a −20° C. freezer and 3-50 mL samples of the final suspension were stored at 2-8° C. After approximately 1 month the samples were removed from −20° C. storage and allowed to thaw under ambient conditions. The samples were transferred to 2-8° C. No phase separation, visible aggregation or caking was observed. The sample, which was subjected to freezing and the controls, which was stored at 2-8° C. and were tested for particle size distribution by laser light scattering. There were no discernable differences in the particle size distribution between the frozen samples and the controls (see below).
| Sample ID | Mean Particle Size | 99% Particle Size |
|----------------------------|--------------------|-------------------|
| Control-1 | 0.243 | 0.510 |
| Control-1 min sonication | 0.238 | 0.510 |
| Control-2 | 0.240 | 0.510 |
| Control-2 1 min sonication | 0.247 | 0.510 |
| Control-3 | 0.250 | 0.510 |
| Control-3 1 min sonication | 0.266 | 0.510 |
| Freeze-1 | 0.246 | 0.510 |
| Freeze-1 1 min sonication | 0.261 | 0.510 |
| Freeze-2 | 0.232 | 0.510 |
| Freeze-2 1 min sonication | 0.245 | 0.510 |
| Freeze-3 | 0.236 | 0.510 |
| Freeze-3 1 min sonication | 0.241 | 0.510 |
[0151] It is reasonable to project that the frozen suspension to be stable for one year or longer under these storage conditions.
Example 2
Amorphous Itraconazole Nanosuspensions are Stabilized by Storage at −70° C.
[0152] Itraconazole (4.0 grams) was dissolved in 20 mL of methylene chloride and combined with 400 mL of 5% albumin solution (diluted from 25%). The combined solutions were manually shaken to effect dispersion of the two liquids. The crude emulsion was than sonicated (T=5° C.), for 6 minutes (sonicating every other 30 seconds using a 1" probe at 40% amplitude). The sonicated solution was rotovapped under house vacuum (~100 torr) for about ½ hour, and then under pump vacuum (<20 torr) for about 2 hours. The rotovapped product was analyzed by light scattering detection (Horiba) which revealed particles having a mean diameter of 406 nm. This product was then sent to Galbraith Laboratories, Inc. for GC headspace analysis, which revealed the methylene chloride concentration to be 12.3 ppm. Inspection by visible light microscopy showed the particles to be spherical in shape with no evidence of crystallinity. Additionally, x-ray powder diffraction analysis on particles produced by this method confirmed them to be completely amorphous.
[0153] Approximately 35 mL of the product was stored at −70 degrees Celsius for 32 days. Re-analysis of the suspension by HORIBA light scattering detection and microscopic examination revealed essentially no change in particle size (mean value of 427 nm). It is reasonable to project that the frozen suspension to be stable for one year or longer under these storage conditions.
Example 3
1% Budesonide in a PEG-Phospholipid Surfactant System
[0154] Ingredients:
[0155] 1% budesonide
[0156] 1.2% mPEG-PSPE, MW 2000
[0157] 2.25% glycerin
[0158] 0.14% sodium phosphate dibasic
[0159] A weighed quantity of mPEG-PSPE (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine) and a volume of a previously prepared aqueous solution containing 2.25% glycerin and 0.14% sodium phosphate dibasic at pH 8.6 were combined and mixed using a high-shear mixer. Drug material was added and the blend was mixed under high shear to form a pre-suspension. The pre-suspension was homogenized for 30 discrete passes at a pressure of 25,000 psi.
[0160] A portion of the sample was frozen at −20° C. for 24 hours, and then allowed to thaw completely at room temperature.
Particle Size Results (Measured by Laser Diffractometry)
[0161]
| Diameter (Volume-Weighted) | Initial (microns) | After Freeze-Thaw (microns) |
|---------------------------|-------------------|----------------------------|
| Mean | 0.8472 | 0.8371 |
| 99th percentile | 1.688 | 1.685 |
Example 4
1% Nabumetone with Albumin Surfactant
Ingredients:
[0162] 5% human albumin
[0163] 1% nabumetone
[0164] A volume of albumin solution and a weighed quantity of the drug material were combined and mixed under high shear to form a pre-suspension. The pre-suspension was homogenized for 30 discrete passes at a pressure of 25,000 psi.
[0165] A portion of the sample was homogenized at −20° C. for 24 hours, and then allowed to thaw completely at room temperature.
Particle Size Results (Measured by Laser Diffractometry)
[0166]
| Diameter (Volume-Weighted) | Initial (microns) | After Freeze-Thaw (microns) |
|---------------------------|-------------------|----------------------------|
| Mean | 0.7721 | 0.7940 |
| 99th percentile | 1.889 | 1.936 |
Example 5
1% Nabumetone with Polyalkoxyether Surfactant and Bile Salt Ingredients
[0167] 2.2% Poloxamer 188
[0168] 0.1% sodium deoxycholate
[0169] 2.2% glycerin
[0170] 1% nabumetone
[0171] A weighed quantity of the drug material and a volume of a solution containing 2.2% Poloxamer 188, 0.1% sodium deoxycholate, and 2.2% glycerin adjusted to pH 8.7 were combined and mixed under high shear to form a pre-suspension. The pre-suspension was homogenized for 20 discrete passes at a pressure of 25,000 psi.
[0172] A portion of the sample was frozen at −20° C. for 24 hours, and then allowed to thaw completely at room temperature.
Particle Size Results (Measured by Laser Diffractometry)
[0173]
| Diameter (Volume-Weighted) | Initial (microns) | After Freeze-Thaw (microns) |
|---------------------------|-------------------|----------------------------|
| Mean | 1.0498 | 1.085 |
| 99th percentile | 2.423 | 2.484 |
Example 6
1% Budesonide with PEG-Fatty Acid Ester Ingredients
[0174] 0.125% Solutol
[0175] 2.25% glycerin
[0176] 1% budesonide
[0177] A weighed quantity of the drug material and a volume of a solution containing 0.125% solutol, and 2.25% glycerin adjusted to pH 8.7 were combined and subjected to high shear mixing to form a pre-suspension. The pre-suspension was homogenized for 30 discrete passes at a pressure of 25,000 psi.
[0178] A portion of the sample was frozen at −20° C. for 24 hours, and then allowed to thaw completely at room temperature.
Particle Size Results (Measured by Laser Diffractometry)
[0179]
| Diameter (Volume-Weighted) | Initial (microns) | After Freeze-Thaw (microns) |
|---------------------------|-------------------|-----------------------------|
| Mean | 0.7587 | 0.7641 |
| 99th percentile | 1.460 | 1.480 |
Example 7
[0180] 1% Vitamin E TPGS (d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate)
[0181] 1% Nabumetone
[0182] 2.25% Glycerin
[0183] 0.14% sodium phosphate dibasic
[0184] Combined a weighed quantity of Vitamin E TPGS and a volume of a premade aqueous solution containing 2.25% glycerin and 0.14% sodium phosphate dibasic at pH 8.6. Stirred the mixture by vortex until the Vitamin E TPGS dissolved. Added the drug material and Ultraturraxed the mixture to form a pre-suspension. Homogenized the pre-suspension with an Avestin B3 homogenizer for 30 discrete passes at a pressure of 25 kpsi.
[0185] Froze a portion of the sample at -20° C. for 24 hours, then allowed it to thaw completely at room temperature.
Particle Size Results
[0186]
| | Initial | Freeze-Thaw |
|------------------------|---------|-------------|
| Unsonicated 99th% ile | 2.372 m | 2.593 m |
| Sonicated 99th% ile | 2.266 m | 2.398 m |
| Sonicated mean | 1.0332 m| 1.0333 m |
[0187] While specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications come to mind without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the protection is only limited by the scope of the accompanying claims.
We claim:
1. A composition of a suspension of a poorly water soluble compound comprising particles of the compound suspended in a frozen aqueous matrix.
2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound having a solubility in water of less than 10.0 mg/ml.
3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of a crystalline phase pharmaceutical agent, an amorphous phase pharmaceutical agent, a crystalline phase cosmetic, and an amorphous phase cosmetic.
4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical agent is selected from the group consisting of: therapeutic agents and diagnostic agents.
5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, antihelmintics, anti-arrhythmic agents, antibiotics, anticoagulants, antidepressants, antidiabetic agents, antiepileptics, antifungals, antihistamines, antihypertensive agents, antimuscarinic agents, antimycobacterial agents, antineoplastic agents, antiprotozoal agents, immunosuppressants, immunostimulants, anti-thyroid agents, antiviral agents, anxiolytic sedatives, astringents, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, contrast media, corticosteroids, cough suppressants, diagnostic agents, diagnostic imaging agents, diuretics, dopaminergics, haemostatics, immuroligical agents, lipid regulating agents, muscle relaxants, parasympathomimetics, parathyroid calcitonin, prostaglandins, radio-pharmaceuticals, sex hormones, anti-allergic agents, stimulants, sympathomimetics, thyroid agents, vasodilators, vaccines and xanthines.
6. The composition according to claim 4, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, nabumetone and budesonide.
7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical agent is present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 50% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the particle size of the pharmaceutical agent is about 50 nm to 50 microns.
9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the mean diameter of the particles of the pharmaceutical agent is about 50 nm to 2 microns.
10. The composition according to claim 1, wherein about over 99% of the particles having particle size of less than about 5 microns.
11. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising one or more excipients selected from the group consisting of: surface modifiers, pH adjusting agents, crystal growth modifiers, cryopreservation agents, osmotic agents, co-solvents, and viscosity modulating agents.
12. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the surface modifier is selected from the group consisting of: anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and surface active biological modifiers.
13. The composition according to claim 12, wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene-derivatized lipids such as mPEG-PSPC (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phophatidylcholine), mPEG-PSPE (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phophatidylethanolamine), sorbitan esters, glycerol monostearate, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, aryl alkyl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, polaxamines, methylcellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxy propylcellulose, hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, noncrystalline cellulose, polysaccharides, starch, starch derivatives, hydroxyethylstarch, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
14. The composition according to claim 12, wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: potassium laurate, triethanolamine stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylsulfate, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfates, sodium alginate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, glyceryl esters, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, bile acids and their salts, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, and calcium carboxymethylcellulose.
15. The composition according to claim 12, wherein the cationic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium compounds, benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, chitosans and lauryldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
16. The composition according to claim 12, wherein the surface active biological modifiers are selected from the group consisting of: albumin, casein, heparin, hirudin, or other proteins.
17. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the pH adjusting agent is selected from the group consisting of: buffers, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, tris, citrate, acetate, lactate, meglumine, amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, proline, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, and taurine.
18. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the cryopreservation agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, glycerol, polyalkoxethers, PEG-fatty acids and lipids, biologically-based surfactants, and other surface active agents.
19. The composition according to claim 18, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of saccharides, disaccharides, and sugar alcohols.
20. The composition according to claim 19, wherein the disaccharide is sucrose.
21. The composition according to claim 19, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.
22. The composition according to claim 18, wherein the surface active agent is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate (Tweens), glycerol, polyalkoxethers, PEG-fatty acids, PEG-lipids, albumin, starch, and dimethylsulfoxide.
23. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the viscosity modulating agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polymers, and proteins.
24. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the excipient is present in an amount of from about 0.001% to about 20% based on the total weight of the composition.
25. The composition according to claim 11, wherein the excipient is present in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 5% based on the total weight of the composition.
26. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the suspension is stable for at least 6 months.
27. A method for stabilizing a suspension of a poorly water soluble compound in an aqueous matrix comprising the steps of:
- providing the suspension in an aqueous matrix; and
- freezing the aqueous suspension.
28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the compound having a solubility in water of less than 10.0 mg/ml.
29. The method according to claim 27, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of a crystalline phase pharmaceutical agent, an amorphous phase pharmaceutical agent, a crystalline phase cosmetic, and an amorphous phase cosmetic.
30. The method according to claim 27, wherein the pharmaceutical agent is selected from the group consisting of: therapeutic agents and diagnostic agents.
31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of antifungals, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, anthelmintics, anti-arrhythmic agents, antibiotics, anticoagulants, antidepressants, antidiabetic agents, antiepileptics, antihistamines, antihypertensive agents, antimuscarinic agents, antiprotozoal agents, antimycobacterial agents, antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressants, immunostimulants, anti-thyroid agents, antiviral agents, anxiolytic sedatives, astringents, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, contrast media, corticosteroids, cough suppressants, diagnostic agents, diagnostic imaging agents, diuretics, dopaminergics, haemostatics, immunological agents, lipid regulating agents, muscle relaxants, parasympathomimetics, parathyroid calcitonin, prostaglandins, radio-pharmaceuticals, sex hormones, anti-allergic agents, stimulants, sympathomimetics, thyroid agents, vasodilators vaccines, and xanthines.
32. The method according to claim 30, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of itraconazole, budesonide, and nabumetone.
33. The method according to claim 27, wherein the pharmaceutical agent is present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 50% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
34. The method according to claim 27, wherein the particle size of the pharmaceutical agent is about 50 nm to 50 microns.
35. The method according to claim 27, wherein the mean diameter of the particles of the pharmaceutical agent is about 50 nm to 2 microns.
36. The method according to claim 27, wherein about over 99% of the particles having particle size of less than about 5 microns.
37. The method according to claim 27, further comprising the step of sterilizing by filter sterilization before freezing.
38. The method according to claim 27, further comprising the step of sterilizing by heat sterilization before freezing.
39. The method according to claim 27, further comprising the step of sterilization by gamma-irradiation.
40. The method according to claim 27, wherein the step of providing the suspension is a method selected from the group consisting of:
- precipitating the pharmaceutical agent in an aqueous medium to derive a pre-suspension; and
- suspending the pharmaceutical agent in an aqueous medium to derive a pre-suspension.
41. The method according to claim 40, wherein the step of precipitating is selected from the group consisting of: microprecipitation, emulsion evaporation, solvent anti-solvent precipitation, supercritical fluid precipitation, temperature shift precipitation, pH shift precipitation, and seeding.
42. The method according to claim 40, wherein the step of suspending comprises the steps of adding the pharmaceutical agent to the aqueous medium.
43. The method according to claim 42, further comprising the step of adding energy to the pharmaceutical agent or to the pre-suspension.
44. The method according to claim 43, wherein the step of adding energy to the pharmaceutical agent comprises performing a method selected from the group consisting of
sonication, homogenization, microfluidization, countercurrent homogenization, and methods of providing impact, shear or cavitation forces, or thermal energy input, either in a continuous fashion, or by temperature variation.
45. The method according to claim 43, wherein the pharmaceutical agent has particles of a first average particle size prior to the energy-addition step and a second average particle size after the energy-addition step wherein the second average particle size is less than the first average particle size.
46. The method according to claim 40, wherein the pre-suspension further comprising one or more excipients selected from the group consisting of: surface modifiers, pH adjusting agents, crystal growth modifiers, cryopreservation agents, osmotic agents, co-solvents and viscosity modulating agents.
47. The method according to claim 46, wherein the surface modifier is selected from the group consisting of: anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and surface active biological modifiers.
48. The method according to claim 45, wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene-derivatized lipids such as mPEG-PSPC (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phophatidylcholine), mPEG-PSPE (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phophatidylethanolamine), sorbitan esters, glycerol monostearate, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, aryl alkyl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, polaxamines, methylcellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxy propylcellulose, hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, noncrystalline cellulose, polysaccharides, starch, starch derivatives, hydroxyethylstarch, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
49. The method according to claim 47, wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of potassium laurate, triethanolamine stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylsulfate, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfates, sodium alginate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, glyceryl esters, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, bile acids and their salts, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, and calcium carboxymethylcellulose.
50. The method according to claim 47, wherein the cationic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium compounds, benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, chitosans and lauryldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
51. The method of claim 47, wherein the surface active biological modifiers are selected from the group consisting of: albumin, casein, heparin, hirudin, or other proteins.
52. The method according to claim 46, wherein the pH adjusting agent is selected from the group consisting of: sodium hydroxide, buffers, hydrochloric acid, tris, citrate, acetate, lactate, meglumineand amino acids selected from the group glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, proline, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, and taurine.
53. The method according to claim 46, wherein the cryopreservation agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, glycerol, polyalkoxyethers, PEG-fatty acids and lipids, biologically-based surfactants, and other surface active agents.
54. The method according to claim 53, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of saccharides, disaccharides, and sugar alcohols.
55. The method according to claim 54, wherein the disaccharide is sucrose.
56. The method according to claim 54, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.
57. The method according to claim 53, wherein the surface active agent is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates (Tweens), glycerol, polyalkoxyethers, PEG-fatty acids, PEG-lipids, albumin, starch, and dimethylsulfoxide.
58. The method according to claim 46, wherein the viscosity-modulating agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polymers, and proteins.
59. The method according to claim 46, wherein the excipient is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 20% based on the total weight of the pre-suspension.
60. The method according to claim 46, wherein the excipient is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% based on the total weight of the pre-suspension.
61. The method according to claim 43, wherein the step of adding energy to the pre-suspension comprises the step of performing a method selected from the group consisting of sonication, homogenization, microfluidization, countercurrent homogenization, and methods of providing impact, shear or cavitation forces, or thermal energy input, either in a continuous fashion, or by temperature variation.
62. The method according to claim 41, wherein the emulsion evaporation method comprises the steps of:
dissolving the pharmaceutical agent in a volatile water immiscible solvent to form a solution;
combining the solution with an aqueous medium to form an emulsion;
mixing the emulsion to form a microemulsion; and
removing the volatile water immiscible solvent in the microemulsion to form an aqueous suspension.
63. The method according to claim 62, wherein the aqueous suspension further comprising one or more excipients selected from the group consisting of surface modifiers, pH adjusting agents, crystal growth modifiers, cryopreservation agents, osmotic agents, co-solvents, and viscosity modulating agent.
64. The method according to claim 63, wherein the surface modifier is selected from the group consisting of: anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and surface active biological modifiers.
65. The method according to claim 64, wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene-derivatized lipids such as mPEG-PSPC (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phophatidylcholine), mPEG-PSPE (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phophatidylethanolamine), sorbitan esters, glycerol monostearate, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, aryl alkyl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, polaxamines, methylcellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxy propylcellulose,
hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, noncrystalline cellulose, polysaccharides, starch, starch derivatives, hydroxyethylstarch, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
66. The method according to claim 64, wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: potassium laurate, triethanolamine stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylsulfate, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfates, sodium alginate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, glyceryl esters, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, bile acids and their salts, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, and calcium carboxymethylcellulose.
67. The method according to claim 64, wherein the cationic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium compounds, benzalkonium chloride, cetvtrimethylammonium bromide, chitosans and lauryldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
68. The method according to claim 64, wherein the surface active biological modifiers are selected from the group consisting of: albumin, casein, heparin, hirudin, or other proteins
69. The method according to claim 63, wherein the pH adjusting agent is selected from the group consisting of: buffers, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, tris, citrate, acetate, lactate, meglumine and amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, proline, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, and taurine.
70. The method according to claim 63, wherein the cryopreservation agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, glycerol, polyalkoxyethers, PEG-fatty acids and lipids, biologically-based surfactants, and other surface active agents.
71. The method according to claim 70, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of saccharides, disaccharides, and sugar alcohols.
72. The method according to claim 71, wherein the disaccharide is sucrose.
73. The method according to claim 71, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.
74. The method according to claim 70, wherein the surface active agent is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates (Tweens), polyalkoxyethers, PEG-fatty acids, PEG-lipids, albumin, starch, glycerol, and dimethylsulfoxide.
75. The method according to claim 63, wherein the modulating agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polymers, and proteins.
76. The method according to claim 63, wherein the excipient is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 20% based on the total weight of the suspension.
77. The method according to claim 63, wherein the excipient is present in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% based on the total weight of the suspension.
78. The method according to claim 62, wherein the volatile water immiscible solvent is selected from the group consisting of: linear, branched or cyclic alkanes with carbon number of 5 or higher, linear, branched or cyclic alkenes with carbon number of 5 or higher, linear, branched or cyclic alkynes with carbon number of 5 or higher; aromatic hydrocarbons completely or partially halogenated hydrocarbons, ethers, esters, ketones, mono-, di- or tri-glycerides, native oils, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, amines, linear or cyclic silicones, hexamethyldisiloxane, or any combination of these solvents
79. The method according to claim 62, wherein the volatile water immiscible solvent is methylene chloride.
80. The method according to claim 62, further comprises of the step of cooling the emulsion to about 4° C.
81. The method according to claim 62, wherein the step of mixing comprises the step of adding energy by a method selected form the group consisting of sonication, homogenization, microfluidization, counter current homogenization, and methods of providing impact, shear or cavitation forces, thermal input, either continuously or by temperature variation.
82. The method according to claim 62, wherein the step of removing the volatile water immiscible solvent is by sonicating.
83. The method according to claim 62, wherein the step of removing the volatile water immiscible solvent is by placing the microemulsion under a high vacuum.
84. The method according to claim 62, wherein the particles of the pharmaceutical agent are generally spherical in shape.
85. The method according to claim 39, wherein the solvent anti-solvent method comprises the steps of:
dissolving the pharmaceutical agent in a water miscible solvent to form a non-aqueous solution; and
combining the non-aqueous solution with an aqueous medium to precipitate the pharmaceutical agent to derive a pre-suspension.
86. The method according to claim 85, further comprising the step of agitating the pre-suspension to form a suspension.
87. The method according to claim 86, wherein the step of agitating comprises the step of adding energy to the pre-suspension.
88. The method according to claim 87, wherein the energy-addition step comprises the step of importing energy to the pre-suspension using a method selected from the group consisting of sonication, homogenization, microfluidization, counter current homogenization, and methods of providing impact, shear or cavitation forces, or input of thermal energy, either continuously or by temperature variation.
89. The method according to claim 85, wherein the aqueous suspension further comprising one or more excipients selected from the group consisting of surface modifiers, pH adjusting agents, crystal growth modifiers, cryopreservation agents, osmotic agents, co-solvents, and viscosity modulating agent.
90. The method according to claim 89, wherein the surface modifier is selected from the group consisting of: anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and surface active biological modifiers.
91. The method according to claim 84, wherein the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene-derivatized lipids such as mPEG-PSPC (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phophatidylethanolamine), mPEG-PSPE (palmitoyl-stearoyl-phophatidylethanolamine), sorbitan esters, glycerol monostearate, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, aryl alkyl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene copolymers, poloxamines, methylcellulose, hydroxy cellulose, hydroxy propylcellulose, hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, noncrystalline cellulose, polysaccharides, starch, starch derivatives, hydroxyethylstarch, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
92. The method according to claim 90, wherein the anionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: potassium laurate, triethanolamine stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylsulfate, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfates, sodium alginate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, glyceryl esters, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, bile acids and their salts, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, and calcium carboxymethylcellulose.
93. The method according to claim 90, wherein the cationic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of quaternary ammonium compounds, benzalkonium chloride, cetvltrimethylammonium bromide, chitosans and lauryldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
94. The method according to claim 90, wherein the surface active biological modifiers are selected from the group consisting of: albumin, casein, heparin, hirudin, or other proteins
95. The method according to claim 89, wherein the pH adjusting agent is selected from the group consisting of: buffers, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, tris, citrate, acetate, lactate, meglumine and amino acids selected from the group consisting of glycine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, proline, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, and taurine.
96. The method according to claim 89, wherein the cryopreservation agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, glycerol, polyalkoxyethers, PEG-fatty acids and lipids, and biologically-based surfactants.
97. The method according to claim 96, wherein the carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of saccharides, disaccharides, and sugar alcohols.
98. The method according to claim 97, wherein the disaccharide is sucrose.
99. The method according to claim 97, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.
100. The method according to claim 96, wherein the surface active agent is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates (Tweens), polyalkoxyethers, PEG-fatty acids, PEG-lipids, albumin, starch, glycerol, and dimethylsulfoxide.
101. The method according to claim 88, wherein the viscosity modulating agent is selected from the group consisting of carbohydrates, polymers, and proteins.
102. The method according to claim 88, wherein the excipient is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 20% based on the weight of the pre-suspension.
103. The method according to claim 88, wherein the excipient is present is an amount of about 0.01% to about 5% based on the weight of the pre-suspension.
104. A method for administering a suspension of a poorly water soluble pharmaceutical agent or cosmetic in a frozen aqueous matrix to a patient comprising the steps of:
providing the frozen suspension of the pharmaceutical agent or cosmetic;
thawing the frozen suspension; and
administering the thawed suspension to the patient by a route selected from the group consisting of: parenteral injection (intravenous, intra-arterial, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, intraocular, intra-articular, intradural, intramuscular, intradermal or subcutaneous injection), oral, pulmonary, ophthalmic, or topical.
|
Electronics
Putting superconductors to work: page 95
Controlling telemetry by computer: page 103
Simple packages for complex systems: page 109
February 7, 1966
75 cents
A McGraw-Hill Publication
Below: Strip line card (center) does job of surrounding gear, page 72
## AUDIO TRANSFORMERS
| DO-T No. | D.C. M.a.† in Pri. | Sec. Imp. | Pri. Res. | Pri. Res. | Mw Level | DI-T No. |
|----------|-------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|----------|
| DO-T44 | 80 CT | 12 | 32 split | 9.8 | 11.5 | 500 |
| | 100 CT | | 40 split | | | |
| DO-T29 | 120 CT | 10 | 3.2 | 10 | | |
| | 150 CT | | 4 | | | |
| DO-T12 | 150 CT | 10 | 12 | 11 | | 500 |
| | 200 CT | 10 | 16 | | | |
| DO-T13 | 300 CT | 7 | 12 | 20 | | 500 |
| | 400 CT | | 16 | | | |
| DO-T19 | 300 CT | 7 | 600 | 19 | 20 | 500 |
| | 400 CT | | | | | |
| DO-T30 | 320 CT | 7 | 3.2 | 20 | | 500 |
| | 400 CT | | 4 | | | |
| DO-T43 | 400 CT | 8 | 40 split | 46 | 50 | 500 |
| | 500 CT | | 50 split | | | |
| DO-T42 | 400 CT | 8 | 120 split | 46 | | 500 |
| | 500 CT | | 150 split | | | |
| DO-T41 | 400 CT | 8 | 400 split | 46 | 50 | 500 |
| | 500 CT | | 500 split | | | |
| DO-T2 | 500 CT | 3 | 50 | 60 | 65 | 100 |
| | 800 CT | | 60 | | | |
| DO-T20 | 500 CT | 5.5 | 600 | 31 | 32 | 500 |
| DO-T4 | 600 CT | 3 | 3.2 | 60 | | 100 |
| DO-T14 | 600 CT | 5 | 12 | 43 | | 500 |
| | 800 CT | | 16 | | | |
| DO-T31 | 640 CT | 5 | 3.2 | 43 | | 500 |
| | 800 CT | | 4 | | | |
| DO-T32 | 800 CT | 4 | 3.2 | 51 | | 500 |
| | 1000 CT | | 4 | | | |
| DO-T15 | 800 CT | 4 | 12 | 51 | | 500 |
| | 1070 CT | | 16 | | | |
| DO-T21 | 900 CT | 4 | 600 | 53 | 53 | 500 |
| DO-T3 | 1000 CT | 3 | 50 | 115 | 110 | 100 |
| | 1200 CT | | 60 | | | |
| DO-T45 | 1000 CT | 3.5 | 16,000 split | 120 | | 100 |
| | 1250 CT | | 20,000 split | | | |
| DO-T16 | 1000 CT | 3.5 | 12 | 71 | | 500 |
| | 1330 CT | | 16 | | | |
| DO-T33 | 1000 CT | 3.5 | 3.2 | 71 | | 500 |
| | 1330 CT | | 4 | | | |
| DO-T5 | 1200 CT | 2 | 3.2 | 105 | 110 | 100 |
| DO-T17 | 1500 CT | 3 | 12 | 108 | | 500 |
| | 2000 CT | | 16 | | | |
| DO-T22 | 1500 CT | 3 | 600 | 86 | 87 | 500 |
| DO-T34 | 1600 CT | 3 | 3.2 | 109 | | 500 |
| | 2000 CT | | 4 | | | |
| *DO-T51 | 2000 CT | 3 | 2000 split | 195 | 180 | 100 |
| | 2500 CT | | 2500 split | | | |
| DO-T37 | 2000 CT | 3 | 8000 split | 195 | 180 | 100 |
| | 2500 CT | | 10,000 split | | | |
| *DO-T52 | 4000 CT | 2 | 4000 CT | 320 | 300 | 100 |
| | 5000 CT | | 10,000 split | | | |
| DO-T18 | 7500 CT | 1 | 12 | 505 | | 100 |
| | 10,000 CT | | 16 | | | |
| DO-T35 | 8000 CT | 1 | 3.2 | 505 | | 100 |
| | 10,000 CT | | 4 | | | |
| *DO-T48 | 8,000 CT | 1 | 1200 CT | 640 | | 100 |
| | 10,000 CT | | 1500 CT | | | |
| *DO-T47 | 9,000 CT | 1 | 9000 CT | 850 | | 100 |
| | 10,000 CT | | 10,000 CT | | | |
| DO-T6 | 10,000 CT | 1 | 3.2 | 790 | | 100 |
| DO-T9 | 10,000 CT | 1 | 500 CT | 780 | 870 | 100 |
| | 12,000 CT | | 600 CT | | | |
| DO-T10 | 10,000 CT | 1 | 1200 CT | 780 | 870 | 100 |
| | 12,500 CT | | 1500 CT | | | |
| DO-T25 | 10,000 CT | 1 | 1500 CT | 780 | 870 | 100 |
| | 12,000 CT | | 1800 CT | | | |
| DO-T38 | 10,000 CT | 1 | 2000 split | 560 | 620 | 100 |
| | 12,000 CT | | 2400 split | | | |
| DO-T11 | 10,000 CT | 1 | 2000 CT | 780 | 870 | 100 |
| | 12,500 CT | | 2500 CT | | | |
| DO-T36 | 10,000 CT | 1 | 10,000 CT | 975 | 970 | 100 |
| | 12,000 CT | | 12,000 CT | | | |
| DO-T1 | 20,000 CT | 5 | 800 | 830 | 815 | 50 |
| | 30,000 CT | | 1200 | | | |
| DO-T23 | 20,000 CT | .5 | 800 CT | 830 | 815 | 50 |
| | 30,000 CT | | 1200 CT | | | |
| DO-T39 | 20,000 CT | 5 | 1000 split | 800 | | 50 |
| | 30,000 CT | | 1500 split | | | |
| DO-T40 | 40,000 CT | 25 | 400 split | 1700 | | 50 |
| | 50,000 CT | | 500 split | | | |
| DO-T46 | 100,000 CT | 0 | 500 CT | 7900 | | 25 |
| DO-T7 | 200,000 CT | 0 | 1000 | 8500 | | 25 |
| DO-T24 | 200,000 CT | 0 | 1000 CT | 8500 | | 25 |
| DO-T5H | Drawn Hipermalloy shield and cover 20/30 db | | | | | |
*DCMA shown is for single ended usage (under 5% distortion—100MW—1KC) ...for push-pull, DCMA must be the balanced value taken by .5W transistors (under 5% distortion—500MW—1KC). DO-T & DI-T units designed for transistor use only. U.S. Pat. No. 2,949,591; others pending.
$Series connected; $5Parallel connected
---
**INDUCTORS**
| DO-T No. | Inductance Hys @ ma | DO-T DCRΩ | DI-T DCRΩ | DI-T No. |
|----------|---------------------|-----------|-----------|----------|
| *DO-T50 | .075 Hy/10 ma, .06 Hy/30 ma (2 wdgs.) | 10.5 | 2.6 | |
| | $.018 Hy/20 ma, .015 Hy/60 ma | | | |
| DO-T28 | 3 Hy/4 ma, .15 Hy/20 ma | 25 | | |
| | 1 Hy/4 ma, .08 Hy/10 ma | | | |
| DO-T27 | 1.25 Hy/2 ma, .5 Hy/11 ma | 100 | | |
| | 9 Hy/2 ma, .5 Hy/6 ma | | | |
| DO-T8 | 3.5 Hys/2 ma, 1 Hy/5 ma | 560 | | |
| | 2.5 Hys/2 ma, .9 Hy/4 ma | | | |
| DO-T26 | 6 Hys/2 ma, 1.5 Hys/5 ma | 630 | | |
| | 4.5 Hys/2 ma, 1.2 Hys/4 ma | 2100 | | |
| *DO-T49 | 120 Hys/1 ma, 8 Hys/3 ma (2 wdgs.) | 5100 | | |
| | $.15 Hys/2 ma, 2 Hys/6 ma | 1275 | | |
**POWER TRANSFORMERS**
| DO-T400 | Pri 28V 380-1000 cycles, Sec 6.3V @ 60 ma | | | |
| DO-T410 | Pri 28V 380-1000 cycles, 2-Sec 6.3 @ 30 ma each | | | |
| DO-T420 | Pri 28V 380-1000 cycles, Sec 28V @ 20 ma (Isol. Electrostatic Shld.) | | | |
---
**Write for catalog of over 1,300 UTC HIGH RELIABILITY STOCK ITEMS IMMEDIATELY AVAILABLE from your local distributor.**
---
**UNITED TRANSFORMER CORP.**
150 VARICK STREET, NEW YORK 13, N.Y.
PACIFIC MFG. DIVISION: 3630 EASTHAM DRIVE, CULVER CITY, CALIF.
EXPORT DIVISION: 13 EAST 40th STREET, NEW YORK 16, N.Y.
CABLE: "ARLAB"
Circle 900 on reader service card
Find Coax Cable Faults FAST!
Use the hp 140A Oscilloscope and 1415A Time Domain Reflectometer Plug-in!
Quickly find and identify such problems as water in cables, crushed cables, damage caused by flex and bends in cables, transmission difficulties in buried or hard-to-reach cables, cables damaged by temperature extremes, and bad connectors joining cables.
With the 140A/1415A combination, you can instantly locate problems in cables up to 600 ft. (to 3000 ft. with Option 14), and you can identify their exact nature—opens, shorts, resistive or reactive discontinuities. You can separate, on the scope crt, discontinuities as close as one inch—making Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) ideal for analyzing connectors and checking coax switches and attenuators.
The 140A/1415A is calibrated directly in distance for air and polyethylene dielectric cables, and a special slide-rule furnished permits quick conversion for other dielectrics. With the scope and TDR plug-in you can measure characteristic impedance and dielectric constant of unknown cables, and recorder outputs permit recordings on any x-y recorder, for applications such as studies of cable degradation with age.
The 140A costs $575, the 1415A TDR Plug-in $1050. Besides accepting double-size special-purpose plug-ins, such as the 1415A, the 140A is useful as a general-purpose oscilloscope, accepting both vertical and horizontal plug-ins. Five vertical and two time base plug-ins provide maximum versatility. Performance includes sensitivities to 10 µV/cm, bandwidths to 20 MHz.
Contact your Hewlett-Packard field engineer for more information on the versatile 140A General-Purpose Scope...and especially on the 1415A Time Domain Reflectometer. A technical discussion of TDR techniques and their application is available, for the asking, in Application Note 67, "Cable Testing With Time Domain Reflectometry."
You can get a copy from your hp field engineer or by writing Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, California 94304, Telephone (415) 326-7000; Europe: 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva.
Prices f.o.b. factory.
HEWLETT PACKARD
An extra measure of quality
Electronics | February 7, 1966
Precisely measure thermocouple, strain gage and similar low level dc outputs with this high performance new Model 8875A Data Amplifier. Use it with modern data acquisition systems employing analog-to-digital converters, digital printers, magnetic data recorders, oscillographs, digital voltmeters, and other readout instrumentation. The new 8875A is a solid-state wideband dc amplifier with an output of ±10 v, 100 ma and features dc — 75 kc bandwidth, 1000x amplification, ± 0.1% gain accuracy, ± 0.01% gain stability, and 120 db common mode rejection — at $495 including power supply.
This new Sanborn amplifier measures just 4-3/4" high by 1-9/16" wide by 15" deep, weighs 3.5 lbs., including integral power supply. For multi-channel use, ten units can be mounted in a 5" x 19" modular cabinet which contains input and output connections, power cable, on-off switch, cooling, fuse, and mating connectors for ten amplifiers. These modules can be stacked, or equipped with tilt stands for bench-top use. When used individually, the completely enclosed amplifier requires no cooling.
**SPECIFICATIONS**
| Bandwidth: | dc to 75 kc within 3 db. |
|---------------------|--------------------------|
| Gain: | from 1 to 1000 in seven fixed steps |
| Gain Accuracy: | ±0.1% |
| Gain Stability: | ±0.01% |
| Vernier Gain: | continuously adjustable between fixed steps. |
| Gain Trim: | ±3% with sufficient resolution for setting any one gain to ±0.1%. |
| Common Mode Rejection: | 120 db from dc to 60 cps, 40v p-p tolerance. |
| Output Circuit: | ±10 volts across 100 ohms and 0.2 ohms max. output impedance at 100 kc. |
| Drift: | ±3 uv referred to input, ±0.2 mv referred to output. |
| Non-Linearity: | Less than 0.01% full scale value, 10 volts. |
| Overload Recovery Time: | returns to within 10 μv R.T.I. +10 mv R.T.O. in 10 msec. for 10 v overload. |
| Power: | 115/230 volts ±10%, 50-400 cps, 6 watts. |
| Available options: | Switch-selected filtering, dual output (±10v, ±10ma; ±10v, ±200ma; a short on one output has negligible effect on the other output). |
For complete specifications and application assistance, call your local HP/Sanborn field engineering office, or write: Sanborn Division, Hewlett-Packard Company, 175 Wyman Street, Waltham, Mass. 02154.
Electronics Review
| Page | Topic | Page |
|------|--------------------------------------------|------|
| 39 | Designed by computer | 42 |
| 40 | Spending more for computers | 44 |
| 41 | Faster, denser memory | 46 |
| 41 | 3-D by vibration | 47 |
| | | 48 |
Probing the News
| Page | Topic |
|------|--------------------------------------------|
| 133 | The 1967 budget: a blockbuster |
| 133 | Lion's share to defense |
| 134 | A review and a forecast |
| 138 | Slowdown for NASA |
| 141 | Brakes applied in avionics |
| 145 | Gains on the home front |
| 148 | Factories of the future |
Electronics Abroad
| Page | Topic |
|------|--------------------------------------------|
| 197 | Are Russians scuttling Secam? |
| 198 | Color on demand |
| 199 | Controlling nuclear power |
| 200 | Composition by computer |
Technical Articles
I. Design
Microwave 72
Using strip transmission line to design microwave circuits
Part one of a survey examines design procedures for multipliers, filters and diode switches
J.R. Dangl and K.P. Steele, Sylvania Electronics Systems
Circuit design 84
Designer's casebook
- FET converts transducer for use in a-c bridge
- Charge feedback increases pulse-rate meter accuracy
- Low-cost emitter-follower extends voltmeter's range
Instrumentation 88
Phase-locked marker improves spectrum analyzer's accuracy
New approach overcomes the limitations of conventional spectrum analyzers
Charles W. Wilson, Georgia Institute of Technology
Components 95
Putting superconductors to work
New materials are expanding applications for superconductors
Donald K. Fox, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
II. Application
Communications 103
Automated ground station will check out Saturn
Computer-controlled telemetry is installed as the quantity of data received explodes
G.D. Shollenberger, Defense Electronics, Inc.
III. Manufacturing
Packaging 109
Simpler designs for complex systems
Two-sided boards simplify the organization of complex digital systems built of integrated circuits
Rex Rice, Fairchild Semiconductor Division
Electronics
Editor: Lewis H. Young
Senior editors
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Senior associate editors: John F. Mason, George Sideris
Department editors
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Computers: Wallace B. Riley
Consumer electronics: Richard Lipkin
Electronics review: Stanley Zarowin
Instrumentation: Carl Moskowitz
Manufacturing: George Sideris
Military electronics: John F. Mason
New products: William P. O'Brien
Solid state: Jerome Eimbindner
Space electronics: Peter R. Sigmund
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Bonn: John Gosch
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Graphic design
Art director: Saul Sussman
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McGraw-Hill News Service
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Publisher: C.C. Randolph
Electronics: February 7, 1966, Vol. 39, No. 3
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Second class postage paid at Albany, N.Y.
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Readers Comment
Impossible may be possible
To the Editor:
I read with interest your article
on the PAL Television system [Jan.
10, p. 239].
I wish to bring to your attention
that J. Y. Roy, an employee of the
Canadian Broadcasting Co., has
done interesting theoretical work
on a color-television system called
PICS. His system is used in the
receiver only to receive a standard
NTSC signal, and some of the
things you mention in your article
as being impossible appear possi-
ble in the PICS system.
For example, equiband vestigial
sideband is possible without cross-
talk. It has been said that PICS
will eliminate phase errors and no
hue control is necessary on the re-
ceiver. Differential-phase errors are
changed to desaturation without
loss of resolution, vertical or hori-
zontal.
I have heard that the system is
simple and would cost little.
P. Herbert-Dupont
Mount Royal, Canada
A reader's tolerance
To the Editor:
The article by A. J. Talamini Jr.
and E. C. Farnett of the Radio
Corp. of America about optical radar data processing [Dec. 27, 1965,
p. 58], states that a closed loop servo was used to hold the speed
to one part in 10 million. I wonder
if this is an error. This would seem
to be an extremely close tolerance.
I'd also like more details.
Donald Breslow
Itek Corp.
Lexington, Mass.
Reader Breslow is right. It
should have been one part in a
million.
Counter recounted
To the Editor:
The logical arrangement of a
BCD counter shown in the note by
P. Ward of Texas Instruments
[Dec. 13, 1965, p. 74] is not new.
A decade counter using this design
has been available from the GerNew from Sprague!
METANET® TRUE METAL-FILM PRECISION RESISTOR NETWORKS
Save Space, Time, and Money
- High packaging density—4 to 8 times that of individual components.
- Fewer components to stock, handle, inspect, install. Entire module can be hand-inserted faster than one axial-lead component.
- Permit substantial savings over equipment assembled with individual components.
- Epoxy terminal board keeps pin terminals free of resin coating, unlike conventional dipped components, and provides uniform lead spacing.
- Stand-off bosses permit efficient flux removal after soldering. Also prevent dirt and moisture traps around leads.
- Extremely stable and reliable. Meet performance requirements of MIL-R-10509E. Resistance tolerances to ±1%.
- Ceramic capacitors can be incorporated for further savings and size advantages over individual components.
For complete information write to Integrated Circuit Application Engineering Dept., Sprague Electric Company, 35 Marshall St., North Adams, Massachusetts 01248
SPRAGUE COMPONENTS
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THE MARK OF RELIABILITY
*Sprague* and ® are registered trademarks of the Sprague Electric Co.
Electronics February 7, 1966
Completely Automatic CAPACITANCE BRIDGE
Just Insert a Capacitor... and Read the Answer
Direct Reading... C and D (or G) indicated with decimal point and correct unit of measurement.
Fast... measuring rates up to 2 per second... works with scanner-type inputs.
Accurate... ±0.1% of reading for C and G; 1% ±0.001 of reading for D.
Stable... a true bridge whose accuracy depends only on passive standards and fixed transformer ratios and is independent of generator voltage variations and phase-sensitive-detector errors. Three-terminal configuration permits accurate remote measurements.
BCD Output... BCD (1-2-4-2 code) for data processing and recording.
Wire Range
| Frequency | 120c/s | 400c/s | 1kc/s |
|-----------|--------|--------|-------|
| Capacitance | 0.0001μF to 1000μF 4 ranges | 0.01μF to 100μF 7 ranges | 0.01μF to 100μF 7 ranges |
| Conductance | 1μs to 1μs 4 ranges | 0.1μs to 1μs 7 ranges | 0.1μs to 1μs 7 ranges |
Dissipation Factor: 0.0001 to 1.0 in one range
Automatic Capacitance Bridge Assembly
Type 1680-A ... $4850 in U.S.A.
If you think a 1680 Automatic Capacitance Bridge can save you time and money and improve accuracy, why not write or call us for a demonstration?
RCA Aerospace Systems Division, Burlington, Massachusetts, has responded to the Department of Defense's challenge to industry to attain new levels of product quality by instituting a company-wide Zero Defects program. For example, in their Purchased Materials Inspection Department, new test equipment has been installed to upgrade measurement techniques and accuracy. A GR Type 1680 Automatic Capacitance Bridge and Type 1137 Data Printer are now used for incoming inspection of capacitors, whereas a manually balanced bridge was previously used. Capacitance measurements were not only tedious and time-consuming, but were also subject to a considerable amount of human error. With the installation of the Type 1680 Automatic Bridge, a thirty-percent saving in time has been realized; accuracy has been increased ten times; and data is automatically and permanently recorded.
man subsidiary of Phillips, under the code number 2xDCA 2 since 1963. Perhaps other readers may point to even earlier versions.
Irwin Schollar
Valvo GmbH
Bonn, West Germany
Nothing new department
To the Editor:
I was rather surprised to read about the "new" storage oscilloscope with a variable persistence facility [Nov. 29, 1965, p. 66].
The instrument very closely resembles the one developed by my company in 1956. The initial work was done for the Atomic Research Establishment at Harwell, the equipment being used during thermonuclear fusion experiments. An oscilloscope called the Remscope came into general use in 1958.
The equipment embodied early Hughes Memotron tubes, and later the English Electric E-702 half-tone direct-view storage tube, and for data transmission the Raytheon QK-685 "electrical - in electrical - out" tube.
The only difference between Kolar's equipment and the Cawkell 1958 Remscope appears to be in his use of a tube with two flood guns; this of course improves writing linearity and possibly collimation; the older tubes had one flood gun and an offset writing gun.
All of the facilities described by Kolar, including variable persistence achieved by variable duty cycle pulsing of the backing electrode, were included in the 1958 instrument.
It would have been very interesting had the author discussed writing speeds because this is a well known limitation of storage tubes. The English Electric tube would write at about 5 cm/μs, while 20 cm/μs was achieved on some later tubes. The CSE TEI-603 would write at about 30 cm/μs. It is believed that they have still not been exceeded.
In conclusion, the Cawkell instrument was probably the first storage oscilloscope in the world embodying the features mentioned: another version of the instrument is now being manufactured by Dawe Instruments, Ltd.
A. E. Cawkell
Middlesex, England
- The author replies:
While we were aware of specialized radar cathode-ray-tube displays which function in much the same way as our new variable persistence scope, we did not know of any other laboratory oscilloscope which made this feature available.
Reader Cawkell's comments on writing speed are also appreciated. We recognized this limitation and continued development. Model 141-A scopes now being delivered incorporate new circuits, added since the article appeared, to maximize this characteristic. For single shot transient storage, specified writing rate is one cm per microsecond. We believe this is conservative since all instruments observed to this time will easily produce a usable trace at 5 cm per microsecond. Ten cm per microsecond has been displayed on some. Among production storage scopes, this appears to be unusually good.
Bob Kolar
Applications engineer
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Colorado Springs, Colo.
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THERMAL AMERICAN FUSED QUARTZ CO.
RT. 202 & CHANGE BRIDGE RD.
MONTVILLE, NEW JERSEY
Circle 7 on reader service card
how to convert resolver and synchro angles to digits (and vice versa)
North Atlantic now brings you a new family of solid-state analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters for resolver and synchro data. They offer a major advance in conversion accuracy in modern navigation, simulation, data processing and measurement systems.
Typical of these new instruments is the Model API-5450 shown here. It provides both continuous and command conversion of both resolver and synchro angles, accommodates all line-to-line voltages from 11.8 to 90 volts at 400 cps. Output data is in decimal digits and is presented both as a Nixie-tube display and a five-digit printer output with supplementary print command. Accuracy is 0.01° and update time is less than 1 second.
All instruments in this family are designed to MIL-T-21200 and feature all solid-state circuitry and precision transformers—there are no motors, gears, or relays. Their flexible plug-in modular circuit design permits a wide range of variations to suit your specific requirements. For example:
- 18 bit or 10 second accuracy and resolution
- binary, BCD, or decimal inputs/outputs
- multiplexed channels
- multi-speed inputs/outputs
- high conversion speeds
- other signal frequencies
Your North Atlantic representative has complete application information. He'll be glad to help you solve interface problems in measurement and data conversion. Simply call or write.
NORTH ATLANTIC industries, inc.
TERMINAL DRIVE, PLAINVIEW, L. I., NEW YORK • OVerbrook 1-8600
People
The North American Philips Co. has appointed John S. Auld general manager of its Studio Equipment division. He will guide two moves by the division: expansion of production of the Nor-elco Plumbicon color television camera and expansion into other broadcast products areas.
Demand for the color tv camera, which was introduced last March, was unexpectedly high, explains Auld. The effort now is to step up output to meet the surge in buying; the division already has an order backlog that will keep production at full speed until the summer of 1967.
Both these goals fit Auld's background, which includes engineering, production and marketing. He came to North American Philips from the Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp., where he was general manager of the Instrumentation division.
North American Philips' parent company is Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, N. V., of the Netherlands.
The name on the door—Environmental Synthesis Laboratory—gives no hint of the work that's actually going on inside: oceanography. But B. E. Simmons, a physicist who heads the new lab at the Syracuse University Research Corp., explains: "The name does give a hint of the scientific approach we'll be taking: it will be a systems approach." The lab will try to synthesize the work of a dozen or more specialties and try to come up with an entire underwater package. The package, for example, could be an entire military base on the floor of the ocean, says Simmons.
He explains that there's still much development work to be perLooking for rugged 3 amp transistors?
Prabodh Shah speaks your language.
Prabodh Shah is one of our applications engineers. We call him Pete. Customers call him just plain great, because he's made available both 3 amp germanium DAP and alloy power PNP transistors. Over 60 types in all. All competitively priced. Available in TO-5, TO-37, stud nut MT-27 and hexagonal nut MT-28 packages.
You can use our DAP® (Diffused Alloy Power) transistors for audio amplifiers, pulse amplifiers, relay drivers and switching. Featured are switching times in microseconds without worry of secondary breakdown; high collector-to-base voltage $V_{CBO}$ to $-200$ V; high DC current gain: $h_{FE} = 30$ to $90$ at $V_{CE} = -1$ V, $I_C = -0.5$ A; low collector cutoff current: $I_{CBO} = -3$ mA maximum at $+85^\circ$ C; low saturation voltage: $V_{CE(s)} = -0.2$ V typical with $I_C = -1$ A, $I_B = -0.5$ mA; excellent frequency response: $f_{\text{ab}} > 2.5$ MHz. All are SOAR (Safe Operating Area) specified.
Use our Alloy power transistors for solenoid drivers, small power supplies (inverter/convertor), audio amplifiers and control circuits. They feature $V_{CBO}$ to $-100$ V, $V_{CEO}$ to $-60$ V, $I_C = -3$ to $-3.5$ A, $V_{CE(s)} = -0.25$ V maximum with $I_C = -1$ A, $I_B = -0.1$ A; high DC current gain: $h_{FE} = 20$ to $60$ at $-3$ A; $fT > 0.25$ MHz. All Bendix 3 amp Alloy transistors are SOAR specified.
Ten types are now available meeting military specifications. In addition, our commercial DAP and Alloy lines offer packages that meet MIL-S-19500, MIL-STD-750 and MIL-STD-202 environmental and mechanical requirements.
More information? Just phone or write our nearest sales office. If it's a particularly tough application, we'll have Prabodh Shah translate it into easy terms for you.
| TYPE NUMBER | $I_C$ Amps | $V_1$ Volts | $V_2$ Volts |
|-------------|------------|-------------|-------------|
| DAPS | | | |
| 2N2282—2N2284 | 3 | 30 to 70 | 70 to 110 |
| 2N2467—2N2469 | | | |
| ALLOYS | | | |
| 2N1038—2N1045 | 3 to 3.5 | 30 to 60 | 60 to 90 |
| 2N2552—2N2567 | | | |
Bendix Semiconductor Division
HOLMDEL, NEW JERSEY
The Bendix Corporation
Baltimore, Md.—(301) 828-6877; Chicago—(312) 637-6929; Dallas—(214) 357-1972; Detroit—(313) JO 6-1420; Holmdel, N. J.—(201) 747-5400; Los Angeles—(213) 776-4100; Miami—(305) 887-5521; Minneapolis—(612) 926-4633; Redwood City, Calif.—James S. Heaton Co., (415) 369-4671; Seattle—Ray Johnston Co., Inc., (206) LA 2-5170; Syracuse, N. Y.—(315) 474-7531; Waltham, Mass.—(617) 899-0770; Export—(212) 973-2121, Cable: "Bendixint," 605 Third Ave., N. Y.; Ottawa, Ont.—Computing Devices of Canada, P.O. Box 508—(613) TA 8-2711.
Electronics February 7, 1966
Circle 9 on reader service card
Did You Know Sprague Makes 32 Types of Foil Tantalum Capacitors?
125 C TUBULAR TANTALEX® CAPACITORS
Type 120D polarized plain-foil
Type 121D non-polarized plain-foil
Type 122D polarized etched-foil
Type 123D non-polarized etched-foil
ASK FOR BULLETIN 3602C
85 C TUBULAR TANTALEX® CAPACITORS
Type 110D polarized plain-foil
Type 111D non-polarized plain-foil
Type 112D polarized etched-foil
Type 113D non-polarized etched-foil
ASK FOR BULLETIN 3601C
RECTANGULAR TANTALEX® CAPACITORS
Type 300D polarized plain-foil
Type 301D non-polarized plain-foil
Type 302D polarized etched-foil
Type 303D non-polarized etched-foil
ASK FOR BULLETIN 3650
TUBULAR TANTALUM CAPACITORS TO MIL-C-3965C
CL20, CL21 125 C polarized etched-foil
CL22, CL23 125 C non-polarized etched-foil
CL24, CL25 85 C polarized etched-foil
CL26, CL27 85 C non-polarized etched-foil
CL30, CL31 125 C polarized plain-foil
CL32, CL33 125 C non-polarized plain-foil
CL34, CL35 85 C polarized plain-foil
CL36, CL37 85 C non-polarized plain-foil
For comprehensive engineering bulletins on the capacitor types in which you are interested, write to:
Technical Literature Service
Sprague Electric Company
35 Marshall Street
North Adams, Mass. 01248
RECTANGULAR TANTALUM CAPACITORS TO MIL-C-3965C
CL51 polarized plain-foil
CL52 non-polarized plain-foil
CL53 polarized etched-foil
CL54 non-polarized etched-foil
Circle 332 on reader service card
Circle 333 on reader service card
Circle 334 on reader service card
Circle 335 on reader service card
Circle 336 on reader service card
People
formed before the sea can be exploited. Some of the work will be building basic hardware—power sources, communications gear, transportation equipment; and some of it will involve “the social aspect of having man in the sea”—politics, economics and psychology.
“We’ll be able to draw on the expertise of some 250 people” who work at the not-for-profit company, he says. And if needed, he can turn to members of the staff at Syracuse University, through which the company is chartered. The lab staff is made up of six senior scientists.
Enjoys building. Simmons describes himself as a “physicist with a little bit of the engineer in me. I don’t like to limit myself to theory. Hardware is a means to an end, and I enjoy building.”
“Look at it this way: it often takes longer to get from downtown New York to Kennedy Airport than from the airport to Washington,” says Robert J. Shank, the newly named vice president of Cutler-Hammer, Inc.’s Airborne Instruments Laboratory division. It was with this problem in mind that Cutler-Hammer named Shank, a former associate administrator of the Federal Aviation Agency, to a post that will guide the division in the broad field of transportation.
“We’ll be interested in all kinds of transportation, including high-speed trains,” says the 51-year-old executive-engineer. The job will be to translate Cutler-Hammer’s experience in such fields as avionics and materials handling to the task of transporting people. This move will mean a “shift in emphasis” for the company, explains Shank.
One project that Shank hopes to convince the company to pursue is the development of all-weather automatic controls for helicopters. “We’re developing such gear for fixed-wing craft,” he says, “but so far nothing has been done for the helicopter.” Stabilization equipment for helicopters would have to be tailor-made because they are very unstable when flown on instruments, Shank adds.
200 kW power output with .7 kW drive from magnetically beamed Machlett triode
ML-8618, Machlett's new magnetically beamed water-cooled triode, provides high power gain, high plate efficiency and maximum cathode utilization. Electron trajectory from cathode to plate is magnetically controlled to greatly reduce electron interception by the grid...and therefore decrease grid current and heating and allow significantly higher performance levels.
Result: the ML-8618 delivers a typical 200 kW power output with .7 kW drive as a Class C rf amplifier or oscillator. As a switch tube in pulse modulators, it is capable of a maximum 8 Mw high duty pulse.
For full operating details, write to The Machlett Laboratories, Inc., Springdale, Conn. 06879.
Planar II is the purest manufacturing process ever put into mass production.
By 1970 every semiconductor manufacturer will use it. You can wait. Or get it now from Fairchild.
Planar is a patented Fairchild process.
±1% tracking plus taut-band in 20 models, 9 styles---with many in stock
API offers 1 percent tracking, at no extra cost, in virtually every popular DC panel meter style, size and sensitivity—clear plastic, black phenolic, or ruggedized-sealed.
As long as you specify taut-band construction, you'll automatically get ±1 per cent tracking—in all but the smallest and most sensitive API meters.
Taut-band is a bonus in sensitive meters
You don't even have to specify taut-band if you order meters in ranges from 0-3 to 0-50 microamperes and from 0-3 to 0-25 millivolts. These meters just naturally come with taut-band. Besides responding best to exceptionally small signals, this friction-less design is much more resistant to damage from shock and vibration.
(Taut-band costs a little extra for less sensitive meters than those named above. There's also a slight charge for 1 per cent tracking in sensitive ranges of 0-10 μA or 0-3 mV, or better.)
Immediate delivery for 10 models
Ten API panel meter models, in the most popular taut-band ranges, are now being stocked for off-the-shelf delivery.
New Bulletin 47 has full information on all API panel meters and pyrometers
Meetings
Association of Data Processing Service Meeting, ADAPSO; Stardust Motor Hotel, San Diego, Feb. 17-18.
National Meeting on Space Applications, Communications, and Environment, American Astronautical Society; San Diego, Calif., Feb. 21-23.
Offshore Exploration Conference, OECON; Lafayette Hotel, Long Beach, Calif., Feb. 22-24.
Radioisotope Applications in Aerospace, AFSC and Atomic Energy Commission; Sheraton-Dayton Hotel, Dayton, Ohio, Feb. 22-24.
International Fair for Electronics, Automation and Instruments, Danish Electronics Industry; Exhibition Hall, Copenhagen, Denmark, Feb. 25-March 6.
Conference on Nondestructive Testing, Society for Nondestructive Testing; Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, March 7-10.
Symposium on Manufacturing In-Process Control and Measuring Techniques, Air Force Materials Laboratory and Motorola Semiconductor Products Division; Hiway House, Phoenix, Ariz., March 9-11.
International ISA Aerospace Instrumentation Symposium, ISA, College of Aeronautics; College of Aeronautics, Cranfield, England, March 21-24.
International Convention and Exhibition of the IEEE; New York Hilton Hotel and the Coliseum, New York City, March 21-25.
Microwave Measurement Symposium, Weinschel Engineering Co.; Essex House Hotel, N. Y., March 21-24.
Seminar on Computers and Automation in Europe, Lomond Systems, Inc.; Washington, D.C. and European tour, March 21-April 7.
National Association of Broadcasters Convention, NAB; Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago, March 27-30.
International Conference on Electronic Switching, Union of International Technical Associations, Societe Francaise des Electroniciens et des Radioelectriciens; UNESCO Conference Hall, Paris, France, March 28-31.
Digital Electronics Seminar, RCA Institutes, Inc.; Hotel New Yorker, N. Y., March 28-April 1.
Automatic Control in Electricity Supply Meeting, IEE; Renold Building, Manchester College, England, March 29-31.
Conference on Analysis and Synthesis of Networks, IEEE NTG; Stuttgart, West Germany, March 31-April 1.
Industrial Engineering Conference, AIIE; Hotel Pontchartrain, Detroit, March 31-April 1.
Advanced Seminar for Automatic Data Processing, International Computation Center; International Computation Center, Rome, Italy, April 6.
Symposium on Electron and Laser Beam Technology, IEEE, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, April 6-8.
IEEE Region III Convention, IEEE; Mariotta Motor Inn, Atlanta, April 11-13.
National Telemetering Conference and Exhibit, ISA, AIAA, IEEE; Prudential Center, Boston, May 10-12.*
Call for papers
ISA Conference and Exhibit, ISA; Hotel New Yorker, Statler Hilton, New York Coliseum, N. Y., Oct. 24-27. March 15 is deadline for submitting 200-word abstract on state-of-the-art instrumentation in measurement systems, telemetry, information processing, and automatic control to 1966 Conference Program Coordinator, Instrument Society of America, 530 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219.
International Telemetering Conference, International Foundation for Telemetering; Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles. Oct. 18-20. June 1 is deadline for submission of completed manuscripts on theory and technological advances of telemetry in the fields of aerospace, military, earth sciences, life sciences, and industry to J. E. Hinde, 9231, Program Chairman, ITC/66, Sandia Corp., P. O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, N. M. 87115.
* Meeting preview on page 16
and watch Astrodata’s new PAM/PDM Decommutator start a revolution in set-up and performance
Just blink once and you could miss all the set-up procedures necessary for Astrodata’s new telemetry decommutator. It takes less than a second to hit the AUTO-SET button. The Model 603 Decommutator does the rest unattended, adjusting the level and gain of the input amplifier automatically.
**ABSOLUTELY NO RATE PLUG-INS**
Model 603 does away completely with rate plug-ins. Thumbwheel switches are centralized around the front panel for entire selection of frame length (up to 128 channels), rate (1 pps through 10,000 pps), and reference channels. Touch AUTO-SET and away you go. Calibrated, synchronized and ready to unscramble the noisiest signal, extracting good data from what would have been otherwise useless data in any other decommutator.
**HOW MUCH NOISE IMMUNITY?**
We are prepared to demonstrate that the Model 603 Decommutator offers the most noise immune PAM-NRZ performance ever available. For example, synchronization is acquired and maintained with a 24 db peak signal-to-rms-noise ratio when all adjacent PAM-NRZ data channel excursions are limited to as little as 20% full scale. For the full technical statement on noise immunity, please ask for our 603 brochure.
What About Input Capture Range and Rise Time Limitations?
1) Exceptionally wide capture, ± 30% from pre-set rate; and if you have very low pulse rates —
2) Virtually no rise time limitations.
**SEEING IS BELIEVING**
We could go on and on about unique pattern recognition, frame synchronization, zero and full-scale options, etc., but you’re not going to believe how much difference these 603 design innovations can make until you see them demonstrated. So why not contact the Astrodata representative in your area and see for yourself? Or write to Astrodata direct on company letterhead and request a demonstration. Some of our most satisfied customer relationships start this way.
**ASTRODATA**
P. O. Box 3003 ■ 240 E. Palais Road, Anaheim, California ■ 92803
Nine AUTOMATIC operations with this Cat-Whisker Welding Machine by KAHLE
This KAHLE machine is fully automatic. It flattens the lead wire; then the whisker wire is fed, cut, transferred and welded to the flat with a synchronous electronic timer insuring a uniform weld. Finally, it forms to the required configuration... PRODUCTION RATE 3,000 TO 4,000 PER HOUR!
Let KAHLE automate your Production, Assembly, Control, Inspection, Testing!
KAHLE Servos and Feedbacks detect rejects prior to completion of assembly
Instrumentation feedbacks and servos can be supplied that will reject faulty parts prior to assembly and product finishing... saving materials and time in production.
KAHLE Machines are Customer-approved under actual operating conditions
Your equipment is run in our factory, using your materials in the presence of your engineers; the machine is not shipped to you unless you approve it!
CONSULT KAHLE—Save time and money by letting professionals build your specialty production equipment for automation!
Kahle Engineering Company
3324 HUDSON AVE., UNION CITY, N. J.
Telephone: UNion 7-6500 (Area Code 201)
KAHLE
Designers and Builders of Automatic Equipment for High Speed Production for Over 50 Years
Meeting preview
Telemetry in Boston
Technical details of the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) satellite program will be described at the National Telemetering Conference in Boston May 10 to 12. Representatives from European industry and ESRO will discuss the over-all status of telemetry in Europe.
Three of the 22 technical sessions will be devoted exclusively to industrial application. A highlight will be the description of a new economical long-distance telemetry system for oil, gas and railway companies. The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit System's telemetry methods will be described. In the industrial sessions the Army Corps of Engineers will tell about a novel battery-powered telemetering device that can be dropped from an aircraft to provide terrain information to aid in deciding whether aircraft can land there.
In a panel session moderated by H.A. French of Trans-Canada Pipe Lines, Ltd., manufacturers and users will consider which characteristics in industrial telemetry equipment have to be defined more accurately to prevent confusion.
Many topics. The United States space programs will provoke many topics for the aerospace-telemetry sessions. System design concepts which suggest the laser's promise to compete with r-f in wideband deep-space communications will be assessed in a paper by a team of scientists from the Raytheon Co. Equipment used in the successful Mariner flight past Mars and planned for use in the Apollo lunar mission will be discussed.
A panel on the clinical aspects of biotelemetry and two other sessions will describe the uses of telemetry in medicine. Dr. E.B. Johnson of ITT Federal Laboratories in California, a subsidiary of the International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., will present a paper on stimulating the brain with remote telemetry. A team of researchers from the Veterans Administration Clinic in Boston will discuss the advantages of telemetering medical data from a patient's home over testing in a laboratory.
ON YOUR MARK...
Wide-Sweep Generator
Full 300 MHz Wide Video Sweep
Programmable, Voltage Controlled Oscillator
Marker Generator
Pulse-Type Markers
Harmonic (or Comb) Birdie Markers
Single-Freq. Type Birdie Markers
Detected Turn-Off Markers
Undetected Turn-Off Markers
Kay 154: 50 KHz to 100 MHz
Kay 159: 1 MHz to 300 MHz
PM 7650 Plug-in:
Pulse Markers
0.5 to 100 MHz
PM 7660 Plug-in:
Harmonic & CW Markers
1 to 300 MHz
These solid-state sweep and marker generators cover the range in a single sweep; provide a continuously-variable narrow sweep.
Performance characteristics include line-lock, cw, manual and variable sweep rates, and external input.
PM 7650 and PM 7660 plug-in marker heads offer up to eight optional, individually-switched crystal plug-in markers per head.
A variable birdie marker provision is standard. All plug-in marker heads may be changed or added as required.
External modulation from dc up to more than 15 KHz, a built-in detector and switched attenuator are standard features. Sweep high-to-low or low-to-high.
For literature and prices write:
KAY electric company
Pine Brook, Morris County, New Jersey • (201) 227-2000
Visit Kay at the IEEE Show, Booths 3C11 - 3C17
Electronics | February 7, 1966
Tough Recorder Environments:
Kid Stuff!
Try leaving a couple of kids alone for ten minutes with a brand new toy. Result: the kind of chaotic environment Leach recorders thrive on. Like in-flight testing, automotive torture tests, hydrofoil recordings, etc. . . . if you can keep a transducer on it, we'll monitor the output.
Take the MTR-3200 for example. For a modest power input of as little as 50 watts at 28vdc, this compact 44 pound package records, stores and reproduces data under the toughest conditions. Conditions like 10g shock with less than a 3% peak to peak flutter, 10g vibration with less than a 6% peak to peak flutter, 25g acceleration, -40° to 71°C operating temperatures, 95% humidity, 150,000 foot altitude. Check these specs against any other recorder/reproducer and see if they'll operate through conditions like that.
And the MTR-3200 is versatile, too. Plug in electronic modules provide up to 14 analog and FM or 16 digital channels usable in any combination. Six tape speeds are selectable in speed pairs. Even data bandwidths are extended beyond IRIG standards, and the entire unit is compatible with IRIG standard data reduction equipment. For those special applications, Leach offers a wide range of little luxuries such as analog to digital, serial to parallel and parallel to serial conversion equipment.
If these specs meet your immediate requirements, or if you have a highly improbable environmental situation to be challenged and accommodated, write us. No one knows more about high environmental tape recorders than Leach Corporation, Controls Division, 717 North Coney Avenue, Azusa, California Phone: (213) 334-8211. Export: Leach International, s.a.
An industry first from IRC...PAR
metal film resistors meet 3 assured reliability levels
published prices for PAR
(Program for Assured Reliability)
.1%, .01% or .001% levels
Up to now, assured registered reliability could only be obtained through negotiations for screening or additional lot testing.
Now IRC eliminates the need for negotiation and offers a truly low-cost approach to established reliability. For the first time in the industry, users of standard evaporated metal film resistors can specify one of three assured failure rate levels at established published prices.
PUBLISHED SPECIFICATION
IRC has published a specification covering three established reliability levels for its standard evaporated metal film resistors—.1%, .01% and .001%. These failure rates are per 1000 hours, full rated load at 125°C, to 60% confidence.
This Program for Assured Reliability marries the high stability performance requirements of MIL-R-10509 and the stringent reliability levels of MIL-R-55182. It also defines the requirements to prove failure rate levels as well as necessary control procedures to assure continuing compliance.
LOWEST PUBLISHED PRICES
IRC is the first to publish a price schedule for a predetermined level of resistor reliability. And, only IRC can offer such assured reliability at these low prices.
| FAILURE RATE LEVEL | IRC TYPE | T.C. (°C) | COST (250 LOT) |
|--------------------|----------|-----------|----------------|
| .1% | CCA | ± 100ppm | .21 |
| .01% | CCA | ± 50ppm | .57 |
| .001% | CCA | ± 25ppm | 3.32 |
Above prices are excerpted from IRC's published price schedule.
IN LINE REGULATED ADJUSTABLE DC POWER SUPPLIES
KEPCO'S DESIGN SIMPLICITY
MAKES THE DIFFERENCE!
The FLUX-O-TRAN® is the heart of Kepco's PR GROUP of DC Power Supplies. By delivering a square-wave-form to the rectifier, the FLUX-O-TRAN increases rectifier utilization and improves the loading characteristics of the filter capacitors. This characteristic provides a relatively low intrinsic source impedance, improving load regulation and affording a low ripple content. The result is a simple, highly reliable and efficient source of regulated DC power in minimum space and at minimum cost.
The PR GROUP offers a wide choice of adjustable output voltage and output ratings with:
- typical ripple values 0.5 to 3%
- overcurrent protection
- no voltage overshoot
- power efficiency typically 50-70%
- reliable, efficient silicon full-wave rectification
- output essentially free of line voltage variations
- isolation of line transients
- current limiting protection from current overloads and external short-circuit
RELIABILITY GREATER THAN 40,000 HOURS MTBF
(Mean time before failure computed per RADC Reliability Notebook PB 161894 and the MIL Handbook 217)
± 1% LINE REGULATION
105-125 V AC, 60 CPS ± 5%* — SINGLE PHASE
| MODEL | DC OUTPUT VOLTS | RANGE AMPS | PRICE |
|-----------|-----------------|------------|-------|
| PR 15—10M | 0—7.5—15 | 0—10 | $360.00 |
| PR 15—30M | 0—15 | 0—30 | $525.00 |
| PR 38—5M | 0—19—38 | 0—5 | $340.00 |
| PR 38—15M | 0—38 | 0—15 | $495.00 |
| PR 80—2.5M| 0—40—80 | 0—2.5 | $340.00 |
| PR 80—8M | 0—80 | 0—8 | $475.00 |
| PR 155—1M | 0—78—155 | 0—1 | $340.00 |
| PR 155—4M | 0—155 | 0—4 | $450.00 |
| PR 220—3M | 0—220 | 0—3 | $450.00 |
| PR 310—0.6M| 0—165—310 | 0—0.6 | $360.00 |
| PR 310—2M | 0—310 | 0—2 | $450.00 |
± 2% LINE REGULATION
208/230 V AC ± 10%, 60 CPS ± 5%* — 3-PHASE
| MODEL | DC OUTPUT VOLTS | RANGE AMPS | PRICE |
|-----------|-----------------|------------|-------|
| PR 20—100AM | 0—20 | 0—100 | $1,050.00 |
| PR 40—50AM | 0—40 | 0—50 | $895.00 |
| PR 50—40AM | 0—50 | 0—40 | $895.00 |
*For models to operate at 104 ± 9V AC; 115 ± 10 V AC; 208 ± 18V AC or 230 ± 20V AC, 50 cps ± 5%, add suffix “—50” to model no. and derate output voltage by 20%.
OUR NEW CATALOG CONTAINING COMPLETE SPECIFICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS NOTES IS NOW AVAILABLE WRITE FOR YOUR FREE COPY!
Federal budget: the prime mover
In Washington every year, the end of January is a time of nervous anticipation and nagging worry for government officials waiting for the President to finish polishing the federal budget. This year, the waiting and worrying were intensified because everybody feared that the cost of the fighting in Vietnam would take money away from other projects. It was not until Jan. 21, when government officials got their first advance look at the completed budget, that many officials heard which of their projects had been approved, killed or postponed.
Clearly this year's budget, examined in detail on pages 133 to 145, is a military one. It is the biggest in our history, calling for $112.8 billion, with $61.4 billion earmarked for national defense.
For the first time since hostilities started in Vietnam, Congress is being asked to program money for that war. Previously, the Defense Department had kept the forces supplied by shifting matériel from bases around the world and by juggling budget accounts. The Pentagon's fiscal experts finally ran out of ways to shift funds. In fact, at the same time President Johnson presented the $112.8 billion budget with $61.4 billion slated for the military, he asked for an additional $12.3 billion for fiscal 1966, the current year. In August, the Administration had asked for $1.7 billion more for Vietnam. Incidentally, Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara, who until May of last year had been denying that the Pentagon needed more money for Vietnam, has now told a congressional committee in closed hearings that he was wrong—his first admission that he might not be infallible.
The great expenditures for Vietnam are changing the character of defense spending. There is far less money going into strategic weapons and far more into what the foot soldier can see and carry: helicopters, radars and radios. Even more important, some money has been directed away from civilian expenditures. Spending plans of the Federal Aviation Agency for air-traffic control will need a drastic new look because of a $22-million cut (p. 141). Many plans for the Great Society will not be realized in fiscal 1967 because not enough new money was authorized. Although health and education agencies were disappointed that plans will have to be curtailed for at least a year, many officials breathed a sigh of relief that their budgets are about the same size as last year's. Little of the work already started will have to be cut back.
A close examination of the federal budget is likely to alarm those interested in research and development. Federal expenditures for R&D are plateaueing and may slide in the future.
At the Pentagon, research-and-development spending has leveled off after a spectacular rise in the early 1960's. One reason: the big strategic projects are nearly completed, and although there are more R&D projects under way, the new ones cost less. One Pentagon expert opined, "It takes a lot less money to develop a radio than a missile."
At the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, officials are also worried about a leveling off of R&D funds. Advanced projects, like the Voyager mission to land instruments on Mars, have been postponed. And the agency has no big specific program to follow Apollo, the moon shot, which is now moving rapidly into the hardware phase.
Unfortunately for electronics engineers and business men, the official budget carries no breakdowns of electronics spending. These figures are buried in gross numbers for departments or big projects. Only a veteran government employee can supply the details that help industry people estimate how much of the $112.8 billion will end up in engineers' paychecks and company coffers. To obtain this kind of information, Electronics sent three editors from New York to work with six members of McGraw-Hill's Washington Bureau the week before the President delivered his message.
This task force attended advance budget briefings over the weekend and interviewed scores of department and agency controllers and contract officers.
The story, starting on page 133, spells out how the budget will affect the electronics industry. The federal budget, earmarking about $10 billion in calendar 1966 for electronic systems, equipment and hardware, accounts for more than one-half of all the business of the U.S. electronics industry—supplying the prime power behind the industry and the fuel for much of its technology.
Here's why engineers have specified this heavy duty 25 amp relay by P&B for over 30 years
This is the granddaddy of all P&B relays. Our very first design. Many millions are in use throughout the world... starting motors, controlling elevators, switching high current and voltage loads, doing a multitude of heavy duty jobs, reliably. Year after year, the PR Series remains high on our best-seller list. Here are some reasons why.
EXCELLENT CONTACT WIPE ACHIEVED WITH FLOATING CONTACT CARRIER
PR relays are designed with a full floating carrier for the movable contacts. Beside providing sufficient contact pressures, the floating carrier builds-in an abundance of wipe to keep the contacts scrubbed on every operation. Large, \( \frac{1}{8} \) diameter contacts switch 25 amperes non-inductive loads or 1 HP at 115/230 VAC, single phase. A phenolic barrier between the contacts of multipole relays prevent flash-over between contacts.
SELECT FROM A VARIETY OF CONTACT ARRANGEMENTS
PR reliability is available in relays having the following contact arrangements: SPST-NO, SPST-NC, SPST-NO-DB, SPST-NC-DB, SPDT, DPST-NO, DPST-NC, and DPDT. Coil voltages range from 6 to 440 volts A.C., and 6 to 110 volts D.C. A vast number of special variations of these standard parameters have been engineered over the years.
AUXILIARY CONTACTS ADD TO VERSATILITY OF PR RELAYS
A single set of auxiliary contacts (Form A, B or C) can be supplied when the application demands. They are rated at 5 amperes at 115 VAC, 60 cycle resistive. Standard models of PR relays with auxiliary contacts are available from leading electronic parts distributors.
MANY STANDARD RELAYS ARE LISTED BY U/L AND CSA
A wide range of standard PR relays is listed by Underwriters' Laboratories (File E22575) and Canadian Standards Association (File 15734). CSA listing covers AC relays only. These listings can often save you time and extra expense when obtaining UL or CSA qualification for your products.
MAGNETIC ARC-QUENCHERS FURNISHED ON SOME MODELS
For DC loads over 28 VDC, PR relays with normally open contacts can be furnished with permanent magnets to quench arcs. These magnets increase the DC voltage rating to 220 volts resistive... and often increase the life of contacts handling DC inductive loads.
PR SERIES SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL:
Mechanical Life: Single-pole, 1,000,000 cycles; double-pole, 10,000,000 cycles.
Contacts: 100,000 cycles at rated load. Contact life increases at smaller loads or with appropriate arc suppression.
Breaking Arc Voltage: 600 volts rms minimum between all elements and ground.
Ambient Temperature Range:
DC: -55 to +80° C.
AC: -55 to +45° C.
Weight: Approximately 10 ozs.
Pull-In:
DC: 75% of nominal voltage (approx.)
AC: 78% of nominal voltage (approx.)
Terminals: Heavy-duty screw-type terminals are standard for coil and contacts. Available with printed circuit, plug-in, \( \frac{1}{2} \) quick connect and terminals for rear panel wiring.
Enclosure: PR dust cover.
CONTACTS:
Arrangements: Up to 2 Form C (DPDT.)
Material: \( \frac{3}{4} \) dia. silver standard. Other materials available for special applications.
Load: 25 amps non-inductive or 1 HP @ 115/230 volts A.C., single phase. Special version for 20 amps non-inductive at 115/230 VAC; single phase available. (Consult factory)
COIL:
Voltage: AC: 6 to 440 volts.
DC: 6 to 110 volts.
Power: DC: 2.0 watts nominal.
AC: 9.8 volt-amps.
Resistance: 63,800 ohms maximum.
Duty: Continuous, AC or DC (DC coils will withstand 8 watts @ +25° C.
Mounting: Two \( \frac{3}{4} \) diameter holes on 1\( \frac{1}{4} \) centers.
LEADING ELECTRONIC PARTS DISTRIBUTORS STOCK 44 DIFFERENT PR RELAYS
Immediate delivery at factory prices.
Ask your distributor for a copy of Stock Catalog 100
POTTER & BRUMFIELD
Division of American Machine & Foundry Company, Princeton, Indiana
Export: AMF International, 261 Madison Avenue, New York, N.Y.
D-c transformer?
Yes—at $-450^\circ$F
Contrary to what every electronics engineering student is told as a freshman, a d-c transformer is possible, says a scientist at the General Electric Co.'s laboratories in Schenectady, N. Y. The only catch is that the transformer he built operates at cryogenic temperatures and, so far, can only raise and lower voltages in the millivolt range, with efficiencies of 10%.
The developer, Ivar Giaever, says two thin films made of tin, separated by a thin layer of silicon oxide, form the transformer. It has a transformation ratio of 1-to-1. The bottom thin film is the primary and the top film is the secondary. If two thin films are deposited in either layer and connected in series, the transformation ratio becomes 2-to-1 or 1-to-2.
Most materials at low temperatures are not penetrated by magnetic fields. But tin at $-450^\circ$F is an example of a Type II superconductor that is penetrated at certain magnetic flux spots. When a direct current passes through the tin, the magnetic flux spots move along with it. If another thin tin film is placed nearby—within 0.000001 inch—these spots will penetrate it, too, and their motion will generate a direct current in the second film.
IC television sets planned by RCA
The Radio Corp. of America has become the first manufacturer to use integrated circuits in its television sets. RCA bypassed transistorization in going to the IC's, which are now being built into selected models scheduled for marketing in the early spring. Each IC will replace 26 components in the sound circuits.
RCA says it will eventually use the IC's in all sound circuits in its TV receivers and in radios and stereo sets; but initially they will only be in selected TV models—black-and-white and color, transistorized and tube. In its present TV line, RCA has one transistorized receiver—a 12-inch black-and-white; but its 15-inch color set, due late this year, will be at least partially transistorized and will presumably use IC's as well.
Last year it was learned that the Admiral Corp. planned to produce a hybrid 15-inch color TV set with an integrated circuit [Electronics, Dec. 27, 1965, p. 103]. Production is to begin late this year.
Air-defense center opening in April may need updating
By the time the North American Air Defense Command (Norad) opens its Combat Operations Center in April, the electronics complex will already be five to seven years behind the state of the art. It will have less speed and reliability than are possible with the newest equipment.
The $142-million facility is buried in 1,400 feet of granite in Cheyenne Mountain, near Colorado Springs, Colo., safe from even a direct hit by a nuclear bomb. Because the complex was designed about seven years ago, its computers aren't the fastest, reliability isn't the best and none of the information-display systems operate in real time.
The role of the center is to detect—with the help of a radar network—the approach of enemy missiles or planes to North America and then to assess the danger and methods of defense and counterattack. With the present equipment, it takes 11 seconds for the computers to grind out an analysis of an attack, but Norad officials are considering revamping the electronic gear so it will work in real time.
Also under consideration is a sharp boost in reliability. "We've had
to buy a multiredundancy system because we have to work with mean time between failures of about 20 hours," says a Norad official. The goal, he adds, is equipment with a mean-time rate of up to 300 hours.
Manufacturers are already preparing proposals for faster, more versatile and more reliable equipment. The Burroughs Corp., prime contractor for the electronic gear, is proposing its new B-8500 computer system.
Norad officials are also interested in simplifying computer language; ideally, the military wants its computers to understand ordinary English. Work along these lines is already under way at several research centers.
**NASA expanding MOS circuit role in space vehicles**
Encouraged by the latest reliability tests on the Interplanetary Monitoring Platform (IMP) that will be orbited this summer, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is planning wide use of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuits for space applications. IMP, a package of scientific experiments that will orbit the moon, is the first use of MOS IC's in a space vehicle. NASA turned to them because of their low-power requirements.
NASA says it has continuously tested an IMP subsystem containing 360 MOS integrated circuits for more than 9,500 hours without a failure; the test is continuing.
During the next two weeks, NASA plans to award a contract to Honeywell, Inc., to build a plated-wire nondestructive memory driven by MOS integrated circuits. Beryllium-copper wire coated with Permalloy—a nickel-iron alloy—will be used for the memory. The contract price, still being negotiated, is expected to be about $50,000. Delivery of a working model by Honeywell to NASA is planned for November.
Honeywell recently installed a facility for building MOS IC's at St. Petersburg, Fla. The company plans to use high-current linear IC's in the memory-drive circuitry. The IMP scientific satellite uses low-current digital MOS IC's.
A NASA spokesman indicated that several other contracts also involving the use of MOS IC's in computers were being considered.
**Germanium is back for hi-fi transistors**
Germanium power-output transistors are back in fashion for high-fidelity equipment produced by the Harmon-Kardon division of the Jerrold Corp. Harmon-Kardon had switched from germanium to silicon power transistors about three years ago.
Engineers at Harmon-Kardon say they made the change because silicon power devices were suffering from secondary breakdown caused by high transient currents; this kind of failure doesn't occur with the germanium single-diffused power transistors, they say.
**Addenda**
A French laboratory is understood to have built a carbon dioxide-nitrogen laser with an output of one kilowatt, continuous wave. The efficiency of the laser is said to be about 10%. . . . Motorola, Inc., hoping to maintain a price differential between silicon and germanium transistors, has sharply reduced the price of its premium germanium transistor line by between 14% and 91%. The price cuts affect 29 high-speed switching transistors, low-noise radio-frequency amplifiers and transistors for television and a-m and f-m receivers. Prices for the low-cost germanium line and the power germanium line aren't affected.
Newest point contact diode simplifies both specifying and circuit design
Almost everyone who's had occasion to specify germanium point contact diodes knows the 1N541. And those specifiers may also know that the 1N542, commonly used in FM ratio detector and discriminator circuits, is actually the same diode. But, and here it begins to get confusing, two 1N541s become one 1N542 when they're supplied as a matched pair. Now, take one unit from one 1N542 matched pair and one unit from another 1N542 and what have you got? Right, two 1N541s. Here's how Sylvania puts an end to this confusion while, more importantly, announcing a greatly improved diode.
There is no longer a need for the 1N542 germanium point contact specification.
Sylvania has just sampled the electronic manufacturing industry with a greatly advanced version of the standard 1N541. Results show that the new 1N541 is so uniform from diode to diode that any two Sylvania 1N541s will give satisfactory performance in a ratio detector application, which up until now required the 1N542.
To insure this uniformity of the 1N541, the forward voltage and the reverse current characteristics are both specified at several levels. In addition to these static characteristics, tight control is maintained on 10.7 mc rectification efficiency.
Sylvania developed the new 1N541 especially to meet the demands of manufacturers of ratio detectors who need two things: an improved 1N542 and the ability to avoid the added expense of handling individual matched pairs.
(continued)
This issue in capsule
Readouts — a new EL panel design of special interest to aerospace display designers.
Integrated Circuits — how a new sense amplifier may solve your memory systems problem.
CRTs — a high-sensitivity, electrostatic tube especially for compact, portable equipment.
Microwave Diodes — new silicon mixer diode operates over the 50 to 90 GHz range.
Receiving Tubes — rugged 10,000-hour premium tubes for new designs or upgrading equipment.
Television — how new small-neck 12" CRTs lead to economy and TV set compactness.
DIODES (continued)
Tests on random samples show that the advanced 1N541 exhibits a greatly improved forward capacitance characteristic (see Figure 1). The narrow spread between capacitance and voltage indicates Sylvania's close control during the manufacturing process. The same control also results in narrow spreads in capacitance vs. reverse voltage, an especially important diode parameter.
If the spread shown in Figure 1 were not narrow, it would indicate that the forward capacitance change with signal voltage would be radically different from one diode to another, and performance characteristics of a ratio detector would be less than desirable. Under these conditions the characteristic detection curve of the detector becomes highly distorted. This is due to the detuning of one of the secondary circuits which in turn causes an unwanted output from the detector.
DIODES
How a versatile new diode improves discriminator and ratio detector circuits
The advanced Sylvania 1N541 germanium point contact diode has found wide usage in discriminator and ratio detector circuits. A circuit diagram of a typical ratio detector circuit is shown here. The AM rejection characteristic, which is a major parameter in judging ratio detector performance, is greater than 25 db with a 10 mv input signal. 1N541 diodes, picked at random, have performed satisfactorily in this circuit.
Another application for the 1N541 is the balanced modulator, also shown below. This modulator is currently incorporated in the National Radio Company's NCX-5 single side band transceiver. This circuit provides an overall carrier suppression of 50 db under extreme environmental conditions. The stability of this circuit eliminates the need for an external balance control in this transceiver.
Here are two typical applications for the 1N541. The imaginative engineer will find many more instances where this point contact diode saves time while improving performance.
TYPICAL PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS
| Parameter | Test Conditions | Min. | Max. |
|----------------------------|-----------------|------|------|
| Forward Voltage | $I_F = 1.0$ ma | 0.45 v | |
| Forward Voltage | $I_F = 10$ ma | 1.5 v | |
| Forward Voltage | $I_F = 50$ ma | 3.0 v | |
| Reverse Current | $V_R = 2.0$ v 25°C | 3.0 $\mu$A | |
| Reverse Current | $V_R = 30$ v 25°C | 150 $\mu$A | |
| Reverse Current | $V_R = 45$ v 25°C | 350 $\mu$A | |
| Reverse Current | $V_R = 2.0$ v 55°C | 20 $\mu$A | |
| Reverse Current | $V_R = 30$ v 55°C | 250 $\mu$A | |
| Reverse Current | $V_R = 45$ v 55°C | 450 $\mu$A | |
| Dynamic Resistance | $I_F = 10$ ma | 40 Ω | 80 Ω |
| Rectification Efficiency | 1.0 V eff | 76 % | 80 % |
| | 3.0 V eff | 83 % | 89 % |
| $R_L = 33$ K | | | |
| $C_L = 330$ pf | | | |
CIRCLE NUMBER 300
A high-sensitivity, electrostatic tube designed for compact, portable equipment
Characteristics such as portable, lightweight, transistorized and battery-powered are closely associated with today's consumer demands in television sets. But there's also a large demand for these very same features in industrial and military equipment. Cathode ray tubes are built to fit the bill in both cases. Here's an instance where just such a tube was perfect for an unusual test instrument.
Now a Sylvania CRT helps measure pipe wall thicknesses, detect corrosion in ship hulls and find fatigue cracks in jetliners. The electrostatically focused and deflected SC-3511 tube is a vital part of the Sonoray model 301 ultrasonic flaw/thickness tester, developed by Branson Instruments Inc.
The entire unit weighs only 16 pounds and is battery-operated. Since the tester is easily portable, it can be carried into such difficult areas as manholes, catwalks and scaffolds.
Accurate readings are directly viewed on the tube's $2\frac{1}{2}'' \times 2\frac{1}{2}''$ screen in the face of the tester. No calculations are required. Since a feature of the tube is its low heater power, the readings are always instantaneous.
Sylvania designed the SC-3511 as a part of a CRT product line to suit compact portable equipment such as the Branson model 301. The tube has helical-resistor post-deflection acceleration to achieve a high writing rate, high deflection sensitivity, and a distortion-free pattern. And the tube itself weighs just a pound and a half.
The CRT receives its information from a dual transducer which detects reflecting surfaces .030" below a front surface. Transmitting and receiving crystals are contained in single housings sized as small as $\frac{1}{4}$" in diameter.
Other Sylvania CRTs for compact equipment include the round SC-3802 as well as the square SC-3377 and SC-3551. These tubes all have clear faceplates, very high deflection sensitivity, low heater power and helical-resistor post-deflection acceleration.
CIRCLE NUMBER 301
SC-3511 CHARACTERISTICS
- Heater Voltage: 1.5 volts
- Heater Current: 0.14 ± 10% amperes
- Focusing Method: electrostatic
- Deflection Method: electrostatic
- Minimum Useful Screen: 2" x 2"
- Useful Scan: 2½" max.
- Weight: 1¼ pounds
- Overall Length: 13½ inches
SC-3511, SC-3377, and SC-3551 Outlines
Historically, black-and-white picture tubes have been among Sylvania's important products. Over the past several months consumer demands have been spiralling for smaller, more portable sets. Sylvania is playing a leading role in improving and broadening its CRT line to keep pace with set manufacturer demands. Here's news on two picture tubes designed especially to meet small-set requirements.
Television circuit designers will be especially interested in two significant features of Sylvania's newest line of 12" monochrome picture tubes: small-neck size (for compact set design) and resultant production economies.
With the new ST-4133A and the recently announced ST-4132A, designers now have the opportunity of specifying CRTs with overall lengths of just 9.021" and 10.814" respectively. Substantial savings in component costs as well as reduction of weight in the overall set can now be realized.
The ST-4133A has 110° magnetic deflection, while the ST-4132A has 90° deflection. Both types are 12" direct viewed rectangular glass tubes with aluminized screens and gray filter glass.
These tubes have the added safety factor of T-Band implosion protection. Neck length is only 3\(\frac{3}{4}\)'' with a small neck diameter of .788''.
Other features include a straight electron gun which requires no ion trap, a 150 milliampere 12.6 volt filament, and 100 volt G2 for cathode or grid drive.
Both of these CRTs are equally suited to solid-state as well as tubed sets. Light weight and compact size make them perfect for portable and battery-operated sets.
**TENTATIVE DATA**
| Electrical Data | ST-4132A | ST-4133A |
|-----------------|----------|----------|
| Focusing Method | Electrostatic | Magnetic |
| Deflection Method | | |
| Deflection Angles (approximate) | | |
| Diagonal | 90 degrees | 110 degrees |
| Horizontal | 80 degrees | 99 degrees |
| Vertical | 63 degrees | 82 degrees |
| Direct Intertetrode Capacitances | | |
| Cathode to all other electrodes (approx.) | 5 \(\mu\)f | |
| Grid No. 1 to all other electrodes (approx.) | 6 \(\mu\)f | |
| External conductive coating to anode* | 850 max. \(\mu\)f | 550 max. \(\mu\)f |
| Resistance Between External Conductive Coating and Implosion Protection Hardware | 50 min. megohms | |
| Heater Current at 12.6 Volts, DC or AC | 150 ± 10ma | |
| Heater Warm-up Time | 14 seconds | |
**Optical Data**
| Phosphor Number | P4 Aluminized |
|-----------------|---------------|
| Light Transmittance at Center (approx.) | 52 percent |
| Antireflection Treatment | None |
*Measured with implosion protection hardware connected to external coating.
---
**READOUTS**
**New solid-state EL panels perfect for 115-volt aerospace display usage**
The line of hermetically sealed Electroluminescent (EL) readout panels developed by Sylvania has been presented in recent issues of IDEAS. Now this line is complemented with a new panel design that permits even lower operating voltages, while meeting the stringent environmental and performance requirements of the aerospace industry.
Solid-state EL is now offered in a wider range of operating conditions. In addition to operating at a lower voltage, the newest panel design has increased brightness and an effective life comparable to the higher voltage units. Operating typically at 115 volts rms, 400 hertz (see graph), the new readout has an initial brightness of 15 footlamberts and a minimum brightness of 6 footlamberts, even after 1200 hours' operation.
The device's low power requirement, an outstanding feature of EL, is shown in the table below. This low power aspect is of special interest to aerospace system designers. (The values given in the table are with all segments lighted and 5-digit, 7-segment numeric panels with half-inch characters).
The new design was developed by Sylvania in conjunction with the GT&E Laboratories as a result of efforts to develop an EL readout which would operate at a lower voltage, but with brightness and life comparable to, or better than, existing units.
Because of the solid-state nature of the EL readout panel and its construction features, stable performance is assured under conditions of temperature and pressure extremes. The true hermetic seal assures maximum protection to phosphors that are sensitive to moisture. With proper mounting the panels withstand severe shock and vibration.
With its sandwich panel-type compactness, EL readout panels take up minimal space. They are light in weight, an important aerospace consideration also.
Inherent advantages in all EL units are the wide (almost 180°) viewing angle, rapid information display, and a pleasingly readable blue-green presentation.
**CIRCLE NUMBER 303**
**TYPICAL OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND MAXIMUM RATINGS**
**Operating Characteristics**
Light Output (Initial Brightness)
Wavelength
Voltage
Frequency
Current (Max.)
Power (Max.)
Power Factor (PF)
**Maximum Ratings**
Peak Voltage
RMS Voltage
Peak Transient Voltage
Operating Temperature Range
---
12-18 FL
5100 Angstroms
115 V AC RMS
400 Hertz
1.1 Ma
55 Mw
.80
300
130
400
\(-55\) to \(+71\) °C
CORRECTION
If we've succeeded in keeping you puzzled all month, let's admit now that the January issue of IDEAS contained a very obvious error. The input and output traces shown on page 1 (under this same headline) were mislabeled. The scope trace is shown here in its correct form.
Now there's a linear amplifier with 20 db typical gain that has broad problem-solving versatility. Whether the problem is in driving low impedance loads, avoiding large signal clipping or cross-talk, or in achieving a broad frequency response with flat gain, Sylvania's SA-20 can well be the logical solution.
The strong capabilities of this wideband linear amplifier lie in the device's outstanding combination of features. These include -65 db intermodulation (harmonic) distortion, externally variable gain-bandwidth and phase shift, 1.6k input impedance, output voltage 14Vp-p swing, and less than 10ns pulse response.
CIRCLE NUMBER 304
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
How this sense amplifier can solve your memory systems problem
Here's some useful information on practical applications of Sylvania's SA-10 sense amplifier. This is the device announced in IDEAS last November which showed an unusual combination of high sensitivity, minimum offset, and high common mode rejection.
The applications diagramed here again show the SA-10's versatility. This is in large part the result of the aforementioned favorable characteristics, plus monolithic silicon epitaxial construction, a differential amplifier, and an externally variable threshold detector.
Still another advantage of this sense amplifier is that it can be used with any digital logic family including the entire SUHL (Sylvania Universal High-level Logic) line of ICs. Its high speed, fast response time and a wired ORd capability are other performance features.
Available in the standard 14-lead flat package, the SA-10 will operate effectively over a -55°C to +125°C temperature range.
For either positive or negative going output, the connections need only be varied, as shown here. A negative output requires that leads G and F be connected. For positive going output, just connect leads G and E.
For large memory systems, here's how the SA-10 series can be used. Note that the sense amplifier can be collector ORd.
10,000-hour ruggedized premium tubes available from Sylvania distributors
Now, an exceptional line of premium tubes, available from Sylvania Industrial Distributors, can do a high performance job at extreme environmental conditions.
A line of tubes that withstands 500-g impact shocks and has 10,000-hour life is often the answer to problems of both new designs and upgraded equipment. Sylvania GB Gold Brand tubes also show exceptional stability, maximum uniformity and extreme physical ruggedness.
All tubes in the extensive GB product line are engineered to the specific requirements of critical commercial and industrial service. Their many qualities add up to built-in reliability.
Assurance that these tubes do a better job than any others is found in both their proven performance record as well as in the stringent tests and quality controls that Sylvania applies. These include: Multiple Life Tests at high temperature and room temperature conditions; 500-g Shock and 10-g Vibration Tests; Thermal Shock Tests (Glass Strain); Low Pressure Breakdown (High Altitude); Basic Tube Parameters—controlled to 0.65% AQL; Noise and Vibration to 2.5% AQL; and Continuity and Shorts to 0.4% AQL.
In a recent issue of IDEAS we explained how such features as bonded grid design, improved heater design, and increased cathode stability were built into the GB line. Here are more technological reasons why these tubes are proving themselves as problem solvers:
**HIGH DISSIPATION SAFETY FACTOR PLATES**
...laminated plate construction to conduct heat more uniformly and radiate it more efficiently—provides 10% to 20% safety factor in heat dissipation.
...uniform heat dissipation of laminated construction—to eliminate hot spots, often the cause of gassing that hastens early replacement.
...multilayer laminated construction (combination of as many as five different metals) to optimize the heat transfer characteristics of the plate.
**OTHER STRUCTURAL FEATURES**
...isolation mica—to improve insulation resistance between elements by containing getter flash.
...double top and bottom micas with more contact points—to support elements more securely.
...U-bolt construction of supports between top and bottom micas—to clamp and lock elements in rigid mount cage.
...controlled atmosphere welding—to reduce weld splash and minimize loose and dangling particles.
...controlled annealing of glass—to eliminate strain, cracking and chipping.
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**HOT LINE INQUIRY SERVICE**
Use Sylvania’s “Hot Line” inquiry service, especially if you require full particulars on any item in a hurry. It’s easy and it’s free. Circle the reader service number(s) you’re most interested in; then fill in your name, title, company and address. We’ll do the rest and see you get further information almost by return mail.
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**BUSINESS REPLY MAIL**
No Postage Stamp Necessary if Mailed in the United States
POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY
SYLVANIA ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS GROUP
Sylvania Electric Products Inc.
1100 Main Street
Buffalo, New York 14209
---
FIRST CLASS Permit No. 2833 Buffalo, N.Y.
What price IC reliability?
Pity the poor inspector! Consider his steady parade of products, packages, tests, specifications, etc. But now his existence is complicated even more by products that require test equipment that he may not even have.
Users of integrated circuits, for instance, face the complex problem of having to establish virtually an entirely new incoming inspection department capable of testing the huge variety of IC types now on the market. Look at the package styles alone—8-, 10- and 12-pin TO-5's; 10-, 12- and 14-pin flat packs; 14-pin plugs; oversize packages of 16 pins, and even more styles.
The user must invest in the development, production and maintenance of highly specialized test equipment. The installation cost of such equipment runs into the hundreds of thousands of dollars and, in addition, there is the manpower/maintenance cost to keep it running. These investment costs must be weighed against constantly changing system programs.
But on the other hand, IC manufacturers like Sylvania can justify their own test equipment costs on the basis of reduced device costs. And they can plan the utilization of this equipment far better than a user can.
A recommended solution, then, is to use the established facilities of the suppliers. Review their standard quality control (both on-line and outgoing) procedures and equipment. Establish a monitoring program based on your needs (and compatible with the supplier's procedures) which will assure continuity of testing and also will allow the supplier to do full testing for you. Establish correlation samples from each lot, together with the detailed parameter readings on this control sample. These correlation samples can then be checked by incoming inspection and filed with test data for review against subsystem assembly and overall system field performance. Approval of the vendor's facilities, procedures and the correlation samples would result in automatic lot releases. This type of program enables users to cut inspection costs. It frees the user's Q.C. engineers for reliability analysis and specification analysis programs.
Where such procedures have been used they have generally resulted in appreciable savings without increasing component cost! (Typical of the type of IC testing done at Sylvania is 100% testing, at temperature, of all DC parameters.) Further, the manufacturer is not required to do anything incompatible with his established Q.C. procedures. This type of cooperative program will lead to improvements in test procedures, device analysis and failure analysis (with shorter feedback loops to improve product performance). It can also improve communications between user and supplier resulting from more efficient use of Q.C. engineering talent.
And it can reduce equipment costs, equipment maintenance costs, reliability costs, and costs resulting from order lead times.
With the advent of multiple circuit functions in complex packages, (e.g. integrated scratchpad memories, full adders, multi-bit shift registers and frequency synthesizers); the cost of 100% testing in an incoming inspection department is prohibitive to most. Based on cost savings alone, the adoption of cooperative quality assurance programs will be mandatory.
Since establishing such programs requires adherence to a detailed review procedure and the establishment of good communications between user and supplier, it seems desirable for all systems manufacturers who plan extensive use of integrated circuits to initiate a program to develop experience in this area.
Harry Luhrs
H. M. LUHRS
This information in Sylvania Ideas is furnished without assuming any obligations.
If you want to capture signals from way way out,
record them on the tape with total recall
MEMOREX
PRECISION MAGNETIC TAPE
When you put a reel of Memorex instrumentation tape on your transport, you can expect the most reliable performance, both from the tape and from your recorder. Because Memorex coating formulations are highly uniform, you'll find fewer dropouts; because they are extremely durable, you'll find significantly less oxide shedding, and freedom from head build-up or gap smear. The result is multi-pass stability of performance unequalled by any other tape.
If you write Memorex Corporation at 410 Memorex Park, Santa Clara, California 95052, we will send you instrumentation tape specification data and a bibliography of technical information available without obligation from the Memorex library of reprints.
Memorex Branch Offices in New York, Philadelphia, Washington, Atlanta, Orlando, Dayton, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Francisco; Offices and Affiliates in London, Cologne, and Paris
NEW
Frequency Stability
50 KC to 455 MC
2 parts in $10^7/10$ minutes
with a new synchronizer and improved signal generators
- Unique sampling phase-lock: stabilize at any frequency
- Frequency or phase modulation capability: better than 1% linearity
- Low-distortion amplitude modulation: less than 3% at 80% AM
- Constant power, constant modulation with frequency change: time-saving and easier operation
The new 8708A Synchronizer lets you add unprecedented stability to improved 606B and 608F Signal Generators. It offers $2 \times 10^{-7}$/10 minutes frequency stability in the important and universally used 50 kc-455 mc range. This represents a 250-time improvement in frequency stability over earlier signal generator performance. The 8708A can lock at any frequency, rather than at discrete points only. Lock is automatically re-established after changing frequencies. The stabilized rf signal has high spectral purity and highly linear frequency/phase modulation capability.
The improved 606B and 608F are MOPA-type signal generators that can be synchronized with the 8708A while retaining their own full performance flexibility. This means you can AM or pulse modulate the instruments and utilize the full output level range while stabilized. You also can use, simultaneously, a 5245L Electronic Counter to achieve highest frequency accuracy along with the high stability.
Application Note 71, "Advances in RF Measurements, Using Modern Signal Generators", describes measurement techniques for HF and VHF receivers, amplifiers, filters, etc., with special emphasis on test equipment performance criteria. A call to your Hewlett-Packard field engineer will provide you with assistance in meeting your requirements. Or you can get the application note and complete specifications on all models with a letter to Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, California 94304, Tel. (415) 326-7000; Europe: 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva.
**MAJOR SPECIFICATIONS**
**hp 8708A Synchronizer**
| Frequency range | 50 kc - 500 mc (uses aux. rf output from 606B/608F Generators) |
|-----------------|---------------------------------------------------------------|
| Frequency stability | $5 \times 10^{-8}$ per minute
$2 \times 10^{-7}$ per 10 minutes
$2 \times 10^{-6}$ per day
$2 \times 10^{-7} / ^\circ C$ ($0^\circ$ to 55$^\circ$C)
$2 \times 10^{-7}$ for 10% line voltage change |
**Price:** $1800
**hp 606B Signal Generator**
| Frequency range | 50 kc - 65 mc ($\pm 1\%$ accuracy) |
|-----------------|-----------------------------------|
| Output | 0.1 $\mu$V - 3 v into 50 $\Omega$ ($\pm 1$ db accuracy); aux. cw output, 100 mv min. |
| AM modulation | 0 - 95%, (Internal, 400 and 1000 cps; External, dc - 20 kc) |
| FM modulation | Typically 0.2% min. deviation |
**Price:** $1550
**hp 608F Signal Generator**
| Frequency range | 10 mc - 455 mc ($\pm 1\%$ accuracy) |
|-----------------|-----------------------------------|
| Output | 0.1 $\mu$V - 0.5 v into 50 $\Omega$ ($\pm 1$ db accuracy); aux. cw output, 180 mv min. |
| AM modulation | 0 - 95%, (Internal, 400 and 1000 cps; External, 20 cps to 20 kc; also external pulse modulation) |
| FM modulation | Typically 0.2% min. deviation |
**Price:** $1600
*Data subject to change without notice. Prices f.o.b. factory.*
**HEWLETT PACKARD**
*An extra measure of quality*
**For applications not requiring the synchronizer:**
New 608E with major improvements over popular 608C and 608D
10 mc to 480 mc frequency coverage with 0.005%/10 minutes frequency stability
Output 1 v into 50 ohms with rf buffer stage for lowest incidental FM (<1000 cps pk at 50% AM)
Feedback circuit in rf amplifier results in low envelope distortion (<1% at 30% AM, <3% at 80% AM) and constant output level with rf frequency change.
Auxiliary rf output (cw) for frequency check with a counter, or other external applications
Crystal calibrator for frequency checks
The broad frequency coverage, high power output and high degree of low distortion modulation make the 608E an ideal signal generator for driving bridges, antennas, etc. and for receiver and filter measurements. Price, $1450.
NEW:
Digital Thermometer/Temperature Controller
0.1°C accuracy* from -192.0°C to +999.9°C
features:
- High absolute accuracy
- Direct reading
- Easily calibrated
- Fully automatic operation
- Outputs for control, recording, or telemetry
- Modular construction
- High reliability
The PAR Model DTS-1 offers a new order of reliability, convenience, and accuracy in laboratory and process control thermometry. The unit operates by comparing the resistance of a sensor element of platinum (the material whose characteristics define the International Temperature Scale) with an internally generated reference function which employs a unique resistance analog network** that precisely duplicates the temperature-versus-resistance change of platinum. This method allows an absolute accuracy* of 0.1°C to be achieved. A modified self-balancing Kelvin bridge eliminates sensor lead resistance errors, permitting precise remote temperature monitoring.
In addition to the direct visual readout, measured temperature information is available in binary coded or 10-line decimal form for printer or computer input as well as in pulse code modulated form for telemetry applications. For temperature control or strip-chart recording applications, an analog signal is provided which is proportional to the difference between the measured temperature and the desired temperature selected by front panel thumbwheel switches.
All circuits use solid state components except: the comparator amplifier where two miniature nuvistor tubes are used to obtain high input impedance and the reference function generator where mercury-wetted relays are used. The entire Kelvin bridge, including the resistance analog network, is isothermally enclosed to assure a high degree of accuracy and good long-term stability. Rugged modular construction, utilizing printed circuit boards, contributes to reliable performance and extended service-free life.
Price: $3,950.00 (excluding probe). Write for Bulletir #118.
*Subject to operating range of actual sensor used.
**Patent Pending
Advanced technology
Designing circuits
Circuit designing will soon be taken over by time-shared computers, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe.
The principles of computer-aided design—or CAD as the men who work with it call it—were outlined last week in Los Angeles by Prof. J. Francis Reintjes at the Winter Convention on Aerospace and Electric Systems. Reintjes is director of the MIT Electronics Systems Laboratory, where he heads a CAD project.
In concert. The essence of CAD is on-line, real-time design of circuits by man and machine in concert. The designer need not know how to program a computer.
"Computer modeling," says Reintjes, "will let the engineer know how the circuit will vary with environmental changes, and enable him to be more precise in his design by taking into account effects which were formerly ignored or just approximated."
Adds Assistant Prof. Michael Dertouzos, who's also working on the CAD project: jobs that now take days could be performed in seconds. "In fact," he points out, "computer-aided design could eliminate bread-boarding altogether."
The MIT team is convinced that only through time-shared computers will the process be inexpensive enough to be widely used. The group has access to a time-sharing system at MIT known as Project MAC [Electronics, Nov. 29, 1965, p. 83].
Uses a 'pen.' To use CAD, a designer points with a light pen to a desired position on a graphical input and presses appropriate computer buttons for the type of electrical element he wishes to introduce and its orientation or direction. The element appears on the cathode-ray tube in conventional schematic form and the user types into the computer relevant information about the element, such as its value and type. By repeating this process for each component, the user gradually composes the entire network, including sources of excitation, on the crt.
On command, the computer can analyze and store the dynamic response at all points of the network. It can present a display of voltages between nodes or the waveform of the network under a given excitation. The designer can then numerically controlled tools or production lines could be instructed to convert the computer design into hardware. The system could store catalogues supplied by manufacturers on tape; and the computer, by searching these files, could determine how a circuit could be built most satisfactorily and inexpensively.
The MIT group is already at work on another extension, called "nesting." Once the designer and machine have created a circuit, this information could be stored in the computer. Subsequently, it can change the network or modify some parameters until he is satisfied with the results. He can also introduce environmental factors and watch performance vary.
The project is still in the research stage, and the present system is limited to 20 network elements. The researchers are building on earlier work done at MIT on numerical control of machine tools and on graphical construction programs like Sketchpad [Electronics, May 16, 1963, p. 16].
Beyond CAD. Extensions of CAD are already envisioned. After the design process is finished, nu-
Computer designs circuits. Researchers Michael Dertouzos, left, and Charles Therrien of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology "write" a circuit with the help of a time-shared computer and graphic input-output equipment.
ing logic gates as components. They will also apply it to distributed systems, transmission and acoustic lines.
**Set up blocks.** CAD includes a unique circuit analysis technique called Circal, a computer program developed by an MIT graduate student, Charles Therrien.
"Circal is more simulation than analysis," says Therrien. "We set up blocks within the computer memory for each branch element, and interconnect them so that the circuit equilibrium laws—Kirchhoff's laws and the voltage-current relationships—are satisfied."
Thus it does not—like most analysis techniques—convert the circuits to equations and analyze the equations.
"Throughout Circal," says Therrien, "the internal computer model or data structure is established in almost one-to-one correspondence with the actual network. Thus, resistors, inductors, capacitors and other elements are represented within the computer with computational blocks that carry all the relevant information about their corresponding real elements. These blocks are in turn interconnected through a convenient addressing system in correspondence with real element interconnection of the given network. So, additions, deletions or modifications of elements in the network correspond to identical operations on the computational blocks."
For example, Therrien's program sets up a block of words, or locations, in the core memory. Each of these words, also called registers, represents an element of the network, and they are interconnected through a referencing system. The computer solves the network—finds out what it will do under a given excitation—by a mathematical technique called relaxation. The computer guesses at a solution. If the guess is wrong, the equilibrium constraints will not be satisfied. The computer will then repeatedly modify its guess until all the network equilibrium conditions are met.
Programs like Circal are best written in a language like MIT's Automated Engineering Design.
---
**Computers**
**Growing numbers**
Washington will spend more on computers next year than on defense against air and missile attack. Its computer inventory will exceed its stock of intercontinental missiles and strategic bombers combined.
From almost a standing start in 1956, when only 90 computers were serving the government, the number has skyrocketed to about 7,575—more than 30% of the computers in the United States. The figures include machines that Washington owns, leases or controls through arrangement with contractors.
The percentage may have reached a peak, however; the total is expected to be unchanged next year. The leveling off does not reflect any decrease in agencies' reliance on computers for tasks as varied as guiding rockets and controlling generating plants in the Tennessee Valley. Rather, it reflects a shift from many small computers to fewer large ones, and better management of the government's computer operations.
**Fewer but bigger.** Through increased computer sharing, round-the-clock operations, and more reliance on computers of the caliber of the System 360 made by the International Business Machines Corp., agencies will reduce their computer purchases next year to $115 million from $125 million in fiscal 1966. Only 50 machines will be bought, at an estimated cost of $50 million; replacement costs are down to $34 million for 32 machines, compared with $73 million for 132 machines this year. Conversion from lease to purchase will cost $45 million for 64 machines, compared with $12 million for 21 machines this year.
These figures are for computers working for the government, except those in secret military operations and those operated for Washington by contractors. Similar trends are anticipated in those two areas, but data is unavailable.
**More tasks.** Computer applications in government are constantly expanding. An official in the Bureau of the Budget describes the situation as one where agency managers are exploring additional applications of the computer inventory.
The Battelle Memorial Institute is studying the Monte-Carlo digital-computer simulation techniques developed at the University of California at Los Angeles. The goal is to find ways to calculate freight rates and to set traffic-control patterns quickly and accurately.
The Tennessee Valley Authority is controlling the balance of hydroelectric and steam-fed power systems with computers and autoThe National Institutes of Health is installing a remote-console IBM system for use by researchers at its various facilities.
The Department of Justice is exploring a retrieval system for crime data and legal precedents. A similar system already in operation at the Air Force, may be expanded to some other agencies.
At the National Bureau of Standards, specialists in data processing are seeking guidelines for standardizing computer hardware and programs. One goal is to encourage agencies to share them.
Administrative coordination by the General Services Administration is also being beefed up. The GSA soon will begin to offer the services of procurement specialists to help agencies negotiate for computers with the industry. One effect may be an increase in dickering between agencies and suppliers. A specialist in the Budget Bureau notes that, as costs of associated software soar to more than one-half the cost of computer equipment, and as competition among suppliers intensifies, more suppliers are becoming eager to bargain over the more flexible costs of computer software as leverage into the market.
**Think faster**
International Business Machines Corp. has developed an experimental thin-film computer memory that has a 120-nanosecond cycle time, a 589,824-bit capacity and fits in a frame 68 by 42 by 7 inches—including the electronic circuits for driving and sensing.
Other thin-film memories—experimental or commercial—are perhaps a bit faster, but none can hold nearly as much data.
The move toward faster and faster memories is taking other tacks at IBM, also. For example, IBM is working on a ferrite-core memory with a cycle time of 250 nsec that holds 8,192 words [Electronics, Dec. 27, 1965, p. 36].
The thin-film memory (with a capacity of 8,192 words of 72 bits each) is made of permalloy rectangles 0.030 inch long, 0.025 inch wide and 0.0000003 inch (800 angstroms) thick. There are 4,128 of these rectangles on a silicon-monoxide-coated copper plate three inches square; two arrays of 72 plates each are mounted in a frame 68 by 42 by 7 inches. [The reader who checks the arithmetic will find that the number of rectangles is greater than the number of bits. Thirty-two rectangles on each copper plate are not used; it was convenient to place them in an array 86 by 48.]
The frame is about the same size as the ones in conventional computers.
**Stacking the bits.** Electrically conducting thin-film lines are deposited, in sequence, on top of the thin-film rectangles. The first layer to be deposited has one line for each word in the memory. Then an insulating layer is applied above these word lines. Finally the bit and sense lines corresponding to the bits in each word are deposited alternately atop the insulating layer; these lines are at right angles to the word lines. A ferrite keeper on top of the bit and sense lines partially closes the magnetic path around the lines.
This thin-film memory, like most others, takes advantage of the anisotropy of thin magnetic films—their tendency to be magnetized in certain directions more easily than in others. The easy magnetic axis of the thin films can be magnetized in either of two directions, 180° apart—one corresponding to a stored "1" and the other to a "0."
The easy axis in IBM's experimental memory is parallel to the word lines. A current on the word line then rotates the magnetization toward the hard axis; this rotation generates a voltage pulse on the sense line. When reading, the data is taken from the sense lines in this way. When writing, the combination of a large word current and a small bit current creates a resultant magnetic vector that points a few degrees to one side or the other of the hard axis, depending on the direction of the bit current. First, the word current is turned off, then the bit current; this order allows the magnetization to "flop" to the easy axis in one direction or the other, depending on the bit being stored.
**Noise a problem.** The memory's designer, Q. William Sinkins, had to find a way to distinguish between signals and noise, one of the major problems in thin-film memory design. Read noise is of approximately the same magnitude as the signal and is caused by capacitive coupling between the word line and the sense line. It is canceled by differentially sensing the voltage pulses on the sense line and a dummy sense line.
Write noise can be several times larger than the signal and can carry over into the next read cycle; it is caused by capacitive and inductive coupling between the bit line and the sense line. Capacitive and inductive noise reinforce one another at one end of the line and tend to cancel one another at the other end.
Sinkins put the bit driver and sense amplifier at opposite sides of the array and thus eliminated much of the write noise. When writing, two of the bit drivers are turned on at once—one in each of the two arrays—but only one word line is turned on; differential sensing of pulses from the two arrays distinguishes between noise and signal.
---
**Instrumentation**
**3-D by vibration**
A researcher at the Mitre Corp. of Bedford, Mass., has developed a technique to make a three-dimensional display with mirrors and an off-the-shelf loudspeaker.
For the mirror, physicist Alan C. Traub stretches taut a sheet of Mylar—a flexible, half-mil-diameter plastic membrane coated with a thin film of metal—over the loudspeaker.
As the flexible mirror vibrates, becoming alternately concave and convex under the influence of the speaker's pneumatic drive, the change in curvature causes a reElectronics Review
reflected image vibration also.
Faster than the eye. The mirror vibrates so quickly—too quickly for the human eye to resolve—that the eye sees a steady, solid figure in three dimensions instead of a series of discrete, two-dimensional images advancing and receding.
When the source of the image is the periodic pattern of an oscilloscope, or similar time-varying display, the source can be electronically synchronized with the mirror, and display depth.
The technique also permits the introduction of phase changes between an oscilloscope tube face and the mirror motions, permitting images in the shape of circles of ellipses. These are similar to the Lissajous figures produced on the screen of a cathode-ray tube for frequency and phase measurements. But Traub's display can add up to periodic motions along the Z—or depth—axis as well as the X and Y axes.
One of the potential applications of the research project is in air traffic control for displaying airspace in three dimensions: range, azimuth and elevation. The pattern could be generated by a computer at the same rate as the vibrating mirror, and the distance between altitude levels might be calibrated in a grid.
Tracking in 3-D. Other potential applications are in missile trajectory display during the early moments of a launch. In a truly graphic display the missile could be represented as traveling within a 3-D "tube" whose boundaries represent safe paths.
Applications are also seen in analysis of radar signals, and of human speech signals, to display time as well as frequency and amplitude.
As part of his research program, Traub is trying to combine the flexible mirror technique with a bank of Nixie tubes to generate an array of numerals at different depths within the image space.
For wall-size displays beyond the diameter of loudspeakers, Traub says, a membrane mirror acting like a giant capacitor could be vibrated electrostatically. In fact, a study is already being made of an electrostatically driven mirror as an alternative to an acoustically driven one.
In depth. Traub, a member of the technical staff in the Applied Science Laboratories of the Mitre Corp., says the technique could also be used as a psychology laboratory tool for measuring human depth perception.
Looking at much longer-range possibilities, he adds educational and entertainment applications such as 3-D television and moving pictures. "As of today, however, it would be an expensive process, since a lot of bandwidth would be required," Traub says.
The technique of varying the focal length of the mirror gives an effect similar to existing displays of the oscillating or rotating screen type. But Traub says the varifocal mirror technique is simpler, lighter and more reliable. "The amount of motion required to vibrate the mirror is very little," he says. "Only milliwatts of power are put into the speaker, and noise levels are quite tolerable."
"Compared with the depth achieved in the image," Traub says, "the mirror motion is very small. For a seven-inch diameter mirror, the center of the taut Mylar moves less than \( \frac{1}{16} \) of an inch."
In contrast to some stereoscopic techniques, Traub points out, this mirror display has the property of parallax, permitting an observer to move around and from each vantage point to see a different angle of the image, much as in holography [Electronics, Nov. 30, 1964, p. 86].
For the record
Used separately, the techniques of predetection recording and diversity combining have worked adequately in cutting down the data bit errors that plague telemetry-receiving systems. But then the systems have never been faced with a tough test. Now, however, that test is coming up: during the Apollo moon mission, the spacecraft will often be near the outer limit of a ground receiving station's range. To be sure that valuable data isn't lost in space, engineers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration decided to combine the two recording techniques, hoping for a further reduction in the error-bit rate. The test results were beyond their fondest hopes: errors of threshold signals were reduced by a factor of at least 1,000—and with some improvements ranging as high as a factor of 100,000.
Costs are cut. The NASA engineers were delighted, not only because of the sharp decline in errors but also because of huge money savings. By adapting the dual techniques, the space agency realized it wouldn't have to scrap its existing receiving gear; it would simply have to modify it and add some processing equipment in the laboratories where all the data tapes are studied.
Predetection recording [Electronics, Sept. 13, 1963, p. 30] is a method of universal recording, capable of operating with any modulation technique. Any metered data is received and recorded with conventional equipment, without regard to the modulation techniques.
Once the data is recorded—without any attempt to demodulate—the tape is processed by telemetry experts in a lab under ideal conditions. With conventional receiving systems, special demodulating cirTRW ANNOUNCES NEW MILITARY MYLARS
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TRW CAPACITORS
Electronics | February 7, 1966
Circle 43 on reader service card
cuits reduce the telemetered information to usable data—occasionally resulting in the loss of some valuable data.
Diversity combining is a technique in which the signals from two oppositely polarized antennas are combined. The two input signals are converted into a single signal in a combiner; the result is a signal with a signal-to-noise ratio that is as much as three decibels better than either of the two original signals.
Order is increased. The space agency is buying the equipment—called pre-d combiners—from the Vitro Corp. of America's Vitro Electronics division. The agency had planned to buy five pre-d combiners, now, however, based on the optimistic results, NASA plans to acquire seven.
In its search for accurate data-receiving equipment, NASA wasn't limited to the pre-d combiner gear. It could have selected the type of receiving system that has been developed for such deep-space missions as the Mariner's Mars fly-by. The gear would probably have worked equally well, space engineers concede, but the price would have been many times higher.
For example, to overcome the problem of low-signal threshold levels on Mariner, NASA fitted a special antenna with a narrowband, pulse-modulation and phase-locked demodulator. But to install such gear on a worldwide network of antennas—which it would have had to do to get full-time data from Apollo—the cost for ground-station telemetering gear would have skyrocketed.
Automatic-mail sorting equipment for 109 post offices and a $30-million electronic data-processing system to serve 75 major post offices.
"This is the first step in a nationwide program to improve operating conditions," says Postmaster General Lawrence F. O'Brien. "It will be followed up with a systematic effort to modernize the entire postal complex within the coming few years."
The automation depends primarily on an alphanumeric optical scanner for reading addresses—printed either by hand or machine. The scanner was developed by the Philco Corp. and proved out in tests at the Post Office laboratories in Washington and in operational tests at the Detroit Post Office [Electronics, Jan. 11, 1965, p. 130]. The equipment can sort mail at speeds up to 36,000 pieces an hour. Additional scanners are due in the next year in Buffalo, Boston, Houston, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Seattle and Portland, Ore.
In the bag. Though bids will be sought for the alphanumeric scanners, Philco almost certainly will get the contract. Scanners that can read only zip code numbers have been developed by Rabinow Electronics, Inc., now a subsidiary of the Control Data Corp., and the National Cash Register Co. These will be installed later in smaller post offices.
The $30-million data-processing complex will be based on a system undergoing tests in Milwaukee and Minneapolis since 1964; in that time the Post Office estimates it has saved more than 20 man-years of work. The International Business Machines Corp. built the computers and Control Data installed the input stations.
These corporations presumably will have the inside track for a system that will serve 75 major post offices from Portland, Maine, to Los Angeles. Installation begins next November, with a target date in mid-1968 for full operation.
At first, the complex will be used to gather information such as mail volume, workload, manpower fluctuation and attendance records, and will transmit the data to high-speed computers for analysis and evaluation. Results will be flashed to postmasters, with the aim of moving the mail more effectively.
Early bugs. Most of the equipment in the $65-million order—contracts will be awarded by June 30—was developed as a result of experience with Project Turnkey at Providence, R. I., an experimental automated post office. For the first six months, this operation proved something of a fiasco. But the bugs since have been worked out and postal officials now class Providence as "one of our very best operations."
In addition to the optical scanners, bids will be sought on:
- Letter sorters that can be operated with or without the use of
---
**Industrial electronics**
**ZIPping the mail**
After a decade or more of experimenting with electronic equipment, the Post Office Department has settled on a program for automating its operations. The initial price tag is nearly $100 million.
In a year or so, the department will purchase $65 million of auto-
Optical scanner developed by the Philco Corp. can sort 30,000 pieces of mail an hour. The Post Office Department will soon order nearly $100 million of equipment to automate its operations.
The digital instrumentation you create!
This new and imaginative application of the building block concept enables you to specify the exact digital instrumentation you need — and you pay only for the functions you require! The new Beckman Berkeley modular 6000 Series permits packaging standard off-the-shelf circuit elements into a variety of instrument configurations ... without the high engineering costs required for custom instruments.
Here are some examples of 2-mc 6000 Series instruments: Accumulators, Preset Accumulators, Reversing Accumulators, Preset Reversing Accumulators, Preset Frequency Meters, Time Interval Meters, Gated Counters, Limit Frequency Meters, Deviation Frequency Meters, Preset Pulse Generators, Digital Clocks . . . all are provided to your specifications.
And these are only a few examples. You can have one- to six-digit display, remote control, storage for visual display and BCD data, or you name it! So why not start now to solve your digital measurement problems . . . just call your Beckman Berkeley representative.
Beckman Instruments, Inc.
Berkeley Division
Richmond, California • 94804
International Subsidiaries: Geneva; Munich; Glenrothes, Scotland; Tokyo, Paris, Cape Town, London
the electronic scanner;
- Facing and canceling machines with photoelectric cells that can search out and cancel stamps at 30,000 per hour;
- Machines that stack mail, remove odd-sized mail and stack letters for automatic canceling machines;
- Semiautomatic sack and parcel post sorting machines; and
- Overhead closed-circuit detection monitoring systems to help regulate the flow of mail.
Solid state
Tv camera on a block
Both the Air Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration agree that the best way to develop a smaller, lighter, more rugged television camera is to build a solid state image sensor. But they disagree on what kind of sensor is needed.
So the Air Force and NASA are independently funding efforts to build different kinds of solid state sensors capable of providing pictures with resolution at least equal to that of commercial television systems.
Dual approach. The military is backing the Radio Corp. of America's effort at its Princeton, N. J., research laboratories, and the space agency is backing the Westinghouse Electric Corp.'s work at its Aerospace division in Baltimore.
RCA's plan is to put a large array of evaporated antimony-trisulfide photoconductors on a substrate, with each photoconductor in series with a diode. But Westinghouse prefers to use silicon phototransistors in its "mosaic" sensor.
When RCA's photoconductor samples light, its resistance changes and a signal is sent to an address strip. The company has built a working model that has 32,400 photoconductor elements arranged in a 180-by-180 array.
"The picture quality is not as good yet as that obtained with tubes," concedes Paul K. Weimer, who heads the project, "but we've just scratched the surface. We're learning every day but we still need to know more about solid state scanning."
The RCA system uses two 180-stage scan generators. The horizontal generator moves from one element to another 180 times faster than the vertical generator. Each generator has 1,080 components: 540 cadmium-selenium thin-film transistors, 360 nichrome resistors and 180 silicon-monoxide capacitors.
Weimer says the next step is to build a 129,600-photoconductor array with elements arranged in a 360-by-360 square and with a distance of one mil between element centers.
In the 180-by-180 array, the distances between element centers is two mils.
The other way. Westinghouse built two cameras, each using a 2,500-element sensor (a 50-by-50 array measuring 0.6 by 0.6 inch), which produces a crude picture. Now, Westinghouse is working on a 12,800-element sensor (a 100-by-128 array measuring 0.6 by 0.7 inch). William List, program manager, expects the new sensor to sharply improve the camera's resolution.
Delivery to NASA is scheduled for April.
Although this will still leave the company behind RCA as far as resolution capability is concerned, Westinghouse plans to catch up quickly. If NASA approves, Westinghouse will start to work on a 51,200-element sensor (200-by-256 array) in the spring and follow that one with a 160,000-element sensor (400-by-400 array) later this year.
In the Westinghouse camera, the current output of each phototransistor is determined by the light hitting the phototransistor. Conventional monolithic integrated circuits are used in the readout circuitry.
Contact prints can be made with both the RCA and the Westinghouse cameras. This is not practical with present vidicon-tube cameras because of the thick glass
Consumer electronics
Lighting up with scr's
An electronic "match" that uses a silicon controlled rectifier will replace the familiar pilot light on several gas appliances to be introduced this year. The electronic pilot light was developed by the Wilcolator Co. of Elizabeth, N. J.
The first appliance to incorporate the new pilot light is a gas range that Sears Roebuck & Co. will market this month.
Wilcolator — a subsidiary of Ranco, Inc., which produces home and industrial appliances — says the electronic match costs between $10 and $20, pending on the complexity of the model. Other appliance makers also plan to incorporate the unit soon, Wilcolator adds.
See a flame. Two types of electronic pilots were designed: one for ranges, where the flame can be seen by the user, and the other for such appliances as ovens, where the flame can't be seen.
To light a range electronically, a burner control knob is first set to the "light" position; this opens a gas valve and turns on the electronic match circuit. The circuit consists of a neon lamp oscillator that triggers an scr. During the "on" cycle, a capacitor is charged to a peak voltage. When the scr is off, the capacitor is discharged into the primary of a transformer. The high voltage from the transformer secondary creates a spark across a gap and lights the burner. Once the flame is lighted, the control knob is placed on the regular "on" position, deactivating the electronic match.
In the model where the flame is out of view, the problem of lighting the gas is different. Usually these appliances are thermostatically controlled, such as in an oven; hence, the gas flame is turned on and off automatically to maintain the proper temperature.
Safety factor. But to prevent an
To make or buy a power supply...let SOLA quote you both ways
Make the decision a realistic one. Let SOLA quote you on a custom built CV transformer and CVDC power supply. You will then have the costs and specifics to make the right decision.
Building your own d-c supply?
Start with the SOLA CV, custom built to match your power supply's outputs, exactly. Save extra component costs in your design. Get short circuit protection, regulation within ± 1% for line variations to + 15%. Send output power and circuit requirements, we'll return price of CV and values of circuit components.
Buying a complete d-c supply?
Choose the SOLA CVDC, custom built to your specified output requirements. Get a high watts-per-pound package combining the CV's tight regulation, low forward voltage drop of the rectifier and low output impedance of the capacity filter.
Let SOLA quote both ways. Send us your specs for custom-built CV's and CVDC's, or call your distributor and ask about his line of standard CV's and CVDC's.
Sola Electric Division, Sola Basic Industries, 1717 Busse Road, Elk Grove Village, Illinois 60007 (312) 439-2800.
CUSTOM VOLTAGE REGULATION HEADQUARTERS
Electronic notes
- **Nike X computer.** The Sperry Rand Corp.'s Univac division has received a $24-million contract from Bell Telephone Laboratories for the development of computers and high-speed thin-film memory models for the Army's Nike X anti-missile system.
- **Rechargeable battery.** Gulton Industries, Inc., has developed a prototype of a rechargeable lithium cell. Lithium is more efficient for storing electricity than nickel-cadmium, but can't be stored in air or water. The new battery is hemi-tically sealed and uses a nonaqueous electrolyte. The test model has a capacity of 100 watt-hours per pound, compared with 26 for nickel-cadmium.
Now—Bourns Gives You a Complete Choice Of 7/8" Precision Potentiometers
Take your pick from the industry's finest, most extensive 7/8"-diameter precision potentiometer line:
**BUSHING MOUNT**
- Model 3500, 10-turn
- Model 3507, commercial 10-turn
- Model 3510, 3-turn
- Model 3520, 5-turn
- Model 3530, single-turn
*Meets all requirements of MIL-R-12934C; can be ordered by Bourns model number or by MIL-Spec designation RRO9.*
**SERVO MOUNT**
- Model 3550, 10-turn
- Model 3560, 3-turn
- Model 3570, 5-turn
- Model 3580, single-turn
SILVERWELD® multi-wire termination eliminates the chief cause of potentiometer failure. All-sealed construction insures MIL-Spec humidity performance (cycling and steady state). One hundred per cent inspection and the double-check follow-through of the Bourns Reliability Assurance Program are your final quality guarantees.
No matter what your requirements in precision potentiometers, you will find the answer at Bourns—the complete source. Write for technical data on our entire line of bushing- and servo-mount models, KNOBPOT® potentiometers, and turns-counting dials.
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- 350 Amps epitaxial SCR
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IR opens new vistas in the field of power control and conversion with these compact SCRs. They are indispensable tools of the engineer in meeting demanding design requirements for higher performance. Increased efficiency, increased reliability, reduced size and reduced weight are merely a few of the advantages engineered into IR's high power SCR line.
The inherent capabilities in the design of these devices, combined with the application experience of our engineering staff offers you an opportunity to utilize the most advanced SCR technology available today in the design of your high power equipment.
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*Average DC amperes
China's atom threat gets more attention on new evidence...
The United States may take a new look at its missile-defense system, a result of reports indicating that Communist China is much further along in the development of missiles than Pentagon planners had suspected.
The reports also indicate a big push by the Chinese to develop a missile-carrying submarine fleet. The growing evidence of China's offensive potential will produce new pressure this year for:
- Speeding up developments of the Nike X antimissile missile system to allow deployment of at least a limited array of missiles to counter a crude Chinese attack.
- Intensifying development and deployment of antisubmarine-warfare systems, already second only to missiles in the defense budget.
This new information intensifies the Pentagon's concern over China's nuclear capability. China's exploding of a nuclear bomb last year was serious, but U.S. military officials emphasized that the Chinese lacked an effective way to deliver atomic bombs onto a target. This was a major argument for delaying deployment of the Nike X. This year the Pentagon has allocated more than $400 million for further development of the anti-missile system, holding off decisions on when and how to deploy it.
The Defense Department is weighing two broad approaches to the Nike X: a $6-billion system of defense against crude Chinese missiles, and one costing $20 billion for defense against sophisticated Soviet missiles.
...of Peking's gains in ICBM's and subs for firing them...
Some of the evidence of the growing missile-submarine threat from China came last week from several authoritative sources:
- Ralph L. Powell of the Far Eastern Studies Department at American University in Washington told a House Foreign Affairs subcommittee that China's first deployment of missiles would be ready by 1975.
- Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara, agreeing with Powell's timetable, told the House Armed Services Committee that submarine defenses would have to be beefed up, even while missile-killer deployment and manned-bomber development is held back; it fills a gap, he said, in defenses against both Soviet and Chinese missile threats.
- It was learned also that defense officials are taking very seriously reports that China already has in operation submarines equipped with short-range—300 miles or so—missiles, unequipped yet with nuclear warheads, and that she could have intermediate-range—1,500 miles—missiles for deployment on submarines before 1970.
...but science gap is still enormous
Despite gains in missiles and shipbuilding, China remains far behind the United States in over-all scientific and engineering abilities, concludes Chu-Yuan Cheng in a report for the National Science Foundation. The author, former research director of Hong Kong's Union Research Institute, reports that China will miss, by 20 to 30 years, its goal of reaching scientific and engineering parity with the West by 1967. Older, Western-trained scientists are still distrusted and placed under political management of Communist party members, he says. And economic and political pressures often force specialists into fields with which they are unfamiliar and inefficient, he adds. Cheng teaches at the University of Michigan.
The President's Commission on the Impact of Automation advises against raising barriers to the natural growth of automation, though it concedes that the threat to employment today is greater than in recent years. To offset automation's effects on the United States economy, the commission recommends the government consider an active manpower retraining policy, tax breaks for low-income groups, extension of free education through junior college and federal works programs for the unemployed.
The Army has awarded the avionics contract for the light observation helicopter (LOH) to Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., making use for the first time of a "total package" procurement technique pioneered by the Air Force. Sylvania, a subsidiary of the General Telephone and Electronics Corp., received a $3.5-million installment on what eventually will be a $16-million contract.
Under total-package buying, development and follow-on production of military equipment are combined into a single contract, let competitively. The Air Force used this technique first with the award of a $1-billion contract to the Lockheed Aircraft Corp. for development and production of the C-5A transport plane. And the Navy will soon seek bids on a new class of cargo vessels called fast-deployment logistics ships.
The principal components of the LOH system include a-m and f-m very-high-frequency transceivers, ultrahigh-frequency a-m and f-m auxiliary transceivers, a communications control package and an automatic direction finder.
The Pentagon is trying to avoid sloppy buying habits resulting from the surge in military orders for the war in Vietnam. But so far, figures for fiscal 1966—ending June 30—indicate that the Defense Department is losing ground in its efforts. Although cost reductions in fiscal 1966 are still expected to exceed the Pentagon's goal, as they have since the program began four years ago, the level will be below that of 1965. But this is the first year in which the total reduction is expected to be lower than the previous year's level.
The Defense Department estimates that such programs as competitive buying and cost effectiveness will result in savings of $2.99 billion in fiscal 1966, down $71 million from the $3.7-billion reductions of 1965.
The biggest dollar setback occurred in the area of competitive buying. Pentagon officials estimate that reductions from competitive buying will decline 35% this year to $414 million. Increased competition has been credited with reducing purchase prices an average of 25%. In one move to tighten purchasing policy, Defense Secretary McNamara has ordered that any procurement officer who wants to switch an order from a competitive to sole-source basis must first obtain authorization from McNamara himself, or from his second in command, Deputy Secretary Cyrus Vance.
According to the Pentagon, cost reductions from the elimination of "goldplating" will total $83 million this year, down substantially from $204 million last year; reductions from the use of excess inventory, rather than new buying, will total $78 million, against $181 million in 1965.
What cleans parts 20 times faster?
Consolidated Electrodynamics says: FREON® Solvents and a Baron-Blakeslee degreaser
Consolidated Electrodynamics' Transducer Division in Monrovia, Calif., cleans with FREON TMC solvent in a Baron-Blakeslee Model M degreaser. FREON TMC is a patented azeotrope of FREON TF and methylene chloride... another tailored solvent from Du Pont. All kinds of components—from transistors to terminal boards, from subassemblies to complete chassis—are cleaned faster, better, at lower cost than ever before. For example, hand-cleaning one part used to take more than an hour. With FREON it takes just three minutes!
Besides requiring high labor costs, hand cleaning failed to do the job completely. Hidden corners and crevices went untouched. Solvent residues remained after drying. Brushes damaged delicate components. But FREON is a selective solvent—it cleans entire assemblies without harming commonly used components. And FREON has low surface tension to penetrate the smallest pores... high density to float away even microscopic particles. It dries quickly, leaving no residue.
Because FREON can be used over and over again, it helped cut CEC's solvent costs in half. And because FREON is nonflammable and relatively nontoxic, no special exhaust systems are needed.
FREON solvents are used for cleaning in many of CEC's divisions. Chances are FREON can give you faster, better, less costly cleaning, too. For more information, write Du Pont Co., Room 3630, Wilmington, Delaware 19898. (In Europe, write: Du Pont de Nemours International S.A., FREON Products Div., 81 Route de l'Aire, 1211 Geneva 24, Switzerland.)
DU PONT Better Things for Better Living... through Chemistry
FREON SOLVENTS
Electronics | February 7, 1966
Circle 53 on reader service card
FAST-SWITCHING FREQUENCY SYNTHESIS TO MATCH YOUR REQUIREMENT:
JUST CHOOSE FROM THREE HEWLETT-PACKARD SYNTHESIZERS, DC TO 50 MHz, WITH THESE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:
- 20 µsec switching time, the fastest available
- small frequency increments, as small as 0.01 Hz
- digital pushbutton and remote frequency selection
- internal search oscillator for continuous tuning, sweep capability
- low spurious signals
- high stability
- high spectral purity
- solid-state, modular construction for high reliability
Your selection from three Hewlett-Packard frequency synthesizers gives you the broadest source of spectrally pure, stable test signals especially useful for their fast switching capability, digital pushbutton and remote programmability with random access, as well as superior signal-to-noise performance.
Signals are derived from a stable (3x10^{-9}/24 hrs.) internal frequency standard, or you can use an external 1 MHz or 5 MHz standard. Each instrument employs a direct synthesizing technique, using arithmetic operations instead of phase-locked techniques. The stability of the source standard is preserved, and unknown variations caused by loss of phase lock are eliminated. Any significant column may be continuously "searched" over a discrete range.
Relate the brief specifications of the three hp synthesizers to your specific application, then call your hp field engineer for a demonstration or write for complete specs to Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, California 94304, Tel. (415) 326-7000; Europe: 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva.
Data subject to change without notice. Prices f.o.b. factory.
**5100A/5110A Synthesizer**—DC to 50 MHz (mc) selectable in steps as small as 0.01 Hz. The 5110A Driver generates 22 spectrally pure signals from the standard; these signals are fed to the 5100A Synthesizer, with arithmetic operations used to synthesize the variable output. Spurious signals 90 db down. Output 1 v rms ±1 db, 100 kHz to 50 MHz; 1 v rms +2 db, −4 db, 50 Hz to 100 kHz. Price: 5100A, $8150; 5110A, $4350.
**5102A Synthesizer**—Dual-range, dc to 100 kHz (kc) with increments as small as 0.01 Hz (cps) and dc to 1 MHz (increments as small as 0.1 Hz). Spurious signals 90 db down (70 db down in 1 MHz range). Output 300 mv to 1 v rms; rear-panel auxiliary outputs include a dc to 1 MHz + 30 MHz signal. Price $6500.
**5103A Synthesizer**—Dual-range, dc to 1 MHz (mc) increments as small as 0.1 Hz (cps) and dc to 10 MHz (increments as small as 1 Hz). Spurious signals 70 db down (50 db down in 10 MHz range). Output 300 mv to 1 v rms; rear-panel auxiliary outputs include a dc to 1 MHz + 30 MHz signal. Price $7100.
The outstanding performance of hp synthesizers has opened the door for solutions to many unusual problems. A special team of engineers assigned to synthesizer applications is at your service. Also available: The 10514A Double-Balanced Mixer, which extracts the sum or difference of two input frequencies with high efficiency, low intermodulation, input 200 kHz (kc) to 500 MHz (mc), output dc to 500 MHz; price $250. The 10515A Frequency Doubler, which extends the usable frequency range of the synthesizers, input 500 kHz to 500 MHz, output 1 MHz to 1 GHz; price $120.
MILITARY RTL
MC900G SERIES
...for the most critical design jobs!
Designed for low-power military applications in which wide environmental extremes may be encountered in normal application, the series is specified for $-55^\circ C$ to $+125^\circ C$ operation.
INDUSTRIAL RTL
MC800G SERIES
...for broad applications of all types!
Specially intended for reliable operation in industrial logic applications, this series operates over a temperature range from 0 to $+100^\circ C$. Priced for economical use in areas where wider temperature of operation is not required.
Both Offer These Key Performance Features...
- 12 nsec Propagation Delay
- Fan-out Capability Up to 5
- 15 mW Node Dissipation
- For System Clock Rates to 8 mc
...and this wide range of circuit functions:
| Circuit Function | MC900G | MC800G |
|-----------------------------------|--------|--------|
| Buffer | | |
| Counter Adapter | MC901G | MC801G |
| Flip-Flop | MC902G | MC802G |
| 3-Input Gate | MC903G | MC803G |
| Half-Adder | MC904G | MC804G |
| Half-Shift Register | MC905G | MC805G |
| Half-Shift Register (W/O Inv.) | MC906G | MC806G |
| 4-Input Gate | MC907G | MC807G |
| Dual 2-Input Gate | MC914G | MC814G |
| Dual 3-Input Gate | MC915G | MC815G |
| J-K Flip-Flop | MC916G | MC816G |
| J-K Flip-Flop | MC926G | MC826G |
| Quad Inverter | MC927G | MC827G |
...you can choose from 4 different RTL complements for your design.
LOW-COST COMMERCIAL RTL
MC700G SERIES
... combining RTL & mWRTL circuits for utmost versatility!
Designed and priced for a wide variety of commercial applications (as low as $2.55 for a 3-input gate circuit in quantities of 100 or more), this low-cost series offers a combination of mWRTL and RTL circuits including some 22 circuit functions from which to choose. They open the door to new economical integrated circuit applications in such areas as instrumentation, industrial controls, test equipment, and many commercial computer designs.
LOW-POWER MILLIWATT RTL
MC908G SERIES
... where minimum operating power level is required!
- 2.5 mW Node Power Dissipation
- 40 nsec Propagation Delay
- Full Military Temperature Range — -55 C to +125 C
The low-operating power requirements of this Motorola RTL circuit series (only 2.5 mW node) makes this logic complement especially attractive to military and space users. To meet the requirements of this market, the series is designed for operation throughout the full military operating temperature range from -55 C to +125 C.
| Component | Part Number | Price |
|----------------------------|-------------|-------|
| Adder | MC908G | |
| Buffer | MC909G | |
| Dual 2-Input Gate | MC910G | |
| 4-Input Gate | MC911G | |
| Half Adder | MC912G | |
| Type D Flip-Flop | MC913G | |
| Dual 3-Input Gate | MC918G | |
| J-K Flip-Flop | MC920G | |
| Gate Expander | MC921G | |
See your local Motorola semiconductor distributor for the Motorola RTL integrated circuit type which fits your immediate need. For production quantity requirements, call your nearest Motorola district office — or write Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Box 955, Phoenix, Arizona 85001.
**μ-PAC™**
**Integrated Circuit Logic**
**OD-335 OCTAL/DECIMAL DECODER PAC**
Contains a prewired binary-to-octal decoder and two additional independent NAND gates to expand the matrix for BCD-to-decimal decoding.
**BC-337 FAST CARRY COUNTER PAC**
Contains an eight-stage prewired counter which can be easily converted to a binary counter or BCD counter by using jumper connections.
**BC-336 BINARY COUNTER PAC**
Contains between 8 and 20 prewired binary counter stages; number of stages is determined by user. Can be used for counting and frequency division.
**BC-335 COUNTER PAC**
Contains six independent flip-flops with appropriate inputs for operation as binary counters; may also be employed individually as complementing flip-flops.
**EO-335 EXCLUSIVE OR PAC**
Contains five independent functional gate structures and one independent NAND gate; each contains 3 two-input NAND gates and performs AND-OR and AND-OR-INVERT functions.
**BR-335 BUFFER REGISTER PAC**
Contains six flip-flops with independent set-reset capability for parallel loading of information. Common clock reset inputs make possible simultaneous operations on all stages.
**XD-335 TRANSMISSION LINE DRIVER PAC**
Contains 6 two-input driver circuits. Each circuit is capable of driving standard 50 ohm, 75 ohm and 93 ohm coaxial cables at repetition rates up to 5 megacycles.
**LD-330 LAMP DRIVER PAC**
Contains twelve identical independent lamp driver circuits. Each circuit is capable of switching 70 milliamps of current at any positive voltage up to 20 volts, at a maximum frequency of 1 mc.
**BP-330 BLANK PAC**
Standard card with etched buses for +6V, -6V and ground — facilitates mounting special circuits using standard component lugs and point-to-point wiring. Also available: standard copper clad PAC kit for custom etching.
**DL-335 NAND TYPE 2 PAC**
Contains 6 four-input NAND gates; two have disconnected collector load resistors brought out on separate terminals. By tying the gate outputs to a single load circuit a number of gates can be connected in parallel without reducing output drive capability.
**DN-335 EXPANDABLE NAND PAC**
Contains 6 three-input NAND gates with nodes; two have disconnected load resistors which are brought out on separate terminals. Gate node input allows for expansion of the number of gate inputs by attachment of diode clusters.
**DI-335 NAND PAC**
Contains 10 two-input NAND gates; two have collector loads separate from the collector outputs. By tying the gate outputs to a single load circuit, a number of gates can be connected in parallel without reducing output drive capability.
**DG-336 SELECTION GATE TYPE 2 PAC**
Contains two independent functional gate structures; each has 4 three-input NAND gates and performs the AND-OR-INVERT function.
**DG-335 SELECTION GATE TYPE 1 PAC**
Contains four independent functional gate structures. Each has 3 two-input NAND gates and performs the AND-OR-INVERT function.
**MOUNTING HARDWARE**
Is available with PAC capacities between 24 and 144 modules, and a choice of wire-wrap or taper pin connectors. Power supplies are offered in plug-in or rack-mount models. Accessories include auxiliary wire wrap kits, wire wrapping tools, taper pin insertion tools, extender PACS, jumper lead sets, instruction manuals and logic symbol sticker kits.
5 mc operation • high packaging density • low cost per logic function • inherent reliability • noise protection in excess of one volt • low power consumption • NAND logic • DC coupled circuitry
FA-335 GATED FLIP-FLOP PAC contains four independent flip-flops, each with AC and DC inputs and a common reset; allows for control of the flip-flop from a variety of level and pulse inputs.
UF-335 UNIVERSAL FLIP-FLOP PAC contains three independent flip-flops each with AC and DC input gating and a common reset; can perform all functions of other μ-PAC flip-flops plus many additional logic operations.
FF-335 BASIC FLIP-FLOP PAC contains eight independent flip-flops. Each stage has a DC set and reset input and a set and reset output. Circuit consists of two NAND gates internally wired back-to-back.
DC-335 MULTI-INPUT NAND PAC contains 2 six-input NAND gates with nodes and 4 three-diode clusters. Gate node input allows for diode cluster expansion of the number of gate inputs.
DM-335 DELAY MULTIVIBRATOR PAC contains two independent monostable multivibrators capable of generating assertion and negation pulses in a variety of widths. Each circuit has two NAND inputs, an Enable and three discrete variable delay taps.
MC-335 MASTER CLOCK PAC contains a crystal controlled oscillator, a pulse shaper and a pulse amplifier. The oscillator operates between 200 kc and 5 mc. The pulse shaper section can vary pulse width between 50 and 150 nanoseconds.
ST-335 SCHMITT TRIGGER PAC contains two independent trigger circuits capable of converting various shaped inputs to a μ-PAC output. Switching levels can be varied from +2.5 volts to −2.5 volts by making appropriate pin connections.
PA-335 POWER AMPLIFIER PAC contains 6 three-input high-drive NAND gates, each capable of driving 25 unit loads and 250 picofarads stray capacitance. Each gate has two electrically common outputs to reduce load distribution current.
MV-335 MULTIVIBRATOR CLOCK PAC contains a free-running variable frequency multivibrator, a pulse shaper and a pulse amplifier. The multivibrator operates between 200 kc and 5 mc; frequency and pulse widths can be varied by means of potentiometer-capacitor networks.
TG-335 TRANSFER GATE PAC contains four independent functional gate structures. Two of the structures have 4 two-input NAND gates, one input on each gate being common to the four gates. The remaining two structures have 3 two-input NAND gates, one input being common to the three gates.
LC-335 NEGATIVE LOGIC LEVEL CONVERTER PAC contains 10 independent two-input circuits. Each circuit accepts signals at ground and −4 to −15 volts and provides a μ-PAC output. Also available is the S-PAC LC-35 Positive Logic Level Converter PAC which mates μ-PAC signals with 3C's S-PAC.
SD-330 SOLENOID DRIVER PAC contains three independent circuits for driving heavy resistive, capacitive or inductive loads. Each circuit has two NAND inputs and is capable of switching up to one ampere of current at 500 cycles per second from a positive supply of up to 28 volts. One independent two-input NAND gate is also included.
COMPUTER CONTROL COMPANY, INC.
OLD CONNECTICUT PATH, FRAMINGHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 01702
3C SALES OFFICES: NASHUA, MASS.; FOREST HILLS, N.Y.; DETROIT, MICH.; SYRACUSE, N.Y.; MAUMO SPRING, IOWA; HOUSTON, TEXAS; HUNTSVILLE, ALA.; ORLANDO, FLA.; DES PLAINES, ILL.; DETROIT, MICH.; CENTREVILLE, MD.; LOS ANGELES, CALIF.; PALO ALTO, CALIF.; KENT, WASH.; ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.
Six Semiconductor Innovations Help
1. New tetrode FET attains 8000 μmhos
Very high transconductance, frequency capability into the uhf range — these are the major advantages you get with TI's new TIXS35 N-channel tetrode field effect transistors. These represent a two-to-one improvement over currently available tetrode FETs.
Transconductance is typically 8000 μmhos with substrate gate connected to source, and 10,000 μmhos minimum with gates connected together. Other characteristics: $V_{\text{BRIGSS}} = 30$ V min; $C_{\text{rssl}} = 1.4$ pF max; $C_{\text{kssl}} = 8$ pF max.
Isolation between gates minimizes "pulling" in mixer applications and greatly reduces skewing problems in AGC applications at IF. In autodyne mixer circuits like the one at left, the TIXS35 reduces circuit components. Circle 71 on Reader Service card for data sheet.
2. New N-channel FET features 60 ohms $R_{DS}$ (ON)
TI's new TIXS33 field-effect transistor features a very low drain-source resistance of 60 ohms maximum. This makes it ideal for a wide range of switching applications such as low-level choppers and commutators as well as low- and medium-frequency amplifiers.
This planar epitaxial device offers high transconductance ($Y_{fs} > 12,000$ μmhos), high drain current (> 25 mA), low leakage ($I_{CSS} < 1$ nA), and low capacitance ($C_{DC} < 5$ pF and $C_{ISS} < 20$ pF).
Symmetrical geometry makes drain and source leads interchangeable. This permits use in multiplex and sample-hold circuits and allows replacement of older devices with non-standard lead configurations. Package is the TO-72 (four-lead version of the TO-18). Circle 72 on Reader Service Card for data sheet.
3. High-density diode arrays save space, improve product
Custom monolithic and discrete diode arrays, combining up to 20 diodes in standard flat-pack, low-profile TO-5 and TO-18 packages, are available from TI.
Benefits include high-density packaging, compatibility with integrated circuits, uniformity of parameters, and close thermal tracking. Core drivers, diode AND gates, common-anode and common-cathode arrays are typical of devices that are available. Circle 75 on Reader Service Card for information.
*TI cannot assume any responsibility for any circuit shown or represent that they are free from patent infringement.*
4. New diodes employ oven for high stability, low cost
TIXD746 - 759 temperature-compensated reference diodes offer temperature coefficients as low as 0.001% /°C and voltage ratings from 3.3 to 33 volts. Cost is less than conventional multijunction reference diodes.
The unique unit comprises a Moly/G® diode within a self-regulating polycrystalline semiconductor oven as shown at right. The oven holds 120°C within ±8°C from -55°C to +100°C and within ±5°C from 0°C to +50°C. Temperature is held within 1°C over a 10% voltage change. The oven operates on 24 V ac or dc.
Typical applications include regulated power supplies, high-frequency crystals, differential amplifiers, and instruments requiring voltage reference. Circle 73 on Reader Service Card for data sheet.
5. Simplify assembly with TI customized light sensor arrays
Now you can reduce manufacturing costs, increase reliability, improve performance, and minimize optical crosstalk with pre-boarded light sensor and light emitter arrays from TI.
You can reduce assembly, testing and inventory costs because TI arrays are preassembled and pretested units ready for installation. Reliability is improved because PC-board design is inherently more rugged than individually wired sensing devices. All components are hermetically sealed for long life.
LS600 planar light sensors give high uniform sensitivity. Typical output is 1 mA, light, and 0.01 μA, dark, at 25°C. Sensitivity can be matched to ±20% across arrays. Lens confines admission angle to 10° off axis, minimizing optical crosstalk with close sensor spacing. Circle 74 on Reader Service Card for information.
6. 400 V power transistors permit simplified circuitry
TIP04 NPN silicon transistors feature 400 volt maximum V_BR(H) - permitting simplified circuitry for high-power line-operated equipment and circuits with inductive or capacitive loads.
Low saturation voltage (V_max at 2A) gives high efficiency. Low leakage (I_CEX = 10 mA max at 400 V and 100°C Tc) permits high-impedance bias circuitry for high gain. Other features include an f_T of 3 MHz and fast switching speed. Circle 76 on Service Card for data sheet.
Electronics | February 7, 1966
Texas Instruments Incorporated
13500 N Central Expressway
P O Box 5012 • Dallas 22 Texas
SEMICONDUCTOR PLANTS IN BEDFORD, ENGLAND • NICE, FRANCE • DALLAS, TEXAS
Specify Amphenol...the leading name in cable, connectors, assemblies, RF switches, potentiometers, motors, microelectronics.
A design advance
Broadest line of standard silicon modular power supplies for fixed voltage applications
UP TO 60 VDC • UP TO 90 AMPS
Features and Data
Meet Mil. Environment Specs.
RFI-MIL-I-1671Q
Vibration: MIL-T-4857A
Shock: MIL-E-4970A * Proc 1 & 2
Humidity: MIL-STD-810 * Meth 507
Temp. Shock: MIL-E-5272C *
(ASG) Proc. 1
Altitude: MIL-E-4970A * (ASG) Proc. 1
Marking: MIL-STD-130
Quality: MIL-Q-9858
Convection cooled—no heat sinking or forced air required
Wide input voltage and frequency range — 105-132 VAC, 45-440 cps
Regulation (line) 0.05% plus 4MV
(load) 0.03% plus 3MV
Ripple and Noise — 1MV rms, 3MV p to p
Package A
Package B
Package C
Package D
Package E
Package F
Package G
RACK ADAPTERS
IRA-5—5⅛" height by 2⅞" depth.
Mounts up to 4 A package sizes;
3 B or C package sizes; or 2 A and 1 B or C package sizes. Price $35.00
IRA-4—5⅛" height by 14" depth.
(For use with chassis slides)
Mounts up to 4 A package sizes; 3 B or C package sizes; or 2 A and 1 B or C package sizes. Price $55.00
IRA-3—5⅛" height by 2⅞" depth.
Mounts up to 4 A, B or C package sizes;
2 D or E package sizes; or 2 A, B, or C and 1 D or 1 E package sizes. Price $35.00
IRA-4—5⅛" height by 14" depth.
(For use with chassis slides)
Mounts up to 4 A, B or C package sizes;
2 D or E packages sizes; or 2 A, B or C and 1 D or 1 E package sizes. Price $60.00
LAMBDA ELECTRONICS CORP.
515 BROAD HOLLOW ROAD • MELVILLE, L.I., NEW YORK • 516 MYRTLE 4-4200
PATENTS PENDING
Circle 64 on reader service card
Ordering Information
METERS—3 1/2" Metered panel MP-3 is used with rack adapters LRA-4, LRA-5 and packages A, B and C.
5 1/4" Metered panel MP-5 is used with rack adapters LRA-6, LRA-3 and packages A, B, C, D and E.
To order these accessory metered panels, specify panel number which MUST BE FOLLOWED BY THE MODEL NUMBER of the power supply with which it will be used.
Examples For Lambda Panel Model No.
| Metered Panels | Model and Price |
|----------------|-----------------|
| MP-3 | LM-B2 |
| MP-5 | MP-3-LM-B2 $40 |
| | MP-5-LM-B2 $40 |
Note—F and G LM Packages are full rack power supplies available metered or non-metered. For metered models, add suffix M to the Model No. and $30 to the non-metered price.
OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION—Externally mounted adjustable crowbar type overvoltage protection accessory for use with A, B, C and D packages—$25.
E, F and G packages available with built-in overvoltage protection. To order crowbar type overvoltage protection for E, F and G packages, add suffix OV to the model no. and $60 to the E package price and $90 to the F and G package price.
FIXED VOLTAGES—In addition to the fixed voltages listed, any fixed voltage is available up to 65 VDC at moderate surcharge.
Current rating applies for input voltage 105-132 VAC 55-65 cps. For operation at 45-55 cps and 360-440 cps derate current rating 10%.
Now there are 2 split-screen bistable storage oscilloscopes on the market!
(Tektronix developed both of them)
The exclusive Tektronix split-screen, bistable storage feature is now available in two oscilloscopes, the new DC-to-30 MHz Type 549 and the familiar DC-to-15 MHz Type 564.
Both offer the unique capability for simultaneous storage and conventional oscilloscope operation, plus general purpose convenience and plug-in versatility. These features and new, reduced prices for the Type 564/RM564 add up to the kind of value you can expect from Tektronix.
Tektronix Bistable Storage Offers
- Contrast of a stored trace independent of viewing time
- Brightness of a stored trace independent of viewing time
- Brightness of a stored trace independent of writing speed
| Storage Scope | Type 549 | Type 564 | Type 564 Mod 08 |
|---------------|----------|----------|-----------------|
| Brightness | 2.5 ft. L | 6 ft. L | 2 ft. L |
| Writing Speed | Normal | 0.5 cm/μs | 25 cm/ms | 100 cm/ms |
| | Enhanced | > 5 cm/μs | > 125 cm/ms | 500 cm/ms |
| Contrast Ratio| | > 4:1 | 2:1 | 2:1 |
| Erasure | split screen full screen remote/Auto | split screen full screen | split screen full screen |
| Display Area | 6 cm x 10 cm | 8 cm x 10 cm | 8 cm x 10 cm |
- 3 display modes — (1) split-screen combination of storage/conventional displays, (2) full-screen storage, or (3) full-screen conventional displays.
- saves film — extended viewing times of stored displays permit detailed waveform analysis in many instances without photography.
- simplifies trace photography — once initial camera setting has been determined, no further camera adjustments are necessary, regardless of conditions under which future stored traces are obtained.
- beam locate — locate pushbutton offsets beam into a non-store area on left edge of display, permitting precise vertical positioning of beam before signal is stored.
- adapts easily to various applications — accepts major plug-in lines for such applications as multi-trace, low-level differential, sampling, spectrum analysis, others.
- Type 549 automatic erase — can be selected for periodic or after sweep operation with selectable viewing times from 0.5 second to 5 seconds. In addition, Erase-and-Reset pushbutton — which permits erasing display and rearming single sweep — can be controlled remotely, if desired.
**TYPE 564**
**Storage time** — Bistable Storage provides a stored display for up to one hour.
**Erase time** — 250 ms full cycle at normal operating level.
Type 564 Storage Oscilloscope ........................................ $875
Size is 13½" high by 9¼" wide by 21¼" deep; net weight is 33 pounds.
Uses 2-series and 3-series plug-ins.
Rack Mount Model RM564 ........................................ $960
(same performance specifications, yet occupies only 7" standard rack height)
(Bandwidth DC-to-15 MHz with Type 3AS Plug-in)
Plug-ins illustrated
Type 3B3 Time-Base Unit ........................................ $585
(normal and delayed sweeps — 0.5 µs/cm to 1 s/cm, calibrated sweep delay — 0.5 µs to 10 sec, single sweep, 5X Magnifier, full passband triggering, flexible, easy-to-use — simplified trigger logic)
Type 3A6 Dual-Trace Unit ........................................ $540
(Dual-Trace — 10mV/cm at DC-to-10 MHz, 5 display modes)
---
**TYPE 549**
**Storage time** — Bistable Storage provides a stored display for up to one hour. When applications require maximum writing speed, viewing times of 20 minutes or less are recommended.
**Erase time** — 200 ms maximum, complete cycle.
**Time base features** — **Sweep Delay** — from 1 microsecond to 10 seconds. **Sweep Range** — 5 s/cm to 0.1 µs/cm (Time Base A) and 1 s/cm to 2 µs/cm (Time Base B). 5X Magnifier extends fastest sweeps to 20 ns/cm (Time Base A) and to 0.4 µs/cm (Time Base B). **Single Sweep** — manually, automatically, or remotely. **Full Passband Triggering** — with flexible, easy-to-use facilities, and **Simplified Trigger Logic** — with lever control of trigger functions.
Type 549 Storage Oscilloscope ........................................ $2,375
Size is 17" high x 13" wide x 24" deep; net weight is ≈ 67 pounds.
Uses letter and 1-series plug-ins.
Type 1A1 Dual-Trace Plug-In Unit (illustrated) ............... $600
(Dual Trace — 50 mV/cm at DC-to-30 MHz*, 5 mV/cm at DC-to-23 MHz*. Single Trace — 500 µV/cm at 2 Hz-to-14 MHz. 5 Display Modes, front panel signal output)
*When used in Type 549.
For information on how Tektronix can solve your measurement problem with a storage oscilloscope, call your Tektronix field engineer.
When 737 Simulators Were Needed
MCDONNELL WAS A NATURAL
United Air Lines and Boeing have picked 737 Simulators built by McDonnell. They had good reasons. Naturally.
They found at McDonnell:
- Simulator design concepts based on efficient application of modern general purpose digital computers.
- Direct conversion of digital outputs to synchro instrument drives, without use of servos.
- All-digital computer inputs.
- Digital accuracy.
- Digital input flexibility.
- Self-test programs.
- Standard parts and solid-state components.
- Design for reliability.
McDonnell’s years of simulation engineering and development experience—from fighter aircraft design evaluation to Gemini mission training—provide the practical know-how both air transport management and air line pilots can depend upon. McDonnell welcomes the tight reliability requirements of the 737 Simulator. We know the penalties of “down time” and we design to avoid them.
McDonnell is also prepared for other simulation problems.
Naturally.
Capacitor reliability?
Take Scott’s word for it: MYLAR®
H. H. Scott manufactures some of the world’s most widely used stereo amplifiers. They are recommended by many leading independent testing organizations. Because this kind of reputation depends on capacitor reliability, engineers at Scott use capacitors of MYLAR® exclusively for audio circuits from .047 to .47 microfarads.
“We don’t have to worry about performance with capacitors of MYLAR in our components and consoles,” says Chief Engineer Dan von Recklinghausen. “We use capacitors of MYLAR because of their low leakage, extremely long life, excellent capacitance stability and ability to withstand the wide temperature and humidity ranges encountered in high-power hi-fi amplifiers.” MYLAR also offers high dielectric strength in thin gauges, so capacitors can be made smaller, leaving space for more circuitry. And, in many cases, capacitors of MYLAR cost less than paper.
Scott components and consoles are known for excellence in quality, performance and reliability. So are capacitors of MYLAR. For complete information write DuPont Co., Room 3370A, Wilmington, Delaware 19898. (In Canada, write Du Pont of Canada Ltd., P.O. Box 660, Montreal 3, Quebec.)
DU PONT’S REGISTERED TRADEMARK FOR ITS POLYESTER FILM.
Electronics | February 7, 1966
Circle 69 on reader service card 69
This is the BCD decoder that ends make/buy decisions
Many users seem to think so.
We've built our numeric readout (the noteworthy NIXIE® tube, naturally!) into a handsome, compact package that not only gives you dependable low-level BCD-to-decimal conversion, but also enhances your most elegant design.
Most important, our BIP-8211P readout assembly carries a price tag so low that the savings in design, development, production, and testing will convince even the most parsimonious do-it-himselfer to reach for a P. O. instead of a slide rule.
Convenience? The decoder socket packs can be mounted in one of our bezel assemblies that handles up to 15 digits, mounts into your front-panel opening with just two screws, accommodates decimal points and colons.
Flexibility? It's odds-on that your own BCD circuits will drive the BIP-8211P without modification. But we also offer optional versions which accept just about any form of BCD, or one that gives you straight decimal-to-decimal driving, should that be what you need.
Reliability? Continuing environmental and life testing add up to dependable operation in severe environments of temperature, shock and vibration. All this and an enthusiastic Zero Defects Program, too!
Availability? We've toolled up a new production line that's turning out BIP-8211P modules in quantities large enough to make shipment possible in an interval no longer than the time it takes to process the paperwork. Need them even faster for bread-boarding or prototyping? They're priced low enough to order them now, and have them in arm's reach.
Got a BCD-decoding requirement? Leave it to Burroughs! You'll be glad—so will your comptroller — so will the user.
Write or call for full information.
Burroughs Corporation / ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS DIVISION
PLAINFIELD, NEW JERSEY 07061
Technical Articles
Using strip transmission lines to design microwave circuits, part I: page 72
Though strip transmission lines are not new, many engineers have been reluctant to use them because they don't understand them. But the pressure to miniaturize microwave equipment—a byproduct of the acceptance of solid state devices—has stimulated their use. One big advantage is the size reduction, shown clearly by this issue's cover. In the photograph, taken at the Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.'s Williamsville, N.Y., plant, the strip line card does the work of the other hardware.
Phase-locked marker improves spectrum analyzer's accuracy: page 88
A new instrument allows the rapid identification and accurate measurement of any frequency in the spectrum. This frequency-measuring spectrum analyzer has a phase-locked marker and a modified display to offset the limitations of previous spectrum analyzers. It can aid in analyzing radio-frequency interference.
Putting superconductors to work: page 95
More than a dozen companies are making superconductor magnets and systems. The discovery of new materials is speeding the use of superconductors in applications as diverse as giant research magnets, masers and magnetohydrodynamic generators.
The packaging revolution—simpler designs for complex system: page 109
To avoid complicated, expensive interconnection structures, an engineer has to adopt new procedures when designing a complex digital system with integrated circuits. These new practices force the system's functional organization to be regular and the interconnections simple.
Coming February 21
- Optoelectronic devices in memories
- Converting to hybrid integrated circuits
- Survey of strip transmission lines: part II
Using strip transmission line to design microwave circuits, part I
The first article in a two-part survey of the characteristics and capabilities of strip transmission line examines tested design procedures for reliable, low-cost multipliers, filters and diode switches.
By J. Richard Dangl and Kenneth P. Steele
Sylvania Electronics Systems, Williamsville, N.Y.
Practical design procedures, developed over the last few years, are resulting in the wider use of strip transmission line in miniaturized microwave circuits. Ideally suited for low and medium power applications, strip transmission line is used to design low-cost, solid state circuits with improved electrical characteristics and increased reliability. But design engineers, interested in taking advantage of the line's capabilities, have been hard put to find a broad examination of this invaluable technology.
Strip transmission line consists of a thin rectangular center surrounded by dielectric, and spaced between two highly conducting ground planes, as shown in the diagram on page 73. Printed circuit techniques are used to construct the line. The fundamental propagation mode is a transverse electromagnetic wave.
Components such as semiconductors and ferrites can be embedded in the line, and passive elements such as filters can be formed by chemically etching the center conductor. The low cost of etching passive components means that multiresonant filters can be used to improve the electrical performance of many semiconductor circuits such as varactor multipliers and tunnel-diode amplifiers.
Characteristics
Strip transmission line reduces equipment size because equivalent electrical line lengths are reduced in inverse proportion to $\sqrt{\epsilon_r}$, where $\epsilon_r$ is the relative dielectric constant of the material used in the construction of the line. For dielectrics such as the polyolefins, $\epsilon_r = 2.3$, thus linear dimensions are reduced by a factor of 1.5. Size reduction by a factor of two or three can be provided by higher dielectric constant materials, but their other physical characteristics, such as brittleness, make them less suitable. An example of size reduction is illustrated in the photograph on page 73.
Uniformity and accuracy of circuits designed in the line depend on the quality of the dielectric material. The development of irradiated polyolefin dielectrics was a major breakthrough because it made available low-loss dielectric materials with desirable electrical and physical characteristics. These materials typically have dielectric constants of about 2.25 to 2.32, and loss tangents as low as 0.0001 into the $K_u$ frequency band (12.4 to 18 Gc). Polyolefin is more temperature-stable than previously available low-loss dielectrics, permitting its use in miniature equipment operating at ambient temperatures as high as 85°C. Even
Comparison of equivalent microwave and strip transmission line circuits shows the reduction in size offered by the latter technique. Girl holds both the basic strip transmission line circuit board and the complete package for a varactor tripler.
when produced in large quantities, the material is extremely homogeneous.
The superiority of strip transmission line over waveguide or coaxial cable can be demonstrated by showing that a solid state frequency source, consisting of a chain of varactor multipliers, can be made to operate more reliably without increasing its cost. To reduce the number of diode stages, each stage should multiply the frequency by a large factor. However, high-order multiplication is less efficient than an equivalent chain of low-order multipliers. To increase the circuit's efficiency, additional resonators for sustaining idler frequencies must be added. Also, multiple resonator filters with Chebyshev or maximally flat characteristics are needed to increase bandwidth and prevent spurious outputs. When strip transmission line is used, these complex circuits can be produced economically because the additional resonators can be etched at a negligible increase in cost. The increased efficiency permits the use of high-order multiplication, resulting in fewer diode stages. Additionally, the large bandwidths prevent severe physical environments from changing electrical parameters and performance. Both factors increase the circuit's reliability.
Another distinguishing characteristic of strip transmission line is its compatibility with solid state devices. This feature acquires increased significance now that semiconductor manufacturers are producing devices in sizes to match the line's thickness and to fit special diode mounts. The ultimate in compatible design—the use of the same semiconductor material as the strip transmission line's dielectric and as the substrate for active elements such as diodes—is under experimental investigation in a number of laboratories.
In a typical strip transmission line, a center conductor guides electrical energy between two conducting ground planes. Here the thickness of the center and ground planes has been greatly exaggerated.
I. Synthesis of strip transmission line
The evolution of strip transmission line is illustrated on page 74. The line may be considered as a development of the parallel-wire line. In this line, the two wires carry equal and opposite currents and the field is in the form of a transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM). In a TEM wave, no longitudinal component of field exists, that is, there is no component of field in the direction of propagation. The TEM mode is the principal mode in coaxial cable, but cannot exist in rectangular waveguide.
If a thin, perfectly conducting metal plate that is infinite in extent is placed perpendicular to, and at the midpoint of, the line joining the centers of the wires, the field pattern will not be disturbed if one of the wires is removed. In effect, a virtual image of the remaining wire is produced in the metal plate to maintain the same electric field configuration. This basic concept leads to microstrip—one of the earliest and simplest of lines. In microstrip, the wire conductor is formed into a rectangle and a dielectric material is added as mechanical support for the conductor. The metal plate is called a ground plane.
A major disadvantage of microstrip is the radio-frequency leakage resulting from the use of only one ground plane. This difficulty is overcome by adding a second ground plane as in the three air-dielectric transmission lines in the center panel of the diagram.
Of the three types of line illustrated, only the line with the circular center conductor is still used extensively. This line, called shielded strip line or slab line, is used for breadboard and research
The evolution of strip transmission line...
Strip transmission line development starts with the parallel wire line at the upper left. The field around the upper wire is not changed if a metal sheet is inserted between the wires, and the lower wire is removed. This leads to the microstrip configuration. Air dielectric lines in the middle of the diagram reduce r-f radiation but the center conductors are difficult to support. Strip transmission line at the upper right is formed from two copper clad sheets that are sandwiched together to form a rugged, compact package. Both single and double registration are used in circuit design. The coupled strip transmission line is the basic structure for various coupling networks and filters, and is one of many configurations that can be designed.
purposes because it is easy to modify. In addition, short-circuited stubs, which are useful in experimental work, can be built easily in the shielded strip line configuration.
The major problem with the three air-dielectric transmission lines is that the support for the center conductor is too complex and may not be rugged enough for many environmental conditions. The deficiency is overcome by using the strip transmission line shown at the right in the diagram.
Strip transmission line is built using two sheets of copper-clad dielectric. The dielectric is normally 1/16 to 1/8 inch thick and is clad with 1 or 2 ounces of copper per square foot. The center conductor is formed by chemically etching away the copper on one side of a doubly-clad board. Then the two sheets are brought together to form the sandwich structure. To provide rigidity and insure uniformity, the boards are fastened between two lightweight, metal pressure plates.
Because of the thickness of the center conductor, there is an air gap of .0015 to .003 between the dielectrics of the two sheets. This air gap is important only when there is a possibility of peak power breakdown.
Both single and double registration types are shown in the diagram. In double registration, center conductors are etched on each of the dielectric sheets. Double registration is used when the lines are butted together. The additional thick-
Directional coupler may be constructed with the center conductor configuration shown at the left. The coupler supports even and odd modes whose electric fields are shown in the figures at the right. In the odd mode (the lower figure), the direction of the electric field on one side of this axis of symmetry is opposite to the direction on the other side.
ness of the center conductor reduces the possibility of an electrical discontinuity at the joint and therefore maintains low voltage standing wave ratios. However, single registration can suffice if proper fabrication and processing controls are used.
Coupled strip transmission line, shown in the right hand corner of the panel on page 74, is the basic configuration for many important components such as directional couplers, hybrid couplers and parallel coupled filters.
The center conductor configuration and the four ports of a directional coupler are shown at the left of the diagram at the bottom of page 74. The coupling mechanism may be explained by the electric field distribution for the fundamental TEM modes, shown at the right of the diagram. The even mode results when the currents in the two conductors are both equal and in the same direction. The odd mode results when the currents in the conductors are equal but in opposite directions. It is the odd mode which couples the two conductors.
**Energy flow**
If one superimposes the fields from the two modes, it can be seen that the fields will be additive at one conductor and opposing at the other. Under these conditions, most of the energy is concentrated along one of the conductors and a small coupling field exists between the two conductors. The conductor which supports the larger field is represented by the direct line between ports 1 and 4 in the center conductor. Most of the energy flowing into port 1 will flow out of port 4. Some of the energy will be coupled to the other line and will flow out of port 2. Theoretically, no energy flows out of port 3 if it is properly terminated. The coupling mechanism may also be explained in terms of the capacitance between the two lines. This is a useful viewpoint when the coupled lines are used as filter elements. For maximum coupling to occur, the electrical length of the line is $\lambda/4$ where $\lambda$ is wavelength in the dielectric.
The coupler is theoretically matched at all frequencies if the input impedance of the coupler is equal to the source impedance $Z_o$. The input impedance, $Z_{in}$, and coefficient of coupling, $k$, of the coupled line is given by
$$Z_o = \sqrt{Z_{oo} Z_{oe}}$$
$$k = \frac{Z_{oe} - Z_{oo}}{Z_{oe} + Z_{oo}}$$
where $Z_{oo}$ is the odd-mode characteristic impedance, which is defined as the characteristic impedance of one line to ground when equal currents are flowing in the two lines; and $Z_{oe}$ is the even-mode characteristic impedance, defined as the characteristic impedance of one line to ground when equal and opposite currents are flowing in the two lines. The width of each of the coupled conductors and the spacing between them can be found in nomograms in terms of $Z_{oo}$ and $Z_{oe}$.
Although strip transmission line is most accurately represented by distributed impedances, lumped-element circuits may be approximated with lengths of line that are small fractions of a wavelength. Because the line may be represented by lumped constant networks, it is possible in many instances to use low-frequency analysis to design passive microwave circuits such as filters. Illustrated in the diagram shown above are some of the equivalent impedance relationships. In this diagram the first two figures are end views of the line: the third and fourth figures are top views.
The characteristic impedance of the line is a function of the dimensions of the line and a parameter, $d_o$, which is a function of the thickness, $t$, of the center conductor. The value of $d_o$ can be determined from graphs.
In the second figure, shunt capacitance is seen to be equivalent to a short length of line, $s$. The total capacitance may be considered to be the sum...
of the capacitance between the center conductor and the ground plane and the fringing capacitance at the edge of the center conductor.
Shunt capacitance may also be obtained with a metal post: one end forming a small gap with the center conductor and the other end shorted to the ground plane. Small machine screws are often used as the metal post.
A series capacitance (not shown) is formed by overlapping lengths of center conductor that are separated by a small piece of dielectric. The technique is useful when large capacitances are required. Smaller values of series capacitance are obtained easily by cutting a narrow gap in the center conductor. Series inductance (third figure) is obtained by changing the width of the center conductor.
The open-circuited stub—the last figure in the diagram—is equivalent to a series-resonant shunt circuit and is very useful, particularly for impedance matching and for low-pass filters. To permit tuning with a variable capacitor, capacitively loaded open-circuited stubs are also used. The circuit may be made to appear primarily capacitive or inductive depending on whether the stub is shorter or longer than $\lambda/4$.
II. Varactor multiplier frequency sources
Varactor multipliers use the nonlinear voltage-variable capacitance characteristics of a diode to generate microwave frequencies from a stable source.
A simple form of varactor multiplier is the doubler, which contains most of the elements that are common to all other multipliers.
The shunt-type circuit at the top of the diagram shown below can be easily fabricated in strip transmission line. The low-pass filter matches the 50-ohm source impedance of the external generator. The filter prevents higher frequencies generated by the varactor from appearing at the input. The input frequency is applied to the diode through the low-pass filter and the matching network. The nonlinear reactance of the diode generates the second and higher harmonics and the mixing products of the input frequency. The desired second harmonic is selected by the bandpass filter at the output.
The matching networks are usually quarter-wave transformers that match the real part of the diode impedance to the characteristic impedance of the line. Line lengths between the diode and the two
Multiplier circuits use various filters and matching networks to increase the bandwidth and provide conduction paths for the idler frequencies. Idler frequencies such as $4f_0$ in the quintupler are not available as the output, but improve the efficiency of converting the fundamental, $f_0$, to the desired output frequency.
filters are chosen to cancel the capacitive reactance of the diode. In addition, tunable line-stretchers, or stubs, may be added to the circuit for fine tuning.
One of the major problems in multiplier design is specifying the diode impedance. The impedance includes lead, junction and other parasitic reactances, which vary with both power level and frequency. An excellent theoretical analysis showing how diode reactance varies under different conditions, points out ways to reduce the amount of empirical work required in practical multiplier design.
The bandwidth of a doubler (top figure) may be increased considerably by making the input and output filters a complementary or pseudo-complementary filter pair which presents a theoretically constant load to the varactor over a wide frequency band. In a complementary pair, one of the filters tends to become more capacitive as frequency increases, and the other more inductive. As a result, the impedance seen by the diode remains constant. This arrangement sacrifices some efficiency since higher frequencies and harmonics are not generated. However, an efficiency of about 50% across a 20% frequency band has been obtained in both S (1,550-5,200 Mc) and C (5,000-6,500 Mc) bands.
**Quadrupler**
The quadrupler in the center of the figure at the left illustrates the use of a series diode configuration. The three stubs provide circuit paths through the diode for those frequencies which contribute to the desired output. Depending on the frequency, the stubs present either short circuits or open circuits to the line.
For the input frequency, $f_0$, the path through the diode is terminated by the short circuit presented by stub 2. The second harmonic idler—a frequency which contributes to the desired output by mixing with other harmonics—flows between stubs 1 and 3. The desired output frequency $4f_0$ flows from stub 1 through the output filter. At $f_0$ and $4f_0$ the stubs present open circuits or high reactances so that these frequencies are not shorted out.
**Quintupler**
A strip transmission line quintupler designed by Sylvania engineers is shown at the bottom of the figure at the left. The quintupler is similar to the doubler previously described. However, in the quintupler, the line lengths between the diode and the filters are chosen both to cancel the diode capacitive reactance and to provide proper idling. For high efficiency, maximum current should flow through the diode at $f_0$, $2f_0$, and $5f_0$. The presence of higher order harmonics also increases the efficiency.
**Design of a varactor tripler**
An example of the design of a tripler will indicate some of the important calculations and considerations required in designing multipliers in strip transmission line. For the tripler considered here, an output power of 1 watt was required at a frequency of about 5,500 Mc. The input frequency, therefore, had to be 1,833 Mc. The specified bandwidth at the output was less than 1%, which presented no problem for this design.
The basic design is a shunt-diode configuration with the varactor placed between the input filter and the bandpass filter, as is shown above. For both electrical and mechanical reasons the shunt-diode configuration is the best for strip transmission line work. In this configuration, one end of the varactor is physically grounded, with the ground plane acting as an excellent heat sink. Tuning and access to the diode are also easier with the shunt configuration.
**Positioning the diode**
Location of the diode between filters depends both on the reflected impedance of the filters and the reactances of the diode. As in a doubler, the first approximation is to place the diode between the filters at a point which satisfies two conditions—namely, that the input low-pass filter present an open circuit to the diode junction at the third harmonic frequency and that the output bandpass filter present an open circuit to the diode junction at the fundamental frequency. These conditions prevent dissipation of the third harmonic and the fundamental at the input and output filters.
To idle the second harmonic, the tripler design also requires an additional circuit which presents a short circuit to the diode at $2f_0$. In the diagram shown above, this circuit could be a series tuned circuit, connected in parallel with the diode and resonant at $2f_0$. Here, the short at the diode was obtained by properly positioning the diode between the filters. The design of both the low-pass and bandpass filters is described later in this article.
The appropriate position of the open circuit which the input filter must present at the third harmonic, 5,550 Mc, can be calculated, but it is more precise to measure the position using a model of the filter. Measurements were made on a model fabricated in 1/16-inch Revolene "P" dielectric. In these measurements the diode is not in the circuit. The output impedance of the low-pass filter at the second and third harmonic frequencies is measured with a coaxial slotted line, and plotted on a Smith chart. The Smith chart indicates the distances from the reference plane to the open and short circuits. The distance to the open circuit is represented on
Position of the varactor with respect to the output port of the low-pass filter is determined from voltage standing wave measurements made at a frequency of $3f_0$ (5,500 Mc.). Distance $X_1$ indicates the position of an open circuit. Consideration of diode capacitance would require that the diode be placed at $X_1$, which is too close to the filter. Therefore, the diode is moved back a half-wavelength placing it a distance $Y_1$ from the filter.
Bandpass filter at the output of the tripler is realized by using parallel-coupled transmission lines. As in the low-pass filter, the position of the varactor diode with respect to the filter is determined from measurements and the capacitance of the diode. The vswr measurement is made at a frequency of $f_0$ (1,833 Mc).
The diagram of the low-pass filter shown above as distance $X_1$.
Because of the capacitance introduced by the diode, the measured distance $X_1$ to the open circuit would not be correct. When the diode capacitance is accounted for, a standard Smith chart analysis shows that the open circuit actually occurs at $X_1'$. This would place the mounting structure for the diode too close to the filter. Therefore, the diode position is moved back a half-wavelength from $X_1'$. At this position it is a distance $Y_1$ from the output of the low-pass filter.
The value of capacitance used to calculate the position $X_1'$ is taken from the diode data sheet—in this case, a type D4852E diode was used in the tripler. It has been found that the capacitance of the diode at $-6$ volts is a good approximation for the average capacitance. For the type D4852E diode this capacitance is 1.5 picofarads.
For the bandpass filter, input impedance measurements were made at 1,833 Mc to determine the location of the open and short circuits, as in the lower diagram at the left. The location of the diode relative to the input of the filter, distance $Y_2$, is determined by using the same procedure as for the low-pass filter.
The prototype of the multiplier is then fabricated with the initial position of the diode at a distance $Y_1$ from the low-pass filter and distance $Y_2$ from the bandpass filter. Past experience has shown that this initial position is very close to the final position which gives maximum power output, indicating the procedure yields a rather good approximation for the design of the multiplier.
To determine the final position of the diode, measurements of the tripler's performance are made at various power levels, frequencies, and diode positions. A peak in the power output indicates the exact position for mounting the diode. In these tests, a special diode mount is used to reposition the diode relative to each filter. In addition, the strip transmission line is cut at the calculated diode position to allow the distance between the filters to be varied slightly by adding spacing blocks. Using this technique for trimming the position of the diode, only one breadboard is required before an engineering model is made.
Evaluation of the completed tripler showed that the spacing between the filters remained the same as in the breadboard but that the diode was located at the short-circuit point of the second harmonic. This point is shown in the diagram of the input filter at the top of the page. This provides the necessary idling of the second harmonic, yet positions the diode closely enough to an open circuit at the third harmonic to satisfy the original conditions.
Fine tuning is achieved by capacitive tuning screws placed on each side of the diode. The distances between the diode and the two filters are slightly foreshortened to accommodate the tuning screws.
A good way to bias the varactor diode is to connect a d-c blocking joint (a microwave analog of a blocking capacitor) followed by a physically small carbon resistor at the input of the low-pass filter. The resistor, which should be at least 10,000 ohms, is connected in shunt with the line. It provides the required r-f isolation for the d-c power supply and acts as a current limiter for the varactor. Another common biasing circuit is an L-C filter. This method often causes spurious response problems and ringing, in the case of pulse operation.
**Performance results**
Test results obtained for the broadband tripler were in good agreement with predicted performance. A conversion loss of 4 db was obtained for a power input of 2 watts, yielding an output of 0.8 watts at 5,500 Mc. The varactor was well saturated, indicating that the output power obtained was very close to the maximum obtainable. The frequency-output power curve was very flat over the required bandwidth of 1%. The dynamic range of the tripler was relatively small, as expected for a
Engineering model of the varactor tripler includes a circulator to isolate the diode circuit from the load. Mode suppression screws on the face of the unit prevent the generation of higher modes at discontinuities at the filters, diode and output connector.
Center conductor configuration of the strip transmission line tripler shows the relative positions of the circuit's elements. Three large holes at the upper right hold the components used in the circulator. Clearance holes near the filters, diode, and output lines are for mode suppression screws. The capacitive plate provides additional mode suppression near the diode.
multiplier with fixed external bias, and operated in saturation. Restricted dynamic range is not a problem in system integration if the variations of both the bias and the input drive power are made small.
Another engineering model of the tripler was built with right-angle, rather than in-line, connections to the circuit board. A circulator, integrated with the board, at the output of the bandpass filter, provided constant loading. This model yielded an output power of 1 watt for an input of about 3.3 watts—a conversion loss of 4.8 db. The higher conversion loss was attributed to right-angle connections and the addition of the circulator.
Test results on the engineering model with a large quantity of diodes proved very encouraging in terms of large-scale production. Ten diodes, type D4852E, were tested in the unit and each yielded approximately the same output power. In each case, only a change in the diode bias was required to optimize the output.
Spurious signals in the output were more than 50 db below the desired signal. Spurious signals are undesired frequencies generated in the low-frequency oscillator or are radiated signals that are picked up and amplified by stages preceding the tripler. Although not fully understood, it has been found from experience that spurious frequencies and noise within the bandwidth of the multiplier may be amplified as much as 5 to 10 db when passing through the multiplier circuit. The input signal, however, undergoes a conversion loss in the multiplication process. This means that the signal-to-noise ratio and spurious rejection—ratio of signal amplitude to spurious amplitude—at the input must be about 10 db greater than the values desired at the output.
In a chain of multipliers this effect is compounded, because each stage will amplify the undesired signals. As an example, a chain of four multipliers may reduce the spurious rejection and signal-to-noise ratio at the output by 20 to 40 db below its value at the input. To reduce the problem, the stages must be well shielded and spurious signals at the input must be held to a minimum.
An engineering model of the tripler that uses a circulator at its output is shown in the top photograph. The screws mounted on the unit are shorted to both ground planes and serve a dual purpose; one of them being to hold the strip transmission line sandwich together and the other to suppress spurious strip transmission line modes. The screws around the circumference also shield the unit preventing radiation from entering or leaving the board. Metallized tape around the edge of the unit also aids in shielding. Other screws on the face of the unit are mode suppressors which prevent the propagation of higher strip line modes that would be generated by the discontinuities at the filters, varactor diodes and connector.
The lower photograph, left, shows the center conductor configuration of the tripler, and more clearly indicates the relative positions of the diode mount, filters and suppression screws.
III. Filters in strip transmission line
Filters are important parameters in most strip transmission line designs. Impedance matching networks, frequency selecting circuits and broadbanding networks are all, in the most general sense, filter structures designed by similar techniques. The filters used in the varactor tripler offer a good example of some of the design considerations.
Low-pass filter
The low-pass filter in the varactor multiplier is illustrated in the figure on page 80 with its lumped-constant equivalent circuit and its frequency response. The characteristic impedance of
Prototype circuit of the low-pass filter is directly related to the elements of the actual strip transmission line filter. The theoretical frequency response of the constant-k and m-derived filter is shown at the bottom of the diagram. Frequency $f_c$ is the cutoff frequency, $f_\infty$ is the frequency at which infinite attenuation occurs and $f_M = \sqrt{f_c}$. $f_2$ where $f_2 = 5f_c$.
The filter is set at 50 ohms to match the input source. The 50-ohm impedance determines the width of the center conductor at the input and output of the filter. No attempt is made to match the filter impedance to the varactor diode's, because, in the overdriven condition, or at high power levels, the diode's impedance characteristics are difficult to predict accurately. The cutoff frequency $f_c$ of the filter is established at 2,100 Mc. This is sufficiently above the fundamental frequency of 1,833 Mc so that the insertion loss at the fundamental frequency, $f_o$, is only about 0.2 db.
The design of the filter is based on an elementary lumped-constant filter consisting of three constant-K prototype L-C sections between m-derived end sections.
As shown in the diagram, the various elements of the filter are directly related to various sections of the strip transmission line filter. The impedances of the various sections have been discussed in the section on equivalent circuits on page 75.
Making the width of the series-inductance line very narrow permits the characteristic impedance to be high and the filter length to be short. The length of these sections are set so that $X_L = 2P$ at the cutoff frequency, $f_c$, where $R$ is the 50-ohm load impedance that is to be matched by the filter. The shunt capacitive section lengths are $\lambda_M/4$, where the mean frequency $f_M = \sqrt{f_c}$. $f_2$, and $f_2$ is defined as the upper limit of the stop band. The frequency $f_2$ is arbitrarily chosen to be 5$f_c$. The widths of the shunt capacitive sections are determined by the characteristic impedance required to make $X_C = R/2$ at the frequency $f_c$. The values of $X_c$ and $X_L$ satisfy the basic impedance relationship for a constant-K filter.
$$X_L X_C = R^2$$
Lengths of the m-derived end sections are chosen to be a quarter-wavelength at the frequency of infinite attenuation, $f_\infty$ where,
$$f_\infty = \frac{f_c}{\sqrt{1 - m^2}}$$
The selection of $m = 0.6$ results in a very flat image impedance over the passband. The rate of cutoff outside the passband is determined by the number of constant K-sections and the resonant frequency of the end sections. Frequency response for the 3-section filter is down 3 db at 1.3$f_c$ and decreases to 60 db at 1.7$f_c$.
The frequency response in the stop band of the filter must be considered as carefully as in the passband's. When the filter elements are a half-wavelength long, a resonance occurs reducing the attenuation. In the low-pass filter, the first undesired resonant response occurs at 3.7$f_c$ when the inductive sections are $\lambda/2$ long. A second undesired resonant response occurs at 4.5$f_c$ when the shunt capacitive sections are $\lambda/2$ long. Spurious signals or harmonic frequencies appearing at these frequencies will not be sufficiently attenuated and must be reduced or eliminated before the filter.
**Bandpass filter**
The bandpass output filter in the varactor tripler is illustrated in the figure on page 81. Its frequency response is of the Chebyshev type also shown in the diagram.
A Chebyshev response is characterized by equal ripples in the passband. Maximally flat, or Butterworth, filters may also be constructed but the skirt selectivity is not as great as the Chebyshev response.
The filter is a parallel coupled resonator type.
consisting of quarter-waves length sections represented by the lengths of line, \(a\). Each of these sections is \(\lambda/4\) at the midband frequency, which, in this case, is the tripler's output frequency of 3f\(_0\) (5,500 Mc). The filter may also be considered as a group of parallel coupled transmission lines.
The equivalent circuit of the bandpass filter does not have the obvious relationship to the filter elements, as did the low-pass equivalent circuit to its filter. The equivalent circuit for the five-section, Chebyshev-response filter is shown in the diagram below. In this circuit each parallel L-C circuit represents a half wavelength resonator. The boxes between the resonators—representing the coupling between the resonant bars—are ideal impedance inverter circuits that have a \(-90^\circ\) phase shift.
The bandpass filter was required to have low insertion loss in the passband and to attenuate the second and fourth harmonic by at least 50 db. A five section filter is used because it gives 60 db rejection at the harmonic frequencies with less than 0.5-db insertion loss. Larger values of skirt attenuation are obtained by increasing the number of sections but this also results in an increase in the insertion and loss.
For a given number of filter sections, increasing the bandwidth reduces the insertion loss but requires increased coupling between sections and therefore closer spacing between the resonators. The bandwidth is made as large as possible to obtain low insertion loss but not so large that the spacing of the filter elements produces an etching problem. A 10% bandwidth is about the maximum that can be obtained with a five-section filter. For this bandwidth the spacing between elements must be as small as 0.005 inch. Closer etching tolerances can be maintained only with difficulty.
The dimensions of the filter are determined, using a suitable prototype filter for a model. For designing a five-section Chebyshev filter, the prototype is a low-pass filter consisting of shunt capacitive and series inductive elements.\(^{10}\) The prototype's frequency response is similar to the desired response, except that it is centered at zero frequency. Basically, a low-pass prototype circuit is used in filter design to take advantage of the symmetry of the response curve and because it may be easily transformed into various low-pass and bandpass configurations.
The ripple, \(A_n\), determines the value of the inductive and capacitive elements in the prototype. These values and the characteristic impedance of the filter, \(Z_0\), specify the even and odd impedances, \(Z_{en}\) and \(Z_{on}\), respectively, of the coupled strip transmission line sections. Definitions of even and odd impedance appear on page 75 in the discussion of parallel coupled strip transmission lines. Once the even and odd impedances are known, the width and gap dimensions of the resonators can be obtained from nomograms.\(^2\)
In the bandpass filter, the line lengths must be corrected for fringing capacitance at the ends, by trimming each section by a small amount, \(d\). The trimming is usually performed empirically, but is guided by approximate design equations for the capacitance derived by Cohn.\(^{10}\)
Strip transmission line filters designed at Sylvania have shown excellent correlation with the results predicted by the design procedure given above. However, the correlation is closely governed by the accuracy obtainable in the graphic and etching processes to be discussed in the next article of this series.
**Chebyshev frequency response** of the bandpass filter is characterized by equal amplitude ripples in the passband. The equivalent circuit of the filter consists of ideal inverters, represented by the boxes labelled \(K_{01}\) to \(K_{45}\), and tuned resonant circuits, represented by the parallel inductance and capacitance.
IV. Multiple-pole diode switches
Strip transmission line is much less expensive than waveguide or coaxial line for the construction of multiple-pole diode switches. Such switches consist of many individual circuit elements which are costly to machine but are relatively economical to etch. Costly mounts are unnecessary in low-power strip transmission line switches, since the diodes can be inserted in cut-outs in the dielectric and attached simply to the center conductor.
A shunt-type switch is illustrated in the first schematic below. The diode is represented by its equivalent circuit consisting of the elements $L_D$, $C_J$ and $R_D$. If the spreading resistance, $R_H$, is neglected, the diode may be considered an ideal switch. When the diode is forward-biased it conducts, placing a near short circuit across the line so that no r-f energy reaches the output. The circuit is tuned to series resonance by an external capacitor, $X_{cs}$. The reactance across the line, therefore, is theoretically zero and the isolation of the switch is infinite. With reverse bias, the diode does not conduct; the parallel circuit is tuned to resonance by external inductance, $X_{lp}$, and the reactance across the line is theoretically infinite. In this condition, all available r-f power is transmitted to the output. For this switch, the external capacitive and inductive reactances must satisfy the following conditions:
$$X_{CS} = \omega_0 L (1 - \omega_0^2 L_D C_J)$$
$$X_{LP} = \frac{(1 - \omega_0^2 L_D C_J)}{\omega_0 C_J}$$
Diode in this schematic of the switch is represented by the elements $L_D$, $C_J$, and $R_D$. Parallel reactance $jX_{lp}$ is added to increase the bandwidth by resonating the diode.
Multiport switch is formed by adding additional lines and shunt diodes (shown in color) to the basic switch circuit. In this configuration, the output at port 1 or 2 may be pulse modulated by the biasing waveform at diode $D_0$. For clarity, bias circuits are not shown in detail.
Five-port diode switch allows the output to be modulated by a single source. The five connectors, which are not marked, are the output ports. An input connector and the diode bias lines on the bottom of the switch are not visible. The port marked N is not a part of the switch.
where $L_D = \text{diode series inductance}$
$C_J = \text{diode junction capacitance}$
$X_{LP} = \text{shunt resonant inductance (includes diode package capacitance)}$
$X_{CS} = \text{series resonant capacitance}$
$\omega_o = 2\pi f_o$
The matching sections, which may be quarter-wave transformers or tapered sections, are designed to match the source and load to a characteristic impedance value of
$$Z_o = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{V_D}{I_D} (1 - \omega_o^2 L_D C_J)^2 \right)$$
where $V_D$ and $I_D$ are the rated diode voltage and current, respectively. The maximum switching power is given by $P = \frac{1}{2} V_D I_D$, when diode and circuit ohmic losses are neglected.
The biasing circuit shown in the schematic of the switch comprises a d-c connection with a low-pass r-f biasing filter at one end of the diode and, at the other end, a d-c return that consists of an r-f short circuit at a distance $n\lambda_o/4$ from the diode, where $n$ is an odd number and $\lambda_o$ is the wavelength in the strip transmission line at midband. The low-pass filter for the bias circuit is composed of alternate capacitive and inductive, $C_t$ and $L_t$, strip transmission line sections. The circuit is similar to the low-pass filter discussed on page 80, except that the cutoff frequency is much lower.
The tuning reactance, $X_{CS}$, is normally considered a part of the biasing filter. If $X_{LP}$ is not needed, it may be replaced by an r-f bypass in the form of a large capacitor spaced a half wavelength from the diode.
With the addition of other shunt diodes spaced a quarter-wavelength from a point, A, as in the lower diagram on page 82, the circuit becomes a multiport switch with an additional feature—the output signals may be pulse modulated by diode $D_n$. The tuning inductance across the diodes and the biasing networks are not shown.
If diode $D_n$ is back-biased, energy at the input port will flow past $D_n$ towards point A. If, at the same time, diode $D_1$ is back-biased and $D_2$ is forward-biased, energy will flow out of port 1, and no energy will flow towards port 2. The reason for this is that the bias essentially removes $D_1$ from the circuit and makes line 1 appear as a properly terminated 50-ohm line; line 2, on the other hand, presents an open circuit at point A because of the reflected impedance of the shorted diode.
If, under the above conditions, diode $D_n$ is forward biased, it will prevent energy from reaching point A and both output ports will be isolated from the input. Therefore, a pulse modulated waveform that alternately forward- and reverse-biases $D_n$ will similarly modulate the output at port 1. If the d-c biases on diodes $D_1$ and $D_2$ are reversed, the modulated waveform will appear at port 2.
More than two outputs may be added. As an example, a five-port shunt diode switch that allows the outputs to be pulse modulated is shown in the photograph at the left. The BNC connector labeled "N" is not part of the switch circuit.
Series diode switches are also feasible, but while the series type has the advantage of greater potential bandwidth, it is not as convenient for design with strip transmission line. The bandwidth of a shunt diode switch is inversely proportional to the lead inductance and can be improved by the use of small pill-type diode packages.
Although the preceding designs are only outlined in many instances, the reader can gain insight into the techniques of designing with strip transmission line together with an idea of some of the pragmatic but crucial hardware problems.
In the next article of this series, additional circuits such as tunnel-diode amplifiers and antenna arrays will be discussed. The article will also deal with methods of eliminating spurious responses, factors involved in etching, and maximum frequency and power limitations.
References
1. M.S. Koen, "Scientific report on study of strip transmission lines," AL Report No. 2830-2, Contract No. AF19(604)-780, December 1955.
2. S.B. Cohn, P.M. Sherk, J.K. Shimizu and E.M.T. Jones, "Strip transmission lines and components, final report" SRI Project 1114, Contract No. DA36-039SC-63232, February 1957. Reprinted in Proc. Trans. PGMTT-3, March 1955, pp. 119-126.
3. N.R Wild et al., "Handbook of TRI-PLATE," Sanders Associates, Inc., Nashua, N.H., 1956.
4. C.E. Dowdell and K. Steele, "A versatile varactor multiplier," National Electronic Research Engineering Meeting (Nerem), Boston, November 1964, pp. 141-145.
5. C.B. Burckhardt, "An analysis of varactor frequency multipliers for arbitrary capacitance variation and drive level," Bell System Technical Journal, April 1965, pp. 675-692.
6. R.A. Wenzel, "Wideband varactor harmonic multipliers," 1965 PGMTT Symposium, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 61-65.
7. D.O. Fairley "How to design solid-state microwave generators", Electronics, Oct. 11, 1963, pp. 23-28.
8. C.E. Dowdell, "New concepts for parametric multipliers," International Convention on Military Electronics (MIL-E-CON-8), Washington, D.C., September 1964.
9. S.L. Cohn, E.M.T. Jones, etc., "Research on design criteria for microwave filters, final report," Stanford Research Institute SRI Project 1331, Contract No. DA36-039 SC-64625, June 1957.
10. S.B. Cohn, "Parallel-coupled transmission-line-resonator filters," Proc. Trans. PGMTT Vol. MTT-6, April 1958, pp. 223-231.
11. M.E. Hines "Fundamental limitations in r-f switching and phase shifting using semiconductor diodes," Proc. of IEEE, June 1964, pp. 697-708.
FET converts transducer for use in a-c bridge
By Alan R. Greenfield and William H. McCloskey
Oceanics division of Interstate Electronics Corp., Anaheim, Calif.
A field effect transistor (FET) operating as a voltage-controlled resistor converts d-c voltage output of a transducer to a-c so the transducer can be used in a bridge-controlled f-m oscillator, as in the circuit shown below. Transducers that are essentially variable resistors provide easy measurement of many parameters in a typical data acquisition system. Placed in an a-c bridge, the transducers control the output frequency of an f-m oscillator and provide extremely high sensitivity. But some transducers produce a variable d-c voltage rather than a varying resistance and must be converted.
Three matched precision resistors ($R_1$ in the schematic) form the arms of a bridge; the FET's drain and source terminals are connected to make the bridge's fourth arm. The bridge is excited by a reference a-c voltage $E_{in}$. The amplitude of the a-c output voltage $E_o$ varies proportionally with the d-c transducer output voltage, $V_{gs}$. $E_o$ is expressed as:
$$E_o = \frac{E_{in}}{2} \left( \frac{R_{ds} - R_1}{R_{ds} + R_1} \right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (1)
where $R_{ds}$ is the effective resistance between the FET's drain and source terminals. If $R_{ds} \cong R_1$, then:
$$E_o \cong \frac{E_{in}}{4} \left( \frac{R_{ds} - 1}{R_1} \right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
and the ratio, $R_{ds}/R_1$, will be either slightly greater or slightly less than unity. $E_o$ then becomes a small alternating voltage, which has either positive or negative phase with respect to $E_{in}$. In the oscillator, the phase of $E_o$ controls the direction of the output frequency's deviation.
With low drain-source voltages (less than 1 volt) near the origin of the $I_d$ versus $V_{ds}$ curves, the FET displays the characteristics of a variable resistor. Because the FET is unipolar, this property holds, regardless of the polarity of the drain-source voltage. The variable resistance effect is best observed in an FET having high pinchoff voltage and high gate-source voltage compared to $V_{ds}$. Expressed
Drain-source resistance of the Siliconix 2N2386 is controlled by the transducer d-c output. This unbalances the bridge and provides an a-c output whose frequency change is directly proportional to the d-c voltage change.
mathematically:
\[ R_{ds} = R_o e^{-V_{gs}} \]
(3)
where \( R_o \) and \( \eta \) represent characteristics of the FET. If this equation is substituted into equation 2, then:
\[ E_o = \frac{E_{in}}{4} \left( \frac{R_o e^{-V_{gs}}}{R_1} - 1 \right) \]
(4)
Because \( E_{in}, R_o, R_1, \) and \( \eta \) are constants, \( E_o \) is controlled only by \( V_{gs} \).
The transducer output \( E_t \) is summed with a 0.6 volt d-c bias to obtain \( V_{gs} \). The bias is set to provide zero temperature coefficient at the quiescent operating point, for example when \( E_t = 0 \). Zero temperature coefficient occurs only at the bias point, so \( R_{ds} \) varies slightly with temperature as \( E_t \) takes on non-zero values. Thermistor \( R_2 \) compensates for changes in FET resistance caused by temperature; resistor \( R_3 \) (in parallel with \( R_2 \)) adjusts the thermistor changes so that they are equal in amplitude but opposite in polarity to the FET's variations.
Resistors \( R_4 \) and \( R_5 \) are computed to produce a 350-ohm resistance for the entire FET bridge arm, and to adjust the effects of controlled changes of \( R_{ds} \). Resistors \( R_6 \) and \( R_7 \) comprise an adjustable balance network required to compensate for slight differences in the values of the bridge resistors \( R_1 \). The RC combination made up of potentiometer \( R_8 \) and capacitor \( C_1 \) has a similar function: it balances any reactive components which can upset the bridge balance.
Transformer \( T_1 \) isolates the input to the bridge circuit, allowing the FET source terminal to be returned to common, and eliminating floating input to the oscillator.
The balanced bridge represents zero output for the transducer. The oscillator is adjusted to run at center frequency for the bridge's zero output.
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Charge feedback increases pulse-rate meter accuracy
By R.J. Smith-Saville and S. Ness
University of Manchester, England
In many pulse-rate meters the input pulse triggers a monostable multivibrator to supply a current pulse to an output ammeter. The width of the current pulse determines the meter scale factor. For a given meter deflection, the ratio of time between pulses to the pulse interval is a constant, independent of the range. This makes it easier to calculate the true pulse rate of statistically distributed pulses from the apparent pulse rate. It also allows the ammeter to be calibrated directly in terms of true rate, if desired.
The circuit on page 86 also operates on this principle. However, for improved accuracy, the current pulse width is controlled by a feedback voltage proportional to the charge on the output capacitor. The feedback insures that the same charge is fed to the output circuit for each pulse. The unit measures pulse rates from 50 to \( 5 \times 10^5 \) pulses/sec in five ranges. On each range, the dead time is 5% of the mean pulse interval at the maximum count rate.
For equally spaced pulses, the response can be extended linearly to beyond 5 megacycles per second by increasing the value of resistor \( R_2 \). However, the ratio of dead time to pulse spacing increases, with the result that the extended range is not suitable for measuring statistically distributed pulses.
The description of the circuit operation assumes that the range switch is connected to \( C_1 \). An input pulse, 50 nanoseconds wide and about 0.8 volts in amplitude, triggers a monolithic dual input NOR gate (Motorola type MC 359) cross-connected to operate as a flip-flop. This module's advantage over a standard MC 352 flip-flop is that the input switching threshold voltage is defined by an external bias voltage of 0.4 v and its temperature coefficient is only \( +0.2 \text{ mv/}^\circ\text{C} \) as opposed to \( +1.7 \text{ mv/}^\circ\text{C} \) for the MC 352.
When the flip-flop is triggered, switching transistors \( Q_1 \) and \( Q_2 \) are turned off, removing the short circuit across both the range capacitor, \( C_1 \), and the output circuit consisting of \( R_2, C_4, \) and \( C_7 \). As a result, charging current flows through \( R_1 \) to \( C_1 \) and through \( R_2 \) to \( C_6 \) and \( C_7 \). Under these circumstances the charge per pulse delivered to the output capacitor is
\[ Q_o = \int_0^{t_r} \frac{v_i - V_r}{R_2} dt \]
(1)
and the voltage, \( v_c \), across the range capacitor, \( C_1 \), is
\[ v_c = \int_0^t \frac{v_1 - v_{ic}}{R_1 C_1} dt \]
(2)
where \( v_i \) is measured at the high-potential ends of \( R_1 \) and \( R_2 \) (neglecting the voltage drop across the diodes \( D_1 \) and \( D_2 \)); \( V_r \) is the steady voltage, proportional to count rate \( r \), developed across the output integrating capacitors due to the finite resistance of the ammeter, and \( v_{ic} \) is the instantaneous value of \( v_c \). Since \( V_{ic} \) is less than 0.05\( v_i \), the
Pulse-rate meter improves measurement accuracy by insuring that on any range each input pulse delivers the same charge to the output circuit.
The second term in the integrand of equation 2 can be ignored with an error less than 0.2%.
When $v_c$ exceeds the input switching threshold, $V_T$, the flip-flop returns to its initial state, rapidly discharging $C_1$ and cutting off the current flow to the output. The time, $t_r$, at which this occurs is
$$t_r \approx \frac{V_T R_1 C_1}{v_i} \quad (3)$$
Equation 3 assumes that $v_i$ is a step voltage.
At this time, $v_c$ and $V_T$ are equal.
$$v_c = V_T \quad \text{at } t = t_r \quad (4)$$
Substituting equations 2, 3 and 4 into equation 1; multiplying by the rate $r$; and using the fact that $V_r$ is a constant, the d-c current in the meter is
$$I_r = r \frac{R_1 C_1}{R_2} \left( V_T - \frac{V_r}{v_i} \right) \quad (5)$$
Except for the small error term, $V_r/v_i$, the meter current, $I_r$, is independent of the amplitude or waveform of $v_i$, and is defined solely by $r$, $R_1$, $R_2$, $C_1$, and $V_T$. Since the error term is proportional to $r^2$ it does introduce a nonlinearity. However, this term will not exceed 0.6% for the circuit values shown. If necessary, the error term could be eliminated by connecting $R_2$ into an operational amplifier which presents a virtual ground at its input. The amplifiers output could be arranged to drive either a linear or logarithmic display. The circuit is thus capable of linearity and accuracy well within 1%.
The +0.2 mV/°C temperature coefficient associated with $V_T$ is compensated for by the temperature coefficient of the residual voltage across $Q_1$. As a result, the over-all temperature coefficient of the meter current, $I_r$, is less than 0.02%/°C. In addition to its dependence on the +0.4 volt supply, $V_T$ also partially depends on the values of the +1.6 and -3.6 volt supplies to the flip-flop. For maximum accuracy, these three voltages must be stabilized. The circuit is less sensitive to variations of the +12 volt supply and will accommodate deviations of ±10% with an error of less than ±0.5% on all but the highest pulse range. On the highest pulse range the turnoff time of the circuit becomes comparable to the current pulse width, resulting in less effective charge feedback.
Low-cost emitter-follower extends voltmeter's range
by Allan K. Scidmore
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Many commercial multimeters whose lowest voltage scales are either 1.5 or 3 volts cannot be used with semiconductor circuits because the $V_{BE}$ of germanium transistor is about 150 millivolts. The saturated $V_{CE}$ of both germanium and silicon transistors is even smaller. But a low-voltage d-c preamplifier that is inexpensive and stable with temperature and supply voltage variations, below right, extends the range of such instruments so they can be used effectively in semiconductor circuit measurements.
Transistors $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ in the diagram below left constitute an emitter-coupled amplifier; $Q_3$ is an emitter-follower connected so the circuit's entire output voltage is fed back to $Q_2$. With constant input voltage, the output voltage is essentially fixed, so a variation of $R_E = (R_2 + R_3)$ changes the collector current of $Q_1$. Therefore, $R_E$ may be adjusted to equalize the base-emitter drop of $Q_1$ and $Q_2$ and thus make the output voltage zero for zero input. The gain of this emitter-follower circuit is almost unity.
If a fraction, $f$, of the output voltage $V_2$ is fed back to $Q_2$, then the amplifier will have a gain approaching $1/f$. The circuit shown below can provide gains of 3 and 10 to extend the range of a 1.5-volt vacuum tube voltmeter, for example, down to 500 and 150 millivolts full scale. However, there are two disadvantages: the open circuit gain is not very large (typically 50) and it is sensitive to supply voltage variations. Since feedback helps stabilize the circuit and insure linearity, increased gain is obtained at their expense. Sensitivity to supply voltage variations is defined as $S = \Delta V_2 / (A \cdot \Delta V_s)$ where $A = V_2/V_1$ is the over-all gain, and $V_s$ is the supply voltage. $S$ gives the effective input voltage change produced by supply voltage variations, typically 1 to $4 \times 10^{-3}$.
Additional open circuit gain may be obtained by substituting a current source for the load resistor of $Q_2$. This reduces the battery supply effect on the zero setting. To reduce sensitivity to negative supply voltage excursions, a current source can also be substituted for the common emitter resistors $R_2$ and $R_3$. These changes are shown in the circuit below right. These modifications provide open circuit gains of greater than 300 and sensitivities to supply voltage changes of about $4 \times 10^{-3}$. The circuit now has gains of 3, 10, and 30, which extend the 1.5-volt meter scale to 500, 150, and 50 millivolts full-scale deflection.
In the circuit below, right, zero-adjust control is provided by variable resistor $R_1$. This resistor controls the collector current of $Q_2$. $R_7$ permits open-circuit zero adjustment.
Emitter-follower amplifier uses feedback for stability and linearity; these are requirements for application in multimeters at low ranges. For additional open circuit gain, the circuit is modified to include current sources for load resistor and common emitter resistors. $R_1$ in drawing at right provides circuit zero-set.
Phase-locked marker improves spectrum analyzer's accuracy
By measuring the frequency of the marker oscillator, the operator precisely determines the frequency of any spectral component; modified display makes readability easier.
By Charles W. Wilson
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.
Rapid identification and accurate measurement of any frequency in the spectrum under analysis are now possible with an instrument called the frequency measuring spectrum analyzer (FMSA). Spectrum analyzers are versatile tools for analyzing complex waveforms and for finding out approximately what frequency components are in a given spectrum. But the conventional spectrum analyzer is inherently limited by the linearity of its sweep and the operator's ability to read its calibrated scale. The FMSA overcomes the limitations of the conventional analyzer by adding a phase-locked marker and a modified display.
Using the new display, the operator positions the marker on the screen to coincide with the frequency component to be measured. The marker, which appears as a negative-going pip, automatically locks phase with the unknown component when their frequencies are equal. Direct measurement of the marker frequency yields the component frequency.
The precise measurement of undesired frequencies, of course, is a prerequisite for their elimination. As a result, spectrum analyzers are widely used for radio-frequency interference (rfi) testing.
Oscilloscope display of spectrum analyzer output shows the negative-going pip produced by marker oscillator. The marker is phase locked to spectral line directly above it.
One basic rfi application involves the analysis of the various components that appear in the intermediate-frequency passband of a receiver. This cannot be done with conventional frequency counters because the individual components cannot be isolated from the composite spectrum.
Similar, but not the same
As in a conventional analyzer, the input signal to the FMSA is heterodyned with a local oscillator whose sweep rate and sweep width are functions of the sawtooth voltage's frequency and slope, respectively. The bandwidth of the intermediate-frequency amplifier is made variable so that any desired resolution between the individual frequency components is possible in the display. The output of the i-f amplifier is rectified and passed through a low-pass filter. The d-c voltage that results is proportional to the time-varying amplitude of the i-f signal. This d-c voltage is fed to the vertical-axis amplifier of the cathode ray oscilloscope; the sawtooth voltage is fed to the horizontal-axis amplifier.
In many receivers the automatic gain control system does not have the dynamic range needed to overcome severe fading; if the received signal is weak, the agc may not function at all. So the analyzer must have an input amplifier with an agc that assures continuous phase lock between the oscillator and the desired frequency components. The agc system in the FMSA has a dynamic range of 30 decibels, sufficient for maintaining the over-all performance of the analyzer even with severe signal fading. The input amplifier has a voltage gain of 85 decibels and therefore provides positive action on signals as low as 50 microvolts.
In the schematic of the agc portion of the input amplifier at the right, $R_1$ and diodes $D_1$ and $D_2$ form an L-attenuator. When transistor $Q_1$ is off, the impedance of the two diodes is high with respect to $R_1$ and the signal attenuation is small. As the level of the input signal increases, the positive d-c voltage derived from the rectifier increases. This drives $Q_1$ into conduction; the impedance of the diodes is lowered and attenuation of the input signal increases.
**Marker oscillator and phase detector**
The 455-kilocycle marker oscillator in the diagram on page 90 is a conventional Hartley circuit. A Hughes HC7005 varactor diode acts as a voltage-controlled element in the phase-lock loop. Automatic amplitude control restricts the voltage swing across the tuned circuit. The oscillator output is taken from the low-impedance emitter circuit of the oscillator to prevent any loading effects. To prevent the narrowing of this oscillator’s frequency swing as the control voltage increases, part of the amplified signal is rectified by a conventional doubler, averaged in a low-pass filter, and compared with an internal d-c reference. The difference voltage then biases the oscillator transistor. This bias voltage controls the oscillator transistor gain to maintain the signal swing across the tuned circuit at a level that will not forward bias the varactor. The loop gain is sufficient to maintain the signal level across the resonant circuit at 1.5 volts peak-to-peak.
The oscillator has a tuning range of 93 kc and will maintain phase lock over a change in synchronizing signal frequency of approximately 40 kc.
A simple shunt switch, with a 2N706 transistor...
Marker oscillator is a conventional Hartley design. The varactor diode, HC7005, controls marker frequency and allows phase locking with any specific component in the spectrum.
serves as the phase detector for the marker oscillator as shown in diagram below. The marker oscillator signal $E_m$ drives the transistor into saturation, short-circuiting the input signal to the analyzer $E_s$ to a-c ground. The resulting sampled waveform is at left in the figure below. The d-c component of this waveform is zero since the two signals, $E_m$ and $E_s$, are 90° out of phase—a condition existing when the natural frequency of the oscillator is the same as the input signal.
Should the input frequency tend to increase, an error signal must be developed to control the marker oscillator and maintain lock. This condition is met as the phase of $E_s$ changes with respect to $E_m$, leading to the other waveform below. The d-c component is now positive. This error voltage applied to the varactor reduces its capacitance. The oscillator frequency increases and tracks the input signal.
To keep the oscillator stable, the total loop phase shift must not equal 180° at any frequency where the loop gain equals or exceeds unity. The phase-locked oscillator introduces an inherent 90° phase lag into the loop because this frequency is controlled by the phase error. So, the low-pass filter must add less than 90° phase lag at the frequencies where the loop gain either equals or exceeds unity. A simple RC filter, which can introduce a phase shift of almost 90°, requires a small phase shift in the remainder of the loop. This is a difficult criterion to meet. A filter of the type in the diagram atop page 91 insures a stable loop. The maximum phase shift through this filter is calculated from:
$$\theta_{\text{max}} = -\tan^{-1} \frac{R_1}{2\sqrt{R_2(R_1 + R_2)}}$$
The maximum attenuation is determined by the ratio of $R_2$ to $(R_1 + R_2)$. If greater attenuation is needed, two filters may be cascaded to give a maximum attenuation equal to the product of the two sections. However, the maximum phase shift through each of the filter sections must occur at a different frequency to maintain oscillator loop stability. Only a fixed amount of attenuation can be obtained for the high-frequency components, no matter how high in frequency these components may be, as in the diagram shown atop page 91. The fixed attenuation is directly related to the maximum phase shift and is the price for the necessary phase control.
Sweep rate and width are controlled
The sawtooth generator consists of a unijunction transistor oscillator with constant-current charging of the timing capacitor. This is a well-known, straightforward method of obtaining a linear sawtooth. The sawtooth generator, with a frequency variable in two ranges from 0.1 to 16 cycles per second, controls the sweep rate and the sweep width of the 555-kc local oscillator.
The design of the local oscillator is essentially the same as that of the marker oscillator except that three varactor diodes are used rather than one, and the local oscillator has a different biasing arrangement. This modified biasing circuit overcomes
the nonlinear variation in oscillator frequency produced by the linear sawtooth voltage.
**I-f signals produced**
The local oscillator is heterodyned with the input signal to produce a 100-ke i-f in the signal channel and with the marker oscillator to produce a 100-ke i-f in the marker channel. These signals are mixed in a shunt-transistor mixer. At the output of each mixer is a low-pass, two-section RC filter to attenuate the original input signals before the difference frequency is fed to the i-f amplifiers. A single control that selects the proper filters for both channels determines the bandwidths of the two i-f amplifiers. Any one of three bandpass filters in the signal channel can provide 3-db bandwidths of 25, 150 and 1,000 cycles. Two filters are in the marker channel. A 100-ke crystal filter is for the 25-cycle bandwidth, while the two broader filters are conventional L-C filters.
A linear/logarithmic gain control is provided for the signal channel i-f amplifier while the gain of the marker channel i-f amplifier is fixed. Because of the logarithmic feature, the gain can be increased sufficiently so low-level components can be seen while larger signals won't overdrive the amplifier. A conventional voltage-doubling rectifier is used in both channels to derive the d-c voltage proportional to the amplitude of the 100-ke signal component. The voltage is positive in the signal channel and negative for the marker channel. A low-pass filter averages the rectifier output.
Lag network is a simple RC section, with maximum phase shift and attenuation determined by the values of $R_1$ and $R_2$. The network characteristics are shown in the graph.
The low-pass filter in the signal channel has a cutoff frequency of 15 cps or 125 cps. This cutoff is controlled from a front-panel switch and determines the basic sweep rate of the local oscillator. The 15-cps filter is for the low range, when the sweep rate varies from 0.1 cps to 1.6 cps. The 125-cps filter is for the 1.5-cps to 16-cps sweep rate. The narrow bandpass i-f amplifier filter, which requires a slower sweep rate to compensate for the response time of this high-Q filter, provides good resolution of closely spaced components. In this instance, it is then desirable to use the 15-cps filter of the rectifier circuit to attenuate any beat frequency that may arise from adjacent components. The broadband i-f filter makes it unnecessary to use a slow sweep speed. However, as the sweep frequency is increased, a shorter time constant is
Signal channel amplifier cutoff frequency can be selected at either 15 cps or 125 cps, depending on the sweep rate of the local oscillator and the desired resolution.
Astable multivibrator sets up chopper sampling rate in vertical output display. Sampled inputs from the marker oscillator and the input channel are fed to the vertical-axis amplifier of the cathode ray tube.
required in the low-pass filter, thus, the need for the 125-cps cutoff.
Since the marker channel contains only one frequency component, a simple low-pass filter is sufficient. A schematic of the signal channel amplifier and the low-pass filter is on page 91.
With each horizontal sweep, the vertical display system provides a simultaneous presentation of the input signal components and the marker. The marker is directly under the component to which it is locked, as shown in the photograph on page 88. The simultaneous display is accomplished by a sequential sampling of the signal channel and the marker channel at a much higher rate than the sweep speed. For example, at a 10-ke sampling rate, a minimum of 625 samples per centimeter are produced on a standard 10-centimeter sweep.
To simultaneously display these two signals, an astable multivibrator is used to gate the sampling circuit. The output of this 20-ke multivibrator, in the diagram on page 91, is differentiated and amplified to provide a trigger for a flip-flop. The two outputs from the flip-flop, 180° out of phase, drive a pair of transistors, which alternately shunt the signal and marker to ground. The chopper outputs in the diagram on page 91, are summed and displayed on the cathode-ray tube.
The display signal is connected to the signal input jack on the front panel of the FMSA; the horizontal and vertical outputs are connected to an oscilloscope. The two horizontal outputs are internally paralleled so that either a coaxial cable or test lead may be used to connect the sawtooth sweep signal to the oscilloscope.
The input signal must be direct-coupled to the vertical input of the scope and the sensitivity of the input amplifier should be approximately 2 volts per centimeter.
For sweep widths of only several kilocycles, a visual indication of the marker locations with respect to the input signal components is sufficient to establish a phase-locked condition. For larger sweep widths, it is difficult to determine visually when a particular component is within the capture range of the marker oscillator. For these cases, a portion of the phase detector output drives an audio amplifier with a loudspeaker output. This gives an audible indication of the beat frequency between the marker oscillator and the components of the input signal.
To lock the marker oscillator to a particular component, the phase-loop button is pressed, disabling the phase control loop. The oscillator is then tuned until the marker lies under the proper component, producing a zero beat from the audio oscillator. Releasing the button permits the marker oscillator to assume a phase-locked condition.
**Another identification approach**
An alternate method of spectrum component-identification is to use an adapter and a conventional spectrum analyzer. Although this unit is not as versatile as the FMSA system, it is simpler. As before, the phase-locked oscillator determines the frequency of the individual components of a composite spectrum. The adapter's functional block diagram is shown above.
The display is amplified and referenced with the marker oscillator in a phase detector. The marker and input signals are summed in a hybrid coupler to prevent marker oscillator feedback to the input amplifier and phase detector. This feedback would upset the locking action of the oscillator. The result is a positive marker pip superimposed on the analyzer display.
Besides measuring the components that appear in the i-f passband of a receiver, the FMSA may be used for analysis of a complex waveform or for measuring the frequency of a pulse-modulated carrier and its sidebands. Although it is less versatile than other methods, the spectrum analyzer adapter can provide the same frequency information when used with a conventional spectrum analyzer. The same principles may be incorporated in equipment capable of operating over a wide range of frequencies.
**Acknowledgement**
This work was sponsored by the Vulnerability Reduction Branch of the Rome Air Development Center under contract no. AF30(602)-3282. The author is indebted to W.B. Warren Jr. and D.W. Robertson for the guidance and assistance.
123
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Components
Putting superconductors to work
Although superconducting materials are limited mainly to research applications, total sales should top $1 million this year with a dozen companies manufacturing magnets and magnet systems.
By Donald K. Fox
Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.
The bright future predicted for superconductors draws nearer as new superconducting materials are discovered—some of them able to operate at the relatively high temperature of 18°K. The manufacture of a variety of superconductor magnets and magnet systems is under way at more than a dozen commercial companies. Sales of superconductor equipment to universities, industrial laboratories and original equipment manufacturers are expected to top a million dollars this year. Superconductor applications are seen for computer elements, gyroscopes, frictionless motors, transformers, circuit breakers, rectifiers and transmission lines. Their ability to store large amounts of energy, as well as their small size, light weight and fast operation, give them potential advantages for military equip"normal"—reverting from the superconducting state to the resistive state. The heat produced boils off the coolant almost immediately and may damage the magnet. These two factors bar many industrial applications of superconductivity.
However, compact superconducting magnets, such as those on page 97, with field strengths up to 80,000 gauss and working volumes of 3 inches in diameter and 8 inches long, are being used to study superconducting properties of materials, nuclear magnetic resonance, magneto-optical phenomena, infrared absorption, neutron diffraction, adiabatic demagnetization and many other low-temperature effects. A complete superconducting magnet system includes a Dewar vessel, a superconducting coil, a transistorized power supply for energizing the coil, a gaussmeter for measuring the magnetic field intensity, a helium transfer tube, and a liquid-helium-level monitor.
Besides the relatively small magnets, several larger ones have been built for special applications that vividly illustrate the potential of superconductivity. One of these is a 6-foot-diameter superconducting magnet constructed for the U.S. Air Force to determine whether large superconducting coils could shield space vehicles against high-energy radiation. The test results indicate such a possibility because the magnet's liquid helium stayed at a cryogenic temperature long enough for a space mission.
The largest-volume, highest-field superconducting magnet is at the Argonne National Laboratory's accelerator division. This enormous magnet is a composite of three concentric coils with a 6-inch inside diameter and a field strength of 67 kilogauss. The stored field energy is greater than 600,000 joules. The magnet will be used with a 10-inch diameter superconducting helium-hydrogen bubble chamber, a device for showing the traces of ionized particles. Economical operation of such a bubble chamber could give rise to a new generation of superconducting magnets for high-energy physics applications.
**Superconductors for masers**
Superconducting materials can also be used in masers. If a superconducting electromagnet can replace the conventional permanent magnet, the maser's weight can be reduced by a factor of 50 to 70. Also, hard superconductors rolled into sheet resist magnetism and have made good magnetic insulators, preventing flux leakage from the region around the magnetizing coils. This means greater field stability and uniformity. Recent experiments with columbium-titanium alloy sheets indicate magnetic shielding capabilities of up to 4 kilogauss.
A 70-gigacycle traveling-wave maser with field coils wound of superconducting wire is in the photo on page 97. The columbium-zirconium superconducting magnet produces a 5-kilogauss field with a deviation less than one gauss perpendicular to the 1.5-inch length of the traveling-wave maser.
element. The magnet weighs about three pounds and can operate in the persistent mode. In this mode, a superconducting switch is placed across the power leads. The columbium-zirconium wire has zero resistance, so the coil current theoretically should flow for infinite periods. This does not occur in practice because of losses at the wire junctions; however, 50-kilogauss coils have been operated in the persistent mode for several days without any detectable decrease in field strength.
Conventional electrical energy is stored in capacitor banks or batteries. The banks are limited by relatively low-energy densities, the batteries by relatively long discharge times. One superconducting coil, designed differently from the simple solenoids discussed previously, can be charged over a long period with a low-voltage power supply. The coil is made of braided wire to reduce inductance, thus reducing the high voltage that may be induced when discharging the coil. This method also avoids hazards to personnel. With a thermal switch, the coil's current can be made persistent, thereby storing the energy for indefinite periods or until a rapid discharge is required. Several energy storage devices of this type, which deliver up to several hundred joules, have been built to pump lasers. But the high cost of materials makes energy storage by superconductors uneconomical at energies less than $10^6$ joules—compared with conventional methods—unless the lighter weight, smaller size, and faster operation are decidedly advantageous, as in certain military applications.
**The persistent mode**
Superconducting magnets are often equipped with a persistent mode switch for optimum field stability. The switch, a piece of superconductor placed across the magnet's leads, allows the current
of the energized solenoid to flow indefinitely without loss through the shorted circuit. Once the short circuit is established, the power supply can be disconnected with no effect on the magnetic field.
The persistent mode has two advantages—lower helium loss rate and a completely stable magnetic field. Operation is continuous as long as the coil remains immersed in liquid helium. The switch is controlled thermally by a resistance-type heater wound in close proximity to it. The heater raises the temperature of the switch causing it to go into the resistive state, and in effect, opening the switch.
Conversely, turning off the heater results in a closed switch. The circuit at the left is for a superconducting magnet with a persistent mode switch.
**MHD power generators**
The widest potential application for superconducting magnets is for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. In MHD devices, a high-velocity jet of ionized gas—a plasma—is passed between the poles of a powerful magnet. An electromotive force is produced in the plasma conductor at right angles to both the magnetic field and the direction of the plasma's motion. Direct current can be extracted from the system by placing electrodes in the hot gas stream.
Superconducting magnets also reduce the weight of the field coil per unit of power output, thereby improving the competitive position of MHD generators over conventional power plants. The figure at the left shows a small, experimental MHD generator that has an air-core superconducting magnet with a 1-inch inside diameter as the field coil and a strength of 30 kilogauss.
So far, all of the superconductor devices described in this article are direct-current. But broad potential applications also exist in transformers, transmission lines, rectifiers, rotating equipment, and other alternating-current equipment. The practicality of these devices depends on producing superconductors that can carry high a-c currents with little or zero resistance. Evidence has shown that a-c losses in superconductors are substantial; however, some recent work on superconductor delay lines with ultrahigh-frequency pulses indicates that these losses can be reduced.
**Intermetallic compounds and alloys**
Superconductor materials with a combination of high current-carrying capacity ($J_c$), high critical magnetic field ($H_c$), and practical critical temperatures ($T_c$), fall into two classes—intermetallic compounds and alloys.
Intermetallic compounds such as columbium-tin, vanadium-gallium, and vanadium-silicon develop their useful superconducting properties from chemical composition. Although these materials exhibit higher levels of $H_c$ and $T_c$ than those of alloys, their brittleness results in serious fabrication problems. Only columbium-tin is now available commercially.
Because of inherent mechanical disadvantages or high cost, the available intermetallic compound
Theory of superconductivity
Some metals at or near absolute zero completely lose their resistance to the passage of current. A graph illustrating this relationship is shown below.
One explanation of this phenomenon: the electrons in an element or compound that is at a very low temperature give off part of their energy in the form of a phonon, or quantity of thermal energy arising from vibrations in the crystal lattice. A pair of de-energized electrons share each phonon, thus binding themselves together. These pairs are the superconducting electrons. Bound only to each other, their motion is no longer restricted by the confines of a crystal lattice and they move through the material without hindrance.
Critical temperature
The temperature at which a superconductor loses its "normal state" electrical resistivity, as shown below, is called the critical temperature, $T_c$, and is a characteristic of a given material. For example, the critical temperature of an alloy consisting of 75% columbium and 25% zirconium is 10.8°K. The highest known $T_c$ for a compound superconductor (columbium-tin) is 18°K.
Another characteristic important to the discussion of superconductivity is the critical field, $H_c$, the maximum magnetic field in which a superconductor material will continue to carry current. This field may be externally applied, or self-generated.
Until a few years ago, superconductor applications were severely limited because the superconducting state in all known superconducting materials could be destroyed by a magnetic field of modest strength—3 or 4 kilogauss. In 1961, however, it was discovered that certain alloys and compounds could sustain large current densities on the order of $10^6$ amperes per square centimeter in externally applied magnetic fields up to 90 kilogauss. Some of these materials even carry some current at 350 kilogauss.
Filamentary superconductors
These hard, or filamentary, superconductors owe their unusual high field capabilities to an electronic structure which allows portions of the material to continue carrying current in spite of large magnetic flux. The curves at the top illustrate the relationship between magnetic and nonmagnetic states for soft, or very low-field superconductors such as lead, tin, and columbium; and hard, or super-field superconductors such as columbium-zirconium, columbium-titanium, and columbium-tin. The critical magnetic fields and the critical temperatures for a number of important alloy and compound filamentary superconductors are shown in the table below. Because of their high critical fields, high critical temperatures, and ability to sustain large current densities, some of these materials are being used commercially.
| Alloy | $H_c$ (gauss) | $T_c$ (°K) |
|------------------------------|---------------|------------|
| Columbium-25% zirconium | 70,000 | 10.8 |
| Columbium-50% zirconium | 90,000 | 9.3 |
| Columbium-48% titanium | 120,000 | 10.7 |
| Compound | $H_c$ (gauss) | $T_c$ (°K) |
|------------------------------|---------------|------------|
| Columbium-tin | 183,000 | 18.0 |
| Vanadium-silicon | 156,000 | 17.0 |
| Vanadium-gallium | 350,000 | 17.0 |
To date, all commercial superconducting magnet systems have solenoid windings of columbium-zirconium or columbium-titanium alloys, or a combination of both. Although these ductile materials must be used with considerably lower maximum
fields than the intermetallic compounds, they can be easily worked into wire or strip products, require no heat treatment in coil, and are available in long continuous lengths (e.g., 30,000 feet of 10-mil-diameter wire) at a reasonable cost.
One alloy, containing 25% zirconium, and 75% columbium, is the most widely used because of its good current-carrying capability and high critical magnetic field. The figure just below shows a typical current vs magnetic field curve for a 10-mil-diameter bare wire sample of Cb-25% Zr alloy. At zero applied magnetic field, the wire can carry about 180 amperes (a density of $3.6 \times 10^5$ amps/cm$^2$). At an applied field of 70 kilogauss, the current capacity falls to zero amperes. Because the current-carrying capacity of ductile superconductors depends on metallurgical variations, the shape and magnitude of the I versus H curve can be altered—depending how much the wire has been drawn, the hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen content, and the heat treatment. Most coil manufacturers use the I vs H curve of a short-length sample to assure that wire received from the supplier is comparable to past shipments, and is consistent with the manufacturer’s design parameters.
**Columbium-titanium series**
Offering higher critical magnetic field and a lower current density, a newer alloy is based on a columbium-titanium series. A typical I vs H curve for a 10-mil-diameter bare wire sample of this alloy is shown below, left. At zero applied magnetic field this alloy has a current-carrying capacity of over $2 \times 10^5$ amps/cm$^2$. Unlike the Cb-Zr alloys, it does not quench out (lose its current-carrying capability) at fields below 100 kilogauss. At 80 kilogauss, for example, the current density is approximately $4 \times 10^4$ amps/cm$^2$.
When either the critical current, critical temperature or the critical magnetic field is exceeded, a superconducting coil switches into normal conductivity. The circulating current meets a large resistance in the wire and the stored energy is rapidly dissipated as heat. This normalization is accompanied by the vaporization of liquid helium, which permeates the coil windings.
More important than the temperature rise, which can be on the order of 100°K, is the voltage induced by the rapid current decay according to the relationship $V = -L(di/dt)$. In an inductive magnet, this voltage can be large enough to cause arcing between windings, to melt the wire, and to create a hazard. By coating the superconductor with copper, the coil current from the superconducting path can be shunted to the low-resistance normal path during normalization, thereby reducing the rate of current decay and induced voltage. The metallic coating also serves as additional insulation during the superconducting state, and diminishes the normalizing possibility from electrical and thermal transients at low currents or fields.
**Copper coating is standard**
Copper is chosen for shunting because of its low electrical resistivity, high thermal conductivity and high heat capacity at 4.2°K. Although other metals such as silver, cadmium, and lead might function as well, techniques for electrodepositing copper on columbium-zirconium substrates were developed during the early manufacturing stages, so copper has been accepted as the standard for the industry.
Because the ability to sustain maximum solenoid currents and coil stability depends on the quality of the deposited copper coating, many electrical tests to rate and grade wire have been developed. One of the most important grading parameters is the bond between the copper plating and the superconductor substrate. The lower the electrical resistance of the bond, the better the energy transfer during normalization, improving the absorption of local thermal transients that might cause the coil to go normal. Another significant parameter is the
ratio of copper's resistivity at room temperature to its resistivity at liquid-helium temperature (11°K). At temperatures close to absolute zero, electrical resistivity is primarily due to impurities. Thus the resistivity ratio is a way to determine the purity of the copper deposit: the higher the ratio, the higher the plating purity and energy transfer capability. Although there is some variation in different magnet manufacturers' products, the standard copper plating thickness on 10-mil-base wire is 1 mil, measured along the radius.
Some preliminary work has been done on cladding superconductor wire by drawing a copper tube over the base wire. This configuration shows electrical characteristics that are better than electroplated coatings and provides more economical, thicker coatings. To date, however, the lengths required by the magnet industry have not been produced.
Besides copper plating, an organic compound to prevent shorting between turns and to minimize arcing insulates much superconductor wire. The three most common insulations are epoxies, nylon, and Formvar. Epoxies, which can be applied by conventional methods to yield a very thin, uniform coating—less than \( \frac{1}{4} \) mil on the radius—are considered the best insulators. Nylon absorbs moisture and is often limited to a minimum 1-mil buildup on the radius because the nylon must be wrapped and fused. Although Formvar can be applied as a thin coating, its high curing temperature can cause annealing of the base material.
**Superconductor coils**
Significant decreases in current capacity of wire in coils, as compared to that observed in short-length tests, is characteristic of all superconductor materials, particularly at low magnetic field levels. Why this loss occurs is not completely understood, although it is generally accepted that the relationship between adjacent lines of magnetic force generated by the coil turns are manifested by flux-jumping. This causes the magnet to go normal at a lower field or current than anticipated from the short-length test. Flux jumping is the spontaneous and unpredictable movement of flux lines into the wires. Designers have attempted to achieve coil currents approaching short-length performance by increasing the spacing between wires and/or layers at the sacrifice of the packing factor. The packing factor is defined as the ratio of conductor wire area to the total winding area available. The increased performance has been achieved by increasing the amount of metallic coating or insulation on the wire. The performance of typical large coils (bore greater than 1-inch) of Cb-Zr and Cb-Ti is shown by the areas in color in the figures on the opposite page. The point within these areas at a specified magnetic field will vary depending on the wire composition, thickness of metal coating and insulation, coil configuration, and coil construction techniques. Generally, Cb-Ti coils operate closer to the short-length test sample curve than do Cb-Zr coils.
The cause of this difference in performance is not clear.
Great care must be taken during the construction of a superconducting coil. If joints between lengths of superconducting wire, or between the power leads and superconductor leads, are not properly assembled, they will become the source of thermal transients and premature normalization. The common method of making joints is by stripping the copper a short distance from the ends of the superconductor wires, mechanically abrading the stripped ends and rinsing them in acetone, tinning the ends with pure indium solder, and clamping the wires between indium-tinned, high-conductivity copper joint blocks, which are subsequently placed on the flanges of the coil former. At a test current of 10 amperes, the voltage drop across such a joint at 4.2°K should not exceed 100 microvolts.
**Thermal treatments affect characteristics**
As mentioned previously, thermal treatments can markedly influence the shape of the I versus H characteristics of the superconductor wire and subsequently affect coil performance. Indium tinning must be done carefully and without excessive heating of the base wire. Poor coil performance has been traced to wire leads that were overheated during the tinning operation. The placement of the joint block on the coil former is also important because the joints may show current-directional behavior if the round wire is flattened. Optimum current capacity can be assured if the position of the wire joint is parallel to the magnetic field direction at the point of attachment to the coil former.
To maintain a solid, tightly wound solenoid at cryogenic temperatures, the thermal contraction characteristics of the wire must be matched to those of the coil former. Unless this is done, the coil former might shrink, resulting in a loose pack and erratic coil behavior. Winding tension may also influence coil performance and should be maintained at a back tension of about 6 to 8 pounds on a nominal 10-mil-diameter wire.
Progress in applying intense magnetic fields to ore benefaction, forming of metals, nuclear fusion containment, chemical processes, and power generation and distribution will depend on contributions from basic research. A better understanding of superconductor materials, the development of new and improved materials, and manufacturing innovations will determine superconductivity's eventual role in industry.
**The author**
Donald K. Fox is senior metallurgical engineer at the Westinghouse Research and Development Center. He works on superconductor materials and on product-oriented metals research.
DISTORTION ANALYZERS GO SOLID-STATE
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"Automatic Nulling" for simple, fast measurements
0.3 v rms input sensitivity for 100% Set Level reference
300 μv rms voltmeter full-scale sensitivity (residual noise <25 μv)
Solid-state design in four Hewlett-Packard distortion analyzers offers you extended frequency range, greater Set Level sensitivity, improved selectivity, greater overall accuracy, unprecedented ease of use. All four measure total distortion down to 0.1% full scale, 5 cps to 600 kc, with harmonics indicated to 3 mc. They measure voltage 300 μv to 300 v full scale, have flat frequency response 5 cps to 3 mc. Distortion analyzer and voltmeter input terminals are the same. One-megohm input impedance. Floating input and floating, low-distortion output for scope or true rms voltmeter monitoring.
Two models feature automatic fundamental nulling (>80 db rejection): Manually null to less than 10% of the Set Level reference, flip a switch, and nulling is completed automatically. No more tedious tuning on the more sensitive ranges! Two other models employ high reduction gear drive to aid manual tuning.
Two of the analyzers provide a switchable high-pass filter which attenuates frequencies below 400 cps on signals greater than 1 kc...removes hum and gives you pure distortion measurements.
Two models incorporate an amplitude modulation detector that covers 500 kc to greater than 65 mc, measures distortion at carrier levels as low as 1 v. Options include an indicating meter with VU ballistic characteristics (01) and rear terminals in parallel with front input terminals (02).
Ask your Hewlett-Packard field engineer for a demonstration of the model incorporating features most useful to your application. Or write for technical data on all four models to Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304, Tel. (415) 326-7000; Europe: 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva; Canada: 8270 Mayrand St., Montreal.
| Model | Automatic Fundamental Nulling | High-Pass Filter | AM Detector | Gear Reduction Tuning | Price |
|-------|-------------------------------|------------------|-------------|----------------------|-------|
| 331A | | | | | $590 |
| 332A | | | ✓ | ✓ | $620 |
| 333A | ✓ | ✓ | | | $760 |
| 334A | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | $790 |
Data subject to change without notice. Prices f.o.b. factory.
Automated ground station will check out Saturn
Computer-controlled telemetry at Marshall Space Flight Center will speed the testing of space vehicles and reduce the time required to change from one transmission mode to another.
By George D. Shollenberger
Defense Electronics, Inc., Rockville, Md.
An automated ground station may be NASA's solution to the problem of coping with the fast-growing volume of data transmitted by space vehicles. Construction of such a station, with its telemetry functions controlled by a general-purpose computer, will begin Feb. 25 at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration expects the automated station to speed the change from one operational mode to another—for example from pulse-amplitude modulation (pam) to pulse-code modulation (pcm)—and to reduce the testing time in each mode. The basic method of monitoring will remain the same because, although the volume of data received from space has increased enormously, the complexity has remained about the same.
Built by Defense Electronics, Inc., of Rockville, Md., the automated station will be controlled by a model 930 computer made by Scientific Data Systems, Inc.
The automated station's first major task will be to check out Saturn launch vehicles before their delivery to Cape Kennedy as part of the Apollo program to land men on the moon by 1970.
Catching up with the transmitters
Telemetry systems aboard most missiles are already automated. Sensors automatically determine the vehicle's rate of climb, its roll, pitch and yaw, and variations in its temperature and pressure. This information is converted from analog to digital form and transmitted automatically to ground stations. Because each vehicle has its own telemetry modes and frequencies, ground stations at the test sites must adapt quickly to a variety of techniques.
In the automated station, the speed of this change is limited only by the response time of the electronic equipment. The computer will be preprogramed with information about the operating mode of each piece of equipment in the ground complex. When it receives a command to change state, such as from pam to pcm, it changes the operational mode of all the receiving equipment.
Automated telemetry does not require special receivers, transmitters or other components. However, it does require control circuitry that accepts and executes the digital addresses and instructions received in "words" meaningful to a computer.
Each computer word controls equipment that sets up an operational sequence for the telemetry system or for the fault-detection equipment; it also provides a means of system testing. Each computer-control word contains 25 bits—one strobe bit and 24 instruction or address bits. Digital control information is transferred to individual subsystems during a strobe pulse, the 750 nanoseconds that it takes for a digital word to travel from the computer's digital control bus and be stored or routed.
The telemetry receivers at Huntsville have the same basic design as do receivers in manually operated stations, except that its 16 operating frequencies, four intermediate-frequency bandwidths, three video bandwidths, receiver mode—for receiving or playing back—and its up-converter input—simulator or tape recorder—are all controlled by the computer.
For receiving signals from the Saturn rocket, four computer-control words will set up the eight receivers in any mode; each receiver requires 10 instruction bits for its set-up logic, 4 bits for frequency selection, 2 bits for i-f selection, 2 bits for video selection and 1 bit each for mode and up-converter input selection.
Although the strobe may repeat at rapid intervals, the equipment cannot respond quickly to the computer's instruction.
**Sacrificing selectivity**
Receivers in an automated ground station must be tuned rapidly to any standard IRIG (interrange instrumentation group for the Department of Defense) frequency. A computer-tuned receiver with the selectivity of a manually tuned receiver would be impractical. Instead, a receiver with a nonselective front end was designed; selectivity is achieved by controlling the i-f bandwidth.
Difficulties arise when strong extraneous signals are received at frequencies near that of the desired signal; the receiver cannot reject these, and it may become overloaded, causing spurious responses and suppressing the desired signal.
The telemetry standard IRIG 106-60 permits error of only 0.005% in the transmitter frequency at ultrahigh frequency. Thus a transmitter operating at 2,300 megacycles per second may be off frequency by 115 kilocycles. This error is intolerable in receivers that have narrow bandwidths required in the i-f, down-converter and predetection stages. At present, the IRIG does not specify an allowable receiver error at very high frequencies because all uhf receivers are assumed to be manually tunable.
To eliminate manual operations, two approaches
Pulse's progress through the automated station
The automated station receives inputs from a space vehicle, a vehicle simulator, or both. In the simulation mode, telemetry carrier signals are generated as f-m modulation on a 600 kc carrier and then directed into any one or all of the predetection up-converters in the receiving subsystem. This mode is used for aligning and checking the automated station. Station operation may also be checked by stimulating the up-converters with known signals previously recorded on the magnetic tape recorder.
The receiving subsystem delivers all signals to the signal-distribution system. Signal distribution is variable but is not computer-controlled because the distribution is fixed for the same vehicle and varies only for different airborne telemetry systems.
Next in the data path are the decommutation subsystems—pcm, pam, pdm, ssb and f-m carrier demodulation. The setup of these subsystems is under complete control of the computer. All of these subsystems have digital output signals, which go to the formatter. The exception is the discriminator subsystem, which has analog outputs for oscillographic displays. These analog signals are selected by the computer in the formatter.
The formatter multiplexes the digital outputs from the decommutation subsystems into many records for entry into the computer. These records are used by the computer and/or the control operator for mode switching.
Since the formatter has access to all airborne data channels, any random channel may be selected and routed to the display subsystem for monitoring. The formatter also contains digital-to-analog converters.
A 25-bit control word, divided into three syllables, aligns the system. The first, a single bit, is a strobe order; the second, of four bits, is an instruction address; the third is a 20-bit instruction.
During the time of the first syllable, the system accepts the word from the control-word bus; the second syllable routes instructions into storage elements when more than one word is required; the third syllable contains instructions for adjusting the equipment.
are being tried. One is a semiautomatic feature that requires the receiver's second local oscillator frequency to be variable in discrete steps. A central operator, using pushbuttons and go-no-go tuning indicators, makes the necessary adjustments.
The second approach adds a demodulator circuit, which examines the signal band and automatically adjusts the second local oscillator in discrete steps, or continuously (afc) until the received signal is centered within the preselected passband.
The other principal subsystems in the automated station have the same basic design as in manually controlled stations. These subsystems are a digitizer for pulse-amplitude modulation, pulse-duration modulation (pdm), a single-sideband (ssb) demultiplexer and digitizer, and an IRIG f-m demultiplexer.
In the pam/pdm digitizer, the three synchronizers can be fed simultaneously from three non-coherent pam or pdm wavetrains that have the same recurrence rate. The computer-controlled inputs are conditioned, sampled, converted to 8-, 9-, 10-bit binary code and multiplexed into a parallel output with the necessary frame and master-frame synchronization information. An analog-to-digital converter codes the pam and pdm samples.
The pcm decommutator accepts a pcm pulse train, locks on to the pulse synchronization pattern and pulse rates, then converts the serial digital words to a parallel output. Words containing discrete data are decommutated to ten event registers. These registers drive event recorders, lights and other displays in other parts of the ground system.
One word from the computer...
The ssb subsystem accepts as its input a composite ssb signal consisting of 15 multiplexed data channels and one special service channel; the subsystem also receives a calibrate signal. On command from the digital control unit, the subsystem's analog multiplexer connects the digitizer to the calibrate signal, the special service channel or to one of the demultiplexed data channels.
Pulse-code modulation subsystem (top) and single-side band subsystem (bottom) receive inputs from a signal-distribution panel. After processing and buffering, their outputs are sent to the formatter, where they are selected by the computer for display and control. PCM systems are one of the easiest types to automate, because their outputs are already in a digital format. In this system, the serial PCM wavetrains are converted to parallel outputs. The single-sideband subsystem is more complex. There are numerous channel and logic selectors as well as analog-to-digital converters. Every time a signal is operated upon in an analog subsystem, the incidence of error increases.
A single word from the computer is enough to make the SSB demultiplexer adjust to any of the 15 channels; to prepare the analog multiplexer to accept either the SSB demultiplexer output, a special service channel or the calibrate signal; and to set up the digitizer's mode.
The digitizer looks at the analog multiplexer's output for one second. During this time the signal amplitude is converted to a "n" bit binary word while the signal is gated to a counter where the incoming frequency is measured. Then the signal's digitized amplitude is gated to output buffers, which use the digitized amplitude and frequency count to determine the frequency response of all channels in the airborne multiplexer.
Another drawback: degraded performance
The switching of analog channels in an automated system can introduce data errors that are avoided in digital channels. An error is possible each time the system automatically switches any part of the F-M demultiplexer: 34 data discriminators, a timing discriminator, five reference-frequency discriminators, three delay lines (each tapped for a choice of five delays), and a band-switching discriminator.
The data discriminators conform to IRIG channels 1 through 21 and A through H. For IRIG channel 18, a 70-kc channel, a special ±30% deviation of the center frequency discriminates the data. Each discriminator is connected to one of three input buses, from three receivers or three tracks of a tape recorder, through a three-position analog multiplexer. The multiplexer has a 50,000-ohm impedance at 200 kc and a linear dynamic range of 0 to 10 volts peak-to-peak. Minimum detectable signal level in the discriminator is 10 mv root-mean-square; however, losses through the analog multiplexer increase the minimum detectable signal of the system to approximately 25 mv rms. This deterioration is tolerable because the rms level of the multiplexed signals at the receiver or tape-recorder output is approximately 1 volt rms.
The complex F-M calibration subsystem is set up by the computer with only two words. The first 15 instruction bits of the first control word determine the calibrate mode, the calibration deviation from center frequency, automatic sequencing and the sequencing dwell times.
The final five instruction bits of the first control word and the first 16 instruction bits of the second control word define the channels in each of four possible modes. Mode 1 encompasses IRIG channels 1 through 21; mode 2 has IRIG channels A through H; mode 3 contains channels 18 through 21, and mode 4 is triple F-M.
For Saturn telemetry, triple modulation results when IRIG channels 14 and 17 are multiplexed after each has been modulated by multiplexed channels 2 through 6 and 2 through 8 respectively.
The computer automatically calibrates the F-M multiplexers and discriminators at five equally spaced and discrete frequencies in the four individual modes. When commanded by the computer to strobe (change calibration channels), each channel in the multiplexed group sequences automatically through the frequencies at selectable dwell times of ¼, ½, 1, 2, or 4 seconds.
How much automation?
If automation passes its test in Huntsville, the next question will be "How much of each station should be automated?" The prototype station at Huntsville will be only about 85% automated.
For best efficiency, advances in automating ground stations should be matched by improvements in sensing and telemetry equipment aboard the space vehicles. Wholesale conversion to computer controls also will require more standardization of equipment both in the air and on the ground.
Nothing new... nothing "state of the art" in low-cost digital voltmeters? Don't you believe it! Right now, all but one low-cost DVM is "old hat" because only one—EI's brand new Model 620—has AUTOJECT.
With AUTOJECT, noise is automatically rejected by synchronizing the sample period with the noise component. The result? Noise integrates to zero—irrespective of its phase or frequency.
And that's not all. Even by the traditional yardsticks, the Model 620 is quite a package. Look at the year's best buy in low-cost DVM's... point by point...
| Feature | HP 3440A | NLS 500S | Cubis DV-271 | Kintel 511 | EI 620 |
|----------------------------------------------|----------|----------|--------------|------------|--------|
| Circuity: All-solid-state? | Yes | No | No | No | Yes |
| Common-mode noise rejection (@ 60cps, no filters) | 70db | 106db | 20db | 100db | 140db |
| Normal-mode noise rejection (superimposed noise) | 30db | 30db | 40db | 50db | 60db |
| Accuracy (as % of reading) | ± .05% ± 1 digit | ± .01% ± .01 FS | ± .01% ± 1 digit | ± .01% ± 1 digit | ± .01% ± .01 FS |
| Encoding speed (readout to meter's full accuracy and max. noise rejection at any noise frequency) in milliseconds | 450 (to .1%) | 60C (avg) | 500 (avg) | 700 (to 2 sec.) | 250 (fixed to full accuracy) |
| Over-range (5th digit to extend meter resolution) | 5% | none | 10% | none | 20% |
| 4-Wire ratio capability (ratio between 2 unknown voltages with no common lines) | no | no | no | no | yes |
$995.00
- automatic ranging and polarity
- electrical outputs
- remote control
- high input impedance to signal and external reference (1000 megohms on 10 volt range)—zener reference
- plug-in module available for AC, resistance and preamplifier
Electro Instruments, Inc.
8611 Balboa Avenue, San Diego, California 92112
The packaging revolution, part V: simpler designs for complex systems
Integrated circuits can be assembled economically in large digital systems if the design procedure demands simplicity in the wiring structure; multilayer circuit boards aren't needed—two-sided boards will do.
By Rex Rice
Fairchild Semiconductor, a division of Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp., Mountain View, Calif.
The engineering practices that worked for digital systems built with discrete components fail when digital systems are built with integrated circuits. The engineers will waste time and money designing complex interconnection structures.
Digital systems can be made economical to design and produce with off-the-shelf IC's, if the right design procedures are used. Even large, high-speed systems can be built with a few two-sided circuit boards.
It is important to adopt procedures that force the system's functional organization to be regular and the interconnections simple. This demands orderly arrangement of the components of a function and rejects the old concept of standard subassemblies with as few components as possible.
The advantages of systematic design were recently demonstrated at Fairchild Semiconductor division of Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp. by a digital-systems research model. The model, an equivalent to the arithmetic portion of a large, commercial computer's central processor, contains approximately 5,000 logic gates, in 1,550 IC packages. All the packages are soldered into nine double-sided printed-circuit boards, and the nine boards are interconnected with one single-sided motherboard. The completed model, shown on the next page, has a clock rate of 5 megacycles—a high speed by commercial-computer standards. The performance characteristics are given in the table on the following page.
To have designed this system with discrete components and conventional, commercial design practices would have taken an estimated 200 man-months of professional engineering time, or longer. The IC version required less than 20 man-months to design.
The engineering crew enjoyed the work. The headaches of circuit and interconnection design were eliminated by design procedures which virtually wiped out the need for routine decisions. The design was so simple, in fact, that no computers were needed to devise circuit and wiring layouts. Technicians did most of the layouts in a total of eight man months.
The project was not an idle exercise. It generated data that has aided in development and application of a new family of logic circuits. It also shows that digital system engineers who persist in trying to apply discrete-component design practices to the organization and interconnection of IC systems are borrowing trouble.
Although the research model can compute, it was not designed for production or use as a computer. However, if it had been a prototype, it could have been converted readily into a model that could be produced by low-cost, conventional assembly techniques. The packages of the control and logic...
circuits are inserted directly into the circuit boards and the joints are made by a conventional flow-soldering machine. There are no complicated, difficult-to-fabricate interconnection structures such as multilayer circuit boards or transmission lines.
**System costs are different now**
Digital-system design practices should be re-evaluated to capitalize on the very low cost of mass-produced monolithic IC's. It is now economical to "waste" circuits, when extra circuits make the system organization and interconnection simpler. It is now expensive, in most cases, to custom-design circuits to satisfy an arbitrary system design.
The goals of discrete-component design practices are obsolete when IC's are used. Trying to retain a modular construction based on a few types of standardized subassemblies forces complex and costly interconnection structures. Attempting to make the circuits with a minimum number of components and a system with a minimum number of circuits raises design and fabrication costs.
Packaged IC's now cost less than the connectors and wires needed to make plug-in subassemblies. Soldering the IC packages to large circuit boards, to assemble large functional units, is less expensive than assembling functions the old way, with a large number of small plug-in cards. It is also more reliable because joints are fewer.
The traditional design emphasis—make the function with as few circuits as possible—can also be expensive because it results in a rat's nest of plugs and wiring. Traditionally, parts placement follows logical design and the circuit interconnections are developed last.
When IC's are used, the primary design emphasis should be on coordinating interconnection and functional design with parts placement. Reducing the cost, in numbers of circuits, per function, is a second goal. The result will be a more regular system.
It pays to use a few extra IC's to make interconnection and packaging simpler. For example, a package may contain three circuits. If it is difficult to get the interconnections to one of the circuits, it may be cheaper not to use that circuit. Trying to use every circuit in every package may prevent interconnection with a simple two-sided board and require a more expensive multilayer board. It may be less costly to provide additional circuits elsewhere on the board.
Here's a more specific example. A control signal can be left in a coded form on the system interconnection bus wire and then be decoded locally at each functional element. Local decoding requires a few more circuits but can greatly reduce wiring complexity.
Another way to save money is to design the system to use inexpensive, mass-produced IC's. It is a waste of engineering time to propose special circuits, with minor variations that optimize circuit parameters, merely to satisfy the whims of digital-circuit designers. The initial development expenses of IC's are high—making low-production, custom
---
**System specifications and organization**
**Speed**
A 5-megacycle clock rate with 12 AND gates, 3 logical level setters and 16 wired-OR locations provided in one clock cycle.
Add or subtract 11 decimal digits (floating decimal point) in 4 microseconds in a serial-by-character mode.
**System characteristics**
Decimal input and output from typewriter.
Field length of numbers is variable from 1 to 15.
Automatic (hardware) conversion to and from floating operations with exponent range of ±99.
Serial-by-character operation.
Add, subtract, multiply, divide and transfer previous result (note: the system is not intended to be a complete stored-program calculator).
**Packaging and functional design**
Interconnection structure is 10 printed circuit boards. The first nine boards listed below are two-sided printed circuit boards measuring 14 by 12 inches and the tenth is a single-sided board. Numbers refer to those in the block diagram and table on the facing page.
1. Input-output control and 8-bit code translator.
2. Decimal formatting and instruction controls.
3. Two 72-bit registers, gating and controls (A-input and B-input).
4. Two 72-bit registers, gating and controls (multiply-divide-input and multiply-divide-temporary).
5. Two 72-bit registers, gating and controls (C-output and multiply-divide-output).
6–9. Arithmetic processing unit (register and adder, phase control, register and delay, and flip-flop control).
10. Printed-circuit base which interconnects the other cards.
circuits costly. The circuit manufacturer has already freely used devices in his circuits to optimize their processing, performance and cost. He has this freedom because it matters little in mass-production costs whether a circuit has six transistors or twenty.
**First steps in system design**
The objectives of the research-model project were to establish simple procedures for building a large system and to aid in the development of Fairchild's new Complementary Transistor Micrologic circuits (CTμL). At the time the project began, in September, 1964, these circuits were in pilot production and their packages, the dual-inline package, were also new and untried.
As a first step, the economic valuations were stated as three rules intended to make the design work easy:
- Keep the logical, functional and packaging designs—and design records and documents—simple.
- Organize the specifications, design and construction so that the hardware is reduced to orderly elements. This eliminates many routine and unnecessary design decisions.
- Relax all tolerances. No attempt was made, for instance, to squeeze the last nanosecond of speed out of the circuits or to obtain a minimum-sized system, since extremely high parts density is costly.
Defining the system, which took four man-months of engineering, was completed in November, 1964. The system organization and functional units are given in the illustration and tables at the left and on this page.
The system contains 1,550 CTμL packages, equivalent to 5,040 NOR gates, exclusive of the power supplies for the processor and the typewriter.
Detailed design work, done by April, 1965, required 11 man-months of engineering time, plus 8 man-months of technician's time. Most of the technicians' time was spent in layout and preparation of the printed-circuit artwork.
Design procedures are detailed in another publication. Their applications to the research model and the design flow of the project are summarized on the next page. After the logic flow chart is prepared, the engineers begin writing a logic glossary and continue to add to it as package locations and wire routings are developed in later design stages.
**Fast circuitry, simple wiring**
The upper graph of the figure on page 114 illustrates the effect of circuit speed on system packaging. Circuits that operate at speeds of 1 to 5 nanoseconds require terminated strip-transmission-
---
**Packages and pin population**
| Functional modules | CTμL packages | Estimated equivalent gates | Connector pins used* | Pins per gate |
|--------------------|---------------|----------------------------|----------------------|--------------|
| Input/output | -1 | 110 | 275 | 78 | 0.28 |
| Format/control | -2 | 160 | 400 | 78 | 0.20 |
| Registers | -3 | 215 | 926 | 67 | 0.07 |
| | -4 | 215 | 926 | 67 | 0.07 |
| | -5 | 215 | 926 | 67 | 0.07 |
| Process unit | -6 | 175 | 437 | 68 | 0.15 |
| | -7 | 210 | 525 | 127 | 0.24 |
| | -8 | 170 | 425 | 107 | 0.25 |
| | -9 | 80 | 200 | 67 | 0.33 |
| Total | -9 | 1,550 | 5,040 | — | — |
* Base connector has 162 pins.
line interconnections. Ordinarily, these speeds require complex circuits and interconnection media such as multilayer printed circuit boards or coaxial cable.
When the speeds range from 5 to 10 nanoseconds, strip line can be avoided. Then two-sided printed circuit boards may be used to reduce total system costs. The dot on the curve labeled "simple package" on the graph shows an ideal cost-oriented design point.
To maintain simple packaging, the pulse rise time should be no faster than about 7 nanoseconds. However, as shown by the lower graph of the figure on page 114 logic-stage delays of about 3 nanoseconds can be achieved with emitter-follower circuits. Net speeds of about 5 nanoseconds, or less, can be obtained by providing at least three stages of logic between level setters.
Also, more logic can be provided in the average stage and fewer interconnection lines will be needed with the logic-circuit configuration known as the "dot" or "wired" OR, in which the OR function is performed by the connecting wiring rather than by separate circuits.
Packaging is further simplified by reducing circuit sensitivity to the noise generated in the interconnections. Large signal swings provide good noise margins; for the CTμL family, a swing of 3 volts was chosen. The circuits are designed to eliminate unwanted oscillations.
The research model reflects these cost-oriented design decisions. Its pulse rise time is 7 nanoseconds, its gates are 3-nanosecond emitter-follower circuits, signal swings are 3 volts and the wired-OR configuration is used.
**Logic-string considerations**
Once the basic logical-design ground rules were established, the next step was to set up the logic implementation and wiring rules governing the functioning and location of the circuits in the logic chains. The result is illustrated on page 114.
It is unnecessary to conduct extensive preliminary analyses of system operation to predict all worst-case system conditions when the design procedures are systematic and the circuits are IC's. It is cheaper and faster to set reasonable rules, design and build the system and then fix the few inadequate parts of the system. Experience with the research model verified this.
The project engineers reviewed the CTμL specifications then being prepared for publication and, as in any design project, conducted several simple tests with a few circuits working in the proposed packaging environment. It is difficult, if not impossible, for a manufacturer to prepare circuit specifications that apply to all possible applications and system environments.
**System engineering procedures**
*Logic flow chart is prepared for the input-output function. Then a glossary of the logic is begun.*
*Referring to the logic flow chart, an engineer prepares the logic diagram. Next step is at the right.*
*Signal-wiring layout is prepared on vellum over the logic design master pattern.*
*Wiring layouts on board-artwork masters are checked against the logic diagram.*
An estimate of system overhead was then made. Overhead refers to such design factors as delays due to timing problems (clock skew) and wiring delays. This estimate, the logic design rules and the CT\(\mu\)L circuit performance, as published in preliminary data sheets,\(^2\) were combined and restated as logic-implementation rules as follows:
- The normalized loading rules were those in the CT\(\mu\)L specifications.\(^2\)
- Three gates were allowed before level setting. In the illustration on page 114, the levels are restored after each set of three gates G by the following circuits: CT\(\mu\)L type 952 inverter, type 956 buffer and type 957 flip-flop.
- Four sets of gate and level-setter combinations were allowed in one clock cycle. This provides up to 15 AND logic decisions and 16 wired-OR logic decisions within one clock cycle. At a clock rate of 5 megacycles per second, the clock cycle is 200 nanoseconds long.
- The lengths of the printed circuit conductors between circuits could average 12 inches.
The following additional rules govern the clock timing, as shown in the figure on page 114:
- As the clock goes negative, the data transfers from the first rank to the second rank of the 957 flip-flops. Transfer is completed in 25 nanoseconds.
- The clock is left negative long enough to allow for data propagation (estimated worst case) and system overhead delays. Propagation time is 100 nanoseconds and overhead is 51 nanoseconds.
- The clock is driven positive long enough to allow data to be entered into the first rank of the 957 flip-flops. This requires 24 nanoseconds.
- The clock pulses are generated on the input-output control and translator board (see diagram on page 111) and sent to all other boards through the base interconnection board. The clock pulse is repowered locally on each board with buffer circuits.
**Master plan for interconnections**
Studies by Fairchild engineers and another study recently published by another source\(^3\) show that an economical interconnection structure is obtained by soldering the IC package leads into large, two-sided printed circuit boards.
Fairchild placed its design emphasis upon obtaining maximum interconnection density, not maximum circuit density, so that the boards could carry a relatively large number of IC packages without additional wiring layers. This was accomplished by having all the printed wiring on the board conform in general to an X-Y wiring matrix. That is, all the wiring runs in a horizontal direction on one side of the board and in a vertical direction on the other. The positions of the IC packages on the boards were worked out to accommodate this arrangement.
The boards measure 14 by 12 inches and can carry 242 dual-inline packages in 11 rows of 22 packages each. However, there are blank locations on the research model's boards; the omissions allowed the use of only two layers of wiring. The package count per board is given on page 111.
The package and wiring layouts were prepared.
Logic implementation and wiring rules. Block diagram indicates allowable numbers of gates between level restorers, shown in color. The curve below indicates clock timing.
with a coordinated set of layout masters, one for component layout and one for logic design. These and the associated board-artwork masters are shown at the right and can also be seen in the photographs on the preceding pages.
At first, package positions are tentatively assigned on the component layout master, which is the same size as a board. The positions are firmed up as the interconnection patterns take shape.
Packages are relocated and extra circuits occasionally used to make wiring layout easier. A few positions are purposely left vacant to further ease wiring layout problems and in anticipation of logic modifications during system debugging. This master, plus a logic diagram, provides a point-to-point wiring schedule (not the actual wire routing).
The logic design master is twice the length and width of the board. The line grid consists of dark lines at 200-mil increments (0.2 inch) and light lines (invisible in the photo) at 100-mil increments. The light-line spacing reduces to 50 mils on the actual board; these lines govern the spacing between wiring runs. The spacing of the dark lines corresponds to the 100-mil spacing of the plug-in pins of the dual-inline packages.
At each package-pin position is a disk 80 mils in diameter. On the finished board, these are 40-mil soldering pads with a plated-through hole that is 22 to 25 mils in diameter at the center of each pad. All connector positions are also shown on the master.
The master is preprinted with all plus and minus voltage lines, ground lines and the return paths for these lines. The ground lines are the lower zigzag lines of each group of three horizontal lines; the top lines of each group are the plus-voltage lines, and the minus-voltage lines are in the center of each group.
The horizontal lines are fabricated on the top, or component-mounting side, of the board. Since the dual-inline package pins have stand-offs which raise the package above the boards, these lines can be run through the package positions. The vertical lines run between the pin rows on the bottom,
Strip transmission-line interconnections, a costly packaging technique, are required for logic speeds faster than 5 nanoseconds. Two-sided boards can be used at slower speeds (top graph). Emitter-follower circuitry allows stage delays of about 3 nanoseconds (lower graph) in the simpler package form.
Master patterns for circuit layouts
Component layout master assigns package positions.
Logic design master for drafting printed wiring routes.
Master layout for base card, the interconnection board.
Artwork taping master for top side of printed circuit.
Standard artwork for bottom side of printed circuit.
Superimposed artwork for top and bottom of one board.
or soldering side, of the printed-circuit board.
The designers draw in the signal wiring needed to interconnect the IC packages.
The drawing is done on vellum placed over the logic-design master. The signal wiring can run along any of the grid lines not already occupied by the standardized voltage and ground lines. Blue pencil is used for the horizontal, top-of-the-board wiring and red pencil for the vertical runs. Through-hole positions are marked where the runs change direction.
The completed wiring pattern is transferred to artwork taping masters. There is one master for the top and one for the bottom of the board. These masters, also double scale, contain all the hole locations and interconnections common to all functional boards. Red adhesive tape is applied to duplicate the signal wiring. After the patterns are double-checked with the original logic diagram, they are photographically reduced to provide the photoetching tool films for board fabrication.
The base-card layout is a unique and striking example of the simplicity that can be achieved in IC systems. The other nine boards will be interconnected with the board produced by this pattern, a single layer of copper with only 162 straight, parallel wiring runs. To remove unwanted interconnections between the boards, the standard pattern shown is modified by merely deleting segments of the lines between connector-pin positions.
**Pin count drops**
One measure of layout efficiency is the ratio of circuit leads to board-interconnection pins. The layout of the model is efficient, as shown by the table on page 111.
Although 162 connector pins are available on each board, most boards use less than half the pins. The large number of pins was retained to keep the base-card wiring orderly.
The register boards are exceptionally efficient in pin usage because their component and interconnection densities are high and the wiring is very orderly. The other boards require control logic or tree logic, which makes the wiring runs highly random and restricts the number of IC's that can be mounted on the boards. Nevertheless, the ratios compare favorably with those of multilayer boards [See, for example, Electronics, Nov. 29, 1965, page 90].
**Packaging and assembly**
The nine logic and control modules were assembled by plugging the IC packages into the lead-insertion holes. Seven boards were soldered on a flow-soldering machine and two were hand soldered. A few discrete wires were added to the boards to correct errors.
The power supplies were built of conventional components. The only other conventional wiring in the system are the cables between the power supplies and the base card and typewriter.
The contact springs of the connectors on the base card are soldered directly into that printed circuit. The other boards slide into guides in the rectangular system frame and plug into the base-card connectors, as shown in the photographs on pages 110 and 113.
During board insertion or removal, the connector contact springs are open. They are locked onto the contact fingers of the boards by cams; the cams are long, round rods with a flat spot. When the cams are rotated to the closed position, with a key, they apply more than 750 grams of pressure to each contact.
The circuits are cooled by air, blown by fans at a minimum of velocity of 50 feet per minute over the boards and out through the card guides.
**System debugging**
The detailed design was completed by April, 1965. Fabrication began in February and ended in August. During August and September, the system was debugged; that took 3½ man-months of engineering time.
To test the operation of each module board while the system was operated, an extender card was connected between the board being tested and the base-board connector. Strip transmission lines were not used on the extender; the increase in lead length did not present any difficulty because the extender was a two-sided board with ground runs between adjacent signal wires.
Two engineers cooperated in tracing the logic step by step with a normal oscilloscope test probe and test lights plugged into terminals provided along the top edge of the board as part of the printed wiring pattern. The test documents were a reduced-scale copy of the logic diagrams, the flow charts and a set of artwork prints.
The usual design errors, logic oversights, taping errors and other mistakes were encountered and fixed. A few circuits proved to be faulty (the CTμL circuits in the model were from a preproduction run). Components were replaced by desoldering and resoldering, a few IC's were added at vacant positions on the boards and wiring was changed by adding discrete wires.
No wiring changes were needed on the three register boards nor on the base board. Each of the other boards had a few changes. No faulty solder or connector joints were found.
The system is now operating according to specifications. It is presently being used to accumulate data on CTμL circuits and as a test bed for improved IC configurations.
**References**
1. Rex Rice, "Systematic Procedures for Digital System Realization from Logic Design to Production," Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 52, No. 12, Dec., 1964. A more detailed version is available from the Marketing Services Dept., Fairchild Semiconductor, 313 Fairchild Drive, Mountain View, Calif. 94041.
2. Programmed logic from CTμL 952 through CTμL 957, March, 1965, Fairchild Semiconductor.
3. G. Rupprecht and E. Stubler, "Two Dimensional vs. Three Dimensional Packaging of Integrated Circuits," Advances in Electronic Circuit Packaging, Vol. 6, Cahners Publishing Co., Englewood, Calif., August, 1965.
Ultra-fast, high conductance FDR-600:
guaranteed forward voltage of one volt or less, at 200mA forward current,
after radiation exposure.
Picosecond switching FDR-700:
guaranteed forward voltage of one volt or less, at 30mA forward current,
after radiation exposure.
High voltage rectifiers FRR-300:
the only Planar passivated rectifiers
in the 350-450V range with guaranteed
forward voltage of one volt or less,
at 100mA forward current, after
radiation exposure.
For evidence see chart below. For
proof see our data sheets. See your
Fairchild Distributor or write us.
| SERIES | GUARANTEED PERFORMANCE AFTER EXPOSURE | EXPOSURE TO FAST NEUTRON RADIATION (@10KeV) | BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE |
|-------------------------------|---------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------|
| Ultra fast, high conductance FDR-600 | $I_F = 200\text{mA} @ 1.0\text{V}$ | $1 \times 10^{14}\text{nvt}$ | FDR-600: $B_V 75\text{V} @ I_F = 5\mu\text{A}, t_{\text{tr}} = 4.0 \text{ nsec.}$
FDR-601: $B_V 50\text{V} @ I_F = 5\mu\text{A}, t_{\text{tr}} = 4.0 \text{ nsec.}$ |
| Picosecond switching FDR-700 | $I_F = 30\text{mA} @ 1.0\text{V}$ | $1 \times 10^{14}\text{nvt}$ | FDR-700: $B_V 30\text{V} @ I_F = 5\mu\text{A}, t_{\text{tr}} = 750 \text{ psec.}$
FDR-701: $B_V 20\text{V} @ I_F = 5\mu\text{A}, t_{\text{tr}} = 750 \text{ psec.}$ |
| High voltage high conductance FRR-300 | $I_F = 100\text{mA} @ 1.0\text{V}$ | $5 \times 10^{14}\text{nvt}$ | FRR-300: $B_V 300\text{V} @ I_F = 100\mu\text{A}$ |
New total protection... against all hostile environments
Most switch manufacturers seal just the switching area. But Only CDI Seals BOTH The Switching Area AND THE PANEL, Pat. Pending.
Exclusive CDI total switch sealing benefits you by protecting all other components in your system against dust, dirt, salt spray and other foreign elements which reduce performance. Switching area and panel are independently sealed for full protection and reliability.
Clean room assembled. Decimal or coded models. For R.F.I. applications. Series PS tab type Thumbwheel Switch mounts on ½" centers and retrofits Series TTS. Switch life exceeds 100,000 operations. Send for data sheet.
NO SCREWS VISIBLE. NEW ALUMINUM BEZEL permits rear mounting of miniature and standard type switches with no screws visible. Accommodates to 20 switch modules. Miniature model fits CDI Series TTD and TTB standard type switches. Available in colors to match any instrument panel. Send for data sheet.
CHICAGO DYNAMIC INDUSTRIES, INC.
PRECISION PRODUCTS DIVISION 1725 Diversey Blvd., Chicago, Illinois 60614 Phone: (312) 935-4600
Microwave heating has recently emerged from the laboratory and is now finding its place in the food processing and other industries. Because it is fast, efficient, and highly controllable, microwave heating is particularly suitable for on-stream operations.
For example: Revolutionary new potato chip processing machinery manufactured by the Cryodry Corporation, a subsidiary of the Armour Company, uses the EIMAC EM15LS magnetron in a conveyorized microwave oven to finish-dry to optimum color potato chips which have been pre-cooked in oil.
M. R. Jeppson, President of Cryodry, says: "We chose Eimac's new magnetron to power our machinery because the tube has an unusually high dc-to-rf conversion ratio—80%—and promises a very competitive life cost per kilowatt hour of only 2¢."
Moisture removal is only one of the tasks which industry can assign to microwave heating. Others include chemical catalysis, distillation, puffing, fermentation, and sterilization. Eimac has built pioneering tubes to supply microwave power for this new technique. As fast as new applications for microwave heating arise, Eimac is developing appropriate power supplies. If you'd like to find out more about what you might do with microwave heating, write on your letterhead to Microwave Marketing, Eimac.
EIMAC
San Carlos, California 94070
A Division of Varian Associates
Circle 119 on reader service card
Achieve optimum strike potential with Ferranti F1600
The family of computers that permits initiation of real-time retaliation within two radar sweeps.
Before the antenna has completed its second sweep the F1600 carries out a thorough threat evaluation and presents Central Command with an overall picture of the national defence situation. Subject to human decision, retaliation can proceed instantly.
This is how member nations of NATO can achieve strategic superiority with a defence system based on the F1600 — organised in a radically new mode pioneered by Ferranti to make it the world's fastest and most powerful computer for advanced military applications.
The F1600 compiles 'track files' on attacking aircraft and missiles, evaluates the state of readiness, performance and location of individual units in the defence network, and selects the most likely weapon for effective combat from the nation's armoury. Performs all these functions in micro-seconds.
Based upon information gathered from surveillance radar the F1600 then calculates and transmits vital 'kill point' data to a fighter aircraft before it leaves the ground, to a fighter already in the air, or to a surface-to-air missile complex.
This very high speed stored program computer has been chosen to form the heart of the British Royal Navy's Action Data Automation System (ADA) for the new generation of aircraft carriers and guided missile destroyers.
Within a few hours flight of every European capital, Ferranti have unequalled experience in the creation of real-time computer-based systems to meet specific Service requirements. Having worked closely and successfully with members of NATO, Ferranti are uniquely qualified to provide an individual solution to problems of national defence.
Ferranti Ltd., Digital Systems Department, Moston, Manchester 10, England.
DSD Research and Development Laboratories, Bracknell, Berkshire, England.
WANT TO SAVE MONEY BY USING GUDEBROD LACING TAPE?...
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Harness tying may be a relatively minor operation. But it also can be a major cost drain. Lacing tape is one of the smallest costs in the harnessing operation but with Gudebrod Tape you can save dollars in making harnesses. Knots tie easier, workers say they almost tie themselves, knots stay tied, the harness workers can go right on with the harnessing without having to go back for re-tightening. Workers like to use Gudebrod Tape. You cut harnessing time—you have fewer rejects. All of this works for you in saving money on cable harnesses—that's why it pays to specify Gudebrod Lacing Tape, the original flat braided tape. Prove these statements in your own harnessing department—give Gudebrod Tape a comparative test.
CABLE LACING INFORMATION:
When you need help on knots, on spacing, on the type of tape to use—Gudebrod is your one best source for information. We have over 200 different lacing tapes in stock, for temperatures up to 1500° F. or down to -100° F., burn proof tapes, tapes that do not outgas in vacuum, color coded tapes, cut lengths, tapes of nylon, Dacron®, Teflon®, spun glass, silica fiber. Ask for a copy of our Product Data Book.
GUDEBROD CABLE LACER
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The first hand tool specifically engineered for continuous wire harnessing. Handle holds bobbin, feeds tape as needed, grips tape for knotting. Speeds, eases harnessing. Has paid for itself in a day in many plants.
Area Code 215, WA 2-1122
GUDEBROD BROS. SILK CO., INC.
Electronics Division
12 SOUTH 12th STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19107
Electronics | February 7, 1966
The newest, finest Bendix Autosyn Synchros won’t carry much weight.
Unless you consider the 1.3 ounces typical of the new Size 08 Autosyn® Synchros “much”. Which most engineers don’t. And which, when coupled with the fact that the 16 new Size 08 Synchros boast a maximum diameter of just 0.750 inch, is enough to influence almost every weight- and size-critical design on the drawing boards.
But subminiaturization is only one of the talents Bendix Autosyn Synchros offer you. All sizes (08, 10, 11, 15 and 22) are available in stainless steel or aluminum housings, for instance. Some are accurate and stable at operating temperatures as high as 800° F, which makes them ideal for use in supersonic aircraft. Others are built for increased radiation resistance. And hundreds more are specifically designed for aircraft instrument applications.
There’s certain to be an Autosyn Synchro that’s right for your needs. To find out which one, call us at 717, 278-1161, in Montrose, Pennsylvania. Or write for our new 42-page catalog.
Only ONE dvm offers you the advantages of integrating AND potentiometric operation:
the new hp 3460A!
Unique design offers you this:
- **Accuracy:** ±0.005% of reading ±2 counts, +10° to +40°C!
- **Stability:** Calibrate only once every 2 months!
- **Speed:** Up to 15 readings per second!
- **Ranges:** Four 5-digit ranges, 1 v to 1000 v (10 µV sensitivity)!
- **Input impedance:** 10 megohms (±0.03%) on all ranges!
- **Price:** Only $3600!
Plus all these features, yours on the STANDARD instrument, at no increase in cost!
- Autoranging
- 20% overrange on all ranges, 6th overrange digit
- CMR of 160 db at dc
- Remote programming
- BCD printer output
- Selectable front and rear inputs
- Manual trigger
- Overload indication
- Operation to 50°C
- Optional ac/ohms measurements
Data subject to change without notice. Price f.o.b. factory.
Measure 1 v to 1000 v with ±10 µV resolution, to 1200 v with overranging, and get the noise rejection performance of an integrating DVM, plus the accuracy of a potentiometric DVM. Range selection by front-panel pushbuttons, automatically or remotely. Function symbol is displayed, and decimal point is positioned automatically.
You need to read all the specifications to learn the uniqueness of this remarkable instrument which is the heart of a series of systems available from the Dymec Division. Or see it perform on your bench or in your system. Call your Hewlett-Packard field engineer for a demonstration or write for complete data to Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, California 94304, Tel. (415) 326-7000; Europe: 54 Route des Acacias, Geneva; Canada: 8270 Mayrand Street, Montreal.
Engineers and Scientists:
The Hughes Aircraft Company is proud to announce the establishment of
THE HUGHES PROFESSIONAL CAREER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
This new Program emphasizes individual career growth through a sequence of selected work assignments for graduate engineers who have acquired between two and eight years of professional experience. It is designed primarily for two types of development:
1. Specialized, in-depth assignments to develop unusual proficiency in a specific area of interest.
2. Broad, systems-types of assignments to prepare for system and project engineering responsibilities.
There will be a maximum of three assignments which will be determined jointly by the participant and the Professional Development Section. The assignments, which are flexible in length would normally extend for one year each. They may be selected from a broad spectrum of aerospace electronics hardware and systems-oriented programs and will be designed to provide optimum backgrounds in specialized areas of interest.
The Program will be limited to 50 participants in 1966. These will be selected from candidates who are graduates in E.E., M.E. or Physics from fully-accredited universities and who have acquired from two to eight years of professional-level technical experience. U.S. citizenship is required.
Those in the Program will receive salaries commensurate with levels established by their overall experience and qualifications.
We invite interested Engineers and Physicists to submit their qualifications for consideration.
Please forward your resume including details of your educational and experience background to:
Mr. Robert A. Martin
Head of Employment
HUGHES Aerospace Divisions
11940 W. Jefferson Blvd.
Culver City 5, California
HUGHES
HUGHES AIRCRAFT COMPANY
AEROSPACE DIVISIONS
An equal opportunity employer
what ceramic capacitor manufacturer can meet or exceed all these MIL specs?
Hi-Q can!
...and does. Right in step with the increasingly stringent demands of aero/space technology, Hi-Q today provides "one-stop shopping" for all types of Military ceramic capacitors. State-of-the-art temperature compensating, high K, and high reliability ceramic formulations are always available from the company that leads the pack in product advancement. Styles? Whether you need a ceramic high voltage disc, a subminiature radial lead part, a feed thru, a temperature compensating tubular, or a molded high capacitance tubular...you can be sure of getting it from Hi-Q.
And now Hi-Q has developed CERALAM to dramatically increase capacity-to-volume ratios—typified by the CKR12, the CKR13, and the extended range CKR06.
To meet MIL Specs like NPC-200-3, MIL-STD-790, and MIL-Q-9858, Hi-Q has created in-house Reliability and Quality assurance programs that cover everything from design and raw material to the carefully controlled process and inspection that produce the world's finest capacitors. And all this is carried out in outstanding clean room facilities at Myrtle Beach, S. C. and Olean, N. Y.—clean rooms that make it possible to meet the unique demands of HI REL specifications such as MIL-C-38101 and MIL-C-39014.
So if you're looking for a manufacturer that can meet any or all of your requirements for Military ceramic capacitors, call us. We're it.
AEROVOX CORPORATION
OLEAN, NEW YORK
MYRTLE BEACH
SOUTH CAROLINA
Circle 125 on reader service card 125
Revolutionary new temperature transducers fit both bridge circuitry and sensing elements in the measuring stem.
CEC's Type 4-550 Integral Bridge Temperature Transducers introduce a consistent degree of accuracy never before achieved in the temperature measurement of liquids and gases. Also, being engineered to withstand extreme vibration and shock environments, these new transducers are the logical choice for missile applications.
The secret is in the stem.
A new design concept has made it possible to locate both the bridge completion circuitry and the sensing elements within the measuring stem of the transducer. Result: since all critical resistors remain at the same temperature, effects of temperature changes on the bridge are included in the calibration and standardization of the transducers. No longer need you be concerned about possible errors due to variations in external ambient air temperature.
Three models are available.
The 4-550 family includes the 0001, 0002 and 0003. The distinction between them is in range only, which is, respectively: 0 to 200 °F, 0 to 100 °F and 0 to 500 °F. All employ special strain-free, vibration-resistant sensing elements of high purity nickel. The completion bridge is designed to provide a linear output with temperature, 40 mv full scale. No need to call for computer help to unscramble non-linear functions.
The six advantages of the 4-550s:
1. Elimination of external bridge circuitry.
2. Operational simplicity.
3. Interchangeability of calibrations.
4. Improved overall system accuracy.
5. Linearized output.
6. Less weight and space.
Significant specifications:
- Range: Zero to full scale within the limits of -100 and +500 °F.
- Output: 4.0 mv/V full scale.
- Overall Accuracy: ±0.25% of full scale (including calibration interchangeability).
- Nominal Excitation Voltage: 10.0 volts d-c.
- Rated Load Impedance: 100,000 ohms.
- Output Impedance: 500 ±25 ohms.
- Time Response: 250 milliseconds for 63% response in water at 3 ft./second.
- Working Pressure: 1500 psig.
- Calibration: Five point calibration certificate supplied with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of full scale temperature vs. output values.
For complete information, call or write CEC for Bulletin 4550-X1.
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Just give us a call today and we'll send a man with technical assistance your way fast. Let us show you why General Electric is the industry leader in magnetic materials and specialty resistors. MAGNETIC MATERIALS SECTION, (Telephone 517-427-5151), Edmore, Michigan 48829.
*Registered Trademark of General Electric Co.
Progress Is Our Most Important Product
GENERAL ELECTRIC
G-E MAGNETIC MATERIALS SALES AND SERVICE OFFICES
1. Seattle, Washington
220 S. Dawson Street
206-725-6804
2. Redwood City, California
555 Veterans Blvd.
415-369-7151
3. Los Angeles, California
11840 W. Olympic Blvd.
213-479-7763
4. Phoenix, Arizona
Suite 712, Guaranty Bank Bldg.
602-264-1751
5. Denver, Colorado
201 University Avenue
303-388-5771
6. Dallas, Texas
4447 N. Central Expressway
214-521-1931
7. Cedar Rapids, Iowa
210 Second Street SE
319-364-9149
8. Kansas City, Missouri
106 W. 14th Street, Room 2500
816-221-4033
9. Chicago, Illinois
3800 N. Milwaukee Avenue
312-777-1600
10. Rochester, New York
39 Jefferson Road
716-436-2800
11. Clifton, New Jersey
200 Main Avenue
201-757-3673
12. Wellesley, Massachusetts
468 Washington Street
617-235-5521
13. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
3 Penn Center Plaza
215-568-1800
14. Baltimore, Maryland
1 N. Charles Street
301-685-6500
15. Washington, D.C.
777—14th Street NW
202-393-3600
16. Lynchburg, Virginia
Carroll Avenue
703-846-7311
17. Charlotte, North Carolina
129 W. Trade Street
704-375-5571
18. Tampa, Florida
2106 South Lois Avenue
813-877-8311
Quality Need Not Be Expensive
Some people would have you believe that to buy the best, you must pay the most. This is not necessarily true. Price is only a measure of value—never a substitute for it.
At Stackpole, the real value of any resistor is determined by a combination of its performance record and its price. Perhaps this is why so many of our customers continue to specify Stackpole resistors year after year to maintain top performance for established products and for their new ones, too. Such confidence and loyalty cannot be based on price alone.
Uniformity has become the accepted characteristic of Stackpole resistors. Unique production methods, coupled with in-depth experience in manufacturing and testing are your assurance that Stackpole resistors will give you absolute performance. The resistors you order today will be identical in every way to your last order.
Most leading manufacturers of electronic equipment have long recognized Stackpole resistors for reliability.
Whether it be the rugged demands of portable television or the critical tolerances of space age communication and tracking equipment, Stackpole resistors deliver the performance you expect—the kind of dependability that builds a reputation for your products.
Why continue to pay a premium for quality? Let us prove that you get value from Stackpole. Quality resistors, economically priced, are delivered promptly and backed up by our complete corporate facility. Next time, specify Stackpole. There's a family of fine resistors available in sizes of 2, 1, ½ and ¼ watts. For samples and additional information, write: Stackpole Carbon Company, Electronic Components Division, Kane, Pa. Phone: 814-837-7000 — TWX: 510-695-8404.
At last—a production laser welder that really works: the Linde LWM-1
This is the first practical laser welder that makes precise, reproducible welds on a production basis—the Linde LWM-1.
Another important thing: it's easy to use. Almost anyone can learn to operate it in about five minutes. The 25:1 ratio micro-manipulator makes positioning a snap. And the operator has a continuous right-side-up image in the binocular viewer, even during welding.
The LWM-1 Laser Micro-Welder is manufactured by Korad Corporation to Linde specifications. Want complete details? Contact the nearest Linde Division office, or send the coupon.
"Linde" is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Corporation. Korad Corporation is a subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation.
"ROOM AT THE TOP"
Here are growth opportunities in Communications with TRW Systems in Los Angeles and Houston
There is "room at the top" for your special talents on America's major missile and space programs with TRW Systems' Communication Laboratory in either Los Angeles or Houston. From the beginning of communications via space, this group has played a pre-eminent role in developing communications systems for the nation's major missile and space programs. Major achievements include the first unified carrier tracking, telemetry and command system and the first PCM telemetry system for space. Now is the time for you to investigate these opportunities with this outstanding professional organization.
MAJOR PROGRAMS...
Apollo spacecraft systems
Advanced Minuteman systems
Mars mission and spacecraft studies
Nuclear Detection (Vela) Satellites
Pioneer interplanetary spacecraft
Weather satellite systems
Standardized tracking, telemetry and command system (SGLS)
Advanced space probes
Lunar telemetry systems
Communication satellite systems
Senior Communication Engineers
For design, analysis and management of communication systems and evaluation of scientific and military applications of communication techniques for aircraft, spacecraft and underwater craft use. BSEE, MSEE or PhD.
Communication Equipment Design Engineers
Several years' experience in design and analysis in the following fields: RF filters, diplexers, antennas, phased arrays, feeds, solid-state transmitters, receivers, phase-lock loop techniques, cavity techniques, strip line, very wide and very narrow band circuits, circuit engineering, and modulation techniques. BSEE or MSEE.
Communication System Analysis Engineers
Conceptual design, analysis and synthesis of wide variety of digital and analog communication systems, employing coding, modulation, and statistical communication theory. Systems include integrated coherent-carrier systems, phase lock demodulation (restrictive/non-restrictive), communication satellites and deep space probes. MSEE or PhD.
Signal Processing Engineers
Design and development of sophisticated communication systems and components. Signal conditioners, analog and digital encoding and decoding, modulation tracking and carrier tracking phase lock loops, and multiphase modulation are involved in tracking, telemetry and command equipment which includes but is not limited to space applications. BSEE or MSEE.
Telemetry Circuit Design Engineers
To design a wide variety of analog and digital signal processing circuits for spacecraft digital telemetry equipment. Experience should relate to the design of analog-to-digital converters, analog and digital multiplexers, logic and data storage. Familiarity with microelectronics desirable. BSEE or MSEE.
Telemetry System Engineers
Experienced in the functional and logical design of analog and digital telemetry systems. Familiarity with design, development, application and evaluation of spacecraft instrumentation systems. Experienced in the design of data systems to interface with a wide variety of data sources including scientific experiments, and engineering measurements.
Please submit resume and salary history in confidence to R. J. Brown, TRW Professional Placement, Dept. L-21, One Space Park, Redondo Beach, California 90278. TRW is an equal opportunity employer, male and female.
CHALLENGE US!
SPACE CRAFT, INC.
8620 SO. MEMORIAL PARKWAY
HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 35802
Gentlemen:
Consider yourselves challenged. Send me your short form specification sheet for custom-welded modules. I'll fill it out. Then you quote a price and give me whatever suggestions you may have for improving the module.
Name ____________________________________________
Title ______________________________________________
Company ___________________________________________
Address ____________________________________________
City _______________ State __________ Zip _______
If you would like your system to have the reliability and size reduction advantages of custom welded modules but think you can't afford it, challenge us! Whether you need to design an all-new circuit, to adapt an existing design to welded packaging or to locate a qualified vendor for production quantities of your circuits, Space Craft will perform for you at surprisingly low cost. To call our hand, just use the coupon above.
SPACE CRAFT, INC.
8620 SO. MEMORIAL PARKWAY / HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 35802
TELEPHONE: (205) 881-1611 TWX: (510) 579-2234
Opens fresh design horizons...
microminiature solid cermet discrete resistor
Explore new design areas with these Ceradot® pellet resistor characteristics available only from CTS:
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Designers' Kit contains an assortment of pellet resistors in these sizes: .050" dia. x .030", .050" dia. x .062", .100" dia. x .030" and .100" dia. x .062" in random resistance values. Uses: in prototypes, development programs, testing and experimental microcircuits. Kit price $10.00. Immediate delivery.
Principal Products
Variable Resistors
Selector Switches
Loudspeakers
Trimming Potentiometers
Fixed Resistor Micromodules & Microcircuitry Circuitry
Crystals, Filters,
Oscillators & Ovens
Subsidiaries
CTS of Asheville, Inc., Skyland, N.C.
CTS of Berne, Inc., Berne, Indiana
CTS of Paducah, Inc., Paducah, Ky.
Chicago Transistor Co., Chicago, Ill.
CTS of California, Inc., South Pasadena, Calif.
CTS of Canada, Ltd., Streetsville, Ontario
CTS Microelectronics, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.
CTS Research, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.
CTS Knights, Inc., Sandwich, Ill.
Founded 1896
CTS CORPORATION
Elkhart, Indiana
Sales Offices and Representatives conveniently located throughout the world.
The 1967 budget: a blockbuster
Through 1965, the United States budget had never exceeded $100 billion. Now the Johnson Administration has presented an 18-month spending plan that would propel two budgets beyond that imaginary barrier—the $106.4-billion plan for fiscal 1966 and the $112.8-billion budget for 1967, both boosted by supplemental spending requests totaling $14.7 billion.
Defense spending, which constitutes 57% of next year's $112.8-billion budget, offers rich rewards to military electronics companies. There are also a few consolation prizes to the industry's participants in the Great Society and other civilian programs.
The military buildup hastens the trend away from strategic weapons and toward equipment for close-range fighting of the kind encountered in Vietnam. Intercontinental missiles such as the land-based Minuteman and the submarine-launched Polaris will continue to be built, and development of both types will be accelerated. But high on next year's military preferred list are helicopters (3,678 ordered), radars, and portable radios that can transmit through the jungle.
Civilian programs also are relying more heavily on electronics, although many projects—particularly in aviation and aeronautics—are being postponed, curtailed and slowed down. Budget Director Charles Schultze says his bureau chopped about $20 billion off agencies' requests for funds. He doesn't enumerate them, but some of the casualties are known:
- The Voyager program to land instruments on Mars by 1971 has been set back at least two years.
- The Federal Aviation Agency is requesting $22 million less for air-traffic control facilities than it received last year.
- The National Institutes of Health, which supports 40% of the nation's medical research, will receive only a $59-million increase—the smallest in a decade.
Beyond Project Apollo, NASA has had little success in speeding work on advanced programs such as the Apollo Applications Project to put scientists into orbit for months at a time. But if it's any consolation to the space agency, the budget-cutters have also been stern with the military. The Air Force's plan for a manned orbiting laboratory has received only token authorizations.
Other programs that have been touted by Administration officials will have to achieve their goals with little or no research money. There will be some impetus for electronics in the control of air and water pollution and in instrumentation for nuclear reactors. But plans for research into better high-speed ground transportation have been slashed almost in half, and work on the highly publicized supersonic transport plane will move along no faster than it did this year.
The new highway-safety program will have to rely on the automobile industry for any sophisticated testing and research it may require. That's like asking the steel industry to help establish wage-price guidelines.
Covering the budget
This report on the federal budget's impact on the electronics industry was prepared by a team of editors with the assistance of the Washington News Bureau. Howard Rausch directed the project. John E. Larson, military electronics editor, is responsible for the Defense Department story starting on this page and William J. Evans, electronics editor, wrote the aviation report on page 141. The space story on page 138 is by Seth Payne, the civilian electronics report on page 145 is by Warren Kornberg and the budget analysis on page 134 is by Don Loomis, all of our Washington Bureau.
Military electronics
Lion's share to defense
The war in Vietnam, long called the "unbudgeted war" by many members of Congress, has suddenly become the most conspicuous item in the federal budget. Because of it, President Johnson, within five days—from Jan. 19 to Jan. 24—revised the fiscal 1966 defense budget upward by $12.3 billion to make a total authorization of $66.46 billion. He then asked for a huge 1967 budget—$81.42 billion. If this is not enough, the President told Congress, "I will not hesitate to request the necessary sums."
Most of the extra money in both budgets will go for Vietnam; it will help replenish stockpiles in the United States and Europe that were dipped into before the Vietnam war was budgeted fully; it will help pay for the present fighting in Southeast Asia; and it will help finance further escalation if it takes place. If the war does expand, supplemental requests are inevitable in 1967.
The money on hand, and that requested, should hold the Defense Department for a while. The 1967 budget calls for $59.85 billion in new obligational authority (NOA)—new funds that the Defense Department can spend, or can promise to spend in 1967 or later. Added to this amount are unused funds brought forward from 1966; these will bring the total contractual authority next year to an estimated $61.42 billion.
Still more money may end up in the 1967 kitty if some is left over from 1966. Beginning as a modest $51.74 billion when the 1966 budget was first drawn up, the total obli-gational authority for 1966 was expanded with a $700-million supplemental authorization in May, 1965; $1.7 billion more in August, 1965; and the $12.3 billion on Jan. 19, 1966, five days before the 1967 budget was introduced. The Pentagon's total obli-gational authority for 1966 comes to a hefty $66.46 billion; $63.681 billion of this will be committed to contractors, and $54.2 billion will actually be spent. The $9.5-billion difference between commitments and expenditures represents long-lead-time items that won't be delivered or paid for until 1967—such items as aircraft, ammunition, and missiles including Bullpup, the air-to-surface missile used by all three armed services.
In 1967, contracts totaling $62.8 billion are expected to be awarded, with $58.3 billion being spent. Only $4.5 billion is earmarked for long-lead-time items in the 1967 budget.
The impact of Vietnam is seen in the sharp contrast between the 1965 budget and those for 1966 and 1967. Contract awards in 1966 are expected to exceed 1965's by $13.5 billion, and 1967 contracts will total $12.6 billion more than in 1965. Expenditures in 1966 are $6.8 billion more than in 1965; and in 1967 they will be $10.9 billion more than in 1965.
I. Vietnam supplementals
The war in Vietnam is not being funded completely from supplemental appropriations—the Defense Department says it doesn't know how much the war is costing. The supplementals, however, are paying for part of the war, and the Defense Department knows what this money is buying. A total of $4.635 billion of the supplementals is scheduled for spending for Vietnam during the rest of fiscal 1966, and $10.335 billion in 1967.
Aircraft. With the supplementary funds for Vietnam, the Army will spend $826 million for aircraft and related equipment, $168 million of this will be used to equip new aviation units. The Navy will spend $738 million for aircraft, and the Air Force $1,586 million.
The services will buy 2,005 helicopters—1,813 of them for the Army—and more than 900 fixed-wing planes—only 64 for the Army. Aircraft to replace those lost in Vietnam will cost $1.8 billion.
Missiles. The three services will buy a total of 4,830 tactical missiles, including the Army's Hawk for use against low-flying planes and the Navy's Bullpup for use against ground targets. The Air Force will spend $64 million for missiles; the Navy $26.2 million; the Army $64 million and the Marine Corps $27.5 million.
Replenishing stockpiles. Some officials of the Army, Navy, and Air Force will be free to sign firm contracts with airplane manufacturers, electronics companies and other suppliers. These contracts will become "direct obligations"; they will call for deliveries over varying periods—some for three or four months from now, others 18 to 24 months from the time the contract is signed.
Direct obligations for aircraft purchases actually will total $7.2 billion in 1967—well over the $6 billion in new obligational authority. This discrepancy is possible because of the carry-over of obligational authority from previous years, including the aircraft-procurement authority granted in the request, now before Congress, for a $12.3-billion supplement to the fiscal 1966 budget.
As this equipment is delivered, the Treasury writes checks to the suppliers. The total of these checks constitutes the "expenditures" section of the budget—the most widely used measure of the government's activities.
For aircraft, for instance, "spending" in fiscal 1967 is expected to be $6.7 billion. But Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara and his procurement chiefs have considerable leeway within the congressional authorizations and appropriations—particularly leeway to refrain from spending funds that Congress has appropriated.
In this way McNamara has conducted a successful foot-dragging operation to keep Congress from forcing the development and procurement of the B-70 supersonic bomber and other projects favored on Capitol Hill.
Not all budgetary discrepancies are on the credit side. In his budget message last year, Johnson requested $106.4 billion of new obligational authority for the current year, fiscal 1966. Now, for military expansion alone, he has asked Congress for about $14 billion more for this year, including the $12.3 billion for Vietnam that he requested on Jan. 19.
For most government programs—research and development, or the activities of the Federal Aviation Agency or of the Federal Communications Commission—the appropriations by Congress are apt to be closer to the spending totals.
Thus, the Defense Department expects to have new obligational authority of $6.9 billion next year for research, development, test and evaluation, and it expects to obligate exactly the same amount. Spending is expected to be $6.4 billion, the $500-million difference being for such things as equipment or facilities that can't be delivered until after fiscal 1967.
of the supplemental money for Vietnam—but only a small portion of the amount needed—will be spent to replenish stockpiles at Army depots in the United States and Europe; these supplies kept the war in Vietnam going. Although Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara has not released, in any form, a report prepared by the Senate Armed Services Preparedness Investigating subcommittee on the condition of these stockpiles, many kinds of equipment are known to be in short supply and must be replaced—radar, helicopters, portable radio transmitters and receivers, generators, electronic test equipment, rockets and other gear.
Particularly important are survival radios such as the AN/URC-10, which is used by lost troops or pilots; the radio transmits a signal that can be used for homing, and also has voice capability.
II. General-purpose forces
Although it is customary in discussing the defense budget to take up strategic forces first, general-purpose forces such as those used in Vietnam are far bigger in this budget. While emphasis on strategic offensive forces is holding its own—with $5.1 billion in 1967, the same as in 1966—general-purpose forces in 1967 will cost five times this amount: $25.7 billion. With all the supplementals, much of which will spill over into 1967, the total obligational authority for general-purpose forces in 1966 is even higher—$30 billion.
Communications and electronics. The Army has requested $292.3 million for communications—80% for tactical gear, such as the AN/VRC-12 and the AN/PRC-25 radios for Vietnam—and other electronic equipment. Avionics will cost an additional $60 million, and ground-support for Army aircraft will cost $11.6 million.
Helicopters. Both the Army and the Marine Corps will organize additional helicopter units; the Army will buy 1,400 and the Marines 273. Most of the choppers will be UH-1D Iroquois built by the Bell Helicopter Co. and the CH-47A Chinook produced by the Vertol division of the Boeing Aircraft Co. The Army spent $75.2 million for Chinooks in 1966. Another item is the CH-54 heavy-lift chopper produced by the Sikorsky division of the United Aircraft Corp.
The first of 714 Light-Observation Helicopters (LOH), being produced by the Hughes Tool Co., will begin in June. The avionics package, mainly for communications, will be built by Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., a subsidiary of the General Telephone and Electronics Co. (see p. 52).
Development of the advanced airborne fire-support system (AAFSS) will begin in fiscal 1967. This fighting helicopter will be designed for its combat mission and will replace the HH-1B which, in spite of its success in Vietnam, was not built specifically for its fighting role. The Lockheed California Co., a division of the Lockheed Aircraft Corp., has the project-definition phase for AAFSS.
Fixed-wing. The Pentagon plans to order 868 tactical fixed-wing aircraft in 1967. These will include additional carrier-based attack aircraft and land-based antisubmarine planes for the Navy. The Air Force will get the A-7A, the new attack aircraft already in production for the Navy. Produced by Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., the A-7A is equipped with the AN/APN-153 doppler radar for navigation, built by the GPL division of General Precision, Inc. The A-7A also will use Texas Instruments Incorporated's AN/APQ-99 search radar.
Also for Vietnam will be more production of the F-4B and 4J Phantom II fighter-bomber built by the McDonnell Aircraft Corp. The plane has an infrared seeker, four computers, two data-link systems and two bombing systems.
Large-scale purchases of the F-111A for the Air Force will begin. And for all three services a new, lightweight, multipurpose aircraft will be developed for counterinsurgency (COIN) warfare.
Missiles. The three services will buy a total of 52,297 strategic and tactical missiles next year, 11,286 more than in 1966. The programed cost is $1.98 billion.
The Army will continue to buy Redeye, the hand-held heat-seeking missile that knocks down aircraft. Redeye cost $58.3 million in 1966. Chaparral, the air-to-air Sidewinder converted to a surface-to-air missile, will be another big buy; this year about $20.4 million is being spent for these missiles. The surface-to-surface Shillelagh missile that is mounted on the M-60 tank will continue to be a big production item; sales totaled $60 million in 1966.
Procurement of the surface-to-surface Lance missile will begin in 1967. With a 45-statute-mile range, Lance will replace the Honest John and Little John missiles. If tests at the Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, Calif., turn out well, Lance may also be used by the Navy as an off-shore weapon to support ground troops.
Funding will be substantially increased for the development of a surface-to-air missile known now as SAM-D and formerly as AADS-70; the missile will be used in the battlefield and for continental defense. It is effective against aircraft and tactical missiles.
Research and development will continue on two wire-guided missiles: TOW, and a new medium-assault weapon called MAW.
The Navy will begin full proGot a Problem of DIMENSIONS? TEMPERATURE? UNUSUAL CYCLING? SHOCK RESISTANCE?
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III. Continental defenses
"The relative decline of the threat from bomber attack permits further downward adjustments in active-force interceptor aircraft, surface-to-air missiles and radar sites," the President said in his budget message.
Increased funds are proposed, however, for continued development of the Nike X antimissile defense system, more than $400 million was spent in 1966. Development will continue on satellite interception and detection, and on over-the-horizon radar. Another continuing program is modification of radars along the seacoasts to enable them to detect missiles as well as bombers.
IV. Strategic offensive forces
More Minuteman II and Polaris A-3 missiles will be bought. Development of the Minuteman III and the Navy's advanced Poseidon submarine-launched ballistic missile will be accelerated. Poseidon's $35-million appropriation for 1966 will be exceeded next year. Total development of Poseidon will cost close to $900 million. Modifying the submarine to accommodate the larger missiles will cost $1.1 billion.
Penetration aids for ICBM's, which cost $138 million in 1966, will remain at about the same level in 1967.
Bombers. In answer to requests by Congress and the Air Force for a bomber to replace the aging B-52 and B-58, the Pentagon plans to modify the ever-changing F-111, adding a capability to drop bombs and to fire the short-range air-to-surface Sram missile. The 1966 budget calls for modifying the aircraft, and the 1967 budget provides for buying the first of the
planned 210 planes. The Martin-Marietta Corp. and the Boeing Co. are both competing in the project-definition phase for Sram.
The advanced strategic manned aircraft (ASMA) concept is being kept alive; the Pentagon is asking for funds to continue work on its avionics.
V. Airlift and sealift
Procurement of the gigantic C-5A cargo/transport plane will begin this year. The cost of development and procurement will exceed $2.2 billion. Meanwhile, procurement of the C-141 jet cargo plane will be completed in 1967. The Air Force plans to spend $400 million in fiscal 1966 for C-141's. The Lockheed Marietta Co., a division of the Lockheed Aircraft Corp., is building both the C-5A and the C-141.
Contracts for competitive design will be awarded later this year for the first of a new class of fast-deployment logistic ships. These vessels will provide larger capacity, greater speed and more efficiency than do present transport ships.
ASW. The antisubmarine-warfare (ASW) effort seems to be permanent and stable; for the past two years it has represented one-quarter of the Navy's budget for research, development, test and evaluation. Last year this amounted to $386 million. For all search and surveillance programs, the Navy is spending $188 million this year.
Procurement will continue of such ASW weapons as Subroc, the torpedo-missile-torpedo; Asroc, the rocket-torpedo; Dash, the drone helicopter; and for various torpedoes.
VI. Research and development
The $5.1-billion research-and-development category includes all R&D efforts not directly identified with other programs.
The manned orbiting laboratory (MOL) will continue at its 1966 pace—about $150 million. Work also will continue on the military communications satellite, with some effort beginning on the small tactical terminals for each service's use. Other space programs will be the navigation satellite, nuclear test detectors and early warning of missile launches.
Other continuing R&D projects
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Where the money goes
| Procurement | Total obligational authority (Millions of dollars) | Direct obligations (Millions of dollars) | Expenditures (Millions of dollars) |
|-------------|---------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------------------------|
| | Fiscal 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 | 1965 | 1966 | 1967 |
| Aircraft | 6,429 | 10,153 | 6,560 | 5,891 | 8,793 | 7,274 | 5,200 | 6,000 | 6,717 |
| Missiles | 2,422 | 2,036 | 1,981 | 2,075 | 1,946 | 1,939 | 2,096 | 1,872 | 1,751 |
| Ships | 1,815 | 1,930 | 2,041 | 1,905 | 1,770 | 1,907 | 1,713 | 1,650 | 1,700 |
| Communications and other electronics | 1,055 | 1,377 | 963 | 1,072 | 1,351 | 1,034 | 897 | 1,001 | 1,048 |
| Other procurement | 2,576 | 7,179 | 6,290 | 2,540 | 6,743 | 6,319 | 1,934 | 3,357 | 4,754 |
| Totals | 14,422 | 22,675 | 17,835 | 13,483 | 20,603 | 18,473 | 11,840 | 13,830 | 15,970 |
Research, development, test and evaluation
| Military sciences (basic research) | 621 | 608 | 625 | 620 | 607 | 616 | 573 | 572 | 592 |
| Aircraft | 1,136 | 1,205 | 1,028 | 1,095 | 1,226 | 1,037 | 1,017 | 1,094 | 1,034 |
| Missiles | 1,977 | 1,998 | 2,334 | 1,955 | 1,964 | 2,315 | 1,901 | 1,855 | 2,063 |
| Astronautics | 908 | 1,036 | 843 | 843 | 897 | 1,048 | 853 | 921 | 835 |
| Ships | 286 | 331 | 282 | 257 | 340 | 271 | 249 | 282 | 309 |
| Other | 1,600 | 1,769 | 1,793 | 1,563 | 1,826 | 1,801 | 1,576 | 1,586 | 1,567 |
| Totals | 6,528 | 6,947 | 6,812 | 6,388 | 7,011 | 6,893 | 6,237 | 6,370 | 6,400 |
include Defender, to study techniques protecting the United States against ballistic missiles, a program that cost $125 million in 1966; Project Agile, to study techniques for guerrilla and counterinsurgency warfare—this cost $160 million in 1966 and will cost at least as much in 1967; the Deep Submergence Systems Program, which will cost much more than its $18 million in 1966; and development of the V/STOL vertical or short take-off and landing plane.
Missile ranges. Expanded activity on the Eastern Test Range will cost more than the $221 million bill in 1966. The Western Test Range, now preparing for MOL, will cost more in 1967 than in 1966: the Navy gets $77 million of the 1966 bill and the Air Force $62 million.
The space-detection network costs $46.8 million in 1966, and the Satellite Tracking and Control Facilities with headquarters at Sunnyvale, Calif., $30 million. Both costs should increase next year.
VII. General support
The Defense Communications System is getting bigger and costing more to operate. In 1966 it cost $387 million. Other communications systems will also cost more than the $700 million of fiscal 1966. These include the Army's Starcom, Navy's Navcom and Air Force's Aircosn.
The National Military Command System, the major part of the worldwide military command-and-control system, will cost about $120 million next year, about the same as in 1966. The system was established to provide the national command authorities—the President, the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff—with the means to provide strategic direction to the armed forces.
Space electronics
Slowdown for NASA
"I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely." That objective, enunciated by John F. Kennedy on May 25, 1961, is so clearly in sight that Lyndon B. Johnson can cut the space budget for next year and still express confidence that Kennedy's goal will be attained.
Requests for space funds have been pared down to $6.7 billion, after this year's peak of $6.97 billion. The figures include money for five federal agencies that are active in space; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Defense Department, the Atomic Energy Commission, the Commerce Department's new weather-satellite organization, and the National Science Foundation.
The reductions may not be felt until next year. The government figures that spending will decline by $320 million next year to $7.1 billion, but NASA, whose budget has been reduced for the first time in the agency's eight-year history, expects its expenditures to climb nearly $300 million above the Budget Bureau's official estimates, nearly balancing the cuts elsewhere. On July 1, at the start of fiscal 1967, NASA will have $2.9 billion in unspent money that was previously appropriated; about $100 million of this will not have been contracted for, according to officials of the space agency.
Either way, the space effort will continue to be a valuable market for the electronics industry. Frank J. Sullivan, director of NASA's electronics and control division, says 40% to 50% of the space agency's funds go for electronics.
I. Eye on the moon
The dominant space program continues to be Project Apollo,
whose mission is to land men on the moon. It accounts for $2.97 billion in next year's budget, about the same as this year's and more than half of NASA's $5.01-billion request for fiscal 1967. The Gemini program of orbiting two-man spacecraft, nearing an end, drops sharply to $40.6 million from $226.6 million this year.
After Apollo peaks out next year, NASA hopes to spur its lagging Apollo Applications Project to orbit scientists for several months at a time. The agency wanted to spend $200 million on this program next year, double the present year's amount, but the Budget Bureau said no.
**Ups and downs.** The austerity atmosphere has already claimed a casualty. The Voyager program to land instruments on Mars by 1971. The new timetable calls for a landing in 1973 at the earliest.
Although research and technology will be cut nearly $10 million next year, to $278.3 million, electronics systems research will be increased $4.5 million to $36.8 million. Ten million dollars of this is earmarked for the Electronics Research Center in Cambridge, Mass., up from $6 million this year.
About $2 million of the center's funds will go into studies of reliability of electronic components; NASA would like to reduce its 10 or more reliability standards to 2 or 3. Another $1.5 million to $2 million will go for studies of guidance systems developed at other NASA centers to see whether a system designed for one program can serve in other space ventures.
Purchases of equipment for tracking and data acquisition will increase $48.2 million to $279.3 million this year, largely for a manned space-tracking network for Apollo.
**Looking at lasers.** Lasers will receive close attention in instrumentation and data processing—which will take about $2 million of the research center's money—and for possible applications in gyroscopes and in holography. Lasers also figure prominently in the center's plan to spend about $3 million studying communications and tracking. NASA also plans to explore the use of the submillimeter waveband, near the infrared, for deep space communications.
At NASA's Langley Research
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NASA research and development
(Millions of dollars)
| | Fiscal 1965 | 1966 | 1967 |
|--------------------------------|-------------|--------|--------|
| **Manned space flight:** | | | |
| Gemini | 308.40 | 226.61 | 40.60 |
| Apollo | 2,614.61 | 2,967.38 | 2,974.20 |
| Advanced mission studies | 26.00 | 10.00 | 8.00 |
| **Totals** | 2,949.02 | 3,204.00 | 3,022.80 |
| **Space science and applications:** | | | |
| Physics and astronomy | 139.08 | 143.50 | 131.40 |
| Lunar and planetary exploration | 206.03 | 251.34 | 197.90 |
| Sustaining university program | 46.00 | 46.00 | 41.00 |
| Launch vehicle development | 96.50 | 55.30 | 33.70 |
| Launch vehicle procurement | 154.49 | 178.70 | 152.00 |
| Bioscience | 28.50 | 36.70 | 35.40 |
| Meteorological satellites | 30.99 | 38.90 | 43.60 |
| Communication and applications technology satellites | 30.77 | 32.80 | 26.40 |
| **Totals** | 732.36 | 783.23 | 661.40 |
| **Advanced research and technology** | | | |
| Basic research | 21.23 | 22.00 | 23.00 |
| Space vehicle systems | 44.19 | 35.00 | 36.00 |
| Electronics systems | 25.62 | 32.30 | 36.80 |
| Human factor systems | 13.32 | 14.90 | 17.00 |
| Space power and electric propulsion systems | 58.22 | 45.20 | 42.50 |
| Nuclear rockets | 57.00 | 58.00 | 53.00 |
| Chemical propulsion | 76.50 | 39.70 | 37.00 |
| Aeronautics | 35.24 | 41.50 | 33.00 |
| **Totals** | 331.33 | 288.60 | 278.30 |
| Tracking and data acquisition | 253.24 | 231.06 | 279.30 |
| Technology utilization | 4.75 | 4.75 | 4.80 |
| **Totals** | 4,270.69 | 4,511.64 | 4,246.60 |
Center in Virginia, the big search next year will be for better guidance and control in space rendezvous and later for landings on the moon. Besides this $7-million study, Langley engineers will work on radiation conditioning of semiconductor strain gauges, which show promise for force measurements but are very sensitive to temperature changes. By radiating the silicon strain gauges, NASA thinks it can improve their performance.
The Ames Research Center in California will spend about $3.7 million on electronics research, concentrating mainly on guidance and control.
II. Military and nuclear programs
The armed services will receive $1.62 billion for space projects, down $72.8 million from this year. Spending, however, will rise $10 million to $1.65 billion. Most of the military space program is classified.
One cutback is in the Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory.
Space research and development
(Millions of dollars)
| Agency | Fiscal 1965 | 1966 | 1967 |
|---------------------------------------------|-------------|--------|--------|
| NASA | 5,035.0 | 5,521.0 | 5,211.0 |
| Defense Dept. | 1,591.8 | 1,640.0 | 1,650.0 |
| Atomic Energy Commission | 232.2 | 201.0 | 173.7 |
| Commerce Dept. (Environment Science Service Administration) | 24.1 | 19.2 | 27.0 |
| National Science Foundation | 3.0 | 3.5 | 2.8 |
| **Totals** | 6,886.1 | 7,384.7 | 7,063.5 |
(MOL), which is scheduled to orbit in 1968 with two astronauts aboard. Despite a $150-million appropriation for this year, the Air Force is being allowed to spend only $100 million; next year's spending will be held to the same level.
While keeping its spending plans secret, the Pentagon says its intermediate satellite-communications program is on schedule, with the first launches due this spring. By 1968 the advanced military-satellite communications system is expected to be in operation.
Joint ventures. Together with the Atomic Energy Commission, NASA will continue to work on the largest auxiliary power plant being developed for space—a 30- to 50-kilowatt system. The program is called SNAP-8, for systems for nuclear auxiliary power.
Another joint project of NASA and the AEC is Project Rover, whose goal is to develop a nuclear rocket engine with 250,000-pound thrust, for flight in the mid-1970's. NASA will spend $53 million on nuclear rocketry next year and the AEC has budgeted $78 million.
Civilian aviation
Brakes applied
President Johnson's budget is almost certain to put the skids under many long-sought advances in avionics. The leading candidates for stretch-out or interruption are development programs aimed at avoiding collisions, detecting clear-air turbulence, introducing digital communications into commercial aircraft, and speeding the collection of weather information.
The Federal Aviation Agency's authorization is slashed to $757.99 million from $868.36 million in the year ending June 30. While accounting departments worry about the cutbacks this year, engineers and stockholders are not likely to notice their effect until 1967. To fulfill its long-term commitments, the FAA will actually spend more next year than this—$840 million compared with $799.9 million.
Unlike most governmental departments, the FAA is allowed to
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carry its spending authority over from one year to the next. Many carry-overs to fiscal 1968 are going to be skimpier than usual. An example is in the classification for facilities and equipment. The new budget provides for a $67.65 million balance at the end of fiscal 1967; that's little more than half the $123.32-million balance anticipated at the end of this year and barely one-third of the $181.39 million on hand at the end of fiscal 1965. This means that expenditures in 1968 and 1969 are going to be very lean unless liberal new authorizations are voted for those years.
The FAA hopes an aggressive cost-cutting program will soften the effects of some budget cuts. The agency's engineers already have reduced the average cost of an instrument-landing system to about $100,000 from $300,000; this has been accomplished by housing the equipment in trailers instead of in permanent buildings. Automated equipment also may allow fewer employees to do as much work for the FAA; 441 people who are expected to retire or resign this year will not be replaced—a 1% cut in the work force.
1. In R&D, nothing new
"The 1967 budget is for the continuation of past programs," says one FAA official. "There are no new programs."
That's why the agency will receive only $30 million for research and development next year, down from $37.5 million in fiscal 1966. The only program that is not expected to be curtailed is aviation medicine—the attempt to identify and eliminate human factors that can affect safety. Cuts are expected as well in these major R&D programs:
- Air-traffic control (ATC).
- Navigation, both short and long range, including landing systems and in-flight inspection.
- Weather-reporting programs, including transmission and display of information.
- Improved airport design.
- Aircraft safety devices.
Airway modernization. Now that the FAA has completed construction of its air-traffic control centers, the next step is the installation of the more-sophisticated solid state electronic systems for the National Airspace Stage A and for Metroplex air-traffic control complexes.
Installation of NAS Stage A—automation of the en-route air-traffic control centers with digitized, computer-controlled equipment and alphanumeric displays—is expected to proceed on schedule. Tests of the engineering model of the system will begin early next year at Nafec, the National Airways Facilities Experimental Center in Atlantic City, N. J. The first operation site at Jacksonville, Fla., will be ready in April, 1968. About one year behind is the Stage A Metroplex—automation of airport terminal areas. Metroplex will consist mostly of NAS components fitted to terminals' needs. Last year $5.3 million was spent on NAS Stage A; the estimate for fiscal 1966 is $12.2 million. In 1965 the FAA also spent $200,000 on Metroplex development; this figure will rise to $5.4 million this year and remain at that level in 1967.
Instrument landings. In 1965 the FAA received $2.8 million in appropriations for research on instrument landing systems (ILS). This jumped to $4.8 million in 1966; next year the agency would have liked to allot even more to the development of ILS localizers, glide-slope markers, visual lighting systems, distance-measuring equipment, flare computers, and other gear, especially those that apply to category-2 (100-foot decision level, 1/4-mile runway visual range) and category-3 (zero-altitude decision level) criteria and to development of a supersonic transport (SST). This year there will only be about $3.5 million for ILS research.
In 1959, the FAA bought a complete single-channel automatic-landing system as a test bed. The system was first installed on a DC-3; later it was modified with a Sperry autopilot, made by the Sperry Gyroscope division of the Sperry Rand Corp., and fitted aboard a DC-7. More than 1,000 automatic landings were made with this system. The FAA now has a DC-7 equipped with a manual system for studying blind landings. Lear-Siegler Inc. makes the attitude indicator, Collins Radio Co. the peripheral vision indicator, Bendix Corp.'s Radio division the altimeter, and Sperry Gyroscope Co. the gyrocompass. This system, which is being evaluated at Nafec, is directed toward determining the landing-system requirements of the SST.
In any weather. Other landing studies, aimed at determining what is needed for a true category-3 all-weather landing system, are being conducted by the Lockheed-Georgia Co., a division of the Lockheed Aircraft Corp. This joint program
of the FAA and the Air Force will determine the operating requirements of autopilots, throttle controls and other instruments and displays.
The FAA has given the Bunker-Ramo Corp. a contract to build a simulated airplane cockpit that would contain all the displays and controls needed for an all-weather landing system. The simulated cockpit will help the FAA determine how the pilot can best participate in a programed all-weather landing.
Lockheed will outfit its C-141's with category-2 equipment; one plane will carry category-3 equipment. The C-141's, which are getting category-2 equipment, will begin their tests next fall. These aircraft will have automatic touchdown capability, but there will be no decrabbing (compensation for wind shear) equipment and other redundant equipment required for category-2 landing. The category-3 tests by the FAA are scheduled for June, 1967.
The FAA is also investigating new guidance and distance-measuring equipment (DME) for airport runways. In the category-3C situation, where there is no runway-visual-range (RVR) precision, DME equipment on the runway and precise displays in the cockpit are needed to indicate to the pilot the proper turns for maneuvering on and off the ramp.
**Pinpointing the storm.** Heavy rain and snow can be a hazard both to pilots and to air-traffic controllers. The pilots can fly around or over storms but the controller sometimes loses the plane in the radar weather return.
Several research programs are being conducted to detect, report and display weather on the ATC controller's scope. Most of the detection programs are directed to the detection of clear-air turbulence. This kind of storm is most hazardous to high-speed jets. Others are concerned with weather analysis and the most efficient way to outline the weather on the controller's scope. One technique is to measure the radar signal (line of equal intensities), then use a digitizer to draw weather contours on the scope.
**More R&D.** Other programs—such as the advanced radar tracking system (ARTS), the stored-program alphanumerics (SPAN) and Common IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) Room will proceed almost on schedule.
The first SPAN system will be operating in July at the Lake Ronkonkoma, N. Y., air-route traffic-control center. This system, which is designed to provide area positive control above 24,000 feet, will give traffic controllers three-dimensional position information as well as aircraft identification. ARTS is being tested at the FAA's Atlanta facility. The agency has already started construction of a Common IFR Room at Kennedy International Airport in New York. The consolidated airport radar room will control all traffic at Kennedy, La Guardia, Newark and Teterboro, N. J., and 12 other metropolitan airports. An entire ARTS facility, including the Common IFR Room, will be in operation at Kennedy Airport in about two years.
**II. Operation and maintenance**
A total of $561.5 million has been requested for the operation and maintenance of the air-traffic control system next year. The FAA expects to spend $550 million, up from $543 million in fiscal 1966. Another $28 million was requested for the purchase of long-range radars, terminal radars, instrument landing systems, automation equipment, navigational equipment and other facilities that will be installed in the FAA's traffic-control centers and airports; this is down sharply from $49.8 million authorized for 1966. The agency operates and maintains 28 air-route traffic-control centers and 300 airport control towers, in addition to numerous flight-service stations and remote communications sites across the country.
About $75.2 million will be spent on electronic equipment next year, down from $91.1 million this year. This category includes installation of 152 Vortacs (Vertical Omnidirectional-Tactical Air Navigation System) and 118 direction finders of the uhf-vhf type. The International Telephone and Telegraph Corp. makes the Vortac antenna and transmitter, and the Raytheon Co. produces the test and monitoring subsystem.
Two hundred of the 280 control towers in existence at low-density airports differ from each other; the FAA is replacing them with standardized modern towers. Next year the agency will only obligate $7.4 million for improvements of tower facilities; that's less than half the amount obligated for fiscal 1966.
**III. No push for SST**
Despite Johnson's announcement that he will offer a joint government-industry program this year to build a prototype of a supersonic transport, there will be no speed-up of the SST program.
The $80 million in new funds requested in the budget will complete the $220 million originally programmed for the SST's development phase. This phase is now scheduled to be completed in December. The President must request more money later this year for the prototype phase.
The development costs are being shared, 75% by the government and 25% by the manufacturers. The 1966 budget earmarks $140 million for this work and for supporting studies. Congress previously had appropriated $91 million for SST research and design. This year's total obligations are about $128 million, of which the FAA expects to spend about $115 million. Some FAA officials peg the total cost of a flying prototype at about $1.5 billion. The FAA's budget for SST development requires a separate appropriation.
Other than for basic system studies, avionics has played only a small role in SST development so far. Most of the avionics work has been sponsored by the two competing airframe manufacturers—the Boeing Co. and the Lockheed-California Co., a division of the Lockheed Aircraft Corp. The SST will benefit from the design experience gained in military avionics programs such as those for the F-111, C-5A and C-141 aircraft.
The FAA insists that new systems must be phased into existing systems both functionally and geographically. The terminal area at Kennedy and the en-route air-traffic center at Lake Ronkonkoma are being studied on computer-driven simulators at Nafec. In this way the system's operational advantages will be available as quickly as possible.
Civilian electronics
Gains on the home front
From weather eyes to water monitoring, from surgical suites to particle accelerators, electronics is playing an increasing role in the Great Society. Unlike military development, which is leveling off at about $5 billion a year, these civilian programs are likely to continue expanding.
In health and medical research, for instance, where estimates of electronics' share range from 15% to 30% of the expenditures, federal spending in fiscal 1967 will increase $1.6 billion from this year's level, to $7.8 billion.
I. Medical electronics
At the National Institutes of Health which supports 40% of the biomedical research in the nation, the $59-million increase to $1.3 billion is one of the smallest in a decade. But some identifiable electronics projects have been singled out for growth:
- A shared-time computer center for NIH scientists will receive $3.3 million, up from $2.7 million this year.
- A major effort to develop artificial kidneys, including instruments small enough for chronic sufferers to carry with them, is up $1 million to $3.5 million.
- Artificial-heart research is holding steady at $3.8 million, while a group of aerospace corporations—including the Convair division of the General Dynamics Corp., the Avco-Everett Research Laboratory and Westinghouse Electric Corp.—complete feasibility studies on a more massive push.
- Automation of the pathology department of the NIH clinical center will double this year's authorization to $240,000.
- Efforts to perfect a computerized monitoring program, which will ultimately cost $1 million, in the clinical center's new surgical suite will continue.
Similarly, while the Veterans Administration is asking only $15.3 million, down from this year's $16.3 million, the VA is poised for a probable investment of $100 million between fiscal 1968 and 1970 on a hospital-automation project being checked out in Washington.
II. Revolution in science
Under pressure of the President's pollution-control program, the Water Pollution Central Administration will increase its spending for automatic monitoring equipment to $194,000 from this year's $128,000. Air-pollution control grants to states for monitoring and other technical equipment will rise to $1.96 million from $1.40 million, equipment will rise to $1.96 million from $1.40 million and purchases of electronic equipment for measuring air pollution will be increased to $625,000 from $495,000. "Electronics," says a White House science adviser, "is revolutionizing several scientific disciplines."
The National Science Foundation, which estimates that 7% to 10% of its budget goes for electronics, comes up roses in the President's tight proposals for 1967. The NSF will get a $45-million increase, to $525 million. Geared largely to university support, NSF is increasing its matching-grants $3 million to $12 million; the program is aimed at helping universities obtain computer facilities for scientific and general purposes.
Inner and outer space. The NSF will also finance the operation of a nuclear particle accelerator, which will generate 10 billion electron volts, at Cornell University. Later, it expects to share with the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Defense bigger shares of the "big science" roles in high-energy physics and radio astronomy.
And despite a holdback on the $375 million, 200-bev accelerator, the Atomic Energy Commission is moving ahead with two other accelerator programs that are highly electronic: the $55-million, 300-mev "meson factory" at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico and a $45.8-million modification of the 33-bev machine at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York.
Here are some other programs:
- The Coast Guard's spending for electronics will jump 25% to $11.6 million for operations and maintenance, with a $500,000 chunk to start a long-range program to install single-sideband equipment on vessels as well as in aircraft and ground stations.
- Expanding research efforts at the National Bureau of Standards, where about $2 million a year is spent on electronic instrumentation, will concentrate on the semiautomated Standard Reference Data System's effort to keep engineering data up to date.
- The new Environmental Science Services Administration, incorporating the Weather Bureau, Coast and Geodetic Survey and the Radio Propagation Laboratory in Boulder, Colo., will receive a $20.5-million increase to $165.1 million, with continued emphasis on earthquake prediction, meteorological satellites and electromagnetic wave propagation. Replacement of an ocean survey vessel and weather-surveillance radars down the Midwest's "tornado alley" increase the agency's facilities budget $2.8 million to $7 million; satellite operations will rise $8.5 million to $33.6 million.
Slight gains. Over-all, the government's interagency research budget for the atmospheric sciences will rise $10 million to $234.6 million.
Similarly, the interagency budgets for oceanography and ocean technology will rise only $41.7 million to $219.9 million.
- The Post Office Department will spend $100 million on post-office modernization, including procurement of alphanumeric scanners and an electronic data-processing complex to serve 75 major installations.
- High-speed ground transportation will be funded at $24-million—a good start even though it's less than the $35 million the planners had hoped for. Research on such exotic devices as the linear induction motor may be stretched out. Highway-safety projects, however, are being left to industry—or postponed until more federal money is available.
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Factories of the future
Beams of light automatically trace unique wiring patterns on large monolithic circuits
Researchers peering into a monolithic array of integrated circuits can see factories of the future in its curious wiring pattern. They envisage computer-controlled production of other computers, at a fraction of the cost per circuit of today's computers.
The pattern shown below was traced on the slice of silicon by an improved version of the beam-of-light technique that the International Business Machines Corp. now uses to produce custom-designed printed circuit boards [Electronics, Nov. 1, 1965, p. 90]. The thin-film wiring of the slice is unique because it was designed by a computer to thread its way around the unusable circuits on the slice. On another slice, the beam would follow a different path.
Eventually, the scientists at the IBM Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N. Y., hope to produce computer subsystems with up to 1,000 gates in an array. Other researchers are also striving toward the same goal. At Texas Instruments Incorporated, for example, a computer runs a drafting machine that makes photographic etching masks [Electronics, April 19, 1965, p. 36 and Jan. 24, 1966, p. 26]. Westinghouse Electric Corp. has been developing ways of tracing interconnections on silicon with electron beams [Electronics, Nov. 16, 1964, p. 82].
In each case, the aim is an economical way of forming a different pattern for each array. Standard patterns can't be used because each slice has a different arrangement of good and bad circuits. Standard patterns would require...
Delco Radio’s new 400V silicon power transistors will change your thinking about high voltage circuitry. You can reduce current, operate directly from rectified line voltage, and use fewer components. Our standard TO-3 package stays cool (junction to heat sink 1.0°C per watt). And price is low—less than 3c a volt even in sample quantities—for wide ranging applications. Vertical and horizontal wide-screen TV outputs, high voltage, high efficiency regulators and converters. Your Delco Radio Semiconductor distributor keeps them on ice. Call him today for data sheets, prices and delivery.
| RATINGS | DTS 413 | DTS 423 |
|---------------|-------------|-------------|
| VOLTAGE | | |
| $V_{CEO}$ | 400 V | 400 V |
| $V_{CEO}$ (Sus) | 325 V (Min) | 325 V (Min) |
| $V_{CE}$ (Sat)| 0.8 (Max) | 0.8 (Max) |
| | 0.3 (Typ) | 0.3 (Typ) |
| CURRENT | | |
| $I_C$ (Cont) | 2.0 A (Max) | 3.5 A (Max) |
| $I_C$ (Peak) | 5.0 A (Max) | 10.0 A (Max)|
| $I_B$ (Cont) | 1.0 A (Max) | 2.0 A (Max) |
| POWER | | |
| | 75 W (Max) | 100 W (Max) |
| FREQUENCY RESPONSE | | |
| $f_T$ | 6 MC (Typ) | 5 MC (Typ) |
FIELD SALES OFFICES
UNION, NEW JERSEY*
Box 1018 Chestnut Station
(201) 933-5770
SYRACUSE, NEW YORK
1954 James Street
(315) 472-2668
DETROIT, MICHIGAN
57 Harper Avenue
(313) 873-6560
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS*
510 Harbert Avenue
(312) 775-811
SANTA MONICA, CALIF.*
726 Santa Monica Blvd.
(213) 870-8807
General Sales Office
700 E. Firmin, Kokomo, Ind.
(317) 457-8481—Ext. 300
*Office includes field lab and resident engineer for application assistance.
DELCO RADIO
Division of General Motors, Kokomo, Indiana
Name your REED RELAY!
If you don’t find it at Struthers-Dunn, chances are you won’t find it anywhere. Here’s an idea of the range of standards and specials available to you in the world’s broadest line. Save time! Try us first!
LEARN MORE! Write today for Reed Relay Catalog C.
STRUTHERS-DUNN, Inc.
Pitman, New Jersey 08071
tel: 609-589-7500
twx: 609-589-1548
SALES ENGINEERING OFFICES IN: Albuquerque • Atlanta • Belmont, Calif. • Boston • Buffalo • Charlotte • Chicago • Cincinnati, Fla. • Cleveland • Clifton • Dallas • Encino • Englewood • Glen Ellyn, Ill. • Houston • Kansas City • Las Vegas • Memphis • New York • Phoenix • Pittsburgh • St. Louis • St. Paul • Salt Lake City • Richardson, Tex. • Seattle • Southfield • Wichita • Wilmette. Canadian Licensee: Renfrew Electric Co., Ltd., Toronto. Export Dept.: 1505 Race St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, U.S.A.
Low Cost Test Signals
10 MHz to 1000 MHz
— with the 3200B VHF OSCILLATOR
Using the new Frequency Doubler Probe 13515A
Features:
±0.002% Frequency Stability
External AM and Pulse Modulation
Waveguide-Below-Cutoff Output Attenuator
Solid-State Power Supply
Data subject to change without notice.
The VHF Oscillator Model 3200B is designed for general purpose laboratory use including receiver and amplifier testing, driving bridges, slotted lines, antenna and filter networks, and as a local oscillator for heterodyne detector systems in the frequency range from 10 to 500 mc.
The push-pull oscillator is housed in a rugged aluminum casting for maximum stability and extremely low leakage; six frequency ranges are provided for adequate bandspread on the slide-rule dial. Internal CW operation is provided; AM and pulse modulation may be obtained through the use of a suitable external source. The RF output is coupled through a waveguide-below-cutoff variable attenuator; in addition, an electrical RF level vernier is included as a front panel control.
An optional accessory Frequency Doubler Probe, Model 13515A incorporates a solid-state doubler circuit and provides additional frequency coverage from 500 to 1000 mc.
SPECIFICATIONS 3200B
Frequency range: 10 to 500 Mc (MHz)
in six bands: 10 to 18.8 Mc; 18.5 to 35 Mc;
35 to 68 Mc; 68 to 130 Mc; 130 to 260 Mc;
260 to 500 Mc.
Frequency accuracy: within ±2% after
4-hour warmup (under 0.2 mc load).
Frequency calibration: increments of
less than 4%.
Frequency stability (after 4-hour warmup under
0.2 mc load, short term (5 minutes)
=0.002%; long term (1 hour) ±0.02%;
line voltage (5-volt change) ±0.001%.
RF output:
Maximum power (across 50-ohm external load):
>200 mw (10 to 130 Mc);
>150 mw (130 to 260 Mc);
>90 mw (260 to 500 Mc).
Range: 0 to >120 db attenuation from
maximum output.
Load impedance: 50 ohms nominal.
RF leakage: sufficiently low to permit
measurements at 1 µv.
Amplitude modulation: externally modulated.
Range: 0 to 30%.
Distortion: <1% at 30% AM.
External requirements: approximately 15 volts
rms into 600 ohms for 30% AM,
2000 ohms for 100% Kc.
Pulse modulation: externally modulated.
External requirements: 1 volt peak pulse
into 2000 ohms. 5-volt rms sine wave will
provide 100% square-wave modulation.
Power: 115 or 125 v or 210 to 250 v,
50 or 60 cps, 30 w.
Dimensions: 7½” wide, 6½” high,
12½” deep (198 x 165 x 318 mm.)
Weight: net 15 lbs. (6.8 kg),
shipping 19 lbs. (8.6 kg).
Accessories available: 13515A Frequency
Doubler Probe, 501B, 514B, 517B Output
Cables, 502B, 506B Patching Cables.
Price: Model 3200B, $475.
F.o.b. factory.
13515A FREQUENCY DOUBLER PROBE
Frequency range: 500 to 1000 Mc (MHz) with
the 3200A/B operating at 250 to 500 Mc.
Harmonic suppression: (at 4 mw output):
fundamental: >16 db down (500 to 800 Mc);
higher order: >14 db down (800 to 1000 Mc).
RF output: more than 4 mw across external
50-ohm load, controlled by probe depth.
Weight: net 4 oz. (110 gms),
shipping 8 oz. (220 gms).
Price: Model 13515A, $95.
F.o.b. factory.
For more information contact your local Hewlett-Packard field engineer or
write Hewlett-Packard, Green Pond Road, Rockaway, N. J. 07866; Europe:
54 Route des Acacias, Geneva.
HEWLETT PACKARD
An extra measure of quality
Electronics February 7, 1966
If design experience and performance reliability are factors to be considered in your buying, then Acme Electric should be your first-choice source for D.C. Power Supplies. Converting alternating current to direct current is an old Acme Electric specialty. In over 35 years we have produced millions of low-voltage power supplies for battery charging and thousands of high voltage power supplies for electrostatic precipitators. We've had our hand in the "state-of-the-art" for a long time and know the limits of each component for each application.
The standard stock model "off-the-shelf" D.C. Power Supplies listed below were designed to provide reliable performance at an economical price.
Check these features:
- All solid state components are rated for continuous duty.
- Convection cooled — no fan or other moving parts.
- May be paralleled for multiplying amacity.
- Fast response to line and load changes.
- Line regulation, ±1%.
- Load regulation ±2%.
- Ripple, 1% RMS maximum.
- Operating temperature range, 0 C. to 50 C.
**PARTIAL LISTING OF STOCK MODELS AVAILABLE**
**SINGLE PHASE, 100-130 Volts; Input 50 or 60 Cycles**
| Catalog Number | D.C. OUTPUT |
|----------------|-------------|
| | Volts | Amps | Watts |
| PS-47509 | 10 | 4 | 40 |
| PS-47623 | 12 | 3 | 36 |
| PS-47508 | 15 | 2 | 30 |
| PS-57352 | 22 | 25 | 550 |
| PS-41422 | 24 | 2 | 48 |
| PS-41423 | 24 | 6 | 144 |
| PS-57353 | 24 | 10 | 240 |
| PS-47125 | 24 | 15 | 360 |
| PS-57354 | 24 | 20 | 480 |
| PS-47173 | 24 | 25 | 600 |
| PS-1-47127 | 24 | 50 | 1200 |
+ 24 volt output units of same current rating can be paralleled to multiply current capacity.
Write for catalog 175 and full list of "off-the-shelf" D.C. Power Supplies.
---
**Logic cells.** The lab-model arrays are composed of 80 cells consisting of four-input NOR gates and a group of diffusion stripes for connections that must be routed under the thin-film wiring. Each gate has five insulated-gate field effect transistors (Igfei's) made by the metal-oxide-semiconductor process (MOS).
The combination of stripes and films seen in the lower photo on page 150 provides an X-Y wiring matrix that resembles the design of the printed-circuit boards made for the IBM System 360 computer.
The circuits operate at a speed of about 500 kilocycles and each gate has a power dissipation rating of 100 milliwatts in the ON state.
**Future plans.** The cells now measure 0.06 by 0.1 inch. Ernest Wurst, head of the fabrication and test group, says arrays that have eight gates in 0.02-by-0.03-inch cells are being planned. Another plan is to program the length of the Igfei electrodes, which will vary device characteristics and allow each gate to be custom-designed.
Under consideration is a switch from the MOS process to the silicon-nitride-semiconductor process [Electronics, Jan. 10 1966, p. 156]. MNS could allow npn, as well as the present pnp devices, to be made and might improve circuit performance.
The pattern-generation and device modification methods will be applicable to circuits made of bipolar devices, Triebwasser says.
The Watson group selected MOS because it is a simpler process with higher yields than conventional bipolar-device fabrication.
IBM still hasn't figured out the best way of packaging the arrays. The leads of the experimental arrays are bonded wires, but the large number of leads—60 in the array on page 148—makes this method impractical for large-scale production. Nor will the face-bonding used to make the System 360 circuits be suitable, Wurst adds.
DESIGN ENGINEERS:
NOW... Capacitance-to-volume ratio to 20 mf/cu. in.
in Subminiature, Highly Reliable Ceramic Capacitors
SUBMINIATURE
MONOBLOC*
CAPACITORS
Featuring HIGH CAPACITANCE ... HIGH RELIABILITY
Erie's new Monobloc ceramic film Capacitors represent the most significant design advance in more than a decade. Now, Erie's exclusive Monobloc Process, in which very thin films of ceramic can be bonded into solid structures, permits virtually unlimited range of capacitance values, characteristics and sizes to suit exacting design requirements. Monobloc Capacitors provide volumetric efficiencies from 10 to 100 times the capacitance (to 20 mf/cu. in.) attainable in conventional components of the same size ... and still meet Established Reliability specifications for Aerospace, Military and Commercial applications.
These proven subminiature Monobloc Capacitors are encapsulated to suit the design engineers' need; hermetically sealed, glass encased ... precision molded ... and phenolic coated as illustrated at right. No other manufacturer produces a true hermetically sealed, glass encased capacitor ... and in capacitance values to 10,000 pf.
Write TODAY, for literature and samples to: Monobloc Dept., Erie Technological Products, Inc., Erie, Pa.
Design Advantages...
- Volumetric efficiency to 20 mf/cu. in.
- Capacitance values 5 pf. to .5 mfd ... higher values upon request.
- IR at room temperature...100 K megohms.
- Working Voltage ... 50 V, 100 V and 200 V.
- Inherent stability due to monolithic construction.
- Conservatively rated for long, trouble-free life.
- Available to Established Reliability or to your custom specification.
*Trade name for Erie Technological Products, Inc.
Another series of components in Erie's Project "ACTIVE"... Advanced Components Through Increased Volumetric Efficiency.
ERIE MONOBLOC CAPACITORS ...
- Hermetically Sealed Glass Encased Types
- Precision Molded Types
- Phenolic Coated Types Weecons
ERIE W5R 504K
ERIE TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS, INC.
Formerly Erie Resistor Corporation
644 West 12th Street
Erie, Pennsylvania
The Airpax MAS50 Signal Conditioning Amplifier is a dc-to-dc amplifier. It converts a transducer signal (current or voltage) to a standard output range of 0 to +5 vdc. Input is differential and floating. • Voltage gain, 0 to 100 with a stability of ±0.01% per degree C. • Linearity is within 0.1% of full scale. • Zero null stability of 0.5 microvolts per degree C. • Common mode rejection at 60 CPS is 120 db minimum.
Strain-Gage Amplifier: Extremely high rejection of common mode interference by the MAS50 enables it to operate with a floating input circuit, as in strain gage applications. The signal, after conditioning by the amplifier, can be multiplexed with other conditioned signals because any number of MAS50's can share a common ground at their outputs.
Thermocouple Amplifier: In applications such as amplification of a thermocouple output, the MASSO combines inherently stable high gain with negligible drift in zero offset. Because input and output are electrically isolated from each other, the input can be either grounded or ungrounded while the output has one side grounded. Calibration of thermocouple lead length is unnecessary in normal-length runs because amplifier input resistance is much higher than thermocouple resistance.
Current Measurement: Having its input well insulated, the MASSO can be connected across a shunt in the high side of a line if necessary. For example, measurement of the plate or screen current of a power tube operating at high voltages can be done with the case of the MAS50 grounded.
Isolation Amplifier. Basically the MAS50 is an active 4-terminal device that produces 0 to +5 vdc output from a 0 to 50 microampere input. The amplifier provides a change of scale and of zero in several ways: by using a resistance in series with the input, by choice of a voltage gain of 1 or of 100 within the amplifier and by a bias current through the auxiliary winding. A screwdriver adjustment on the amplifier changes the gain by about 20% to calibrate the scale change and to compensate for tolerance in metering circuits.
FET voltmeter called accurate up to 1,200 Mc
Only vacuum tube circuitry could previously provide equivalent frequency range and accuracy, according to Data Instruments
A broadband voltmeter, designed with field effect transistors, is said to provide a frequency range and accuracy that were previously attainable only with vacuum-tube circuitry. The manufacturer, Data Instruments Division, subsidiary of IEH, says its model SSVM-1 is accurate to 2% at up to 100 megacycles per second and 1 decibel at up to 700 megacycles. The company explains that accuracy is expressed in decibels at frequencies above 100 megacycles because at these higher frequencies the instrument is more likely to be used as an indicator than for measuring voltage. Data Instruments says this is the first broadband voltmeter designed with FET's and that it is effective at as high as 1,200 Mc.
Peter Reynolds, chief engineer at Data Instruments, attributes the broadband response to the packaging of the coaxial probe. The high-frequency diode is mounted in the probe to rectify the input signal. The input capacitance presented by the probe is approximately 2 picofarads, including the diode and the probe housing. At low frequencies, the a-c input impedance is 15 megohms in parallel with 2 picofarads; the d-c resistance is greater than 100 megohms.
The unit requires no warm-up time and is free from any significant drift, a characteristic inherent in conventional vacuum tube designs. Reynolds says this drift-free performance is due to the use of two balanced FET's operating as a differential amplifier. Symmetrical arrangement tends to make the two n-channel FET's self-compensating for temperature effects. Also, because the circuit operates at very low currents, there is practically no heating, resulting in stable performance.
The circuit is isolated from the case, allowing measurements to be made remote from ground. Isolation and portability are possible through the use of a self-contained power supply consisting of three mercury cells. In normal use the minimum life of the cells is at least six months. However, this depends on how often the ohms scales are used, with maximum drain on the lowest ohms scale.
For measurements above 100 megacycles, the manufacturer recommends use of a coaxial tee adaptor for inserting the probe into a coaxial system.
Specifications
| Specification | Details |
|------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| D-c voltmeter | 0 to 1,000 volts in 7 ranges |
| A-c voltmeter | 0 to 300 volts in 6 ranges |
| Ohmmeter | 0 to infinity (midscale values to 10 megohms) |
| Frequency response | ≥2 dB from 20 cps to 700 Mc |
| | ±2% from 50 cps to 100 Mc |
| Input impedance | D-c, greater than 100 megohms |
| | A-c, low frequency—approximately 15 meg. ohms shunted by 2 picofarads |
| | 50 megacycles—greater than 100,000 ohms shunted by 2 picofarads |
| Size | 6 by 3½ by 8 in. |
| Weight | 5 lb |
| Price | $215 |
Data Instruments Division, 3700 Crescent Boulevard, Pennsauken, N.J
Circle 350 on Reader Service Card
New Components and Hardware
Crt produces uniform size spot
A high-resolution cathode ray tube (crt), which produces a uniform size spot independent of its position on the face of the tube, has been developed by DuMont Electron Tubes, a division of the Fairchild Camera & Instrument Corp. Maximum spot sizes of 0.0015 mil at the center—and 0.002 mil at the edge—of the flat-faced tube are claimed by DuMont. This is a reduction in spot-size variation of about 30% when compared to similar tubes.
High resolution and small spot-size variations permit a uniform, high-density presentation of numbers and letters on the face of the tube, as might be required in digital readout applications. It also permits fine-lined traces for accurate measurements in laboratory.
These characteristics are achieved in the KC2515 crt by using a precision electron gun, fine-grain phosphor screen and specially designed electrostatic focusing and magnetic deflection elements. To minimize deflection defocusing, the deflection angle has been reduced to 26°. In addition, high-quality glass—optically finished to 0.005 mil—insures that defects or blemishes in the glass are smaller than the resolvable spot size.
An aluminized screen backing increases light output and prevents the buildup of spurious charge effects. Three phosphors of varying persistence are available for high resolution displays. These include a type P-1 medium-persistence yellow-green phosphor with a spectral range of 4,900 to 5,800 angstroms; a type P-11 medium-to-short persistence blue phosphor with a spectral range of 4,000 to 5,500 angstroms; and a type P-16 short-persistence bluish-purple phosphor with a spectral range of 3,500 to 4,500 angstroms.
A fiber-optic face plate that covers the entire viewing area is optional. It allows light generated by the phosphor screen to be used for direct photographic recording of full scope traces.
The tube has a maximum diameter of 5 1/4 in., a diameter of viewing surface of 4 1/2 in., and a length of 18 1/4 in.
Specifications
| Crt type | KC2515 |
|-------------------|--------|
| Outside diameter | 5 1/4 in. |
| Diameter of viewing surface | 4 1/2 in. |
| Length | 18 1/4 in. |
Typical operating conditions
| Accelerating voltage | 20,000 v |
|----------------------|----------|
| Grid No. 2 voltage | 300 v |
| Grid No. 1 voltage | -40 to -65 v |
| Focusing electrode voltage | 4,750 to 6,450 v |
Price (approximate) $800
Price with fiber optics (approximate) $2,000
Delivery 30 days
New low-cost Daystrom Model 333 commercial trimmer has knurled finger-tip adjustment knob. It also has an Allenhead for fine adjustment...4 to 1 ratio, nominal. Designed for PC board use, it requires approximately ½ cubic inch of space. Price is another unusual feature—only $1.45 in 100 lot quantities!
Model 333’s unique resistance element is the same as used in MIL-type Squaretrim® pots for high resolution, linearity, and low noise. Also, it is vibration and shock resistant.
This is just one of the special-purpose Daystrom units—from industry’s broadest line of subminiature square-trimming potentiometers. Chances are that we can fill your most exacting requirements with a standard, off-the-shelf model.
See your Weston distributor for catalog, prices and evaluation units. Weston Instruments, Inc., Archbald Division, Archbald, Pennsylvania 18403. Phone: (717) 876-1500.
Only Weston’s exclusive wire-in-the-groove offers LOCKED-IN LINEARITY
From Weston’s broad trimmer line
Model 333 — ½” by ¾” by ¾”. Dual adjustment: knurled finger-tip knob and Allenhead. For PC board mounting. Resistance: 5Ω to 10k, up to 50k on special order. Rating: 0.2w @ 40°C in still air.
Series 200 — ¾” Squaretrim, 0.150” thick, slotted or Allenhead adjustment screws. This is only one of a full line of ¾” pots. Operation: from −55 to 150°C. Resistance: 10Ω to 50k. Rating: 1w @ 50°C in still air.
let your fingers do the trimming
WESTON® prime source for precision...since 1888
New Components
When the specs say...
"Meet Requirements of MIL Standard 202B"
You can depend on us!
The above photograph shows Circuit Breakers at Wood Electric being tested for temperature and humidity requirements of MIL Standard 202B. Units undergo temperature changes from 14 to 160°F during a 10 day cycle while relative humidity is held constant at 50%. Test chamber is controlled within ±2°F and ±2% humidity.
There are other specs and other tests, lots of them, but they all have one purpose in common—to assure the most reliable performance in the industry. If it's by Wood Electric—you can depend on it!
Choose from a wide variety of proven commercial and military Circuit Breakers to meet the specific needs of your application—Thermal types with time delays from 0.5 to 90 seconds and Magnetic types with temperature-stable trip points from instantaneous to 10 seconds. Models are available with ratings from ½ to 50 amps... AC or DC... single pole, two pole and three pole.
Write for Circuit Breaker Catalog CB-10-65
WOOD ELECTRIC CORPORATION
244 Broad St. Lynn, Massachusetts (617) 598-5313
Servo/differential Solid-state relay
Model 14 servo/differential relay is an all a-c operated device requiring a primary power source and a phase-sensing signal source derived from the same primary power source. It can be used as a servo relay, differential relay or phase detector.
The relay is an epoxy-encapsulated, all-silicon solid state device incorporating two dry reed switches. The signal source is normally derived from a four-arm bridge excited by a low voltage a-c source. When the bridge is balanced, both reeds are open. When the bridge is unbalanced in one direction, one reed will close. When the bridge is unbalanced in the other direction, the other reed will close. Signal power requirements to cause switch closure are less than 10 µw, allowing high positional or other sensing accuracy. Primary source requirements are 1 w. 120 v ±15%, 60 to 400 cps. The relay is unaffected by temperature or voltage variations in its operating range of −40° to +85°C.
For operation as a servo relay the four-arm bridge may consist of two
CONSIDER COLORADO
...where research and education are industry's partner...
Directly. Indirectly. From government, university and private sources...
Consider 103 research organizations located in the state...headed by a total of 3500 graduate scientists who guide the efforts of 23,000 employees to discover the unknown. Everything from economics and marketing to cryogenics and advanced nuclear research and neutron generator performance.
In close support of science, research and industry are Colorado's educational institutions: 12 colleges and universities; 7 junior colleges. Plus an increasing number of vocational and trade schools whose primary mission is to serve the needs of Colorado and the nation's industry.
If research and education are important to your business, consider industrial Colorado for your expansion or relocation. Complete information is available from Dwight E. Neill, Director, Division of Commerce and Development, 14 State Services Building, Denver, Colorado.
INDUSTRIAL COLORADO
New Components
potentiometers, one used to provide a set point and the other coupled to an actuator driven by a reversible motor. The resulting positional accuracy depends on the potentiometer quality and the exciting voltage. Use of standard available potentiometers can produce 1% accuracy.
Another application of the relay is as a temperature indicator or controller. In this application the signal is derived from a four-resistor bridge. One resistor is a thermistor. The bridge is balanced at a required temperature. When the thermistor senses temperature below the preset point, one reed will remain closed. When the bridge is balanced, both reeds are open. When the thermistor senses temperature above the balance point, the other reed will close. The high/low differential can be as small as one degree. Price of model 14 is $21.75.
Sensitak Instrument Corp., 531 Front St., Manchester, N.Y. [352]
Dual trimming pot in miniature size
Series 190 dual trimming potentiometer measures only 0.405 x 0.775 x 0.185 in. Designed for precision applications, it features two in-phase resistance elements controlled by a single adjustment screw. With matched resistance elements, an electrical phasing of ±5% is standard.
Standard p-c board pin spacing of 0.1 in. center-to-center is used with a choice of terminations—printed circuit pins or 2-in. weldable leads, both gold plated. Series 190 is designed to meet the requireFor precise temperature testing from -300°F to +525°F
STATHAM MODELS SD6 AND SD3 ARE 700 CU. IN. CAPACITY CHAMBERS FEATURING ±¼°F CONTROL ACCURACY
Designed for precise temperature testing of electronic components, Statham Models SD6 and SD3 chambers feature true proportional control of heater power by all solid-state circuitry.
This new generation of test chambers eliminates the conventional heater power relay, prevents cycling about the control point, and substantially reduces RFI noise.
The controller maintains a set-point temperature within .01°F per °F ambient. An improved controller design provides excellent temperature uniformity with gradients of ±1.3°F at 300°F.
SUPERIOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL
24 Inch Dial Control
Models SD6 and SD3 feature 24 lineal inches of calibrated set-point scale. Temperature readout is obtained by a deviation meter calibrated in one-degree increments. This expanded scale approach provides a level of accuracy and readability not attainable in conventional chambers.
Optional Push-Button Control
Frequently repeated temperature settings can be made faster and more accurately with Statham's push-button temperature selection control. The buttons, which may be set at any desired temperature, provide precise repeatability.
Cycle Time Controller
Statham cycle time controllers permit programming the chambers in any required sequence of hot-ambient-cold-ambient, etc.
Statham Instruments, Inc.
Environmental Products Division
2221 Statham Blvd., Oxnard, Calif.
HUnter 6-8386 (Area Code 805)
Write for Statham's new 12-page Temperature Test Chamber Brochure.
New Components
The Deutsch Co., Electronic Components division, Municipal Airport, Banning, Calif. [354]
Miniature, high-speed sensitive relays
Two miniature, mercury-wetted contact relays have been announced. Type HGSL is designed for wired assemblies; type HGSM, for printed circuit board applications. The high-speed relays provide two sensitivity ratings: 40 mw single-side stable, and 20 mw bistable.
Either Form D (bridging) or Form C (nonbridging) contacts are available. The contacts can handle power switching requirements up to 100 v-a, a-c or d-e, over billions of operations. Low-level contact ratings are 0 to 300 mv, 0 to 100 ma.
The HGSL has a contact circuit resistance of 35 milliohms max; the HGSM, 20 milliohms max. Both types have a nominal operate time of 1.0 msec at maximum coil power. Compact, space-saving packages meet a wide range of design requirements for both p-c boards and wired assemblies.
The relays are said to be applicable in both commercial and military electronic systems. For example, their complete freedom from contact bounce, isolation between coil and contacts, and high speed qualify them as excellent input buffers to solid state circuitry; or, as output buffers, they can be driven by low-power circuitry with...
an input-to-output power gain of up to 5,000.
As scanner contacts in checkout systems, the relays can stand off a high-potential voltage of 1,000 v a-c and, at the same time, offer a contact resistance variation of less than 2 milliohms over life for critical resistance-measuring circuits.
C. P. Clare & Co., 3101 Pratt Blvd., Chicago, Ill., 60645. [355]
Snap-slide wedge-action switch
The 84000 series of snap-sliding wedge-action switches is said to be the first of its size and rating to offer: a-c and d-c ratings; quick make, quick break with wiping contact action; two- or three-lever positions; maintained or momentary action—on one or both sides of center; choice of three contact materials; and compact physical dimensions.
The switches are rated for a-c at 5 amps 125 v, and 2 amps 250 v; and for d-c at 4 amps 125 v and 1 amp 250 v. The 84000 series is offered in all circuits spst through dpdt.
Three types of contact materials are offered—silver plated bronze, supplied as standard and best for power circuits; silver alloy, best adapted to low-voltage circuits; and gold plated, providing long shelf life and used on low-energy circuits.
The new switch line is supplied with either a nickel-plated, brass hat lever handle or a paddle-shaped nylon lever. Wiring terminals are the combination solder-lug and quick-connect type.
Arrow-Hart & Hegeman Electric Co., 103 Hawthorn St., Hartford, Conn. [356]
INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS ... where longitudinal experience and latitudinal capability form a world all by themselves.
That's right, Interstate Electronics is long on experience and wide in capability. It took both to develop the sophisticated and highly successful test instrumentation equipment for the FBM weapon system of the Polaris submarine program. As prime contractor for this important equipment, Systems Development Division of IEC relies heavily on its staff of top experts, and excellent facilities. The same applies to the Data Products Division which specializes in the development of real-time permanent paper or film video recorders, phase lock devices, timing systems, data handling systems and analog-to-digital conversion equipment. Lots of savvy. Lots of ability.
And although the seas have been here since time began, Man is only now beginning to read, understand, and use the waters of the world. Oceanics Division, formerly National Marine Consultants Division, for over a decade has used scientific principles to develop unique products and methods for studying everything from piers to pollution, from sand to salinity. It's all done with people...the best in the business.
You see, it's really elementary. People with ability are what make the world go round at IEC.
INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS CORPORATION
707 E. VERMONT AVE., ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA 92803
Regional Offices: Atlanta, Georgia • Washington, D.C.
Subsidiary of
INTERSTATE ENGINEERING CORPORATION
Circle 163 on reader service card
A silicon controlled rectifier capable of handling root-mean-square forward currents to 550 amperes can simplify the design of adjustable motor controls that are operated directly from 3-phase 480-volt power lines. With the new scr water cooling is not required.
The rectifier, which is being manufactured by the International Rectifier Corp., does not as yet have a type number assigned. Because it can be operated directly from high-voltage a-c distribution lines, it should also find application in battery-charging equipment in central telephone offices, and in electric-vehicle controls, welding and oven controls, high-power plating power supplies and machine-tool drives.
Forced-air cooling is recommended by the manufacturer in most applications of the scr. The copper-base device has an over-all length of approximately 10 inches. It measures 1.69 inches from flat to flat and has a 3/4 in.-16 mounting stud.
Other variations of the new scr are being made available, including one with a turn-off time of 40 microseconds.
Users of silicon switching diodes, particularly computer and test-equipment manufacturers, can improve product performance and reduce total system costs by using the new MSD6100 dual switching diodes, according to Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc. Ideal for high-speed switching and other critical applications, the dual switching diodes are fabricated simultaneously on the same chip of silicon; therefore, their characteristics are closely matched. A common cathode configuration simplifies subsequent assembly operation.
The MSD6100 is encapsulated in a single-piece, transfer-molded plastic form that provides a uniform package free of voids and leaks. Because it is a pressure-molded solid, the package offers extra physical strength to the internal leads and connections while insuring excellent heat-transfer characteristics. The "D" shaped package lies flat for easy printed-circuit mounting.
Each diode in the device has a high breakdown voltage of 100 v minimum and a low capacitance of
1.5 pf maximum at a reverse voltage of zero. The reverse recovery time for each diode is 4 nanoseconds maximum at 10 ma.
Because of the plastic encapsulation, the common cathode configuration and improved process techniques, the dual diode device is priced as 75 cents in quantities from 100 to 999.
Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc., Box 955, Phoenix, Ariz. [362]
Integrated-circuit video amplifier
A low-cost integrated-circuit video amplifier, type E13-511, features high stability from $-55^\circ$ to $+125^\circ$ C. It amplifies from d-c to over 50 Mc ($-3$ db) with an essentially flat gain characteristic to 40 Mc.
Key specifications include voltage gain of 24 db, bandwidth ($-3$ db) of 50 Mc, gain variation ($-55^\circ$ to $+125^\circ$C) of $\pm 0.3$ db, limits of gain variation (d-c to 10 Mc) of $\pm 0.5$ db, and dynamic range of 7.0 v.
Silicon planar production techniques using high resolution photoetching and epitaxial material are said to achieve exceptional isolation between circuit parts and uniformity of characteristics. Delivery of the new device is from stock; price is $12 each from 1 to 99 with lower prices available on higher quantities.
Amelco Semiconductor, 1300 Terra Bella Ave., Mountain View, Calif. [363]
Uhf transistor for microcircuits
Designed for thin-film and other microcircuit packaging techniques, the K2857C double-diffused npn silicon transistor is intended for uhf and vhf amplifier applications. Exceptional performance is noted in converter and oscillator circuitry, according to the manufacturer.
Typical performance at 450 Mc is 14-db gain with a noise figure of less than 4 db. Selected versions of the transistor are available with noise figures down to 2.5 db maximum at 450 Mc.
Price is $24.75 with delivery currently at 10 days.
Kmc Semiconductor Corp., Parker Road, RD 2, Long Valley, N.J. [364]
New Instruments
Coupler makes dvm printer of calculator
A digital coupler, developed by Cohu Electronics, Inc., turns an ordinary desk calculator into a digital printer. By combining the series 490 coupler with Cohu's series 510 digital voltmeter and a desk calculator, it is possible to have a digital-voltmeter printout system that is less expensive than presently available dvm printers. Including the cost of the calculator, says a company spokesman, the Cohu system is at least $100 less than comparable digital printers.
The desk calculator fits between the coupler's electronics module and a set of 11 solenoids. Ten solenoids drive plungers which activate the calculator's number keys; the 11th operates the tabulating key. The printer is activated only when the voltage changes and the dvm seeks a new null. The plunger-assembly arms are slotted for calculators of different heights.
The coupler is fitted to the dvm through a 42-pin connector—the only modification necessary to enable the series 510 voltmeter to work with the coupler. The coupler operates from the same biquinary-code system as the series 510 dvm. Dvm's that use other codes can be connected if a suitable converter is provided.
The calculator can be used for routine office tasks when not installed in the coupler. Even installed, it can be used for quick computations by operating the calculator's keys with the solenoid shafts that extend through the coupler. Standard office calculators need no modifications to work with the series 490 coupler. This is an attractive feature, according to Kenneth Walker, engineering supervisor at Cohu, since warranties on the calculators would be affected if alterations were made.
Specifications
| Input power | 105 to 125 volts, 50/60 cps |
| Size | 19 3/8 in. long, 12 1/2 in. wide, 11 1/2 in. high |
| Price | $795.00 |
Cohu Electronics, Inc., Box 623, San Diego, Calif. 92112 [371]
Highly accurate lab potentiometer
A three-dial, four-range potentiometer, known as model 2784, is designed to measure voltages from 0
to 11.110 v. Its stated calibrated accuracy on the 1-v range is ± (0.002% +10 µv).
The instrument uses a nonconvoluted, single-turn slidewire to achieve infinite resolution on the third dial. The ability of the user to read between scale divisions is the only factor limiting resolution, the company says.
The extremely low temperature coefficient of the model 27S4 permits its use as a high-accuracy production calibration instrument as well as for measurements in temperature-controlled standards laboratories. Thermal emf's are held to less than 0.1 µv. The instrument has guarding provisions to intercept both internal and external leakage currents.
Other features include a single window readout of all digits, automatic decimal-point positioning, complete electrostatic shielding, and self-checking capability. Price is $860; delivery, stock to 30 days. Honeywell, Inc., Denver Division, 4800 E. Dry Creek Road, Denver, Colo., 80217. [372]
Swr meter features high usable range
A standing-wave-ratio meter now available has a noise-figure specification of less than 4 db, giving it greater usable range than any previously offered swr meter, according to the manufacturer.
Model 415E is used in r-f and microwave measurement systems, not only to measure standing wave ratio, but also to measure attenuation, gain, or any other parameter determined by the difference between two signal levels. It is a tuned amplifier-voltmeter calibrated in db and swr for use with square-law detectors. Its low noise
New Instruments
figure permits accurate measurement at lower levels than formerly were practical. A result is the ability to exploit fully the newest state-of-the-art detectors, around whose source impedance the 415E noise figure was optimized. Usability of low signal levels reduces the necessary drive to the measured array and reduces the necessary modulation index for the detected signal, easing the problems of such measurements in all respects.
Additional accuracy improvement arises from a new high in specified attenuator precision. An expand-offset feature allows any 2-db portion of the instrument's 70-db range to be expanded to full scale for maximum resolution, at a specified linearity of ±0.02 db.
Model 415E operates with either crystal or bolometer detectors, with capability to operate from both low (100 ohms) and high (5,000 ohms) source impedance crystals. It provides precise bias currents of 4.5 or 8.7 ma as selected on the front panel to activate all standard bolometers. Bias is peak-limited for bolometer protection.
The instrument has both recorder and amplifier outputs, which are isolated. The fully transistorized unit weighs 8 lb and consumes only about 2 watts. Price is $350; delivery, an estimated 4 weeks. Hewlett-Packard Co., 1501 Page Mill Rd., Palo Alto, Calif., 94304. [373]
Comparison bridge for resistance ratio
Model VLF51 precision resistance comparison bridge uses current transformers operated at 1 kc to determine the ratio of two resistA novel technique of modulation and demodulation enables the resistance comparison to be made at 5 cps, thus taking advantage of the accuracy of the highly permeable toroidally wound transformers, while eliminating the reactive effects of a-c.
Balancing the bridge with the six decades produces a digital readout of the resistance ratio to seven figures accurate within 20 ppm. This accuracy is available for measurements from 0.1 to 500 ohms. Measurements with reduced accuracy may be made from $10^{-5}$ to $10^4$ ohms. The rapid measurements possible with the VLF51 greatly facilitate calibration work. While the bridge is specifically designed for resistance thermometry, it is applicable to any resistance comparison within its range.
Rosemount Engineering Co., 4900 W. 78th St., Minneapolis, Minn. [374]
**Signal selector for vibration testing**
An automatic signal selector for vibration testing, model N668 automatically compares up to six accelerometer input signals, and can be set to select either the largest or smallest for presentation to the automatic exciter control, rejecting the remaining five.
Previously, in operating to test specifications that require control to a specified level, selection of the control point had been by approximation. The model N668, a solid state unit, in addition to automatically selecting and controlling to the maximum or minimum, includes provision for weighing the input signals, permitting comparison and selection between signals at different levels.
A wide range of inputs can be handled satisfactorily. The extremely fast switching time of less than 1 microsecond insures that there are no transients during switching.
MB Electronics, division of Textron Electronics Inc., 781 Whalley Ave., New Haven, Conn. 06508. [375]
**MOL Resistors**
**PROMPT DELIVERY**
...is one reason why all major TV manufacturers use Mallory MOL film resistors.
Other reasons? Temperature coefficient only 250 PPM/°C; proved flame resistance; high stability in humidity; less than 5% resistance change after 10,000-hour load-life test. Write for data and quotation. Mallory Controls Company, a division of P. R. Mallory & Co. Inc., Frankfort, Indiana 46041.
New Subassemblies and Systems
Core plane production tester
Designers testing the ferrite core planes from which computer memories are built must measure a number of parameters to learn in great detail how the memory will perform under all kinds of conditions. On the production line many of these parameters need not be measured in testing core planes, since the question in production is simply whether a particular plane comes up to specification. Therefore, a laboratory-model core plane tester usually has capabilities that are never used in a production testing; and a manufacturer that buys a laboratory tester for production pays for equipment that is scarcely ever used.
The model 1527 ferrite tester, according to Digital Equipment Corp., is a fast, inexpensive unit for production testing of core planes. It is mounted in two standard 19-inch racks. The operator can reach all the knobs and buttons, calibrate all measurements, even open the panels for maintenance—without getting out of his chair. And it sells for less than half the price of most testers of comparable capability, according to DEC.
The new tester has a diode-transistor matrix adapted from DEC's line of Programed Data Processor (PDP) computers; the matrix generates test patterns for the memory connected to it. In effect, the tester is a computer without a memory; when a memory from the production line is plugged into the tester, it puts the memory through its paces by writing and reading one or more test patterns in the memory and verifying the results. The matrix required a special packaging technique to overcome inductance and capacitance in the long leads between the tester and the core plane. The performance of even a perfectly functioning core plane could be affected if the lead length were not compensated for.
Test patterns that the unit can use with a core plane include all 1's, all 0's, alternate 1's and 0's, (single checkerboard) and some-
thing called a double checkerboard with variations. A double checkerboard has this pattern repeated along the full length of every row of ferrite cores in the plane:
```
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
```
Four variations of the double checkerboard start with one of the four bits shown in the upper left corner (first two bits, first two rows). The various patterns are designed to present worst-case noise and signal waveforms to the sense windings and amplifiers. External pattern generators may also be connected to the unit.
The tester is of modular construction. There is a timing and control section, a switching system that can cycle from address to address of a 128 by 128 core array in less than two microseconds, a difference amplifier, and a four-channel discriminator. The input to the difference amplifier is a response signal from the core plane and generates four positive and four negative signals that can be
Specifications
| Timing and control | 345 cps to 2 Mc |
|---------------------|----------------|
| Stepping frequency | |
| Burst duration | 3.5 μsec to 3 μsec |
| Test patterns | All 1's, all 0's |
| | Checkerboard, complement |
| | External, complement |
| Core plane size | Up to 128 by 128 |
|---------------------|------------------|
| (address capacity) | |
| Difference amplifier | |
|----------------------|----------------|
| Bandpass | 5 kv to 50 Mc |
| Common mode rejection| 1 Mc > 1,000 |
| | 30 Mc > 200 |
| | 50 Mc > 100 |
| Output rise time | ≤ 8 nsec (input rise ≤ 2 nsec) |
|----------------------|---------------------------------|
| Signal delay | 6.5 nsec |
| Gain nonlinearity | ±0.5% |
| Differential Input Impedance | 300 ohms, ±0.1% |
| Four-channel discriminator | |
| Offset voltage | ≤±2 μV per mv common-mode voltage |
| Temperature coefficient | ≤±10 μV per degree C. |
| Input voltage range | 0 to −1 volt |
| Input current | ≤50 microamperes |
| Strobes—number | 4 |
| width | 13 to 600 nsec |
| position | 50 to 600 nsec from reference time |
connected in any combination to the discriminator. An optional oscilloscope display and two external pattern generators for the equipment are available.
Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass. [381]
Plug-in power supply has wide voltage range
A plug-in power supply now available furnishes a regulated d-c output from 8 to 21 volts at 200 ma. Input voltage is 105 to 125 v a-c. Load regulation is ±0.1%; line, ±0.05; ripple, 1 mv. The voltage may be adjusted either by a built-in accessible internal potentiometer or by a remote potentiometer.
Case size is 3⅝ x 3¼ x 4½ in. Price is $70. Shipment is 3 days after receipt of order.
Acopian Corp., P.O. Box 585, Easton, Pa., 18043. [382]
Optical encoder has half-bit accuracy
Model 219 is an 8-bit, cyclic binary (Gray) code photoelectric shaft position encoder with ½-bit accuracy. It measures 3 in. high by 2.625 in.
Great editorial is something he takes to lunch
(What a climate for selling!)
Electronics
A McGraw-Hill Market-Directed Publication
330 West 42nd Street, New York, N.Y.10036
New Subassemblies
in diameter, and weighs 14 oz. It has long-life, low-torque bearings with life expectancy in excess of $125 \times 10^6$ revolutions. Maximum slew rate is 5,000 rpm; moment of inertia, 30 gm-cm$^2$; and maximum acceleration, 30,000 rad/sec$^2$.
A replaceable 5,000-hour nominal life lamp requiring 6.3 ±5% d-c volts is used. Output for a logical "1" is 40 ±10% millivolts, and logical "0" 8.0 millivolts maximum. Working temperature is from −40 F to +131 F; storage temperature from −72°F to +185°F. Rotation for increasing count is counter-clockwise as viewed from shaft end.
Price is $279. Quantity discounts are available on request.
Baldwin Electronics, Inc., 1101 McAlmont St., Little Rock, Ark [383]
Delay line memory module
Model 06 delay line memory module is one of a complete new line of 1-Mc system logic modules now available in both germanium and silicon versions. It can be used to store up to 2,000 bits of information for 2 milliseconds. The information can be recirculated to increase the storage period, or, in the case of shorter records, can be recorded repetitively to decrease the access time. Delay lines of other lengths are also available on special order.
A flexible array of input gating is incorporated on the module, and readout is via standard flip-flop.
Six-inch CRT display with silicon IC logic
An inexpensive, general purpose six-inch CRT display has all logic designed of silicon monolithic integrated circuits. Model 80-806 is a compact electrostatic display having many state-of-the-art advantages found only in more expensive units. Bright and easy to read, the CRT is ideally suited for industrial and scientific uses that require alphanumeric display, small-screen monitoring for direct computer readout, data display for plotting, bar graph display, vector or dot display, remote monitoring and photo-recording display.
The unit is capable of an alphanumeric display of up to 512 characters. More than 3,800 dots or vectors can be displayed.
Features include P-31 phosphor tube, $0^\circ$ to $55^\circ$C temperature operating range, accuracy of $\pm 1\%$ of full scale and a 60-cycle refresh rate for prevention of flicker. CRT shielding permits asynchronous operation with 60-cycle a-c line. The unit can be operated remotely up to 1,000 ft. from a refresh memory.
Designed to fit in a 24 by 19 by 7-in. rack mounting or the manufacturer's standard multiplexer case, the display includes all power supplies needed for complete operation.
Systems Engineering Laboratories, Inc., Box 9148, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., 33310.
NEED CATHODES? WANT ON-TIME DELIVERY?
It's a reasonable request. And Superior gives you tangible assurances. First, every cathode we make is for our customers—none for ourselves. Second, we have two large, modern plants, located about 600 miles apart, with identical facilities to protect you against delays. And you can choose from the widest variety of cathode types and materials in the field. So why do you suppose we are the world's leading independent cathode supplier? Send for our Catalog 51. Dept. 2500.
Superior Tube
The big name in small tubing
NORRISTOWN, PA. 19404
West Coast: Pacific Tube Company, Los Angeles, California
Johnson & Hoffman Mfg. Corp., Carle Place, N.Y.—an affiliated company making precision metal stampings and deep-drawn parts
Customer can assemble flexible waveguide
Designers of waveguide assemblies for microwave systems can now purchase lengths of flexible waveguide that can easily and quickly be cut and assembled to meet configuration needs.
Flexible waveguide sections in a microwave assembly are used where vibration or movement is expected, or to compensate for the fixed mechanical tolerances of rigid waveguide sections. Previously, engineers estimated the required length of the flexible section, ordered it from a manufacturer, and waited four or five weeks for delivery.
But now, Airtron, a division of Litton Industries, offers immediate delivery of flexible tubing and flanges that the customer can assemble. Called Airflex and designated type AFF by the company, the tubing is cut to the length required and the ends are flared. Each flange consists of two sections. The flared ends are inserted between the flange sections, which are fastened by two screws. No brazing or soldering is necessary.
Although the waveguide can be cut and assembled with ordinary tools, Airtron offers a tool kit that makes assembly neat and efficient. The kit includes a heavy serrated blade and tools to flare the tubing.
An extruded neoprene rubber jacket is provided for applications where the flexible section must be pressurized. The jacket is slipped over a waveguide tubing and clamped. The waveguide can be pressurized up to 60 psig.
Although lengths of two or three feet are commonly needed, Airtron can provide tubing in any length from six inches to 10 feet. Each foot of Airflex can be stretched or compressed one-half inch.
Flexible waveguide for X band, which is designated size WR-90, is available. It can be bent to a radius of 13/8 in. in the E-plane and 2 1/4 in. in the H plane. Airtron expects to expand the line to include sizes for S, C and K bands within the next few months. Either military or EIA (Electronic Industries Association) types of flanges are available.
Airtron also provides twistable waveguide tubing, designated AFT, which is made of convolutely wound brass strips 5 mils thicklike the flexible section—but with the seams of the convolution left unsoldered. AFT waveguide can be twisted 180° for each foot of length.
The company also offers the new flexible waveguide sections completely assembled. Cost of AFF and AFT, according to the company, is less than that for conventional flexible waveguide with molded jacketing and brazed flanges. Cost upon request. Delivery immediate.
Specifications
| Frequency | 8.2 to 12.4 gigacycles |
|-----------------|------------------------|
| Attenuation | 0.08 decibel per foot |
| Vswr | 1.10 maximum across full frequency range |
| | 1.08 maximum across a 10% bandwidth |
| Peak power at | 60 psig |
| | 1.2 megawatts |
| Temperature | −55° C to 125° C |
| Military | specification |
| | Mil-W-287C |
Airtron, 200 East Hanover Ave., Morris Plains, N.J. [391]
X-band oscillator delivers 1-mw average
An X-band oscillator, model X920, features 1-mw (0 dbm) output at a center frequency tunable over a 100-Mc band in the 8.2-Gc to 9.6-Gc range. A silicon planar epitaxial transistor is operated in the oscillator-varactor-multiplier mode to drive a step-recovery diode multiplier with output in WR-90 waveguide.
The oscillator is ideal for production-line and bench-test equipment, system breadboards, antenna ranges, classroom demonstrations, portable X-band traffic beacons and similar applications where lightweight low-voltage power supply requirements, and low cost are prime factors. A novel application, as a calibrations laboratory trans-
miniaturized twts for those who think small
What is small? Merely ⅓ to ½ the size and weight of tubes built just a year ago.
Available? Yes, we’re delivering miniature low-noise, low- and medium-power TWTs in quantity for military systems.
Why small? To anticipate urgent requirements for reduced size and weight in military, airborne and other applications where component density is critical.
But not small in performance. Noise figure, gain, power output and other performance characteristics are equal to or better than their bigger and heavier ancestors. And all MEC miniature tubes have PPM focusing, full magnetic shielding, military environmentalization and rugged metal-ceramic construction.
What’s next? Contact MEC’s representative in your area for details, or drop us a line in Palo Alto.
Exceptional opportunities on our technical staff for qualified scientists and engineers. An equal opportunity employer.
Microwave Electronics
3165 Porter Drive
Palo Alto, California
a division of Teledyne, Inc.
SOLID STATE LASER SYSTEM Model SSCW
- Frequency: 1.06 microns
- Power output: 500 milliwatts
- Power input: 1000 watts
- Total weight of head: less than two pounds
SEMI-ELEMENTS SPECIALS OF THE MONTH . . .
GOOD UNTIL MARCH 15, 1966
COHERENT LASER DIODE SLD-2 ......................... $250.00
LASER DIODE SYSTEM LDS-2 ............................... $975.00
Complete with coherent laser diode,
cryogenic dewar and heat sink
RUBY LASER CRYSTAL ........................................ $125.00
1/4" diameter by 2" long
Finished and coated ends
LARGE VARIETY SINGLE CRYSTALS AVAILABLE
LATEST IN SINGLE CRYSTALS . . .
- Lithium Niobate
- Potassium Tantalum Niobate
- Tantalum Pentoxide
- Barium Titanate
- Beryllium Oxide
- Spinel (MgO • Al₂O₃)
(also MgO • 3Al₂O₃)
For literature write Dept. EL-1
semi-elements, inc.
Saxonburg Blvd., Saxonburg, Pa. 16056
Phone: 412-352-1548
Circle 212 on reader service card
New Microwave
fer standard, would be a power reference level for checking the accuracy of microwave power meters and thermistor mounts. The price is $195; availability, 20 days from receipt of order.
Somerset Radiation Laboratory, Inc.,
P.O. Box 201, Edison, Pa., 18919.
[392]
L-band circulators
for high-power use
Two high-power, differential phase shift circulators have been introduced for L-band operation. Model CLH13 operates over the frequency range of 1.28 to 1.35 Gc. Peak power is 10 Mw. The average power, based on a 2:1 load mismatch, is 16 kw. Maximum vswr is 1.10.
The CLH14 operates between 1.29 and 1.31 Gc. With dummy loads connected to ports 3 and 4, a short circuit at port 2—the antenna port—will safely reflect 5-Mw peak and 9-kw average transmitter power into port 3. Maximum vswr is 1.10.
Both circulators have an isolation of 20 db minimum and a maximum insertion loss of 0.6 db. The 76-in. long CLH13 weighs 150 pounds. The CLH14 weighs 170 pounds and is 75 inches long.
Each of the units is fitted with WR-650 waveguides and mates with UG-418/U flanges.
Raytheon Co., Special Microwave Devices Operation, 130 Second Ave., Waltham, Mass., 02154. [393]
Fixed attenuator pads
operate to 1.2 Gc
The model FP-75 line of precision 75-ohm fixed attenuator pads is designed for operation from d-c to 1.2 Gc. The company says they provide accurate attenuation never before
COMMERCIAL PLANETARY GEARMOTOR
to 200 lb./in. continuous duty to 600 lb./in. intermittent duty
Now you can get 200 lb. in. of torque from a gearmotor only 3½" dia. x 9" long. Globe's new Type CLC commercial planetary gearmotors are ideal for your most demanding high-torque applications. Designed for long reliable service, Type CLC gearmotors give you highest torque at lowest dollar cost. Call 513 222-3741 for application assistance.
VOLTAGE: 115 or 230 v.a.c.
FREQUENCY: 50 or 60 cps.
PHASE: 1 or 3.
OUTPUT SPEED: 17 standard speeds from 1 to 300 rpm.
Custom units also available. For information, request Bulletin CLC.
Globe Industries, Inc.
2275 Stanley Ave., Dayton, Ohio 45404, U.S.A. Tel.: 513 222-3741.
DRAMATIC REDUCTION
formerly 77"h. x 33"w. x 33"d.
now only
29½"×17"w×17"d
(5 KW Audio Power Amplifier)
All other models similarly reduced...but in size only! For instance, 10 KW Model, formerly 78" h. x 78" w. x 36" d., now only 48" h. x 34" w. x 24" d. CML Audio Power Amplifiers produce tremendous power in the smallest packages. Wide frequency range. Low distortion. Ideal for CW and pulsed operation, acoustic testing, vibration testing, plasma tubes, ion propulsion engines. Perfect for marine installations. All units with wide range of output impedance taps. Air-cooled and vapor-cooled units. Full power available into low power factor loads. Call or write today for details.
CML, Inc.
A subsidiary of Tenney Engineering, Inc.
350 Leland Avenue • Plainfield, New Jersey
(201) 754-5502 • TWX: 201-756-2064
FORK CONTACTS
Radiused Mating Surfaces Provide Smoother Positive Mating. Assure Repeated Low Resistance Contact. Available in Bulk Or In Permanent Dielectric. Connectors Available With 15 to 47 Contacts. All Popular Termination Styles.
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
Write For Technical Bulletin
Methode Electronics, Inc.
7447 W. Wilson Ave. • Chicago, Illinois 60656
UNDERhill 7-9600
Licensed under Eico patents.
MAGNETICALLY SHIELD YOUR COMPONENT IN SECONDS
Versatile Netic and Co-Netic Foils cut to any size or outline with ordinary scissors—wrap easily.
High attenuation to weight ratio possibilities; can dramatically enhance component performance. The shields stop degradation from unpredictable magnetic fields. When grounded, they also shield electrostatically. Co-Netic and Netic shielding foils are not significantly affected by dropping, vibration or shock, and do not require periodic annealing. Foils are available in thicknesses from .002" in rolls 4", 15", and 19-3/8" wide. Extensively used in experimental evaluation and production line operations for military, commercial and industrial applications.
MAGNETIC SHIELD DIVISION
Perfection Mica Company
1322 N. ELSTON AVENUE, CHICAGO 22, ILLINOIS
ORIGINATORS OF PERMANENTLY EFFECTIVE NETIC CO-NETIC MAGNETIC SHIELDING
Circle 215 on reader service card
Reprint order form
Send to: Electronics Reprint Dept.
330 West 42nd Street
New York, N. Y. 10036
For listing of reprints available see the reader service card.
To help expedite mailing of your reprints please send cash, check or money order with your order.
For reprints of the latest special report:
U. S. Electronics Markets 1966
Send me reprints of key no R-85 at 50¢ each.
For reprints of previous special reports fill in below:
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For prices see the reader service card.
Name
Number & Street
City, State
Zip code
New Microwave
available at a 75-ohm impedance level.
The higher frequency performance is not only an asset for operating above 300 Mc, but a result is superior accuracy specifications at lower frequencies.
The FP-75 fixed pads are available at standard attenuation values of 1 db, 2 db, 3 db, 6 db, 10 db, and 20 db with attenuation accuracies of better than ±0.3 db to 500 Mc and ±0.5 db to 1 Gc. Each pad is calibrated at two frequencies, 30 Mc and 1 Gc, with the calibration recorded on the body of the attenuator. This provides convenient, easily read calibration data. The vswr of these units is held to less than 1.2:1 to 500 Mc and 1.3:1 to 1 Gc.
The fixed pads are available with BNC or TNC, male or female connectors. They are tubular in construction, measure approximately 2 in. by ½ in. in diameter, and weigh about 1 oz. They are priced at $12.50 each in small quantities with delivery from stock.
Texscan Corp., 51 South Koweba Lane, Indianapolis, Ind. [394]
Stripline-type triode oscillator
Model GSJ-1001 stripline triode oscillator is a new concept in oscillator design which offers conventional triode-oscillator electrical characteristics with the added advantage of a simple, small-size, lightweight, rugged package. Grid pulsed power is in excess of 0.8 kw at a frequency of 2.25 Gc. Volume is 1.5 cu in. excluding projections, and weight is 3 oz.
Terra Corp., 505 Wyoming Blvd. N.E., Albuquerque, N.M., 87112. [395]
NEW FROM CRAMER...
CRAMER LIFT-LOK Stools
adjust to every worker like fine tools!
Because Cramer Lift-Lok is infinitely adjustable! Just lift the seat and slip at the most comfortable height. It takes less time than to read this sentence. Since fatigue is a critical factor in efficiency of seated workers, it makes good sense to provide tools that minimize fatigue. With Lift-Lok every worker can seek exactly his own efficient level. Available in four base types: swivel, wren, plastic seats, contoured or flat, adjustable or flexible backs. To find out about the stools that qualify as production tools, write V.P. Sales, Cramer, 625 Adams, Kansas City, Kan. 66105.
Industrial supplier inquiries invited.
$295 GAS LASER ($295?)
Right. Here's the world's only gas laser under $300. Another important first for Optics Technology. We've been able to design a precision laser which we can produce for only $295. It's our Model 170 AC Continuous Gas Laser.
Rounding out our complete line of quality lasers and laser products, the Model 170 offers:
• Adjustment-free, reliable operation
• A plasma tube with built-in reflectors
• No Brewster windows, or optics, to collect dust or get damaged
• Operation directly from the AC line by means of a built-in transformer, no other power supply involved
• Power over .3 milliwatts in TEM₀₀ mode, guaranteed
• Beam divergence less than .4 milliradians
We see great potential for the Model 170 as a basic tool in optics; for example, as an aid in aligning your apparatus. We'll be glad to send complete data. Just write $295 Laser on a postcard (with your name and address) and mail it to:
OPTICS TECHNOLOGY INC
901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, Calif. 927-6600 (Area Code 415)
In Europe, contact Optics Technology Instruments, Ghent, Belgium
give...so more will live
HEART FUND
New Production Equipment
IC's control board driller
The controller of a new printed-circuit-board driller is made of monolithic integrated circuits—probably the first use of IC's in commercially available electronics production equipment.
The Model 105, numerically controlled, will automatically drill 50 or more holes per minute when programmed with punched tape, which it can prepare with an optical programer.
According to the Machine Control Corp., the monolithic circuits make the controller small, highly reliable and easy to maintain. All the circuitry is on eight plug-in cards, two of which are interchangeable. The controller measures 7 by 14 by 24 inches and weighs 50 pounds—about half that of previous controllers. The controls are mounted at eye level and interlocked to prevent operator error.
As in most numerically controlled drillers, the boards are placed on a table that moves in the X and Y directions to bring the hole locations under drill heads that move up and down in the Z direction. These motions can be commanded by tape or manually. The depth and drilling rate are also controllable. Depth precision is 0.01 inch.
The operator prepares tapes with the optical programer. The drills follow the hole pattern in a photographic transparency of the hole pattern. At each hole location, the coordinates of the location are punched into the tape.
Four boards can be drilled simultaneously, with hole location repeatable to 0.0002 inch. This means that the drilled hole in the fourth board will be within 0.0006 inch of the position in the first board. Each of the four drilling stations has two drill heads, so that drills can be changed while the machine operates.
Specifications
| Drill motors | ½ horsepower, 35,000 rpm |
| Runout | 0.0002 inch maximum |
| Resolution | 0.001 inch |
| Price | $45,000 |
| Delivery | 60 days |
Machine Control Corp., 4112 Del Rey Avenue, Venice, Calif. 90292 [401]
Ultrasonic degreaser for bench mounting
The Gibson Girl MSVR-1 ultrasonic degreaser is designed to operate either with chlorinated or fluorinated solvents, changing from one to the other with the flick of a
VERSATILE WORK HORSE
Ultrasonic Spectrum Analyzer
The LCA-1 ultrasonic spectrum analyzer monitors signals and presents a spectral display of the 50 cps to 600 Kc range. Excessive harmonic content, intermodulation distortion, Loran C checkout, vibration analysis, medical research studies, multiplex voice and teletype monitoring are some of its many uses.
EXCLUSIVE FEATURES INCLUDE:
Input Zo — balanced input 55K or unbalanced
Amplitude Scale — Linear, 40 dB, 60 dB, 2.5 dB on screen calibration.
Power In — 105-125 VAC, 47 to 430 cps, no line volt. regulator required.
OTHER FEATURES:
Freq. Markers — 10 Kc and 100 Kc plus harmonic Xtal marks every 10 Kc.
Scanning Rate — 30 sec — 60 cps
Sweep Width — 1 Kc to 200 Kc.
Resolution — 50 cps to 4 Kc.
Full Scale Volt. Range — 200 uv to 200 V.
PROBESCOPE
516-GE 3-8120
211 ROBBINS LANE
SYOSSET, L. I., NEW YORK
How fast do you need a step servo motor?
1 millisecond fast; day after tomorrow fast? That's what's new from IMC—The first factory stocked broad line of step-servo motors. 18 models including a unit capable of one thousand pulse per second operation—bi-directionally. And all for day after tomorrow delivery. Sizes from 5 to 20. Running torque up to 8 oz. in. Step angles of 15 and 90 degrees. And proven capability on programs such as Polaris, Surveyor, Mariner and LEM. Included in the stock program are units designed for business machine and commercial applications.
Call your nearest IMC Engineering Representative or use the coupon for IMC's latest literature which will include our line of stock step-servo motor electronic controllers. Better still, test us with a fast order!
Check IMC also for: Precision Solenoids—factory stocked!
ENGINEERING REPRESENTATIVES FOR IMC STEP SERVO MOTORS
(Not to mention solenoids, synchros and resolvers, DC synchro indicators)
Albuquerque: J. F. Quirk & Assoc., 256-0884
Dallas: Hillman Enterprises, Inc., LA 1-2070
Georgetown, Tex.: Hillman Enterprises, Inc., UN 3-3780
Los Altos, Calif.: Howard Eng. Co., 948-3391
Portland: Shaffer & Nelson, Inc., 2-4337
Salt Lake City: Oscar Salme & Assoc., Inc., AM 2-2349
Seattle: Shaffer & Nelson, Inc., MU 2-0186
Temple: IMC Magnetics Corp., Ariz. Div., 967-7851
Chicago: Bill Henry Assoc., SP 5-3488
Dayton: Bek Assoc., Inc., 8-7838
Kansas City: Design & Sales Eng. Co., GR 1-1640
Minneapolis: D. A. Schultz Co., FE 9-7701
St. Louis: Design & Sales Eng. Co., PA 1-6403
Atlanta: Bill Henry Assoc., 255-0293
Charlotte, N. C.: Bill Henry Assoc., 255-0293
Sarasota: Bill Henry Assoc., 955-4637
Binghamton, N.Y.: Engineering Components, RA 3-4197
New Haven: Edcom, Inc., MIA 4-7291
Newtonville, Mass.: Edcom, Inc., 8-7210
Ottawa, Canada: M. J. Howard Co., Ltd., PA 2-2991
Philadelphia: Burgin-Kreh Assoc., Inc., OR 7-1646
Syracuse, N.Y.: Engineering Components, HE 7-8181
Towson, Md.: Burgin-Kreh Assoc., Inc., VA 5-3212
Westwood, N. J.: Clarfield-Stollnack Assoc., 666-8389
Manufactured by IMC Western Div., 6058 Walker Ave., Maywood, Calif. 90270. Tel. (213) LU 3-4785, TWX 213-773-5307.
IMC MAGNETICS CORPORATION
Marketing Division: 570 Main Street Westbury, New York 11591. Telephone (516) 334-7070, TWX (516) 333-3319
☐ Send my Step Servo Motor Catalog, fast
☐ Send a Rep, faster
☐ And/or tell me about ____________________________
Name _________________________________________
Title or dept. ___________________________________
Company _______________________________________
Address ________________________________________
City __________________ State ______________ Zip Code _______
Production Equipment
selector switch. Ful-Wall cooling is provided to minimize the loss of solvent. The dual heating system changes the heat density as well as the temperature setting necessary for each type of solvent.
The Gibson Girl degreaser is designed for bench mounting, and the generator and the control station are remotely located. A model is available for easy transporting, and the generator fits snugly into the Ful-Wall cooling jacket for packing and carrying.
The MSG 90 generator operates at 40 kc, the most effective cleaning frequency for small precision components and assemblies, and has automatic sonic control providing the most even cavitation pattern, and high cleaning efficiency.
Units are available from stock to one week.
Multisonic Corp., 1100 Shames Drive, Westbury, L.I., N.Y. [402]
Crimping press cuts wiring cost
An air-operated crimping press now on the market lowers installed wiring cost by automatically feeding up to 1,500 tape-mounted solderless terminals an hour. Tape automatically positions and loads the terminal barrel in crimping dies, and holds each terminal securely for hazardless, fool-proof wire insertion.
Changed in seconds, dies crimp any of 5 terminal tongue types and
5 barrel styles for termination 22-10 Awg solid or stranded wire. Quick-disconnects for 0.250 in. and 0.187 in. male tabs are taped for 18-12 Awg wire ranges.
The bench press, weighing 23 pounds, can be moved easily and operated anywhere on standard 90 psi shop pressure.
Up to 1,000 terminals are mounted on each reel-wound tape belt. The press sets up in less than a minute—no special preparation is necessary. Tape and reel are disposable.
ETC Inc., 990 E. 67th St., Cleveland, Ohio, 44103. [403]
Spray etchers feature rotating work rack
Rotational spray etchers produce a fast, uniform, precise etch without patterning for chemical machining of metal parts and printed-circuit production.
A rotating work rack insures a 360° movement of each small area being etched through the spray of several nozzles. Fixed spray heads spray straight down on the work piece at a 90° angle, reducing undercutting. There is no puddling of the etchant because of the constant movement of the work rack.
The resulting etch is faster and more precise than conventional etches, with better resolution and no patterning, says the manufacturer. Speed of the rotary motion is controlled by a variable speed motor.
The new etchers have heavy wall polyvinyl chloride etching chambers of dovetailed, cemented and welded construction. The etchers also have metal parts of titanium or stainless steel, corrosion-free pumps, an electric timer with automatic reset for repeat runs, and a built-in loading and rinse station.
Seelye Plastic-Fab, Inc., 9812 James Circle So., Minneapolis, Minn. [404]
LOCI-2 (Wang Laboratories'LOGarithmic Computing Instrument) is the most powerful desktop computer you can obtain. At its keyboard you can expand your horizons, multiply your problem-solving capabilities and penetrate straight to the answer.
Because of its revolutionary logarithmic approach to data manipulation, LOCI-2 provides an inherent, absolutely unique flexibility and simplicity of operation. For example, it can compute Ln (x) or ex in only two keystrokes.
LOCI-2 can be readily programmed for a broad variety of complex routines, by means of pre-scored, easily-punched cards. Thus, with the appropriate card inserted in the reader, you can instantly compute and display sin (x) or cos (x) with a single keystroke. An extensive library of programs (statistical, general mathematical, etc.) is furnished free of charge to LOCI-2 purchasers.
And, best of all, LOCI-2 is always at your command. No standing in line for computer time, no complicated operating procedures, simply drop in your program card, enter variables, press RUN key and see your results immediately.
LOCI-2 prices range from $2750 to $8450. If you would like to learn more about this remarkable instrument, write for complete descriptive literature.
WANG LABORATORIES INC
DEPT. N-2, 836 NORTH ST., TEWKSBURY, MASS. 01876, TEL. (617) 851-7311
Fine-grain alumina casting ceramic
Ceramacast 505 is a 96% fine-grain alumina casting ceramic with use temperatures as high as 1,600°C. It is a hydraulic setting material requiring no heat to set. The material combines good dielectric strength with high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion rate (1.4 x 10⁻⁷ in./in./°F), thus offering excellent thermal shock resistance. Since the material shrinks only 0.2% volumetrically after curing, it offers many applications as an encapsulant, coating or cement. Furthermore, Ceramacast resists oils, solvents, and all acids except hydrofluoric.
Applications for Ceramacast 505 include encapsulation of electronic components such as resistors, end-seal material for thermocouples, high-temperature furnace coatings, and potting material for r-f heating coils.
The material is available in powder form. Research quantities are offered at $25 per quart container, with delivery from stock. Aremco Products, Inc., P.O. Box 145, Briarcliff Manor, N.Y., 10510 [406]
Fluorescent coating for p-c boards
Eccocoat T264F is a two-part, thixotropic epoxy coating designed particularly for printed circuit boards. In daylight it is transparent and water white; under ultraviolet light it fluoresces a bright yellow green. Inspection under UV highlights surfaces that have not been coated, thus providing a simple and rapid means for quality control.
The coating is a solventless system, so that any porosity in the laid-down film is eliminated. Its adhesion to plastics, ceramics, glass, metals and wood is excellent. Because it is thixotropic, it holds well on sharp corners to give a rounded edge. At room temperature, its useful pot life is 5 to 6 hours. It can be applied by brush, dip or spray.
Typical properties of cured film (10 mils thick) are: Shore D hardness, 80; flexibility, unaffected by ¼-in. bend; dielectric strength, above 300 volts/mil; volume resistivity, 10¹² ohm-cm; dielectric constant (60 to 10¹⁰ cps), approximately 3.0; dissipation factor (60 to 10¹⁰ cps), less than 0.02.
Eccocoat T264F is available in 2-lb kits, 1-gallon cans, and 5-gallon pails. Price is $2 to $2.25 per lb. Emerson & Cuming, Inc., Canton, Mass. [408]
LEADING TEXTILE COMPANY ANNOUNCES DEVELOPMENT OF Disposable Dust Cloths* NON-WOVEN FABRIC UNIFORMLY TREATED-HIGH CAPACITY PLUS A HIGHLY EFFICIENT BACTERIOSTATIC AGENT
FOR SAMPLES AND INFORMATION Chicopee Mills, Inc. 1450 BROADWAY, N.Y. 10018
Circle 222 on reader service card
YOUR SHORTEST ROUTE to what's new in Semiconductor Coolers WAKEFIELD DISTRIBUTOR PRODUCTS CATALOG
The latest designs in Heat Sinks are as near as your nearby authorized WAKEFIELD Electronic Distributor. His name is in our catalog along with the full line he stocks: milliwatt to high power coolers, circuit board coolers, extrusions, thermal joint compound, DELTA BOND 152 Thermally Conductive Adhesive.
FOR YOUR COPY, WRITE WAKEFIELD ENGINEERING, INC. 139 FOUNDRY ST. / WAKEFIELD, MASS. (617) 245-5900 • TWX 617-245-9213
Circle 223 on reader service card
testing integrated circuits?
We now offer 40 different micro manipulators for single or multiple test stations—in various designs and with various sensitivities.
BRINKMANN INSTRUMENTS CANTIAGUE ROAD, WESTBURY, N.Y. 11590/ED 4-7500
Circle 185 on reader service card
NEW ZELTEX AMPLIFIER WITH FETS!
- New, Smaller Package
- Lower Cost
- Improved Performance
More FET amplifier news from Zeltex—true economy with the industry's most outstanding performance! Featuring exceptionally high differential and common mode input impedance with low current, this new Zeltex amplifier utilizes silicon transistors throughout for utmost reliability. Where performance, cost and size are important, the Model 132 offers the industry's best from the industry's leader!
Check these key specifications:
- Input Current: 100 picoamp
- Voltage Gain: 100,000
- Voltage Drift: 20 µvolt/°C
- Input Impedance: 10,000 meg
- Slew Rate: 10 v/µsec
Model 132 Differential Operational Amplifier with Field Effect Transistors...
ZELTEX, INC.
1000 Chalmar Road, Concord, California
Phone: (415) 686-6660
The broadest spectrum of Amplifiers and Computer Elements
Also available in a 0.4 in. high enclosure, this remarkable new Zeltex FET Amplifier is available virtually from stock. For complete information, write or phone today.
Circle 224 on reader service card
YOU CAN REDRAW THIS DETAIL IN 2 HOURS OR...
do it with Stanpat in 60 seconds and spend 1 hour 59 minutes creatively!
Engineers and draftsmen should use their time creatively. Let STANPAT prepare any symbol, diagram, spec, detail, title block, or any other drawing that appears in your tracings or reports. Simply apply the STANPAT in seconds directly to your drawing. It will be accurate... permanent... perfectly reproducible... and you will gain more creative time!
Drawing-board time should be used for creative problem-solving... not for re-peeling and re-repeated rendering of often-used elements. STANPAT changes draftsmen from drawing-machines to creative assets. It's like adding another draftsman to your staff! You save checking time, too.
But it has to be STANPAT if you want STANPAT advantages—direct printing on finest tri-acetate; crisp, clean reproduction even with microfilm, matte surface that thrives on erasures; no ghosting problems.
Send for literature and samples today.
faithfully serving the engineer for over two decades
STANPAT PRODUCTS INC.
Covert and Main St., Dept. J2
Port Washington, N.Y. 11050
Telephone: 516 883-8400
Circle 186 on reader service card
DELAYS FROM 10 TO 10,000 µS
deltime MAGNETOSTRICTIVE DELAY LINES
Deltime, with over a decade of experience in precision magnetostrictive delay line technology, offers models to fill virtually every delay requirement. Complete input-output circuit modules for carrier and RZ or NRZ digital systems... torsional, longitudinal, tapped and adjustable models as well as high vibration and shock withstanding delay lines for airborne applications are included in the standard line.
If your application requires a signal delay or extremely economical delay line memory element, contact us, our application engineers are at your service...or write for our complete technical catalog.
SUB-SYSTEMS DIVISION
SEALECTRO CORPORATION
HOYT STREET • WAMARONECK • NEW YORK
PHONE: 718-586-1110 TWX: 710-586-1110
Sealectro Ltd. Portsmouth, Hants, England
Circle 225 on reader service card
New Books
Tube design
Power Travelling-Wave Tubes
J.F. Gittins
American Elsevier Publishing Co.
276 pp., $10
Not since J.R. Pierce's classic work "Traveling Wave Tubes," published in 1950, has a book dealt exclusively with these high-power devices. Nearly all aspects of traveling-wave tubes are discussed, including slow-wave circuits, electron beams and guns, collectors, windows, severs (intentional breaks in the circuit) and attenuators, construction techniques and measurements. However, klystron-twt hybrid tubes, which are certainly power traveling-wave tubes, are not discussed. This is a major omission.
The book addresses itself to the engineer designing traveling-wave tubes. Although there is much of interest to power-tube users as well, major topics related to application such as phase characteristics, amplitude-to-phase conversion and intermodulation are not covered.
The theoretical treatment begins with an analysis of an artificial model of the traveling-wave, based on interaction at successive klystron-like gaps. The a-c beam currents and circuit voltages at the successive gaps are calculated; with these calculations the author shows through vector diagrams the relationships between current and voltage in a variety of circumstances. This analysis, although not well suited for practical calculations, illustrates many fundamental concepts of traveling-wave interaction.
The rest of the theoretical material is based upon Pierce's small-signal theory. The notation essentially conforms to that of Pierce—a major convenience, since the majority of twt literature uses this notation.
Throughout the book the emphasis is on concept and principle, not on details. Neither sample design calculations nor analysis of any specific tube design is given. However, this approach is acceptable since such calculations often make tedious reading and rarely applies to a new design problem. With its numerous references, the book is a good guide to significant technical literature on traveling-wave tubes since the early 1950's.
The organization is quite logical and reading is easy. There is a fair amount of mathematics, but the demands on the reader are modest.
A problem the author faced was in deciding what knowledge to assume on the reader's part. He decided, he says in the preface, to assume the reader is familiar with other types of vacuum tubes, but had no knowledge of traveling-wave tubes. Yet, the concept of space-charge wavelength is introduced without a word of explanation, and it is highly unlikely that anyone who is familiar with this concept is not familiar with twt's.
The author says the magnetic field required to confine a hollow beam to a specific radius is the same as that required to confine a solid beam of the same current. This is true only if potential depression due to space charge is negligible. In high-perveance hollow beams, the required magnetic field increases as the beam is made thinner.
The author also says that there is no condition in a hollow beam which corresponds to Brillouin flow, that is, uniform axial velocity. Such a condition, which reduces to Brillouin flow as the inner beam radius is reduced to zero is described by Samuel in the Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers, November, 1949, p. 1252.
In discussing slow-wave structures, it is also implied that gains of about 40 decibels are the maximum attainable without multiple severs. However helix circuit tubes with stable gains of 60 db or more have been built with single severs.
In the discussion of window electron discharges, the author suggests than an r-f electric field applied normal to the window is necessary to draw electrons back to the window surface. D-c charging of window surfaces can also provide the restoring force, and vigorous multipactor discharges can take place on windows where the electric field is purely tangential to the window and does not vary along the waveguide, as is the case with a half-wave window. In the United States, at least, windows have been coated primarily to reduce secondary emission rather than to provide charge drainage.
In the section on tube techniques, no mention is made of the precautions required in handling metal stock to avoid problems due to defects in the metal known as "pipes." Also, the text implies that sprayed colloidal carbon is the usual way of making film attenuators on ceramic rods. Pyrolytic deposition of carbon films is commonly used today.
The discussion of demountable techniques displays a preference for O-ring seals. However bakeable metal gasket seals are far more satisfactory.
These criticisms are not major. The book is a worthwhile addition to the literature.
Philip M. Lally
Sperry Rand Corp.
Gainesville, Fla.
Recently published
Space Charge Conduction in Solids,
R.H. Tredgold, American Elsevier Publishing Co., 143 pp., $10
Basic Tables in Electrical Engineering,
G.A. Korn, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
370 pp., $3.95
Electron Optics, P. Grivet, Pergamon Press, Inc., 781 pp., $30
Video Tape Recording, Cris H. Schaefer,
Cedric L. Suzman & Associates, Hobbs, Dorman & Co., 104 pp., $12
Air Force Research Resumes 1964, Vol. 5,
Office of Aerospace Research, U.S.
Air Force, 558 pp.
Electromechanical Energy Conversion,
A.J. Ellison, Reinhold Publishing Corp.,
200 pp., $8
Introduction to Semiconductor Phenomena
and Devices, Lloyd P. Hunter, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 218 pp., $8.95
Space Communications Techniques, R.F.
Filipowsky, E.I. Muehldorf, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
333 pp., $11.95
International Series of Monographs in
Electromagnetic Waves, Vol. 1
Electromagnetic Diffraction and Propagation
Problems, V.A. Fock, Pergamon Press Inc.,
414 pp., $25
Non-Linear Transformations of Stochastic
Processes, edited by P.I. Kuznetsov, R.L.
Stratonovich, V.I. Tikhonov, Pergamon Press
Inc., 484 pp., $20
Technical Abstracts
Physics of failure
Minuteman 2, physics of failure program
Capt. J.F. Wiesner
Air Force Ballistic Systems Division
Failure mechanisms associated with thermocompression bonds in integrated circuits
G.V. Browning, L.E. Colteryah and D.G. Cummings
Failure mechanisms associated with thermally induced mechanical stress in Minuteman devices
C.G. Jennings
Properties of plastic materials and how they relate to device failure mechanisms
S.M. Lee, J.J. Licari and A. Valles
Investigation of surface failure mechanisms in semiconductor devices by envelope ambient studies
G.V. Brandewie, P.H. Eisenberg and R.A. Meyer
Imperfections and impurities in silicon associated with device surface failure mechanisms
J.E. Forrester, R.E. Harris, J.E. Meinhard and R.D. Nolder
Failure mechanisms associated with die-to-header bonds of planar transistors
J.D. Guttenplan and F.H. Stuckenberg
Design and process contribution to inherent failure mechanisms of microminiature electronic components for Minuteman 2
A.J. Borofsky and D.C. Fleming
All authors, with the exception of Wiesner, are with the Autonetics division of North American Aviation, Inc., Anaheim, Calif.
The Air Force's Minuteman missile programs have been prime movers in the improvement of design and reliability of electronic components. Many of the improvements in discrete components resulting from the original Minuteman program have already been applied to components used in other types of equipment.
Now, the Air Force is sponsoring a more advanced program—called the Component Quality Assurance Program—to upgrade the integrated circuits and other devices for the new Minuteman 2 system. In this program, a physics of failure approach to reliability improvement is being added to the life testing, process controls and failure analysis techniques employed in the previous program. The objective of the physics of failure approach is to uncover and define the physical mechanisms which cause component degradation or failure so that corrective action can be taken in component design and processing.
The series of papers listed above are a preliminary report on the program, explaining its organization, goals, procedures and results to date. Among the highlights of the reports:
- Discovery of a new failure mode in semiconductor lead bonds, the interdiffusion of gold and aluminum. This subject was also reported at the Western Electronics Show and Convention [Electronics, Aug 23, 1965, p. 46].
- Development of techniques to measure and identify stresses caused in semiconductor devices by manufacturing and test procedures. Although thermally induced stress may not cause device failure, that stress coupled with other stresses will cause device failure.
- Analysis of the plastics used to encapsulate components. For example, ammonia was found in a phenolic encapsulant for diodes; the ammonia made the diode's reverse current erratic. In another case, resistor values rose above specification limits because of moisture passing through the plastic, setting up an electrolytic cell that corroded the resistor wire.
- Methods of analyzing gases within the sealed cases of semiconductor devices. Chemicals that corroded aluminum interconnections, such as chlorine, were found in the supposedly inert atmosphere.
Scores of proven or suspected failure causes are identified in the papers, along with many corrective processes. Equally important, since many solutions have not yet been found, are the ways in which the failure detectives are employing electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy and other highly precise investigative methods to seek failure mechanisms and contaminants.
Presented at the Fourth Annual Symposium on the Physics of Failures in Electronics, Rome Air Development Center and IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Nov. 16-18.
Guiding star
Sensor problems in space and interplanetary navigation
Hans D. Heyck
Aircraft Armaments Inc.
Cockeysville, Md.
Space missions near earth are controlled by networks of ground radar and radio command stations. But
Just Out!
Compact Ladder Filter from Clevite
Good Selectivity at a Practical Price
Take a close look at the newest member of Clevite's family of i-f filters. This 9-disc ceramic miniature is a rugged, lightweight device (MIL 202B) that offers excellent selectivity and stability in less than .07 cu. in. It's perfect for transistorized i-f amplifier circuitry plus many other applications requiring a fixed-tuned filter element. Stop band rejection is 50 db, center frequency tolerance is ± 3 kc. Stability: within + 0.2% for 5 years; within 0.2% from -40°C to +85°C. Impedance (in and out) @ 27°C: 10 kc B/W 2000 ohms, 16 kc B/W and above 1000 ohms.
Following models standard (custom models on special order):
| Model Number | min. @ 6db | max. @ 60db |
|--------------|------------|-------------|
| TL10D9-20A | 10 kc | 20 kc |
| TL16D9-32A | 16 kc | 32 kc |
| TL20D9-38A | 20 kc | 38 kc |
| TL30D9-57A | 30 kc | 57 kc |
| TL40D9-72A | 40 kc | 72 kc |
*PRICES: 1 to 24—$25 ea; 25 to 99—$20 ea; 100 to 499—$17.50 ea; 500 to 1999—$15 ea; 2000 to 4999—$12.50 ea.
Send order or request for Bulletin 94021 to: Clevite Corporation, Piezoelectric Div., 232 Forbes Rd., Bedford, Ohio 44014.
*Prices subject to change without notice.
What happens when you insulate with HYGRADE SLEEVING?
No cracking, no corrosion, no wicking, no dielectric breakdown... nothing! It just sits there... preventing trouble the way it's supposed to. In fact, you can forget it! Isn't that what you want in insulating sleeving? Just tell us where you plan to use it, under what conditions. We'll recommend the right material. You can take our word for it... because we've been insulation specialists for 44 years.
HYGRADE INSULATING SLEEVINGS
Markel HYGRADE Sleevings are constructed of carefully braided fiberglass yarn, impregnated and coated with specially formulated varnishes, vinyls, resins, or silicone rubber compounds. A wide range of types, grades and sizes meet virtually every conceivable requirement for dielectric and mechanical strength under all kinds of operating conditions... at continuous temperatures from -70°F to 1200°F. We'll be glad to send you specifications and Sample File on the entire HYGRADE Sleevings line. Just write. No charge or obligation.
L. FRANK MARKEL & SONS
Norristown, Pa.
INSULATING TUBINGS & SLEEVINGS • HIGH TEMPERATURE WIRE & CABLE
215-272-8960
Circle 226 on reader service card
Technical Abstracts
Deep-space probes do their own navigating, and like the ancient mariners, must look to the stars to guide them.
Successful space travel requires extremely precise information on a vehicle's trajectory. Six degrees of freedom must be known and controlled:
- Angular acceleration, velocity and position (or altitude) must be found in three axes: pitch, roll and yaw.
- Linear acceleration, velocity, and position also must be known in three axes: fore and aft, up and down, and left and right.
The Mariner spacecrafts, in the Venus and Mars fly-by missions, used the sun and one of the brightest stars, Canopus, as direction references. The difficulties Mariner 4 had in finding Canopus, and staying locked on, indicated the need for improved sensors.
Typical accuracies of sensors today are: direction 0.001° to 0.01°; attitude 0.1° to 0.5°; acceleration 0.001 G to 0.01 G; velocity 10 feet per second to 100 feet per second; position 1.0 to 10 miles.
The shortcomings of today's sensors and proposed equipment which may help are described.
Twelfth Annual East Coast Conference on Aerospace and Navigation Electronics, Baltimore, Md., Oct. 27-29.
Voltage-tapered twt's
Efficiency improvement of traveling wave tubes by step velocity and voltage tapering
O. Sauseng and W. Hant
Microwave Tube Division
Hughes Aircraft Co., Los Angeles, Calif.
The efficiency of traveling-wave tubes can be improved 50% by using velocity or voltage tapering. These corrective measures maintain synchronism between the slow space-charge-wave velocity of the beam and the phase velocity of the radio frequency wave in the tube. Velocity tapering has been used previously, but voltage tapering is a new technique. Efficiencies ranging from 37% to 56% have been measured on a tube that under standard conditions has a corresponding efficiency of only 26% to 40%. A one-dimensional, large-signal model of the twt was used for a computer analysis of the velocity and voltage schemes.
In a conventional twt, the kinetic energy of the electron beam is converted to radio-frequency power by the interaction between the electrons and the r-f field that occurs in resonant cavities located along the tube. Under large-signal conditions, the loss in kinetic energy slows down the beam velocity. This results in a loss of synchronism, which causes the tube to saturate. To maintain synchronism, either the beam must be reaccelerated or the phase velocity of the r-f wave must be decreased.
In velocity tapering, the phase velocity of the r-f wave is reduced at the output end of the tube by decreasing the period of the coupled cavity circuit. Two abrupt changes in the period reduced the phase velocity to nearly 50% of its original value. The efficiency was 37%, as compared with an efficiency of 26% for the untapered tube.
In voltage tapering, the electron beam is reaccelerated at the output section of the tube by providing an abrupt change in voltage level. A 50% increase in the voltage produced a velocity change that was 20% of the original beam velocity.
In depressed collector operation, in which the collector voltage is reduced below the beam acceleration voltage to produce enhanced beam bunching, the efficiency with the velocity taper was 50%; with the voltage taper, 56%. This compares with 40% efficiency obtained with an untapered circuit.
The computer predicted and experiments verified that efficiency was improved when the circuit voltage was lowered considerably below the voltage for maximum small-signal gain. This had been unexpected, because the efficiency of conventional twt's reaches an optimum when the circuit voltage is increased above the voltage for maximum small-signal gain. In small-signal theory, this unusual result corresponds to a very strong coupling of the circuit wave to the fast space-charge wave of the beam, rather than the slow space-charge wave.
Presented at the International Electron Devices Meeting, Washington, Oct. 20-22.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Electronics
QUALIFICATION FORM FOR POSITIONS AVAILABLE
ATTENTION: ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS, PHYSICISTS
This Qualification Form is designed to help you advance in the electronics industry. It is unique and compact. Designed with the assistance of professional personnel management, it isolates specific experience in electronics and deals only in essential background information. The advertisers listed here are seeking professional experience. Fill in the Qualification Form below.
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL: Your Qualification form will be handled as "Strictly Confidential" by Electronics. Our processing system is such that your form will be forwarded within 24 hours to the proper executives in the companies you select. You will be contacted at your home by the interested companies.
WHAT TO DO. (1.) Review the positions in the advertisements. (2.) Select those for which you qualify. (3.) Notice the key numbers. (4.) Circle the key numbers directly on the form below the Qualification Form. (5.) Fill out the form completely. Please print clearly. (6.) Mail to: Classified Advtg. Div., Electronics, Box 12, N. Y. 10036.
| COMPANY | PAGE # | KEY # |
|---------|--------|-------|
| ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LTD. | 192 | 1 |
| Ontario, Canada |
| ATOMIC PERSONNEL INC. | 192 | 2 |
| Phila., Pa. |
| BAUSCH & LOMB | 191 | 3 |
| Rochester, N. Y. |
| BOOZ-ALLEN APPLIED RESEARCH INC. | 184* | 4 |
| Chicago, Illinois |
| COMPANY | PAGE # | KEY # |
|---------|--------|-------|
| EL DORADO ELECTRONICS | 192 | 5 |
| Concord, Calif. |
| ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS INC. | 192 | 6 |
| St. Petersburg, Fla. |
| GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS LAB | 183* | 7 |
| Buffalo, New York |
| LOCKHEED-CALIFORNIA CO. | 161* | B |
| Burbank, Calif. |
| SPACE GENERAL CORP. | 191 | 9 |
| El Monte, Calif. |
| TRW SYSTEMS | 130 | 10 |
| Redondo Beach, Calif. |
* These advertisements appeared in the January 24th issue.
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name ...............................................
Home Address .......................................
City .............................................. Zone State
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EDUCATION
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FIELDS OF EXPERIENCE (Please Check) 1/24/66
- Aerospace
- Antennas
- ASW
- Circuits
- Communications
- Medicine
- Microwave
- Navigation
- Operation Research
- Optics
RESEARCH (pure, fundamental, basic)
- Research (Applied)
- Sensors (New Concepts)
- Development (Basic)
- Design (Products)
- Manufacturing (Tools)
- Field (Service)
- Sales (Proposals & Products)
CIRCLE KEY NUMBERS OF ABOVE COMPANIES' POSITIONS THAT INTEREST YOU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bausch & Lomb has openings for ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS
B.S. or M.S. with one to five years experience in the design of analog and digital circuits and systems. Good theoretical background in math, physics and network analyses desirable. Experience in control systems and low signal level circuit techniques helpful. Projects involve development of sophisticated instruments in biomedical, chemical, optical and electronic fields at the applied research stage.
Please send resume in confidence, including salary requirements to: E. J. Walter, Employment Specialist, Bausch & Lomb, 620 St. Paul St., Rochester, N.Y. 14602.
BAUSCH & LOMB
An Equal Opportunity Employer
2 REASONS WHY THERE'S MORE ENGINEERING OPPORTUNITY AT ECI
Where there's engineering excitement there's engineering opportunity. Two key indicators — prime contracts in progress and R&D work in progress — prove that exciting things are happening at Electronic Communications, Inc. ECI has generated these remarkable activity increases by building a solid, successful reputation in airborne systems, multiplexing, space instrumentation and other areas of military and aerospace communication. You can get aboard this upward trend immediately if you are qualified in:
**RF ENGINEERING** — aggressive new programs are now under way in the design and development of microminiature transmitters and receivers. Positions require at least a BS degree, with a minimum of three years experience, and sound knowledge of transmitter and/or receiver design theory.
**SPACE INSTRUMENTATION PROJECT ENGINEERING** — you'll need in-depth technical ability, plus six years experience in data handling, control or analog instrumentation.
**THIN-FILM CIRCUIT DESIGN** — involving theory and application of thermodynamics, mechanics of materials and electronic component design in the development of microelectronic circuitry. BS or MS in EE or physics required.
**SYSTEMS INTEGRATION** — you must be thoroughly grounded in aircraft electrical systems and be familiar with interface problems involved in installation of airborne communications equipment. Prior systems integration or field installation experience is most desirable.
If you are qualified, send your resume, in confidence, to Duane Meyer, ECI, Box 12248E, St. Petersburg, Fla., or call him collect at (813) 347-1121. (An equal opportunity employer.)
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS, INC.
ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA
---
**ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS**
in the field of
RADIO FREQUENCY POWER
Graduate Engineers with Masters Degree or one to five years experience in the design of high power radio frequency power supplies are required for work at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories.
Duties entail the design of radio frequency power chains, ranging from 400 kW at 40.68 Mc/s to 2.5 MW at frequencies up to 50 Mc/s. These power chains will be used for experimental studies associated with cavity resonators to accelerate a proton beam.
Salary will be commensurate with qualifications and experience.
For further information please reply in writing giving full particulars to:
FILE 1 A
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED
Chalk River, Ontario
---
**SENIOR ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS**
Design and project responsibility for high performance digital commercial instruments. Strong background in design analysis of logic circuits, switching theory, analog circuits desired. BSEE or Physics. Salary open. Contact D. Condon.
ELDORADO ELECTRONICS
601 Chalamar Road
Concord, Calif. 94520
(415) 686-4200
An Equal Opportunity Employer
---
**E.E.'S WRITE US FIRST for FEE-PAID positions**
Use our confidential application for professional, individualized service. A complete national technical employment agency. We are "Engineered Engineers." Working Full Time — For You.
ATOMIC PERSONNEL, INC.
Suite L, 1518 Walnut St., Phila., Pa.
ADDRESS BOX NO. REPLIES TO: Box No. Classified Ad., Div. of this publication.
Send to office nearest you:
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10036 • P. O. Box 12
CHICAGO, Ill. 60611 • 614 N. Michigan Ave.
SAN FRANCISCO, Cal. 94111 • 252 California St.
POSITIONS VACANT
Electronics Technology Teacher: Formal training and current industrial experience in electronics. Send application to Dr. Charles W. Webster, President Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico.
Design Engineer—BSME or BSEE degree or equivalent experience in electro-mechanical design of relay, circuit breakers or switches. Excellent opportunity for growth and reward in forward-moving Southern New Hampshire manufacturing organization. P-8364, Electronics.
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
GIBBS & HILL, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
Systems Engineering
Operations Research • Development
Planning • Design • Procurement
Power • Transportation • Communications
Water Supply • Waste Treatment
393 Seventh Avenue
New York 1, N. Y.
SEARCHLIGHT SECTION
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING • BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
• USED OR SURPLUS EQUIPMENT
Transistorized Packaged Circuits
- T-101B Flip Flop ... 8.15
- T-102A Flip Flop ... 7.75
- T-103A Flip Flop ... 6.75
- T-104 Multivibrator ... 7.25
- T-105 One-Shot ... 6.65
- T-106 Square Wave Amplifier ... 5.80
- T-106 Squaring Amplifier ... 6.80
- T-107 Amplifier ... 9.40
- T-109 Reset Generator ... 5.00
- T-109* Reset Generator ... 5.00
- T-110 Emitter Follower, Dual ... 9.50
- T-110 Emitter Follower, Triple ... 4.40
- T-110 Emitter Follower, Quad ... 5.35
- T-116 Emitter Follower, Triple ... 5.05
- T-128 Relay Drive ... 6.40
- T-129 Reset Generator ... 9.05
- T-130 Driver ... 7.75
- T-139 Driver 0-30V ... 14.30
- T-140 Driver ... 10.00
- T-171 Driver ... 10.30
- T-181 Pulse Logic ... 15.15
- T-201 Driver ... 10.00
- T-614 Flip Flop ... 11.90
- T-640 Driver ... 11.05
*Improved.
Prices subject to change without notice. Usual terms to rated Accounts. All others 25% Cash with order—Balance C.O.D., P.O.B. Bay Area. All items subject to prior sale. Minimum order $10.00
EMMONS ELECTRONIC SUPPLY CO.
405-10th St.,
Oakland 7, California
Twinoaks 3-7411
See Our Ad Page 913
1965 ELECTRONICS BUYERS’ GUIDE
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VACUUM PENCIL
Now $7.50
for picking up miniatures
Selected Dimensions available
PHILIP FISHMAN COMPANY
7 CAMERON ST., WELLESLEY, MASSACHUSETTS
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GET INSTANT MONEY!!
We want your surplus, obsolete, or excess equipment. We buy components & parts! Need ground-to-air communications equipment? We have GRC, PHC, ARC, ABC—all test equipment. We have all types of surplus radar! We make deals—now! And we pay cash—no paper work—have no tomorrow delays!
COLUMBIA ELECTRONICS—Dept E
4363 W. 6th Blvd., Los Angeles, Cal. 90019
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EQUIPMENT FOR SALE?
Advertise in Electronics Searchlight Section for fast results!
GENERAL RADIO Standard Frequency Multiplier
Model 1112A ........................................... 495.00
Model 1112B ........................................... 495.00
GENERAL RADIO Power Amplifier
Model 1233-A ........................................... 225.00
GENERAL RADIO Pulse Amplifier
Model 12-19-A ........................................... 110.00
HEWLETT PACKARD Pulse Generator
Model 212-A ........................................... 175.00
HEWLETT PACKARD Oscilloscope
Model 1500-A w/Dual Trace Plug-in Model 152-A ........................................... 650.00
STODDART CO.
Radio Freq. & Field Intensity Meter Model NM-20-B with AC Supply Model 90780-2 ............ 750.00
ADAGE VOLIDCON DC Volts
Model V-16-AD ........................................... 250.00
CALIBRATION STANDARDS
Wheatstone Bridge Model WB-100A ............... 175.00
GERTSCH CO Tuned Null Indicator
Model TH-1 ........................................... 250.00
BAUSCH & LOMB
10 Inch Optical Comparator Model 33-12-11 with Stage, Model 38-12-25-01 ......................... 750.00
POLARAD Signal Generator
2000 to 4600 MC Model MSG-2A ................. 650.00
POLARAD Microwave Receiver
9500 to 15,600 MC Model R Plug-in Model RKS 950.00
WILTRON CO Phase Indicator
Model 305 with Direct Reading Microwave Phase Meter Model 300 ................................. 1250.00
See previous issues for more equipment.
Send for Flyer.
All material in excellent condition. All prices F.O.B. San Francisco. Call subject to prior sale Send for Listing and Flyers.
Marty’s Mart
1236 Market St., San Francisco 3, California
Phone: Underhill 3-1215
CIRCLE 952 ON READER SERVICE CARD
ELECTRON TUBES
KLYSTRON, ATR & TR * MAGNETRONS
SUBMINIATURES * C.R.T.’s * T.W.’s * 5000-10000 SERIES
* BEND NO. 10000 CATALOG AS *
A & A ELECTRONICS CORP.
1063 PERRY ANNEX
WHITE PLAINS, CALIF.
696-7544
CIRCLE 953 ON READER SERVICE CARD
DIGITAL RECORDERS
H.P. 501B, new used, $550 each Electro Instruments 5000, good condition, $400. Detector, Mod. 472, never used, $600. Misc. tee, plug-ins and 6-1200 group. Min. price, resis. 0.1%.
W. D. CONTRACTING ENGINEERS
5437 West Division, Chicago, Illinois 60651
Phone: (312) 378-7461
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SMALL AD but BIG STOCK
of choice test equipment
and surplus electronics
Higher Quality—Lower Costs
Get our advice on your problem
ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES
434 Patterson Road, Dayton 19, Ohio
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TEST EQUIPMENT
For over 20 years specializing in top brands only. Write for our latest listing. We buy complete Inventories.
ELECTRONIC SALES
1413 Howard Street, Chicago, Illinois 60626
Telephone Rodgers Park 4-0600
CIRCLE 956 ON READER SERVICE CARD
AUTOTRACK ANTENNA MOUNT
360 degree azimuth, 210 degree elevation sweep with better than 1 mil/sec. accuracy (1 mil/sec.) acceleration and slewing rates. Amplifier and servo control. Will handle up to 20 ft. dish. Supplied with 100 watt transmitter. Complete with immediate delivery. Used world over by NASA, USAF, TTP; also military. Also available with 100 watt mounts also in stock plus several airborne trackers.
SCR 584 AUTOMATIC TRACKING RADARS
Our 584s in like new condition, ready to go, and in stock for immediate delivery. Ideal for telemetry tracking, development, missile tracking, satellite tracking, balloon tracking. Used on Atlantic Missile Range, Pacific Missile Range, Kwajalein Atoll, Midway Island, A.B.M. to Write us. Fully Desc. MIT Rad. Dept. 10-100, Rm. 11, Box 207-210, 228, 284-286. Comp. Inst. Rk. avail. $25.00 each.
AN/GPG-1
SWEEP/TURN TRACKER
80 cm automatic tracking radar system. Complete package with indicator scope. Full target acquisition and multiple tracking. Input 115 volts 60 cycles. New. In stock. Immediate delivery. Entire System 6' long, 3' wide, 10' high. Ideal for Air, Missile Tracker, Drone Tracker, Missile, Tracker, R. & D.
PULSE MODULATORS
MIT MODEL 9 PULSER
1 MEGAWATT—HARD TUBE
Output 10 kV at 40 amp. Duty cycle .002. Pulse lengths 15 to 2 minutes. 100 to 1000 to 5 microseconds. Use 621. Input 60 cycles 120 VAC. Mfr. 621. Complete with driver and high voltage power supply. Mfr. MIT Rad. Dept. See desc. Vol. 5, pp. 182-186.
2 MEGAWATT PULSER
Output 20 kV at 70 amps. Duty cycle .001. Rep. rates: 1 microsec. to 100 msec. 100 to 1000 to 5 microseconds. Use 621. Input 60 cycles 120 VAC. Mfr. 621. Complete with high voltage power supply. Mfr. MIT Rad. Dept. See desc. Vol. 5, pp. 182-186.
MIT MODEL 3 PULSER
Output 14 kV, 120 amps. Duty ratio .001. Max. Pulse duration: 5.1 and 2 microseconds. Input: 100 to 1000 to 5 microseconds. Use 621. Mfr. $325 ea. Full desc. Vol. 5, MIT Rad. Lab. series. Pd. 10-100.
250KW HARD TUBE PULSER
Output 18 kV, 120 amps. Duty ratio .002. Pulse can be gated. Use 5321. Input 60 cycles. Input 115 + 60 cycle ac. incl. H.V. power supply $1200 ea.
5949 THRATRON AGING RACK
Compl. Chatham Electronics Conicle Incld. 15 kv power supply & PTNS. $1800.
MICROWAVE SYSTEMS
E-4 FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM
Hughes Aircraft X Band. Complete. In stock.
C-BAND RADAR
10 kW output, C-band, PPI indicator, 5C22 transistor modulator. Antenna bi gain parabolic section. 100 to 1000 to 5000. AC complete $750.00.
300 TO 2400MC RF KIT,
300 to 2400 MC CW Tunable Transmitter 10 to 30 Watts Output. As new $475.
500KW “L” BAND RADAR
Output 1220-1350 mc. 1000 nautical mile search range P.P.I. and A. Scopes. MTL. thyratron mod. 5J26 complete $10,000.
PHILCO MICROWAVE LINKS
C Band Microwave Link terminal bay and repeater bays in stock. New $1500 each or $2500 per pair.
1000-800MC. CW SOURCE
100 watts CW nominal output 115 V 60 Cy AC input. $1600.
100KW 3CM. RADAR
Complete 100 kw out airborne system with AMTI thyratron mod. 5J25 magnetron, PPL 360 deg az sweep, 60 deg elec. sweep, gyro stabilizer, hi-gain receiver, complete on all power lead cables.
M-33 AUTO-TRACK RADAR SYSTEM
X band with plotting board, automatic range tracking, etc. Complete with 1 megawatt seq. radar.
PLAN POSITION INDICATOR CONSOLE
Complete PPI console operating from 115 volt 60 cycle AC. MIT range to 250 miles. Digital height readout. Complete A/N/PX-25.
3KW RCA PHONE & TELEG XMTR
2-30 MC. 10 Autotune channels plus MO. Input 220 vac. 50/60 cycles.
Radio-Research Instrument Co.
550 5th Ave. New York 38, N.Y.
Tel. Judson 6-4691
CIRCLE 951 ON READER SERVICE CARD
Great editorial is something he takes to a meeting
(What a climate for selling!)
Electronics
A McGraw-Hill Market-Directed Publication
330 West 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036
New Literature
Operational amplifiers. Analog Devices, Inc., 221 Fifth St., Cambridge, Mass., 02142. A 17-page application note discusses advantages and disadvantages of the three operational amplifier configurations — inverting, non-inverting and differential.
Circle 420 on reader service card.
Digital voltmeter. International Electronic Research Corp., 135 W. Magnolia Blvd., Burbank, Calif., 91502. Capabilities of a new digital voltmeter—with accuracy of one part in 20,000—are described by technical bulletin PG-2025. [421]
Varistor kit. Victory Engineering Corp., 122-48 Springfield Ave., Springfield, N.J., 07081. Bulletin SE102 Rev. describes the KV1002 educational varistor kit, which contains four silicon carbide varistors complete with electrical and physical descriptions plus detailed experiments with these passive circuit elements. [422]
Vswr detector. Telonic Engineering Co., 480 Mermaid St., Laguna Beach, Calif., has prepared an eight-page application bulletin containing vswr measurement techniques for broadband swept radio frequencies. [423]
Interferometric surface testers. Carl Zeiss, Inc., 444 Fifth Ave., New York, N.Y., 10018, offers a catalog explaining the use of interferometric surface testers and illustrating practical examples of application with 15 micrographs of interference images. [424]
Glass-to-metal seals. Airpax Electronics Inc., Cambridge, Md., 21613. A 90-page glass-to-metal seals indexed catalog describes a complete line of standard compression and matched seals. Request a copy on your letterhead.
Vaneaxial blowers. Globe Industries, Inc., 2275 Stanley Ave., Dayton, Ohio, 45404. Type VAX-1.5-DC vaneaxial blowers with outputs to 15 cfm at 1.3 in. H.O. 27 or 50 v d-c are described in bulletin C-5120. [425]
Fiber optics. Chicago Aerial Industries, Inc., 550 West Northwest Highway, Barrington, Ill., 60010. An illustrated two-color brochure gives a comprehensive list of fiber optics applications, and graphically explains the basic principle of fiber optics. [426]
Digital voltmeter. Trymetrics Corp., 204 Babylon Turnpike, Roosevelt, N.Y., 11575, has published a four-page, two-color folder on its series 4000 solid-state digital voltmeter. [427]
Aerospace indicators. The Bendix Corp., Montrose Division, South Montrose, Pa. Synchro, servoed and tachometer aircraft indicators are covered in catalog No. 15. [428]
Power twt amplifiers. Alto Scientific Co., Inc., 4083 Transport St., Palo Alto, Calif., has released a data sheet describing the 20-watt twt amplifiers that operate from 1.0 Gc to 12.4 Gc. [429]
Component testing. Teradyne, Inc., 87 Summer St., Boston, Mass., 02110, has available a 32-page, illustrated booklet entitled "Automatic Test Instruments For Electronic Components." [430]
Aircraft batteries. Sonotone Corp., Elmsford, N.Y., 10523. A four-page brochure lists the firm's nickel-cadmium batteries used in aircraft as original equipment or retrofitted to aircraft. Replacement batteries are also listed. [431]
Octave filter nomograph. TT Electronics, Inc., Box 180, Culver City, Calif., 90231. A nomograph for octave filter arrays gives center frequencies for 2 to 20 channels spaced with equal frequency ratios within the octave. A method for determining frequencies in the octave below the reference frequency is included. [432]
Communications amplifiers. Sierra Electronic Operation of C&E division, Philco Corp., 3885 Bohannon Drive, Menlo Park, Calif., 94025, has available brochure PM-109 describing a line of amplifiers designed for wideband data transmission and scatter communications. [433]
Infrared ovens. Infra-Red Systems, Inc., Route 23, Riverdale, N.J., has released a bulletin on a line of infrared ovens that give fast heat and close control in the curing of protective coatings for p-c boards. [434]
Continuous-wave generator. James Electronics, Inc., 4050 N. Rockwell St., Chicago, Ill., 60618, announces data sheet F-3851 on a new continuous-wave generator for ultrasonic testing systems. [435]
Varactor diodes. Amperex Electronic Corp., Hicksville, N.Y., 11802, has published an application report outlining a course in varactor diode theory and applications for communications design engineers. Copies may be obtained by writing on company letterhead.
Instrument rectifiers. Edal Industries, Inc., 4 Short Beach Road, East Haven, Conn., 06512. Bulletin 102 describes a full line of copper oxide instrument rectifiers. [436]
Mylar dielectric capacitors. The Gudeman Co., 340 W. Huron St., Chicago, Ill., 60610. Engineering bulletin 383 covers a series of miniature mylar dielectric capacitors in hermetically sealed (glass-to-metal) tubular metallic cases. [437]
When a capacitor failure means the failure of an entire system, you can't afford to take chances!
Mr. 6. Elektrizität. Leidener Flasche.
The Bettmann Archive
Why the first thing you learned about capacitors is still the most important thing you can know about them.
You remember the Leyden jar, the classic capacitor. Made of glass.
The Leyden jar is two centuries old. So is man's recognition of glass as the ideal dielectric.
You can boil glass, freeze glass, bury glass, drown glass, irradiate glass—and its dielectric properties won't change measurably.
You know how a glass capacitor will behave. Classically. According to the book.
In 1965, CORNING® glass capacitors give you this classically predictable performance, backed up by stability and reliability data that is unequalled.
Why settle for less than the predictable performance that's yours with CORNING glass capacitors. Millions have performed without failure on Titan, Surveyor, Syncom, Apollo, Mariner, Gemini, and Minuteman.
Specify CORNING glass capacitors and tuned circuits stay tuned, RC time constants stay constant, coupled circuits stay coupled, decoupled circuits stay decoupled, phase shifters stay fixed. There's none better for high-frequency applications.
Send to Corning Glass Works, 3913 Electronics Dr., Raleigh, N.C., for complete technical data on CORNING glass capacitors, or ask your Corning distributor.
Soviet Union
Scuttling Secam?
Are the Russians losing their enthusiasm for Secam? Their proposed improvement for the French sequence-and-memory approach to color television stirred that speculation last month. The Soviet version, called NIR, is closer to PAL (phase-alternation line)—the rival system developed in West Germany—than to Secam.
France has rejected NIR. But the suggestion from Moscow prompted international observers to wonder whether Secam’s principal ally outside France might be considering defecting. Without Soviet support, Secam probably would lose even its underdog chance of adoption as Europe’s color-tv standard. The Russians have not said whether they will continue to support Secam or insist on NIR.
Secam’s rivals are PAL and the United States system, called NTSC for National Television Standards Committee.
Strange ally. Coming from an ally, the Soviet proposals are strange indeed. They would:
- Scuttle Secam’s biggest difference with its rivals: its form of modulation. Secam frequency-modulates the subcarrier with color information, but NIR transmits its color information as amplitude-and phase-modulated signals—the same quadrature modulation used by PAL and NTSC.
- Appear to offer no improvement over PAL. NIR would have the same control over differential phase distortion as is inherent in PAL, but apparently the Russian approach requires somewhat more complicated circuitry at both the transmitting and receiving ends. Furthermore, an expensive delay line is mandatory in NIR receivers but optional in PAL [Electronics, Jan. 10, p. 239].
- Offer no evidence that the system really works. The Russians have shown only diagrams; they have not said whether they have been able to design the coding and decoding circuits needed for NIR. Nor does NIR seem to have been field-tested, a time-consuming procedure that might well prevent fulfillment of Moscow’s pledge to introduce color tv in 1967, in time for the 50th anniversary of the Russian Revolution.
PALward shift. Why have the Russians proposed this shift toward PAL and NTSC? Their changes would eliminate two potential faults in Secam, both caused by frequency-modulating the subcarrier with color information. The faults, which may have shown up in field tests, are:
- A loss of color from the picture in weak signal areas, resulting in white streaks called silverfish.
- Lack of compatibility with black-and-white receivers, causing an objectionable dot pattern on monochromatic screens.
Comparison. In NTSC and PAL, red and blue color information quadrature-modulates the color subcarrier so that the final color signal, added to the black-and-white luminance information, is in the form $C \sin (\omega t + \theta)$, where the amplitude $C$ contains the color-saturation information and the phase $\theta$ contains hue information, and $\omega$ is the frequency of the color subcarrier. (Pink and red are the same hue, but red has a higher saturation.)
This signal is recovered in the receiver by impressing it with a locally generated subcarrier, which must be kept in perfect phase synchronization with the color signal to recover the correct hue. In NTSC and PAL, a reference subcarrier burst is transmitted between the lines of picture information to synchronize the local oscillator.
However, because of nonlinearities in recording, transmission and receiving equipment, instantaneous differences in phase between the color signal and the local subcarrier cause differential phase distortion.
PAL eliminates this distortion by
reversing the phase of the signal every line, so that phase errors cancel out every two lines. NIR prevents the introduction of phase errors during demodulation by making up its signal in such a way that there is no need for a demodulator or local oscillator in the receiver. NIR, like PAL, does this by alternating the form of the color information from line to line. On one line, the color signal transmitted is in the form $\sqrt{C} \sin (\omega t + \theta)$—the same as in NTSC and PAL except that the amplitude is the square root of the saturation. On the next line, the NIR signal leaves off the phase information and takes the form $\sqrt{C} \sin \omega t$.
**The receiver.** In the receiver, a multiplier combines the signal being transmitted with the signal transmitted during the last line—stored in a delay. The result of the multiplication is $\frac{1}{2} C \cos \theta$ plus a high-frequency component, which is filtered out. This corresponds—with some gain correction—to the blue information component $B - Y$, which can be used directly by the color picture tube.
Another multiplier, in conjunction with a 90° phase shift, results in $\frac{1}{2} C \sin \theta$, which is equal to the red information, $R - Y$. To maintain the correct polarity for the $R - Y$ component, the 90° phase shift must be positive when shifting $\sqrt{C} \sin \omega t$ and negative when shifting $\sqrt{C} \sin (\omega t + \theta)$. So NIR, like PAL, requires a switch in the receiver, synchronized to the incoming signal.
A spokesman for the Radio Corp. of America says the Russians might have trouble building circuits to code the complicated signal at the transmitting end and to shift the phase of the signal in the receiver. He points out that the phase shifter must be wideband to accept the sidebands of the color signal. Phase-shifters in NTSC and PAL receivers, in contrast, are narrow-band because they shift only the single frequency of the subcarrier from the local oscillator.
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**Japan**
**Color on demand**
A frustrating experience for a color-television set retailer is to see a couple musing over his wares—with only a black-and-white picture on the screen. One impractical solution is for the retailer to invest $100,000 in color studio equipment. But now the Sony Corp. of Japan says it has come up with a practical solution: these retailers will soon be able to keep their sets aglow not only with pretty pictures, but with full-color spot announcements advertising wares in other parts of the store—all for about $2,600.
Sony recently demonstrated its Colormat, a color-tv recorder that stores as many as 40 full-color still pictures on a magnetic disk the size of a long-playing record. Pictures are recorded on three tracks as red, blue and green information signals by three heads in contact with the disk. The disk rotates at 30 revolutions per second so that the picture information needed for a complete frame—which takes 1/30 second to scan—is available in each revolution.
During playback, the red, blue and green signals are available simultaneously to produce a full-color picture on each frame. However, the three colors are recorded separately in sequence so that a simple black-and-white vidicon camera can be the source. To record pictures from color film slides, one at a time, red, blue and green filters are placed between the camera lens and the slide projector and that information is recorded in the appropriate track.
**Tentative prices.** Although Sony has not yet completed its production and marketing plans, it has carried development far enough to determine tentative prices for most of the various units making up the Colormat system. The basic record-playback unit, with one disk and a separate f-m modulator needed for recording, will cost about $1,500. A color injector, one of which is needed for each color set in the system, will sell for about $100. Additional recording disks will cost about $40 each.
A slide projector and monochrome camera will sell for about $300. A shading amplifier, required with both cameras to correct their brightness characteristics for color use, will cost about $100. Also necessary is a color controller to adjust color balance; its price is about $600.
Pictures can also be recorded live—without using color film—with a monochrome camera and rotating color wheel controlled by a switching unit, but no price has been set for this combination.
Disk wear is negligible since very little pressure is needed to maintain good contact between the heads and the flat disk. Sony engineers say the signal-to-noise ratio is better than 50 decibels, compared with 35 db for a broadcasted NTSC color signal.
**The recording disk.** The magnetic disk—the same material used for high-quality video tape—is cemented to an aluminum ring for support. The ring has an outside diameter of 12 inches and an inside diameter of 11 inches. The
---
**Russian color system multiplies line N 1 being received, with line N stored in delay, to recover red and blue color information without demodulation. Green information is recovered by matrixing red, blue and luminance signals.**
Sony's video demonstrator, shown with some of its components, records 40 full-color still pictures on a magnetic disk the size of a long-playing record and replays it through any color-television set.
recording area is a 20-millimeter band between four and five inches from the center. At this distance from the center, the head-to-tape speed is high enough—about 800 inches per second—to produce a horizontal resolution equal to 350 vertical lines.
The radial motion of the head assembly from the first to the fortieth set of three tracks is only six millimeters—less than the 7-mm spacing between adjacent heads so that the 40 tracks of one color do not overlap the 40 tracks of another. The record-playback head assembly is indexed from one set of three tracks to the next set by a lead-screw mechanism similar to that used for positioning in machine tools. Each half turn of the 0.3-mm-pitch lead-screw places the head assembly over another set of tracks to reproduce another picture. Individual tracks are 0.1 mm wide and have a 0.15-mm center-to-center spacing.
The Colormat can be easily connected to any standard television set—either shadow mask or Chromatron. The signal from the recorder, amplified in the color injector, is connected directly to the picture tube's three grids through an adapter inserted between the picture-tube base and the tube socket. A synchronization signal from the injector is also applied to the tv antenna terminals.
Tubes are used in the color injector because of the high voltage required for picture-tube grid drive. Other units, however, are transistorized. The Colormat recorder can be used with an audio recorder to provide background music and announcements. Pictures can be changed automatically by a control signal on one track of the audio tape so that audio and video remain synchronized.
Sony hopes to market the video demonstrator in 1966, but only for professional use because it considers the system too complex and expensive for consumer use.
Sweden
Controlling nuclear power
The 140-megawatt nuclear power plant rising at Marviken, 100 miles south of Stockholm, may be the first one to be started and shut down automatically by a process computer. Full plant operation, with on-line control by a closed-loop computer made in Britain, is scheduled late in 1968.
Complete digital control of a swimming-pool reactor was claimed last year by the Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co. (Toshiba). Various degrees of computer control also have been achieved over nuclear reactors in the United States, Canada and France [Electronics, Sept. 6, 1965, p. 180].
The Swedish plant's normal operations will be controlled by the CON/PAC 4060 computer, manufactured by Associated Electrical Industries, Ltd. (AEI) under license with the General Electric Co. of England.
Alternatives. Computer programs will permit automatic operation whether the heavy water is saturated or superheated. Superheating will permit increase of the plant's capacity to 200 Mw, according to AEI. The computer can also be programmed to permit certain manual operations while the computer's output relays continue to run other operations in an open-loop mode.
The $330,000 computer system
Electronics Abroad
is scheduled to be delivered May 1, 1967; software costs will be extra. Training of plant operators will begin soon with another computer, a CON/PAC 4040. The 4040 will be installed at the headquarters of ASEA, the Swedish electrical company that is building the nuclear facility. In addition to its training function, the 4040 will be used with an analog-computer simulation of the reactor process to check out systems for controlling the power plant.
Three displays. A unique feature of the Marviken installation will be three alphanumerical data displays on a cathode-ray screen. These will replace conventional indicators, alarms and annunciating equipment.
Two screens will display process variables: one will continuously monitor key variables while the other, on demand, displays other variables requested by the operator. Each display will show 30 lines of text, with the latest incoming information being shown at the bottom of the screen. The third CRT will be for alarm annunciation, data logging and for information display about research tests on the station.
The station will have one control panel for manual operation and a second for computer control.
Great Britain
Composition
Although more people are reading newspapers than ever before, the number of daily publications has been dwindling on both sides of the Atlantic because of high costs. This trend may soon be reversed in Britain, with the help of a new kind of computer system and a publisher's confidence in it.
Lord Thomson, publisher of Britain's newest daily, is so hopeful of success with computerized typesetting that he is planning similar ventures. Thompson already owns 128 newspapers—14 in Britain—and 150 trade publications.
On line. Typesetting under computer control is not new. Such systems are operating at about 90 newspapers in the United States, including the Los Angeles Times, Kansas City Star, Miami Herald and Washington Post; they are also helping to produce six papers in Britain, six in West Germany, three in the Netherlands and one in France, according to Composition Information Services of Los Angeles. In most of these systems, edited articles are translated onto punched tape to be fed into a computer. The computer justifies each line.
What is new at the four-month-old Reading Evening Post, 40 miles west of London, is its on-line time-shared computer. Each of 12 operators feeds edited articles directly into the computer by means of a keyboard, instead of punching tape, and immediately sees each line of type printed out.
The 803B computer, made by Elliott-Automation, Ltd., automatically justifies each line—adjusts the spaces between words so that the lines of type are flush left and right. If spacing alone won't do the job, because the spaces would be too narrow or too wide, the last word on the line must be hyphenated; in that case the computer alerts the operator and prints out the two extremes between which the last word can be split—with the maximum and minimum allowable spacing between words. The operator then keys in a hyphen at the appropriate place in the word. The final tape feeds a Photon 713 photo-composition machine, which sets the type.
Backtalk. Conventional computerized typesetting doesn't have this dialogue between operator and computer.
The off-line approach presents several problems, all of which are said to be overcome by the in-line method. Processing the tapes through the computer, instead of electronic signals, creates the possibility of a bottleneck or of failure in case a punch should breakdown. Also, if hyphenation is to be directed by the computer instead of by the operator, a large memory is required with a massive backup to store all the hyphenaEconomy and reliability do come in one package
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Electronics Abroad
tion combinations. Some such systems store hyphenation possibilities for 300,000 to 400,000 words.
Another problem with the conventional approach is the difficulty of making corrections; errors cannot be detected until the final type has been produced by the computer and run through the typesetting machine or a secondary printout system.
The Reading system provides a feedback printout for each operator, and holds as many as 70 characters before punching the output tape. If the operator sees an error, he can eliminate it by pressing a "kill" key, which deletes the last-typed word from the memory.
Proofreaders can sample the printed copy rather than read every word. Since the system is either correct or outrageously wrong, most of the errors can be caught by the operators. Only three proofreaders work at Reading; for a similar 24-page paper, 16 to 20 readers are usually required, according to Tom Margerison, scientific adviser to the Thomson organization.
Savings. How effective is the Reading system? Margerison says 12 operators can set the 24-page paper in one eight-hour shift; with conventional line-casting machines, he says 24 operators would be needed. Speed is also increased by the ability of a compositor to set any of eight styles of type in four sizes without moving from his keyboard. Conventional typesetting machines require a separate operation for each change in type style or size.
The computerized installation costs about $100,000, Margerison says. The computer accounts for $34,000 of this; the rest goes for the keyboard and the printout for each operator.
Do the savings justify the expense? It's still too early to know with certainty, Margerison says, because of other associated expenses. But he adds: "A paper using these techniques of computer-controlled tape production, phototypesetting and offset production, as does the Reading Evening Post, should be able to break even at a daily circulation of 25,000."
## Electronics advertisers
| Company | Page Numbers |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------|
| ACI Division of Kent Corporation | 171 |
| Richard L. Renner | |
| ADC Products Inc. | 140 |
| John Gourapp & Associates | |
| AMP Incorporated | 201 |
| Garceau, Hargrave & McCullough Inc. | |
| API Instrument Company | 14 |
| George Z. Griswold | |
| Acme Electric Corporation | 152 |
| Scheel Adv. Agency | |
| Acopian Corporation | 170 |
| Mort Barish Associates Inc. | |
| Aerovox Corporation, Hi-Q Division | 125 |
| Lescarboure Advertising Inc. | |
| Airpax Electronics Inc. | 154 |
| Welch Hrabale & Co. Inc. | |
| Antiphon Bell Electronics Corp., Connector Division | 62, 63 |
| Marsteller Inc. | |
| Astrodata Inc. | 15 |
| Bonfield Associates Inc. | |
| Bausch & Lomb Inc. | 47 |
| Wolff Associates Inc. | |
| Beckman Instrument Inc. Berkeley | 45 |
| Dickson & Jorgensen | |
| Bendix Corporation, Montrose Division | 122 |
| MacManus, John & Adams Inc. | |
| Bendix Corporation, Semiconductor Products | 9 |
| MacManus, John & Adams Inc. | |
| Boonton Electronics | 188 |
| Kniep Associates | |
| Bourns Inc. | 49 |
| Allen, Dorsey & Hatfield Inc. | |
| Brinkmann Instruments | 185 |
| The Shaller-Rubin Co. Inc. | |
| Brush Instruments Div. of General Electric | 3rd Cover |
| Carr Liggett Adv. Inc. | |
| Bulova Electronics Div. of Bulova Watch Co. | 156 |
| Ted Gravenson Inc. | |
| Burroughs Corporation | 70 |
| Conti Advertising Inc. | |
| CML Inc. | 177 |
| Keyes, Martin & Company Inc. | |
| CTS Corporation | 132 |
| Burton Browne Advertising | |
| Chicago Dynamics Industries Inc. | 118 |
| Burton Browne Advertising | |
| Chicopee Mills Inc. | 185 |
| Bert Paul Kun Advertising Agency | |
| Chrono Log Corporation | 178 |
| The Hill Associates Inc. | |
| Clevite Corporation, Piezoelectric Div. | 189 |
| Carr Liggett Advertising Inc. | |
| Cleveland Institute of Electronics | 200 |
| Rapp & Collins | |
| Colorado Dept. of Development | 159 |
| Buchen Advertising Inc. | |
| Computer Control Company | 58, 59 |
| Franklin P. Folts Inc. | |
| Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp. | 126 |
| Hixson & Jorgensen Inc. | |
| Corning Electronic Company | 196 |
| Rumrill-Hoyt Company | |
| Cramer Industries | 179 |
| Potts & Woodbury Inc. | |
| Delco Radio Company | 148, 149 |
| Campbell-Ewald Company | |
| Dialight Corporation | 168 |
| Gold Company | |
| DuPont de Nemours & Co. Inc. E.I. | 53, 69 |
| Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn Inc. | |
| ElMAC Div. of Varian Associates | 119 |
| Hoefer, Dieterich & Brown Inc. | |
| Electro Instruments Inc. | 108 |
| Westinghouse Electric Corp. | |
| Electronic Modules Corporation | 93 |
| Ray Thompson & Associates | |
| Erie Technological Products Inc. | 153 |
| Altman Hall Associates | |
| Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation | 12, 13, 117 |
| Faust/Day Inc. Advertising | |
| Ferranti Ltd. | 120 |
| Rowlinson-Broughton Ltd. | |
| General Electric Company, Magnetic Materials | 127 |
| George R. Nelson Inc. | |
| General Rdioa Company | 6 |
| K.E. Morang Company | |
| Globe Industries Inc. | 177 |
| Odiorne Industrial Adv. Inc. | |
| Gudebrod Bros. Silk Co. Inc. | 121 |
| Ramsdell, Buckley Company | |
| Hansen Mfg. Co. Inc. | 136 |
| Keller-Crescent Company | |
| Heath Company | 181 |
| Advance Advertising Services Inc. | |
| Hewlett Packard | 1, 36, 37, 54, 55, 102, 123 |
| Compaq Div. | |
| Lennen & Newell Inc. | |
| Hewlett Packard Company, Boonton Div. | 151 |
| George Homer Martin Associates | |
| Hoehneins Engineering Company | 202 |
| Phelps & Meany Company | |
| Hughes Aircraft Company | 124 |
| Foote, Cone & Belding Inc. | |
| High Vacuum Electronics Inc. | 139 |
| Bonfield Associates Inc. | |
| IEEE | 168 |
| Alpaugh Advertising | |
| IMC Magnetics Corporation | 181 |
| Monad Advertising Design | |
| IRC Inc. | 20, 21 |
| Gray & Rogers Inc. | |
| International Rectifier Corp. | 50 |
| Willard G. Gregory & Co. | |
| Interstate Electronics Corporation | 163 |
| Hixson & Jorgensen Inc. | |
| Kahle Engineering Company | 16 |
| George Homer Martin Associates | |
| Kay Electric Company | 17 |
| Josephson Cuffair Company | |
| Kepco Inc. | 22 |
| Westinghouse Advertising | |
| Krohn-Hite Corporation | 162 |
| Stern/Frank Adv. Inc. | |
| Lambda Electronics Corporation | 64, 65 |
| Michel Cather Inc. | |
| Leach Corporation | 18, 19 |
| Jay Chiat & Associates | |
| Machlett Laboratories | 11 |
| Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc. | |
| Magnetic Shield Div. of Perfection Mica Co. | 178 |
| Burton Browne Advertising | |
| Mallory Company, P.R. | 169 |
| Aitkin Kynnett Co. Inc. | |
| Markel & Sons L. Frank | 189 |
| George Moll Advertising Inc. | |
| Matthews & Co. Jas. H. W.S. Hill Company | 165 |
| McDonnell | 68 |
| John Patrick Starrs Inc. | |
| Memorex Corporation | 35 |
| Hal Lawrence Inc. | |
| Methode Electronics Inc. | 177 |
| Burton Browne Advertising | |
| Microwave Electronics Corporation | 175 |
| Bonfield Associates Inc. | |
| Motorola Semiconductor Products Inc. | 56, 57 |
| Lane & Bird Adv. Inc. | |
| New Hermes Engraving Machine Corp. | 182 |
| Doner Harrison Inc. Advertising | |
| North Atlantic Industries Inc. | 8 |
| Murray Heyert Advertising | |
| Optics Technology Inc. | 179 |
| Hoefer, Dieterich & Brown Inc. | |
| Pamotor Inc. | 174 |
| The Harry P. Bridge Company | |
| Phelps Dodge Electronic Products Corp. | 160 |
| Smith, Dorian & Burman Inc. | |
For more information on complete product line see advertisement in the latest Electronics Buyer's Guide.
Executive editorial, circulation and advertising offices: McGraw-Hill Building, 330 West 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10001. Telephone (212) 971-3333. Teletype TWX N.Y. 212 4405-4406. Circulation Manager, N.Y. office: William J. McGraw, Jr., Assistant Vice President; John R. Collaham, Editorial; Ervin E. DeGraff, Circulation; Donald C. McGraw, Jr., Advertising Sales; Angelo R. Venezian, Marketing. Officers of the Corporation: Donald C. McGraw, Chairman of the Board; Shelton Fisher, President; L. Keith Goodrich, Hugh J. Kelly and Robert E. Slaughter, Executive Vice Presidents; John J. Cooke, Vice President and Secretary; John L. McGraw, Treasurer. Title is a registered U.S. Patent Office; © copyright 1966 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce the contents of this publication, in whole or in part.
Electronics advertisers
Potter & Brumfield Div. of American Machine & Foundry Co. 24
Grant, Schwenck & Baker Inc.
Princeton Applied Research Corp. 38
Mort Barish Associates
Probescope Inc. 181
Connolly Associates Inc.
Radio Corporation of America 4th Cover
Al Paul Leffton Company
Rhode & Schwarz Inc. 146, 147
Ted Gravenson Adv.
Sage Electronics Corporation 141
Scrivener & Company Inc.
Sanborn Company Div. of Hewlett Packard 2
Culver Advertising Inc.
Sealectro Corporation 186
Lescarboura Adv. Inc.
Self-Element Corp. 176
Cavilough Morris Adv.
Signetics Corporation 142
Cunningham & Walsh Inc.
Skydyne Inc. 176
Lescarboura Advertising Inc.
Sola Electric Company 48
Klau-Van Pietersom Dunlap Inc.
Solitron Devices Inc. 94
Haselmire Pearson Adv.
Space Craft Inc. 131
Nebis & Lock Inc.
Sprague Electric Company 5, 10
The Harry P. Bridge Company
Stackpole Carbon Company 128
Meek and Thomas Inc.
Stanpat Products Inc. 186
Morton Advertising Inc.
Statham Instruments Inc. 161
David Johnson Adv.
Struthers-Dunn Inc. 150
H. W. Wilson Co.
Superior Tube Company 173
Gray & Rogers Inc.
Sylvania Electric Products Inc. 27 to 34
Tatham, Laird & Kudner Inc.
TRW Systems 130
Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc.
TRW Capacitors 43
Fuller & Smith & Ross Inc.
Tektronix Inc. 66, 67
Haworth Wright Advertising Inc.
Telrex Laboratories Inc. 195
George Homer Martin Associates
Texas Instrument Incorporated Semiconductor Division 60, 61
Don L. Baxter Inc.
Thermal American Fused Quartz Crystal 7
Knipe Associates
Times Wire & Cable Company 166
Mohr & Company Inc.
Tobe Deutschmann Laboratories Engineered Advertising 195
Trygon Electronics 46
Wexton Company Inc. The
Trylon Inc. 182
George Moll Adv. Inc.
Union Carbide Linde Division 129
J.M. Mathes Inc.
United Transformer Corporation 2nd Cover
Philip Stogel Company Inc.
Victoreen Instrument Company, The 137
Palm & Patterson Inc.
Wakefield Engineering Inc. 185
Sales Promotion Services
Wang Laboratories Inc. 183
Larcom Randall Adv. Inc.
Watkins-Johnson Company 167
Aerospace Div. Co.
Weston Instruments 157
Arndt, Preston, Chapin Lamb & Keen Inc
Wood Electric Corporation 158
L.K. Frank Co. Inc.
Zero Manufacturing Company 164
Guerin, Johnstone, Gage Inc.
Zeitex Inc. 186
Sturges Associates
Zippertubing Company Inc. 184
Edward S. Kellogg Company
Classified advertising
F.J. Eberle, Business Mgr.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 191-192
EQUIPMENT (Used or Surplus New) For Sale 193
Classified advertisers index
A & A Electronics Corp. 193
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. 192
Atomic Personnel Inc. 192
Bausch & Lomb 191
Columbia Electronics 193
Eldorado Electronics 192
Electronic Communications Inc. 192
Emmons Electronic Supply Co. 193
Fishman Co., P. 193
Marty's Mart 193
Norman Electronic Sales 193
Radio Research Instrument Co. 193
Space General Corp. 191
W.D. Contracting Engineers 193
For more information on complete product line see advertisement in the latest Electronics Buyer's Guide
Advertising sales staff
Gordon Jones [212] 971-2210
Advertising sales manager
Atlanta, Ga. 30309: Gus H. Krimisier,
Michael H. Miller, 1375 Peachtree St. N.E.,
[404] TR 5-0523
Boston, Mass. 02116: William S. Hodgkinson
McGraw-Hill Building, Copley Square
[617] CO 2-1160
Chicago, Ill. 60611: Robert M. Denmead,
J. Bradley MacKinnon
645 North Michigan Avenue,
[312] MO 4-5800
Cleveland, Ohio 44113: Paul T. Fegley, 55
Public Square, [216] SU 1-7000
Dallas, Texas 75201: Richard P. Poole, The
Vaughn Building, 1712 Commerce Street,
[214] RI 7-9721
Denver, Colo. 80202: Joseph C. Page, David
M. Watson, Tower Bldg., 1700 Broadway,
[303] AL 5-2981
Detroit, Michigan 48226: Paul T. Fegley
856 Penobscot Building
[313] 962-1793
Houston, Texas 77002: Kenneth George,
2270 Humble Bldg.,
[713] CA 4-8381
Los Angeles, Calif. 90017: Ian C. Hill,
John G. Zisch, 1125 W. 6th St.,
[213] MU 2-8450
Minneapolis, Minn. 55402: J. Bradley
MacKinnon, 1104 Northstar Center
(612) 332-7425
New York, N.Y. 10036:
Donald R. Furth [212] 971-3615
Frank LeBeau [212] 971-3615
George F. Werner [212] 971-3615
500 Fifth Avenue
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103: William J. Boyle,
Warren H. Gardner, 6 Penn Center Plaza,
[215] LO 8-6161
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222: Paul T. Fegley,
4 Gateway Center, (412) 391-1314
Portland, Ore. 97204: James T. Hauptli,
Pacific Building, Yamhill Street,
(503) CA3-5118
St. Louis, Mo. 63105: Robert M. Denmead
The Tower Building, 7751 Carondelet Ave.
[314] PA57-228
San Francisco, Calif. 94111:
James T. Hauptli, 255 California Street,
[415] DO 2-4600
London W1: John W. Patten, Edwin S.
Murphy Jr., 34 Dover Street,
Hyde Park 1451
Milan: 1, via
Baracchini Phone: 86-90-617
86-90-656
Frankfurt/Main: Gerd Hinske, 85
Westendstrasse Phone: 77 26 65 and
77 26 59
Geneva: Michael R. Zeynel, Joseph Wuensch,
1, rue du Temple
Phone: 31 95 60
Paris VIII: Denis Jacob, 17 Avenue
Matignon ALMA-0452
Tokyo: Nobuyuki Sato, 1, Kotohiracho
Shiba, Minato-Ku (502) 0656
Osaka: Ryos Kobayashi, 163, Umegee-cho,
Kita-ku [362] 8771
Hugh J. Quinn: [212] 971-2335
Manager Electronics Buyers' Guide
David M. Tempest: [212] 971-3139
Promotion manager
Milton Drake: [212] 971-3485
Market research manager
Wallace C. Carmichael [212] 971-3191
Business manager
Theodore R. Geipel: [212] 971-2044
Production manager
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|
Planning & Zoning Agenda
December 9th, 2024
CITY OF APALACHICOLA
PLANNING & ZONING BOARD
REGULAR MEETING
Tuesday, December 9th, 2024
City Meeting Room – 74 6th Street
Agenda
Regular Meeting: 6:00 PM
1. Approval of November 12th, 2024 meeting minutes.
2. Review, Discussion and Decision for **Sign & Certificate of Appropriateness** (C-1) (Historic District) @ 280 Water Street, Block G Lot 10. For Deani & Robbie Blalock - Owner; Contractor: Sign De-Sign
3. Review, Discussion and Decision for **Certificate of Appropriateness/Alteration (R-1) @ 163 Avenue B**, Block 54 Lots 1-3. For Kevin & Karen Curry - Owner; Contractor: Erin Rodriguez Const., LLC
4. Review, Discussion and Decision for **New Construction/Rehabilitation (R-1) (Historic District) @ 97 Avenue L**, Block 172 Lot 10 & ½ 9. For Edgar & Lisa Lugo - Owner; Contractor: TBD
Other/New Business:
Outstanding/Unresolved Issues:
Motion to adjourn the meeting.
Minutes
November 12th, 2024
CITY OF APALACHICOLA
PLANNING & ZONING BOARD
REGULAR MEETING
Tuesday, November 12th, 2024
City Meeting Room – 74 6th Street
Attendance: Jim Bachrach, Bobby Miller, Greg Golgowski, Elizabeth Milliken, Lee McLemore
Regular Meeting: 6:00 PM
1. Approval of October 14th, 2024 meeting minutes.
a. Motion to approve by Lee McLemore; 2nd by Elizabeth Milliken. All in favor – motion carried.
2. Review, Discussion and Decision for Fence & Certificate of Appropriateness. (R-1) (Historic District) @ 135 17th Street, Block 104 Lots 6-7. For Jamey & Kelli Moore - Owner; Contractor: TBD
a. Motion to approve by Lee McLemore; 2nd by Bobby Miller. All in favor – motion carried.
3. Review, Discussion and Decision for Accessory Structure (R-2) @ 211 13th Street, Block 146 Lots 6-7. For Leon O’Neal - Owner; Contractor: TBD
a. Motion to approve by Bobby Miller; 2nd by Lee McLemore. All in favor – motion carried.
4. Review, Discussion and Decision for Accessory Structure (R-2) @ 156 Sawyer Lane, Block 248 Lot 2. For Grayson & Lindsay Shepard - Owner; Contractor: TBD
a. Motion to approve by Elizabeth Milliken; 2nd by Greg Golgowski. All in favor – motion carried.
5. Review, Discussion and Decision for Accessory Structure (R-1) @ 27 Myrtle Avenue, Block 8 Lot 16. For Al & Donna Ingle - Owner; Contractor: Self
a. Motion to approve by Elizabeth Milliken; 2nd by Lee McLemore. All in favor – motion carried.
6. Review, Discussion and Decision for Accessory Structure (Pool) (R-2) @ 166 21st Avenue, Block 245 Lots 6-7. For Ron Nippe - Owner; Contractor: Self
a. Motion to approve by Elizabeth Milliken; 2nd by Bobby Miller. All in favor – motion carried.
7. Review, Discussion and Decision for Fence & Certificate of Appropriateness. (R-1) (Historic District) @ 149 10th Street, Block 72 Lot 8. For Ryan Mills - Owner; Contractor: Self
a. Motion to approve contingent upon fence being only within property owners’ property lines by Lee McLemore; 2nd by Elizabeth Milliken. All in favor – motion carried.
Other/New Business:
Outstanding/Unresolved Issues:
Motion to adjourn the meeting by Bobby Miller; 2nd by Lee McLemore. Meeting adjourned.
Sign & Certificate of Appropriateness
280 Water Street
City of Apalachicola Planning & Zoning
Application for Development/Site Plan Approval
OWNER INFORMATION
Owner: Deani and Robbie Blalock
Address: 525 W Pine Ave
City: St. George Island, State: FL, Zip: 32328
Phone: 770-634-7304
CONTRACTOR INFORMATION
Contractor Name: Sign De-Sign
State License #: City License #
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Phone: 850-670-5757
PROJECT TYPE
☐ New Construction
☐ Addition
☐ Alteration/Renovation
☐ Relocation
☐ Demolition
☐ Fence
☐ Repair
☑ Certificate of Appropriateness
☒ Other
PROPERTY INFORMATION
Street Address (911 Address): 280 Water Street
City & State: Apalachicola, Florida, Zip: 32320
Parcel ID #: 01-09S-08W-8330-00G1-0100
Block: 1 G Lot: 10
Zoning District: C4 C-1 [ ] Historic District [ ] Non-Historic District
FEMA Flood Zone:
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Certificate of Appropriateness Required? Y/N
Setback Requirements of Property:
Front: ______ Rear: ______ Side: ______
Corner Lot? Y/N Street Sides: ______
Lot Coverage: ______
STAFF NOTES/RECOMMENDATIONS:
This development request has been approved for a Certificate of Appropriateness (if applicable), zoning, land use, and development review by the City of Apalachicola Planning & Zoning Board and a building permit is authorized to be issued.
City Staff
Date Approved
NOTE: This is a conceptual approval through the City based on our Land Development Code (LDC.) Please be aware that other documentation may be required by the Building Official.
DB
Applicant Initial
Describe the proposed project and materials. Describe the proposed project in terms of size, affected architectural elements, materials, and relationship to the existing structure(s).
Store Front Signage which will include a 4’ x 6’ sign on the west wall. The wall measures 32’ x 14’ tall. There will also be a 2’ x 2’ sign on the north wall that will appear to be a hanging sign but will be securely attached to the building with brackets.
| PROJECT SCOPE | MANUFACTURER | PRODUCT DESCRIPTION | FL PRODUCT APPROVAL # |
|---------------|--------------|---------------------|-----------------------|
| Siding | | | |
| Doors | | | |
| Windows | | | |
| Roofing | | | |
| Trim | | | |
| Foundation | | | |
| Shutters | | | |
| Porch/Deck | | | |
| Fencing | | | |
| Driveways/Sidewalks | | | |
| Other | | | |
**NOTE:** Please have a site plan prepared to turn in with your application. At minimum, the site plan needs to contain: a North arrow, surrounding streets, lot lines, lot dimensions, setbacks, current structure dimensions, proposed structure dimensions, fence locations, and fence heights. Applications requiring a Certificate of Appropriateness will also need to submit renderings/elevations of any proposed structures and note the materials proposed. More information may be requested by City Staff.
CERTIFICATION
By signing below, I certify that the information contained in this application is true and correct to the best of my knowledge at the time of application. I acknowledge that I understand and have complied with all of the submittal requirements and procedures and have read and understand the following:
1. I/We hereby attest to the fact that the above supplied property address(es), parcel numbers(s), and legal description(s) is(are) the true and proper identification of the area of this petition.
2. I/We authorize staff from the City of Apalachicola to enter onto the property in question during regular business hours in order to take photos which will be placed in the permanent file.
3. I/We understand that the COA review time period will not commence until the application is deemed complete by staff and may take up to 10 business days to process. I further understand that an incomplete application submittal may cause my application to be deferred to the next posted deadline date.
4. I/We understand that, for Board review cases, an agenda and staff report (if applicable) will be available on the City’s website approximately one week before the Planning & Zoning Board Meeting.
5. I/We understand that the approval of this application by the Planning & Zoning Board or staff in NO way constitutes approval of a Building Permit for Construction from the City of Apalachicola Community and Economic Development Office.
6. I/We understand that all changes to the approved scope of work stated in a Certificate of Appropriateness or Development Order application have to be approved by the P&Z Board before work commences on those changes. There will be no charge for revisions. Making changes that have not been approved can result in a Stop Work Order being placed on the entire project and additional fees/penalties.
7. I/We understand that any decision of the P&Z Board may be appealed to the City Commission within 30 days after the decision by the P&Z Board; otherwise, the decision will be final.
8. I/We understand that a Certificate of Appropriateness is only valid for one year after issuance. They are renewable for six months without cause if requested, and for an additional six months upon showing of good cause by the applicant. The applicant must submit all requests for extensions in writing and provide appropriate support documents to City Staff, if needed.
9. I/We understand that P&Z Board approval is permission to obtain a permit for work and installation as indicated. I certify that all work will be performed to meet standards of all laws regulating construction in this jurisdiction.
10. I/We understand that there will be no issuance of a Certificate of Appropriateness without the property owner obtaining Homeowner’s Association approval (if required) prior to the P&Z Board Meeting and/or before the beginning of an work and in no way authorizes work that is in violation of any association rules or regulations.
_________________________ ________________________________
DATE SIGNATURE OF APPLICANT
ENDLESS SUMMER
INTERIORS
ENDLESS SUMMER INTERIORS
INTERIOR DESIGN • FURNITURE • ACCESSORIES & MORE
Good morning!
So I talked to Tim at Sign De-Sign, the 2 x 2 will be a double sided 24" x 24" by 1.5" thick HDU sandblasted sign hung on a fixed metal bracket.
Here is an example:
The 4 x 6 sign will be completely poly metal with the black border in metal also. I hope this answers all your questions. Please let me know if you need anything else.
Have a great day!
Deani Blalock
On Nov 15, 2024, at 2:30PM, Bree Robinson <email@example.com> wrote:
Hi Deani!
Just a few questions -
1. What is the sign material that this is going to be made of?
2. If metal/printed, is there going to be any frame around this? Is the black border part of the sign itself?
3. "that will appear to be a hanging sign, but securely attached to the building with brackets" - could you please provide an example of what is meant on this?
Thanks,
Bree Robinson
City Planner
City of Apalachicola
192 Coosa Wagoner Blvd.
p: 863-323-7838
firstname.lastname@example.org
Florida has a very broad Public Records Law. Most written communications to or from State and Local Officials regarding State or Local business are public records available to the public and media upon request. Your email communications may therefore be subject to public disclosure.
The building is in good condition and has been well-maintained. The exterior walls are made of white siding, and there are several windows on the front of the building. The roof appears to be in good condition, with no visible signs of damage or wear. The foundation of the building is also in good condition, with no visible signs of settling or cracking. Overall, the building is in excellent condition and would make a great addition to any property.
Certificate of Appropriateness/Alteration
163 Avenue B
City of Apalachicola Planning & Zoning
Application for Development/Site Plan Approval
OWNER INFORMATION
Owner: Kevin & Karen Curny
Address: 163 Avenue B
City: Apalachicola, FL Zip: 32320
Phone: 678.592.6112
CONTRACTOR INFORMATION
Contractor Name: Eric Rodriguez Const., LLC
State License #: CGC1521107 City License #: 07-031
Email: email@example.com
Phone: 850.323.1601
PROJECT TYPE
- [ ] New Construction
- [ ] Addition
- [X] Alteration/Renovation
- [ ] Relocation
- [ ] Demolition
- [ ] Fence
- [ ] Repair
- [ ] Certificate of Appropriateness
- [ ] Other
PROPERTY INFORMATION
Street Address (911 Address): 163 Avenue B
City & State: Apalachicola, FL Zip: 32320
Parcel ID #: 01-095-00W-0380-0054-0010 Block: 54 Lot: 1, 2, 3
Zoning District: R-1 [X] Historic District [ ] Non-Historic District
FEMA Flood Zone: N/A
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Certificate of Appropriateness Required? Y/N
Setback Requirements of Property:
Front: _____ Rear: _____ Side: _____
Corner Lot? Y/N Street Sides: _____
Lot Coverage: ________
STAFF NOTES/RECOMMENDATIONS:
- Do not recommend for approval due to height ordinance.
- See emails.
This development request has been approved for a Certificate of Appropriateness (if applicable), zoning, land use, and development review by the City of Apalachicola Planning & Zoning Board and a building permit is authorized to be issued.
City Staff
Date Approved
NOTE: This is a conceptual approval through the City based on our Land Development Code (LDC.) Please be aware that other documentation may be required by the Building Official.
Applicant Initial
Describe the proposed project and materials. Describe the proposed project in terms of size, affected architectural elements, materials, and relationship to the existing structure(s).
- Remove existing Widows Walk measuring roughly 5'x6' and replace with new Widows Walk measuring roughly 12'x10'. New Widows Walk to be constructed out of wood and be architecturally consistent with main body of house.
- See Attached Architectural Renderings AND Pictures of Existing Widows Walk.
| PROJECT SCOPE | MANUFACTURER | PRODUCT DESCRIPTION | FL PRODUCT APPROVAL# |
|---------------|--------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| Siding | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Doors | | | |
| Windows | | | |
| Roofing | | | |
| Trim | | | |
| Foundation | | | |
| Shutters | | | |
| Porch/Deck | | | |
| Fencing | | | |
| Driveways/Sidewalks | | | |
| Other | Custom | New wood Widows Walk to replace existing widows walk. | N/A |
**NOTE:** Please have a site plan prepared to turn in with your application. At minimum, the site plan needs to contain: a North arrow, surrounding streets, lot lines, lot dimensions, setbacks, current structure dimensions, proposed structure dimensions, fence locations, and fence heights. Applications requiring a Certificate of Appropriateness will also need to submit renderings/elevations of any proposed structures and note the materials proposed. More information may be requested by City Staff.
CERTIFICATION
By signing below, I certify that the information contained in this application is true and correct to the best of my knowledge at the time of application. I acknowledge that I understand and have complied with all of the submittal requirements and procedures and have read and understand the following:
1. I/We hereby attest to the fact that the above supplied property address(es), parcel numbers(s), and legal description(s) is(are) the true and proper identification of the area of this petition.
2. I/We authorize staff from the City of Apalachicola to enter onto the property in question during regular business hours in order to take photos which will be placed in the permanent file.
3. I/We understand that the COA review time period will not commence until the application is deemed complete by staff and may take up to 10 business days to process. I further understand that an incomplete application submittal may cause my application to be deferred to the next posted deadline date.
4. I/We understand that, for Board review cases, an agenda and staff report (if applicable) will be available on the City’s website approximately one week before the Planning & Zoning Board Meeting.
5. I/We understand that the approval of this application by the Planning & Zoning Board or staff in NO way constitutes approval of a Building Permit for Construction from the City of Apalachicola Community and Economic Development Office.
6. I/We understand that all changes to the approved scope of work stated in a Certificate of Appropriateness or Development Order application have to be approved by the P&Z Board before work commences on those changes. There will be no charge for revisions. Making changes that have not been approved can result in a Stop Work Order being placed on the entire project and additional fees/penalties.
7. I/We understand that any decision of the P&Z Board may be appealed to the City Commission within 30 days after the decision by the P&Z Board; otherwise, the decision will be final.
8. I/We understand that a Certificate of Appropriateness is only valid for one year after issuance. They are renewable for six months without cause if requested, and for an additional six months upon showing of good cause by the applicant. The applicant must submit all requests for extensions in writing and provide appropriate support documents to City Staff, if needed.
9. I/We understand that P&Z Board approval is permission to obtain a permit for work and installation as indicated. I certify that all work will be performed to meet standards of all laws regulating construction in this jurisdiction.
10. I/We understand that there will be no issuance of a Certificate of Appropriateness without the property owner obtaining Homeowner’s Association approval (if required) prior to the P&Z Board Meeting and/or before the beginning of an work and in no way authorizes work that is in violation of any association rules or regulations.
11.14.24
DATE
SIGNATURE OF APPLICANT
Erin Rodriguez Const., LLC
PLATFORM SECTION A
SECTION A-A
PLATE 10-24851
ISSUED:
D Curry -- 103 Avenue B
11.14.21
Existing Widows Walk
Curry -- 163 Avenue B
11.14.21
Existing widow's walk
Project: Curry, 163 Avenue B
Supplemented Attachment to be made part of P&Z Application submitted 11.14.24
CURRY'S WINDOW HEIGHT
1/4" = 1'-0"
11/15/2024
Hi Erin,
The current height of the home up to the handrail is nonconforming per the City's LDC on height, but is allowed to remain due to the historic nature of the home. The current height of the rails may be rebuilt as long as they are a replica of what was there prior. The permissible building height is 35' with a special exception allocation of an additional 3' for certain features. Since the current height of the home/structure is already 39', then there can be no additional height added to the widow's walk handrails.
LDC: Building height, permissible, means the maximum building height for new construction of all residential and nonresidential structures in both non-flood-rated and flood-rated areas within the city is 35 feet. Height exception: proposed construction of architectural or structural elements above 35 feet such as chimneys, parapets, cooling towers, elevator bulkheads, fire towers, ornamental architectural detailing, heating/cooling systems, or necessary mechanical appurtenances must be approved by the architectural review board, and a certificate of appropriateness must be received prior to development. Approved architectural or structural elements must not exceed 36 inches above the 35-foot building height limit. An existing historic building which exceeds current height restrictions and which is destroyed by fire or acts of nature may be permitted to be rebuilt to original height, provided the building is a replica of the original historic building.
This application would not be approved by P&Z as is, but if you would like to present it to the board then the drawings will need to be updated to include the current height of the entire home and previous widow's walk rails and then the proposed height with proposed widow's walk rail height. If the owners are willing to just rebuild what is already there with no additional height then this would be possible.
Thanks,
Bree Robinson
City Planner
City of Apalachicola
192 Coach Wagoner Blvd.
o: 850-323-0985
firstname.lastname@example.org
Florida has a very broad Public Records Law. Most written communications to or from State and Local Officials regarding State or Local business are public records available to the public and media upon request. Your email communications may therefore be subject to public disclosure.
New Construction/Rehabilitation
97 Avenue L
Application for Certificate of Appropriateness - 97 Ave L - Lisa and Edgar Lugo
From Edgar Lugo
Date Fri 11/22/2024 8:07 AM
To Bree Robinson <email@example.com>; Lisa Lugo <l
3 attachments (3 MB)
LugoPreliminaryPlans Final.pdf; Dog Trot Elevation.pdf; colors.png;
Good morning Bree,
Hope this email finds you well. Please find attached the final plans developed by the architect that the board wanted to see for the December 9th P&Z meeting. Once approved the engineering plans are next.
Attached are:
1. LugoPreliminaryPlans Final.PDF – The floor and elevation plans from the architect that show details, materials, etc. including the modification requested by the board.
2. Dog Trot Elevation.PDF – We took the elevation, tree survey and a picture of the lot from Ave L to demonstrate the tree coverage that will remain as one of the board members was curious what the home would look like from the street. We hope this helps show and isn’t confusing. Please let us know your thoughts on this attachment and if it is necessary.
3. Colors.png – this is a sample color palette we will use on the exterior of the house. The siding will be a light beige accent colors will be slightly darker beige, and doors will be stained wood. This is similar to what we will do not exact colors yet. We wanted to share for the direction we are heading in.
We do want to note, the actual address will be 97 Ave L, not 221 8th St. given the front of the house and existing cottage currently face/will face Ave. L.
Please let us know if we are missing anything so we can get them to you ASAP.
Best,
Edgar and Lisa Lugo
Looking for a soft warm neutral paint color?
Natural linen
HISTORIC COTTAGE - SUGARBEACH RESIDENCE
FRONT (AVENUE L) ELEVATION
1/8" = 1'-0"
EXISTING SIGN PROFILE
FULL SCALE
SIDE (ALLEY) ELEVATION
1/8" = 1'-0"
SIDE (5TH STREET) ELEVATION
1/8" = 1'-0"
PORCH COLUMNS
1/8" = 1'-0"
BUILDINGS ELEVATIONS
PROPOSED SUBDIVISION
CHECK WRIGHT ARCHITECT
97 Ave L Front Elevation With Trees
• The following visuals demonstrate the existing historic cottage and expansion.
• The first slide is the Ave L elevation.
• The second is the tree survey and the site plan with the yellow box showing all the trees that will remain.
• The third visual shows the existing trees from the street view.
• The last visual tries to show the trees that will mostly remain with the expanded home nestled within the lot.
The first slide is the Ave L elevation.
The second is the tree survey and the site plan with the yellow box showing all the trees that will remain.
The third visual shows the existing trees from the street view.
The last visual tries to show the trees that will mostly remain with the expanded home nestled within the lot.
Rehabilitation, Addition, & Certificate of Appropriateness
221 8th Street/97 Avenue L
City of Apalachicola Planning & Zoning
Application for Development/Site Plan Approval
OWNER INFORMATION
Owner: Edgar and Lisa Lugo
Address: 1468 Bayberry Lane, St. George Island, FL 32328
Phone: 770 355 3367
CONTRACTOR INFORMATION
Contractor Name: TBD
State License #:
City License #:
Email:
Phone:
PROJECT TYPE
☐ New Construction
☐ Addition
☐ Alteration/Renovation
☐ Relocation
☐ Demolition
☐ Fence
☐ Repair
☐ Certificate of Appropriateness
☒ Other Rehabilitation & Expansion
PROPERTY INFORMATION
Street Address (911 Address): 221 8th St. / 97 Ave L
City & State: Apalachicola, FL Zip: 32320
Parcel ID #: 01-095-080-830-0172-0090 Block: 172 Lot: 104 1/29
Zoning District: E-1 [ ] Historic District [ ] Non-Historic District
FEMA Flood Zone: X
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Certificate of Appropriateness Required? Y/N
Setback Requirements of Property:
Front: 15 Rear: 15 Side: 15
Corner Lot? Y/N Street Sides: 15
Lot Coverage: 40%
STAFF NOTES/RECOMMENDATIONS:
- Needs Certificate of Appropriateness Review
- Self attached Codes
- Rear setback?
This development request has been approved for a Certificate of Appropriateness (if applicable), zoning, land use, and development review by the City of Apalachicola Planning & Zoning Board and a building permit is authorized to be issued.
City Staff
Date Approved
NOTE: This is a conceptual approval through the City based on our Land Development Code (LDC). Please be aware that other documentation may be required by the Building Official.
Describe the proposed project and materials. Describe the proposed project in terms of size, affected architectural elements, materials, and relationship to the existing structure(s).
Our goal is to rehabilitate the existing dwelling to as close a match of the original to maintain history. We will then add according to Zoning rules an expanded single-family residence with connecting screen porch.
*Please see enclosed concept design for more details*
| PROJECT SCOPE | MANUFACTURER | PRODUCT DESCRIPTION | FL PRODUCT APPROVAL# |
|---------------|--------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| Siding | TBD | wood to match existing structure | |
| Doors | TBD | wood and metal | |
| Windows | TBD | windows per Florida Hurricane standards | |
| Roofing | TBD | metal | |
| Trim | TBD | wood or Concrete Board | |
| Foundation | TBD | Cement & Concrete Block | |
| Shutters | TBD | wood | |
| Porch/Deck | TBD | wood | |
| Fencing | TBD | TBD | |
| Driveways/Sidewalks | TBD | TBD | |
| Other | TBD | | |
NOTE: Please have a site plan prepared to turn in with your application. At minimum, the site plan needs to contain: a North arrow, surrounding streets, lot lines, lot dimensions, setbacks, current structure dimensions, proposed structure dimensions, fence locations, and fence heights. Applications requiring a Certificate of Appropriateness will also need to submit renderings/elevations of any proposed structures and note the materials proposed. More information may be requested by City Staff.
CERTIFICATION
By signing below, I certify that the information contained in this application is true and correct to the best of my knowledge at the time of application. I acknowledge that I understand and have complied with all of the submittal requirements and procedures and have read and understand the following:
1. I/We hereby attest to the fact that the above supplied property address(es), parcel number(s), and legal description(s) is(are) the true and proper identification of the area of this petition.
2. I/We authorize staff from the City of Apalachicola to enter onto the property in question during regular business hours in order to take photos which will be placed in the permanent file.
3. I/We understand that the COA review time period will not commence until the application is deemed complete by staff and may take up to 10 business days to process. I further understand that an incomplete application submittal may cause my application to be deferred to the next posted deadline date.
4. I/We understand that, for Board review cases, an agenda and staff report (if applicable) will be available on the City’s website approximately one week before the Planning & Zoning Board Meeting.
5. I/We understand that the approval of this application by the Planning & Zoning Board or staff in NO way constitutes approval of a Building Permit for Construction from the City of Apalachicola Community and Economic Development Office.
6. I/We understand that all changes to the approved scope of work stated in a Certificate of Appropriateness or Development Order application have to be approved by the P&Z Board before work commences on those changes. There will be no charge for revisions. Making changes that have not been approved can result in a Stop Work Order being placed on the entire project and additional fees/penalties.
7. I/We understand that any decision of the P&Z Board may be appealed to the City Commission within 30 days after the decision by the P&Z Board; otherwise, the decision will be final.
8. I/We understand that a Certificate of Appropriateness is only valid for one year after issuance. They are renewable for six months without cause if requested, and for an additional six months upon showing of good cause by the applicant. The applicant must submit all requests for extensions in writing and provide appropriate support documents to City Staff, if needed.
9. I/We understand that P&Z Board approval is permission to obtain a permit for work and installation as indicated. I certify that all work will be performed to meet standards of all laws regulating construction in this jurisdiction.
10. I/We understand that there will be no issuance of a Certificate of Appropriateness without the property owner obtaining Homeowner’s Association approval (if required) prior to the P&Z Board Meeting and/or before the beginning of an work and in no way authorizes work that is in violation of any association rules or regulations.
[Signature]
DATE
SIGNATURE OF APPLICANT
Rehabilitation & Addition
Concept Design
Original Dwelling 1/2 Lot 9 & Lot 10 Block 172 Apalachicola
Edgar & Lisa Lugo residents of Franklin County
Greetings...
We are the Lugo's and newly minted residents of Florida. We have visited St. George Island and Apalachicola for over 30 years. We have had a home on St. George for over 20 which has recently become our primary residence having sold our home in Atlanta where we have been for 40 years. The family has been coming down since our oldest was 1 years old, he is now 34 and our grandson who is now one, just enjoyed the beautiful beaches here this past Christmas. Wow, time flies.
A couple of years ago we bought a lot in Apalachicola with intentions of building our primary residence in town. That time has come, and we have been working with the city planners for guidance, local architects, historians, etc. to design our new home. We love Apalach.
On our lot at the corner of 8th and Ave. L (SE ½ Lot 9 & Lot 10 Block 172) is the original structure that we are working hard to preserve and make our home. Thanks to Mark C. Curenton evidence suggest that the structure was built in 1895-1896. More to come in following pages on the documented history.
Having discovered when the original structure was built, we would love to preserve that piece of history. I have spent hours on the Clerk of Court website digging into old deeds trying to trace the history, speaking with local historians and such and have discovered a very long history of the home. We hope you find the info as fascinating as we have.
We have created the following presentation that shares the history of the home and our plans to rehabilitate and expand the original structure to call our forever home.
We have nicknamed the dwelling, “Jones Corner Store on the Hill”
Original Dwelling
Today
GIS Map View
History of Existing Dwelling
Source: Mark C. Curenton, Franklin County Planner and Historian, County Clerk Tax Rolls
- H. B. Brown purchased lots 9 and 10 from John Ruge in 1895. Subsequently he sold off the two lots to two different individuals: J. W. Jones in 1896 and Tempe Smith in 1900. From the fact that Mr. Brown purchased the two lots for $45, it seems to me that they were probably vacant at that time.
- It looks like Mr. Brown built a residence on lot 10 around 1895-1896 prior to selling the lot to Mr. Jones in 1896 for $200.
- December 12, 1897, J. W. Jones, of Franklin County, Florida, sold to Mrs. Carrie B. Jones (wife), of Franklin County, Florida, Lot 10, Block 172, City of Apalachicola and all groceries, merchandise and goods, for $372. Mortgage held by CH Lind. In the deed Mr. Jones references having store and home in which they lived (see next page).
- The fact that C. H. Lind is shown as the owner of lot 10 on the 1898 tax roll suggests to me that Mr. and Mrs. Jones possibly lost the lot in a foreclosure. Mr. Lind was a seafood dealer who was known to lend money to people and then be very quick to foreclose if the borrowers fell behind in their payments. He died at Battle Creek, Michigan in 1914 and is buried in Chestnut Street Cemetery. His widow probably sold lot 10.
Michele Maxwell
Franklin County, Florida
Rufus A. "Big" Russell of Florida, formerly vice, now SCPTT
graffing
Owadell County, Son of the County and State
to
obliged to sue in said County Court of the State.
Pursuant to these hundred and ninety two dollars, you
have, have purchased and sold, and by fact
purchased in the name and will, vice, his & your
property at Hesperia and will vice, his & your
sold in the County and State of the
law, the state of any good, property, and merchandise
and living, living, living, living, living, living,
which in and after the xth and 20th hours
necessary in selling goods and services.
The said vice, and vice, have lived in the City of
Abilene, County, Haywood, in the County, and
the State of Texas. Being the County in which
he now live in said City. All the Goods have bee
transferred from vice, and vice, to a stranger in person.
Officiated, are Agent City of Applebee, SC
have and to have the official's good and use
obtained, good, their Names is not listed below.
| YEAR | LOTS | OWNER | VALUE |
|------|---------------|---------------------|-------|
| 1850 | 8 part 7 | Anderson Simpson | |
| 1850 | 17' of 7 and 9 & 10 | Ruge, Jno G | $79 |
| 1896 | 9 & 10 | Brown, H B | $50 |
| 1897 | 9 | H B Brown | $50 |
| 1897 | 10 | Mrs Carrie Jones | $250 |
| 1898 | 9 | H B Brown | $50 |
| 1898 | 10 | C H Lind | $300 |
| 1900 | 9 | H B Brown | $50 |
| 1900 | 10 | C H Lind | $300 |
| 1908 | 9 | Timpy Smith | $100 |
| 1908 | 10 | Chas Lind | $125 |
| 1914 | 9 | Tempe Smith | $50 |
| 1914 | 10 | Chas H Lind | $250 |
| 1921 | 8 & ½ cf 9 | Louise Felder | $300 |
| 1921 | 10 & ½ cf 9 | Anderson Simpson | $250 |
| 1928 | 8 & ½ cf 9 | Unknown (Louise Felder) | $300 |
| 1928 | 10 & ½ cf 9 | State 1527 | $250 |
| 1942 | 10 & ½ cf 9 | Carssima Thomas | $75 |
| 1943 | 10 & ½ cf 9 | Maud Collins | |
| 1969 | 10 & ½ cf 9 | F. Abram & R Wynn | |
Footprint of Structure as depicted in 1970 without porch roof coverage
Source: County Tax Assessors Office
Original Home shown
On 1922 Sanborn Map
Original Home Shown
On 1922 Sanborn Map
April, 1922
APALACHICOLA
FLA.
SCALE 100 FT. TO AN INCH
NOT OPEN
NOT OPEN
NOT OPEN
Original Home Shown
On 1922 Sanborn Map
Original Home shown On 1922 Sanborn Map
Evidence of Original Front Porch
Today:
Original Dwelling
Front Facing
Avenue L
Today:
Original Dwelling
Right side Facing
into Interior of Lot 10
Original Dwelling
Back & Porch
Facing Interior of Lot 10
Original Dwelling
Back Corner
Facing 8th Street
Original Dwelling Side Facing 8th Street
Goal for Rehabilitating Existing Dwelling
• Our goal is to rehabilitate the existing dwelling to as close a match of the original to maintain the history of the dwelling as well as the City of Apalachicola.
• We intend is to keep the original floor plan as it was using the rooms as a home office and a guest room
• The only modification will be to add a bathroom where the back porch was and utilize that area as a connecting entrance to the expansion. The back door was off that porch in its original state.
• We will then add, according to zoning rules an expanded single-family residence with a grand screen porched connecting the structure inspired by the “Dog Trot” floor plans.
• A dog trot house plan is a unique architectural style characterized by a large, open breezeway running through the middle of the house, with two separate living areas on either side all under one roof.
• The breezeway connecting the two living rooms can be a screened-in porch or a closed-in living space.
• Our intent is to keep the original structure as authentic as possible then tastefully expanding the structure to keep in tune with the architectural style of the home
• The following images represent an inspiration for the design elevation. The first image from research is our inspiration for rehabilitating the original dwelling. The second picture is inspiration for bringing the “Dog Trot” plan to life.
• The next page is the floor plan adhering to all zoning rules for setbacks. One kitchen, dinning room, living room, laundry, master and one guest room. There will be one room walk in attic as a second-floor element. This room will rise above the center of the house above Bedroom 1, the guest and hall ½ bath and dinning room. We will house mechanicals there and walk-in storage. A elevation concept follows.
• The final note on site plan are the two single car garages. Our desire was to have a single two car garage. However, the layout is obtrusive taking up a lot of the back yard due to setback on the 8th street side. We opted for two singles to maximize the open yard behind the home and off the screened in porch. We see this as vital to our vision for gardens and entertaining our guest.
• Lastly are two images that represent the inspiration for the kitchen and dog trot porch.
Inspiration for Rehabilitation of Original Dwelling
Inspiration for Rehabilitation of Original Dwelling and “Dog Trot” Expansion Plan
Location of Original Dwelling
See previous page for Design
Dog Trot Porch (18x17)
Connecting Structure
Expanded Home with one storage room on second floor
Dog Trot house plan for Apalachicola SE 1/2 lot 9 & Lot 10
Block K-72
Lot (100 x 90) = 9,000
40% Coverage = 3,600 sq. ft.
1. Existing 1896 Structure (20’ x 40’) = 800
1. This structure is 5’ off both gen and Ave L property line
2. Extension (35x46) = 1,610 + 81 + 45 = 1,736
3. Dog Trot Porch (18x17) = 306
4. Front Porch New Extension (5x18) = 90
5. Garage (22x22) = 484
6. Re-establish porch on old structure (4x20) = 80
Total 3,496
Elevation – Street Views (Corner 8th and Ave. L)
1896 Dwelling
Bedroom
Home Office
Bath
Dog Trot Porch
Extension
One-Story Vaulted Ceilings:
Kitchen, Living Room, Dining Room
Center Master Suite
Two Story Over Bedroom 1
Living Room
Half Bath
Appropriate?
Details
• One-Story majority of home with Two-story center room framed with siding to match original structure over a cement block foundation, the first-floor ceiling height is 12 feet, and the second-floor ceiling is 10 feet. 1 foot of crawlspace clearance, 2 feet for the thicker of 1st floor joists, 1 foot for second floor trusses, and 1 foot of roof rafters. 6-foot roof peek. This totals approximately 34 feet of overall house height. First story building height will match original structure so all roof lines match. That height is approximately 22 feet high.
• Wood framing will be used to construct the house and garages.
• Paint colors (house/trim) and metal roof will be same color scheme as “inspiration home” depicted on page 22.
• Windows will be casement windows as shown or similar to what’s on pages 22 & 26.
• Single Car Garages will match in color and materials, or original structure and main residence as shown on page 29 (it will be wood siding vs. shingles as shown). It will have carriage door.
Inspiration for Kitchen Overlooking Back Yard
Inspiration for Dog Trot Porch
Bridge between Old and New
Single Car Garage Elevation
Siding would match original structure and home with horizontal siding vs. shingles shown here.
Sec. 111-322. - Historic and nonhistoric nonconforming structures.
(a) *Historic nonconforming structures*. The intent of this section is to preserve all historic structures, including those that are nonconforming as to size, setback, elevation, and/or height.
(1) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the ordinary and routine maintenance and repair of historic, nonconforming structures.
(2) Repairs, alterations, and additions necessary for the preservation, restoration, and rehabilitation of a nonconforming structure may be permissible when authorized by the architectural review board in the form of a certificate of appropriateness, provided the structure is a documented historic structure.
(3) If an historic, nonconforming structure receives substantial damage in excess of 50 percent of the appraised value of the structure, such historic structure shall be reconstructed in accordance with the Florida Building Code. If the damaged or destroyed historic structure was nonconforming based on size, setback, elevation, or height, it may be reconstructed at no greater nonconformity than prior to when it was damaged or destroyed. A damaged or destroyed historic, nonconforming building that exceeded current height restrictions may be rebuilt to original height provided it is a replica of the original historic building. In the case of transient lodging facilities, the number of units in the reconstructed structure may not exceed the number of units in existence at the time of damage or destruction.
(4) If an historic, nonconforming structure or portion of any such structure is declared by any duly authorized official of the city to be physically unsafe or unlawful due to lack of repairs or maintenance, the unsafe or unlawful portion shall be repaired and rebuilt in conformity with the historic preservation provisions of chapter 109.
(b) *Nonhistoric nonconforming structures*. The intent of this section is to provide for the limited protection of nonhistoric, nonconforming structures.
(1) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the ordinary and routine maintenance and repair of nonhistoric, nonconforming structures.
(2) Ordinary repairs and maintenance on any nonhistoric, nonconforming structure may be done in any period of 12 consecutive months, but repair or replacement of nonbearing walls, fixtures, wiring, or plumbing may not exceed ten percent of the latest assessed valuation of the building.
(3) If a nonhistoric, nonconforming structure receives substantial damage in excess of 50 percent of the appraised value of the structure, reconstruction of the structure must comply with the Florida Building Code, the city's floodplain management ordinance, and this code. If the damaged or destroyed structure was nonconforming based on size, setback, elevation, or height, the damaged portion of the structure may be reconstructed only if it is in accordance
Sec. 111-268. - R-1 single-family residential.
(a) **District Intent.** To provide for the accommodation of low-density residential development in areas predominately occupied by single-family detached dwellings. And where appropriate, to allow certain educational, religious, recreational and public activities compatible with the general characteristics of the district.
(b) **Permitted uses and structures.**
(1) **Principal.** Single-family residential.
(2) **Accessory.** Accessory uses and structures customarily incidental and subordinate to permitted principal uses and structures and not of a commercial nature, including private garages, tool sheds, kitchen gardens and the like. Accessory structures may not be used for residential purposes.
(c) **Special exceptions.** After public notice and hearing and appropriate conditions and safeguards, the planning and zoning board may permit as special exceptions, subject to referenced development standards:
(1) Utilities substations.
(2) Churches.
(3) Schools.
(4) Hospitals and clinics (prohibited in velocity zones as shown on the flood insurance rate maps).
(5) Two-family residential.
(6) Parks and playgrounds.
(7) Residential apartment units in existing single-family structures (see subsection (f) of this section).
(8) Public facilities and structures.
(9) Home occupations.
(d) **Prohibited uses and structures.**
(1) Mobile homes and house trailers.
(2) Establishments for the conduct of retail trade.
(3) Storage yards or warehouses.
(4) Travel trailers.
(5) Any structure or use of a nature not specifically or provisionally permitted herein.
(e) **Development standards.**
(1) **Minimum lot or site size.**
a. **Single-family and home occupations.**
1. Area: 6,000 square feet.
2. Width: 60 feet.
3. Depth: 100 feet.
b. Two-family.
1. Area: 9,000 square feet.
2. Width: 90 feet.
3. Depth: 100 feet.
c. Special exceptions except for two-family and home occupations.
1. Area: 12,000 square feet.
2. Width: 120 feet.
3. Depth: 100 feet.
(2) Minimum building size. Single-family dwelling: 800 square feet.
(3) Minimum building setbacks.
a. Front: 15 feet.
b. Side, interior lot: 7½ feet each side, or any combination of setbacks on each side that equals at least 15 feet, provided that no such setback shall be less than five feet.
c. Side, corner lot: 15 feet.
d. Rear: 25 feet for principal structures, five feet for accessory structures.
(4) Maximum building restrictions.
a. Lot coverage: 40 percent.
b. Permissible building height: 35 feet.
(f) Applicable regulations.
(1) Location of accessory structures. Location of accessory structures in residential districts: In residential districts, and on any lot used for residential purposes, no accessory structure shall be located in required front yards.
(2) Parking regulations. See section 111-288.
(3) Special exceptions. Unless otherwise specified, special exceptions must comply with development standards as referenced. If deemed appropriate by the planning and zoning board in order to grant a special exception, certain more stringent standards may be imposed.
(4) Submerged lands. In cases where building lots are adjacent to and contiguous with wetlands, a setback of 20 feet from jurisdictional wetlands shall replace conflicting lot line setbacks. This setback shall consist of a vegetative buffer.
Residential apartment units. When approved as a special exception, up to a maximum of three residential apartment units may be allowed per existing single-family structure, provided that the lot upon which the structure is located has a front lot line of at least 60 feet and a depth of at least 100 feet, and provided that at least one parking space per apartment unit is provided onsite; however, up to a maximum of four residential apartment units may be allowed when approved as a special exception provided that the lot upon which the structure is located has a front lot line of at least 90 feet and depth of 100 feet and provided that at least one parking space per apartment unit is provided on-site.
(6) Supplemental regulations. Provisions of article I of this chapter and article I of chapter 115 of this code shall be applicable to certain lands within this district.
(LDC, art. IV)
the various practicable time limits and the order in which development is to be undertaken. A development schedule shall contain an exact description of the specific buildings, facilities, common open space and other improvements to be developed at the end of each time period.
*Directory sign* means any sign which displays exclusively the names, logos and locations of occupants or uses of a building or commercial complex. No advertising other than name, logo and locations of occupants or use is included.
*Documentation* means photographs, slides, drawings, plans, or written descriptions.
*Domestic wastewater facility* means a wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal system approved by the Department of Environmental Protection in accordance with F.A.C. title 62.
*Double-faced sign* means a sign which has two display areas against each other or where the interior angle formed by the display areas is 60 degrees or less, where one face is designed to be seen from one direction and the other face from the other direction.
*Drip line* means a limiting line established by a series of perpendicular drop points marking the maximum radius of the crown of an existing tree, but not less than ten feet from the trunk, whichever is greater, and within which no construction or disturbance shall occur.
*Drive-through establishment*, including drive-in and drive-up, means an establishment which by design, physical facilities, service or by packaging procedures, encourages or permits customers to receive services or obtain goods while remaining in a motor vehicle.
*Dry-dock facility* means a commercial establishment providing for the upland storage and servicing of watercraft.
*Due public notice*, as used in connection with the phrase "public hearing" or "hearings with due public notice," means publication of notice of the time, place and purpose of such hearing at least twice in a newspaper of general circulation in the area, with the first such publication to be at least 15 days prior to the date of the hearing and the second such publication to be at least five days prior to the hearing. In addition, except where the hearing applies to all of the lands within the areas, similar notices setting forth the time, place and purpose of such hearing shall be mailed to the last-known address of the owners of the property involved in, or whose land is within 500 feet of the periphery of, the lands subject to rezoning; and such notices shall also be posted in a conspicuous place on or around such lots, parcels or tracts of land as may be involved in or directly affected by the hearing. Affidavit proof of the required publication, mailing and posting of the notice shall be presented at the hearing. Failure of any owner to receive such notice shall in no way affect the validity of any action taken in a public hearing.
*Dwelling* means any building or portion thereof which is designed or used for residential purposes, but does not include a trailer coach or converted trailer, hotel, motel, boardinghouse, or roominghouse.
Dwelling, multifamily, means a residential building designed for or occupied exclusively by three or more families, with the number of families in residence not exceeding the number of dwelling units provided, and with only structural maintenance services furnished by the management. The minimum required size for a multifamily dwelling unit is 500 square feet of enclosed, heated living area.
Dwelling, single-family, means a residence used or intended to be used as a home in which the use and management of all sleeping quarters and appliances for sanitation, cooking, ventilation, heating and lighting are designed for the use of one family, and with partitioning so that any substantial interior portion of the dwelling is accessible without resorting to exterior access, and the building shall have only one kitchen and one electrical meter.
Dwelling, two-family, means a residential building designed for or occupied by two families (duplex), with the number of families in residence not exceeding the number of dwelling units provided. The minimum required size for each of the two units within a two-family dwelling is 500 square feet of enclosed, heated living area.
Easement means a grant from a property owner for the use of land for a specific purpose by the general public, by a corporation or by a certain person.
Eaves means the extension or overhang of a roof measured from the outer face of the supporting wall or column to the farthest point of the overhanging structure.
Electric sign means any sign containing electric wiring.
Encroachment means the placement of fill, excavation, buildings, permanent structures or other development into a flood hazard area which may impede or alter the flow capacity of riverine flood hazard areas.
Enforcement officer means the official designated by the city to administer and enforce the provisions of this chapter or his designee.
Engineer means a civil engineer, registered and currently licensed to practice in the state, retained by the developer to prepare, supervise, and certify the engineering work required by this ordinance.
Erect means to build, paint, construct, reconstruct, attach, hang, suspend, place or affix.
Erected includes the term "constructed," "moved," "located" or "relocated."
Exception means a use that would not be appropriate generally and with restriction throughout the zoning district, but if controlled as to number, area or location, would be permissible as stipulated in this Code.
Existing building and existing structure means any buildings and structures for which the start of construction commenced before July 18, 1983.
Certificate of appropriateness required. A certificate of appropriateness issued by the building inspector after approval by the board shall be required before a permit is issued for any of the following:
(1) Within the entire historic district.
a. Demolition of an historic building.
b. Moving an historic building.
c. Material change in the exterior appearance of existing buildings classified as historic by additions, reconstruction, or alteration.
d. Any new construction of a principal building or accessory.
e. Change in existing walls and fences, or construction of new walls and fences, if along public street rights-of-way, excluding lanes.
f. Material change in the exterior appearance of existing non-rated buildings by additions, reconstruction, alteration, if subject to view from a public street.
(2) Application for certificate of appropriateness. Application for a certificate of appropriateness shall be made in the city office on forms provided therefor, obtainable at said office. Detailed drawings, plans, or specifications shall not be required but each application shall be accompanied by such sketches, drawings, photographs, descriptions or other information showing the proposed exterior alterations, additions, changes or new construction as are reasonably required for the board and the building inspector to make a decision. Such application must be filed no later than ten days prior to any meeting of the board at which such application is to be heard.
(3) Action on application for certificate of appropriateness. The building inspector shall transmit the application for certificate of appropriateness, together with the supporting information and material to the board for approval. The board shall act upon the application within 30 days after the filing thereof, otherwise the application shall be deemed approved and a certificate of appropriateness shall be issued. Nothing herein shall prohibit an extension of time where mutual agreement has been made and the board may advise the applicant and make recommendations in regard to the appropriateness. If the board approves the application, a certificate of appropriateness shall be issued. If the certificate of appropriateness is issued, the application shall be processed in the same manner as applications for building or demolition permits. If the board disapproves an application, a certificate of appropriateness shall not be issued. The board shall state its reason in writing, and the building inspector shall advise the applicant and a permit shall not be issued. Effort will be made to review economic hardship cases with full consideration of all extenuating circumstances.
(e) Development standards.
(1)
Preservation of historic buildings within all zones in the historic district. A building or structure classified as historic or any appurtenance related thereto, including, but not limited to, stone walls, fences, light fixtures, steps, paving and signs shall only be moved, reconstructed, altered or maintained in a manner that will preserve the historical and architectural character of the building, structure or appurtenance thereto.
(2) Demolition of historic buildings. Whenever a property owner shows that a building classified as historic is incapable of earning an economic return on its value, as appraised by a qualified real estate appraiser, and the board fails to approve the issuance of a certificate of appropriateness, such building may be demolished; provided, however, that before a demolition permit is issued, notice of proposed demolition shall be given as follows:
a. For buildings rated conforming: six months.
b. For buildings rated altered: three months.
Notice shall be posted on the premises of the building or structure proposed for demolition in a location clearly visible from the street. In addition, notice shall be published in a newspaper of general circulation at least three times prior to demolition, the final notice of which shall be not less than 15 days prior to the date of the permit, and the first notice shall be published not more than 15 days after the application for a permit to demolish is filed. The purpose of this section is to further the culture, traditions, and the economic values of the city, and to afford the city, interested persons, historical societies, or organizations the opportunity to acquire or to arrange for the preservation of such buildings. The board may, at any time during such stay, approve a certificate of appropriateness in which event a permit shall be issued without further delay.
(3) Relocation of historic buildings. An historic building shall not be relocated on another site unless it is shown that the preservation on its existing site is not consistent with the purposes of such building on such site.
(4) Protective maintenance of historic buildings. Historic buildings shall be maintained to meet the requirements of the minimum housing code and the building code. Provided, however, that notice to the owners, as required by the building code for unsafe buildings, shall further provide, in the case of historic buildings, that this chapter will require a permit after approval of the board before demolition and in the meantime, the owner shall cause such building or structure or portion thereof to be secured in which event, the cost thereof shall be charged to the owner of the premises and collected in the manner provided by law.
(5) New construction. The construction of a new building or structure, within an historic district shall be generally of such form, proportion, mass, configuration, building material, texture and location on a lot as will be compatible with other buildings in the historic area, and particularly with buildings designated as historic and with squares and places to which it is visually related.
(6) *Existing non-rated.* The moving, alteration, reconstruction, affecting the external appearance of any existing non-rated building, structure, or appurtenance shall be allowed consistent with the existing design of such non-rated structure. Building standards for non-rated buildings shall be the same as those required by the Florida Building Code.
(7) *Visual compatibility factors.* Within historic district, new construction and existing buildings and structures and appurtenances thereof which are moved, reconstructed, materially altered or repaired shall be visually compatible with buildings, squares, and places to which they are visually related.
(8) *Non-rated buildings.* All applicable standards as provided in chapter 111, article III shall apply as the development standards of the historic district.
(f) *Penalties.* Any person failing to comply with any of the sections of this chapter shall be subject to penalties as provided in the Code of Ordinances. In addition, a stop-work order shall be issued by the building inspector in any case where work has commenced or preparation for work has commenced which requires a certificate of appropriateness and where no such certificate has been obtained. The stop-work order shall be issued to the property owner, the occupant, or any person, company or corporation commencing work or preparation for work in violation of this chapter. The stop-work order shall remain in full force and effect until a certificate of appropriateness has been obtained or it has been determined by the board that no certificate of appropriateness is required.
(g) *Appeals for review.* Any person aggrieved by a decision of the board may, within 15 days thereafter, appeal to the city commission for a final administrative decision.
(LDC, art. VI(VI), § B(1)—(3), (5)—(8))
|
Development of a Bacterial Resistant Concrete for Use in Low Cost Kitchen Floors
S. S. Mahlungu, R. K. K. Mbaya, D. D. Delport, H. Van. Zyl
Abstract—The degrading effect due to bacterial growth on the structural integrity of concrete floor surfaces is predictable; this consequently cause development of surface micro cracks in which organisms penetrate through resulting in surface spalling. Hence, the need to develop mix design meeting the requirement of floor surfaces exposed to aggressive agent to improve certain material properties with good workability, extended lifespan and low cost is essential. In this work, tests were performed to determine microbial activity on kitchen floor surfaces and the effect of adding admixtures. The biochemical test shows the existence of microorganisms (E. coli, Streptococcus) on newly casted structure. Of up to 6% porosity was reduced and improvement on structural integrity was observed upon adding mineral admixtures from the concrete mortar. The SEM result after 84 days of curing specimens, shows that chemical admixtures have significant role to enable retard bacterial penetration and good quality structure is achieved.
Keywords—Admixture, organisms, porosity and strength.
I. INTRODUCTION
The premature degradation of concrete structures by organic acids, microbial impact and exposure to other aggressive environments has led to the development of a new mix proportion consisting of admixtures. It has been demonstrated that, even after typical and specific hygienic procedure, pathogenic microorganisms can survive in kitchens often for hours [1], [2]. Bacterial adhesion is also affected by the nutrient availability in the surrounding medium and the growth stage of the bacterial cells themselves [3] and by the pH, temperature of the medium and ionic concentration [4]. The most detailed studies addressing the mechanisms of interaction between microorganisms and cementitious matrices concern sewage systems [5], which differs considerably from the situation occurring in food processing environments (possible carbonation, consumption of some elements of the cement paste) [6]. This type of concrete deterioration occurs often in food processing, storage works and in the abattoirs and buildings of holding, bacteria, microscopic fungi, and algae is usually present at increased concentration [7]. Thus, the development of successful conservation treatment capable of preventing and inhibiting biodeterioration, rather than the improvement of already existing biocides is a very important issue [8]. The chosen admixtures for structural modification are Meta-kaOlin (MK) and Fly Ash (FA) is contained within the cement, for porosity reduction on the concrete matrix, and the chemical admixtures (FUGE and Borax) for water reducer, as studied mineral admixtures can improve particle packing and decrease permeability of concrete [9]. Therefore, the use of these types of mineral additives in concrete will make, not only to decrease the cost of concrete material but also to increase its long-term performance [10], [11]. Sufficient curing is essential for a concrete to provide its potential performance [12]. Neville and Aitcin [13] highlighted the essential need of wet-curing from the earliest possible moment, therefore all concrete mixes were cured at 23°C and 60% relative humidity and analysis made was on strength, bacterial growth and porosity. In this study, it is aimed to develop hardened concrete structure to improve certain surface property such as porosity, strength, microbial activity to become less prone to bacterial colonization and to achieve less porous media.
II. MATERIAL SELECTION
A. Materials
The study was conducted on hardened cement paste made of ordinary Portland cement, 15% quality siliceous fly ash (FA) from ash resources and a strength enhancer which complies with the chemical and physical requirements of SANS 50197 (EN197) for Class II 42.5N cement, and selected mineral admixture, MK and chemical admixture (FUGE and Borax) for water reduction. Table I show both physical and chemical properties of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) which is the Powercrete. A good quality of gravel and sand commonly used in concrete production obtained locally was adopted (max. grain size of aggregates = 19mm dolomite).
Table I below presents the Powercrete Plus complies with the chemical and physical requirements of SANS 50197 (EN197) for a Class II 42.5N cement.
| Property | Powercrete Plus | EN Spec. requirement |
|----------------|-----------------|----------------------|
| SO₃ | 2.10% | ≤ 3.5% m/m |
| Cl | 0.051% | ≤ 0.10% m/m |
| Physical properties | | |
|---------------------|---------------|-------------------|
| 2 day Strength | 22.5 MPa | ≥ 10.0 MPa |
| 28 day Strength | 56.5 MPa | ≥ 42.5 ≤62.5 MPa |
| Initial set | 200 minutes | ≥ 60 minutes |
| Smoothness | 1.0 mm | ≤ 10 mm |
| Relative Density | | 3.04 |
B. Preparation of Concrete Mixes
The mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water was performed separately for a specific biochemical test research, and another batch of concrete mortars was combined with different admixtures for strength and porosity as highlighted previously. The casting of specimens was done on cubes 100x100x100mm and vibrated for thirty seconds using vibrational shaker, the selectivity of mineral additives were, 5%, 10%, 15% and 0.5, 1 and 2% for chemical admixtures. The composition of cement, sand and aggregates ratio was 1:2:3 with a fixed cement content of 307 kg/m$^3$.
Tap water was used for preparing the mixture with a water-cementitious material ratio of 0.6 which was kept constant for all the mixes. The amount of admixtures added were substracted from sand and allowed a moisture content of 1.5%, while choosing a slump 75 – 100mm in order to achieve good workability. The specimens were de-molded 24 hours later and cured in a controlled environment and corresponding relative humidity.
C. Testing Methods
In order to achieve expected results, tests were performed to determine the physical properties of materials and the effect of microbial impact on concrete surfaces, after incorporating both mineral additives and chemical admixtures, the first test was density which was done using the stereopycnometer to check the quality of structure in terms of weight. The obtained results were then used to determine the material porosity, using the equation below:
$$P = \frac{V_p}{V_T}$$ \hspace{1cm} (1)
where $P$ is a dimensionless value of porosity, $V_p$ is the volume of pores (m$^3$) and $V_T$ is the total volume of the cylinder (m$^3$). The porosity test was measured accordingly at an interval of, 0, 7, 14, 56, and 84 days respectively, according to Van der Molen [14], it was found that choosing a water-cement ratio of 0.6, complete curing can be achieved in a duration approximately three months. And the depth carbonation of 15mm can be reached in 15 years on the floor casting [15]. The material Compressive strength was also performed accordingly to an interval of 3, 7, 14 and 28 days respectively, other test which were performed were biochemical test, pH, to evaluate the concrete specimens before impregnation with microorganisms, and also to test for their reactivity when impregnated together on a single concrete specimen with or without admixtures. The pH was used as indicator of bacterial activity towards concrete surface. The SEM results were done on a control mixture and on chemical admixtures of concrete specimens.
D. Microorganisms
Four different organisms species where selected for the study (Salmonella, E. coli, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus) which were prepared on a TSB (Tryptic soya bath) and were used 7 days later of incubating at 37°C. Salmonella and E. coli are rod-shaped gram negative organisms which can be found in eggs and on the intestine of healthy cattle, goats and sheep [16], [17]. Salmonella isolates to plastic, cement, stainless steel and it is observed that the biofilm formation of both isolates was very similar with the highest density being on plastic followed by cement and stainless steel [18]. Bacillus is a gram positive aerobic, spore forming rod [19], that is commonly isolated from food and Staphylococcus is a gram positive anaerobic, non-sporeforming rod and is able to grow in a wide range of temperature [20], pH [21] and sodium chloride concentration up to 15%.
Therefore concrete specimens were each inoculated with four selected organism 500µl quantity per organism using micropipette, and these was performed on a laminar cabinet flow cleaned with 70% ethanol, and connected to the UV light. The organism were given sufficient time to penetrate through concrete specimens.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Biochemical test refers to the chemical identification of unknown substances or bacterium within a living thing. In order to identify bacteria from this method; a gram staining technique is employed, in which both slant and broth cultures are prepared, Fig. 1 illustrates the results obtained from the culture, rod-shaped gram negative bacterium species (a) was identified as E. coli on an Optical microscope after gram staining at 10µm, and the second bacterium species identified was Streptococcus (polymeric chain structure). The test was done seven days later of curing immediately before the impregnation of microorganisms; this indicates the existence of microorganisms even on the newly casted structure of kitchen floor surfaces. When these organisms are supplied with nutrients they can cause serious damage, which will result in structural failure. Hassan et al., [22] reported that for each 10% replacement of OPC by FA in a concrete mix, the water content reduces by 3-4%. This in turn, improves the packing capacity of the concrete ingredients and reduces its porosity.
 
(a) (b)
Fig. 1 (a) E. coli and (b) Streptococcus represents biochemical test results on of gram-staining microbial evaluation of pure concrete mixture cured for 7 days
A. Porosity
The addition of nutrient agar on concrete mortar matrix helps reducing water content; however it terrible affects the
structural integrity of material and significantly increases porosity, the presence of microorganisms on newly casted specimens observed in Fig. 1 are able to rapidly multiply by means of binary fission. Fig. 2 of the study shows the behavior of concrete structure with different composition of nutrient agar versus concrete (the concrete trend in all graphs represents the control non-admixture material). The trends in Fig. 2 show higher porosity at 2% composition of NA, this elaborates on the capability of microbial activity to degrade structures in kitchen floor surfaces. When there is sufficient NA onto concrete mortar, microorganism survives to a greater extent within the pores. This indicates the dissolution and structural failure of the cementitious matrix.
**Fig. 2 Porosity increase of specimens during concrete curing**
The results in Fig. 3, illustrates the enhancement of structure when MK admix is added on concrete mortar, the fineness of the particles improves packing of the mortar matrix and reduction in pores is achieved. The experiment has been carried up to 84 days respectively and the observation of pore reduction improved by up to 6%, these has been attributed from the control mixture on a seventh day of curing.
**Fig. 3 Porosity decrease of specimens during concrete curing**
The graphical presentation of pH range values of microorganisms prepared media culture is observed in Fig. 4, according to the selection. The illustration shows the pH range values of 7.2-8.2, with *E. coli* obtaining the highest pH value and TSB to be the lowest. The *E. coli* which was identified during biochemical test as one of the organisms already present on concrete mortar has once again been added, due to its highly microbial reactivity when in contact with organic acids. The alkalinity of cement with higher pH value is affected by microorganism’s interaction, and when in contact with organic acids the structure becomes acidic, and the cement paste slowly gets leached off.
**Fig. 4 pH of microorganisms incubated at 37°C for 7 days**
The ingress of bacteria through pores penetrates even further allowing the structure to degrade; and furthermore the crack development continues and ultimately results in spalling of surfaces. The selection of organisms was made based on their availability on food processing industries. Visual optical microscope helps identifying bacteria relatively with their behavior in terms of molecular structures on gram staining technique after streaking, and incubating.
**B. Compressive Strength**
The compressive strength results of up to 28 days of different composition of chemical and mineral additives have been studied and presented in Figs. 5-8. On the plot of NA versus Strength in Fig 5, the performance is significantly poor at 0.25% NA, this is due to enough nutrients on mortar mixes which caused elevation in porous media and less dense material is achieved. However the results are extremely poor at 2% composition achieving the strength of 5MPa, availability of nutrients surpassed the uniformity of structure and bacteria’s were able to survive for extended period.
Fig. 5 Strength Measurement of NA on a 28 days period
Fig. 6 Strength Measurement on FUGE chemical on a 28 days period
Fig. 7 Strength Measurement of MK on a 28 days period
Fig. 8 Strength Measurement of Borax on a 28 days period.
The control mix in Figs. 5–8; shows similar trend reaching strength of 30MPa. In Figs. 6 and 8, the chemical admixtures greatly retard the microbial impact, the trends shows correlation of results from 0.25-2%; with 30MPa achieved on lower composition and 35MPa on higher composition. These shows good workability results, structural integrity and uniformity, and it also prove the extent of bacterial inhibits on the structure.
The results obtained on this study clearly indicates that the life span of concrete floor structure in food processing industries will be extended, observed from the results increased in strength, attributed to mineral admixture (MK), which provides additional improvement on porosity and hence contribute to material durability, consequently as concrete cures the strength increases to 38MPa in Fig. 7. Attempts to correlate permeability with strength for different concrete types have indicated the difficulty of obtaining a unique relationship [23], [24].
IV. CONCLUSION
The conclusion made from this study is drawn according as follows:
- In Food processing plants, the bacterial action on floor surface it is highly encountered by means of moisture, food, organic acids and the cost of rehabilitation exceed that of newly casted structures, thus the investigation has been performed and the mix design meeting the requirements has been developed.
- The mineral admixture (MK) lowers the porosity by up to 6%, maintains uniformity due to its particles fineness and compressive strength is increased; cement material due to its pozzolanic effects when mixed with chemical admixture strongly prevents microbial activity. This is a good indication of material durability.
- The Scanning Electronic Microscope demonstrates the behavior of mortar matrix during curing. The control mortar (c) is seen developing micro cracks due to permeability of microorganisms as results of exposure to aggressive agents. The image on (d) and (e) the situation shows good performance no cracks observed at an early age of curing.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank Supervisors, Dr RKK Mbaya and Dr D Delport for the assistance and guidance, Matokelo Mokhali (Lab Assistant, Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, TUT) and Dikeledi Mathe (Student at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, TUT) for their support and effort to assist with experimental work throughout.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Manick, K. L. Durham, G. Domingue, F. Jorgensen, M. Sen, D. W. Schaffner and T. Humphrey, International Journal of Food Microbiology 85, 219 (2003).
[2] H. D. Kusumungrum, M. M. van Putten, F. M. Rombouts and R.R. Beumer, Journal of Food Protection 65, 61 (2002).
[3] C.G. Kumar and S.K. Anand, International Journal of Food Microbiology 42, 27 (1998).
[4] M. Gentile, M. de S.A. Burt and F. Bauer (eds.), edited by European Consortium for Continuing Education in Advanced Meat Science and Technology, 1995, pp. 29–47.
[5] M. Morley, J. Vinckle E. Beeldens A., De Belle N., Taerwe L., Van Grembergen et al., Laboratory microbiological, and in situ tests methods for biogenic sulphuric acid corrosion of concrete, cement and concrete research 2000, 30(4): 623 – 34.
[6] A Bertron, G Escadellias, J Duchesne, Degradation of cement pastes by organic acids, Materials and structure 40 (5) (2007) 341 – 350.
[7] T.C.W. Wong, Degradation of concrete, Cement Journal, 133, 4, (2008)
[8] Chen J, Blume HP, 2002, Rock-weathering by lichens in Antarctic: Patterns and mechanisms, Journal of geographical science, 12 387 – 396.
[9] Hassan KE, Cahill JG, Head MK, The influence of aggregate characteristics on the performance of high performance high strength concrete, In: Ranger B, Patnaik A, editors. Proceedings of the International Conference, Perth, Australia, 1998, P. 441 – 55.
[10] Bilodeau A, Mahotra VM, High-volume fly ash systems: concrete solution for sustainable development. ACI Mater J 2000; 97(1):41 – 48
[11] Assie S, Escadellias G, Walter V, Estimates of self-compacting concrete ‘potential’ durability. Construction build material 2007; 21(10):1909-17.
[12] R. P Khatri, V. Sirivivatanan, L.K Yu, Effect of curing on water permeability of concretes prepared with ordinary Portland cement and with slag and silica fume. Mag. Concrete research. 49(180) (1977) 167–172.
[13] Nicolle A, Aitcin P.C. High performance concrete – and overview. Material Structures 1998; 31:11-7.
[14] H. J. van der Molen, W. M. O. van Beurden, M. A. Blankenstein, W. de Boer, B. A. Cooke, J. A. Grootegoud, F. H. A. Janssen, F. H. de Jong, E. Mulder, F. P. G. Rommerts, The testis: Biochemical actions of trophic hormones and steroids on steroid production and spermatogenesis 1979;11(1) p. 13-18.
[15] Hannah Ben-Bassat, Zipora Shlomai, Gertrude Kohn, Miron Prockocimer, Establishment of a human T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line with chromosome translocation:49(2) 1990, Pages 241–248. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/flescherchacol_g.htm. (Consulted in 05/06/2007).
[16] K. Oliveira, T. Oliveira, P. Texeira, J. Azeredo and R. Oliveira, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 38, 318 (2007).
[17] B. Jayakumar and S. Karunasagar, International Journal of Food Microbiology 64, 365 (2001).
[18] J. L. McKillip, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77, 393 (2000).
[19] K. Shinagawa, International Journal of Food Microbiology 10, 125 (1990).
[20] M.S. Goldgoll, in: M.P. Doyle (ed.), edited by Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA, 1989, pp 463-523.
[21] Hassan KE, Cabrera JG, Bajracharya YM. The influence of fly ash content and curing temperature on the properties of high performance concrete. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, vol. 1. Bahrain, 1991, p. 345865.
[22] Hassan KE, Cabrera JG. Design of durable concrete: specifications and their implementation. In: Hoony A, Mahtouz I, Sarkani S, editors. Proceedings of the Second Middle East Symposium. Hurghada, Egypt, 1999, p. 37-65.
[23] Abbas T, Chauvess M, Ollivier JP. The importance of gas permeability in addition to the compressive strength of concrete. Mag Concrete Research 2000; 52(1):1-6.
Sipho Mahlangu is a Master’s student at Tshwane University of Technology, Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa. He was born in November, 29, 1985, and currently holds Degree in Chemical Engineering, 2010. His niche area is Process Technology. He has worked for Element 8 as Process Technologist in Material coating, sintering, processing and characterization, and currently doing study in advancing ready mix concrete.
Dr Richard Mbaya is a sincere, motivated and committed individual with a bachelor degree in chemical engineering from University of Lubumbashi (DR Congo), a master degree in chemical engineer and a doctorate degree in the same field at Tshwane University of Technology (RSA). His exceptional, experience in these fields such as: strategic planning, staff management and technique skills were tested and strengthened whilst working as process engineer for four years in a big mining company Sodimza in DR Congo, six years as business development manager at international business engineering consultants dealing also with import & export of mineral processing equipment. He is now lecturer at postgraduate and under graduate level, supervising PhD, M Tech and B Tech students projects at Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-South Africa in the Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering.
Dr David Delport is a Section Head of Metallurgical Engineering at Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria-South Africa.
Hennis Van Zyl is Quality Control Manager at Lafarge Industries, South Africa.
|
Object Detection And Tracking Using Instant Online Feature Extraction
Mr. Suraj R.Jaronde
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
Yashwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
Abstract—It is not always possible to provide labeled data for training because it requires substantial human effort, expensive tests, disagreement among experts. Labeling is not possible at instance level. To overcome these problems, multiple instance learning (MIL) method is introduced, which actively trains the data in an online manner and combines with discriminative classifiers that separate the object from its background and provide positive and negative bags. The Fisher information criterion is used to train the dataset in an online manner, which perfectly describes the label of positive content in positive label bags and negative content in negative label bags. The use of actively trained classifiers helps to improve the efficiency of tracking objects in motion.
Keywords—Active learning, Fisher information, Multiple instance learning (MIL)
I. INTRODUCTION
Object detection and tracking is an important challenging task within the area of Computer Vision that tries to detect, recognize, and track objects over a sequence of images called video. It helps to understand, describe object behavior instead of monitoring computer by human operators. It aims to locate moving objects in a video file or surveillance camera. Object tracking is the process of locating an object or multiple objects using a single camera, multiple cameras, or even video files. Invention of high-quality imaging sensors, quality of the image, and resolution of the image are improved, and the exponential computation power required to create new good algorithms and their application using object tracking.
In Object Detection and Tracking, we have to detect the target object and track that object in consecutive frames of a video file. Object detection and tracking is one of the challenging tasks in computer vision. Mainly there are three basic steps in video analysis: Detection of objects of interest from moving objects, Tracking of those interested objects in consecutive frames, and Analysis of object tracks to understand their behavior. Simple object detection compares a static background frame at the pixel level with the current frame of video. The existing method in this domain first tries to detect the interest object in video frames. One of the main difficulties in object tracking among many others is to choose suitable features and models for recognizing and tracking the interested object from a video. Some common choices to choose suitable features include categories, visual objects, intensity, shape, color, and feature points. In this thesis, we studied about multiple instance learning tracking based on the Fisher criteria, optical flow tracking based on the intensity and motion. Preliminary results from experiments have shown that the adopted method is able to track targets with translation, rotation, partial occlusion, and deformation. The related work about the previous research is explained in section II. Section III proposed architecture of research work. Existing work and conclusion are given in V and VI.
II. RELATED WORK
In [1], Kaihua Zhag, Lei Zhang, Qinghua Hu propose an active feature selection approach motivated by the active learning method that is able to select more informative features than the MIL tracker by using the Fisher information criterion to measure the uncertainty of the classification model. The Fisher information is a way of measuring the amount of information that an observable random variable X carries about an unknown parameter θ upon which the probability of X depends. Formally, it is the variance of the score, or the expected value of the observed information. In Bayesian statistics, the asymptotic distribution of the posterior mode depends on the Fisher information and not on the prior (according to the Bernstein–von Mises theorem, which was anticipated by Laplace for exponential families). The role of the Fisher information in the asymptotic theory of maximum-likelihood estimation was emphasized by the statistician R. A. Fisher (following some initial results by F. Y. Edgeworth. The Fisher information is also used in the calculation of the Jeffreys prior, which is used in Bayesian statistics. The Fisher-information matrix is used to calculate the covariance matrices associated with maximum-likelihood estimates. It can
also be used in the formulation of test statistics, such as the Wald test. Statistical systems of a scientific nature (physical, biological, etc.) whose likelihood functions obey shift invariance have been shown to obey maximum Fisher information. The level of the maximum depends upon the nature of the system constraints.
In [2], Li Sun, Guizhong Liu they provide visual object tracking which provides combination of local scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) description and global incremental principal component analysis (PCA) representation in bad conditions. Our algorithm for local descriptors (termed PCA-SIFT) accepts the same input as the standard SIFT descriptor: the sub-pixel location, scale, and dominant orientations of the key point. We extract a 41×41 patch at the given scale, centered over the key point, and rotated to align its dominant orientation to a canonical direction. PCA-SIFT can be summarized in the following steps: (1) pre-compute an eigen space to express the gradient images of local patches; (2) given a patch, compute its local image gradient; (3) project the gradient image vector using the eigen space to derive a compact feature vector. This feature vector is significantly smaller than the standard SIFT feature vector, and can be used with the same matching algorithms. The Euclidean distance between two feature vectors is used to determine whether the two vectors correspond to the same key point in different images. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) [7] is a standard technique for dimensionality reduction and has been applied to a broad class of computer vision problems, including feature selection (e.g., [5]), object recognition (e.g., [15]) and face recognition (e.g., [17]). While PCA suffers from a number of shortcomings [8,10], such as its implicit assumption of Gaussian distributions and its restriction to orthogonal linear combinations, it remains popular due to its simplicity. The idea of applying PCA to image patches is not novel (e.g., [3]). Our contribution lies in rigorously demonstrating that PCA is well-suited to representing key point patches (once they have been transformed into a canonical scale, position and orientation), and that this representation significantly improves SIFT’s matching performance. PCA-SIFT is detailed in the following subsections. This paper introduced an alternate representation for local image descriptors for the SIFT algorithm. Compared to the standard representation, PCA-SIFT is both more distinctive and more compact leading to significant improvements in matching accuracy (and speed) for both controlled and real-world conditions. We believe that, although PCA is ill-suited for representing the general class of image patches, it is very well-suited for capturing the variation in the gradient image of a key point that has been localized in scale, space and orientation. We are currently extending our representation to color images, and exploring ways to apply the ideas behind PCA-SIFT to other key point algorithms.
In [3], Wei Zhong, Huchuan Lu proposed collaborative appearance model and develop a sparse discriminative classifier (SDC) and sparse generative model (SGM) for object tracking. They develop a simple yet robust model that makes use of the generative model to account for appearance change and the discriminative classifier to effectively separate the foreground target from the background their approach If the input feature vector to the classifier is a real vector $\vec{w}$, then the output score is
$$y = f(\vec{w} \cdot \vec{x}) = f \left( \sum_j w_j x_j \right),$$
where $\vec{w}$ is a real vector of weights and $f$ is a function that converts the dot product of the two vectors into the desired output. (In other words, $\vec{w}$ is a one-form or linear function mapping $\vec{X}$ onto $\mathbb{R}$.) The weight vector $\vec{w}$ is learned from a set of labeled training samples. Often $f$ is a simple function that maps all values above a certain threshold to the first class and all other values to the second class. A more complex $f$ might give the probability that an item belongs to a certain class. For a two-class classification problem, one can visualize the operation of a linear classifier as splitting a high-dimensional input space with a hyperplane: all points on one side of the hyperplane are classified as “yes”, while the others are classified as “no”.
$$\min_s \|A^* s - p\|_2^2 + \lambda \|s\|_1$$
A linear classifier is often used in situations where the speed of classification is an issue, since it is often the fastest classifier, especially when $\vec{X}$ is sparse. Also, linear classifiers often work very well when the number of dimensions in $\vec{X}$ is large, as in documentation classification, where each element in $\vec{X}$ is typically the number of occurrences of a word in a document. In such cases, the classifier should be well regularised.
$$\rho = \begin{bmatrix} \beta_1^*, \beta_2^*, \ldots, \beta_M^* \end{bmatrix}^T$$
It also helps in occlusion condition as follows:
©IJRASET 2015: All Rights are Reserved
For handling occlusions, we constructed histogram and modify it in order to exclude the occluded patches when deal with the target object. If patch is largely reconstructed then error is regarded as occlusion and the corresponding sparse coefficient vector is set to be zero
\[ \varphi = \rho \square o \]
\[ o_i = \begin{cases}
1 & e_i < e_0 \\
0 & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases} \]
Finally with the help of SDC and SGM they develop collaborative method within the particle filter framework, and the tracking result is the candidate with the highest probability. The generative model is effective to account for appearance change. The discriminative classifier is effective to separate the foreground target from the background. Our method exploits the collaborative strength of both schemes using Equation
\[ p_c = H_c L_c \]
\[ = \exp \left( - \left( e_f - e_b \right) / \sigma \right) \left( \sum_{j=1}^{J \times M} \min \left( \varphi_c^j, \psi^j \right) \right) \]
This paper concludes that an effective and robust tracking method based on the collaboration of generative and discriminative model. The SDC module can effectively deal with continuous changing background. The SGM module is capable of handling heavy occlusion.
In [4], This paper gives some theoretical principles for online learning of target model and provide adaptive tracking algorithm which is able to deal with drastic variations in target appearance then there occur some problem in tracking. Once target is extracted in each frame then the frame sample taken from target are first classified into foreground and background using an effective classifier. This paper proposes robust, adaptive appearance model for motion-based tracking of difficult background changing object. Adaptive learning that is implemented in the classroom environment using information technology is often referred to as an Intelligent Tutoring System or an Adaptive Learning System. Intelligent Tutoring Systems operate on three basic principles: Systems need to be able to dynamically adapt to the skills and abilities of a student. Environments utilize cognitive modeling to provide feedback to the student while assessing student abilities and adapting the curriculum based upon past student performance. Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a way to bring together inductive learning and logic programming to an Adaptive Learning System. Systems using ILP are able to create hypothesis from examples demonstrated to it by the programmer or educator and then use those experiences to develop new knowledge to guide the student down paths to correct answers. Systems must have the ability to be flexible and allow for easy addition of new content. Cost of developing new Adaptive Learning Systems is often prohibitive to educational institutions so re-usability is essential. School districts have specific curriculum that the system needs to utilize to be effective for the district. Algorithms and cognitive models should be broad enough to teach mathematics, science, and language. Systems need to also adapt to the skill level of the educators. Many educators and domain experts are not skilled in programming or simply do not have enough time to demonstrate complex examples to the system so it should adapt to the abilities of educators.
In [5], Robert T. Collins provides online feature selection mechanism for evaluating multiple features while tracking and adjusting the set of features used to improve tracking performance. We generally conclude that the features that can be easily identified can be easily tracked. There are three conventional approaches to moving object detection: temporal differencing [1]; background subtraction [13, 29]; and optical flow (see [3] for an excellent discussion). Temporal differencing is very adaptive to dynamic environments, but generally does a poor job of extracting all relevant feature pixels. Background subtraction provides the most complete feature data, but is extremely sensitive to dynamic scene changes due to lighting and extraneous events. Optical flow can be used to detect independently moving objects in the presence of camera motion; however, most optical flow computation methods are computationally complex, and cannot be applied to full-frame video streams in real-time without specialized hardware. Under the VSAM program, CMU has developed and implemented three methods for moving object detection on the VSAM test bed. The first is a combination of adaptive background subtraction and three-frame differencing (Section 3.1.1). This hybrid algorithm is very fast, and surprisingly effective – indeed, it is the primary algorithm used by the majority of the SPUs in the VSAM system. In addition, two new prototype algorithms have been developed to address shortcomings of this standard approach. First, a mechanism for maintaining temporal object layers is developed to allow greater disambiguation of moving objects that stop for a while, are occluded by other objects, and that then resume motion (Section 3.1.2). One limitation that affects both this method and the standard algorithm is that they only work for static cameras, or in a ‘step-and-stare’ mode for pan-tilt cameras. To overcome this limitation, a second extension has been developed to allow...
background subtraction from a continuously panning and tilting camera (Section 3.1.3). Through clever accumulation of image evidence, this algorithm can be implemented in real-time on a conventional PC platform.region centered at 0. The probability of the feature(color) of the target was modeled by the its histogram with kernel
\[ \hat{q}_u = C \sum_{i=1}^{n} k(\| x_i^* \|) \delta[b(x_i^*) - u], \quad u = 1, \ldots m \text{ bins} \]
With mean shift method, the kernel is recursively moved from the current location to the new location with
\[ \hat{y}_1 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n_0} x_i w_i g\left( \frac{\hat{y}_0 - x_i}{h} \right)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^{n_0} w_i g\left( \frac{\hat{y}_0 - x_i}{h} \right)^2} \]
For a kernel with a convex and monotonic decreasing kernel profile, it is guaranteed to converge (to local maxima)
In [6], Zulfiqar Hasan Khan, Irene Yu-Hua Gu A novel visual object tracking scheme is proposed by using joint point feature correspondences and object appearance similarity. For any object in an image, interesting points on the object can be extracted to provide a "feature description" of the object. This description, extracted from a training image, can then be used to identify the object when attempting to locate the object in a test image containing many other objects. To perform reliable recognition, it is important that the features extracted from the training image be detectable even under changes in image scale, noise and illumination. Such points usually lie on high-contrast regions of the image, such as object edges. Another important characteristic of these features is that the relative positions between them in the original scene shouldn't change from one image to another. For example, if only the four corners of a door were used as features, they would work regardless of the door's position; but if points in the frame were also used, the recognition would fail if the door is opened or closed. Similarly, features located in articulated or flexible objects would typically not work if any change in their internal geometry happens between two images in the set being processed. However, in practice SIFT detects and uses a much larger number of features from the images, which reduces the contribution of the errors caused by these local variations in the average error of all feature matching errors. SIFT can robustly identify objects even among clutter and under partial occlusion, because the SIFT feature descriptor is invariant to uniform scaling orientation and partially invariant to affine distortion and illumination changes. This section summarizes Lowe's object recognition method and mentions a few competing techniques available for object recognition under clutter and partial occlusion.
The joint tracker performs better as compared to anisotropic mean shift tracking and SIFT tracking followed by the RANSAC.
III. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE
Fig 1. Show the system architecture Stroe the video with image file name storing the video sequences initiate the x and y coordinate for the bounding rectangle initialize the width.
Fig. 1. Example of a figure caption.
IV. PROPOSED MODEL
The process of Active Learning consists of two main stages, an initialization stage and a sample query with retraining stage. The initialization stage is the same process as creating a passive learning function. The Query and retraining stage consists of initially obtaining new data by running the classifier on an unlabeled, independent dataset and a ground truth mechanism (a human) is assigned to label the newly obtained data. This data is then used to retrain the classifier to generate a new learning function (Query by Misclassification). A broad schematic of the Active Learning process is provided in The passively trained classifier obtained initially was evaluated on an independent dataset by using the test rig on a busy highway during a low lighting period. This run produced very high classification accuracy but missed some true positives and produced false positives. These instances were queried and labeled by a human oracle and included for retraining. Thus, the retraining process consisted of some positive samples which included initial training samples along with missed “true” detection instances from the independent dataset. The main idea of working with features is that it is much faster than a pixel based classification system which is integral to the idea of rapid detection in real time. The weak classifiers (explained later in detail) works with values of very simple features. These features are derivatives of Haar basis functions used by Papageorgiou et. al in his trainable object detection framework. The three kinds of features used in this study are: Two Rectangle Feature: As shown in Figure 3-1, the value of a two rectangle feature is the difference between the sum of pixel values within two rectangular regions in a Region of Interest (ROI). The Region should have the same size and should be horizontally or vertically adjacent. Three Rectangle Feature: Similarly, a three rectangle feature is the sum of the pixels of the two outside rectangles subtracted from the sum of pixels of the center triangle. Four Rectangle Feature: A four rectangle feature is the difference in the sum of pixels of two pairs of diagonally opposite rectangles. The minimum size of the detection window was chosen to be 20x20 based on trial runs and given this information, the set of rectangular features is much higher than the number of pixels in the window. Thus this representation of features is over complete and a suitable feature selection procedure has to be integrated into the algorithm to speed up the classification process.
V. IMPACT OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
This system provided the proof of concept implementation of the actively trained classifier for the purpose of real-time vehicle detection. The classifier was evaluated on publicly available static image datasets as well as on real-time video stream collected using the test rig. The classifier was then compared to the passively trained classifier based on some specific evaluation criteria and results were presented. The full implementation of the multi-object detection and tracking system complete with a feature tracker and distance estimation on a real-time scenario is also presented.
VI. EXPECTED OUTCOME
The idea of this project was to present a vision-based detection and tracking system which can be implemented in real-time systems such as in intelligent vehicles and autonomous cars. The main challenge in addressing this issue was to create a robust, reliable system which is simple to implement. A machine learning-based approach was devised to solve this problem where a cascade of classifiers were trained based on AdaBoost (working on Rectangular Haar-like features in an image) to rapidly detect Regions of Interest (ROIs) corresponding to cars in a video frame. This classifier was then retrained using Query by Misclassification to produce an Active classifier which was much more sensitive to noise.
VII. CONCLUSION
Thus we proposed a robust tracker based on online discriminative appearance model. We develop an online active feature selection approach via minimizing Fisher information criterion and show that This method could also be used to selectively sample the independent dataset used for Active Learning and query it for retraining. Integration of lane detection, trajectory learning and pedestrian detection are some other key.
REFERENCES
[1] KaihuaZhag, Lei zhang,QinghuaHu"Robust object tracking via active feature selection", IEEE Transaction On Circuit And System For Video Technology, Vol.23, No.11, Nove.2013.
[2] Li Sun, GuizhongLiu,"Visual object tracking based on combination of local description and global representation", IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, Vol. 21, No. 4, April 2011.
[3] Wei Zhong, HuchuanLu"Robust object tracking via sparse collaborative appearance model", IEEE Transactions On Image Processing, Vol. 23, No. 5, May 2014.
[4] Peng Wang, Hong Qiao"Online appearance model learning and generation for adaptive visual tracking", IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, Vol. 21, No. 2, February 2011.
[5] Robert T. Collins, YanxiLiu"Online selection of discriminative tracking features", IEEE Transactions On Pattern Analysis And Machine Intelligence, Vol. 27, No. 10, October 2005.
[6] ZulfiqarHasan Khan, Irene Yu-HuaCa"Joint features correspondence and appearance similarity for robust visual object tracking", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2010.
|
THE SOUND ENGINEERING MAGAZINE
MAY 1984
$1.95
www.americanradiohistory.com
"For two years we've heard it all."
"Choosing the Delta Omega™ was a simple matter of knowing its capabilities. This amplifier exercises unique voice coil control, employing a principal without precedent—delivering more punch, clarity and headroom than we've ever heard.
After two years with Delta Omega™ not a single acoustic detail has been missed. Only after you experience it will you know more than we could ever tell you."
Tres Virgas Studio
San Rafael, CA
1718 W. Mishawaka Road, Elkhart, IN 46517
(219) 294-5571
Call or write for details.
Circle 10 on Reader Service Card
www.americanradiohistory.com
## FEATURES
| Article | Author |
|----------------------------------------------|----------------------|
| AUDIO VISUAL CENTRE WISSELOORD | B. Baars |
| USING THE TECRON TEF SYSTEM 10 ACOUSTIC ANALYZER | Bruce Bartlett |
| C-DUCED | Jesse Klapholz |
| GLASS IN THE STUDIO, PART II | F. Alton Everest |
| THE FATHER OF SOUND SYSTEMS | William C. Matthews |
## COLUMNS
| Column | Author |
|-------------------------------|-----------------|
| SOUND REINFORCEMENT | John Eargle |
| COMPUTER AUDIO | Jesse Klapholz |
| THEORY AND PRACTICE | Ken Pohlmann |
| DIGITAL AUDIO | Barry Blesser |
| SCENES FROM EUROPE | John Borwick |
## DEPARTMENTS
| Department | Page |
|---------------------------------|------|
| LETTERS | 2 |
| CALENDAR | 6 |
| EDITORIAL | 27 |
| CLASSIFIED | 55 |
| NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES | 47 |
| PEOPLE, PLACES, HAPPENINGS | 51 |
PUTTING A FINGER ON ACOUSTIC POLLUTION
TO THE EDITOR:
From the viewpoint of this longtime audio practitioner and reader of various publications serving the field of audio (recording, broadcast, sound reinforcement, etc.) the acuity that some "golden ears" profess in print is fantastic. In fact, some claims are downright incredible—especially in view of their failure to address a common source of pollution.
It's true that one's auditory discernment can be honed to a fine edge; true that one comes to perceive, after prolonged and critical listening to reproduction that initially sounded great, those small imperfections that actually were there all along. Levels of noise and percentages of distortion that once were acceptable "hi-fi" now are intolerable, and the ever-increasing "transparency" of audio components unmasks minute faults that used to be hidden from the most critical among us.
Even so, I have to be skeptical when I read that someone's console is so clean that its owner can hear the difference between a Switchcraft and a Cannon microphone connector. Sorry, but you're going to have to prove that one to me! I'm even skeptical that you can really hear the difference between a totally transformerless path and one with a single, good transformer (such as Jensen), properly used—particularly with analog tape, which actually couples a primary winding (record head) to its secondary (playback head) in a "transformer" process whose inherent nonlinearities must be an order of magnitude greater than those of, say, an input transformer.
The current controversy over digital vs. analog recording involves a lot of subjective prejudices: surely the criterion for fidelity of any recording method is comparison with live pickup, not another recording! Yet I see many arguments comparing one recorded product with the other, when the question of which is superior could better be settled by listening to each when individually A-B'd with the live reproduction (I realize that this can't be done when the recording is a highly processed mixdown of discrete live segments that never
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existed as a coherent performance, but most studios have some occasion to record a group or orchestra performing in real time, when A-B comparisons could be made.)
What puzzles me is why there seems to be no outcry among all these golden ears about one proliferating source of audio pollution: the cathode ray tube display. Deflection coils in TVs, data terminals, and computer displays tend to "sing" at the deflection frequencies, creating corresponding sound fields that are nothing but a form of acoustic pollution. In the case of NTSC TV, the frequencies are about 59.94 Hz vertical and 15,734 Hz horizontal; higher frequencies are used for high-definition monitors and terminals. I have made a very small-scale survey of this phenomenon which, while it is statistically insignificant, I believe to be pretty typical.
The acoustic radiation resulting from the vertical sweep coils usually is negligible, because there is little coupling to the air at low audio frequencies. However, my SPL meter reveals that a 19-inch TV will typically create a 45-50 dB sound field at the horizontal sweep frequency in a typical home viewing room. One small industrial video editing room delivers over 50 dB at 15.7 kHz to the editor's ear position, and this is with only four monitors, three of which are nine inches or less. What must be the acoustic field intensity in a broadcast control room with its dozens of monitors?
In my office is a personal computer with a monochrome CRT display. It produces an 18,430 Hz sound at a level of 50+ dB at the keyboard operating position, increasing to 70 dB directly above the ventilation grillwork on the top of the CRT housing. An identical CRT in another office generates 80 dB SPL at the grillwork; yet another shows only about 60 dB. Evidently the acoustic radiation of CRT sweep coils and/or flyback transformers varies widely among otherwise similar components. An SPL meter check of about two dozen assorted CRT terminals in a design and production facility showed wide variations in acoustic output within the octave centered on 16 kHz, ranging from about 80 dB to unmeasurable. I suspect some of the high-resolution CRTs that produced no appreciable meter indication are radiating at frequencies above the 22.6 kHz upper edge of that octave, thereby exceeding the meter's range.
Where are all the complaints from the golden ears who want absolute purity to 20 kHz and beyond? How come no one complains about the piercing squeals of TVs and CRT terminals? Can it be that these golden ears don't hear them? Or kids, cats and dogs don't? When I was in my twenties and could hear 21 kHz, I found the squeal of early TV sets extremely annoying; fortunately, TV didn't become a household fixture until sweep circuit componentry improved and age tempered my supersonic acuity, so I can now vent my annoyance at the programming instead of the horizontal-frequency squeal. But my meter says it's there, and the VU meters or bargraphs on audio consoles also should indicate some horizontal-frequency pollution whenever a microphone is open in a TV studio (which always has at least one monitor on the floor) or a TV announce booth. This should be particularly true in the announce booth, where the SPL may be only 15-20 dB below speech level; if announce booth squeal isn't evident at the board, either the audio chain (including microphone) suffers a restricted frequency range or the monitor is exceptionally well soundproofed. And a little bit of 15.7 kHz becomes a lot after the preemphasis of FM transmission or recording equalization, with 20 dB down suddenly becoming more like 3 dB down. Yet no one ever mentions any problems with this source of pollution, or even hints that it's there. It's enough to shake one's faith in the "golden ears" fraternity.
Apart from my puzzlement over the failure of this noise source to receive even passing mention in the trade press, I have a deeper concern: Are we overlooking a growing environmental hazard? We somehow arbitrarily assume that acoustic radiation above the range of audibility is harmless, at least at moderate intensities. But is it? We certainly know that photon radiation above the visible frequencies, such as x-ray and ultraviolet, can be harmful even at low intensity and even though we don't perceive it. And there is some reason to believe that prolonged exposure to subsonic sounds of moderate intensity creates undesirable physiological effects; why should high-frequency sounds be different? Certainly supersonic frequencies that are sufficiently concentrated and intense are dangerous and potentially lethal; what is a "safe" level for the continuous exposure that today's TV- and computer-filled environment imposes? Does all-day exposure to 16 or 18 kHz at 50 dB or more, even though inaudible to the individual, accelerate the high-frequency hearing loss that commonly accompanies aging? Is there any other possible physiological effect of prolonged exposure to this sound field? Can it in some way contribute to the inexplicable "eyestrain" or other difficulties many CRT operators complain of? It certainly is an environmental factor that never before existed in nature, so man hasn't evolved inherent defenses against it.
It probably does not devolve upon the audio fraternity to research the physiological effects of continuous exposure to supersonic sound fields, particularly since they are not directly caused by audio equipment. But it may be our obligation to call to the attention of the appropriate scientific disciplines and agencies the existence of this new environmental pollution, of which they seem blissfully unaware. After all, who is better qualified to identify, measure, and quantify the phenomenon than the golden-ear gang?
R. H. CODDINGTON
db replies:
Writer Coddington certainly asks some pertinent questions in his letter. The real question, however, is are there any answers? Has anyone done real research on this problem? We'd love to know. More than that, we'd like to publish it.
FOOTNOTE FOLLIES
To The Readers:
Discerning readers of db (and we assume that means all of you) are by now no doubt aware that the first two footnotes of Jesse Klapholz's article, "On the Boardwalk" (March, '84), are not the real thing. It has occurred to us that some of you may not have found those belated April Fool's jokes amusing, but rather might have felt that we were trying to belittle the intelligence of our readership, make light of the excellent sound systems in use at the hotels in Atlantic City, or poke fun of Carolyn and Don Davis' fine book, Sound System Engineering. Rest assured we were not. We were simply trying to inject a little humor into the magazine.
Our apologies to anyone who might have been offended.
THE SPEAKERS THAT SHOOK THE INDUSTRY
As an audio professional, you've probably already heard a lot of good things about Cerwin-Vega. That's because for the past thirty years we've been able to combine inspired engineering with real-world practicality to provide new standards in acoustic and electronics performance.
Our efforts have resulted in superior live music sound reproduction, (the Rolling Stones used our products for guitars and keyboards on their '81 U.S. tour), the Academy Award winning Sensurround® cinema special effects system, and the single-handed invention of high level dance music playback (or disco, as it came to be known).
With these credentials, it's no accident that we currently manufacture the most capable line of professional products for the wide, diversified world of commercial sound.
Our current product line is based on highly evolved performance principles of enormous power handling, excellent efficiency, clear, intelligible midrange and high frequency projection, and ultimate reliability.
The Cerwin-Vega V-100 system, for instance, is something of an engineering marvel. Its dual 18" horn loaded bass components are direct descendents of the speakers which reproduced an earthquake for Universal Studios, and the midrange and high frequency compression drivers use advanced diaphragm technology which reduces distortion ten fold over competitive designs. The V-100 is rated at 1000 watts power handling E.I.A., and can produce sound pressure levels approaching 130 dB.
That's a lot of system. But even the smallest Cerwin-Vega pro speaker, the 12" two-way V-19, delivers more performance value than anything else on the market. And between these two extremes, we've got enough speakers in enough configurations to cover any possible commercial sound application. They're even available in a variety of finishes, including a rugged carpet covering, and a textured epoxy paint for fixed installations.
And, of course, we offer a full line of compression drivers for jobs requiring custom installation.
If you're looking for a way to turn any pro sound job into something special, into a true audio experience, then you should consider the real movers and shakers in the industry—Cerwin-Vega Professional Audio Products.
Even if you don't have to recreate an earthquake.
Cerwin-Vega!
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MAY
11-14 2nd AES International Conference: The Art and Technology of Recording. Location: Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim, CA. For more information, contact: Convention Services, Audio Engineering Society, 60 East 42nd St., New York, NY 10165. Tel: 212/661-2355.
18-29 Techniques of Digital Audio Processing. Given by the Experimental Music Studio at MIT. For application information, contact: Director of the Summer Session, Room E19-356, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
19 Audio Aspects of Post Production. Organized and sponsored by the Hollywood Section of SMPTE. Locations: Paramount Studios, Glen Glenn Sound and Warner Hollywood Studios. For more information, contact: Jack Spring, c/o Eastman Kodak Co., 6706 Santa Monica Blvd., Hollywood, CA 90038; Tel: 213/464-6131, or Howard La Zare, c/o Consolidated Film Industries, 959 N. Seward St., Hollywood, CA 90038. Tel.: 213/462-3161.
JUNE
4-29 Summer Program in Underwater Acoustics and Signal Processing. Given by The Pennsylvania State University's Applied Research Laboratory and Graduate Program in Acoustics. Written inquiries should be directed to Dr. Alan D. Stuart, Summer Program Coordinator, c/o The Penn State Graduate Program in Acoustics, P.O. Box 30, State College, PA 16801. Telephone inquiries may be made to Mrs. Barbara Crocken, Administrative Assistant, at 814/865-6364.
17-19 4th Annual WOSU Broadcast Engineering Conference. Sponsored by the Ohio State University Public Broadcasting Stations. Location: The Fawcett Center for Tomorrow, Columbus, OH. For more information, contact: WOSU Stations, 2400 Olentangy River Rd., Columbus, OH 43210. Tel.: 614/422-9678.
2-27 Workshop in Computer Music Composition. Given by the Experimental Music Studio at MIT. For application information, contact: Director of the Summer Session, Room E19-356, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
WANTED
PREFERABLY ALIVE!!!
We are looking for you out there, you who may have developed computer programs or devices for the audio industry.
If you are a manufacturer who has developed a new idea or method of testing or producing using a computer—tell us! We want your idea in our new computer column.
If you are an audio engineer who has come up with an innovative way to use a computer in the recording, broadcast or sound reinforcement field—tell us! We want you to tell us and the world about it.
If you are a programmer or someone who has a special knowledge of computers in audio—tell us! We'll let everyone know about it.
This is your opportunity to tell the world about your brainchild—your innovations—your genius!
Tell us—here at db—The Sound Engineering Magazine.
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YOUR WORLD
For you, it's the sixth session of the day. For them, it's the biggest session of the year. So you push yourself and your board one more time. To find the perfect mix between four singers and 14 musicians. Between 24 tracks and at least as many opinions. To get all the music you heard—from the deepest drums to the highest horns—on to the one thing they'll keep. The tape.
Photographed at Soundworks Digital Audio/Video Studios, Ltd., NYC.
1984 3M Co. "Stitch" is a registered trademark of 3M.
Test conducted by 3M.
Our Tape
one constant you have to be able to count on. So we make mastering tapes of truly world-class quality. Like Scotch® 226, a mix of Scotch virtuosity and the versatility to meet your many mastering needs—music, voices, effects. And Scotch 250—with the greatest dynamic range and lowest noise of any tape, it is simply the best music mastering tape in the world. Both tapes were preferred by Ampex and Agfa users at a listening test* conducted at the 1983 Audio Engineering Society convention in New York.
We know that our tape is the one constant you have to be able to count on. So we make mastering tapes of truly world-class quality. Like Scotch® 226, a mix of Scotch virtuosity and the versatility to meet your many mastering needs—music, voices, effects. And Scotch 250—with the greatest dynamic range and lowest noise of any tape, it is simply the best music mastering tape in the world. Both tapes were preferred by Ampex and Agfa users at a listening test* conducted at the 1983 Audio Engineering Society convention in New York.
They are both backed by 3M. They are just two of the tapes that make us... number one in the world of the pro.
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Long before a reinforcement system is on the drawing board, while it is still in the negotiating stage, the designer must have a clear idea of how well the system will work. The aim of any reinforcement system is to provide adequate intelligibility for the intended audience under all anticipated listening conditions.
Over the years, a number of methods have been developed for helping the designer estimate the effectiveness of the system while it is still in the conceptual stage. We hasten to underscore the term estimate, since these methods are only rough guides to what might be expected when the system is finally installed.
**ARTICULATION TESTING**
The final measure of a system's intelligibility is gained through a set of syllabic articulation tests. In this testing method, a talker reads from a random list of one-syllable words, and listeners at various points in the space write down the words as they hear them. An 85% score on these tests indicates that the system will provide overall speech intelligibility on the order of 97%, due to the contextual nature of speech. If the articulation score is 75%, then the listener will be able to understand approximately 94% of the words in normal speech context.
**FACTORS DETERMINING SYSTEM INTELLIGIBILITY**
The main factors in determining the effectiveness of speech transmission in a room are speech level, reverberation time, direct-to-reverberant ratio, background noise, and the presence of discrete interfering reflections. Unfortunately, there is no simple way to include all these factors into a method that will estimate the behavior of the system.
We have a number of models as useful tools, each which seems to work under certain circumstances. About a year and a half ago, we discussed, in a column dealing with sound fields, the Peutz method of estimating system intelligibility. The Peutz estimate, as we chose to employ it, considers the effects of reverberation time and the direct-to-reverberant ratio in the 1 to 2 kHz range as the determinant of system intelligibility performance. We also assumed that the effective noise level below peak speech levels was at least 25 to 30 dB.
The method is especially effective in auditoriums and houses of worship, where the background noise level can be kept fairly low. The method further assumes that there are no deleterious reflections and that the room reverberation pattern is fairly normal.
**ESTIMATES IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS: THE ARTICULATION INDEX**
The question of what to do in noisy environments leads us to the Articulation Index (AI) of French and Steinberg\(^1\). Their work has been modified in later years by Kryter\(^2\) and Smith\(^3\).
In its simplified form, an AI estimate can be made by observing the peak speech levels relative to RMS noise levels in each of five octave bands: 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. These ratios are approximately weighted, and the weighted values are summed to give an Articulation Index.
Figure 1 shows the method by
*Figure 1. Calculation of Articulation Index (AI).*
At long last, all the questions you ever asked...all the problems you ever grappled with...are answered clearly and definitively!
The Microphone Handbook
In 256 fact-filled pages, liberally sprinkled with over 500 illuminating photographs, drawings and diagrams, John Eargle covers virtually every practical aspect of microphone design and usage.
Completely up to date, this vital new handbook is a must for any professional whose work involves microphones. Here are just a few of the topics that are thoroughly covered:
- Directional characteristics—the basic patterns.
- Using patterns effectively.
- Microphone sensitivity ratings.
- Remote powering of capacitors.
- Proximity and distance effects.
- Multi-microphone interference problems.
- Stereo microphone techniques.
- Speech and music reinforcement.
- Studio microphone techniques.
- Microphone accessories.
- And much, much more!
THE MICROPHONE HANDBOOK. You'll find yourself reaching for it every time a new or unusual problem crops up. Order your copy now!
JOHN EARGL, noted author, lecturer and audio expert, is vice-president, market planning for James B. Lansing Sound. He has also served as chief engineer with Mercury Records, and is a member of SMPTE, IEEE and AES, for which he served as president in 1974-75. Listed in Engineers of Distinction, he has over 30 published articles and record reviews to his credit, and is the author of another important book, Sound Recording.
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Tektronix automated audio test systems: built to test the best.
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Perform most audio production tests up to ten times faster than manually.
Tek's Programmable Audio Test System will help your technicians achieve both faster throughput and more comprehensive testing. And because one Tek automated system can do the work of five to ten fully equipped benches, your investment will pay for itself several times over.
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which the weighting is obtained. Along the X-axis, we enter the octave band signal-to-noise ratio, and along the Y-axis we read the corresponding AI component for that band. Since it is usually easier to measure average levels of long-term speech, these are the values to be entered in the graph.
Generally, we assume that average speech levels in each band are some 12 dB lower than their peak levels.
Suppose that we measure average speech levels and RMS noise spectra as given in Figure 2. Then, we simply enter the level differences between them and read the corre-
**Figure 2. Sample speech and noise spectrum.**
| Frequency (Hz) | dB-SPL |
|---------------|--------|
| 250 | 48 |
| 500 | 46 |
| 1K | 50 |
| 2K | 42 |
| 4K | 35 |
AI calculation
- 250 Hz: 0.03
- 500 Hz: 0.08
- 1 kHz: 0.16
- 2 kHz: 0.18
- 4 kHz: 0.13
\[ \text{AI} = 0.58 \]
**Figure 3. Comparison of AI and syllabic tests.**
Note that the total AI is 0.58. As a measure of performance, we refer to the graph of Figure 3. Here, we observe that the AI value of 0.58 corresponds roughly to an accuracy well up in the 90% range for syllables in normal speech context. For random syllables, the accuracy would be around 70%.
There is a vast body of data relating AI estimates to actual measurements, and the agreement is quite good. The AI method is especially useful in public spaces, such as office areas and transportation terminals, where background noise can be significant.
**ESTIMATES IN THE PRESENCE OF REVERBERATION**
The adaptability of the AI method to spaces having both noise and excessive reverberation is not well established. While reverberation times less than, say, 1.5 seconds, probably have little deleterious effect on system intelligibility, longer reverberation times will certainly affect the intelligibility.
Kryter suggests simply derating the AI value by the amount given by the graph of Figure 4. However, this is not recommended. Smith and others suggest that excessive reverberation be considered as additional noise to be summed, on a power basis, with the fixed noise spectrum in each octave band. In this manner, a reasonable AI estimate can be made for a sound system in a large space which is both noisy and reverberant.
**References**
1. French, N. R. and Steinberg, J. C., "Factors Governing the Intelligibility of Speech Sounds," J. Acoustical Society of America. Volume 19 (1947).
2. Kryter, K. D., "Methods for the Calculation and Use of the Articulation Index," J. Acoustical Society of America. Volume 34 (1962).
3. Smith, H. G., "Acoustic Design Considerations of Speech Intelligibility," J. Audio Engineering Society. Volume 29 (1981).
What Do Computers Do?
- Since you're reading this column, someone or something has put the notion into your head that a small computer might be useful around the office or workplace. But you may not be sure just what these little machines can do for you.
What if we told you that a typical small computer could make writing proposals, specifications, and correspondence a breeze, type perfectly, check spelling, fine tune business plans, simplify accounting, keep track of loads of information, instantly sort through it and print out a report, handle inventory, print invoices, run off a mailing list, and let you blast Klingons to the other side of the galaxy (in your spare time, of course)? Do you think you could make use of a computer?
The most popular myth regarding computers is that they replace people. That is simply nonsense. What happens is that the person using the computer gets more work done—often more efficiently and better than ever before. In other words, you shouldn't buy a computer in a misguided attempt to replace your bookkeeper. A computer will aid your bookkeeper by allowing him/her to handle twice as many accounts in half the time. It will then have time to help you chase down new customer leads, earn more commission than your star salesperson, and become the new studio manager, leaving everyone ecstatic (except for the former star salesperson).
Perhaps now you're wondering, "How did I do without a computer all this time?" You're ready to learn a little more about how the current generation of computers developed, how they work, and the resulting languages and standards.
BITS AND PIECES
As mentioned in last month's column, the current fourth generation of computers began with the advent of the microprocessor. The microprocessor is a complete central processing unit (or CPU) on one integrated circuit chip. Recent technological advances have permitted memory and input/output features to be incorporated on the same chip so that a total microcomputer is on one chip.
The most basic piece of information that a computer can handle is a bit. A bit is computer lingo for binary digit. A binary digit is either a 0 or a 1 and it can only represent two conditions: on or off. To represent more complex conditions, such as a position between on and off, more bits need to be grouped together; the more bits grouped together, the more possible combinations.
The most common number of bits that are grouped together is eight. With eight bits, you can represent 256 different values or codes. The term "byte" refers to a group of eight bits. One byte is used to represent one character, such as a letter, space, or punctuation mark.
Back to the microprocessors. The first microprocessor was a 4-bit processor. It appeared on the market in 1971, but was quickly succeeded by an 8-bit microprocessor. Now, 16-bit microprocessors are available. The number of bits a processor can handle is an indication of its capabilities or computational power. The more bits, the greater the power—if everything else is equal. The earlier microprocessors were limited in their computational power, but by the late 70s, microprocessors were as powerful and sophisticated as the CPUs in the second generation, or even some of the third generation computers. Some of the most popular microprocessors are listed in Figure 1.
It wasn't the microprocessors by themselves that were responsible for the microcomputer revolution. However, they were the "brains" of computer system kits built by computer hobbyists. And those computers built from kits were actually the beginning of the fourth generation of computers. The first such commercially available kit was the Altair 8800, featured on the January '75 cover of Popular Electronics magazine.
THE CULT GROWS
Once those microcomputer kits were built, there wasn't much that could be done with them except perhaps to program their front panel lights to flash in some sort of sequence. Had you asked, "Can they do something useful?," it would have been a whole different story, involving plugging additional interface and memory boards into the microcomputer's "bus." And, if one wanted to communicate with a microcomputer, that involved peripherals such as teletype machines, computer terminals, and line printers. What started out as an evening's project for under $500 ended up in an invest-
| NUMBER OF BITS | MANUFACTURER | TYPE NUMBER |
|----------------|--------------------|-------------|
| 4 | Texas Instruments | 1000 |
| 4 | Intel | 4004 |
| 8 | Intel | 8080, 8085 |
| 8 | Fairchild | F-8 |
| 8 | Motorola | 6800, 6809 |
| 8 | National | IMP-8 |
| 8 | RCA | Cosmac |
| 8 | Mos Technology | 6502 |
| 8 | Signetics | 2650 |
| 8 | Zilog | Z-80 |
| 16 | Texas Instruments | 9900 |
| 16 | Motorola | 68000 |
| 16 | Intel | 8086 |
| 16 | Zilog | Z-8000 |
Figure 1. Popularly used microprocessors.
ment approaching $10,000 for a "system."
Once you had a computer system, for the most part the computer had to be programmed to perform tasks for the user's applications. Most computer hobbyists were engineers or programmers. In fact, many were so fascinated with the technology that they didn't care if their computers were relatively useless.
Some microcomputer hobbyists used their technical expertise and ingenuity to develop products that took the microcomputer from the hobbyist market to the consumer, electronic, and small business markets. Microdome's "two Steves"—Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs—were directly responsible for introducing microcomputers to the general public when they designed the first Apple computer in Jobs' parents' garage.
The Apple I was one of the first microcomputers to combine important components such as memory, intelligence, input, and output on a single circuit board. After exhibiting the Apple I with great success, Wozniak (better known as "the Woz") and Jobs upgraded the Apple I to the Apple II and entered the micro-computer business. Apple Computer, Inc. was thereby born. It has since become one of the most successful microcomputer companies, with yearly revenues averaging more than $100 million, and now selling more than 20,000 computers per month.
The Apple II and its first competitors, the Commodore PET and the Radio Shack TRS-80, were much easier to use than the Altair 8800. These newer "user-friendly" machines came with typewriter keyboards and video displays instead of the banks of lights and switches on the earlier kit models. They also employed built-in BASIC computer language, which was displayed as soon as you turned on the machine. In contrast, to use BASIC on an Altair, the operator had to go through long, involved processes, which usually took from 20 minutes to an hour.
With the introduction of the Altair 8800, companies began producing plug-compatible boards for the Altair or S-100 bus. (A bus is a series of electrical pathways which take information and power from place to place within a computer system. Memory, serial and parallel I/O [input/output], video and graphics display, analog I/O, voice systems, music synthesis, and many other boards operate through one of the standard buses in computer systems.) Figure 2 shows some of the bus standards of each manufacturer and the microprocessors they used.
Regardless of the microprocessor used in the system or the number of lines on its bus, the address, data, and control signals are the bus' main ingredients. The address lines are used by the processor to tell the memory section and other peripherals the location with which it wishes to communicate. The 8080, Z80, 6800 and 6502 have 16 address lines that are divided into two 8-bit bytes.
The eight data lines carry instructions and data between the processor and all the peripherals, including the memory. All processors have bi-directional data lines which carry information both into and out of the processor. The direction of information flow on these lines is usually under processor control. All buses, except the S-100 and the Digital Group, maintain the bi-directional data lines.
The control lines coordinate the operations of all system components. Most buses include a master clock
line, which indicates to the system when valid data is on the line and can be transferred. Direction of the data flow is determined by one or more of the processor's outputs. The Memory-Read and Memory-Write lines control direction of data flow during memory operations. The I/O Read and Write lines control data direction during I/O operations. Most buses also include Reset lines that reset the system to the original operating system.
At this point let's take a look at what a compute system includes:
- **Hardware**, which is the machine itself
- **Software**, which consists of instructions that tell the machine how to perform a particular task, such as accounting or word processing
- **Input & Output Devices**, which allow the computer to communicate with the operator or other computers
You, the person who, after training and hours spent with instruction manuals, can make the whole system come to life (and play Pac Man).
**SOFTWARE**
One of the key ingredients of a computer system is the software. Software is like a road map for the computer; it instructs the computer what to do with the data you enter from the keyboard (or any other data acquisition device), how to send it out to the printer, and how to perform all those wonderful tricks for which you got a computer in the first place.
Without software, a computer is just a pile of chips that won't do anything at all. Computer hardware by itself has no personality; this is determined by the software. The first uses of computers were for sorting and tabulating large volumes of data. Because of the few and highly specialized applications in early computing, almost all early computer programs were written by people with "tunnel vision": that is, people looking for solutions to their immediate problems. The programs were written for one application without considering that slight modifications to the programs would allow them to solve others' problems as well.
Fortunately, someone woke up to the fact that they were using many of the same steps, or even whole blocks of steps, in many different one-application programs. This led to the development of programs and procedures that were more general and could be used in other applications.
**LINGUISTIC COMPUTERSE**
A computer program is written in a special computer language. The most simple and universal computer language is called machine language, which consists of binary digits. As stated earlier, there are only two binary digits, 0 and 1 (the short name for binary digit is bit). Machine language is what the computer uses to talk to itself. However, this language is much too tedious and time-consuming for an operator to use to talk to the computer. Because of this, higher level programming languages were developed. These languages allow us to make one short, simple statement using our alphabet and decimal system to instruct the computer to perform an operation that may take many steps of machine
language within the computer. Let's look at some of these higher-level language developments.
Figure 3 shows the languages that computers of the first several generations used, and that are still the most popular today. Two of the commonly used high level languages are FORTRAN (for scientific applications) and COBOL (for business applications). These have been further developed and refined since their introduction to make them more versatile and useful. These were, and still are, powerful languages; however, many other languages have also been developed. One of these, PL/I, was developed by IBM by combining features of FORTRAN and COBOL.
The Pascal programming language was developed as a tool for teaching good programming techniques. Pascal uses structured programming techniques to bundle program steps as groups of procedures or routines to be used in different programs. With these techniques, a program segment written for one application could be used over again in another program for another application. Because of this time/cost-efficient programming method, Pascal has become a language used by programmers in business, scientific, and computer game applications.
Another programming language called BASIC was developed to simplify programming so that many more people could use computers. Instruction statements in BASIC look very similar to an ordinary mathematical statement in the English language. BASIC received widespread usage when the personal computer came on the market. It is an interactive language; that is, the computer responds directly to input instructions by displaying the results as the program is executed. BASIC is the most popular and universal computer language, and has become available for all personal computers.
With all this traffic of bits and bytes flowing around inside of computers, traffic jams and crashes would seem to be a fairly common event. Fortunately, we have a "traffic cop" to make sure that traffic doesn't get all snarled up and that crashes don't occur too often. Our computers' traffic cop is called the operating system, or OS (pronounced "oh ess") for short. The operating system allows us to take care of our necessary tasks, such as loading a program from a storage medium to the computer's memory, printing a file from a disk onto a printer, and, in general, handling all data transfer from one location to another.
Next time we'll take a closer look at operating systems, higher-level programming languages and techniques, and how these digital computers work.
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To travel from the U.S. to Japan you don't exactly fly west, and you don't really fly east either. You fly north. Here's why: From Seattle you cruise over Alaska and down along Russia (not too close), and enter Japanese airspace from the north. It's shorter that way; if you don't believe me, check it out with a piece of string and a globe. For example, Russian ICBMs would come in over the north pole—it's faster, and saves on fuel. In any case, it's still a long trip.
From my south Florida home to the hotel in Tokyo involves 26 hours of travelling, I think. You're never really sure what with the international date line and all. Don't misunderstand me. I'm not complaining. Would I complain about a week in Japan and the opportunity to look over the shoulders of Sony engineers hard at work on research and development of new products? Are you kidding?
People always say that the Japanese steal American research, perfect it, miniaturize it, and then mass produce it. To some degree that is true: like all marketing geniuses, the Japanese are always on the lookout for basic discoveries and creative development potentials. They understand that the utility (and profit) in science comes from its application. More and more, Japanese companies are proving themselves to be formidable engineering enterprises. Even in the highest of high tech, such as supercomputer development, they are applying science like no one else in the world.
During my recent visit to Japan, I was mightily impressed by Sony Corporation's expertise in research and development; they demonstrated prototypes of new products which will certainly reshape our enjoyment of entertainment and utilization of information. Among the areas of development are products from digital television to direct broadcast satellite systems, from digital audio cassette recorders to the CD Walkman, from digital VTRs to CR ROM, which promise to digitize consumers and professionals alike. Among this product phalanx, two especially caught my eye as being important to the professional scene. They are almost available and will most likely be successful in fueling the analog to digital transition taking place in many recording studios. Moreover, they embody long-term implications which could ultimately change the nature of professional recording.
Like many studios, mine is equipped with MCI JH-110s, which are show-
The Sony PCM-3102 2-track reel-to-reel digital recorder.
Sony's 8-channel digital mixing console.
frequency response of 20 to 20,000 kHz+0.5/-1.0 dB and dynamic range of 90 dB. It uses ¼-inch tape for two hours of recording time on 10½-inch NAB reels; data is readable at fast forward or rewind. Razor blade splicing with transition smoothing, or electronic editing with cross-fade are possible.
This recorder, like the multitrack PCM-3324, is a DASH machine. Cross Interleave Code is performed with even/odd word offset, and the CIC can correct random errors corresponding to a maximum of three words. The interleave guards against burst errors with perfect correction for 8,640 bits (0.57 cm), good correction for 33,932 bits (2.23 cm), and marginal concealment for 83,232 bits (5.51 cm). Error correction is performed independently for each track, thus a bad track would not affect correction on other tracks. The 2-track DASH format calls for 8 digital data tracks, a control track, a time code track for machine synchronization, and 2 analog tracks. The control track accomplishes servo lock, skew reference of data track, detection of splice point, record of absolute address, record of control signal, and automatic waveform equalization; its low data density (1/20 the density of the data tracks) protects against damage. If all
ing their age both literally and in terms of sophistication of technology: when should we go digital? Last fall I saw a digital tape recorder prototype in Ft. Lauderdale; now in Atsugi all the pieces have come together as the PCM-3102 two-channel digital audio recorder. Sony was inexplicably slow in developing a stationary head machine, but the 3102 appears to consolidate most of the features we have come to expect in a pro recorder. This is a 16-bit machine, sampling at either 44.1 or 48 kHz to obtain a
Sony's complete system of digital technology.
digital operation fails, the analog tracks would remain as back-up. Sony is presently developing DASH ICs which would increase reliability and substantially reduce size, power consumption, and cost. Speaking of cost, rumor has it that the PCM-3102 should sell for less than $20,000.
This recorder has already been placed in service for the NHK Japanese broadcasting network and should appear in the U.S. in late summer (or at least in time for the fall AES show). With the introduction of the PCM-3102 in the U.S. market, Sony will enter the hardcore professional 2-track reel-to-reel recorder market, to compete against Mitsubishi and 3M, as well as future entries such as Studer's DASH machine. Just a short time ago, it was predicted that half-inch analog 2-track machines would yield the highest quality cost-effective fidelity. Now it is clear that digital recorders have already been technically perfected and marketed at a competitive price. Any philosophical questions concerning the acceptance of digital tape recorders is over: the only question left is the speed of market penetration.
Following the introduction and acceptance of digital tape machines, the next battle will inevitably be fought over the digital mixing console. The price of professional consoles is quite high; the world is waiting to see if anyone will be able to afford a digital console. Sony is demonstrating an 8-channel digital console as a cost-effective introduction to the technology. While it is targeted toward the specialized needs of Compact Disc mastering (and all of those engineers who are using passive consoles and digital 2-track recorders), its modularity will make it useful for a variety of applications. The system consists of a signal processor, A/D converter, and D/A converter (all rack-mountable), and a user unit which controls eight-channel digital mixing and four-point equalization. The system interfaces with 16 bit systems such as the 1610, except that 24 bits are used internally. A complete digital mixing system could consist of just the signal processor and the control unit; a Compact Disc mastering system would require the addition of the PCM-1610 recorder, DAE-1100 editor, and DAQ-1000 cue editor for CD sub-code generation. The system would be digital throughout, since the processor accepts both digital inputs and outputs. 2-channel direct outputs, 2-channel sub outputs, and 8-channel direct outputs. A standalone digital mixer would require the A/D and D/A units for interfacing to the analog world.
Before we proceed, perhaps we should identify the DAE-1100 and DAQ-1000 units. The DAE-1100 is a digital audio editor consisting of a rack-mount processor and keyboard controller. The DAE is designed to interface with the PCM-1610 and two or three U-matic recorders such as the BVU-800DA to provide edit accuracy to 363 microseconds, which is equivalent to 16 words of the PCM-1610; this subframe accuracy is a result of the SMPTE time-code reader/generator incorporated in the DAE. In the edit mode, six seconds of program are stored in memory and 10 selectable cross-fade times from 1 to 99 milliseconds are available. A digital offset gain fader is used to match the output of the player to that of the recorder; it can also be used for fade-in and fade-out.
The DAQ-1000 is essential for Compact Disc mastering; every CD contains subcode for control and display, and the DAQ can generate and memorize subcode data, record them onto the master tape, and produce a hardcopy of the subcode and timings. Subcode data may be stored in internal memory or recorded on audio track 1 of the U-matic. With the addition of a DABK-1000 PQ generator, the DAQ-1000 can output the subcode data in real-time for recording the Compact Disc.
With the introduction of their digital console, Sony will have single-handedly completed the digital recording and reproduction chain. The only remaining analog pieces will be the microphones, amplifiers, and loudspeakers. The digital mixer and its peripherals would accept a microphone input and accomplish the A/D conversion. Digital recording and remixing could be done with the console and a PCM-3324 digital multitrack, and the final mix recorded on a PCM-3102 or a BVU-800DA via a PCM-1610. The digital master tape could be edited with a BVU-800DA, PCM-1610, and DAE-1100 digital editor. The production master could be subcode-edited with a BVU-800DA, PCM-1610, and DAQ-1000 cue editor. The edited and coded master could be cut onto a Compact Production master plate, and replicated at the pressing plant. The consumer could play the digital disc in his (Sony) CD player and thus perform the D/A conversion.
While other companies offer bits and pieces of digital technology, only Sony offers the complete system. This represents the outcome of a monumental development effort and, I think, is cause for serious historical recognition. The complete product line of professional digital recording and consumer digital reproduction is a reality today because of the efforts of Sony. Those who argue that Japanese companies merely copy foreign technology should look to this example for clarification of the facts.
Now that my trip to Japan has ended, the only thing left is fond memories and the long ride home—26 hours—more than enough time to polish off this little opus, as well as a few others. In upcoming issues I'll detail other new developments and surprises from the secret labs of Oriental engineers.
When I sat down to write this article on the FFT, which stands for Fast Fourier Transform. The subject matter is important and relevant but it requires the use of mathematics in order to explain it elegantly.
The key element in much of the mathematics of signal processing and filter design is the use of the concept of the square root of $-1 (\sqrt{-1})$. If you have not seen the idea before, you will probably (and reasonably) be befuddled. There is no number which when multiplied by itself will give a negative number. A negative multiplied by a negative is a positive number. How can we find a number that has a square which is negative? The answer is that we create such a number. Engineers call it operator "j" and mathematicians call it "i." This is a created concept for which there is no proof. We simply say "there exists this thing, which we create, that has the property of $j \times j = -1$. You cannot find it in the laboratory or the grocery store.
We say that $j$ is one unit of "imaginariness." The number $7j$ is seven units of "imaginariness." Ordinary numbers are now given the property of "realness" (the adjective form is dropped so that we have imaginary numbers and real numbers). By analogy, we could define location in space as real miles and imaginary miles. This concept would be useful if we assign real miles to be along the East-West axis and imaginary miles to be along the North-South axis. This allows us to say that Boston is approximately $+150 + 50j$ miles from New York City. Notice that the composite number is a vector since it contains both distance and direction. It is a two-dimensional representation. It is equivalent to saying that Boston is about 200 miles northeast by east from New York City. The first description is the "rectangular" form; the second is the polar form. Both the polar and rectangular forms are vectors because they contain information about size and direction. Ordinary numbers are one-dimensional in that they only give the amount of something.
As we go forward in the discussion, you can think of real numbers as "red" stuff and imaginary numbers as "blue" stuff. Terms containing both real and imaginary numbers are considered "complex." For addition, we add the amount of red stuff from one number to the amount of red stuff from the other number to give the total amount of red stuff. The same is true for the blue stuff. This is illustrated below:
$$\begin{align*}
3 + 8j \\
-1 + 1j \\
\hline
2 + 9j
\end{align*}$$
**COMPLEX SINE WAVE**
The sine wave is a complicated function which changes its value according to some property that is difficult to understand. One way of simplifying the sine wave is to consider the following idea.
Take a transparent glass disc and paint a black dot on the rim. Now turn the disc edgewise in the vertical position so that you see the dot looking through the glass. The glass looks like a line when viewed from the edge. Let us rotate the glass disc at a constant velocity. What does the dot do? It goes up and down. Figure 1 shows the two views of the disc at different instants of time. The left part of the figure is the frontal view, the right part the edge view. As we watch the dot move up and down in the edge view we notice that it is a sine wave in time! In other words, it is a sine wave rotation projected onto a single dimension.
If we were to look at the edge of the disc from the top instead of the side, we would see the same thing. However, the phase would be delayed by 90 degrees, so instead of a sine wave, we would see a cosine wave. By looking from both the top and the side, we can determine the exact location of the dot; in contrast, by looking only from one direction we cannot tell its exact location. There are two locations for each projection value. When the dot is in the center of the up-down range, the actual location of the dot might be at 0 degrees or at 180 degrees. The front view allows us to resolve the difference, since it will be either fully left or fully right. The two views of the disc are like the "red" stuff and "blue" stuff. Or, we can assign one projection to be real numbers and the other projection to be imaginary numbers.
Simple, is it not? Multiplication is a little more complicated since we must do the multiplication with all of the cross terms. Consider the following example:
$$(3 + 8j) \times (-1 + 1j)$$
Each of the terms from the first expression must be multiplied by each of the terms from the second expression. This gives the following:
$$(3 \times -1) + (8j \times -1) + (3 \times 1j) + (8j \times 1j)$$
The first term is 3 real times -1 real which is -3 real. The second term is 8 imaginary times -1 real which is -8 imaginary. The next term is 3 imaginary; and the last term is 8 imaginary squared. But, the imaginary times the imaginary is -1; thus the last term is -8 real.
We are now in a position to manipulate complex numbers. You may ask why we have bothered to introduce the two-dimensional aspects of numbers. The answer is: the sine wave.
Looking at the disc from the frontal view, when the dot is at 45 degrees we could say that it is located at 0.707 + 0.707j. When it is at 90 degrees we would say that it is at 0 + 1j; at 135 degrees it is at -0.707 + 0.707j; at 180 degrees it is at -1 + 0j. From now on, we will consider all sine waves as coming from the rotating disc. To get back to the real world, we say that the signal is either a left-right projection or an up-down projection of a two-dimensional process. The angle of the dot defines the final result. Notice that the size of the disc becomes the magnitude of the number.
Mathematically, we say that the "signal" is defined as the following:
\[ M \cos(\theta) + j M \sin(\theta) \]
where:
- \( M = \text{radius of the disc and } \theta \text{ is the angle of the dot.} \)
For any given radius and any given angle, we know the location of the dot. At first glance, this would appear to be a lot of trouble for us engineers. The trouble is a real blessing, however, because it makes many mathematical tasks very simple. I admit that these ideas can be more than a little mysterious if you have not seen them before.
I was motivated to teach this set of ideas because they are applicable to much more than the FFT. They are used in digital filters, ordinary analog filters, signal processing, and many other aspects of audio engineering. Rather than rush to the subject of the FFT, which will be discussed next month, let us stop and have a little practice with these ideas in the context of simple analog circuits.
**COMPLEX VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS**
Let us assume a set of circuits that are excited only by sine waves of the form Isin(ωt), I cos(ωt), Vsin(ωt) and V cos(ωt). Instead of thinking of these as sine waves, we could think of them as coming from our rotating disc.
To convert from one projection to another, we need to convert from "red" stuff to "blue" stuff; or we need to convert from real numbers to imaginary numbers (or vice versa). Notice that multiplying by j does this conversion. A real number multiplied by a complex number becomes complex; a complex number multiplied by a complex number becomes real.
The act of phasing shifting is the same as multiplication by a complex number. A full 90 degree shift requires a multiplication by j but a 45 degree shift requires a multiplication by (0.707 + 0.707j). A capacitor having an impedance of 10 ohms at a given frequency is thus represented as having a complex impedance given by:
\[ Z = -10j. \]
A 1 amp current source is represented by:
\[ I = 1. \]
And the resulting voltage by ohms law becomes:
\[ V = Z I = -10 \text{ j volts.} \]
The magnitude 10 gives us the size of the sine wave and the -j gives us the phase.
The normal problem with RLC circuits and sine waves is that we cannot add two voltages or currents in terms of magnitudes because there is the phase shift to consider. We can, however, add the sine part to other sine parts and the cosine part to other cosine parts. Complex numbers are therefore perfect for representing both parts in one number: a single number contains both the magnitude and the phase. This is the real power of these numbers.
We can further illustrate the power by taking the simple lowpass filter of Figure 3. This would be a simple voltage divider if both components had been resistors. It is still a voltage divider if we use the complex impedance for the components. The gain or attenuation is represented as:
\[ G(\text{complex}) = \frac{Z_2}{Z_1 + Z_2} = \frac{V_o}{V_i}, \]
where:
- the impedance of the resistor, \( Z_1 \), is defined as \( Z_1 = R \)
- the impedance of the capacitor, \( Z_2 \), is defined as:
\[ Z_2 = \frac{1}{j \omega C} \]
where:
- \( j \) is our complex number,
- \( \omega \) is \( 2\pi \times \text{frequency in radians, and } C \) is the capacitance in farads.
This results in the expression:
\[ G = \left( \frac{1}{j \omega C} \right) \frac{1}{\left( \frac{1}{j \omega C} + R \right)} = \frac{1}{1 + j \omega RC} \]
We got this result by substitution and then by multiplying the numerator and denominator by \( j \omega C \). The final result tells us all there is to know about the circuit. When \( \omega \) is very low, the gain is approximately 1; when \( \omega \) is very large, the gain is approximately \( 1/(j \omega RC) \). There is a 90 degree phase shift, and each doubling of frequency results in a halving of gain. When \( \omega = RC \), the gain \( G \) becomes 0.500 - 0.500j which has a phase shift of 45 degrees and a gain of 0.707 (magnitude = -3 dB).
Our little example is rather trivial but it does demonstrate the incredible power of having a single number to contain both magnitude and phase. We can multiply two complex gains to get a net gain which is also complex. We can do circuit analysis as if each component were like a resistor but we use the complex impedance. This makes capacitors and inductors very simple because the phase is included in the impedance.
In digital signal processing, the element of delay is like phase shift. A complex digital filter, which is made up of delays, can be analyzed by changing each delay to an equivalent phase shift. A delay of 10 degrees corresponds to a complex number of 0.984 - 0.174j. Therefore, multiplying this gain by the input signal will result in an output signal which has the same magnitude but a delay of 10 degrees.
If you have not had the mathematical training in this area it would be hard to completely understand the ideas. My main hope is that you would at least believe that a complex number is not just some crazy idea of a mathematician to make an engineer's life harder. If the word complex makes you nervous because you do not believe in the concept of the \( \sqrt{-1} \), then just change the names real and imaginary to red and blue stuff or sine stuff and cosine stuff.
Sometimes, simple ideas are hard to understand only because the words are strange. If that is your problem, just change the words. Next month we will continue this discussion but with an application to the Fourier transform and Fast Fourier transform.
An AKG Update
Way back in the October, '79 issue of db John Woram described a visit to AKG in Vienna. I have recently returned from a tour around the AKG laboratories and can bring the story up to date.
The most interesting product I saw being built and tested was the new C 460 B preamplifier designed to operate with, and improve the performance of, the existing CMS modular series of microphone capsules (though a new series of C 460 capsules is planned). The background to this preamplifier was given in a paper presented at the 71st AES Convention in Montreux. A principal objective, as the paper's author Alexander Fritz explained it to me, was to respond to the new demands of PCM recording and produce very wide dynamic range with low self-noise. Using the new FET circuit configuration has resulted in a dynamic range of 125 dB, with equivalent noise level only 15 dB SPL and the maximum sound pressure level for 0.5 percent THD an impressive 140 dB, or 150 dB with the 20 dB pre-attenuation switched in.
WHAT'S NEW?
At the same time, AKG have extended the versatility of their CMS range by introducing new capsules that can be used remotely from the preamplifier (either the new C 460 B [see FIGURE 1] or the standard C 451 E). These are very inconspicuous (weighing only 30g), making suspension and hand-boom operation much easier. They use an electret permanently charged capsule with a miniature connector and 3m (10-ft)
And now a message on Yamaha's new PC2002M power amp.
SPECIFICATIONS
POWER OUTPUT LEVEL
Continuous average sine wave power with less than 0.05% THD.
20 Hz to 20 kHz
PC2002/PC2002M
Stereo, 8 ohms 240W + 240W
Stereo, 4 ohms 350W + 350W
Mono, 16 ohms 480W
Mono, 8 ohms 700W
+0dB
−0.5dB
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
10 Hz to 50 kHz, 8 ohms, 1W
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
Stereo 8 ohms 120W
Mono 16 ohms 240W
Mono 8 ohms 350W
1 kHz
20 to 20 kHz
Less than 0.003%
Less than 0.007%
Less than 0.01%
INTERMODULATION DISTORTION
70 Hz and 7 kHz mixed 4:1
Stereo 8 ohms, 120W
Mono 16 ohms, 240W
Less than 0.01%
Less than 0.01%
INPUT SENSITIVITY
Input level which produces 100W output into 8 ohms.
0 dB (0.775 V rms)
INPUT IMPEDANCE
Balanced and unbalanced inputs, maximum attenuator setting.
25 k ohms
8 OHM DAMPING FACTOR
1 kHz
20 to 20 kHz
Greater than 350
Greater than 200
S/N RATIO
Input shorted at 12.47 kHz
Input shorted at IHFA
110dB
115dB
SLEW RATE
Stereo 8 ohms 60V/μsec
Mono 16 ohms 90 V/μsec
CHANNEL SEPARATION
8 ohms 120W'
8 ohms 120W'
1 kHz
20 to 20 kHz
95dB
80dB
DIMENSIONS (W×D×H)
18-7/8×16-1/4×7-1/4" (480×413×183 mm)
WEIGHT
PC2002 44 pounds (20 kg) PC2002M 45 pounds (20.5 kg)
The performance of the PC2002M speaks for itself. So does its sound, with exceptional low end response. And you can count on its superior performance over the long haul. We use massive side-mounted heat sinks, extensive convective cooling paths and heavy gauge steel, box-type chassis reinforced by heavy gauge aluminum braces and thick aluminum front panels. Yamaha's reliability is legendary, and with the PC2002M and PC2002 (same amp without meters), the legend lives on. For more complete information write: Yamaha International Corporation, P.O. Box 6600, Buena Park, CA 90622. In Canada, Yamaha Canada Music Ltd., 135 Milner Ave., Scarborough, Ont. M1S 3R1.
standard cable, extendable to 60m (200-ft) where RF interference is not severe. I was also shown a prototype of a new C 568 short shotgun microphone in a neat one-piece case.
The latest AKG miniature condenser microphone is the CK 67-3. This can be fixed to the clothing with a tie-pin or just as easily clipped to a violin tailpiece, cello bridge, guitar or flute body. It can be connected via its 1 metre cable to any of the available wireless pocket transmitters. Its capsule and FET preamplifier are elastically suspended and the clip is designed for minimum clothing noise.
THE 'TUBE' RETURNS
Of course I was given a demonstration of the well-publicized "The Tube," AKG's return to a vacuum tube microphone amplifier instead of solid-state. This is not just nostalgia for nostalgia's sake, but acknowledgement of an often expressed desire by a vocal minority out there in the recording studios for the "tube sound." The trusty 30-year-old AKG C12 tube microphone is still a favourite with many engineers, producing very musical sounds. This prompted AKG to take a modern look at the design. The C12 capsule now works into an updated circuit using the original 6072 vacuum tube, selected for low noise. Admitting the tube's greater fragility and sensitivity to movement, the designers have suspended the tube between special shock-absorbers. The casing is suitably tube-shaped and coated with "soft-feel" Nextel. The complete package (see FIGURE 2) includes a fitted flight case with an elastic suspension adaptor, 10m (30-ft) cable, windscreen and N-Tube power unit, which powers the microphone and provides remote selection of the nine polar-diagram settings, two-position bass rolloff and 10 or 20 dB pre-attenuation—all for a price of around $1,000.
With some 1,300 patents to their name, AKG continue to be inventive. New techniques for capsule manufacture which I observed employed a new, temperature-stable, cheaper diaphragm of 6μm Teflon plastic foil gold-sputtered to a thickness of 0.03μm. This has to be spaced at 35μm from the fixed plate with 1μm accuracy. Like most of the assembly stages, this is naturally a manual operation, though using sophisticated jigs and tools all made in-house. Quality control is 100 percent, with every microphone frequency-tested in an anechoic chamber (producing the customer's individual response graph) and given a vibration test using a B & K accelerometer.
AKG have come a long way, and have sold over 30 million microphone capsules since their formation in 1947—16.5 million in the last 10 years. Their 700 employees produce 20,000 complete microphones each week in meticulously clean workrooms. Add to this their headphones, pickup cartridges, reverberation-spring units and digital delay boxes and it is no wonder that this compact factory in downtown Vienna represents one of the best-known brand names in professional audio.
Updated Recording Studio Handbook
A must for every working professional... student... audio enthusiast
Features latest state-of-the art technology of creative sound recording.
21 Fact-Filled Chapters
I. The Basics
1. The Decibel
2. Sound
II. Transducers: Microphones and Loudspeakers
3. Microphone Design
4. Microphone Technique
5. Loudspeakers
III. Signal Processing Devices
6. Echo and Reverberation
7. Equalizers
8. Compressors, Limiters and Expanders
9. Flanging and Phasing
IV. Magnetic Recording
10. Tape and Tape Recorder Fundamentals
11. Magnetic Recording Tape
12. The Tape Recorder
V. Noise and Noise Reduction
13. Tape Recorder Alignment
14. Noise and Noise Reduction Principles
VI. Recording Consoles
15. The Modern Recording Console
VII. Recording Techniques
17. The Recording Session
18. The Mixdown Session
Three all-new Chapters
19. The In-Line Recording Studio Console
( The Module, The Basic in-line Recording Console, Signal flow details )
20. An Introduction to Digital Audio
( Data-Driven Blocks, Digital Recording and Playback, Error Detection and Correction, Editing Digital Tape )
21. Time Code Implementation
( The SMPTE Time Code, Time-Code Structure, Time-Code Hardware )
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Westward Ho
In this month's Theory and Practice, author Ken Pohlmann writes about his anyway-but-west trip to Japan to see the wonders of Sony.
Two weeks earlier, your editor was on a Pan Am non-stop from New York City that did go mostly westward to get to Tokyo for transfer there to another Pan Am Clipper to Osaka. Unlike Ken's mighty air safari, the start-to-finish was 14 hours from JFK to Narita and one hour more from Narita to Osaka. My purpose was to meet with other editors coming from other directions for a week as the guests of Matsushita Electric. Matsushita, as many of you know, is Panasonic, Technics, Ramsa, Quasar, and National as world-wide brand names.
There was a lot to see and learn in that week. Much of what we saw were hi-fi products to be introduced at a later date in the U.S. But finally they brought us to some of the things they are doing with digital audio. For one, they have an active plant producing Compact Discs for the world market. Many of the more recent Telarc releases on CD are squeezed out in this plant. This production, as you might expect, is done in clean rooms; we could see what went on through the glass but could not actually enter the production area.
Matsushita is part of the group of manufacturers that have subscribed to the DASH open reel digital format. They did not have a complete machine to show us, but there was a showing of the amazing thin film head technology. In fact, it is this technology being given by Matsushita to the rest of the DASH group that is making possible the entire DASH concept.
Elsewhere we were shown a working model of a broadcast CD player that permits exact cueing and precise timing. As this is being written (before NAB), it is expected that this unit will be at the Panasonic booth. However, what may not be at NAB was a different unit for the Compact Disc. This was a changer device that held up to fifty discs and permitted them to be played in almost any kind of sequencing.
Another visit of special interest to db readers was to Matsushita's Museum of Technology. There, in one large building, the visitor sees the beginnings of the company in the 30s (making an a.c. adapter plug) and then on to the giant industrial complex that company has become. Many of the products along that road are on display there. Among them, a tape recorder from the very early fifties, and other audio disc and high fidelity products of the late forties.
The museum does not stop at the present, but moves right along to the future with working computer-controlled living rooms, kitchens, and even entire homes that the visitor can operate. All in all, a fascinating side trip.
It was a hectic five days I spent in Japan at Matsushita. But it was educational and useful to be there, so I am certainly grateful to my hosts for their invitation. L.Z.
According to the author, Wisseloord Studios can make even a Dutch concert sound all right.
Attracted by genial Dutch hospitality combined with superb technical equipment and recording techniques, many well-known artists and producers have already found their way to Wisseloord recording studios at Hilversum in the Netherlands. Situated in the wooded outskirts of the home town of Dutch television and radio, the studios are centrally located in the heart of the country. However, one is hardly stuck out in the sticks, working in these woods. Fabled, gabled Amsterdam, for example, is only a twenty minute drive away.
Wisseloord Studios recently extended their equipment (see Figure 1), adding a Sony 24-track digital recorder (the first of its kind in Europe), a must for anyone contemplating or working with future sound.
Polygram's (of which Wisseloord is a part) reputation for high quality is universally recognized by the audio world. Working closely together with such well-known acoustics experts as Tom Hidley and Jeff Cooper, they have realized various studio projects around the globe, creating their masterpiece here at Wisseloord Studios.
What is the secret behind this mecca of audio recording ingenuity? The answer lies with a unique team of active recording engineers who draw on their wealth of experience in working closely with a team of highly skilled audio engineers at Polygram's Audio Engineering Department. When it came to exploring the resources of electro acoustics, Wisseloord could not have been in a better position, having Philips as their parent company and the former Decca engineers who made the first actual digital recording system operational about five years ago on their team as well.
Wisseloord comprises three studios and a suite for commercials and post-production plus a restaurant/bar and a recreation lounge. For both digital recordings and Compact Disc work, the studios possess state of the art equipment and operating expertise. Wisseloord contains an impressive range of recording equipment and musical instruments in addition to having mobile equipment at hand for on-location recording. No restrictions or compromises bore on the technical side of the project.
A 'HOUSE-WITHIN-A-HOUSE'
Although there is a considerable amount of high technology equipment about and a lot of highly skilled activity going on, making Wisseloord Studios quite a busy place, there is a remarkably relaxed and stress-free atmosphere that results directly from their design. The architect concerned, Hans Ruyssenaars—responsible for the studios' interiors as well as their main structure—formulates his thoughts about recording work as follows.
"Producing high quality sound recordings is very intensive work for musician and engineer alike. Concentration on sound dominates all other sensory activities. Sound and sight isolation from the outside world is unavoidable. The rapid development of acoustics as a science necessitates a method of construction leaving open the possibility of last minute alterations in the studios' definitive shape. Should any change appear to be desirable, it ought then to be possible to carry it out without affecting the building's structure proper. These considerations indicate a 'house-within-the-house'.
Figure 1. Wisseloord's new Sony 24-track PCM 3324 digital recorder.
Mr. Baars is affiliated with Wisseloord Studios in Hilversum, The Netherlands.
concept whereby the outer structure offers protection from the elements and the bulk of unwanted noise and like influences. The inner layer provides further protection and shielding. The question is how to create an environment for performing artist and engineer in which both can do extremely delicate work, given the form of a room without access to daylight and without a definitive shape (as required for sound control). The studio interior may show consideration for the sound to be produced—in the care applied to wall finishing, choice of materials and the selection of shapes, lighting, and equipment.
"On the outside, however, it appears possible to do even more in this respect. The approach to the building should have the easy and relaxed feeling about it that is conditional for the efforts within the studio. The complex stands in a fine wooded area (see Figure 2), where there is a constant natural change in light and mood. One design idea was to make use of this, allowing the relaxing multitude of sensory perceptions to penetrate into the complex as far as possible. Those rooms not described in the requirements especially lend themselves well to this. They will include the connecting areas between the spaces required. Transitional areas from forest to complex, from office to studios, from canteen to meeting-room, from light to dark area, from active to quiet atmosphere, from hard to soft—any connecting area is important.
"The three studios are next to each other, on separate foundations, giving on to an east-west running street (see Figure 3). The same street also leads to subsidiary rooms on two floor levels. The two canteens at the terminals of the main street form a gradual transition to the woods outside. The shape of the street's roof adapts to the decreasing sizes of the studios.
"For reasons of vibration conduct, the connection between the studio area and the subsidiary rooms area is formed by a street of constant height and flexible construction. As a result, light becomes weaker to the east as the studios become smaller, making possible a gradual transition to the non-daylight studios and control rooms. This applies to the smaller studios in particular. The street constitutes the meeting area for all spaces and rooms."
**ACOUSTICS AND CONSTRUCTION**
The three studios have an exterior shell consisting of a steel beam roof-frame covered by 14cm (5.5-inch) thick lightweight concrete panels. The inner shell structure, at an average distance of 40 centimetres (approximately 16 inches) from the outer shell, is fully separated from the latter and is supported by its own concrete slab on an almost perfect foundation of woodland soil. The inner shell is entirely constructed of timber and plaster slabs plus soundboard panel laminations. Wood was chosen for its high sound-damping factor. The total isolation of the inner shell from the outer one is a major asset (see Figure 4).
Any potential sound leaks and shorts, including airducts and cables, have been taken care of in a proper and effective way. It might seem to be superfluous to report that control rooms and iso-booths have been
constructed in a similar way, having full mechanical isolation on all sides. Isolation values of 65 dB for low frequencies and 95 dB at mid-range frequencies look quite normal, but those of us in the business are aware of how hard they are to achieve. A careful application of plaster slabs and layers of soundboard were called for.
In order to achieve adequate absorption in the lower frequency range, which means a low cut-off frequency, the resonating wall structure was finished with layers of one-inch-thick solid wood, which greatly reduced resonance frequency owing to their appreciable mass. Those using the studios at present are all very satisfied with their excellent low-end properties.
The application of vibrating-wall principles, commonly used in housing construction in the United States, and introduced to Europe via the designs by Tom Hidley, is particularly noteworthy. Whereas the lower frequency band is controlled by the wall structure and added slot-resonators where needed, the higher frequencies are very effectively controlled by sound traps and absorbers, made effective mainly through the use of fiberglass.
Midband frequency absorption was realized through covering large surfaces with foam-backed fabric, which absorbs midband frequencies while reflecting high-end frequencies.
A detailed calculation on acoustics was made for Studio Two, the first to be erected. Any measured deviations from these calculations that showed up in the process of building were made use of in the subsequent calculations and construction of the following studios. Here again, it showed that textbook absorption values of building materials can never be relied upon to be entirely accurate. For completeness' sake, it should here be mentioned that all the other rooms in the complex, such as the streets, the offices, bars and meeting rooms, were given their fitting acoustic characteristics, so as to make working in them pleasant.
**THE STUDIOS**
Looking at the recording side of things, let us start with the largest studio, Studio One. It has a floor area of 155 square metres (approximately 185 square yards), and a volume of 1314 cubic metres, for a total of approximately 1708 cubic yards. Facilities required for groups and bands of up to sixty people are at hand. Average reverberation time is 0.7 seconds. This studio features dead and live areas and a piano trap as part of the acoustics. Variable acoustics are made possible by exchangeable panels and sliding curtains. Studio One has been used for live jazz recording—holding an audience of 120—to mention just one application.
Studio Two, a medium-sized studio with a floorspace of 95 square metres (approximately 114 square yards) and a volume of 638 m³, for a total of approximately 829 cubic yards, has a reverberation time of 0.38 seconds, and all facilities for groups. These include a piano trap, like Studio One, a very efficient drum booth, and guitar-amplifier traps. There is a special iso booth, instantly available, with variable reverberation times of between 0.4 and 2.5 seconds for voice dubbing, guitar or even piano in a special set-up; this iso booth can even hold a twelve piece violin group, if required. (The iso booth can be formed at a moment's notice by closing a folding glass door-wall over half of its rectangular outline, thereby creating an acceptable isolation level. One inner wall has a glass mirror surface finish and sliding curtains to make adjusting reverberation time possible, as shown in
Figure 5.) Artists can perform here with a clear sound, apart from the main studio acoustics, and yet be in close contact with the other musicians.
Studio Three, though smaller in size, is, in other respects, identical to Studio Two except for the special iso booth. Its floorspace is 40 sq. metres (approx. 48 sq. yards) and its volume is 250 m³, for a total of some 325 cubic yards. It is provided with a small iso booth for dubbing purposes that has visual contact with the studio proper and the control room.
The drum-booths belonging to Studios Two and Three, mentioned above, have no windows and feature a transmission cut-off frequency of 150 Hz and below; attenuation from 150 Hz downwards is over 20 dB down to 40 Hz. This construction was chosen to prevent the cylinder-piston effect of closed booths, which artists do not like to perform in owing to the considerable air pressure on their ears.
A separate studio, Studio Four, with a floorspace of just 25 m², or roughly 30 sq. yards, is available for demos, dubbing, commercials, jingles, rehearsals and multitrack sound post-production for video. Of course, it has its own control room with all the necessary equipment.
**AIR CONDITIONING**
Often neglected, but nevertheless one of the major aspects of any good recording studio, is its air conditioning layout. At Wisseloord it was realized that people, and artists particularly, are likely to perform at their optimum level and be most creative in pleasant surroundings. The Dutch climate, with temperatures ranging from approximately 15 degrees Centigrade (5°F) to maybe over 30 degrees Centigrade (86°F), with air humidity ranging from 45 to as much as 90 percent, clearly necessitates some drastic measures in this respect. Consequently, each studio and control room was provided with their own individual air-conditioning units, whose noise level does not exceed VC 20, at an airspeed of well under 1 metre per second.
**CONTROL ROOMS**
There are three superb identical control rooms (see Figure 6) designed by Tom Hidley separated from the studios by double windowpanes of 12 and 15 millimetres thickness (roughly ½- and ¾-inch respectively) and a soundlock with two highly effective isolating doors, 38 dB each. (For reverberation times, see Figure 7.) All available knowledge about monitoring techniques has
been applied to these control rooms. Extensive testing with a wide variety of loudspeakers resulted in perfect monitoring sets, meeting the most arduous demands. Careful acoustical treatment of primary and secondary reflection areas was an important design consideration.
As with so many cases concerning sound, only practical experience could give the final answers. The monitoring system incorporates an Eastlake two-way monitoring loudspeaker system, powered up by UREI type 6233 stereo amplifiers with electronic crossovers and Klark Teknik DN27 1/3-octave room equalizers. Extensive measuring and listening tests, as shown in Figure 8, were carried out to meet the highest demands for monitoring quality. Maximum sound pressures at the listening spot is 115 dB SPL. Producers and artists of international repute are enthusiastic about the realistic character and transparency of the sound.
In studio reproduction it is a must nowadays to tune the sound image of the monitoring system in the studio so that the final result is suitable for hi-fi as well as walkman-type sets.
**EQUIPMENT**
Besides a large amount of equipment immediately available from the outside, the most significant equipment comprises microphones, tape recorders, and consoles. All three control rooms have identical consoles of superb quality, customer-designed and built by Polygram's Audio Engineering Department, in close cooperation with the studios' engineers. This combination warranted an up-to-date and advanced design incorporating the results of everyday experience. There are 40 input/24 output consoles with extensive EQ and reverb facilities and true peak indicators, linked to the 24-track Studer A80 or A800, with their custom-built auto-locators designed by Polygram. Of course, automatic mixdown facilities are present.
As the studios have very good connections with the Studer company of Switzerland, the entire studio was outfitted with Studer recorders, ranging from stereo to multitrack type. In recent years this outfit was completed with digital recorders by Sony, such as the PCM 1610, and most recently the 24-track PCM 3324. The studios are now fully equipped to meet any demands for fully digital master tapes.
A wide range of microphones with the lowest noise floor and ultra low distortion levels are available. The most convincing proof of the outstanding quality of the recording facilities and really great work atmosphere, however, are the names of the artists who have come to Wisseloord to make recordings here over the past few years including Elvis Costello, The Electric Light Orchestra, Dr. Hook, Lene Lovich, Barry Manilow, The Police, David Soul, Status Quo and The Undertones.
STUDIO DESIGNERS AND acoustic consultants now have access to one of the most powerful analytical tools ever made available: The TECRON TEF System 10. This is a portable computer designed to make quick, accurate measurements of room acoustics and sound systems. It includes a keyboard, built-in monitor screen, and two built-in disk drives for data storage and operating software.
This sophisticated instrument is based on the development of Time Delay Spectrometry by Dr. Richard C. Heyser. The TEF System 10 generates a frequency sweep into a sound system, then picks up the sound of the sweep through a tracking filter. This tracking filter can be time-offset to compensate for sound-propagation delay. By varying the bandwidth and time-offset of the tracking filter, you can look at the spectrum of the direct sound by itself, or certain sound reflections, or both.
The tracking filter also greatly increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the measurement, so that accurate tests can be run even in noisy environments, with conversation going on in the background.
The TEF System 10 permits measurements of energy vs. frequency (frequency response), energy vs. time (energy level of sound reflections vs. time), and frequency response vs. time ("3-D" display as shown in FIGURE 1). It
also makes phase measurements and Nyquist plots. Measurements made at different times or places can be compared and differenced.
**SUGGESTED APPLICATIONS**
The TEF System 10 can remove all the room reflections from the measurement, leaving only the direct sound. This means you can actually measure the anechoic frequency response of a speaker cluster after installation. Or you can see the effect of early sound reflections on the speaker-system response, excluding the room reverberation.
Acoustic consultants use the TEF System 10 to pinpoint acoustic problems such as confusing echoes, early sound, and so on. They can measure the absorption-vs.-frequency of acoustic treatments in situ.
With the TEF System 10, you can see on the screen what you hear with your ears. For example, the analyzer can show the pattern of sound reflections in a room. Figure 2 shows a typical display of the energy level of sound reflections vs. time. The tallest line to the left is the direct sound, followed by discrete early reflections, followed by closely-spaced random reflections, or reverberation.
If a strong cluster of reflections occurs more than 20 milliseconds after the direct sound, intelligibility can be impaired. With the TEF System 10, you can determine the arrival time and source of these reflections.
Once the problem reflections are identified, the offending surface can be modified to diffuse or absorb the incident sound. Only those surfaces causing the problem need to be acoustically treated—not the entire room. This can save the expense of unnecessary modifications.
The TEF System 10 is a necessary tool for the design of Live End-Dead End (LEDE™) control rooms. LEDE design requires that several criteria be measured and controlled, including direct/diffuse sound ratio, rear-wall reflection delay and level, sound decay, and speaker time alignment. The TEF System 10 performs all these measurements.
It can be used as a regular computer, too. The TEF System 10 includes three Z-80 microprocessors that let you run CP/M or BASIC programs such as circuit analysis, sound system design, or even word processing. Of course, you can write your own programs for particular applications.
**USING THE TEF SYSTEM 10**
Being a computer-age test instrument, the TEF System 10 takes a little getting used to. There are no knobs to set. Instead, all control settings are done through the keyboard (aided by prompts from the built-in monitor screen). This offers a notable advantage in that settings can be recalled and duplicated exactly whenever needed.
To use the TEF System 10, it helps to be familiar with personal computer operation. The instruction manual assumes the user has no experience with computers, and explains step-by-step how to get started. If you need help in the field, the computer has instructions built into the software that can be recalled through the keyboard.
Let's run through a typical test procedure. Assume you've been asked to improve the acoustics and the sound system of a new auditorium. Musicians who play on-stage complain that the sound is so "confusing" that they can't play together. In addition, a theatre critic reported that she couldn't localize the reinforced sound. Others claim that the reproduction is unnatural.
So you carry in the TEF analyzer, a measurement microphone and stand, a mini computer and power amplifier, and some cables. First you tackle the musicians' problem. To simulate the instruments and ears of the musicians, you place the speaker and the microphone on stage. Then you connect the TEF sweep output to the power amp driving the speaker. You connect the microphone to the input of the TEF analyzer.
Next, you insert the floppy disk containing the TEF program. The monitor screen lights up, asking you to type in your name and the date. Then you hit "M" to read the Main Menu (a list of options). The Menu appears.
To document the test, you type "J" to choose a job number. Then you type "e" to set up the ETC measurement (Energy Time Curve). This measurement shows the energy level of the room reflections vs. time.
After entering the needed information, you type "E" to run the ETC measurement. The TEF System 10 plays a sinewave sweep through the speaker on-stage. The measurement microphone receives the direct sound from the speaker, as well as the room reflections. These reflections are displayed as a function of time on the TEF monitor screen.
You see a cluster of reflections centered around 200 milliseconds after the direct-sound pulse. When you move the microphone toward the rear wall of the auditorium, the delay decreases. This shows that you're approaching the source of the reflections (in this case, the rear wall).
So, you've discovered that the rear wall is echoing the stage sound back to the musicians (after a delay of 200 milliseconds). That's why they can't play in sync. You break up the rear wall with some splayed reflecting panels, re-measure, and find that the echo has disappeared.
Now let's take care of the localization problem. This particular auditorium uses a main speaker cluster over the stage, as well as distributed speakers near the audience. The main cluster is far from the audience, while the distributed speakers are close to the audience. A digital delay has been inserted in the audience-speaker lines to compensate for propagation delay.
However, an ETC measurement reveals that the direct sound from the main cluster arrives slightly after the direct sound from the distributed speakers. There's been a miscalculation in setting the delay.
Due to the Haas effect (precedence effect), some audience members localize the sound at the earliest sound source (the distributed speakers). The signal feeding the distributed speakers should arrive at the listener a little later than the direct sound from the main cluster. That way, the audience will localize the sound up-front near the stage. TEF measurements indicate visually when the delay is properly set.
Some theatre critics have complained that the system sounds tonally imbalanced. So you place the measurement microphone in an audience location and run a frequency-response measurement of the main cluster's direct sound. This is done by typing "t" to set up the TDS measurement parameters, and by typing "T" to run a TDS sweep.
The screen shows a deep notch in the response around 2 kHz. The frequency of this notch corresponds to a signal delay of about .25 milliseconds. This might indicate that some of the speaker-cluster components are staggered in space (and time), rather than being time-coherent.
After inspecting the cluster, you align the acoustic centers of the drivers using the TEF display as a guide.
The notch disappears. You play some music through the system and are impressed with the improvement.
After about two hours in the building, you will have gathered an enormous amount of data, all on disk. It's time to pack up and leave.
That evening at home, or even a week later, you power up the machine, insert your disks, and begin the process of analysis. The digitally stored data can be assembled in any form you wish: frequency-response curves, phase vs. amplitude (Nyquist), or phase vs. frequency.
You will be able to see differences between any two sets of data, as the computer subtracts one set of data from the other and displays only the remainder. You may even wish to difference data from various halls as part of your research. You can make hard-copy printouts for yourself or your clients.
The amount of data you have obtained with the TEF analyzer will enable you to suggest precise areas of further investigation. That additional research, like the original analysis, can be accomplished more quickly and easily than in the past.
IN CONCLUSION
The TEF System 10 offers surprising insights into the behavior of room acoustics and sound systems. If you're an acoustical or audio design consultant, you now have a new tool to speed up your analysis and verify your predictions.
After using the Tecron TEF System 10 for over a year in my own work, I've consistently been impressed with the elegant handling of data and the amount of sophistication packed into the portable package. Watching the TEF System 10 in action is a fascinating process (which, incidentally, always impresses clients). It makes you feel like the future is here.
I was first introduced to C-Tape Developments' C-ducers in 1980 by Bernie Kirsch at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Since there were no microphones or pickups in sight for the reinforcement of the piano, and this was Chick Corea's gig, the conversation of the day naturally started with "Wheeere's the mics?"
Kirsch told me about a most bizarre pickup from England that he was using on (or should I say under) the piano. It obviously couldn't work. How could a 30-inch piece of tape, stuck underneath the piano keyboard with a cable sticking out of it, actually reproduce this nine-foot instrument at all, let alone with any degree of accuracy?
The sound check proved that the pickup did indeed work, and that evening's performance certainly made a believer out of me. In fact, there was no one at the concert who could detect the amplification of that beautiful piano, and that is quite a statement in itself.
Several years went by until this mysterious tape was heard of again around this neck of the woods. All of a sudden an ad appeared with an 800 phone number, asking us to call. So we did, and a C-ducer was on its way for our evaluation.
THE TAPE
The C-ducer is a vibration transducer system comprised of a flexible tape 3/32-in. thick by 3/4-in. wide and eight inches long (optional, three inch length), and a preamp. Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional view of the tape. The tape is coaxially constructed, with an outer foil electrode functioning as both a shield and as one plate of the sensing capacitor. The inner foil electrode is a conductive element coated with layers of piezo-electric plastic (primarily for insulating purposes). The air gap...
between the inner and outer foils, when in contact with a vibrating surface, produces a change in capacitance proportional to the physical spacing of the two foil electrodes. An interesting enhancement to the capacitive elements of the transducer is the emf voltage generated by the foil's piezo plastic layer. Therefore, the tape-transducer operates on a hybrid of piezo-electric properties and the effects of change in capacitance.
What we know so far is that the tape works on two principals: the rate of change in capacity between the inner and outer foil electrodes, and a piezo-electric enhancement from the polymer coatings. Therefore, the C-ducer (capacitive-transducer), for all intents and purposes, operates as an acceleration and velocity transducer. Since the primary resonance is near the GHz region, its frequency response is practically flat to 5 MHz, and it responds down to 0.1 Hz. The C-ducer effectively integrates all vibrations coherently over its entire length (six square inches for the eight-inch tape and two and a quarter square inches for the three-inch tape). Therefore, it "samples" a much greater area of a vibrational surface than the typical discrete-point contact pickup.
The C-ducer has essentially no inductive component, and is basically a pure voltage generator in series with a pure capacitance. However, due to its piezo-electric contribution, the capacitance as measured on a bridge (the static capacitance) is different than the effective capacitance when the transducer is set in motion. Another way of looking at this is that the pure voltage generator in series with the capacitance has basically a negative impedance. Since the series impedance is so low, the usual problems of cable-generated noise and other high-impedance difficulties are virtually eliminated.
The tape is terminated with a seven-foot-long coaxial cable that has, in addition to its braided shield, a conductive plastic one as well, with 100 percent shielding properties. The tape is very quiet and has no RF pickup or cable-induced noise problems. The dynamic range output capabilities of the tape are extremely wide. Nominal output levels in the 30-millivolt range are typical of acoustic string instruments. However, fastening the tape on a table and then striking the table with a light blow can produce output voltages from the tape in the 20-to 30-volt range. Outputs of up to 100 volts without clipping have been reported in specialized testing applications.
**THE PREAMP**
With the hybrid characteristics of the tape and its output's dynamic capabilities in mind, the preamp is critical in the implementation of the transducer system. The preamp is a capacitor-balanced-input design; in the "Pro" version, with 600 ohm balanced output(s), it requires 24-48 volt phantom power. The capacitor-balanced-input approach is basically comprised of a differential input amplifier with a capacitor balancing the tape signal to the second half of the input stage. As a side light, the performance of many commercial capacitor (condenser) microphones have been improved by changing the high impedance FET amplifier to a balanced-capacitor-input.
The rest of the preamp buffers the signal, and, in the Pro version, provides transformerless balanced output(s) matched to 600 ohms, buffered Hi-Z output(s), and gain that is variable from mic to line level via a rear panel trim pot for each channel. The input and buffering stages in the high-impedance and low-impedance preamps are identical. However, the high-impedance preamp has a front panel knob for output level adjustment. There are three different Pro preamps available: one input, two inputs, and six input configurations.
**MEASUREMENTS**
Measurements of such a radical new concept are a formidable challenge. It is difficult enough to decide on how to present data on "conventional" transducers, especially when the AES Standards Committee have not been able to settle on transducer specification standards themselves! With this in mind, we are not attempting to present any data as "the real picture." However, we feel that some of our in-house test results should be interesting.
For our first experiment, we attached a C-ducer to a cone loudspeaker, and measured the speaker's on-axis response to a test pulse with a mic. The C-ducer was electrically "off" at this point. However, it was hooked up so that any damping taking place would appear in both curves. With the mic's response curve in computer memory, we measured the C-ducer's response to the test pulse, and plotted the two measurements for easy comparison in **FIGURE 2**. An interesting experiment that anyone can try is to monitor the output of the C-ducer (a test signal into an analyzer, or music into headphones can be used) and change the position of the tape on a loudspeaker. The contributions of all the different parts of the loudspeaker to the total sound output can be simply demonstrated in this way.
**Figure 2. Response of a cone loudspeaker as picked up by the C-ducer (upper dotted trace) and by a microphone (lower solid trace).**
For our second experiment, we attached a C-ducer to a classical guitar and analyzed the response of the plucked open A string with a test mic. With the mic's response curve in computer memory, we measured the C-ducer's response to the plucked open A string, and plotted the two measurements for comparison in **FIGURE 3**. A single note was used for this guitar test since it could produce an uncluttered display for ease of comparison, and could easily be repeated without any practical deviation.
**Figure 3. Response of a plucked open "A" guitar string as picked up by a microphone (A) and by the C-ducer (B).**
**Figure 4 shows the comparison between the pickup of loudspeaker cabinet resonances with a standard piezo-type industrial vibration pickup and the tape. Since the tape behaves as both an accelerometer and a velocity transducer, its response bandwidth far exceeds that of the industrial accelerometer.**
An interesting observation made through some of our testing was that the structure of the tape enables the
pickup of vibration patterns in selective areas; this allows us to locate the nodes and peak displacement areas of vibration. Using basic geometric triangular relationships, the "epicenter" can be found, since maximum sensitivity will occur when the tape is perpendicular to the incident wave front and aligned with it.
**APPLICATIONS**
The most popular use of the C-ducer has been on the piano; however, applications range from drums to strings and everything in between. The list of people using C-ducers reads something like a "who's who in music." Part of the list includes Chick Corea, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Wonder, Crystal Gayle, Abbey Road Studios, the Royal Opera House, UB40, Swiss Radio, North German Radio, the BBC, Eric Clapton, Pink Floyd, Duran Duran, Dire Straits, Culture Club, Jon Hiseman, Linda Ronstadt, Jose Feliciano, Anne Murray, Willie Nelson, Baryshnikov Ballet, the Grand Ole Opry, and Resorts International Casino in Atlantic City.
Joe Marchione, the lead sound tech at Harrah's Casino in Atlantic City, was first introduced to the C-ducer by Greg Kirkland, Neil Sedaka's sound engineer. Marchione has since replaced the PZM 30-GP mic in the Yamaha grand piano in Harrah's Atrium Lounge with a two channel C-ducer. Says Joe, "The C-ducer not only eliminated the pickup of the waterfall in the lounge, it also sounds a lot more like a real piano!" Similarly, in the theatre, Joe is now using a C-ducer in Harrah's nine-foot Baldwin Grand with great results, both for monitors and mains: "...better sound and more gain before feedback than mics, and much more realistic and even reproduction of the piano than the Helpinstill."
On the other side of the fence are those who have tried the C-ducer and haven't been satisfied with its results. A typical example is a rock group currently using a grand piano on a stage with amplified instruments whose average sound levels are in the 115 dB range. With such high sound levels in the proximity of the piano, this sound field will obviously be induced into the soundboard of the piano. The piano soundboard is acting as an acoustic transducer, converting airborne sound energy into mechanical resonances. When a C-ducer is attached to such a soundboard, it will faithfully reproduce all vibrations within it.
When such a piano is amplified via a C-ducer, so is the loudspeaker's sound; hence the complaint of, "There's no separation." After being involved with and having heard many different groups and pianos through live PA, I believe the bottom line is, "Why even bother to use a grand piano with a pickup system/technique that makes that piano sound inferior to an electronic piano?"
**COMMENTS**
Back over on the C-ducer side of the fence, if a piano's sostenuto pedal squeaks, or if a kick drum's pedal creaks, a can of WD-40 or Teflon spray can be very helpful in eliminating such mechanical noises. You piano tuners out there better keep on your toes!
The tape is a very low mass device. Therefore, it does very little in terms of damping the surface to which it is attached. The exceptions to this are: drum heads (which may be desirable), eight-inch tapes on small and light cymbals, eight-inch tapes on small diameter/lightweight loudspeaker cones, and in general any situation where the ratio of the mass of the tape to the mass of the surface to which it is attached is high.
The first time I tried the C-ducer in a musical context was in an A/B comparison with the Underwood pickup on a friend's acoustic bass at a small club date. The Underwood is a split pickup design, restricted to a mounting position in the bass' bridge. The flexibility of being able to place the C-ducer almost anywhere on the instrument allowed us to achieve many different "voicings." With this "voicing" capability, the applications are only limited by the imagination and creativity of the user.
Through our evaluations in applying the tapes to various surfaces, we found the tape's flexible construction to be pretty convenient in terms of minimizing the restrictions of its placement. The "low tack" double-sided adhesive tape contained in the kit presented no problems with musical instrument finishes. We also found that as long as the surfaces were kept clean, the tape could be repositioned many times, removed, and even re-applied before having to replace the adhesive strip. As with mic placement technique, *where* you apply the tapes is important, but you'll find them a lot more forgiving than you'd expect. In our experience and conversations with other C-ducer users, the general consensus is to use eight-inch tapes when C-ducing an instrument; the use of the three-inch tape usually only becomes necessary when the size of the surface prohibits the use of the eight-inch tape.
The C-ducer manual and accompanying application notes provide good starting points. In most cases, the tapes won't need much adjusting. The timbre of the instrument, as far as the tape hears it, may be adjusted by moving the tape in relation to the resonating surface and vibrating medium (strings vs. body, drum head vs. shell, etc.). However, remember that sound travels through wood over 10 times faster than through air!
Several notes of caution: Poor tape-to-instrument contact will degrade the signal transfer process. Any material and/or air space introduces a mechanical impedance mismatch, which modifies the transfer function in terms of both level and frequency. When using the C-ducer with percussion instruments, input levels need to be monitored judiciously. Because of the wide dynamic range of these instruments and the C-ducer system's capabilities of swinging high peaks without clipping, an input meter may hardly budge even though console input clipping may be taking place.
**A SUBJECTIVE OPINION**
One experiment with a single eight-inch tape on an upright Steinway was quite interesting. The piano was on a deep pile rug and couldn't be moved easily, so the pickup was "blindly" placed on the bottom of the soundboard at the low end of the keyboard and was recorded on a Sony SL-5200 Beta Hi-Fi VCR. The results? The playback sounded like a studio recording of a large concert grand, very even and natural. Natural? In this day and age when guitars are designed to sound like synthesizers, and synthesizers are made to sound like guitars, who is to say what sounds right? The word "natural" is taking on new meaning as the instruments we use become more mechanized. With the four-track mini-studio becoming a popular household appliance, what's next? Who will be the first manufacturer to sell a console that does it all? Just as our PZMs from Ken Wahrenbrock's kitchen back in '79 were a great addition to our mic kits, we feel the C-ducer is a revolutionary addition to today's "bag of tricks."
Glass in the Studio, Part II
Here, author Everest returns to discuss the effects of absorption, dissimilar planes, different types of glass, and other topics relating to acoustical holes in the studio.
We have seen that the control of standing waves in the cavity between the two panes of a double glazed window requires absorption. The TL advantage in using such absorption is revealed by measurements plotted in Figure 1, in which two 5/32-inch (4mm) glass panes are separated two inches (50mm). This arrangement is not particularly desirable for a practical window because of the small spacing and deep coincidence dip; it is, however, excellent as an actual "before" and "after" controlled demonstration of placing absorbing material on the reveals of the window cavity, yielding, in this example, STC 33 without absorbent and STC 37 with absorbent. A gain of 4 points is therefore directly attributable to the absorbent. The TL gain in using an absorbent at the edges is less with heavier glass, but it is still desirable to use peripheral absorbent in all double glazed windows.
Quirt has also verified the value of absorbent lining around the interpane perimeter of double glazed windows. With 1-inch glass fiber lining he found a TL gain at 4 kHz of about 5 dB, coming down to about 1 dB at 1 kHz, and negligible effect at lower frequencies. Low frequency TL can be improved, of course, by use of thicker absorbent to suppress axial and tangential modes in the interpane cavity.
EFFECT OF DISSIMILAR PLANES
If both glass panes in a double glazed window are of the same thickness, their coincidence dips appear at the same frequency, deepening the dip. For this reason, it is standard practice to use glass panes of different thicknesses to minimize the effect. Measurements verifying and quantifying the effect are shown in Figure 2. Measured TL of two ¼-inch (6mm) glass panes placed 2½ inches apart are compared to an almost identical situation, except that one glass is ⅛ inch (3mm) in thickness. The window of Figure 2A, having two ¼-inch panes, has a coincidence dip around 2 kHz as predicted by Equation 5. The window of Figure 2B, having panes of dissimilar thicknesses, eliminate, or at least moderate, the coincidence dip. In this frequency region, higher TL is obtained in the window having the thinner glass.
Registered consulting engineer F. Alton Everest is the author of a number of books on audio-related topics.
EFFECT OF LAMINATED GLASS
The mass law discussed in Part 1 (April, '84) applies only to a limp mass, i.e., one having no stiffness. Glass panels would offer greater TL if stiffness could be reduced. One way to do this is to laminate the glass. In Figure 3, the measured TLs of two typical double glazed windows are displayed, each having one \( \frac{1}{4} \)-inch pane and one \( \frac{1}{2} \)-inch pane with a 6-inch spacing between them.\(^4\) The \( \frac{1}{4} \)-inch pane of Figure 3B, however, is made up of two \( \frac{1}{4} \)-inch panes with a 0.045-inch plastic interpane. This plastic sheet in the sandwich makes the pane behave more like a limp mass, and a significant improvement in TL results. The improvement in this particular window is greatest in the 1 to 2 kHz coincidence region. The cost of laminated glass runs something like 50 percent more than plain glass plate or float.
PLASTIC INSTEAD OF GLASS
There may be conditions in which the properties of plastic sheets (such as flexibility and being nearly shatterproof) might be preferred to those of glass for
---
**The Language of STC**
The effectiveness of glass or other materials as sound barriers is measured by the sound transmission loss offered. A graph of transmission loss (TL) vs. frequency describes the effectiveness of such a barrier completely and accurately. It is convenient, however, to be able to represent such a graph by a single number. The arbitrary concept of Sound Transmission Class (STC)\(^1\) is designed to do just that. An STC single number rating, while not perfect, is designed to correlate with subjective impressions of common noises penetrating partitions in homes and offices and is commonly applied to audio rooms as well. The standard STC contour, shown in Figure 1, reflects the lower sensitivity of the human ear to low frequency sounds. It can be readily plotted to any convenient scale by connecting the three following points by straight lines: 125 Hz/TL of 24 dB, 400 Hz/TL of 39 dB, and 1250 Hz/TL of 44 dB. The measured transmission loss of the barrier is plotted against frequency, and the standard STC contour, plotted as an overlay to the same scale on tracing paper, is adjusted vertically until the following conditions are fulfilled for the 1/3 octave points from 125 Hz to 4 kHz: 1) the sum of the deviations below the contour at 1/3 octave intervals shall not be greater than 32 dB and 2) the maximum deficiency at any single 1/3 octave point shall not exceed 8 dB. When the contour is adjusted to the highest value that meets these requirements, the STC of the barrier is the TL value corresponding to the intersection of the contour and the 500 Hz ordinate.
As an example, the determination of the STC for the measured values of transmission loss for a partition\(^2\) of \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch plasterboard on either side of 2x4 studs, 16 inches on centers, is illustrated in Figure 2. Setting the STC overlay first at an estimated STC 38, the deficiencies of the plasterboard walls total 40 dB. Lowering the STC overlay to intersect the 500 Hz ordinate at 37 dB (STC 37), the deficiencies total 33 dB. This is close to the 32 dB mentioned the first condition above, establishing the STC single figure rating for the plasterboard wall of Figure 2 at STC 37.
References
1. "Determination of Sound Transmission Loss." ASTM E413-70T.
2. Northwood, T. D. *Transmission Loss of Plasterboard Walls*. Building Research Note No. 66 (revised July 1970), National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada.
There is little point in paying a high price for heavy glass when leakage is great. Look for the glass doors that have excellent sealing wipers around the entire periphery of each moving unit.
Measurements made by the writer on an ordinary 6-ft., 9-in. by 10-ft. home-type sliding door to an isolation booth in one studio gave the following noise reduction values:
| Frequency, Hz | Noise Reduction, dB |
|---------------|---------------------|
| 63 | 18 |
| 125 | 21 |
| 250 | 25 |
| 500 | 29 |
| 1000 | 25 |
| 2000 | 25 |
| 4000 | 29 |
(The above "noise reduction" values are those made *in situ* without corrections for room absorption or knowledge of flanking paths; hence they apply only to that particular overall setup rather than being transmission loss values characteristic of the sliding door alone.)
**SHALL WE SLANT THE GLASS?**
Speaking of double glazed windows, Rettinger says, "The vertical angle of the panes should not be less than six degrees in respect to each other, to avoid a strong standing wave between the sheets of glass when a prolonged note is incident on the window." He is probably referring to the axial modes set up in the interpane cavity. What do recent measurements have to say about the value of inclining one or both of the glass panes? Again we turn to Quirt's recent report of his exhaustive measurements. His tests embrace four glass thicknesses with interpane separation three times greater at one end than the other, varying from \( \frac{1}{2} \) inch to 4 inches on the average. His results are as follows:
(a) If the parallel glass separation is equal to the *maximum* separation of the slanting glass, the parallel glass windows show superior transmission loss of 1 to 2 dB across the frequency band.
(b) If the parallel glass separation is equal to the *average* separation of the slanting glass, the two perform equally well across the band.
(c) If the parallel glass separation is equal to the *minimum* separation of the slanting glass, the slanted glass is definitely superior by 1 to 4 dB across the band, an average of 3 dB. These tests, which focus attention on the importance of *average* interpane separation, led Quirt to say, "nonparallel glazing does not appear to offer any significant benefits." *Quid est demonstratum* (QED).
The above discussion pertains only to transmission loss. Other external factors may be affected by how the glass is inclined. For example, light reflections in the window are affected by inclination of the glass, but recessed light sources control such reflections much better. The effect of acoustical reflections on the studio side may sometimes be a minor consideration to program quality.
**WEAK WINDOWS IN A STRONG WALL**
It is much more difficult and expensive to build an STC 55 window than an STC 55 wall between studio and control room. A nice little trick is to build the wall heavier than required to compensate for a weaker window because the sound penetrating the partition involves the window area, the remaining wall area, and the STC values of each. Let us say that a window of 32 square
feet is set in a 12- by 20-ft. wall (240–32=208 sq. ft.), and that the favored window construction yields STC 45 and the wall construction yields STC 55. The STC rating of the wall-window combination may be found by the following formula:
\[
\text{Combined STC} = 10 \log \left( \frac{S_g}{\text{STC}_g} + \frac{S_w}{\text{STC}_w} \right) \tag{1}
\]
where:
- \( S_g \) = fractional surface of glass window,
- \( S_w \) = fractional surface of wall,
- \( \text{STC}_g \) = STC rating of glass window,
- \( \text{STC}_w \) = STC rating of wall.
The fractional window area is \( \frac{32}{240} = 0.133 \). The fractional wall area is \( \frac{208}{240} = 0.867 \). Substituting these figures and the STC values in equation (1) yields:
\[
\text{Combined STC} = 10 \log \left( \frac{0.133}{10^{45}} + \frac{0.867}{10^{55}} \right) \tag{2}
\]
where:
- Combined STC = 51.6
The STC 45 window can then be tolerated if STC 50 were the overall goal for the partition.
**PROPRIETARY WINDOWS**
Many studio windows are built by workmen who have never built one before and who do not appreciate the fine points of resiliently mounting the glass panes, caulking, etc. The same may often be said of the supervisor. Unless constantly watched by someone knowledgeable in acoustically significant details, the transmission loss of the resulting window can easily be degraded in spite of good intentions. For these reasons, the use of proprietary windows may make good sense. Excellent prefabricated windows of known performance are available at reasonable prices from numerous sources.
Typical prefab windows in the recording studio of the U.S. Naval Training Devices Center, Orlando, Florida, are shown in Figure 4. These windows were supplied by Industrial Acoustics Company.\(^7\) The construction of several high TL windows supplied by IAC is illustrated in Figure 5. Sound Transmission Class ratings of STC 47 and higher are available in double glazed and even higher in custom-designed triple glazed windows.
**SUMMARY: OPTIMIZING THE DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOW**
To increase window transmission loss:
- Use large interpane spacing (3 dB TL gain for each doubling of space)
- Use heavy glass (6 dB per doubling of surface mass)
- Use different thicknesses of glass (Stagger coincidence dips by 2:1 in frequency)
- Use thick absorbent on edges of interpane cavity (To control interpane cavity modes)
- Use laminated glass (For very high TL windows)
- Inclining glass panels not justified by transmission loss measurements.
**References**
1. Quirt, J. D. “Sound Transmission Through Windows—I Single and Double Glazing.” *Jour. Acous. Soc. Am.*, Vol. 72, No. 3 (September 1982) pp 834-844.
2. *Breaking The Sound Barrier*, Brochure AR-3, Libby Owens Ford Company.
3. Rettinger, Michael. “Angled Control-Room Window Sound Diffraction Phenomena—A Practical Solution Using Laxon Plastic Panels.” *Recording Engr./Prod.*, Vol. 12 No. 2 (April 1981) pp 58, 60.
4. *Rettinger, Michael, Studio Acoustics*, Chemical Publ. Co., Inc., New York (1981), page 82.
5. Industrial Acoustics Company, 1160 Commerce Ave., Bronx, New York 10462, phone (212) 931-8000. Their bulletin 3.1002 describes standard and Custom Noise-Lock® Window details.
**Other Helpful Papers**
Quirt, J. D. “Sound Transmission Through Windows—II Double and Triple Glazing.” *Jour. Acous. Soc. Am.*.. Vol. 74, No. 2 (August 1983) pp 534-542.
Quirt, J. D. *Measurements of the Sound Transmission Loss of Windows*. Division of Building Research Note No. 172 (April 1981), National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
Cops, A. and H. Myncke. “Sound Insulation of Glass By Means of Scale Models.” *Acustica*, Vol. 31 (1974) pp 143-149.
Heebank, T. B. “Sound Reduction of Windows in Exterior Wood-Framed Walls.” *Sound and Vibration*, Vol. 9, No. 6 (June 1975) pp 14-18.
The Father of Sound Systems
This affectionate biography of Milton Boom, written by a man who worked with him for 15 years, recounts the tremendous impact Mr. Boom had on the development of today's sound systems.
His Swedish parents were still in their teens when they passed the Torch of Liberty in New York Harbor. After leaving Ellis Island, Fred and Lena Boom travelled to Geneseo, Illinois.
Shortly after the turn of the century, Milton, their first son, was born.
As soon as he was old enough, Milton had his first taste of hard work on the surrounding farms. When he had finished high school, Milton went to Milwaukee to study electrical theory at the Milwaukee School of Engineering.
After graduating, he obtained a job at the Hatfield Electric Company in Chicago with the help of his cousin, George Carlson, then the City's Gas and Light commissioner.
He soon became interested in the new medium, radio, and worked in Chicago's Wrigley building for radio station WHT. From there, Milton went on to Erickson Electric where he specialized in sound reinforcement systems.
In 1926 Milton met and later married Miss Lorraine Whitney, then employed by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. That same year he was involved in providing sound for a crowd of over one hundred thousand at the Catholic Eucharistic Congress using a Western Electric "Loudspeaking Telephone System." Audio power was expensive in those days, but so efficient were the forty long Western horns that only thirty watts of power were required for intelligible sound over the restricted frequency range.
BOOM ELECTRIC CO.
Later in 1926, Milton, with a volunteered loan of twenty-five hundred dollars from his wife's mother, bought out the Erickson Electric Company and the Boom Electric and Amplifier Company was born.
In 1927, he toured the country by rail with four "Morning Glory" horns and a three watt Western amplifier to cover the Whistle Stop crowds on Vice-Presidential candidate Senator Curtiss's political tour.
In 1928, Milton helped install the first Chicago motion picture sound system for Al Jolson's "talkie" (The Jazz Singer) at the McVickers Theatre.
Milton's company was one of the first unionized
communications organizations. Having begun his career as a journeyman electrician, Milton maintained his union card throughout his life. He was well-liked by Chicago's management as well as labor leaders; an association which paid off well as his company was always considered for the biggest sound contracts.
In the early thirties, Milton's younger brother, Norton, fresh out of high school, moved to Chicago and joined the company.
A 'BOOM'-ING BUSINESS
When the Chicago 1933 World's Fair began, the Boom Electric and Amplifier Company, despite the problems of the Depression, was well-established in the Chicago area. For the Fair, Milton installed one of the first stereo outside sound systems at the Swift Bridge Exhibit to reinforce music produced by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
During the thirties, communications systems finally began to be recognized as necessities rather than novelties. During this period Milton's company made numerous large installations including: The National Cornhuskers Convention where a crowd of 120,000 gathered on an Indiana prairie; a customized sound system for Soldier Field; sound systems for the Chicago Stadium, the International Amphitheatre, the Aragon Ballroom, the Colosseum shows, hotel ballrooms and nightclubs, churches of all denominations, International Harvester and a myriad of other prestigious jobs.
Intercommunication grew in demand in business offices and factories across the country and Boom designed and installed Webster Electric intercom systems all over the Chicago area.
As the Country was recovering from the Depression, Pearl Harbor blasted it out of its complacency and Milton's Company speedily expanded to keep pace, supplying the communication requirements of wartime Chicago area plants.
MUZAK AND WW II
Background music for employees working unprecedented long shifts became a new factor and Boom
installed many systems, eventually becoming the "Muzak" franchiser for the Chicago area. This acquisition ultimately provided a monthly income equivalent to the annual net of most communications companies.
Norton Boom spearheaded the background music development. Unlike many franchisers, Boom's operation was systematically planned from the inception. Sales engineers would determine the loudspeaker coverage based on ceiling height and dispersion. Power per loudspeaker would be calculated depending upon the noise levels as measured with a sound level meter. Then Western Electric (and later Langevin) amplifiers with special modifications would be installed. (A Boom engineer later designed a special music amplifier that was widely used.) Plug-in equalization modules designed and built to accommodate variations in telephone line response as measured by Boom field engineers were installed for consistent frequency response. Resistive rotary switch volume controls designed and built for 500 ohm and 70 volt loudspeaker loads were matched to the impedance of area loudspeakers. The fact of tube deterioration due to heat and age prompted the now Boom Sound Engineering Corporation to provide regular inspections of company installations. A 24 hour emergency service was inaugurated for continuous system performance insurance.
THE COMPANY CONTINUES TO GROW
As the company grew, the need for better organization became apparent. An organizational outline showing the president (Milton), vice presidents, department heads, supervisors, office and field workers was distributed to all departments in a manual of company policy.
Thinking ahead, Milton was instrumental in organizing national and local sound and communication groups to discuss and plan solutions to their common problems.
In 1955 he began a profit-sharing incentive-oriented program for staff, supervisors and engineers.
In 1956, after years of constant day and night efforts, Milton had his first heart attack, a serious one which put him out of action for months. In the meanwhile, Norton took over running the Company and due to his efforts and the organizational and financial stability of the business, operations went on mostly as usual.
Milton tried to change his lifestyle upon his return. He found that the company still ran well without all of his former extra efforts. He began an instructional program among staff and supervisory personnel by bringing in a retired instructor from Illinois Bell. In evening sessions, procedures and practices of years past and present were discussed, agreed upon and recorded in manuals.
In 1959, Norton, who had long desired his own business,
moved to Davenport, Iowa. He began his own communications company, which he called F.N. Boom, Inc.
For the next few years, Milton, taking better care of his health, stayed at the helm of his still thriving company. In 1964, yielding to that organization's policy of major city corporate operation, he sold the "Muzak" portion of Boom Sound Engineering to the Muzak Corporation.
**CHANGING TIMES**
For two more years the sound and communications division of the company was run under Milton's direction. In 1966, when the strain became too great, Milton sold his company to the Downer's Grove-based Servicemaster Corporation which, at that time, was engaged in a major expansion and diversification program. Before leaving, he asked all personnel to remain and continue to operate the company as usual. The great majority agreed to stay.
For a while it appeared that the Boom Sound Engineering division of Servicemaster would continue to thrive as in the past. The new owners, after some months of study, commissioned a plant manager experienced in manufacturing to head up the company. Mutual efforts were made at cooperation, but for reasons still unknown, the profit picture began to slowly deteriorate. Meetings of personnel at all levels were held, but failed to unearth the contributing problems.
**HIS LAST YEARS**
Now financially secure, Milton spent his retired years attending occasional industry events, communicating with long-time friends and finally catching up on well-deserved rest. A lifetime fisherman and golfer, he as health permitted, participated in these sports.
On his 79th birthday a selected group of former employees, business friends and ex-competitors gathered to honor the man who had contributed so greatly to the industry. In a short speech, Milton showed some of his old spirit, but it was evident that his health was deteriorating.
In February, 1981, Milton suffered a fatal heart attack.
**IN CONCLUSION**
There were other dedicated pioneers in the sound and communications business when the century was young, but those who knew and worked for Milton Boom considered him, because of his integrity in business and his demand for perfection, the first of the professionals in the business.
In 1964, when his company was at the peak of success, a session of his peers was held at an industry seminar to pay tribute to Milton's forty years in the business. Don Davis, the Altec's district representative, spoke for all present when he proclaimed, "In the beginning, there was Boom!"
CD-SUBCODE
PROCESSOR/EDITOR
- Philips' new CD-Subcode Processor/Editor, the LHH 0425, offers extensive operational facilities for Compact Disc program production houses, and enables significant reductions on administration and paperwork. The LHH 0425 provides a convenient and reliable way of generating and editing CD-PQ cue code data. In its editor function, it also has the unique facility of enabling program and mastering-related text information to be added to the tape master. When the cue codes are printed out from the tape master, a visual indication of subcode and text information is provided. This eliminates the need for extensive and time-consuming administrative work. The processor function of the new CD-Subcode Processor/Editor enables the CD-PQ cue code data to be translated into the standardized CD-Subcode format. Further operational facilities of the LHH 0425 give the user the possibility of generating CD-PQ cue code data for recording onto the standardized CD-Master tape. This is achieved by using the logically laid-out system keyboard, or during CD-Master tape editing. In addition, the LHH 0425 reads CD-PQ cue code information from the standardized CD-Tape Master, providing full editing possibilities for this data. With the new Philips system, automatic generation of CD-PQ Subcode data, according to the standardized CD-Subcode Format, is also possible. Operation of the CD-Subcode Processor/Editor is straightforward, with all commands entered via an alphanumeric keyboard. Selected functions and all relevant data are displayed on an easy-to-read visual display. The keyboard can also be used to control all tape recorder functions. This is a particular advantage when automatic operation of PQ-cue code data storage or readout during CD-tape mastering, or control over the tape recorder on the CD-disc mastering process is required. To ensure optimum performance and maximize the capabilities of the new CD-Subcode Processor/Editor, the ideal system configuration includes a video display unit with alphanumeric keyboard, hard copy printer, U-matic tape recorder, SMPTE time-code reader, and a PCM-audio program editor.
Mfr: Philips
Circle 25 on Reader Service Card
PATTERN CONTROL
BASS HORN
- Community Light & Sound's CB594, said to be the first pattern control bass horn, has a mouth area of 16 square feet and an air column length of 50 inches. The high directivity and long throw capabilities of this horn make it extremely useful in situations requiring controlled LF projection down to 50 Hz. Its pattern control features prevent midrange beaming and afford a proper directivity match to midrange or high frequency horns. Horizontal coverage is 90 degrees at 500 Hz and 60 degrees at 800 Hz. The CB594 will accept either one 18-inch loudspeaker (for use in three-way systems, crossing over at around 350 Hz into the M4 midrange loudspeaker) or one 15-inch loudspeaker (for use in two-way systems). The CB594 is hand-laminated of weatherproof fiberglass. There are no materials in it that can rust, corrode, or otherwise deteriorate due to weathering. The rear chamber containing the loudspeaker is provided with double-sealed neoprene gasketing and is water-tight. The horn with compression chamber is 68½-in. long. The mouth of the horn is 43¼-in. by 53¼-in.
Mfr: Community Light & Sound
Circle 26 on Reader Service Card
NEW 24-BUS CONSOLES
- Amek Consoles' new Matchless series of 24-bus audio consoles offer such standard features as full 24-bus routing, 4-band EQ with swept mids and selectable Q, 8 sends, 8 returns, 8 mono subgroups, two programmable mute groups, and line return facility through the monitor section during mixdown. The Matchless is a scaled down version of the highly successful "Angela" series, utilizing the same circuit design and many of the same operational features but in a smaller, more compact package. The Matchless comes standard in a 26/24 mainframe configuration with larger frames and retrofit extenders also available. An optional version containing a full patch bay and producer's desk is forthcoming.
Mfr: Amek Consoles, Inc.
Price: Standard Matchless 26/24, $19,950.
With patch bay and producer's desk included, $24,950.
Circle 27 on Reader Service Card
NEW DISTORTION STANDARD
- Frye Electronics' new FONIX Type 100 Distortion Standard is said to be the first instrument of its kind. The Type 100 is used to check the calibration of all types of harmonic distortion analyzers. It produces an electrical sinusoidal signal that is distorted to a precisely known percentage. The amplitude, the frequency, and the amount of distortion of the sine wave are under the control of the operator. The Type 100 Distortion Standard was produced so that distortion measurements could be easily verified. It has been observed that measurements of harmonic distortion vary between one distortion analyzer and another. With the Type 100 it is possible to know which measurement, if any, is correct. The user of the FONIX Type 100 Distortion Standard has control over the frequency of operation, the distortion percentage, and the distortion harmonics. The fundamental output frequencies are as follows: 400, 500, 800, 1000, 1500, 1600, and 2000; the harmonics are: none, 2nd, 3rd, and 2nd plus 3rd; harmonic amplitudes are: 1, 3, 10, and 30. The instrument weighs 9 lbs. and measures 10.25-in. wide by 4.5-in. high by 12.75-in. long.
Mfr: Frye Electronics, Inc.
Price: $950.00
Circle 29 on Reader Service Card
PORTABLE REAL-TIME SOUND ANALYZER
- Spanta Inc.'s Model ATR 1 Real Time Sound Analyzer is said to be the first portable unit to incorporate a CMOS memory capable of memorizing 15 acoustical frequency responses including octave level, SPL level, weighting, and gain. The acoustical reading is displayed with bright LEDs next to calibrated scales. A flat frequency response of 20 Hz to 16 kHz assures a high degree of accuracy. Weighing only 25 ounces, the portable ATR 1 Analyzer is ideal for checking noise levels in a wide variety of applications including buildings, factories, and other environments; and for frequency response and level checking of hi-fi systems, tape recorders, and sound systems. Other advantages of the ATR 1 Analyzer include water-tight touch keyboard for easy access to various functions; fast, slow, and peak response selection with peak response having infinite hold time; long time memory storage using CMOS technology of 1 kbit capacity; scale variation in 1, 2, or 3 dB divisions by simple touch; display luminosity automatically regulated to ambient lighting conditions; blinking LED for early warning of low battery condition; input available for analyzing exterior electrical signals (microphone, tape recorder, etc.); output available for direct recording equipment or exterior analysis equipment, and the large dynamic range/low noise microphone permits measurement at very low sound levels. The ATR 1 is supplied with a leather carrying case and power charger for charging the internal Nicad batteries or for direct use if desired.
Mfr: Spanta, Inc.
Circle 31 on Reader Service Card
MONITOR MIXING CONSOLES
- Pulsar Labs' new M8 Series of professional monitor mixing consoles come in mainframe sizes ranging from $16 \times 8$ to $48 \times 16$. The M8 Series features total modularity (including back panel), a three-band sweep EQ, phase reverse switch, mute switch, priority cue system, 48-volt phantom power, LED metering on all gain stages, two talkbacks (house and stage), extensive headphone monitoring, and at-the-console monitoring of the cue and auxiliary mixes. The outputs also have sweepable high- and low-pass filters, mute, and cue. Pulsar also designed an additional four-send matrix on the inputs. These four-sends-per-channel are sent to the four aux. receives on the outputs. These four sends allow subgrouping of several channels together. The M8 Series consoles are capable of accepting on-board signal processing such as compressors/limiters, additional EQ, etc.
Mfr: Pulsar Labs, Inc.
Circle 30 on Reader Service Card
NEW XLR CONNECTORS
- Connectronics Corporation is now distributing a new range of XLR-type connectors. Constructed in England by Key Technology from black glass-filled nylon material, these connectors are light in weight, yet virtually unbreakable under normal conditions. The range consists of a male and female cable connector, male and female panel/chassis-mount connector, and an adapter for wiring the panel mount connectors to a printed circuit board. All the connectors are of a three-pin configuration. The panel mount connectors are for front or rear mounting, and both the male and female require identical cut-outs for mounting. The PCB adapter is a push-on item which connects to the rear of either the male or female panel mount. This allows PCBs to be completed and wired with only a small adapter in place—without the full connector in the way until final assembly.
Mfr: Connectronics Corporation
Circle 32 on Reader Service Card
ACOUSTICAL DIFFUSOR
- The RPG™ is a new reflection phase grating acoustical diffusor that offers a novel approach to providing excellent sound diffusion over a broad frequency bandwidth, with uniform wide angle coverage. The RPG™ can be used to furnish the necessary diffusion in the live end of a LEDE™ control room and to help maintain a uniform stereo perspective across the entire width of the mixing console. It can be used to improve the acoustics of small isolation rooms, mobile studios, and drum booths by greatly increasing the number of reflected wavelets, thereby adding ambience and body to the sound. In the studio, it can be optimally mounted on the walls and ceiling to tailor the overall diffusion and reverberation, or used as a movable gobo, allowing the acoustical characteristics of selected "live" areas—reserved for recording acoustic instruments—to be easily altered. The units are available in kit form, and are custom-designed with a computer aided construction and evaluation program.
Mfr: RPG Diffusor Systems, Inc.
Circle 34 on Reader Service Card
PROFESSIONAL BULK AUDIO CASSETTE TAPE
- Agfa-Gevaert's new Magnetite-12 is a magnetite formulation professional bulk audio cassette tape (Fe₃O₄) versus standard iron oxide (Fe₂O₃). Although magnetite formulations are used in some super, high-end consumer cassette tapes, this is the first time such a magnetite formulation has ever been incorporated into a professional bulk audio cassette tape. Agfa-Gevaert's new Magnetite-12 is actually several tapes in one. Its first and primary use is as an extremely high-quality bias tape designed to meet the high demands of critical music and data recording. Because of its formulation, Magnetite-12 has clear-cut advantages over standard iron oxide tapes. These include a lower noise floor and superior high-frequency output. Magnetite-12 also has a special advantage for duplication. This tape offers the advantages of a chrome-type formulation in addition to the benefits of a super-iron oxide. Without changing the bias, Magnetite-12 can be used to produce a recording for 70-microsecond playback equalization and still maintain brilliant high-frequency output. Magnetite-12 also offers all of the advantages of Agfa bulk audio cassette tape including consistency, superior slitting, excellent wind, secure packaging, and customer service.
Mfr: Agfa-Gevaert, Inc.
Circle 33 on Reader Service Card
• James V. Farrell and Ernest L. Heisser have been appointed regional sales managers of the Magnetic Audio/Video Products Division, 3M. The former position of national sales manager has been split into two responsibilities due to rapid business expansion. Farrell was named western regional sales manager, broadcast/recording, commercial and educational markets. Most recently, he was national sales manager for the division. Farrell joined 3M in 1965 as a sales representative in Washington, D.C. He has held various sales management positions since then, including those of area sales manager, Los Angeles branch and International Magnetic Audio/Video Products manager. Heisser was named eastern regional sales manager, professional markets. Most recently, he was international marketing manager for the division. Heisser joined 3M in 1971 as a sales representative in Chicago. He is a former sales manager of the San Francisco branch.
• Bruce D. Simpson has been appointed director of sales for ITT Cannon-North America. The announcement was made by George Ashmore, president. As director, Mr. Simpson has responsibility for all marketing, sales, advertising, distribution and program management activities for ITT Cannon-North America. Prior to joining ITT Cannon, Mr. Simpson was vice president of marketing for Parker Hannifin Aerospace Group in Irvine, CA, and held that same position with Bertea Corporation prior to its merger with Parker in 1978. Mr. Simpson also was director of marketing and sales for Hydraulic Research and Manufacturing Company in Valencia, CA.
• Andre M. Bourget has recently joined Solid State Logic as International Marketing manager. Mr. Bourget, who speaks fluent English, French, German and Spanish, was previously with Studer International in Zurich where he was in charge of the Marketing Department. A former head of Technical Training at Nagra Kudelski, Mr. Bourget is a well-known figure in the professional audio world, the author of many interesting papers, and an active member of organizations such as the SMPTE, IEEE, AES and SIA.
Liftin (Regent Sound), Leonard Pearlman (Editel/Chicago), Murray Allen (Universal Recording), David Teig (Independent Engineer), Jerry Barnes (United Western Studios), and Gary Helmers (Executive Director, SPARS). Following a tour of the research and development facility and administrative offices, the group met with an executive team from Otari to discuss several topics of mutual interest. John Carey, Otari's National Sales manager summed up the day as follows: "We were proud to host one of the first in a series of these events which began when SPARS formed as a group to represent the studio owners to manufacturers. Their opinions regarding many current equipment topics, including digital standardization, gave us many good insights."
• Otari Corporation recently hosted the executive committee of SPARS (Society of Professional Audio Recording Studios) at their facilities. The SPARS personnel included: Mac Emerman (Criteria Recording), Chris Stone (Record Plant), Charles Benanty (Soundworks), Nick Colleran (Alpha Audio).
• Gibson recently announced that it will be marketing Legend Amplifiers. Legend manufactures a series of amplifiers, cabinets and enclosures, all designed for the professional musician market. The Legend Amplifier Line includes: the Series II rock 'n' roll amplifiers available in both 50 and 100 watt R.M.S. versions and a number of different speaker configurations; the Legend Model A Series II Hybrid Amplifiers, which combine tube preamplification with solid state semiconductor technology; and Super Lead II Guitar Amplifiers with bass boost. Also offered are a variety of Legend speaker enclosures for guitar, cabinets, PA enclosures and the MS-570, a patented, professional built-in mic'ing system option on all Legend speaker cabinets and self-contained amps.
• Cerwin-Vega Inc. has acquired the product line of Acoustic Control, Inc., Van Nuys, CA, a manufacturer of high quality musical instrument guitar and bass guitar enclosures, amplifiers, mixers and monitors. Gene Czerwinski remains Chairman of the Board of Cerwin-Vega. Czerwinski will be responsible for the philosophy and direction of the firm as well as research and development of all new products.
Joining the operation as president and Chief Executive Officer is Roy H. Slavin. Slavin was president and owner of Standard-Grigsby, Inc., Aurora, Illinois, a manufacturer of electronic and audio switches. Slavin was also Chairman of W. Gunther, GMBH, Nuremberg, Germany, also a manufacturer of electronic switches. Slavin, who will acquire an equity position in Cerwin-Vega, will be responsible for the day-to-day operation of the company, as well as its financial direction.
Art Deco Resuscitation
- Coronado Studios, Image Devices International and a group of dedicated volunteers donated their professional production services to shoot a promotional tape for the Miami Beach Development Corporation drive to restore the historic Art Deco district of Miami Beach. As their contribution to the preservation drive, Coronado Studios and Miami equipment suppliers joined forces to provide the highest quality production services available to produce the best possible presentation for the restoration effort. The promotion is aimed at gathering popular and financial support for the restoration project. The tape also demonstrates the Hollywood-quality production Florida producers can provide with the state-of-the-art equipment now available in the state.
The Coronado production team covered a large portion of the district and designed a spectacular shot at the landmark Carlyle Hotel utilizing a Chapman Titan crane donated by Image Devices International. Fred Singer, head of Coronado Studios and mastermind of the shoot, credits the presence of the IDI Chapman Titan crane on the production and in the city as a major step toward the establishment of Miami as an international film capital. The availability of the Titan will help draw first-rank producers to Florida as never before.
Coronado Studios, IDI and the rest of the Miami film community is committed to the restoration of the Art Deco district both as a local architectural treasure as well as a unique location for future film productions.
High Level Meeting
- Philip Clarke, managing director of Klark-Teknik Research Limited, was one of five highly successful Midlands businessmen invited by the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, to a reception at 10 Downing Street in recognition and celebration of some of the many outstanding examples of enterprise shown in British Industry today. Mr. Clarke was accompanied by his wife. Also invited to the reception was Klark-Teknik's production manager, Doug Smith, representing the workforce.
British Prime Minister Thatcher with Mr. and Mrs. Clarke.
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IT TOOK JBL SCIENCE, A NITROGEN EXPLOSION, AND PURE TITANIUM TO GIVE YOU PERFECTED HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND.
High frequency sound has always fought with the technology that brings it to the ear. The driver diaphragm has been most vulnerable, pushed to the breaking point, unable to hold uniform frequency response.
JBL scientists decided to fight back. They exploded nitrogen into a remarkable metal, pure titanium, encircling their unique diaphragm with a vibration-absorbing "Diamond Surround," so revolutionary it warranted its own patent.
The result? A diaphragm that delivers and sustains a power and purity to high frequency response never before approached in the industry.
Perfecting titanium technology is just one of innumerable ways in which JBL science is re-shaping the quality of sound. From ultimate accuracy in laying down your initial tracks, to capturing the full power and subtlety of your final mix, JBL audio systems are focused on the most exacting demands of the recording studio professional.
To find out which system is designed to meet your specific requirements, contact your authorized JBL professional products dealer today.
JBL Incorporated
8500 Balboa Boulevard
PO. Box 2200
Northridge, CA 91329
U.S.A
JBL harman international ©JBL INCORPORATED 1984
Shure’s new FP31 Mixer takes a big weight off your shoulders.
Introducing the most innovative field production mixer of its kind. Shure’s FP31. You won’t find another mixer this small with these features, dependability and ease of operation.
The FP31 measures only 6\(\frac{5}{16}\) x 5\(\frac{5}{16}\) x 1\(\frac{7}{8}\), and weighs just 2.2 pounds! Incredibly, it offers the same important features as much larger mixers. Plus, a few of its own.
Every channel has a mic/line level and a low-cut filter switch. And to prevent overload distortion, there’s a built-in limiter with adjustable threshold.
The FP31 can be powered by two internal 9-volt batteries, or from an external 12-volt source. A green LED flashes to remind you that the mixer is on. Phantom and A-B power are also provided to operate lavalier and shotgun microphones.
A slate tone can be laid down on the tape for locating specific takes, and there’s also a built-in mic for voice slating.
The mixer also has two separate mic/line outputs for 2-camera shoots and a tape output to feed a cassette. For monitoring, there are two stereo headphone jacks—one ¼-inch and one for miniplugs. The FP31’s rugged nylon carrying case allows you easy access to every mixer function and lets you piggyback the mixer on your VCR or other equipment.
For ENG, EFP and film use, Shure’s FP31 has everything you need to make your mix a perfect success. Coming from a mixer this small, that’s quite an accomplishment.
For more information on Shure’s FP31 Mixer, call or write Shure Brothers Inc., 222 Hartrey Ave., Evanston, IL 60204, (312) 866-2553.
SHURE
THE SOUND OF THE PROFESSIONALS...WORLDWIDE
Circle 12 on Reader Service Card
|
REGULAR SESSION 7:30 p.m.
I. CALL TO ORDER AND ANNOUNCE A QUORUM PRESENT:
Mayor Michael Jordan called the meeting to order at 7:31 p.m. Town Council members present were Mayor Pro-Tem Eric Newton, Alderman Kelly Nelson, Alderman Linda Inman, and Alderman Jesse Rodriguez, being a quorum.
II. INVOCATION
Robert McMillan of Providence Church led invocation.
III. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
a. United States Flag
b. Texas Flag
IV. OPEN FORUM:
Greg Fachner, a resident who resides at 9140 Blackstone Dr., Providence Village, reported that the funds collected from the 2019 Smoke Off exceeded previous years and the total of $5,184.85 was begun donated to Lovepacs. Karen Matteson graciously accepted the donation.
Don Fisher, a resident who resides at 10200 Nantucket, Providence Village, reported that on Saturday, September 21st, the Hope Foundation would be holding a pancake breakfast and all donations will be accepted and given to the family of a previous resident of Providence Village who was involved in a bad traffic accident. The pancake breakfast starts at 9:00 a.m. and ends at 11:00 a.m. on Saturday at the Community Center.
John Okonski, a resident who resides at 2225 Rodgers Lane, Providence Village, asked who is responsible for the weeds being mowed on Dr. Sanders and stated that they were taller than his vehicle. He also complained that where Prospect Dr. enters Dr. Sanders, the trees to the right and left should be trimmed, they are blocking the view. He further complained of green fencing and lack of reporting in Post Signal’s police blotter section. He stated that information was needed from Aubrey and Providence Village and he
believes that we should have something reported so that we know how hard our police are working.
There were no further requests to address the Town Council.
V. WORKSESSION/COMMITTEE REPORTS/STAFF REPORTS:
a. Committee Reports
No committee reports.
b. Staff Reports
Brian Roberson reported that the Landing is at 42 permits this week and Med Spa has poured concrete, indicating progress. Brian Roberson provided Council the opportunity to review staff reports and point out the police report indicates 447 total calls for service. Highest for the year, so volume is up.
Alderman Inman asked why we billed less water than we purchased and Cameron Robinson replied that it was due to the one million gallons held in the elevated storage tank.
VI. CONSENT AGENDA – Items are considered self-explanatory and will be enacted with one motion. There will be no separate discussion of these items unless so requested by at least one member of the Town Council.
a. Minute Approval – September 3, 2019 Town Council Regular Session Minutes
b. Approve Administrative Actions
(1) Discuss, consider and act upon Resolution No. 2019-222 designating official newspaper for fiscal year 2019-2020.
(2) Discuss, consider and act upon Resolution No. 2019-223 appointing Municipal Court Judge to an additional two-year term effective October 1, 2019.
(3) Discuss, consider and act upon Resolution Authorizing Participation in the TexPool Investment Pools and Designating Authorized Representatives.
Alderman Inman noted that the Post Signal has been the Town’s official newspaper since its inception and she has been impressed with the truthfulness and fact finding efforts of the staff.
Alderman Nelson moved to approve Consent Agenda; Alderman Inman seconded. Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed.
VII. ACTION ITEMS
a. Proclamation declaring September 2019 Live UNITED month and join United Way of Denton County board, donors, volunteers and partners in calling on all residents of Providence Village to LIVE UNITED.
Christian Jones from United Way of Denton County wanted to thank for having them here and proclaiming and are happy to work with our community. Brian Roberson read the proclamation.
e. Consider, discuss and act upon appointment of nominee for Alderman Place 5 council position.
Mayor Jordan stated he wanted to move to action item (e) and avoid keeping people in suspense. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton, Alderman Nelson and Alderman Inman disagreed with the movement of action item (e) stating that it was not appropriate to appoint a new Council member and expect them to vote on a budget and tax rate they have not had appropriate time to review like the remainder of the Council has had during the last 6 weeks.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to not move to item (e); Alderman Inman seconded. There were further discussion regarding belief that the Council should not expect someone to vote on something they have not had time to review, especially since it was a roll call vote.
Town Counsel noted that if there is a motion and second, there must be a vote. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton withdrew his motion and Mayor Jordan agreed to move back to item (b).
b. Consider, discuss and act upon approval of Ordinance No. 2019-215 adopting the 2019-2020 Fiscal Year Operating Budget for the Town of Providence Village.
Brian Roberson stated that he did not have anything specific to add unless anyone had any questions. There were no questions and no one wished to address the Council regarding the action item.
Alderman Nelson moved to approve Ordinance No. 2019-215 adopting the 2019-2020 Fiscal Year Operating Budget; Alderman Inman seconded.
Alderman Inman thanked Brian Roberson and the staff for the work performed in developing the budget and getting the tax rate lower.
Roll Call Vote:
Alderman Kelly Nelson – Aye
Alderman Linda Inman – Aye
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton – Aye
Mayor Michael Jordan – Aye
Alderman Jesse Rodriguez – Aye
Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed.
c. Consider, discuss and act on ratifying the property tax increase reflected in the adopted 2019-2020 Fiscal Year Operating Budget for the Town of Providence Village.
Alderman Inman asked if we could talk about decreasing the rate, but actually increasing the revenue because of additional homes and other tax revenue, such as sales. Brian Roberson stated that the assessed values is not something that we control. Overall taxes we are collecting will be more, if the value of the property went up, it will be higher.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton stated our tax rate is going down, but the amount coming in is going up because the values are increasing.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to approve that the property tax rate be increased by the adoption of a tax rate of .787427, which is effectively a 4.266518 percent increase in the tax rate; Alderman Inman seconded. Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed.
d. Consider, discuss and act upon approval of Ordinance 2019-218 adopting the 2019 Tax Year Property Tax Rate for the Town of Providence Village. (Roll call vote with statutorily mandated motion language).
Alderman Inman moved to approve Ordinance 2019-218 adopting the 2019 Tax Year Property Tax Rate; Mayor Pro-Tem Newton seconded. Alderman Inman amended her motion and moved to approve that the property tax rate be increased by the adoption of a tax rate of .787427, which is effectively a 4.266518 percent increase in the tax rate; Mayor Pro-Tem Newton seconded.
Roll Call Vote:
Alderman Kelly Nelson – Aye
Alderman Linda Inman – Aye
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton – Aye
Mayor Michael Jordan – Aye
Alderman Jesse Rodriguez – Aye
Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed.
e. Consider, discuss and act upon appointment of nominee for Alderman Place 5 council position.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton stated that while he does not particularly like the appointment process, that following the interviews it came down to two candidates. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton further commented on recent correspondence deposited in his mailbox and the effect it has had on his decisions to serve the community. He noted that video cameras have provided valuable information.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton nominated Klayton Rutherford for Alderman Place 5; Alderman Nelson seconded.
Alderman Newton stated that Klayton Rutherford is a current active participant in BOA and he’s been coming to meetings and is familiar with council procedures and he is motivated to serve the community and deal with the criticism.
Alderman Inman stated that we had a very good pool of candidates and she did not think any one of them would be a bad choice.
Alderman Nelson stated that she hoped that this does not sway people from running in January.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton stated that this was not a council endorsement of a person, it's just required by our charter.
Alderman Rodriguez thanked everyone for coming forward and showing their interest in serving.
Mayor Jordan thanked the Council Members for conducting the interviews as he did not participate. Motion carried: 5 in favor, 0 opposed.
f. Oath of Office of nominee for Alderman Place 5 on the Town Council.
Klayton Rutherford was sworn in by Town Secretary. Klayton Rutherford explained the story that his grandfather was always involved in government, died a year ago and wrote books about the city of Roxton in Lamar County, Texas. So while being sworn in, Klayton held the book written by his grandfather during his swearing in.
g. Consider, discuss and act upon appointment of alternate members to the Board of Adjustment.
Alderman Inman moved to table this item; Mayor Pro-Tem Newton seconded. Motion carried: 6 in favor, 0 opposed.
h. Consider, discuss and act upon appointment of alternate members of the Planning & Zoning Commission.
No action taken.
i. Consider, discuss and act upon authorizing Town Manager to initiate the bid process for installation of water and sewer lines to properties along F.M. 2931, south of Fishtrap Rd.
Brian Roberson explained that this project has been active for several years, primarily waiting on an easement. He explained where the water and sewer lines will be ran to and connected and noted that there are two projects.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to authorized Town Manager to initiate the bid process for installation of water and sewer lines to properties along F.M. 2931; Alderman Nelson seconded. Motion carried: 6 in favor, 0 opposed.
j. Consider, discuss and act upon renewal of Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Transportation Agreement with Republic or authorize Town Manager to provide written notice to Republic and initiate the bid process for solid waste collection services for the Town.
Brian Roberson explained that the five year renewal for the current waste management contract with Republic will expire on December 31, 2019 and will automatically renew for another 5 year period if we do not provide written notice of our desire to terminate the contract. Mr. Roberson also reported that we have received a proposal from Republic, so we have the option to accept the offer and renew the contract for an additional 5 year period or provide written notice to Republic and decide to bid it out.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to closed Town Council Regular Session and convene into Executive Session; Alderman Inman seconded. Motion carried: 6 in favor, 0 opposed. Mayor Jordan closed Town Council Regular Session and convened into Executive Session at 8:22 p.m.
k. Identify agenda items to be discussed at future meeting.
1. Appointments to BOA and P&Z
2. Appointment of EDC member
3. Hotel occupancy tax ordinance
VIII. EXECUTIVE SESSION
The Town Council will convene into executive session pursuant to Texas Government Code Section 551.071, Consultation with Attorney, to seek the advice of the Town Attorney or other legal counsel concerning pending or contemplated litigation, or a settlement offer; or on a matter in which the duty of the attorney(s) to the Town under Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct of the State Bar of Texas clearly conflicts with the Texas Open Meetings Act regarding any item listed on the agenda.
(a) Renewal of Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Transportation Agreement with Republic or authorize Town Manager to provide written notice to Republic and initiate the bid process for solid waste collection services for the Town.
Mayor Jordan closed Executive Session and reconvened into Town Council Regular Session at 8:58 p.m.
IX. RECONVENE INTO OPEN SESSION
j. Consider, discuss and act upon renewal of Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Transportation Agreement with Republic or authorize Town Manager to provide written notice to Republic and initiate the bid process for solid waste collection services for the Town.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to proceed with renewal of Republic contract with bi-weekly recycling; Alderman Rutherford seconded. Motion carried: 6 in favor, 0 opposed.
X. ADJOURNMENT
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton moved to adjourn; Alderman Nelson seconded. Motion carried: 6 in favor, 0 opposed. Mayor Jordan adjourned the meeting at 9:01 p.m.
J. Eric Newton, Mayor Pro-Tem
Connie S. Hansen, TRMC
Town Secretary
Date Minutes Approved
10/1/2019
Date Minutes Approved
10/1/19
|
WKBW LEADS THE NATION*
FIRST
...in Buffalo By a 2 to 1 Margin
...in New York State
...in the United States
*The October 1960 Metropolitan Area Pulse shows that WKBW has a larger total share of audience than any other radio station in the top twenty markets in the United States, Monday thru Sunday, 6 a.m. to 12 mid.
HOW TO BUY NETWORK TV NEXT SEASON
For those preparing to make web buys here are key trend facts about nighttime shows
Page 29
Report on a Detroit radio giant: WJR
Page 32
10 big steps in making a tape commercial
Page 36
Steinway’s sound gets fm showcase
Page 40
DIGEST ON PAGE 4
"next to KONO-tv...
this is the best way to reach
the greatest number of people"
San Antonio's
KONO-TV (ABC) gets the message across in a big way with 42.6 Share of Audience
9 A.M.-Midnight Sunday through Saturday... against 29.6 and 27.7,
according to latest ARB (August '60)
Get the "Inside Story" on San Antonio Television
Represented by the Katz Agency
How important is the 2nd?
Just as important as one's 2nd shoe is Michigan's 2nd TV market...that rich industrial outstate area made up of LANSING-FLINT-JACKSON and 20 populous cities...3,000,000 potential customers...684,200 TV homes (ARB March '60)...served exclusively by WJIM-TV for 10 years.
WJIM-TV
Strategically located to exclusively serve LANSING FLINT JACKSON
Covering the nation's 37th market. Represented by Blair TV. WJIM Radio by MASLA
DIGEST OF ARTICLES
How to buy net tv in '61
29 For the buyer planning a purchase for next season, here are the useful facts and figures to help detail the key trends—and make decisions.
The story behind the story at WJR
32 As WJR's president Worth Kramer prepares to make his report to stockholders on the first full year with CBS, sponsor profiles the station.
Shavian video helps bank in 'ad war'
35 One-shot production of George Bernard Shaw's 'Candida' on tape helps Lincoln Savings & Loan Assn. to boost image in midst of 'premium war'
10 big steps
36 Sponsor goes behind the scenes of MW&S and NBC's taping studios to find out what goes into putting together a 60-second, stand-up, taped spot.
Steinway's sound gets fm showcase
40 Renowned piano maker wafts its golden tones into homes of those who can appreciate (and afford) its very expensive product—via 32 fm stations.
SPONSOR's semi-annual index
41 Covering the last half of 1960, the latest index lists all stories under 17 major categories and 29 sub-categories, with cross-indexing included.
FEATURES
58 Film-Scope
14 49th and Madison
62 News & Idea Wrap-Up
8 Newsmaker of the Week
62 Picture Wrap-Up
70 Seller's Viewpoint
48 Sponsor Asks
10 Sponsor Backstage
60 Sponsor Hears
21 Sponsor-Scope
72 Sponsor Speaks
18 Spot Bays
72 Ten-Second Spots
17 Timebuyers at Work
68 Tv and Radio Newsmakers
54 Tv Results
57 Washington Week
KTRH is Houston's powerful radio voice for 60,000 square miles... blanketing over 80 counties... serving 1,087,100 radio households including more than 4,000,000 people as:
- The news and information station
- The variety station
- The network station
- The family station
KTRH
50,000 WATTS - 740 KC
-CBS-
HOUSTON, TEXAS
Represented by Peters, Griffin and Woodward, Inc.
Good reason to cheer!
Today, in seven-station New York, Channel 2 reaches 53% more audience than the second station. This gigantic margin of leadership, better than twice that of a year ago, is an all-time Arbitron high! WCBS-TV
CBS Owned • Represented by CBS Television Spot Sales
NO, THIS IS "KNOE-LAND"
(embracing industrial, progressive North Louisiana, South Arkansas, West Mississippi)
JUST LOOK AT THIS MARKET DATA
| Population | 1,520,100 |
|------------|-----------|
| Households | 423,600 |
| Consumer Spendable Income | $1,761,169,000 |
| Food Sales | $300,486,000 |
Drug Sales | $40,355,000
Automotive Sales | $299,539,000
General Merchandise | $148,789,000
Total Retail Sales | $1,286,255,000
KNOE-TV AVERAGES 79.1% SHARE OF AUDIENCE
According to March 1960 ARB we average 79.1% share of audience from 9 a.m. to midnight, 7 days a week.
KNOE-TV
Channel 8
Monroe, Louisiana
Photo: Northeast Louisiana State College, Monroe. One of nine 4-year colleges within our coverage area.
CBS • ABC
A James A. Noe Station
Represented by
H-R Television, Inc.
the NEW dimension in NEWS is SPONSOR WEEK
STARTING 30 JANUARY
NEWS AS IT HAPPENS FOR BUSY BUYERS
KBTV 1960 National Hall of Fame Award
Riviera Cigarettes
Pall Mall Cigarettes
Anso Films
5-Day Deodorant
Bissell Carpet Sweeper Co.
Ban Roll-Dn Deodorant
Sal Hepatica
Ipana
Vitalis
Viceroy Cigarettes
Kool Cigarettes
Lile Cigarettes
Campbell's Franco-American Sauces
Carter Oil Co.
Rex
Arrid
Colorforms
Continental Oil Co.—Conoco
Karo Syrup
DuPont Children's Wear
Friskie's Dog Food
Gaines Burgers
Heart ol Dats
Horizon Foods—Italian Casserole
Kool Shake-Kool Aid
General Foods—Minute Sliced Potatoes
Cocoa Puffs
Smiles
Gulf Oil Co.
Poll Patrol Shoes
Kleenex
Airwick
Dove Soap
Praise
Lilt
Liquid Ivory
Oxydol
Secret Deodorant
Spic & Span
Tide
Zest
Duncan Hines Pancake Mix
Quaker Dats Cereals
Ralston Purina
Helena Rubenstein
Sawyers, Inc.
Shick Safety Razor Co.
Selchow-Richter Games
Desert Dri Deodorant
Skelly Dil Co.
Fleischman's Margarine
Blue Bonnet Margarine
Tender Leal Tea
Supp-Hose
Union Pacific Railroad
Italian Swiss Colony Wines
Anahist
Fizzies
Listerine
Cracker Jack Co.
Max Factor
Flagg Brothers Shoes
Florsheim Shoes
Tang
Theo Hamm Brewing Co.
Hertz Corp.
Hoover Co.
Andersen Jergens Co.
Keystone Camera Co.
Libby-Owens Ford
Duke Cigarettes
Local Loan
Jiffy Popcorn
Butternut Coffee
Mr. Clean
Sta Pine, Inc.
Vick Chemical
Washington State Apple Commission
Western Airlines
Pan American Coffee Bureau
Kent Cigarettes
Newport Cigarettes
Lucky Lager Brewing Co.
Maggie Food
Malt-O-Meal
May & Toy Co.
Maybelline Co.
Maytag Co.
Alka Seltzer
One-A-Day Vitamins
Chocks
Minute Maid High C
Minute Maid Orange Juice
Mishawaka Rubber
Parlamenti Cigarettes
Marlboro Cigarettes
National Association ol Insurance Agents
Ocean Spray Cranberries
Norelco
Pepto-Bismol
Morton House Foods
Papermate Pens
Peter Paul Candy
Coldene
Fresh
Plan Food Research Corp.
Cheer
Clorox Bleach
Crest
Crisco
Crisco Oil
Dash
Gleem
Jif Peanut Butter
Joy
Rollaids
Dentyne Chewing Gum
Certo
Curl Boy-ar-dee
Bufferin
L-B-Q Cold Tablets
Liquid Bromo Quinine
Kentucky King Cigarettes
Brown Shoe Co.
Carey Salt Co.
Nair
Arrid
Tree Top Apple Juice
Ajax
Palmolive
Colgate Dental Cream
Fab
Wildroot
Morton Pies
Wonder Bread
Profile Bread
Hostess Cake
Special Hostess Cake
Chun King Sales, Inc.
Corning Ware
Cudahy Packing Co.
Ladies Home Journal
Daisy Manufacturing Co.
Dole Hawaiian Pineapple
Regimen
Man Tan
Maryland Club Coffee
El Producto Cigars
Falstaff Brewing Co.
Flav-R-Straws
Folger's Coffee
M & M Candy
Uncle Ben's Rice
Pick-A-Pop
French's Instant Potatoes
General Credit Corp.
General Electric Co.
Alpha Bits
Post Sugar Crisps
Gravy Train
Instant Maxwell House Coffee
Regular Maxwell House Coffee
Oat Flakes
Spanish Rice
Twist
Betty Crocker Cake Mix
GMC Pontiac Division
General Toy Corp.
Gold Medal Candy
Affiliated Publishers, Inc.
Maypo Cereal
Anderson Soup
Hills Bros. Coffee
Ideal Toy Co.
Butternut Bread
International Latex
Jubilee
Stride
Glade
Woolite
Kellogg Co.
Breeze
Lucky Whip
Lipton Tea
Lipton Soup
Coco Wheats
Loma-Linda Ruskets
Kent Cigarettes
Old Gold Cigarettes
Popsicle
Alpine Cigarettes
Phillips Petroleum Co.
Pepsi
Revlon Living Curl
Top Brass
Salem Cigarettes
Camel Cigarettes
St. Regis Paper Co.
Shulton's Men's Line
Haley's M., O.
Bayer Aspirin
The Texas Co.—Texaco
Timex
Jolly Time Pop Corn
American Sheep Producers Council
Vita Yums
Bourjos Evening in Paris
Trg
Prince Matchibelli
Sealorth
Luster Creme
Vel
Muriel Cigars
Nucoa Margarine
At 35, Newton N. Minow is the FCC's youngest chairman and a man who admittedly has had little contact with commercial broadcasting. His appointment strengthens the hand of James M. Landis, the President's special advisor on the regulatory agencies, and he is expected to work closely with Landis on the problems of pay tv, the uhf controversy, and the licensing of networks, stations. Landis calls him "brilliant."
The newsmaker: Commercial broadcasting is 40 years old and Newton N. Minow, the new chairman of the Federal Communications Commission, is 35. At least two of his children (he and his wife, the former Josephine Baskin, have daughters 8, 6, and 2) have been raised, he admits, with a steady diet of television. He, himself, did not finish his schooling and take up an active career until 1950, when tv had already begun to take a firm foothold as perhaps the leading communication influence in American life.
Minow's appointment to the $20,500-a-year job is most outstanding for the fact of his complete lack of contact with broadcasting (except as legal advisor to two educational tv groups and some talent). And this, all reports from Washington indicate, was one of the main points in his favor with President Kennedy and his advisor, James M. Landis.
"It is not essential that a man be an expert in radio and television," Landis has publicly stated, "for him to be a successful FCC chairman." Landis sees the job as one in which administrative ability is primarily involved. He told Mike Wallace on a WNTA-TV, Newark, N.Y., interview that "it's hard to discover whether a man possesses it until you've seen him in action," but he indicated that to be Adlai Stevenson's law partner at 27 and to be chosen law clerk to the Chief Justice of the U.S. (Fred Vinson) marked Minow as "brilliant."
Chicago friends and associates of the new chairman told sponsors that the industry can expect "intriguing" developments during his tenure in Washington. One described him as "young, smiling, and a very intellectual guy," and another said, "You can be sure of one thing--he'll take the stuffiness and stodginess out of the FCC." The Michigan U. and Northwestern law graduate has said he is intensely interested in upgrading programming, but that any form of censorship would be "horrible." He prefers the word "persuasion." His first task this week: getting to know the commissioners. He has met only one, Rosel Hyde, and only socially.
THOMAS PAINE would have been "in his element" at WPTR
Tom Paine had a dedicated sense of responsibility. So has WPTR. He'd have loved it here.
WPTR takes a more active part in the promotion of Public Service than perhaps any radio station in America. It plays music, of course, but news comes first. It believes radio is primarily a media of communications and that it is more effective in many areas than print could ever hope to be.
WPTR originated "Action—Central News". This concept of instantaneous round the world coverage plus mobile unit local coverage is now being used (title and all) by over 100 major radio stations coast to coast.
But more—WPTR not only covers the news—it says what it thinks about it, too. And it says it in the most independent language of any independent in the business. This is GRASS ROOTS RADIO AT ITS BEST and perhaps why WPTR is the best listened to station in the market.
Perhaps that's why it has more local advertising than the next 3 stations combined; more total advertising than the next 2 stations put together.
WPTR 50,000 PEOPLE WATTS
ALBANY, TROY, SCHENECTADY
The Dominant Station in the market according to Pulse. Right up there with Hooper, too. For full details—see your EAST/man. Foster & Creed, in New England.
DUNCAN MOUNSEY EXEC. V. P. OF WPTR
A division of SCHINE ENTERPRISES
Clients must 'control' public service
On more than one occasion I have said to Norman Glenn, sponsor's editor and publisher, and to many another friend how much I enjoy alternating this space with executive editor John McMillin and his "Commercial Commentary." I find John's column shines with integrity, mature thought, and a highly proficient way with the language. But the piece he did a couple of weeks ago, slapping the wrist of a gentleman named Peter Peterson, executive vice president of Bell & Howell, pleased me particularly. It seems Mr. Peterson had remarked at a New York forum of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences that he was becoming impatient with the talk about "responsibility" in connection with public affairs programs on television. His sole responsibility, said Mr. P., according to John, was to "maximize Bell & Howell profits."
Conceivably one of the talkers with whom Mr. P. may have been getting impatient was me, because my last three Backstages have dealt with this theme. And I have no intention of discontinuing while there is something of possible importance to be said. As a matter of fact, tomorrow, 12 January (as I write this) I will be addressing a luncheon meeting of the Television and Radio Advertising Club of Philadelphia, and my subject will be "Our Brave New Sponsors."
Take, for example, civil rights
I am, however, going to tell my Philadelphia friends about a phase of this business of advertisers sponsoring controversial and disturbing programs which I have never discussed in print before, and which I have never seen covered in the endless words which have been written on this subject. I refer to the simple idea that if an advertiser, or for that matter an agency or a network and/or station wants to make a continuing and effective contribution to a better nation and a better world by throwing the spotlight, via programs on radio and/or tv, on some serious social problem, he must exercise more care and, yes, more control than in presenting any other form of programing.
Let me illustrate my point by taking, possibly, the most explosive issue of them all: civil rights. Let us assume that the advertiser decides to sponsor a show of this kind because he believes in the basic credo that all men are created equal and should be permitted to live that way all their lives, regardless of race and color.
A show of this kind may take any one of a number of forms. It can be a show which treats an in-the-news situation, like integration in New Orleans, in documentary fashion, or it can be a show starring a big-name Negro performer who works with white performers and possibly performers of other races, of the same or opposite sex as the Negro star.
(Please turn to page 12)
"TRIP" FOR ACTION WITH THE MAN FROM COCHISE
56 HALF-HOURS OF NTA'S RECORD-SMASHING, MODERN WESTERN!
It ought to be a new expression for "track record" in the case of enormously successful western like THE MAN FROM COCHISE. Maybe trail record. In any case, this outstanding, action-loaded series of episodes has been blazing trails — or records — with "top ten" syndicated ratings, against all competition, in every market, with every type of audience, for four solid years! (See box, lower right.)
Pop it across the board, daytime or evenings, and this proven series, produced by Desilu and featuring John Bromfield, will draw for you... as it has for top advertisers in hundreds of markets of every size. Name a few: Budweiser, Sunoco, Ajax, Bromo Quinine, Bufferin, Ipana, Anahist, Vicks, Kent, Viceroy, Ivory Soap, Camel, Duz, Palmolive Olive, Wildroot, Standard Oil, Maxwell House Coffee, Alka-Seltzer, Playtex, Minute Maid, Dash, Vaseline Hair Oil, and hundreds of national and local sponsors.
Reach for the rating ceiling with this proven successful property today. It may even be first-run in your market. Contact your nearest NTA sales office, or those listed below:
NEW YORK: 10 Columbus Circle, Jildson 2-7300
LOS ANGELES: 8530 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills, Olympic 5-7701
CHICAGO: 612 N. Michigan Avenue, Michigan 2-5561
AMONG THE TOP TEN SYNDICATED PROGRAMS IN THE NATION* ... against all competition, any time slot, any market, as shown by ARB multi-month rating averages
VERSUS NETWORK
Cleveland, 10:30-11 p.m., Friday, Nov. '59-Mar. '60
WEWS U.S. MARSHAL ................................................. 24.1 46.0%
Sta. B Person To Person .................................................. 15.9 30.3%
Sta. C Cavalcade Of Sports ............................................. 12.4 23.7%
Omaha, 9:30-10 p.m., Wednesday, Feb.-Nov. '58
KMTV SHERIFF OF COCHISE ............................................ 26.6 45.4%
Sta. B U.S. Steel Hr./Circle Theater .................................. 16.2 27.8%
Sta. C Wednesday Night Fights ....................................... 15.8 27.0%
EARLY EVENING
Syracuse, 7-7:30 p.m., Friday, Nov. '59-Mar. '60
WSYR U.S. MARSHAL ...................................................... 30.9 76.3%
Sta. B Four Just Men ...................................................... 9.6 23.7%
Oklahoma City, 6:30-7 p.m., Friday, Oct. '57-Feb. '58
WKY SHERIFF OF COCHISE ............................................... 29.0 57.0%
Sta. B Rin Tin Tin .......................................................... 12.9 25.3%
Sta. C Annie Oakley ....................................................... 9.6 17.5%
LATE EVENING
Cincinnati, 10-10:30 p.m., Thursday, Mar.-June '60
WCPO U.S. MARSHAL ..................................................... 18.5 41.6%
Sta. B Lassie ................................................................. 12.9 29.0%
Sta. C Revlon Revue ....................................................... 13.2 29.7%
Boston, 10:30-11 p.m., Saturday, Nov. '59-March '60
WNAC U.S. MARSHAL ..................................................... 16.4 38.2%
Sta. B Four Just Men ...................................................... 13.5 31.3%
Sta. C It Could Be You ..................................................... 13.1 30.0%
*January 1958-July 1960, Average U.S. Pulse Ranking for Syndicated Films
Whichever form it takes, the probability is that the producer and/or director and/or star of such a show feels very strongly about equal rights for Negroes. The probability is, too, that the producer (and/or director and/or star) is very emotional about the subject. It is almost inevitable that this be so. If he didn't feel that strongly about the theme he would hardly be the right man to do the show.
However, his very emotional involvement makes it almost impossible for him, without the most sagacious and judicious counsel on the part of a calm, mature, and strong boss, to come up with a show with the taste, the restraint, and, yes, the entertainment values to win new friends and converts to the cause of equal rights and integration. Too many times the star and/or producer and/or director, motivated by his potent emotions, comes up with a show which pleases only those liberals who already are overwhelmingly convinced of the justice of equal rights for all.
Too many times he not only fails to make even the slightest dent in the intolerant and prejudiced and bigoted, but he creates a fierce-than-ever-determination in their pathetically twisted hearts to fight against integration in any form.
Often, indeed, the emotion-torn star will even antagonize a substantial segment of the audience who may well have been on the fence, with his bitterness and aggressiveness and his general tendency to flaunt his black defiance against all who dare disagree.
And when such a star, uncontrolled by a well-meaning sponsor, does such a show, what is the net result? Just this:
The sponsor, broadcaster, and all concerned are deluged with a flood of vitriolic mail, threatening utter and forever-lasting boycotts so that they are discouraged from carrying shows of this kind.
Word spreads around Madison Avenue and all the Madison Avenues of the nation, and in the halls of the broadcasters, of the horrible repercussions the program generated. As often as not, as word spreads the degree of havoc wrought is exaggerated out of all proportion to the facts. And dozens, if not hundreds of other advertisers and/or broadcasters, swear silent oaths that they will never do anything so foolish as to play a part in presenting such a program.
So that the very star and/or producer and/or director who considers himself a champion in the cause of human rights, has dealt the cause a most severe blow.
Why should the client care?
But why, you ask, should an advertiser or a broadcaster take the trouble to try to control these emotional program people? Why run the risk of having their very efforts to control the star or director treated in the press in such a way that they seem the bigots and the stuffed shirts? The answer is simply that we may give thanks that not all businessmen take the position of Mr. Peterson no matter how many times advertisers take an unjust beating, and possibly lose customers for presenting a show with an important social message.
We may give thanks that there are businessmen like our new Secretary of Defense, Robert McNamara, formerly president of Ford. John McMillin reported what McNamara told the University of Alabama graduating class in 1956 (in spite of Ford policy objections), but it bears repeating here: ". . . whether you go into business, teaching, or public service, you must seek a greater goal than money."
BURT LANCASTER
VIRGINIA MAYO
A NORMA-F.R. PRODUCTION
THE FLAME AND THE ARROW
NOW FOR T.V.
ANOTHER OF THE GREAT WARNER BROTHERS "FILMS OF THE 50'S" FROM SEVEN ARTS
SEVEN ARTS ASSOCIATED CORP.
NEW YORK: 270 Park Avenue • YUKon 6-1717
CHICAGO: 68922-D La Crosse, Skokie, Ill. • ORchard 4-5105
DALLAS: 6710 Bradbury Lane • ADams 9-2855
LOS ANGELES: 11358 Elderwood St. • GRanite 6-1564
For list of TV stations programming Warner's Films of the 50's see Page One SRDS (Spot TV Rates and Data).
Printers on radio
I'd like to compliment you on your "Radio Results" feature, especially the recent year-end roundup. I only wish you were able to include a page of it with every issue. The brief success stories have often helped me close similar local sales.
My reason for this correspondence (aside from the bouquets) is a request. I'm currently working with a large local printing concern on a rather sizable sale. They're about ninetenths sold, but are interested in seeing such "success stories" as you publish in "Radio Results." Oddly enough, this particular printer is the only local printer ever approached for radio advertising; thus we have no parallel to show him.
Upon checking my back clippings of "Radio Results," I find there are no stories on printers there, either. Therefore, if at all possible, I'd appreciate any story you might have on this type of business. I don't imagine there would be too many printers using local radio, but thought I'd give you a try. Thanks again for a very helpful feature in a fine trade journal.
John W. Bowling, Jr.
sales representative
WORK
York, Pa.
* Printers, we fear, are not important users of radio, but you may be interested in the comments of Alice Burr in SPONSOR ASKS, 26 September 1960.
Thank you
You are to be commended on the recognition you gave the Television Code and its important influence throughout the industry during the past year.
SPONSOR certainly has followed the activities of the Code, its Board and staff diligently, and reported on them consistently. All of this has been most helpful and greatly appreciated.
E. K. Hartenbower
v.p. & gen. mgr.
KCMO Broadcasting
Kansas City, Mo.
Facts are what we like
We have found the "Radio Results" section of your magazine very interesting and would like to inquire about the proper form to submit capsule case histories from our area.
We have had several successful campaigns and feel they would be of interest to you and your readers.
If you have forms to follow please forward them to my department here at KAYS Inc.
Tad Felts
traffic and continuity
KAYS
Hays, Kan.
* There are no forms to follow but we would like the following information: results of campaign, reason for using medium, duration of campaign, frequency of advertising and time of day purchased, cost of advertising—and the like.
5-City Directory
Thanks for a copy of your 5-City Directory. Could you please send me two more? I would appreciate it very much.
Donald H. Quinn
Doherty, Clifford, Steers &
Shenfield, Inc.
N.Y.C.
* * *
Please send us 5 extra copies of the SPONSOR 5-City TV Radio Directory, 1960 edition. We find this very helpful.
A. James Ebel
v.p. & gen. mgr.
KOLN-TV
Lincoln, Neb.
* * *
Many thanks for the 1960 edition of your 5-City Directory.
Would appreciate an additional copy for sales department use.
Paul Adanti
vice president
WHEN-TV
Syracuse, N. Y.
* We are happy to fill these requests for the directory. Readers may be interested to know the 1961 5-City Directory will be out about 1 March.
CREATIVITY . . . wfmv-tv creates sales in the nation’s 44th market*
Creativity . . . someone’s artistic ability produced this handsome leather saddle. Creativity . . . WFMY-TV’s proven ability to create greater sales and profits for you, in the Industrial Piedmont.
Sell the nation’s 44th market* (44 counties, 17 cities) . . . where 2.3 million customers have 3.2 billion dollars to spend . . . for complete details call your H-R-P rep today!
*Source: Television Magazine, 1960 Data Book
wfmv-tv
GREENSBORO, N. C.
NOW IN OUR 12TH YEAR OF SERVICE
Represented by Harrington, Righter and Parsons, Inc.
New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Atlanta, Boston, Detroit
In TV too... FILM does the "impossible"!
"I'VE GOT NEWS FOR YOU" . . .
"Sure, I'm Ford's shoggy dog... roted one of the brightest, even if I do so myself. But, frankly, I'd get nowhere, if I weren't on film. And that, I'm told, goes for thousands of other TV commercials—animoted and otherwise."
Again, the dog is right. Film, and film alone, does three things for you: (1) gives animation—crisp, exciting; (2) provides the optical effects you've always required for high-polish commercials; (3) assures you the coverage and penetration market absorption requires.
For more information, write Motion Picture Film Department
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, Rochester 4, N.Y.
East Coast Division
342 Madison Avenue
New York 17, N.Y.
Midwest Division
130 East Randolph Drive
Chicago 1, Ill.
West Coast Division
6706 Santa Monica Blvd.
Hollywood 38, Calif.
or W. J. German, Inc. Agents for the sole and distribution of Eastman Professional Motion Picture Films, Fort Lee, N.J., Chicago, Ill., Hollywood, Calif.
ADVERTISER: Ford Motor Car Company
AGENCY: J. Walter Thompson Company
PRODUCER: Playhouse Pictures—Hollywood
Margot Teleki of Reach, McClellan & Co., New York, notes: "Recently a healthy change has taken place in the field of spot television buying. Factors other than ratings and cost-per-1,000 have become increasingly important. For example, audience composition—male, female, child, teen-age, mass audience, specialized audience—influences the placing of the commercial message more and more." Margot points out that "the quality product's message is being geared to the specialized audience, which means it is not necessarily adjacent to the highly rated programs. One of the prime factors in proper commercial placement is the buyer's familiarity with the announcement itself, as well as with the client's ultimate objectives. This requires the buyer to view commercials (or listen to electrical transcriptions if radio is being bought) prior to launching into a call for availabilities." She feels, "Working closely with account executives and or the client, the buyer's efficiency is greatly increased, and he has the chance to become a better integrated part of the over-all agency operation."
Art Topol of Ogilvy, Benson & Mather, New York, observing that "the season to be jolly" is past for another year, wonders whether the advertising profession did its share in making this a happier holiday season. "The greatest joy of this holiday season is the act of giving, but not automatic giving. It is flattering to receive 113 Christmas cards, but how many of us recall who sent them? The sending of cards by media to agency personnel has become perfunctory, expected, and a matter of a mailing list, thereby losing the personal touch the holiday signifies. Media distribute the cards to everyone, almost like a promotion piece, so that no one will be offended or forgotten. Instead of sending Christmas cards to a list of many," Topol queries, "why can't media donate the money allocated for cards, postage, and time to a children's charity? There are so many worthwhile children's organizations in operation—UNICEF, The Fresh Air Fund, The Neediest Cases Fund, to name a few. The knowledge that children will be fed, sheltered, clothed, and happier will rekindle the spirit of Christmas for all. I know that some stations did donate; I hope others follow suit in 1961."
TV BUYS
Thomas J. Lipton, Inc., Div. of Lever Bros., Hoboken: Schedules on its instant tea begin 29 January in about 13 markets. Day and early and late night minutes, around five per week per market, are set for five weeks. On its regular tea, about 35 markets get two-week placements of prime I.D.'s this month and four-week placements of day and fringe night minutes early February. Frequencies are five to 10 per week per market. The buyer on instant is Steve Suren; on the regular, Bob Anderson; at SSC&B, New York.
Lever Bros. Co., New York: Activity on Good Luck margarine begins this month in about 10 markets. The first of five flights, daytime I.D.'s will run for four weeks, 10 to 15 per week per market. Bert Hopt is the buyer at Ogilvy, Benson & Mather, New York. Imperial margarine, out of Foote, Cone & Belding, New York, begins schedules this month also, in about 35 markets. Moderate frequencies of prime and late evening minutes are being used. The buyers are Bill Croke and Al Kalish.
Andrew Jergens Co., Cincinnati: Going into about 40 markets in January with schedules for Woodbury's soap. Fringe and prime minutes and 20's to reach women are placed for four weeks. Buyer: Bill Birkbeck. Agency: Cunningham & Walsh, New York.
General Foods Corp., Post Div., Battle Creek: Post Top Three placements start this month in a number of top markets. Minutes in kids' shows are being scheduled for four weeks. Buyer: George Simko. Agency: Benton & Bowles, New York.
RADIO BUYS
Standard Brands, Inc., New York: Schedules on Blue Bonnet margarine start this month in about 15 secondary Southern markets. Fairly heavy frequencies of day minutes, 30's, and 20's, Monday through Friday, are bought for five weeks. Buyer: Bill Abrams. Agency: Ted Bates & Co., New York.
RADIO-TV BUYS
Hills Bros. Coffee, Inc., San Francisco: New campaign on its coffees gets underway 6 February for four to five weeks. In tv, schedules, in well over 100 markets are four traffic and daytime 30's, ranging night 20's and I.D.'s, around five per week per market. Radio schedules, in well over 100 markets, are for traffic and daytime 30's, ranging from 40 to 80 per week per market. Markets are heavily western and midwestern, with Hills' distribution area running from the Pacific coast to Cleveland. Buyer: Paul Kizenberger. Agency: N. W. Ayer & Son, Philadelphia.
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METROPOLITAN BROADCASTING
TV STATIONS: WNEW-TV, New York; WTTG, Washington, D. C.; WTVH-WTVP, Peoria-Decatur; KOVR-TV, Stockton-Sacramento.
RADIO STATIONS: WNEW, New York; WIP, Philadelphia; WHK, Cleveland.
OUTDOOR: Foster and Kleiser—operating in Arizona, California, Oregon and Washington.
INTERNATIONAL: Radio Station WRUL, Worldwide Broadcasting.
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CBS TV has discarded several long-cherished policies in order to strengthen its daytime sales competitive position.
The changes apply particularly to the programing between 10 a.m. and noon and their mainsprings are: (1) **this time is available as straight minutes**; (2) sponsors may rotate their minute commitments within that span as they see fit; (3) **discounts will be based on the total minutes used annually**, instead of the traditional quarter-hour unit; (4) there'll be individual discount rates for the winter and the summer.
This discount structure, which **takes effect 13 February**, is based on an average of 2,400,000 homes in the winter and 2,700,000 homes in the summer (the tune-in in the summer is greater because of the added youngsters available).
The per-minute rate, plus the estimated cost-per-1,000:
| ANNUAL MINUTES | COST-PER-MINUTE | CPM | COST-PER-MINUTE | CPM |
|----------------|-----------------|-----|-----------------|-----|
| 201 | $3,200 | $1.33 | $2,800 | $1.04 |
| 201 to 400 | 3,100 | 1.29 | 2,700 | 1.00 |
| 401 to 600 | 3,000 | 1.25 | 2,300 | .85 |
| 601 to 800 | 2,900 | 1.21 | 2,200 | .81 |
| 801 to 1,000 | 2,700 | 1.13 | 2,100 | .78 |
| 1,000 and over | 2,500 | 1.04 | 2,000 | .74 |
Two shows in the afternoon, Full Circle and The Millionaire, also become part of the new discount setup to this extent: the minutes purchased here may be applied to the morning minute total.
Pertinent sidelights on this shift in sales policy and trade comment:
- The billboard is eliminated from the shows in the 10-noon spread.
- CBS TV sales for the first time has borrowed a term from newspapers: it's referring to the above rates as "insertion" rates.
- Affiliate stations will have the privilege of selling the first minute of each of the 10-noon programs locally.
- The competitive networks expressed this viewpoint: any way you look at it, CBS' pre-noon sales device and rate card shapes up as a substantial rate cut.
- A quick survey by SPONSOR-SCOPE among agency media directors indicated the minute concept will be generally welcome because it makes it easier to buy and makes less work.
- Among stations and reps the plan was generally viewed as a further drastic encroachment on spot and evoked heated protests.
Eastman Kodak is trying to sell off its half of Ozzie & Harriet so that it can apply the weekly $100,000 budget to the expansion of a spot tv idea it's already tested—and successfully so—in five markets.
In any event, spot tv can expect to share in Eastman's tv budget on a substantial scale next season.
Also part of Kodak's media future is a spot radio test, which will be conducted on its own via JWT. It will be recalled that Blair last year urged such a test as a preliminary to the use of a Blair Group plan which would involve $3.5 million a year.
Chesebrough-Ponds has embarked its new Actin cough syrup on a 13-week test in eight tv markets via Compton.
The schedule: six or seven spots a week, mostly in fringe time.
Actin's a sister remedy to Pertussin and somewhat stronger.
Texaco (C&W) has gone on a weekend spot radio weather reports kick: for the time being it's limited the campaign to the west coast with a 52-week prospect.
Another call for radio spots out of New York: Tyrex, Inc. (McCann-Erickson) in limited markets, 13 weeks, starting 6 February, 20 spots a week.
Being placed out of Chicago: Continental Casualty (Geo. Hartman); Philip Morris (Burnett), 10-week schedule in 13 top markets.
Wrigley Gum (via Meyerhoff) has become a lively mecca of Chicago reps in respect to radio station group plans.
The reps who have already pitched group buy plans to Meyerhoff: Katz, PGW, Blair, Adam Young, Eastman and McGavren.
The agency's media department told SPONSOR-SCOPE no decision on any of the plans, which as a concept has suddenly become quite hot, will be reached for at least two weeks.
Interesting sidelight: seems that most of the reps have predicated their Wrigley presentations on their own station lists only. In other words, they haven't asked reps with smaller-market stations to come in with them.
The reason could be this: Wrigley's, Chicago No. One radio source, is taking a six-to eight-week hiatus in such markets.
On the theory that once you get a product started in a test market via radio you keep pounding away for many months, U.S. Tobacco has renewed its saturation campaign for Encore (LaRoche) in Toledo and Buffalo for another 13 weeks.
The theory's rationale: because of the nature of radio the turnover of audience is greater than other media and, therefore, a different set of prospects can be sold by keeping up the pressure. Encore's schedule: 50 spots a week on three stations in each market.
There may be spot tv in Timex's second half of 1961 but that won't be decided until the account has decided about the next agency; that appears months away.
Meantime it will buttress its spring promotion with specials, including Red Skelton, Art Carney and a London circus, and four more NBC TV White Paper documentaries.
The variety show turns up so far this season as the type that delivers the best batting average in regular nighttime tv network programing.
Here's how the various types came out in the second December NTI when averaged according to their inclusion in the top 40.
| TYPE | NO. IN CATEGORY | NO. IN TOP 40 | BATTING AVERAGE |
|-----------------------------|-----------------|---------------|-----------------|
| Variety | 11 | 3 | .727 |
| Quizzes-Aud. Partic. | 8 | 5 | .500 |
| Westerns | 21 | 10 | .476 |
| Situation comedy | 26 | 8 | .308 |
| Suspense-Mystery | 20 | 6 | .300 |
| Adventure | 9 | 2 | .222 |
| General drama | 10 | 2 | .200 |
National Biscuit's Milk Bone (K&E) marketers haven't decided yet whether they want to make a national thing of the 22-week radio test they conducted in Troy.
The test ended 31 December and the Milk Bone people are in process of finding out via the collection of data at hand whether the campaign (1) increased brand awareness in large measure and (2) stimulated the brand's sales.
Blair laid out the pattern for the test. National extension of the John Blair plan for the dog food account would entail about $800,000 annually.
Economic conditions don't seem to have had an unfavorable effect on network TV time sales with the turn of the year.
According to NBC Corporate Planning's count of sponsored time units, the dip between December and January for the three networks collectively was less than it was the year before. This time it was 10%. For the year before it ran 12-14%.
Likely reason for the narrower slide: new methods of selling both day and nighttime and the increased flexibility of network's use.
Don't be surprised if next season the holdover net spot carriers embark on a policy of 30 originals and 22 repeats.
Already these second and third season series are mostly down to 32 originals.
The economic motive is obvious: the network is able to keep the average price down for the advertisers, even though the producer gets a hike with each succeeding season.
Latest of the ABC TV newcomers to be replaced is the spot carrier Klondike. Taking over is Acapulco on 27 February.
They're both out of the same producer: UA-Ziv.
General Mills' Betty Crocker division (BBDO) gave ABC TV $23,000 worth of daytime business because NBC TV is so loaded with Duncan Hines that it can't take any more cake mixes.
As it is, NBC is carrying about $1-million worth of Hines billings.
The Crocker stay on ABC is for five weeks.
However, there's still a huge wad of Crocker daytime money left in the budget for the second '61 quarter. Whether this will be released for TV depends on whether corporate powers elect to switch it to profits as the "crop year" approaches its end (30 May).
A third of every dollar that goes into a live show nowadays goes for below-the-line, or staging, costs. Three years ago it was less than 25¢ per dollar.
The latest below-the-line ratio was arrived at via a check with CBS TV and NBC TV. The below-the-line segment for drama is about twice what it is for variety, but it all averages out to a third.
Upped union and other wages account for most of the three-year difference.
Do you know why General Foods' Maxwell House Division is able to put on a blitz spot campaign without first having to crank up the budgetary machinery?
The answer—it's got a $12-million spot bank that any one of the designated brands can readily draw on once the campaign is set.
If a network show featuring a specific brand doesn't produce enough frequency, the bank is forthwith tapped to make up the deficiency.
This revolving fund, which eventually is refilled, does yeoman service for a brand that needs a fast and blistering takeoff as happened in the case of Yuban instant.
Let it not be said that sponsor identification has disappeared altogether from the research lexicon of the business: Trendex is still measuring it.
Trendex's averages by program type in its November report showed these correct sponsor identification percentages:
Variety shows, 73%; quiz-panel, 53%; hour drama, 44%; half-hour drama, 35%; situation comedy, 36%; westerns, 32%; suspense-mystery, 28%.
Patently what has happened: about the only types that now can count on a sizeable who's-sponsoring-it quotient are the variety, hour anthology and quiz items because they alone remain preserved from expanding multiple sponsorship.
Bulova (McCann-Erickson) has both tv and radio in its plans for 1961, though just how the media will be used won't be crystallized for a week or two.
In tv it'll either be specials or continuing network programing or a combination of both. In radio it'll go on being spot.
The anticipated budget for 1961. $4 million.
Put down Kraft (JWT) as a standout growth user of tv for the coming season, due largely, of course, to the fact it's adding lots of new products.
There'll be a lot more spot as these products are introduced but particularly significant is this: Kraft may have two nighttime network programs in addition to Como.
The media people in the major agencies can look for a lot of over-their-heads action during the next six months from a couple of tv station groups.
These groups are talking to their reps about setting up for a sales thrust that will take the story of spot tv beyond the people who plan or recommend what media should be bought.
Actuating this strategy in large measure: a decision that stronger than usual tactics must be used to counter the drift of what had been spot money into network nighttime spot carriers and daytime scatter plans.
The groups are convinced they can't stem the tide by taking their competitive message directly to the agencies.
Gillette (Maxon) last week dished out another $2.5 million for nighttime tv, about evenly split between ABC TV and NBC TV.
The expenditure period: between February and August.
The company's already committed to ABC for about $7-8 million in sportscasts.
ARB and Nielsen have different plans for their 1961 tv coverage studies.
What each says it will do:
ARB: (1) Leave New York and Chicago pretty much as they are, since they're over 90% home saturation; (2) update those areas where there may have been changes according to the latest census report and/or its market sweeps.
NIELSEN: Make a completely new county-by-county swing, with the data interlocking with the 1960 census figures. The hope is to have it on hand at agencies before the start of their fall spot buying.
Pet Milk (Gardner) has become a prime target for new business pitches by tv reps.
In seeking to fill the void in tv resulting from the company's withdrawal from the Red Skelton show these business creators have advanced the argument that Pet, because of its crazy-quilt distribution pattern, actually belongs in spot.
One fact cited: the average per capita consumption of evaporated milk in the south is double what it is up north.
Something that strongly influences toiletries people in their choice of time in air media: 44% of married women have jobs outside the home.
Add these, they figure, to the working girls and you might miss 40% of your potential women's market if you don't use nighttime.
For other news coverage in this issue: see Newsmaker of the Week, page 8; Spot Buys, page 18; News and Idea Wrap-Up, page 62; Washington Week, page 57; sponsor Hears, page 60; Tv and Radio Newsmakers, page 68; and Film Scope, page 58.
All You Need to Know About Aspirin, or More
Chemists and pedants call it acetylsalicylic acid. Chap name of Gerhardt whipped it up in 1853, but it wasn't until deadlines became common that anyone could think of a use for the stuff. Actually, Heindrich Dreser, researcher for Bayer in Germany, was looking for a palliative for rheumatoid arthritis sufferers who couldn't stand the side effects of salicylates, real stomach bombs widely used around 1899, when he tried old Gerhardt's concoction. It worked.
One thing led to another. Some character with arthritis and a hangover took it, felt better, and schnapps sales boomed. It was serendipitous for drinkers but eventually tough on Bayer. The name aspirin evolved after a generation of prescription-fillers got headaches trying to read acetylsalicylic acid, scrawled by doctors not famous for calligraphy. It became acetyl-spiric, then aspirin, and not a minute too soon.
Bayer's U.S. patent expired in 1917, followed in a few years by schnapps itself, it said there in the 18th Amendment. After a long legal hassle, Bayer saw the courts decide that the name had entered the public domain, or whatever words enter when they become common nouns.
That aspirin relieves pain and reduces fever is pretty well established. The reason for this is another matter, perhaps hidden deep in the Antarctic of the body. Some 17 billion aspirin are produced annually in the U. S. Eastern Iowans consume less than their share, since they have fewer headaches, and WMT-TV, CBS Television for Eastern Iowa, Cedar Rapids-Waterloo, Affiliated with WMT Radio, K-WMT Fort Dodge. National Representatives, The Katz Agency.
There is nothing harder to stop than a trend.
The trend is to ABC-TV, the strong network on week nights and the leader all week.*
| NETWORK | MONDAY-FRIDAY AVERAGE RATING | OVER-ALL AVERAGE RATING FOR WEEK MONDAY THROUGH SUNDAY |
|---------|------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| ABC-TV | 20.8 | 20.6 |
| NBC-TV | 17.1 | 19.3 |
| CBS | 17.0 | 16.0 |
*Program-appraisal supplement to National TVI reports for week ending May 8, 1961, Nielsen 24 Market TV Report. Average audience 6.30-11:00 pm., Monday through Saturday 7.30-11:00 pm.
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Risks of new web shows continue to increase
| No. of New Programs | % Returning Following Season |
|---------------------|-------------------------------|
| 1954 | 42 |
| 1955 | 42 |
| 1956 | 41 |
| 1957 | 51 |
| 1958 | 44 |
| 1959 | 50 |
| 1955 | 55% |
| 1956 | 55% |
| 1957 | 34% |
| 1958 | 49% |
| 1959 | 43% |
| 1960 | 38% |
The Nielsen chart above shows number of new nighttime television programs returning for a second year. This is one of the many risks in network broadcasting.
HOW TO BUY NET TV IN '61
For advertisers and buyers preparing to make network buys, here are some key trends and basic facts about nighttime shows
Although the new year is hardly past the three-week mark—a short period of rest for postmen and industry—agency researchers and advertisers are busy culling reports and studying trends which will ultimately be the groundwork for next season's network television buying.
Research organizations have kept their electronic computers, calculators and Univacs working full time through the winter months in order to meet the demand for special network surveys and the regular flow of basic research material.
While special reports obviously shed important light on specific program problems, general trend data is getting close attention from account men and others preparing network proposals for clients. Information on such trend areas as program casualties, lineups, type of sponsorship, program lengths, show popularity by types, etc., is being perused for hints as to which way the wind is blowing, particularly at night.
One of the most critical areas of study is the casualty rate. As the chart above shows, the long-term trend has been for the risk to increase. Except for the 1957 season, the percent of new shows which returned the following season has been steadily declining. The number of new shows has not been (conversely) increasing at a comparable rate primarily because different show lengths complicate the data somewhat.
Trends on programming are vital to the advertisers as well as the broadcasters. The chart on page 30
Key nighttime sponsorship, program trends
Sponsorship, program shares on network tv by hours per week (average)
| | 1958 Hrs. | 1958 % | 1959 Hrs. | 1959 % | 1960 Hrs. | 1960 % |
|----------------------|-----------|--------|-----------|--------|-----------|--------|
| Single sponsorship | 32 | 49.6 | 29 | 39.6 | 20 | 27.8 |
| Alternate sponsorship| 18 | 27.9 | 20 | 27.3 | 19 | 26.4 |
| Other sponsorship | 11.5 | 22.5 | 21.1 | 33.1 | 33 | 45.8 |
| **TOTAL** | **64.5** | **100.0** | **73.4** | **100.0** | **72** | **100.0** |
The chart above shows the number and percent of 30, 60, 90, 120-minute programs per average week. Note the growing popularity of hour-long shows. Hours of single and alternate week sponsorship are also shown.
Source: 11 December NTI each year; 7:30-11 p.m. Mon.-Sat.; 6-11 p.m. Sun. *Average Audience Rating.
shows the number and percent of programs aired weekly by length. Over the three-year period, there was a consistent increase in hour-long shows while half-hour presentations continued to lose ground. In 1958 the total hours of 30-minute shows was twice that of 60-minute programs, however, in 1960 figures are virtually the same. The chart reveals that the average rating for both half-hour and hour-long shows is about equal. No programs running 90 minutes or longer were reported during the survey period, although some are scheduled through the year.
Type of sponsorship changes from year to year. Single sponsorship, the NTI chart reports, has steadily decreased during the past three years. Ironically, alternate week sponsorship varied little; however, other sponsorship, which includes participations, has gone up. This is partially due to a greater number of spot carrying programs during 1960. The total number of hours programed by all three networks during the average week represented is 72. Last year showed an average of 73.5 hours weekly vs. 1958 with 64.5.
Anyone looking to find out the status of network television from a business point of view certainly wouldn't have to probe deep to discover that its big business and still growing. Every chart seems to indicate consistent growth. This not only pertains to audience growth, which of course is a credit to the entire television industry, but web station lineups haven't leveled off yet.
Although audience composition studies vary little from year to year, many researchers feel that ratings alone are not enough to substantiate a buy and carefully study the latest data for better adult coverage.
Some would rather reach a full family at night rather than daytime's women audience, forfeiting attractive daytime costs and heavy repetition. On the other hand, other advertisers go under the assumption that the lady of the house is the dollar spender and other family members play a small part in choosing products.
Unlike daytime's women audience, evening television reaches the entire family. Saturday and Sunday between 7 and 9 p.m. account for the greatest number of viewers per set—2.5. Although 7 through 9 on weekdays is still the most popular time period, viewers per set drop slightly—2.3. This is due to a small percentage of night workers and early risers. The avverage viewers per home during network option time is just over 2.3 weekends and 2.2 weekdays.
The bi-weekly analyses of the Top 10 network shows are always a conversation piece.
Based on the NTI December report, a western — *Gunsmoke* — still tops the list. In spite of the predictions of many that westerns are on their way out, four out of 10 — the same as last year — fall into that category. Three out of four are the same shows. The hour-long *77 Sunset Strip* has gone from 13th to seventh place. *The Jack Benny Show*, although introduced on a weekly basis late this season, has already grabbed a Top 10 position. Among the regularly scheduled shows, Ed Sullivan is still retaining a No. 1 spot.
Three hours and 31 minutes per day are spent viewing by the average television household, between 4 and 11 p.m., reports NTI, Nov.-Dec., 1960. Viewing during the seven-hour period represents a four-minute increase over last year and a three-minute drop from 1958. It also means that in 1960, 61% of the daily viewing took place between 8 and 11 p.m. Over 50% of the total seven hours was spent by viewers in front of the television screen.
The next favorite viewing period is between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. One hour and 27 minutes takes place during this period — a six-minute increase over last year and 12 minutes more than 1958. Late, late show watchers account for the 17 minutes of viewing between 11 p.m. and 9 a.m. Most stations are off the air through the wee morning hours. A total of five hours and 45 minutes daily are spent viewing by the average TV family.
If you're the particular type of advertiser or buyer who won't buy a web show unless the rating is over the 25% mark, chances are that you'll be out of luck.
Based on an October survey, the latest available, Nielsen reports that shows falling into that category have
*(Please turn to page 53)*
THE STORY BEHIND THE STORY
WJR's Worth Kramer readies report to stockholders on station's first full year after its break with CBS.
Survey of progress at Detroit's Goodwill Station shows effects of 'complete-range' program policies.
DETROIT, MICH.
This week, in his quiet, comfortable office on the 23th floor of Detroit's old (1929) but still imposing Fisher Building, veteran broadcaster Worth Kramer is pondering a presidential message.
It will be part of the annual stockholders report of publicly-held WJR. The Goodwill Station Inc., to be published in March, and will summarize the progress during 1960 of one of America's largest, and in some ways most unusual, radio properties.
Final audits of WJR's financial record have not yet been completed and Kramer is understandably reluctant to discuss exact figures. But last week, because of exceptionally high industry interest in WJR operations, sponsor editor made a preliminary in-depth survey of Detroit's radio giant. For WJR 1960 was a significant year because:
- It was the first full year of operation since the station severed its long time affiliation with CBS in mid-1959.
- It was the first full year of operating under the concept of "complete-range" programming which, at WJR is in marked contrast to most industry programming practices.
- It was a year in which the interest of national advertisers in radio showed signs of softening, and for WJR, with 70-80% of its business national, this presented a stern operating challenge.
Sponsor's study of WJR was aimed at discovering how well the station had met these challenges, and what
JOHN F. PATT, (l) board chairman of The Goodwill Station Inc., whose properties include WJR, Detroit, and WJRT, Flint, is a broadcast veteran with 39 years of experience at WJR and KGAR, Cleveland.
JAMES H. QUELLO, (r) gen. mgr. WJR, has been with the station since 1947. Like all WJR executives, he is active in civic affairs. His outside interests include Detroit Housing Commission, Michigan Veterans Fund.
WJR tops $3 million with unique management policies
1 LIVE PROGRAMING. WJR broadcasts 29 different live radio programs, most of them daily, plus two sportscasts and nine newscasts daily.
2 LARGE STAFF. With a yearly payroll of over $1 million, WJR has 134 employees, one of the largest staffs of any radio station in America.
3 HUGE COVERAGE AREA. WJR, a 50kw clear channel outlet, claims 17 million people in its primary coverage area in Mich., Ind., Ohio, Can.
4 HIGH RATES. WJR's basic one-minute rate of $150 is more than twice as high as other Detroit outlets, one of highest in the country.
5 HEAVY NATIONAL BUSINESS. 70-80% of WJR business is national. Twenty-eight of its top 50 accounts are located in WJR's primary area.
6 NO FAITH IN RATINGS. WJR does not subscribe to any rating service, and neither programs nor sells its station on basis of ratings.
significance, if any, the WJR experience has for the medium as a whole. Here are the findings.
Financial. WJR, for years a mainstay of the CBS Radio network, was reportedly one of the highest paid network affiliates. Worth Kramer acknowledges that at one time WJR's network income exceeded $1 million annually.
During the middle and late '50's however, this income dwindled steadily and by 1958 was less than 30% of 1950 totals.
In 1957, WJR reported to stockholders total radio sales of $3,570,000. In 1958 sales had dropped to $3,275,000, including $170,000 sales volume from The Goodwill Inc. television property WJRT, Flint, which began operation in October 1958.
For 1959 radio and tv sales totaled $3,966,000, and though the annual report did not break down radio and tv income, it did note that radio sales were up over the 1958 level of approximately $3,100,000, even though for the first five months of 1959 when WJR still had its CBS affiliation, there had been a sharp decline.
Coming into 1960, therefore, WJR was racking up radio sales at the rate of well over $3 million yearly. Last week, Kramer indicated to SPONSOR that 1960 radio sales would be "better than 3% above 1959." (This compares with an estimated industry increase of approximately 1%).
Clearly, in terms of time sales WJR had met 1960's challenges. But the real significance of the WJR story is probably to be found in its highly unorthodox programing and sales policies, and in the unusual prestige position it enjoys in the Detroit and Great Lakes area.
Programing. Even a quick glance at a WJR program schedule shows vast differences between it and the usual radio fare. WJR program director Reg Merridew sums up these differences as 1) live programing, 2)
WORTH KRAMER (r) president of WJR, The Goodwill Station Inc., has held many important civic and industry posts, including chmn. NAB Standards & Practices Comm.
55-man staff programs WJR 'complete-range' schedule
PROGRAM MANAGER R. P. Merridew heads a 55-man program department that includes announcers, producer-writers, newsman, musicians, program personalities, as well as sports, farm, and women's divisions. Merridew, who joined the station in 1959, has been the architect of WJR's new "complete-range" programming.
DIRECTOR OF FINE ARTS Karl Haas has a six-day-a-week, full hour morning program, "Adventures in Good Music," which has been one of the most talked-of features in WJR's new "complete-range" schedule. Haas, an accomplished musician and teacher, is also supervisor of all the station's fine arts activities.
NEWS EDITOR William Sheehan has a staff of five, organizes his news operation to alternate newscasters throughout schedule. News men write and broadcast their own material. Sheehan himself was on Eisenhower trips to Europe, India, Far East, covered Khrushchev visit, Summit Meetings, many other top news stories.
SPORTS EDITOR Bob Reynolds manages extensive WJR coverage of such sports features as Detroit Tigers, Detroit Lions, Big 10 Football, Detroit Red Wings, as well as bowling, golf, skiing, track and other pro, college, and high school events. Reynolds has two, six-day-a-week 15-minute sports shows plus many short specials.
FARM EDITOR Marshall Wells has seven-day-a-week early morning farm program (half hour) plus six-day-a-week 15-minute "Farm Roundup" and "Farm Digest" shows at 12:15 p.m. Wells, who flies his own plane, is a familiar figure at farm and grange meetings throughout agricultural areas of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Canada.
WOMEN'S EDITOR, Lee Murray gave up a tv career to join WJR. Her six-day-a-week program is angled to younger housewives. Her 10-minute "Conversations" is a Mon.-Sat. interview show. Other program executives not shown here are music dir. James Clark, choral dir. Don Large, and automotive editor George R. Kendall.
Fine music, 3) complete range programming, 4) adult appeal, 5) long time reputation and character of the station.
With 29 different live programs plus two live sportscasts and nine live daily newscasts, WJR has nearly 23% of its 21-hour schedule on a live basis. It is one of the few large radio stations which still employs staff musicians (+20 in the music department).
Though it has a number of record shows (they are manned by "personalities" not d.j.'s, a word verboten at WJR) its music policies are strict: No rock 'n' roll, no record repeated within 36 hours, no Top-40 programming, no records go direct to program personalities but all must be sent to its Record Library which maintains a careful check on schedules.
An even more remarkable feature of WJR music activities is the progress it has made in the realm of fine classical and semi-classical music under fine arts director Karl Haas. Perhaps the most striking innovation introduced at the station following the CBS break was Haas' Adventures in Good Music, a full hour morning program six days a week.
Though it took over the old Arthur Godfrey time and WJR still gets occasional letters asking for Godfrey's return, audience response to Adventures in Good Music has been almost startling, with an unusual proportion of fan letters coming from men, especially in the professional class.
Haas, an accomplished musician, conducts his program as a kind of informal, non-stuffy musical lecture on such subjects as "building a record collection of good music."
WJR's claim to "complete range" programming is based on the extraordinary variety of its schedule which contains programs aimed at business, farm, sports, school, college, and many other groups.
A prime example of such programming, for instance, is the station's Make Way For Youth program, on the air since 1943, with a 60-voice chorus of high school students, picked annually with the aid of school authorities. Make Way For Youth has proved an impressive talent builder for the station, with a number of its graduates moving on to jobs as soloists and featured performers.
Another example of complete-range programming was the 21-program series of Automotive Reports, scheduled when the new cars were introduced, and featuring talks by top executives of every major manufacturer.
Still another "complete-range" feature is the heavy coverage (perhaps the most extensive of any major market station) which WJR gives to farm programs under agricultural director Marshall Wells.
In the realm of news, the station was faced with the necessity of replacing its highly regarded CBS news coverage when it broke with the network in 1959.
Under news director William Sheehan it has built up a news staff of six men which provide a service which, says Sheehan, "is more than we gave with CBS."
WJR employs News Associates for live-pickup Washington and foreign coverage, plus, of course, AP and UPI for hard news reports. In addition, the station covers many major stories—the Khrushchev visit, Eisenhower trips, conventions, etc.—with its own men. Sheehan himself is probably the most traveled radio station newscaster in the business.
WJR newsmen write and broadcast their own programs and are alternated during the day. All WJR newscasts are 15 minutes.
Reviewing the station's "complete-range" program philosophy, Merridew says, "We're always looking for new ideas. One area which we still would
(Please turn to page 50)
SHAVIAN VIDEO HELPS BANK IN 'PREMIUM WAR'
How does a company go about establishing a corporate image unlike most others within its industry? Lincoln Savings & Loan Assn., Los Angeles, a one-office bank with depositors from all over the metropolitan area, set out to build a prestige image amid the flourish of a "premium war" among other banks in its area, by sponsoring, on local TV, a 90-minute taped production of George Bernard Shaw's Candida.
The program was produced by CBS & KNXT, and was bought for $7,500 by the client, who has his eye open for more shows of that type.
Lincoln's purpose in backing the show was to hit an adult audience who would appreciate a higher level of TV programming. "Many of the over 700 letters we received in response to the program praised us for 'not talking down' to the audience," ad manager Richard Foulger told Sponsor. The letters also responded to the production and the performances, he said. Respondents came from all walks of life.
"Although we didn't get a tremendous flow of business in response to the show, we feel it was a major step in building the desired image," Foulger explained.
Lincoln's commercials had "virtually no sell," he said. The first spot talked primarily about Shaw and the play, the second emphasized Lincoln Savings & Loan's community efforts. The final commercial of the program had some sell in it.
This commercial motif is carried through on the bank's other broadcast spot advertising. Lincoln's radio advertising is usually limited to announcements. However, the bank recently sponsored the Los Angeles Gold Tournament on radio.
The bank situation in the Los Angeles area is very competitive, Foulger pointed out. There is a great premium campaign going on, and most newspapers are saturated with premium ads of other banks. Therefore, Lincoln has set about contrasting itself to the rest of the industry.
"We only spend about 15% of our ad budget in TV and radio," said Foulger, "and we spend close to 50% in newspapers." He was quick to point out, however, that LS&L would spend more money in TV "if we could find more shows of the same caliber."
In the past, the bank sponsored reruns of Life with Father, Tom Harmon Sports, Clete Roberts Special Reports and Big News.
DISPLAYS, such as the one shown here, were used throughout Lincoln Savings & Loan's one office to promote showing of Shaw's 'Candida' on TV. Depositors also received advance mailings
1. Setting up the format
Guttenplan and Ronzoni a.e. Andre Luotto look over recipe books, while MW&S home econ. dir. Jeanne Fisher figures out step-by-step procedure for taping.
photography by Herb Levart
2. How shall we say it?
‘Al dente’ is the Italian phrase for ‘tender yet firm’ muses an MW&S copy group head, Barry Biederman, who ponders also the words ‘Ronzoni sono buoni . . . Ronzoni is so good’ as a way of stimulating appetites.
To watch the unruffled and poised Ronzoni spaghetti spokeswoman, Arlyne Grey, lift a superbly cooked strand of spaghetti—wound affectionately around a fork tine—out of a steaming pot, and listen to her breeze through a 173-word, 60-second spiel, it is difficult to imagine that six hours, 11 pounds of spaghetti, and 11 jars of sauce went into the making.
But there is more to putting together a taped, one-minute commercial than meets the eye. Like the new Ronzoni spot which broke on the CBS filmed program, The Phil Silvers Show, regionally on WNBC-TV, New York, and WNHC, New Haven, Conn., early this month.
To see what goes into putting together a seemingly simple, minute, taped commercial, sponsor went behind the
3. Cooking-time test
With timing such an important factor in spaghetti cooking, Mrs. Fisher and Luotto test a batch in agency's kitchen.
4. How will it look on-camera?
In order to assure the best camera angles, associate creative director George Cole, Mrs. Fisher, Guttenplan, and Luotto, take pre-shooting look at the prepared spaghetti dish via the agency's closed circuit tv system.
5. Last minute shopping...
On day of the commercial, Mrs. Fisher and tv department staffer Arnold Walton buy finishing touch items adding to 11 lbs. of spaghetti, 14 jars of sauce used in perfecting the dish.
scenes of Mogul, Williams, & Saylor, and the NBC taping studios.
A full week of writing and planning went into the pre-shooting of the stand-up variety food commercial, with no fancy production values, followed by spaghetti cooking tests, the preparation (an agency secret) of a technique for bringing out, from the prepared spaghetti casserole, an appetite-stimulating steam.
The taping project, moneywise, included these costs from NBC: settings, $750; staging, $1,000; and engineering, $750.
The entire production was under the supervision of MW&S tv director James Lichtman.
To learn what went into the making of the commercial—start with photo No. 1.
6. Easier camera flow
In order to make it possible for the camera to project a continuous commercial sequence, tables are placed in "V" plan.
7. Last-minute fever
Making sure that the pot boils up the right amount of appetite-appealing steam before take are Mrs. Fisher, Luotto, Guttenplan
8. Set to shoot
Arlyne Grey, Ronzoni spokeswoman for past 10 years, gets set to go through her paces.
9. Taste appeal: key point
Much of the success of the Ronzoni commercial—an educational how-to pitch—depends upon the appearance of the product. A finished casserole dish is also shown in the spot.
10. Three takes—"that's it!"
A barely noticed camera move goes awry, but it's enough for a second (or third) take to be called by perfection-minded TV director. Miss Grey and agency people watch take playback.
STEINWAY'S SOUND GETS FM SHOWCASE
Renowned piano's golden tones waft into 32 markets via fm; 16 artists demonstrate, speak for instrument in commercials designed to blend with the fm programing
To speak of ideal marriage between advertiser and medium may border on cliché, but the phrase is irresistible when it comes to Steinway piano and fm radio.
Here is an instrument reputed to be synonymous with sonorous perfection. No impulse or mass consumption item, the Steinway (approximate price range: $4,395-7,000), requires a medium equipped to reproduce its sounds, and an appreciative audience. Since fall, 1959, that medium has been fm, the campaign's scope has reached 32 markets.
"The fm audience," states advertising manager John H. Steinway, "is well-suited for us, in terms of income and taste. Surveys show a large percentage of fm listeners are in the well-to-do category, and if they're drawn to fm's better music, they are the prospects for us."
There was some resistance by tradition-bound dealers when fm first was proposed, but after a number of tests conducted by Steinway's agency, N. W. Ayer & Son, they were amenable to giving it a try. Since the fall of 1960, after a year on fm, renewals have been coming up, and all but one have endorsed continuation for another year.
Says John Steinway "While am might allow us broader coverage in a given market, we find that the select-audience appeal plus the high reproduction quality of fm provide us with the most efficient and effective radio buy."
The Steinway fm commercials, all minutes, run with a weekly frequency ranging from five to 12, depending on market size. Instead of short, heavier flights they are spread over the year because, as Steinway puts it, "We don't expect a short-term sale from these commercials, but rather we're interested in the long-term association of Steinway with good music and the artists who perform it." Evenings and weekends get heaviest emphasis in Steinway's timebuys, to bring in the family group.
Star of the Steinway commercials is the piano itself, as played by one of 16 top-notch keyboard virtuosos. All of the 60-second spots open with the piano music, so as to blend with surrounding fm programing, rather than interrupt abruptly. Then the music fades to make way for copy points spoken by a regular announcer, and in the more recent commercials, a testimonial by the performing artist himself. There is time at the close of the spots for the local dealer's tag.
Due to contractual arrangements with a large proportion of the most prominent pianists, Steinway is in a uniquely advantageous position for obtaining its music and testimonials for commercials. Artists sign with Steinway in return for a Steinway piano, free of rental charge, at each recital. These performers readily permit use of excerpts from their recordings and testimonials for the commercials.
Steinway sales reportedly have been experiencing a continual rise. One dealer has noted an increase in Steinway turnover at the same time that other piano brands have remained about the same or fallen off somewhat. He sees fm as the deciding factor.
Now in its 107th year, Steinway & Sons has among its executives four fourth-generation Steinway brothers and one fifth-generation cousin. The brothers are Henry Z., president; Theodore D., engineering; John H., secretary and advertising; and Frederick, concert and artists. The cousin Charles G., is in sales.
Starting here is the complete index of stories and features which appeared in SPONSOR during the second half of 1960. The material is indexed under 17 major categories and 29 sub-categories. Where stories fall under two or more categories they are cross-indexed. The subject index (both major- and sub-categories) is arranged alphabetically, while the list of stories under each heading is arranged chronologically. Special issues are included in the index. In addition to articles in the main body of text, certain departments are also listed: NEWSMAKER OF THE WEEK, SPONSOR ASKS, and SELLER'S VIEWPOINT.
### General
| Title | Date | Page |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|------|
| Tv: agencies new business-getter | 11 July| 33 |
| Hey, getcha co' beer (McMillin) | 18 July| 12 |
| How they sold at the Convention (J. E. McMillin) | 14 July| 29 |
| Web radio at Los Angeles: Mennen's big switch | 18 July| 32 |
| Brown & Williamson: tv success story: part I | 3 Aug. | 33 |
| Sponsor Asks: How can department stores most effectively use broadcast? | 3 Aug. | 52 |
| Ty's cake mix battle: what next? | 15 Aug. | 31 |
| Brown & Williamson's big tv success story: part II | 15 Aug. | 36 |
| Turmoil in oil | 22 Aug. | 29 |
| Some new guideposts for sports sponsors | 5 Sept.| 40 |
| Peak air budgets fan antifreeze rivalry | 12 Sept.| 29 |
| How 71 banks spend radio dollars | 11 Nov.| 39 |
| Shell-Ogilvy deal racks ANA | 21 Nov.| 38 |
| How local advertisers fared with local convention coverage | 21 Nov.| 41 |
| Synthetic yarn makers find: tv solves 6-sided ad problem | 28 Nov.| 27 |
| Admen critical of fee plan | 28 Nov.| 30 |
| Top radio campaigns cover side product range | 12 Dec.| 31 |
| Top 25 net tv brands, 3rd quarter 1960 | 12 Dec.| 34 |
| Top 100 clients in spot tv | 12 Dec.| 35 |
| Why food brokers like spot | 19 Dec.| 36 |
| Clients: focus on ad 'ethics' | 26 Dec.| 31 |
### Personalities
| Name | Date | Page |
|-------------------------------------------|--------|------|
| Newsmaker: Norman H. Strouse, chief exec., JWT | 1 July | 6 |
| Newsmaker: Theodore G. Bergman, adv. v.p., Revlon, Inc. | 18 July| 6 |
| Newsmaker: Geo. H. Lesch, chief exec. officer, Colgate-Palmolive | 25 July| 6 |
| Newsmaker: Melvin Heidtzer, dir. adv. & p.r., Ideal Toy Co. | 12 Sept.| 6 |
| Newsmaker: W. Roswell Chase, exec. v.p., P&G | 24 Oct.| 6 |
| Newsmaker: Gail W. Smith, head tv adv., GM | 11 Nov.| 8 |
| Newsmaker: Neil McElroy, chmn. of bd., P&G (Ad Council's Public Svce. Award recipient) | 21 Nov.| 10 |
### Advertising Agencies
#### General
| Title | Date | Page |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------|--------|------|
| Tv: agencies new business-getter | 11 July| 33 |
| Ten seconds that shook Madison Ave. | 11 July| 36 |
| Typical agency reaction to ABC TV plan | 11 July| 36 |
| Analysis of award winners by ad agencies (tv festival) | 11 July| 39 |
| Seller's Viewpoint: Fletcher Turner, WRAL TV | 11 July| 76 |
| The high cost of agency tv talent | 18 July| 36 |
| McCann has most complex agency tv unit | 18 July| 36 |
| At Ted Bates 109 work on Brn. & Wmns. (chart) | 15 Aug.| 37 |
| Why the midwest is talking about Tatham-Laird | 29 Aug.| 36 |
| New relief for old time squeeze | 12 Sept.| 40 |
| 'Don't call us . . . we'll call you' (D. P. Brother) | 12 Sept.| 42 |
| Agency uses fun in self-sell (Zakin Co.) | 3 Oct. | 41 |
Louisy at promoting themselves.
Do big agencies 'control' spot tv?
Agency tv execs! not expendable
1960-61 shows delivered by agencies, clients
Agency webs boost air role
'Those two sponsor articles were wrong'
(Bruce R. Bryant)
Media departments re-tool for '61
'New look' at C&W (chart)
McCann's 'commandos' bring ad integrity down to earth
New market ranking ahead?
Shell-Ogilvy deal rocks ANA
College radio gets boost from BBDO and U. S.
Steel: part I
Admen critical of fee plan
Agency 'mavericks' on rise
College radio's receptive audience: part II
'Where there's life... take 175' (Bob Johnson/Budweiser)
Top air agencies gave 53% to radio tv in '60
Top 10 spot agencies 1957-60 (chart)
Top 10 net agencies 1957-60 (chart)
5-year pattern of 1960's top air agencies
Top 50 ad agencies in radio tv buying
Personalities
Newsmaker: Barton A. Cummings, pres., Compton Adv.
Newsmaker: Richard P. Jones, media dir., JWT
Newsmaker: Sol Sackel, pres., Sackel-Jackson Co., Inc.
Newsmaker: Leo Burnett, pres., Leo Burnett Co.
Clifford Davis: 'Don't use tv unless you merchandise it!'
Newsmaker: David C. Stewart, pres., K&E
Newsmaker: Arthur E. Duram, senior v.p. for radio/tv, FS&R
Newsmaker: George C. Reeves, mgr., JWT (Chic.)
Newsmaker: Barton A. Cummings, pres., Compton Adv.
Newsmaker: David Ogilvy, pres., OBM
Timebuying*
N. Y. timebuyers take over the town
Seller's Viewpoint: Gordon Davis, WIND
Timebuyers of the U. S.: part II
Timebuyers of the U. S.: part III
Timebuyers of the U. S.: part IV
Timebuyers of the U. S.: part V
Give the timebuyer more scope, admen urge (Trendex)
Will computers replace timebuyers?
New timebuyer survey: part I
Seller's Viewpoint: Thos. P. Chrisman, WVEC AM TV
What timebuyers are paid: part II
BROADCAST INDUSTRY
General
The $22 billion challenge
Howard Abrahams: Tv's retail man
Seller's Viewpoint: John Canty, WCCM
Our up and coming radio tv stars (Csida)
Who scored in commercials festival: part I
Standardized billing form clicks
Sponsor Asks: What has been your most difficult sales problem?
Commercials festival: trend to the softer tv sell: part II
Convention: best radio tv coverage yet (Csida)
Their tv tab: $8 million (political coverage)
Broadcast seminars: a change of heart (Csida)
Frank Pellegrin's dream for RTEs
The FCC and program control (McMillin)
Seller's Viewpoint: Allen Hundley, John E. Pearson Co.
Air media from far and near (Csida)
Sponsor Asks: How can stations better research their markets?
Why nostalgia for bologna? (McMillin)
Burning questions on the single rate
The lament of an unnamed broadcaster
Sponsor Asks: How can broadcasters woo newspaper advertisers?
Candidates clear the air (Csida)
Help wanted: two new presidents (McMillin)
Paving the Glory Road' (Csida)
Industry reaction to the IA's report: 'Why didn't you ask us?'
Sponsor Asks: How can radio tv attract your industry?
Rocks, posies aimed at station drummers
Sponsor Asks: Is it really worthwhile for station men to visit agencies?
Reaction to KYA 'Golden Rules' mixed
Will station plan over-commercialize tv
Sponsor Asks: How did you make your greatest sale?
Seller's Viewpoint: John W. Guider, WMTW-TV
Will spot radio hit $200 million?
Tv's $20,000,000 gift -- to the pre-idential campaign
ANA headache: tv commercials' costs worry clients
Depth in the Afternoon (W. F. Miksch)
Required reading for the industry (Howard Morgan's speech) (McMillin)
Option time cut -- a mirage?
Shell-Ogilvy deal rocks ANA
Stations adopt billing form
Seller's Viewpoint: Ralph W. Weil, KATZ
Some post-election reflections (Csida)
Admen critical of fee plan
NAB meetings end on new note of optimism
Seller's Viewpoint: Robert F. Hurlebig, MBS
Air media's latest notable achievements (Csida)
1960: the public affairs year
Washington: more controls on radio tv
Personalities
Newsmakers: Norman Knight, retiring pres., Yankee Network; Wm. M. McCormick, pres., Yankee Network
Newsmaker: Ward L. Quaal, gen. mgr., WGN, Inc.
Newsmaker: Frederick Gilbert, gen. mgr., Broadcast Div., Time, Inc.
Newsmaker: LeRoy Collins, pres., NAB
Newsmakers: Clair R. McCollough, G. Richard Shafto, Merrill Lindsay, policy committee, NAB
Newsmaker: Theodore C. Streibert, v.p.-gen. mgr., WTCA-N AM TV
Newsmaker: C. Wrede Petersmeyer, pres., Corinthian stations
Newsmaker: Frank P. Fogarty, chrmn. of bd., RAB
What's ahead for Ollie and ABC? Part I
Newsmaker: Alvin W. Lehman, managing dir., Adv. Research Foundation
New-makers of the Year
Radio/Tv Case Histories
Whispering muffler makes loud sales jump (Brodic)
COSTS AND SPENDING
The high cost of agency tv talent
How clients and agency men differ on show commissions
Their tv tab: $8 million (political coverage)
Oil's big 10 showed differences in sales, profits, and ad patterns
Tv web costs: hour shows up 10%
Sponsor's estimated average weekly costs for '60-'61 nighttime network tv programs
Average cost of nighttime tv shows
Beer, gas and apparel boost net tv spending
Spot tv time sales in 77 markets
Food spending on tv: a million bucks a day (TVB)
ANA headache: tv commercials' costs worry clients
Daytime net tv show rates are up, but are under control
Current 3/4-hour program prices of weekday net tv shows carried by CBS NBC
Summer tv spending was up
Top 25 net tv brands, 3rd quarter
Top 100 clients in spot tv
Top air agencies gave 53% to radio tv in '60
Top 50 ad agencies in radio tv buying with billings
Who scored in commercials festival: Part I
Want speedy tv commercials? Marry film and tape (Pidgeon Savage Lewis Adv.)
Commercials festival: trend to the softer tv sell: Part II
Tv commercial stunt takes unforeseen tack (Champion Oil)
Old flicker technique finds new place in tv (Blue Plate Mayonnaise)
Is slow-motion next tv commercials trend? (Prell, BBDO)
Sponsor Asks: What makes a good agency tv commercial producer?
Sponsor Asks: Why is there often a big spread in commercial producers' bids?
ANA headache: tv commercials' costs worry clients
Commercials go off the beaten sound track (Ray Scott, The Jingle Workshop)
More 30's on daytime web tv
Is tv accepting taboo movie ads?
'Where there's life'... take 175 (Bob Johnson/Budweiser)
Seller's Viewpoint: H. D. Neuwirth, WIP
Analysis of award winners by producers (tv festival)
Want speedy tv commercials? Marry film & tape (Pidgeon Savage Lewis Adv.)
Sponsor Asks: How can locally produced tape shows be given national appeal?
Lady execs rule the sales roost at Official Films
Tv film lands the national-sponsor (Ziv-UA)
Seller's Viewpoint: Oliver A. Unger, Natl. Telefilm Assoc.
Film and tape in an era of ups and downs
Telepulse ratings: top spot film shows
Telepulse ratings: top spot film shows
Telepulse ratings: top spot film shows
Pay tv looks good in Canadian test: part I
Report on Canadian pay tv: part II
What's going on in Mexican tv? (Frank Boehm)
If you are going to use tv abroad
Sponsor Asks: What are your tips on selling to Spanish speaking markets?
MERCHANDISING, PROM., PUBLICITY
Clifford Davis: 'Don't use tv unless you merchandise it'
Want a promotion job? First, find a gimmick (KPIN)
What air buyers say about merchandising
Bob Mohr put Timex on top
Sponsor Asks: Do agencies demand too much station merchandising?
Sponsor Asks: What type audience promotion is most effective?
'Open circuit' tv kicks off dealer promotion (Zenith-Norge)
P.R. firm spurs grass roots radio (Dutch Growers Trade Assn.)
PRODUCT CASE HISTORIES
Appliances
Network radio: right down AMF's alley
Proctor's web tv debut pays off (Proctor-Silex)
Automotives
Whispering muffler makes loud sales jump (Brodie)
There are two ways about it (Chevy dealers)
Gallic charm of 'Miss Renault' fills the air, sells 'le car hut'
Selling cars on radio: child's play for dealer (Lincoln-Mercury)
Beer, Ale, Wine
Tv station break teams weather, 20 sec. spot (WAPI, Sterling Brewers)
Krueger ca-lies in on radio's 'visual' power
Clothing, Accessories
Burlington's massive cut-in drive (hosiery)
Drugs, Cosmetics, Toiletries
Coty's new tv and print parlay
How radio brings out the salesmanship in barbers (Dan-D)
Action tv shoots Brylcreem to top
Why Esquire (shoe polish) stays with tv
Financial, Insurance
How to hold down sales with tv (Citizens' Mutual Auto Ins.)
Radio sells money for Beneficial (Finance)
Bank uses mobile tape to solve ad problem (Exchange Natl. Bank)
Foods, Beverages
How to sell taste with sound (Sacramento Tomato Juice)
How to sell kids macaroni (on tv) (Butoni Wagon Wheels)
Giant-size radio for Coke of N. Y.
Change in Charms radio copy hikes sales 20% (candis)
Going steady: Canada Dry and spot radio
Public service swings big sales for chain (Star Markets)
Out of nowhere to 70% distribution (Mammouth Canning)
Off-beat beverage gets medical sell (Bovril)
Retailers
Only radio reaches the grass roots, says Globe (dept. store)
Reluctant radio client ups sales (Raymond's of Boston)
Radio helps chain's 500% growth (John's Bargain Stores)
Miscellaneous
How sex appeal sells gas (Tidewater Oil Co.)
Brn. & Wmsh.: tv success story: part I
Brn. & Wmsh.'s big tv success story: part II
Bon Ami's jet up 35% with net tv
How radio rebuilt an image (NY Times)
Video paves the way for top asphalt maker (Tri-State)
Why movies need saturation radio (Martin Theatres)
Radio gets out shopping throngs (Shop-A-Thon)
Magnus' new net radio plus (organs)
AMF airs its diversity on web tv
PROGRAMING
Will 'rock bottom' costs spur daytime network tv?
A second look at those net 'spot carriers'
Who likes public service shows? (TPI, WHO TV)
Is there a future in radio specials?
Sponsor Asks: What public service programs evoke strong audience response?
New $25 million tv trend (public service progr.)
Sponsor Asks: What are your nominations for revivals of tv shows?
Seller's Viewpoint: Carl Stuart, WESA
New net radio plans stir stations
No let-up in specials boom
Sponsored entertainment specials set in 1960-61
Some new guideposts for sports sponsors
Sponsor Asks: How can advertisers best utilize transcription shows?
Sponsor Asks: What are the latest trends in local live tv shows?
Seller's Viewpoint: Richard Carlton, Trans-Lux Tv Corp.
Sponsor Asks: What are the latest trends in local live tv kid shows?
Why local public service sells (Corinthian stations)
Sponsor Asks: What's ahead for radio programing in 1961?
Seller's Viewpoint: Joseph M. Higgins, WTHI-TV
SELLER'S VIEWPOINT
Harry Wilber, WBEE (Negro radio)
Agency uses fm in self-sell (Zakin Co.)
Reaction to KYA 'Golden Rules' mixed
Seller's Viewpoint: Jay Victor, Jay Victor Agency
Seller's Viewpoint: Stephen B. Lubom-ski, WMCA
Will spot radio hit $200 million?
Seller's Viewpoint: Edward A. W. Smith, KQY
Radio's role in the '60's (McMillin)
How 71 banks spend radio dollars
College radio gets boost from BBDO and U. S. Steel; part I
College radio's receptive audience; part II
How to buy (and sell) fm (Harry W. Wells, Jr.)
Single rate is top radio issue
Sponsor Asks: What's ahead for radio programing in 1961?
Radio's big new burst of creativity; part I
'Idea battle' woos public; part II
Radio's battle of ideas boils up new music and talk formats; part III
Radio editorials gain in power; part IV
Radio news expanding fast; part V
RADIO CASE HISTORIES
How to sell taste with sound (Sacramento Tomato Juice)
Coty's new tv and print parlay
Giant-sized radio for Coke of N. Y.
Change in Charms radio copy hikes sales 20% (candy)
Only radio reaches the grass roots, says Globe (Dept. store)
Krueger cashes in on radio's 'visual' power
How radio brings out the sale-manship in barbers (Dan-D)
Radio sells money for Beneficial (Finance)
Going steady: Canada Dry and spot radio
Network radio: right down AMF's alley
Gallic charm of 'Miss Renault' fills the air, sells 'Le car hot'
Reluctant radio client ups sales (Raymond's of Boston)
Radio helps chain's 500% growth (John's Bargain Stores)
How radio rebuilt an image (NY Times)
Why movies need saturation radio (Martin Theatres)
Radio gets out shopping throngs (Shop-A-Thon)
Magnus' new net radio plus (organs)
Off-beat beverage gets medical sell (Bovril)
RADIO BASICS
'Air Media Basics': watch for it (preview)
Distribution of home radio sets
Current network patterns
End results of typical net radio buys, Dec. '59
Radio set sales index
Average hours of in-home radio usage per home per day
Summer in-home radio listening
RADIO NETWORK
Is there a future in radio specials
New net radio patterns stir stations
Network radio: 'biggest push'
RADIO RESULTS
Magazines, millinery, shopping centers, finance
Shopping centers, real estate, hardware & appliances, clothing stores
Factory outlets, autos, auto supplies, dairy products
Bottled gas, dept. stores, real estate, autos
Radio Spot
Spot radio gains with 'featurettes'
New spot radio reach study hailed by admen (PGW Nielsen)
New market ranking ahead?
Spot radio's top 36 campaigns of 1960
Why food brokers like spot
RATINGS
Seller's Viewpoint: Wm. L. Putnam, pres., WWLP-WRIP
Warning to the slide-rule boys (McMillin)
Ratings: have admen lost control?
How accurate are ratings? (Martin Mayer)
New market ranking ahead?
Seller's Viewpoint: Robt. C. Meeker, KCON
Seller's Viewpoint: Frank Boehm, Adam Young, Inc.
Radio's broad-time-period rating gets a toehold . . .
REPRESENTATIVES
Sponsor Asks: What makes a good station rep salesman?
Rep gives its gals the salesman's grand tour (Harrington, Righter & Parsons)
Spot radio gains with 'featurettes' (Adam Young)
What's behind Petry's tv pitch
Newsmaker: Bob Rains, mgr., Pani H, Raymer Co.
Sponsor Asks: Should reps give out current information on competitive brands?
RESEARCH, SURVEYS
Who likes public service shows (TPI, WHIO TV)
Is your tv show reaching buyers? (Trendex)
New interest in radio's 'last word'
TvB digs up new data on daytime tv
FM scores in Politiz study
What the new NTI pocket-piece shows buyers
How tv homes watched Democratic convention (Nielsen)
What tv power means in extra-urbia
New measure for tv buyers (Mkt. Research Corp.)
Want to reach younger mothers (TVAR, Pulse)
Give the timebuyer more scope, admen urge (Trendex)
New spot radio reach study hailed by admen (PGW, Nielsen)
Nielsen to give tv-magazine data
TvB backs top-level research competition
Radio's broad-time-period rating gets a toehold . . .
New timebuyer survey: part I
What timebuyers are paid: part II
SPECIAL ISSUES, SECTIONS
'Air Media Basics': watch for it (preview)
Sponsor Index: 1st half, vol. 14, 1960
14th Annual Air Media Basics
9th Annual Negro Issue
— Negro radio's widening stream of ad $$$
— The market
— The stations
— The new Negro Radio Association
— Negro marketing basics
— Negro radio basics
— Negro station profiles
Negro station programming
Negro radio's clients
9th Annual Farm Radio & Tv Section
Farm sponsors & markets
NATRFD sparks major changes
Farm radio sponsor report (case histories)
Farm marketing
TELEVISION
General
Howard Abrahams: TAP's retail man
Tv agencies new business-getter
Who scored in commercials festival: Part I
Who likes public service shows? (WHIO TV, TPI)
How they sold at the convention (J. E. McMillin)
Commercials festival: trend to the softer tv sell: part II
Seller's Viewpoint: Robt. E. Miller, WFBG AM-TV
Is your tv show reaching buyers? (Trendex)
Adlai Stevenson's tv code (McMillin)
Their tv tab: $8 million (political coverage)
Pay tv looks good in Canadian test; part I
Tall digs up new data on daytime tv
WAVE (radio tv) style books ask for 'English'
Report on Canadian pay tv: part II
What video tape means to local stations
Tv's cake mix battle: what next?
Wanted: new company spokesmen
What is power means in extra-urbia
New measure for tv buyers (MRCA)
Clifford Davis: 'Don't use tv unless you merchandise it'
Seller's Viewpoint: Alvin E. Unger, Independent Tv Corp.
Want to reach younger mothers (TVAR, Pulse)
Seller's Viewpoint: Walter Schwimmer, Walter Schwimmer Co.
What admen think of tv critics—not much (Patrick M. McGrady, Jr.)
Exhibitors stir up new anti-pay tv wave (Csida)
Old flicker technique finds new place in tv (Blue Plate Mayonnaise)
What's going on in Mexican tv? (Frank Boehm)
Was great debate worth prime net time? (Csida)
Sponsored public service booms at tv's local level
Will station plan over-commercialize tv
If you are going to use tv abroad
Up front in tv: politics and pay (Csida)
Tv's $20,000,000 gift to the presidential campaign
One-man tv show puts the octopus to shame
Local candidate: can tv sell this seasonal item? (Phil Gilbert, Jr.)
Great debates do we want more in '61? (Csida)
Tv's impact (almost) won this N. Y. election (Phil Gilbert, Jr.)
Depth in the Afternoon (W. F. Miksch)
Now! Automatic tv scripts (Ray Eye Productions)
Why local public service sells (Corinthian stations)
Synthetic yarn makers find: tv solves 6-sided ad problem
Video allocation fears stir NATRFD
Our courageous admen—there are some (Csida)
Is tv accepting taboo movie ads?
Station man scores as star on tv kid show (WVEC-TV)
Tv goes to the mountain (McMillin)
Tv's brightened image
Ty Case Histories
How to sell kids macaroni (on tv) (Butoni Wagon Wheels)
Ty station break teams weather, 20-sec. spot (WAPI, Sterling Brewers)
How sex appeal sells gas (Tidewater Oil)
Brun. & Wmsn.: tv success story: part I
Brun. & Wmsn.'s big tv success story: part II
How to hold down sales with tv
Bon Ami's jet up 35% with net tv
There are two ways about it (Chevy dealers)
Action tv shoots Brylcreem to top
Bank uses mobile tape to solve ad problem (Exchange National Bank)
Why Esquire (shoe polish) stays with tv
Public service swings big sales for cham (Star Mks.)
Proctor's web tv debut pays off (Proctor-Silex)
Bob Mohr put Timex on top
Burlington's massive cut-in drive (hosiery)
Video paves the way for top asphalt maker (Tri-State)
Out of nowhere to 70% distribution (Mammoth Canning)
AMF airs its divers-say on web tv
**Tv Network**
Will 'rock bottom' costs spur daytime network tv?
Network rate comparisons at a glance (chart)
A second look at those net 'spot carriers'
Ten seconds that shook Madison Avenue
New $25 million tv trend (public service progr.)
Tv web costs: hour shows up 10%
No let-up in specials boom
Nighttime net tv lures daytime clients
ABC launches 'shortie' plugs on daytime video
Nets' reaction to 7-point proposal (chart)
Cottage small by a tv camera (McMillin)
Option time cut—a infrage?
Daytime net tv show rates up, but are under control
Fiasco at the Homestead (NBC) (McMillin)
**More 30's on daytime web tv**
What's ahead for Ollie and ABC?: part I
**Tv Spot**
The big-market take in spot tv
Spot tv slants up, but boom loses sizzle
Do big agencies 'control' spot tv?
The counter-attack on spot carriers
Why food brokers like spot
**Tv Basics/Comparagraph**
'Air Media Basics': watch for it (preview)
Network tv's 'qualitative' picture
Comparagraph: 4 July-31 July
Tv sets-in-use level remains firm
Comparagraph: 1 Aug.-28 Aug.
NBC's early line-up opens fall season
Comparagraph: 29 Aug.-25 Sept.
Season opens with many new laughs
Comparagraph: 26 Sept.-23 Oct.
This month's specialty—specials
Comparagraph: 24 Oct.-20 Nov.
Trendex's new audience flow data
Comparagraph: 21 Nov.-18 Dec.
Color tv's upper-income audience
Comparagraph: 19 Dec.-15 Jan.
**Tv Results**
Foreign cars, cereals, banks, food products
Restaurants, new used cars, food, sewing machines
Building supplies, beverage, hearing aids, appliances
Canning jars, beverages, dept. stores, autos
Autos, dept. stores, camera stores, gas & oil
Motion pix theatres, household furnishings, autos, music stores
---
**EXECUTIVES RADIO STATION CJAD MONTREAL**
John A. McDougald has been appointed Chairman of the Board and W. C. Thornton Cran, President, of Radio Station CJAD Montreal. Mr. McDougald is Chairman of the Board and Mr. Cran, President, of Standard Radio Limited which recently acquired C.J.A.D. Ltd. J. Arthur Dupont, the founder and former president, will continue to be associated with CJAD as a Director and Consultant.
(Advt.)
THE BEST TO YOU EACH MORNING
Kellogg's uses the Emmy-winning Huckleberry Hound to do the job of selling, power and impact of the spot medium. And Huck is demonstrating the Kellogg's schedules on a market-by-market basis, buying only the markets they want — the time selective, too! Your nearest H-R Rep will be glad to show you how the spot medium will work for you!
H-R Television, Inc.
Representatives
© HANNA-BARBERA PRODUCTIONS
When should clients buy block and/or cume audiences?
Robert F. Nims, station & commercial manager, WNEB, Worcester, Mass.
Before attempting to answer the question, I would like to establish my understanding of the two methods, "block" and "cume." Block means to use buying in time segments, half hour, hour, traffic time, or other periods of time predetermined to deliver maximum desired audience for a particular product or service using average one-quarter hour ratings to select station or stations. Cume buying, I interpret to mean, is seeking the largest net unduplicated audience for an advertiser's message over the entire schedule.
Not being in one of the Top 10 markets, my remarks will be more applicable perhaps to the great "middle class" of radio stations (an economic rather than quality definition).
First, even should the cume method be more favorable than block, I do not feel that the necessary research information is available nor would it be so in the near future to fully employ the method. The only way cume should be evaluated would be in terms of the individual schedule to be purchased. With the continuous fluctuation in ratings, it would be impossible to accurately predict in advance the cume of the proposed schedule, and formulas are lacking on what happens on a two- or three-station buy.
Related to this is the fact that the research load is currently being borne by radio stations themselves. The cume method would necessitate, if properly researched, monthly studies in each market. Annual, semi-annual or quarterly reports would not be sufficient. The cost of supplying this necessary information would be prohibitive.
There is another danger. Station A might deliver 5% of a market in an average one-quarter hour, another 10%, another 15%—they all might cume to 50% in a given week. I believe it has been fairly well established that radio is a saturation function medium and there is definite value to multiple impressions on the same listener. The cume method might lead a buyer into buying the lower rated station because of a price consideration and justify the buy with the cume.
The advertiser is then misled by a total audience story, missing the important factor of multiple impressions on the same listener.
You may correctly interpret that of the two proposed methods, I do not favor cume buying.
To the buyer: Please make every effort to know as much as you possibly can about each station in each market. Ask not only for numbers for this week, or month, but perhaps over a year, two or three-year period. Ask your station reps for audio evidence of the stations he represents and an explanation of why the station programs as it does. Attempt to get the feel of the individual market. Just as the seat of your pants is important in driving a car, it can be important in making a buy for your client. Good judgment is perhaps the best qualification for a good buyer. When buying is reduced to a series of numbers—stations will be able to send information directly to IBM and there will be no need for either buyers or reps.
Harry Shaw, vice president and general sales manager, WSJS, Winston-Salem, N.C.
Better radio buys may be made by selecting a station offering block programming over one which may have higher cume audience figures.
In many instances radio stations use various gimmicks to create cumulative audience figures which tend to raise the total ratings to unrealistic levels. In fact, it is apparent that countless stations have been operating through the years unmindful of the public interest, simply "cash register operations." Some of these stations have built their reputation on quick promotions—huge giveaways and others methods to buy cumulative audience. These techniques appeal to a segment of the audience which responds to the noise and excitement created by unsound promotional practices—and ratings of this type can be misleading to time-buyers and are anything but reliable.
Upon careful examination of surveys one can readily see that composition of these audiences reveals high percentages of teenagers, but not men or women who actually buy the goods and services offered by the advertiser. Stations offering a good block program service do not necessarily come up with the highest cumulative audience, but are actually in most cases the best radio buy.
WSJS, now in its 31st year of service to Piedmont and Northwest North Carolina, believes in block programming and spends a sizable sum of money to produce a superior type of program service. WSJS with its block programs offered by award winning personalities such as Harvey Dinkins, Piedmont Farm Program; Ada Reed Browning, Afternoon With Ada Reed; Max Ulrich with sports coverage, a selective music policy with strong adult appeal with professional announcers using a mature delivery; and an outstanding news department complimented by the informative programming and news service.
(Please turn to page 50)
YOU MAY NEVER SEE THE HIGHEST VOLCANO*—
BUT... Look At The WKZO Radio Ratings
In Kalamazoo-Battle Creek And Greater Western Michigan!
WKZO Radio reaches more of your prospects in Kalamazoo-Battle Creek and Greater Western Michigan than any other radio station.
Here's why. WKZO-AM walked off with top honors in all 360 quarter hours surveyed, 6 a.m.-Midnight, Monday through Friday in the latest Pulse Report (see left). Furthermore, this same survey shows that WKZO Radio has an average of 7.3% more listeners per quarter hour—morning, afternoon, evening—than Station B.
Talk to Avery-Knodel about WKZO Radio—Leadership radio for one of America's fastest growing markets. Kalamazoo alone is expected to outgrow all other U.S. cities in personal income and retail sales between 1959 and 1965. (Source: Sales Management Survey of Buying Power, July 10, 1960)
The Fetzer Stations
WKZO-TV — GRAND RAPIDS-KALAMAZOO
WKZO RADIO — KALAMAZOO-BATTLE CREEK
WJEF RADIO — GRAND RAPIDS
WJEF-FM — GRAND RAPIDS-KALAMAZOO
WWTV — CADILLAC-TRVERSE CITY
KOLN-TV — LINCOLN, NEBRASKA
WKZO
CBS RADIO FOR KALAMAZOO-BATTLE CREEK
AND GREATER WESTERN MICHIGAN
Avery-Knodel, Inc., Exclusive National Representatives
SPONSOR ASKS
(Continued from page 48)
ice of the National Broadcasting Company, offer far more outstanding service to listeners via the block program method than a station offering "run of the mill" programing simply trying to achieve cumulative audience numbers in the market.
Advertisers may select programs which are broadcast daily to the audience they wish to reach for their particular products, and can be justified in buying time in regularly scheduled dependable block programs. Timebuyers using WSJS in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, have the added benefits of a dependable audience and additional benefits offered by the continuous promotion of programs and products.
Thomas J. Swafford, vice president, CBS Radio, general manager, WCAU, Philadelphia, Pa.
To get a truer picture of the values of the radio audiences today, I most certainly believe that one must appraise and buy radio on the basis of its cumulative audience impact. To buy modern radio on the basis of any given average quarter-hour rating is as obsolete a way of counting your audience as using an abacus to compute election night returns.
Today's radio is too big. It's not the Harding-Cox returns or the Rudy Valley, Ben Bernie, and Clignot Club Eskimo era of radio we are measuring or evaluating. Modern radio is many audiences—moving, shifting, and large. The housewife in the kitchen, the husband readying for work, the factory worker on the night shift, radios in retail outlets. Radio, in fact, everywhere.
As I recall, Pulse's Dr. Roslow, in a speech last fall, said that the needs of local, spot, non-network timebuying are not being served by today's rating practices. Referring specifically to measuring specific programs on a quarter-hour scale, research is due for a much-needed overhaul.
Average quarter-hour ratings had their values years ago when advertisers wanted to be adjacent to the big network radio shows. They knew their audiences were there in the living room—loyal, unchanging, and all perched around that one big set.
They're still listening, but not in the living room. The many radio audiences are on the move, radio is on the move, and gearing buying decision to any given 15-minute period is a fallacy.
There's audience turnover. There are different audiences at different times. Most advertisers want to rotate. In fact, the demand for fixed position and station break announcements has long since diminished. Because of this, WCAU Radio some time back eliminated the station-break announcement.
Evaluating radio on a cumulative or block basis gives the agency and advertiser a truer picture of our many strengths. Staying within the confines of any given 15-minute period to determine our strength and value is passe. Modern, growing, vital radio is too big, too far-reaching in scope, and too mobile to be confined to a given 900 seconds in determining its commercial value.
WJR
(Continued from page 35)
like to develop further is drama. Unfortunately, there are few sources of good drama which fit our 15-minute or longer requirements."
Significantly, none of WJR's programming is done with an eye to ratings. (The station does not subscribe to any rating service, pays no attention to any except special Politiz studies.)
Sales policies. Programming is obviously the base of all WJR operations. Both Worth Kramer and station manager James Quello came up through program work.
But to advertisers, agencies, and to the industry as a whole the structure of WJR sales techniques and policies is perhaps even more intriguing.
WJR, as a 50kw clear channel outlet claims 17 million persons in its primary coverage area, which extends as far east as Buffalo, includes Toronto, Cleveland, and many other Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan cities and towns.
It operates on a single-rate policy and strict rate card adherence ("our contract files are open for inspection," says Kramer).
Its rates often cause gasps of disbelief and astonishment from buyers and others in the industry—they're higher than at all but a handful of U.S. stations. WJR's basic one-minute rate is $1.50 for Class A time, and A time runs from 6:30 a.m. to 11 p.m.
(Incidentally, WJR's one-minute rate is more than double that of the next most expensive Detroit outlet.)
In addition, the station has a strict policy against ever double spotting (not even 10 second and public service are ever scheduled back to back) and provides 15-minute product protection (relaxed only to accommodate a flood of automotive business at new car introduction time).
Presiding over WJR's sales operation is Jack C. Brussel, sales manager, who brings to his job a solid background of experience with Curtis Publishing and Cunningham & Walsh.
Brussel's department numbers 17, with five salesmen on a straight salary and no commission basis. In addition, Brussel considers the staff of WJR representative Henry B. Christal, Inc. as members of his team and Christal salesmen receive regular WJR literature, reports etc.
We Metrodelphians are in step with the times, but we also have an attachment to tradition. Take our white steps, for example. We scrub them with zeal, and display them with fierce pride. Unless you've washed a white marble step, you're probably mystified by this bond between people and stone. But spend some time among us, and you begin to feel as we do about our white steps. You'll also become aware of another attachment—that between an alert community and WIP—most service-conscious of its many radio stations. Here's one example of how WIP stays in step: In last month's blizzard, WIP's automatic telephone answering facility relieved the flood of calls tying up Philadelphia Transportation Company lines. WIP has been giving this kind of service for 40 years. Now, with the added impact of Metropolitan's new concepts of news, service and showmanship, WIP is growing rapidly to the foremost audience position in Philadelphia. Advertisers, too, are getting their schedules into step.
WIP, Metrodelphia, Pa.
Incidentally, the Christal agreement with WJR contains one feature not common in most station-rep contracts. There is no provision for designating the area around the station as local and not therefore subject to commissions. National-local definition is determined solely on the basis on which the product is distributed.
Christal maintains a two-man office in Detroit and both WJR and Christal salesmen work on both types of accounts.
A look at WJR's account list shows clearly why the station claims that "those who use us most know us best." Of the 50 top advertisers on the station in 1960, no less than 28 have headquarters in the WJR neighborhood. Station accounts include food, drug, beer, tobacco, gasoline, banks, automotive, public utilities, and industrials and range from such national giants as Ford and General Motors to local advertisers such as Twin Pines Dairy and National Bank of Detroit.
According to sales manager Brussel, WJR turns down over $250,000 in business yearly, either because products or services are unsatisfactory, or because advertisers seek off-rate card deals.
Questioned as to how a station can sell successfully without resorting to rating information, Brussel said, "Our basic philosophy is — every advertiser has an advertising mission or problem. We hire sales-men with sales and marketing background who can discover this mission or problem, and then can suggest ways of using WJR to solve it. We sell on the basis of producing results for the advertiser. We don't have a rating book in the shop. But we understand we get ratings anyway."
One of the most unusual phases of WJR selling is its "industrial concept" now six years old. As explained by Worth Kramer, the "industrial concept" involves the use of the station to reach a highly selective audience of industrial buyers—automotive engineers, stylists, designers, purchasing agents and other top executives whose buying decisions are of prime importance to many types of advertisers.
WJR has been very successful in attracting a number of such accounts for both program and spot campaigns. Reynolds Metals, for example, ran a series on WJR to promote the use of aluminum in auto manufacturing. Rochester Carburetor, a GM division, ran spots to sell other GM executives on buying its non-consumer product. Other "industrial concept" advertisers include Monsanto, Michigan Consolidated Gas, and the Plumbing and Heating Assn. (the latter is a campaign aimed at architects).
Another important WJR sales tool is its recording and production division set up to create and produce radio commercials, programs, and special announcements.
Recording and production's work has ranged from special spots for the "industrial concept" to musical jingles for Lucky Strike, Hotpoint Washers, Stroh's Beer, Volkswagen. Its agency clients include JWT, Waxon, McE., N. W. Ayer, BBDO, Campbell-Ewald, and many others. It is prepared to provide complete programs, special singing station call letters, even created General Motors 50th anniversary song.
It is not a major department for WJR but, says Kramer, has proved a very valuable sales weapon.
WJR Image and Prestige. No mere factual rundown of WJR sales and program methods, however, can satisfactorily account for the station’s position in the Detroit area.
WJR’s success (and based on 1960 figures there seems little reason to doubt that it has been highly successful in the transition from a CBS to an independent outlet) involves some immense intangibles.
As one leading broadcaster expressed it to sponsor, “WJR has both the past and future working for it.”
Opened in 1922, the Goodwill Station built dominant community prestige under the late, colorful G. A. Richards, and it is obviously cashing in on this 38-year prestige today.
Hanging on the wall in manager James Quello’s office is a framed resolution passed in 1950, signed by Detroit’s mayor and city council, endorsing WJR’s license renewal application to the FCC – a striking example of the station’s community position.
But talks with WJR personnel confirm the conviction of most industry leaders that WJR’s carefully built image and practices are also those which many successful radio stations of the future will be following.
Chief among these are the extraordinarily heavy involvement of WJR executives in community affairs. President Worth Kramer, for instance, numbers the Detroit Adercaft Club, United Foundation Campaign, Boy Scouts, Roundtable of Catholic Jews, and Protestants, Detroit Board of Commerce among his many interests. Last week he was elected a trustee of the Kirk-in-the-Hills Presbyterian Church.
Manager James Quello has headed the Detroit Housing Commission. Fine arts director Haas is music chairman of the Governor’s Cultural Commission Program. Manager Meridew is active in Kiwanis, and other WJR executives are busy in practically every phase of Detroit and Michigan life.
This, of course, is in addition to the considerable support the station gives to charitable drives and other public service affairs (in December 1960 WJR scheduled 238 public service programs, 992 announcements).
Editorializing, too, comes in for careful and effective handling at WJR. This past fall the station backed two unpopular amendments, an increase in the state sales tax, and a new constitutional convention, and saw both passed in the November elections.
All in all, WJR’s community involvement seems to have had a substantial influence on both its image and its sound. Listeners to the Good Will station have remarked that though it speaks in many different moods and voices it succeeds in expressing the distinctive character, flavor, and personality of the area in which it operates.
“Factory and farm, corn, and culture are all blended in this part of the Midwest,” said one Detroiter.
One thing is certain: WJR personnel have immense pride in their work, and in their station. An Australian visitor once characterized the WJR atmosphere as one of “organized vitality.” But perhaps the best explanation of WJR success is summed up in the philosophy of Worth Kramer.
“I love my job,” he says, “because it gives you a chance to serve, a chance to create and a chance to be in the center of things.”
NETWORK FACTS
(Continued from page 31)
been hard to find over the past few years and 1960 is even worse. During the survey period, four percent of 5.1 shows had a rating of higher than 25%. Last year there were six programs and 1959 reported 21. The 15-25% rating range accounts for more than half of all network programs aired, showing little change through the years. Shows with ratings of less than 15% are growing. Forty-two percent of all programs aired had a rating of less than 15%. Last year 38% fell into that range and in 1959 there were 29% with low ratings. The downward trend is due to stronger competition and increased number of programs.
The Top 10 network programs show a similar picture. The average audience of the Top 10 in 1959 was 31.5%. In 1960, the cream of the crop averaged out to 27.6% – a drop of almost four rating points. This means that a border line show in previous years could have been well into the Top 10 during 1960.
“The Jackson TV market area’s economic potential is amplified by the South’s traditional warm hospitality.”
Miss America, 1959
MARY ANN MOBLEY
Brandon, Mississippi
WLBT Hollingbery 3 WJTV Katz 12
Serving the Jackson, Mississippi, Television Market
SPECIALTY STORES
SPONSOR: Bocock-Stroud AGENCY: Direct
Capsule case history: A sporadic user of tv, Bocock-Stroud of Winston-Salem listened to a WSJS salesman's presentation and placed a schedule that gave it one of the most successful sales stories in the specialty store's history. Bocock-Stroud, which sells quality sporting goods, sportswear and toys, had a problem moving a large number of toys. Other media were tried without success, and although a tv advertiser occasionally, B-S never put the medium to a test. Then, it bought 12 one-minute spots on WSJS-TV to promote the game Marble Race. Using film spots that demonstrated its uses, the game began to disappear from the shelves within the first few days of the schedule and by the end of the run, B-S had sold the 40 dozen in stock. Jim Wilson, its v.p., said: "With a toy that we weren't sure that we could get rid of, WSJS-TV produced results we never anticipated." The station is now part of its regular advertising budget, using it in all special promotions.
WSJS-TV, Winston-Salem Announcement-
NOVELTIES
SPONSOR: Wonder Mouse, Inc. AGENCY: Direct
Capsule case history: One of the most outstanding sales records for a novelty product resulted from a campaign by Wonder Mouse, Inc., on WLOF-TV, in Orlando, Florida. Over 6,000 orders, all paid sales, were realized from only 20 announcements on the station. Wonder Mouse is a rubber mouse toy which sells for 25 cents. The toy company's television technique for selling it is simple: one 60-second spot a day was scheduled in WLOF-TV's Popeye Playhouse, which runs Monday through Friday from 5 to 5:30 p.m. For four straight weeks the program racked up sales for the item and at the end of this period 6,023 rubber mice had been sold. Another factor impressive to the manufacturer was the coverage. Returns came from a wide area that Wonder Mouse felt only tv could deliver, and the firm is now sold on the medium. Wonder Mouse, Inc. is now planning on using television in other areas to sell the toy with a similar one-spot-a-day schedule in top children's programs.
WLOF-TV, Orlando Announcement-
DRUGS
SPONSOR: Bexel Vitamins, div. of McKesson & Robbins AGENCY: Nelson-Chesman
Capsule case history: Dateline Chattanooga scheduled daily on WTVC, is a news, weather and sports program that dramatizes its reports in unique ways. For example, when giving temperatures of the different sections of the country, it flashes a picture of that area. Bexel Vitamins, division of McKesson & Robbins, felt this type presentation good program-product integration, and bought a 13-week fall campaign using a weekly schedule of one 10-minute news segment, one five-minute sports, and two five-minute weather slots. Sales for Bexel appreciably jumped in the area, over the previous year, as a result of the advertising. Bob Westenhiser, McKesson & Robbins sales manager responsible for the placement, reported: "Dateline Chattanooga has done wonders for Bexel Vitamins in this area and we're grateful to be on." Westenhiser has instructed Nelson-Chesman, the local agency, to purchase a similar schedule on WTVC for a Spring 1961 campaign, based on the successful fall results.
WTVC, Chattanooga Program-
MEAT PACKERS
SPONSOR: Weimer Packing Co. AGENCY: Direct
Capsule case history: The Weimer Packing Co., largest meat packer in West Virginia, recently realized an additional bonus from its regular advertising on WTRF-TV, Wheeling, when it found dealers in a new market area pre-sold on the Weimer name and products. George Weimer and his salesman contacted 42 pre-selected grocers as potential dealers, and the reception was one of instant identification with both company and products. The comments in general consisted of "Oh, yes, we see your advertising on WTRF-TV all the time. Know your product is top quality and would be happy to be a Weimer dealer." The momentum of Weimer's advertising on the station over a period of time was clearly evident. On the very first call, in a period of only three days, 38 out of 42 grocers signed up to become dealers. This kind of pre-selling showed George Weimer that his schedules sold the trade as well as consumers with impact, and again increased his advertising budget with the station.
WTRF-TV, Wheeling, W. Va. Announcements & Program
HITCH YOUR SELLING TO AIR MEDIA BASICS AND WATCH YOUR SPOT ZOOM
1960 AIR MEDIA BASICS .................. $2.00
REPRINTS
TIMEBUYING BASICS
TELEVISION BASICS
RADIO BASICS, FM BASICS
| Quantity | Price |
|----------|-------|
| 1 to 10 | 40 cents each |
| 10 to 50 | 30 cents each |
| 50 to 100| 25 cents each |
| 100 to 500| 20 cents each |
| 500 or more | 15 cents each |
To Readers’ Service, SPONSOR, 40 E. 49th Street, N.Y. 17
Please send me the following:
___ '60 AIR MEDIA BASICS ISSUE
___ TIMEBUYING BASICS
___ TELEVISION BASICS
___ RADIO BASICS, FM BASICS
NAME
FIRM
ADDRESS
WKBH,
5000 watts, NBC,
and WKBT, Channel 8,
CBS-ABC-NBC...
...most effectively serving the
"should-buy" market of LaCrosse
and the Western Wisconsin Area
announce the appointment of
AVERY-KNODEL
as National Sales
Representatives.
• Remember,
you can't sell the
WKBH or WKBT Area
using far-distant, "big-market"
stations. LaCrosse is farther
from Milwaukee than Chicago
is from Indianapolis...
almost as far as Boston
is from New York.
• Only WKBH and WKBT give you
thorough, efficient
and effective penetration
of this diversified industrial
and agricultural area—
39th in the nation in retail sales
per household.
• Call your AVERY-KNODEL representative.
AVERY-KNODEL Offices in New York • Atlanta • Dallas • Detroit • San Francisco • Los Angeles • Chicago
It now appears clear that new-FCC-chairman Newton Minow will refrain from activities which might shake the broadcasting industry, at least for quite a while: he has no firm ideas as yet.
His impact is likely to be felt along lines of reorganizing the FCC, and aiming at greater speed in reaching decisions and handling applications.
The FCC chairman has considerable power along these lines, in any event, while as to policy matters, or decisions as between competing applicants, he has only one vote out of seven.
He also has great potential power with respect to scheduling matters for votes, or putting them off for further study, unless a majority of the other commissioners affirmatively vote to put off such matters. Here Minow is not expected to exert much pressure, either.
(For more re Minow see Newsmaker of the Week, page 10.)
The FCC has already almost concluded its endless debates on how far it should go in the direction of controlling programing: it will be ready to settle on a new license renewal application form very shortly. The new chairman will have no effect on any of this.
Applicants henceforth are going to have to tell what they have done to ascertain programming needs of their communities, and what they have done to fill those needs. After Minow has his feet firmly on the ground, but almost certainly not during his first year, there is at least a possibility that he could reopen this matter.
Odds also are against reopening the network option time question any time soon. But the possibility remains that after the new chairman has had time to come to conclusions about such matters, he may want to move.
This is a vital sector. It was interim commissioner King, who will no longer be a member of the FCC, who provided the tie-breaking vote in favor of continuing to permit networks to option station time.
The guess in Washington is that Minow will eventually turn out to be in favor of "tough" regulation.
It is based on the fact that new administrations come in with a "new broom" philosophy, that Minow was appointed by a president-elect who was fresh from approving the Landis report, even on Minow's youth and supposed "vigor." But on nothing genuinely conclusive.
The retiring administration had a little "toughness" of its own concealed in the budget for the fiscal year 1962: this asks for money for the new administration to spend between 1 July 1961 and 30 June 1962.
The Eisenhower lame-duck budget points the way for toughening up FTC policing of advertising during the first year of the Kennedy administration. It asks for $9,640,000 for the agency, compared to $8 million available during the current year, along with another 170 employees.
An increase from $12,681,000 to $13,525,000 is requested for the FCC. This includes an increase of $319,000 for activities with respect to broadcasting. It is estimated that 6,272 AM, FM and TV stations will be on the air on June 30, 1962, compared to 5,794 on that date this year, and an actual 5,391 on June 30, 1960.
Cartoon characters have displaced cowboys as the heroes in today's license merchandising business.
At one time character merchandising was dominated by figures such as the Lone Ranger; then comedy followed when Howdy Doody led the field; now animated figures like Huckleberry Hound appear to be taking over.
Last year some $40 million of retail merchandise bearing Huckleberry Hound authorization was reported sold, yielding an income to Screen Gems estimated at over $1 million.
Huckleberry Hound succession to Howdy Doody's throne in TV character merchandising would be more than symbolic: Ed Justin, manager of Screen Gems' TV merchandising, was previously head of the NBC unit that licensed Howdy Doody.
No film company has changed more with the times than Sterling Television.
Sterling for a long time was regarded as a "minor league" company which bore both label and stigma of a "free film" distributor.
But in the last few seasons Sterling definitely joined the majors.
This week it closed three national deals worth a projected $2.2 million over the next three years. They are:
- A renewal by ABC TV of Silents Please, Sterling's half hour network versions on silent classics.
- Sale to Peter Pan (Ben Sackheim) of Legend of Valentino, an hour-long Wolper-Sterling spectacular set for April.
- Distribution agreement with Theodore Granick for Youth Wants to Know.
Agency-producer co-production is one solution to some of the industry's long-standing pilot production problems.
Hitherto the mortality rate on pilots has been very high, sometimes because what the producers made wasn't what the agencies wanted.
Now McCann-Erickson and Desilu have entered into a co-production deal for Counter-Intelligence Corps, a full hour series.
Pilot will be produced 1 February and money has been allotted for 12 more episodes.
It's the first time a major agency and producer have cooperated on such a series.
More firsts: the initial episode will be in two 60 minute parts and will be sold overseas by McCann-Erickson-Desilu as a feature film.
CBS Films, which got a foot in the door as a network supplier through its sale of Angel on CBS TV, will try to open those gates a little wider in 1961-62.
As many as six pilots may eventually be ordered for the network market this coming season.
To date these three are completed or fairly definite:
1. Mr. Doe, a comedy starring Dean Jaeger, produced by Ralph Nelson.
2. Baron Gus, comedy starring Ricardo Montalbán.
3. Charles Russell, Night Wrangler, a Western based on the actual life of a frontier painter.
Many insiders are scratching their heads over the immediate disbanding of a highly successful video tape commercials producer, CBS Production Sales.
CBS hopes to retain most of its tape commercials personnel by transferring them to other live operations—and also hopes to keep its tape business in the same way.
Although CBS production sales was one of the most prolific in the video tape commercials field, it was using extravagantly expensive facilities which CBS acquired in a crash program back in the heyday of live TV.
Finding these fixed costs impossible to meet, CBS is now closing down three of its live studios in New York.
The dismemberment of CBS production sales is quite different from the tape experience of independent packagers such as Elliot, Unger & Elliot and Filmways, both of which folded their tape operations after brief attempts.
These independents gave up because they were incurring too many new expenses and were selling too little; the CBS unit is being closed because it couldn't meet old expenses, even though it was selling very well.
Independent syndicators are using ingenuity to find sources for revenue in film materials which don't require heavy new production investments.
Official Films, for example, has acquired worldwide TV rights to Paramount Pictures' newsreel library, which contains 10 million feet of film covering 1923 to 1958.
The syndicator, which has rights for 7½ years plus options, hopes to make hour and half-hour documentaries out of the library, in addition to using it for stock footage.
Intercontinental Television (IT) is the latest of the companies to enter U.S. TV program and feature film distribution and production.
IT's first three ventures are:
- Golden Time, 39 half hour animations based on the Golden Books, co-produced by Intercontinental and Fremantle International.
- International Playhouse, 13 90-minute British dramas.
- Continental Feature Films, from Continental's post-1954 library.
Incidentally, IT is not to be confused with ITC, another TV film company with an international flavor.
Seven Arts Associated has sold a group of 40 post-1950 Warner Bros. features to a total of 31 stations, including nine which acquired color rights.
Ten latest are KTVU, San Francisco; WSB-TV, Atlanta; WBRZ-TV, Baton Rouge; KPRC-TV, Houston; KNOE-TV, El Dorado; KSLA-TV, Shreveport; WDAU-TV, Scranton; KELP-TV, El Paso; WKJG-TV, Fort Wayne, and KLFY-TV, Lafayette.
It seems likely that CBS Films will have Wanted: Dead or Alive for off-network syndication re-runs shortly.
There'll be more than 90 episodes of the series by the time it ends its season on CBS TV this year; produced by Four Star, series is already sold in Japan and Australia.
Vic Tanny, New York, which used unconventional methods to get TV time, will now also use experimental techniques in its TV commercials.
A set of commercials will use Wondermotion, a sort of animation effect using live actors; agency is Jon Byk of Los Angeles, and producer is Wonderland.
Colgate's E. H. Little, who last year gave up the chief executive spot but held on to the chairmanship, is far from being semi-active.
He's still calling the long-range shots for the company, leaving to president G. H. Lesch to direct the new short-range moves.
Esty elected to cancel R. J. Reynolds out of the Ma Barker episode of CBS TV's Witness 12 January on the ground it didn't want the commercials identified with the "off-color" dialogue between two women characters in the script.
The cigarette company will also be missing from one of three remaining chapters of the series. The circumstances of the pullout shape up as a first for the network.
One of the big toiletries manufacturers thinks that the problem of getting the right commercials is so acute that it's set aside $75,000 for experimental purposes.
It's asked its No. 1 agency to decide what type of team would serve most effectively in carrying out the project.
The media director of a top rank agency has abandoned the idea of bringing in a writer-researcher to help the agency sell media and program recommendations to clients.
Much to his embarrassment, the agency executive found that the men competent to fill this requirement invariably wanted more money than he was getting.
His own salary is $25,000 and this tribe of combination media research and syndication sales promotion specialists was citing $30-35,000 as expected compensation.
Reports have it there's something stirring between Tom Moore, ABC TV's v.p. in charge of programing, and CBS TV.
Moore came over from CBS TV Films and at one time was associated with James Aubrey.
Barter of time for electric signs has become a fairly thriving thing for even the flagship stations in New York; barter merchants are the go-between.
They serve a twin promotional value: (1) plugging the station itself and (2) a plus that can be held out to spot advertisers.
The passing of George Coppers, the chief executive officer of National Biscuit Co., could result in the shelving of an idea to diversify into the candy business.
For one of the National Biscuit agencies—McCann-Erickson—the abandonment would not prove regretful. It's got Nestlé.
Trends may come and go in the wash of tv network programing but General Foods remains wedded to these immovable principles: (1) The half-hour segment; (2) the happy show; (3) three commercials and a GF-modelcd type of billboard at both ends.
In contrast, P&G swings along with the tide in network programing and segment buying but hews to a firm yardstick re spot: under $3 per-1,000 homes.
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NEWS & IDEA WRAP-UP
TALENTED TEENAGER Beatrice Wein, 17-year-old Penn State U. freshman and frequent contributor to 'Seventeen' magazine, appeared on WCAU's 'Talk of Philadelphia' hosted by Ed Harvey, where she aired seventeener's viewpoint on teenagers' tastes and habits.
Fired by their loss of an antique fire engine to a competitive bidder at public auction, Jack Williams (c), radio adv.-sls. promo. dir. and Donn Winther (r), tv adv.-sls. promo. dir., both of WBZ, Boston, try offering fire chief more money. But apparently he's not having any.
Socony Mobil (Compton) will use six weeks of spot tv in connection with this spring's Mobilgas Economy Run.
It looks like NBC's Monitor will get the bulk of the radio money.
Campaigns:
- Ideal Toy has mapped out a six to eight week spot tv schedule to introduce its new spring toys. In L.A., Chicago, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, San Antonio, Phoenix, Seattle, and Portland, Ore., area, a minimum of 10 spots per week will be used. Tv stations in New York will get up to 20 spots a week.
- Friskies Dog Food, going heavy on spot tv in 135 markets to promote its premium offer, a life-sized stuffed Dalmatian puppy tagged Lucky. More than 1,000 minute commercials featuring actual scenes from Walt Disney's cartoon, One Hundred and One Dalmatians, will be used.
STARTING OUT BIG is KOL (Seattle) p.r. man Robert Ward, whose New Year's resolution was put on station's moving letter news sign in center of town, where it ran 200 consecutive times in five-foot high letters.
• **Northam Warren**, Stamford, Conn., will use spot tv in selected key markets, and three daytime and one prime time evening ABC net show, in a stepped-up campaign for its Cutex products.
• **Westinghouse** will use net tv in its $1 million image-building public relations campaign scheduled for the next six months. Nine dealers, charter members of the Westinghouse National Dealer Council, will appear on the tv commercials over some 200 NBC stations.
• **Red Heart Dog Food**, trying out nighttime spot tv for the first time to point out the product's nutrient value. The schedule calls for a variety of 20's and minutes in major metro markets. Daytime minutes and 10's on radio stations will also be used. Agency: John W. Shaw.
• **General Mills** will test market its two new potato products, Betty Crocker Quick Bake Boats with sour cream sauce and Betty Crocker Quick Bake Potato Boats with creamy cheese sauce in the Dayton, Ohio, area via spot tv next month. Agency: Knox Reeves.
**PEOPLE ON THE MOVE:** James P. Sheufield, director of product marketing, Campbell Soup, appointed assistant to the president and a member of the company's staff committee.
**Promotion gimmicks:** The Aluminum Company of America distributed among the scribes a small can of mushrooms labeled "these mushrooms aren't sacred, but the ones you will see in *The Sacred Mushrooms* on January 24 are"—ABC TV, 10-10:30 p.m., New York time.
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**AGENCIES**
For the first time JWT revealed, in exact form, the technique it uses in pitching a media proposal to a client: The client is Ford.
The place of the revelation: the 17 January get-together of the RTES Time Buying and Selling Seminar in New York.
Y&R's Warren Bahr makes the latest agency media executive to be switched into a key tv/radio department spot.
A v.p., Bahr will be second to Mort Werner in Y&R's program department.
Lennsen & Newell's Herbert Zeltner has been named president of
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**BROADCAST** rights to Giants games, acquired by KTVU (S.F.-Oakland), involved (l-r): F. King, sta. v.p., nat'l. sls. mgr., S. F.; Giants' J. Gahn, ad mgr., Falstaff; W. Ingrim, KTVU Gen. pres-sls. mgr.
**TIMEBUYING & SELLING SEMINAR,** held in N. Y.'s Lexington Hotel by RTES, joined (l-r) Stephen Labunski, chmn. RTES Plng. Comm.; Arthur Godfrey, guest speaker; Robert Teter, RTES 1st v.p.
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**MIAMI MEET** of ABC officers and general managers of network's six owned and operated radio stations featured (seated l-r): James Hagerty, new v.p. news, public affairs; Leonard Goldenson, pres. AB-PT; Simon Siegel, AB-PT financial v.p.; Stephen Riddleberger, v.p. o&o stations; standing l-r): Michael Foster, v.p. press information; William Rafael, radio director programing; Jack Mann, radio director promotion; Thomas Velotta, v.p. special projects; Elmer Wayne, gen. mgr., KGO, S.F.; Ben Hoberman, v.p-gen. mgr., KABC, L.A.; Ralph Beaudin, gen. mgr., WLS, Chic.; Charles DeBare, gen. counsel, ABC Radio, o&o's; John Gilbert, gen. mgr., WXYZ, Det.; John Gibbs, gen. mgr., KQV, Pitts.; Harold Neal, v.p-gen. mgr., WABC, N.Y.; Michael Boland, v.p-asst. treas.; William Duffy, radio director sales; Robert Pauley, v.p. ABC Radio
the New York Advertising Media Planners.
Other officers: Frank Grouer, Foote, Cone & Belding, vice-president; Jeannette Le Brecht, Grant, secretary; William Hinman, Lambert & Feasley, treasurer.
Y&R's William Matthews was elected to chairman the board of directors.
Other board members: Newman McEvoy, Cunningham & Walsh; William Schink, G. Al. Basford; Max Tendrich, Weiss and Geller; David Wasko, Gever, Morey, Madden and Ballard; Julius Joseph, Kastor, Hilton, Chesley, Clifford and Atherton.
Young & Rubicam, in branching out its creative and administrative services, elevated in one fell swoop seven men to top-level posts.
The men involved:
Edward L. Bond, who was named an executive vice-president and agency general manager.
The others were made senior v.p.'s: Earle Angstadt, George Dippy, Wilson H. Kierstead, Alexander Kroll, Randolph McKelvoy, and William D. Thompson.
Agency appointments: Laddie Boy Dog Food; Tippie Dog Food; and Atlas Canine Products, to Richard K. Manoff . . . American Honda Motor, American subsidiary of Honda Motor Ltd., ($150,000) to Gunpperitz, Bentley & Dolan, L.A. . . . Dip 'n Sip (flavored straws) to Beckman, Koblitz, L.A. . . . Hotel Corporation of America's new Bermuda Hotel, to Chirurg & Cairns . . . Ideal Toy to Grey, from Atlantic Bernstein, for its TTC Model Craft Division . . . Glo-Ruz, Dayton, Ohio, to R. Jack Scott, Chicago, from Cyc Landy Advertising, Columbus, Ohio . . . Aunt Fanny Baking, Atlanta, Ga., to Liller, Neal, Battle and Lindsey, that city . . . Scott Chemical, subsidiary, American Photocopy Equipment, to Albert Jay Rosenthal, Chicago . . . Smyth Worldwide Movers, to Pacific National, Seattle . . . Sand, Taylor and Wood to Charles F. Hutchinson, Boston, for its King Arthur Flour.
PEOPLE ON THE MOVE: R. Allan Gardner from account executive to account supervisor, Y&R . . . Joseph T. Cacciabando from sales staff, New York World-Telegram and Sun, to media department, Doherty, Clifford, Steers & Shenfield . . . Robert B. Byron from director, media relations, to account supervisor, Y&R, Chicago office . . . Lewis E. Pierce, Jr., to account executive, Charles F. Hutchinson . . . Howard E. Outley from Grey to Geyer, Morey, Madden & Ballard, as account executive on the Lehn & Fink Products account . . . Gordon Buck from general manager, Aubrey, Finlay, Marley & Hodgson, Chicago, to media supervisor, NL&B, Chicago . . . Patricia Burke, to timebuyer, Clinton E. Frank, Chicago, from John E. Pearson Co. . . . James M. Miller, Jr., to account group, Reach, McClintion . . . James C. Lewis to Stockwell & Marcuse, Detroit.
MORE PEOPLE ON THE MOVE: Charles F. Metzger from BBDO, to MW&S as account supervisor . . . Edward J. Doyle and Karl H. Koehler to account executives, MW&S . . . Ann Hudson, Wade, L.A., elected a member on the board of directors of the Los Angeles Junior Advertising Club.
They were elected: Robert Carley, president, at Fitzgerald Advertising, New Orleans . . . James J. Cochran, v.p. and New York City office manager, Ketchum, MacLeod & Grove . . . James C. Armstrong, a v.p. at Young & Rubicam, L.A. . . . John H. Leonard and Herbert R. Roberts, v.p.'s at BB&D&O . . . Jerome R. Feniger, a v.p. for television, at Cunningham & Walsh.
New v.p.'s: Alfred S. Moss at Kastor, Hilton, Chesley, Clifford & Atherton, from v.p. and manager, New York office, Don Kemper . . . Greene Fenley III, at Dancer-Fitzgerald-Sample . . . Henry Gerstenkorn at Smalley & Smith, Hollywood, from Neale Advertising.
Name change: Benton & Bowles, Ltd., from Lambe & Robinson-Benton & Bowles Ltd., 1 February.
Merger: Charles Corsi Advertising, Daytona Beach, with Dennis, Parsons & Cook, Jacksonville, Fla.
TV STATIONS
FCC's annual report gave the first official word on the number of station licenses renewals held up—"nearly 500"—as of last 30 June.
About half only, were in trouble because of payola-plugola. Programming and engineering deficiencies accounted for the balance.
The report also stated that it is going to be necessary to shift all, or a major part of tv, to the uhf bands, or at the least to deintermix markets on a large scale, in order to open the way for enough competitive tv stations.
TyB's Norman E. Cash, in a talk before the National Appliance and Radio-Tv Dealers Association in Chicago, last week, said advertisers often forget that advertising is for selling.
The highlights of his talk:
• Some think advertising is separate from selling. Advertising is something that sounds like fun, is fun to have if you have enough extra dollars, but it has nothing to do with moving products and making dollars. This is wrong. This is what advertising is not.
• The job of selling is more than just offering something for sale. To tell about the things you have, you'll need to advertise and advertise and advertise.
• This advertising you'll need to do must be an extension of your own selling techniques. Just a sign over your door won't change old fashioned habits.
Three California station men, general managers of ABC owned and operated stations, have been elevated to vice-presidents.
They are: Ben Hoberman, KABC Radio, Hollywood; Elton Rule, KABC TV, Hollywood; and David M. Sacks, KGO-TV, San Francisco.
Another instance of stations getting together in a co-op effort to sell their market:
The stations involved, and it heads: WTAR-TV, Robert M. Lambe; WVEC-TV, Thomas P. Chisman
and WAVY-TV. J. Glen Taylor, readying a promotion with ABC, NBC and CBS officials, and Petry, H-R, and Katz rep men, to spotlight the Norfolk, Hampton, Newport News and Portsmouth, Va., market.
The project theme: *Tidewater Radio and TV Council*.
Ed Curtis of Liller, Neal, Battle and Lindsey, Richmond, will handle the campaign.
**PEOPLE ON THE MOVE:** Edwin W. Pfeiffer from commercial manager, WOTV, Tulsa, Okla., to station manager, WGR-TV, Buffalo, N. Y. . . . Harold E. King, former Florida station owner, to general manager, KFOY-TV, Hot Springs, Ark., Dourcy Media Group's new operation . . . Wallace J. Jorgenson from assistant managing director to managing director, WBTV, Charlotte, N. C. . . . Shirley Ann Dunnam from publicity director, WKRC-TV, Cincinnati, Ohio, to promotion manager, WTVN-TV, Columbus, Ohio . . . William L. Snyder from sales staff, Harrington, Righter and Parsons, to sales manager, WTMJ-TV, Milwaukee.
**MORE PEOPLE ON THE MOVE:** John Vera from office manager to local sales manager, KPHO-TV, Phoenix, Ariz. . . . Harold J. Algurom from director, press information, STA, to director, trade and business news, Metropolitan Broadcasting . . . Joel D. Lasky from Lasky Associates, to sales representative, WROC-W, Rochester, N. Y. . . . Bill Lytle from account executive, WSLS, Harrisonburg, Va., to account executive, WXEX-TV, Richmond, Va. . . . Frank Hannigan from General Time Corp., LaSalle, Ill., to account executive, WDAU-TV, Scranton-Wilkes Barre, Pa. . . . Paul Ellison to local news director, WBOY Radio and WBOY-TV, Clarksburg, W. Va.
**Resigned:** John B. Garfield, as local sales manager, WJW-TV, Cleveland, Ohio.
**Financial note:** Gross Telecasting, declared regular quarterly dividends of 40¢ a share on its common stock and 7½¢ a share on class B common stock, both payable 10 February.
**RADIO STATIONS**
What could be the beginning of a trend for smaller market stations: WINF, Manchester, Conn., has imported a lecturer-critic to give a 15-week in-service training program on good music appreciation.
He'll also try to improve the staff's announcing and news reporting.
The lectures will run for two hours one night a week.
Nostalgic note: Mark Woods, after a ten-year absence, has returned to broadcasting as v.p. and general manager of WSPB, Sarasota, Fla.
Woods, a broadcast pioneer, and a former ABC president, left the industry ten years ago to go into real estate.
Marion Broadcasting, Marion, Ohio, upped two of its WMRN station men to company v.p.'s and assistant managers, and made its accountant, an assistant treasurer.
The v.p.'s: Francis J. Peters who joined WMRN as an engineer in 1942; and Arthur L. Martin who has been commercial manager for WMRN since 1953.
The new assistant treasurer: Donald H. Shepler, the company's accountant since 1957.
**Ideas at work:**
- **WSAI**, Cincinnati, Ohio, in an effort to convince those who do not eat Chinese food that they should, ran an all-Chinese contest for its sponsor product, Chun King Foods. The gimmick: The station invited listeners who were willing to give Chun King a try, to participate in a write-in contest. To lend the proper atmosphere to the contest, all promos were recorded in Chinese dialect. The prizes also were Chinese-minded: Among them: a year's supply of soy sauce; tins of Chinese tea and boxes of Chinese fortune cookies; $15 worth of Chinese laundry service.
- **WBBF**, Rochester, N. Y., made it possible for three area families to win a share of Eastman Kodak stock by asking listeners to predict the correct closing quotation, 15 December, of the New York Stock Exchange. To compete, listeners were asked to send along a card qualifying them to be phoned for their guess.
**Station acquisitions:** KCRN, Crane, Tex., sold to Albert L. Crain for $22,000,000. Seller: Mrs. Jacqueline Young. Sale brokered by Hamilton-Landis & Associates . . . KMLB-AM-FM, Monroe, Ga., bought by Walton Enterprises, Atlanta, Ga., from WSTV, Inc., Steubenville, Ohio. Sale price: $110,000,00.
**New quarters:** WGN, Inc., which operates the Chicago Tribune's radio and tv stations, WGN-Radio, and WGN-TV, moved to its new home on Chicago's north side at 2501 Bradley Place, 13 January.
**PEOPLE ON THE MOVE:** Marvin W. Houtz from sales staff, KOHL, Omaha, to local sales manager, that station . . . Mary Garcia from International media director, McCann-Erickson, to media manager, Metropolitan Broadcasting . . . J. T. Snowden, Jr., general manager, WGTC, Greenville, N. C., elected v.p., WGTC.
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National Representatives
Broadcasting Co. . . . Dou Kelly from program director, WDGY, Minneapolis-St. Paul, to program manager, WPTR, Albany N. Y. . . . W. C. Porsow from national sales manager, WFRV-TV, Green Bay, Wis., to station manager, WKTL, Sheboygan, Wis. . . . Irv Trachenberg, from group sales manager, Radio Advertising Bureau, New York City, to assistant manager, KTNX, Seattle, Wash. . . . Robert C. Fehlman, from manager, WHBC, Canton, Ohio, to manager, WPDQ, Jacksonville, Fla. . . . Paul E. Gilmor from sales manager, WHBC, Canton, Ohio, to manager, that station . . . Pat Hodges from Franklin Mieni Associates, to national sales service representative, KSFO, San Francisco . . . Robin Bonneau to account executive, Walter Clancy to operations manager and Bill Fitzpatrick to announcing staff, all at WTSV, Claremont, N. H.
NBC Radio, in the past six weeks, chalked up $3,200,000 in net sales.
According to its v.p. and general manager George A. Graham, Jr., this was the "most productive six-week period since the fall of 1956."
All but $952,000 was new business.
The advertisers, and their agencies: Lever, Pepsodent (FC&B); GM, Buick (McCann-Erickson); Mogen David Wine (Edward H. Weiss); American Motors (GMM&B); Rolley, Sea and Ski (FC&B); Kellogg (Burnett); International Minerals, Accent (NLAB); Wagner Electric (Arthur R. Mogge); Reader's Digest (Schwab, Beatty and Porter); and Sinclair (GMM&B).
PEOPLE ON THE MOVE: Sal Agovino from radio sales, H-R, to New York City radio sales staff, Katz . . . Byron E. Goodell from NBC TV Spot Sales to Eastern division sales manager for tv, NBC TV Spot Sales . . . Kenneth F. Campbell from the Branham Company, to account executive, H-R . . . Louis J. Hummel, Jr., from tv sales, Peters, Griffin, Woodward, Detroit office, to the company's Chicago office . . . James R. Sefer from Crosley Broadcasting, to Peters, Griffin, Woodward, Detroit . . . F. A. Wurster from sales staff, New York office, Weed Television, to sales manager, that office . . . James Jarvis from account executive, Katz, to account executive, CBS Television Spot Sales, Chicago . . . Larry Cugini, Jr., from account executive, Grant, to tv sales staff, Katz, Dallas . . . Gerald L. Atkin from eastern sales manager, Headley-Reed TV, and Donald C. Bowen from account executive, KDKA-TV, Pittsburgh, to New York City sales staff, Petry.
Net tv sales: Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing (EWR&R), to sponsor CBS's Palm Springs Second Annual Golf Classic, 4-5 February.
REPRESENTATIVES
Storer Broadcasting executives Peter Storer and Francis P. Barron, are in New York City looking over prospective employees to staff its new rep division.
The rep outlet, under the general management of Peter Storer, will represent the company's five tv stations in national spot.
Storer's New York selling operation, with a proposed staff of ten men, plus promotion, research and other allied departments, will be under the sales supervision of Barron.
(For more on Barron, see Radio and Tv Newsmakers, page 63.)
Rep appointments: WFMB(FM), Nashville, Tenn., and WKTL, Sheboygan, Wis., to Walker-Rawalt for national representation . . . Gulf Network (WKAB, Mobile, Ala., and WNYV, Pensacola, Fla.) to Venard, Rintoul & McConnell . . . WHAY, Haverhill, Mass., to Foster & Creed for New England representation.
FILM
There was a general upturn of syndication business in the fourth quarter of 1960, apparent in the reports of Ziv-UA on the period.
Ziv-UA found its fourth quarter business was 32 per cent higher than the previous year.
At year's end, Ziv-UA compared 1960 with 1959 and found it had increased its sales by 26 per cent.
There was a Ziv show on 89.1 per cent of U. S. stations and in 92.0 per cent of U. S. markets, on all three U. S. networks and in every nation with tv facilities outside the Sovie sphere of influence.
Sales: Banner Film's Debbie Drake to 21 more stations during December: KTLA, Los Angeles; WRGP-TV, Chattanooga; KETV, San Diego; KROD-TV, El Paso; WKRG-TV, Mobile; KCRG-TV, Cedar Rapids; WJNT, Jacksonville; KZTV, Corpus Christi; KAKE-TV, Wichita; KHQA,
TV, Quincy; KSLA-TV, Shreveport; KOOL-TV, Phoenix; WALB-TV, Albany; KGUN-TV, Tucson; WXIX-TV, Milwaukee; WFAA-TV, Dallas; KFEQ-TV, St. Joseph; KGLO-TV, Mason City; WMTV, Madison; WFLA-TV, Tampa, and WLBT-TV, Jackson.
International: Norman Katz to be v.p. of foreign operations for Television Industries.
Programs and producers: Colorama Features and William C. Thomas will jointly release *Warden of the Bighouse*, an hour long series based on actual criminal stories.
Commercials: Kent Paterson has joined Depicto Films as account executive... Richard Maltby, music producer, has sent an album, "1137 Ways to Win the Rat Race," to agency people.
Ratings: Ziv-UA's *Sea Hunt* scored ratings firsts in New York, Detroit, San Diego, Tulsa, San Francisco, St. Louis, Quincy, Lancaster, Johnstown-Altoona, Grand Junction-Montrose, Sayton, and Atlanta; also, Ziv-UA's *Lock Up* scored time period firsts in Kansas City, Miami, Orlando, Cincinnati, Cleveland, El Paso, Los Angeles, and Waco-Temple.
Strictly personnel: Anthony Azato resigns as NTA syndication sales supervisor... Albert S. Goustin joins Ziv-UA as general manager of newly instituted special plans division... Barry Winton joins Richard H. Ullman (RHU) as southeastern regional sales manager.
Television-Radio Center for telecasting on some 50 educational TV stations in the country... KRAK, Sacramento, Calif., provided needed blood and funds for an area lad suffering from a rare blood disease via air appeals to listeners... KOSA-TV, Odessa, Tex., in cooperation with the Sul Ross State College, Alpine, Tex., began telecasting a series of instructional films in the audio-visual field.
Public service programming: WTOP, Washington, D.C., aired the second segment of its special public service program series, *A WTOP Editorial*, 17 January, dealing with the subject, *The Juvenile Court Crisis*... WGSM, Huntington, L.I., began a new series of 15-minute discussion programs, *Conversation With Youth*, engaging teachers and students in informal talks... WNBC-TV, New York City, paid tribute to National YMCA Week (22-29 January) by featuring on its *Saturday Prom* show, 21 January, teen-agers representing the 23 branches of the Greater New York YMCA.
Kudos: Bell & Howell Chicago, recipient of *Citation for Public Service* award from the American Jewish Congress, Council of Greater Chicago, for its documentaries, *Cast the First Stone* (ABC TV) and *Who Speaks for the South* (CBS TV), as "a major contribution in the fight against bigotry"... KTUL-TV, Tulsa, Okla., recipient of the *Guardsman Award* from the National Guard for its "patriotic service to the National Guard."
NAB state presidents will get together in Washington, D.C., for their sixth annual conference, 22-23 February.
Howard H. Bell, NAB vice president for industry affairs, will chairman the session.
Other trade dates: 24-25-26 February, The New England Chapter, American Women in Radio and TV, annual meeting, Somerset Hotel, Boston.
13-14 May, Illinois News Broadcasters, spring convention, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.
Francis P. Barron, general sales manager at Storer’s Cleveland tv station, WJW-TV, has been appointed general sales manager of the new national television sales organization now being formed to handle all national spot sales for the five Storer stations. Barron, who has been WJW-TV sales head for the past two years, will supervise a N. Y. selling operation of 10 men, plus promotion, research, and other allied departments. Barron and Peter Storer are now in N.Y.C. interviewing prospective employees.
Bert Briller, director of sales development for ABC, has been elected vice president in charge of tv network sales development, a newly created position. He first joined ABC TV in 1953 as copy chief of the sales development department. Prior to that he was a reporter for Variety, an assistant director of publicity and special events at WNEW, New York, and news editor in the press department of WOR, New York. He served in the Army Air Force from 1941 to 1945. He is a City College, N. Y., graduate.
Byron E. Goodell has been appointed eastern division sales manager for tv. NBC Spot Sales. He had been a member of the NBC Spot Sales staff since 1956, having come from the Meeker Co. where he was an account executive. Prior to that, he had been with the CBS Television Network. During World War II he served with the U. S. Navy in the Pacific and was discharged in 1946 as a radar-radio technician, 1st Class. He lives with his wife and two sons, 13 and nine, in Berkeley Heights, N. J.
Mary Garcia, international media director of McCann-Erickson, has been named international media research manager of Metropolitan Broadcasting Corp. Miss Garcia has been assigned to Worldwide Broadcasting, the international division of Metropolitan, where she will develop a new service for advertisers and agencies in the international field. Miss Garcia spent nine years at her recently relinquished McCann-Erickson post, originally joining the agency as a sight reader to monitor commercials.
TELEVISION BASICS
Here's a "must" booklet for everyone involved in television.
Get your own copy and one for everyone in your department. You'll be referring to its useful data all year round.
Included are sections on the broad dimensions of tv; on audience viewing habits; on network trends; on advertising expenditures—network spot and local; on color tv and stations presently using color equipment. There's a brand new section too, this year, on the viewing habits of the summer television audience.
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The seller’s viewpoint
Many split-market stations have a hard time getting across an accurate picture of their coverage to agency media buyers, states Harold Essex, president and general manager, WSJS, Winston-Salem, N. C. “Unfortunately,” he notes, “in many cases the metropolitan area in which a station has its headquarters, is often used as the only market reference by timebuyers.” Far from bemoaning his own fate (Winston-Salem-Greensboro is considered a single market by the FCC), he asks for solid research, and “faith and imagination” on the part of buyers when evaluating a split-market situation.
TAKE A CLOSER LOOK AT THE SPLIT-MARKET STATION
A recent column by the New York Herald-Tribune’s Joe Kaselow carried a quote from William E. Matthews, vice president and director of media relations and planning for Young and Rubicam, to wit:
“I think we all realize that, however rich our documentation may be, the selection of media for an advertising purpose is an act of faith and imagination, not the resolution of a formula.”
To this all I can add is a hearty, Amen! Station managers have for a long time been trying to decide whether media people used a slide rule, crystal ball, stab-the-map-with-a-pin approach, or a form of extra-sensory perception in making their media buys.
We have sent charts, brochures, research statistics, coverage maps, cost-per-1,000, success stories, and every conceivable type of sales ammunition possible to make the agency media people familiar with our market, the people in the market, the potential of the market and, naturally enough, the sales impact of our respective stations on the audience in each of our markets.
The one thing we wonder about is just what Mr. Matthews has brought up in his quote. Do enough media people use their imagination or utilize an act of faith in selection of a market? And if not why not?
For example: one of the problems confronting many markets is that of population being split between two closely related cities. Unfortunately, in many cases the metropolitan area in which a station has its headquarters is often used as the only market reference by timebuyers, although in innumerable cases the real market area reached by a station covers sometimes as much as three times the population of the particular metropolitan market. Thus, timebuyers have inaccurate statistics, unless, as Mr. Matthews says in his quote, a little faith and imagination are utilized in evaluating these markets.
We have been fortunate in our area that the FCC has designated Winston-Salem-Greensboro, N. C., as a single market. Yet there are any number of markets throughout the country that are split along similar lines but are not given the actual realistic market figures they deserve.
The problems generated by this market-splitting can have serious economic repercussions and may often lead to agencies buying markets that will not give them the dollar value for the products they are servicing. In fact, in some instances, the overlooking of the split-market stations’ real coverage may well mean a timebuyer could buy what appears to be the top market in a state whereas in actual fact he would be buying only the second best market. This particular problem has beset us as well as many other split-market stations.
Consequently, I feel that Mr. Matthews’ statement should be written in letters a foot high and distributed to all media departments of all agencies for their guidance. And I think special reminders might be in order for the timebuyers so that they may use their faith and imagination properly in evaluating the realistic coverage being offered by many split-market stations in the country today.
Where a split-market situation exists, I think the “faith and imagination” idea projected by Mr. Matthews should be supplemented by a solid research study based on the true coverage provided by split stations. If this particular process were made routine on market buying efforts I think the timebuyers would be astonished and gratified with the wealth of information they could derive from statistical data showing true potential of split-market stations.
AS ADVERTISED ON KVTV
MORE GOODS ARE SOLD ON KVTV FOR A VERY SIMPLE REASON . . .
MORE SIOUX CITY PEOPLE WATCH KVTV THAN ANY OTHER STATION
Statistics can be manipulated to say most anything you want them to say. And certainly, we have a whole rate card full of pertinent, and favorable statistics. But in the final analysis only one thing is important—did we move the goods? And this is where KVTV excels—in moving goods in the Sioux City market. Sioux City is a potent market—over 3½ million customers with over one-billion dollars to spend. It's KVTV consistently for audience and, more important, audience action. For complete information see your Katz man. He's our man, too.
KVTV
CHANNEL 9 • SIOUX CITY, IOWA
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Gov. Collins’ first speech
We liked the tone and temper of what Governor LeRoy Collins said the other day in his first speech as president of the NAB.
Collins, speaking at the annual dinner of the Federal Communications Bar Association made it clear that he intends to function as an “advocate, not a referee,” for the broadcasting industry.
He emphasized the broadcasters have rights as well as responsibilities, and warned that radio and tv men must not be driven into “economic and legal corners” from which they cannot make outstanding contributions to the public.
But having made it obvious that he intends to advance the legitimate interests of broadcasting with “reason and clarity and vigor,” Collins was equally positive in stating that he proposes to “articulate and advance the exercise of broadcasting’s responsibilities” with the same spirit.
He said, “I want broadcasters to grow in their capabilities and in their service—not just in reaction to criticism, not just to make more money, but in ever-increasing pride in their creative art.”
“Deep, rewarding pride comes from giving, not getting. It comes from the joy of voluntary performance, not from the indulgence of burdens. Nothing can bring greater satisfaction or a more exciting thrill of accomplishment than the shaping of the stuff of other men’s lives.”
“This is the reason men are called to preach. This is why we get great teachers. And this is why everyone engaged in broadcasting should feel a very special humility, a very special dedication, and very special pride in his work.”
“Broadcasting, I am convinced, has more to contribute to the accomplishing of the American dream than any other single private force.”
“Our task is to make both America and broadcasting move forward within the guidelines of our basic freedoms to become even better.”
As a statement of principle and a platform for action we don’t think that the Collins speech can be improved on. In fact he has put into fresh and meaningful words what sponsor has been saying since 1917—“This we fight for.”
Nielsen Station Index "parts" add up to the accepted national "whole"
Network TV programs are measured--separately and independently--by two Nielsen services:
In national total, by Nielsen Television Index (NTI)
Station by station, by Nielsen Station Index (NSI)
The sum of the NSI "parts" equals the NTI "whole."
Proof of the compatibility of NSI with NTI is yours for the asking. Want a demonstration? In a few minutes you'll see why...
NSI is the only validated source of station audience facts providing reliable information for broadcast advertising decisions.
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Chipola Polar Beach Party to raise funds for Honors
Chipola College will host the Polar Bear Beach Party, a benefit dance for the college Honors Program, on Saturday, Jan. 28.
The Ivey Brothers band will play the dance which is set in the college Arts Center—known to locals as the old field house—the same venue where the Iveys last played in 1968. Doors open at 8 p.m. and guests can dance the night away or just reminisce with some great music until midnight.
Drummer Robert Ivey is a Chipola history instructor who serves as adviser to Chipola’s Freshman Honors program along with math instructor Bonnie Smith. Some 60 of the brightest students from the five-county area are enrolled in Honors.
According to Smith, “The Honors program needs support from citizens who value academics. The endowment will provide resources for the many annual projects of the Honors, including thought-provoking speakers and educational visits to other cities.”
Dance tickets—$10—may be purchased from any Honors student or by phoning Smith or Ivey at 526-2761.
Three brothers—Robert Ivey, Richard Ivey and Wilson Ivey—have made up the core of the Ivey Brothers since the mid-60’s. Wilson’s son, Chase, joined the group in 2004.
The band first performed in 1965. Their versatile repertoire became well known in the Dothan club scene in the 70’s and 80’s. A European tour in 1977 and release of a local hit “It’s Not Worth The Pain” in 1978 made the group’s fame complete.
The Iveys have played with and backed “The Pointer Sisters,” “The Coasters,” “Jeannie Pruitt,” “Billy Crash Craddock,” and “The Platters.”
Tax-deductible gifts also may be mailed to the Chipola College Foundation noted for the Honors Program.
Chipola to host Pensacola Saturday
Both Chipola squads host Pensacola in a pair of conference games, Saturday, Jan. 28 in the Milton H. Johnson Health Center. The women’s game tips off at 5:30 p.m. The men play at 7:30 p.m.
Chipola was scheduled to host Okaloosa-Walton in an important pair of conference games on Jan. 21. Call 718-2CJC for the latest scores.
The Chipola Indians held onto their number two ranking in both the state and national JUCO polls after winning the first two games in defense of their State and Panhandle Conference titles.
Chipola improved to 2-0 in league play and 19-1 overall with an 81-74 win over Gulf Coast on Jan. 14. Michael Taylor led Chipola with 18 points. DeAndre Thomas scored 15. Jamarcus Ellis had 15 points and 13 rebounds. Stefhon Hannah scored 11. Gerard Jackson had 9 rebounds.
The Indians scored a 101-77 win over Pensacola on Jan. 11. Three Indians—Ellis, Thomas and Taylor—scored 17 apiece. Ryne Hamblet had 13. Jay Anderson added 10. Hannah and Jackson each scored 9.
The Lady Indians held on to second place in the state poll and sixth in the national poll after a 94-52 route of North Florida on Jan. 17. Ta’yani Clark led Chipola with 20 points. Shawnta Pope scored 14. Nacole Stocks, RaShawna Sippio and Chinata Nesbit each scored 13.
Continued on page 2
Chipola hoops, continued from page 1
The Lady Indians suffered their only conference misfire of the season in a close 58-55 loss to Gulf Coast on Jan. 14. Chipola is 2-1 in league play and 16-2 overall. Chipola opened the conference race with a 90-71 win over Pensacola on Jan. 11. Clark led Chipola with 21 points. Nesbit scored 19. Sippio added 13.
The Lady Indians closed out 2005 with a 75-70 win over Central Florida on Dec. 19. Chipola started the New Year with a 73-41 romp of Middle Georgia on Jan. 7.
The Lady Indians are the defending Florida Region VIII champions.
For the latest scores, call 718-2CJC or visit www.chipola.edu
Phi Theta Kappa helps Shriners’ Hospital
Through the years, members of Chipola College’s Phi Theta Kappa have looked for ways to help others. This year, one particular member has a passion for helping children in the Shriners’ Hospital in Tampa.
Sophomore Valerie Jones designed a project to raise money for the Shriners’ Orthopedic Hospital. Valerie recruited students in Calhoun County and challenged individual classes to raise money for the cause. Classes collected a total of $845. The class that led in collections received an ice cream party in celebration of their efforts.
During the Christmas holidays, Valerie and fellow Phi Theta Kappa members, Joy Post, Cassie Prichard, and Timothy Kleiser, traveled to the Shriners’ Hospital with advisor, Joan Lasseter where they presented the funds to hospital administrators.
The students were treated to a tour of the facility from a “fez” attired Shriner, and visited several of the hospitalized children.
Adviser Joan Lasseter said, “The trip was not only an informative experience, but each and every participant found it personally enriching. The Shriners’ hospital operation was entirely impressive.”
Valerie’s hope is that after she graduates, another Chipola Phi Theta Kappan will continue her project at the Shriners’ Hospital.
Pictured from left, are: Phi Theta Kappa members Cassie Prichard, Timothy Kleiser, Joy Post, Valerie Jones, Joan Lasseter (PTK adviser), with three representatives from the Shriners’ Hospital. Chipola’s PTK and students from Calhoun County collected $845 in support of the hospital.
Bradwell Scholarship established at Chipola
Jackson County Habitat for Humanity has established the Annie Bradwell Habitat for Humanity Scholarship fund with the Chipola College Foundation. Here, Ralph Harrison, executive director of Habitat, presents a check for $5,034 to Julie Fuqua, director of the Chipola Foundation. The first scholarship will be awarded in Fall of 2007. The late Annie Bradwell was a key leader in the local Habitat for Humanity effort. She died in an automobile accident in 2004. Those wishing to make donations in her memory may contact the Foundation at 718-2445.
Continuing Education courses set at Chipola
Chipola College will offer a variety of short courses in the coming weeks.
A Retirement Plan Distribution class will meet Thursday, Jan. 26 from 6:30 to 8:30 p.m. Cost is $10 per person or $15 per couple.
An Introduction to Computers with Internet for Seniors class will meet Feb. 1 from 9 a.m. to noon. Cost is $24.
A Cake Decorating I class will meet Thursdays, Feb. 2 through 23 from 6 to 8:30 p.m. Cost is $41. A Cake Decorating II class will meet Thursdays, March 2 through 30 from 6 to 8:30 p.m. Cost is $41. An Advanced Level Cake Decorating III class will meet Thursdays, April 6 through 27 from 6 to 8:30 p.m. Cost is $41.
A 10 Hour Childcare Training (behavioral observation & screening) course will meet Feb. 4 from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cost is $38. A 10 Hour Childcare Training (special needs) course will meet March 11 from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cost is $38. A 20 Hour Childcare Training course will meet April 1 & 8 from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cost is $76. A 10 Hour Childcare Training (developmentally appropriate practices, 3-5 year olds) course will meet May 6 from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cost is $38.
A Real Estate Sales course will meet Saturdays, Feb. 4 through March 18 from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Cost is $240.
A Sign Language I class will meet Tuesdays, Feb. 7 through April 18 from 5 to 7 p.m. Cost is $81.
The Continuing Education Department also offers custom motivational workshops for businesses and organizations.
Gatlin Education Services (GES) offers, open enrollment, online courses in: health care, internet graphics/web design, business, law and travel. Register online at www.gatlineducation.com/chipola.
Education To Go offers online programs in: computers, photography, languages, writing, entertainment industry, grant writing, business, sales, accounting, test prep, finance, health, child care, parenting, art, history, psychology, literature, statistics, philosophy, engineering, law and nursing. For dates and course outlines, visit www.ed2go.com/chipola.
For information about any of these non-credit courses, call 850-718-2395.
Chipola to offer free tax preparation
Last year 10,000 Jackson County residents claimed $7.6 million in Earned Income Tax Credits from the IRS.
This year, the total amount could be even higher. However, taxpayers who qualify for the Earned Income Tax Credit must file a tax return with the IRS in order to receive a refund.
In order to help more local citizens get the most refund due them, Chipola business instructor Lee Shook is training student volunteers to provide free tax preparation, including free electronic filing, beginning Jan. 27. The free service will be available from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. on Fridays from Jan. 27 through April 15, and 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., Saturdays (Jan. 28, Feb. 11, Feb. 25, March 11, March 25, and April 8).
The Earned Income Tax Credit is a credit for certain low-moderate income workers. The credit may produce a refund, even if the taxpayer owes no tax. Income limitations and other rules apply. For additional information, visit irs.gov or call 1-800-829-3676 to order Publication 596, Earned Income Credit.
For free tax assistance, call Lee Shook at (850) 526-2761 x 3268.
Stadsklev honored for work in the arts
The Foundation for Academic Educators, Inc. in Ft. Myers have made two gifts totaling $11,500 to the Chipola College Foundation in recognition of the outstanding work of Joan Stadsklev, Chipola’s Director of the Fine and Performing Arts.
In making the gift, the organization’s president, Marjorie M. Gruber, noted that the funds are intended for use by faculty members to further their education or to bring speakers/facilitators on campus to reach a larger number of faculty members.
Stadsklev began teaching at Chipola on a part-time basis in 1976, and went to full time staff in 1986. She has been in her current position as Director of Fine & Performing Arts for 18 years.
Chipola president Dr. Gene Prough, said, “Joan is very worthy of this honor. She does an excellent job of leading Chipola’s fine and performing arts program.”
CHIPOLA CORRECTIONS GRADS—Fourteen candidates recently completed the Basic Corrections Academy at Chipola College. Graduates are, from left: (front) Jacob Baxter of Malone, Julia Ann Davis of Blountstown, Christopher Deese of Grand Ridge, Miriam Evans of Tallahassee, Cynthia Grant of Alford, Dewayne Henry of Marianna, Theresa McLeroy of Greenwood, Ladonna Martin of Marianna, Jonathan Poole of Marianna, Kassidy Streetman of Marianna, April Williams of Marianna, Deborah Hodge of Greenwood, Antwan Brown of Chipley and Dustin Jordan of Marianna.
LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE. Chipola College Student Ambassadors and Phi Theta Kappa members will host a leadership conference on Thursday, Jan. 26. The top ten seniors from the 16 area high schools will attend the conference. An all day affair, the Leadership Conference will include leadership games, workshops, and free food. The students will gain valuable knowledge from speakers on a variety of leadership topics. Small group sessions will allow the students to interact with each other and the college students.
HOMECOMING PLANS. Chipola will celebrate Homecoming the week of February 13-18. The Indians will host the Gulf Coast Commodores on Saturday, Feb. 18 and this year’s theme is “Shiver Their Timbers”.
Candidates for Mr. Chipola and Homecoming Queen will be introduced at 10 a.m. on Wednesday, Feb. 1 in the Arts Center. Voting for the candidates will take place at the following locations. You must be a currently enrolled student to vote.
February 1
Arts Center – 10-11 a.m.
Student Activities - 11 -4 p.m.
Building Z Lobby - 5 - 6 p.m.
February 2
Student Activities - until noon.
Chipola’s 2006 Homecoming Queen and Mr. Chipola will be crowned at halftime of the men’s basketball game on Feb. 18.
Continue to check out Chipola This Week for more Homecoming information.
FOUNDATION MEETS. The Chipola College Foundation Board of Directors will meet Tuesday, January 24, 2006 at 5:00 p.m. in the Foundation House Conference Room.
ENC 1102 STUDENTS. If you have a copy of *The Art of Critical Reading*, used in REA 1205 that you no longer need, the Bookstore will buy it back now.
HUMANITIES STUDENTS. If you have a copy of *Writing About Literature*, used in ENC 1102 that you no longer need, the Bookstore will buy it back now.
BOOK RETURN. Students who tried to sell back a Perrine’s English 1102 textbook and were turned away because the book was damaged, can bring it to the bookstore for a replacement copy. Thomson Publishing has agreed to replace the inferior textbooks. Books must be returned by Feb. 2.
WANTED FOR RONALD MCDONALD HOUSE. Phi Beta Lambda is collecting the following items for the Ronald McDonald Tallahassee House: Soda tabs, non-perishable foods, toiletries, paper goods and toys. Items may be left in boxes located in buildings A, B, C, D, M, N, Q, and Z. McDonald houses provide housing for patients under age 18 and their families while receiving hospital treatment.
WELCOME. Angie White is the new FSU Program Coordinator located in the University Center on the Chipola Campus.
Students interested in seeking the RN-to-BSN degree here at Chipola or students interested in transferring to FSU-Panama City should contact her at ext. 2419 to make an appointment. Walk-ins are welcome!
NEW IDS NEEDED. Students must present new Chipola ID cards to access the computers in the library and tech center and to check out materials from the library. The ID picture also will be used for the Chipola Yearbook unless a waiver is on file in the Admissions and Records Office. Scheduled times for ID’s are Tuesdays (8-11 & 1-3:30) and Wednesdays (8-11) in Building A, Room 107. A special time has been set for Wednesday, Jan. 25, from 4 – 6:30 p.m. Students must bring a white copy of the Spring 2005 fee receipt.
BOOKSTORE HOURS:
Monday - Thursday
7 a.m. - 4 p.m.
Friday
7 a.m. - 1 p.m.
SUCCESS CENTER HOURS:
Monday-Friday
8 a.m. - 2:30 p.m.
Tuesday and Thursday
5 - 7:30 p.m.
TESTING CENTER HOURS:
Monday-Thursday
8 a.m. – 2 p.m.
Tuesday and Thursday
5 - 7:30 p.m.
For more information concerning specific tests available, call 718-2284.
LIBRARY HOURS:
Monday - Thursday
7:30 a.m. - 9:00 p.m.
Friday
7:30 a.m. - 4 p.m.
Sunday
2-6 p.m.
UPCOMING EVENTS
FEBRUARY
1 Intro of Homecoming Candidates
12 Homecoming Court Voting
34 Regional Brain Bowl/Competition
7 Faculty Meeting
11 ACT Test
14 Building Decoration Judging
15 SGA Talent Show
17 Last Day to Vertically Transfer-Spring
18 CLAST Test
18 HOMECOMING DAY
18 Alumni Reception
20 CEA Meeting
21 District Board of Trustees
21 Night Student Social
24 FTCE Registration Deadline
24 Literature/Language Festival
BIRTHDAYS THIS WEEK.
1/23 John Tracy Spikes
1/24 Wendy Pippen
1/25 Betty Broome
1/28 Harry Fleener
CONDOLENCES. The Chipola family is saddened by the loss of Rex Wilson, father of Chipola music instructor Carolyn Wilson. Please remember this family in your thoughts and prayers.
THIS WEEK
“Chipola This Week” is a weekly publication of the Chipola PR Office.
Deadline for the next issue is noon, Wednesday, Jan. 25. Articles will be printed as space permits. E-mail Evelyn Ward at firstname.lastname@example.org.
TECH CENTER HOURS:
Monday - Thursday
8:00 a.m. - 8:30 p.m.
Friday
8:00 a.m. - 3:30 p.m.
Sunday
2-5:30 p.m.
LOCATOR
| A - Administration | I - Arts Center | Q - Health Science |
|---------------------|-----------------|--------------------|
| B - Library | J - Theater | R - Johnson Health Center |
| C - Social Science | K - Calteria, Bookstore | S - Continuing Ed/Conference Ctr |
| D - Fine Natural Science | L - University Center | T - Pool |
| E - Physical Plant Office | M - BusinessA | U - Foundation House |
| F - Residence Hall | N - Workforce Devel Labs | Y - Public Service |
| G - Student Services | O - Success Center, Electronics | Z - Literature/Language |
| H - McLendon Fine Arts | P - Automotive Tech |
|
A first phytolith approximation to diet study in the archaeological site Gascón 1, Pampean Region, República Argentina
Lumila P. Menéndez\textsuperscript{a,*}, Margarita Osterrieth\textsuperscript{b}, Fernando Oliva\textsuperscript{a}
\textsuperscript{a} Universidad Nacional de La Plata, y Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos Regionales, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina
\textsuperscript{b} Centro de Geología de Costas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Argentina
\textbf{Article history:}
Available online 20 February 2009
\textbf{Abstract}
The purpose of this study is to detail information about the use of plants by indigenous societies in Argentinean archaeology through the quasi-quantitative characterization of phytoliths extracted from the archaeological site Gascón 1, located in the Pampean Region, República Argentina. This aim is achieved through the evaluation of phytolithic fertility, quantity, and variety from diverse archaeological samples. An exploratory study was based on the phytolithic analysis of materials from the Gascón 1 burial site, where five individuals of diverse sex and age were recovered. Foreign elements included as funerary goods permit chronological assignment to Indigenous–Hispanic Contact. Seven types of samples extracted from individual 5 were analyzed: a sample obtained from the sediment of the abdominal area, two sediment samples from inside and two from outside the archaeological site, two samples of phytoliths extracted from the dental calculus and a sample of the carbonized material proceeding from the offered pottery vessel.
Phytoliths are at maximum in the sediment sample of the abdominal area, minimum in samples from outside the archaeological site, and intermediate values were found in samples from inside the archaeological site. A cluster analysis and a principal component analysis were applied to the phytolith recount results. In general, the emphasized morphologies correspond to gramineous short cells, increased in the concentrated sample compared to the total sample. The majority could be assimilated to the \textit{poaceae} subfamily, then \textit{chloridoideae} and finally \textit{panicoidae}.
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\section*{1. Introduction}
The archaeological site Gascón 1 is situated in the Pampean Region, in the southwest of Buenos Aires Province, República Argentina, 40 km from the occidental extreme of the Ventania Range (Fig. 1). Here, five human burials and associated evidence belonging to their funerary goods were recovered (Figs. 2 and 3). The latter include pottery vessels, \textit{Ovis aries} remains, necklaces with metallic and vitreous (Venetian) beads, buckles and other metal elements. These set of elements permit assigning the site to shortly after Indigenous–Hispanic Contact (XVIII–XIX centuries) (Oliva et al., 2006; Oliva et al., 2007).
As the preservation of vegetation remains is limited or null in the southeast Pampean region, it was not possible to find vegetation macro-remains. Considering this issue, the study of micro-remains was attempted through phytolith analysis, to achieve the objective of recognition of the use of vegetation resources by indigenous societies in the area.
The purpose of the present study is to retrieve information about the use of plants through the quasi-quantitative characterization of phytoliths extracted from Gascón 1, burial 5 (SG1.5). Phytoliths are present in samples from sediment of the abdominal area, sediment of the left skull lateral, sediment adjacent to the burial, samples extracted from the dental tartar and the carbonized material inside the associated pottery vessel. A goal is to establish comparisons between the phytolith associations found on each pedoarchaeological section, dental tartar and the vessel material. This is achieved by evaluating through the parameters of fertility, quantity and variety of the phytoliths that are present on the diverse samples extracted from the archaeological site.
In general, the preservation of phytoliths is satisfactory. There are no oscillations and changes that could have influenced phytolith preservation, probably because of the ambient geological and pedological context of the area, environmental modifications and the characteristics of both natural and host sediments. The potential preservation is good to very good in the abdominal and pottery sediment and the dental tartar. It decreases outside of the
archaeological site sediments. This could be explained by the proximity of the lagoon; salinity could have raised the pH and as a consequence disturbed the phytoliths. The better phytolith preservation of the abdominal and pottery sediment and the dental tartar could be attributed to the environmental stability of the archaeological site, no disturbance and no influences on the water level oscillations and salinity which could have endangered the phytoliths.
During the past twenty years, phytolith analysis has progressed to the point that it has a strong body of technique and research (Rovner, 1971; Pearsall, 1992; Piperno, 2006). In the international phytolith literature, there are different applications of phytolith studies in diverse archaeological contexts: pottery vessel residues, domestic structures (Würschmidt and Korstanje, 1998–1999; Babor, 2001; Olszewski, 2005), cultivation fields (Pearsall, 1992; Korstanje and Cuenya, 2005; Piperno, 2006), woody plant resources (Pérez de Micou and Ancibor, 1995; Pique Huerta, 1999; Rodriguez, 2004), and soil from the abdominal area and dental tartar (Lalueza Fox et al., 1996; Cummings and Magennis, 1997; Tresserras et al., 1997) among others. Related to the latter, there are several studies of dental microwear analyzed with SEM, which constitute an important complement to phytolith studies (Lalueza Fox et al., 1996; Danielson and Reinhard, 1998). There are also studies based on the critical lecture of historical sources and travelers’ documents to complement the archaeological record (Pérez de Micou, 1984).
Articulation between phytolith studies and archaeological problems was accomplished by diverse research groups worldwide, although in the Pampean region it was not attempted until past decades. This is strictly related with paradigmatic changes in Argentinean archaeology during the 1980s (Binford and Clark Howell, 1981; Politis, 1988). Studies of plant resources related to archaeology started in the 1980s and increased significantly in the 1990s in Argentina (Pochettino, 1985; Cortella and Pochettino, 1990; Pochettino and Scattolini, 1991; Roig and Martínez Carretero,
Fig. 1. Localization of Gascón 1 in the area under investigation.
Fig. 2. Plan of the excavation Gascón 1.
Fig. 3. Photo of the excavation Gascón 1.
Diverse evidence from archaeological sites was systematically studied. Evidence includes macrovestiges as carbon, seeds (Pérez de Micou and Ancibor, 1995; Pochettino et al., 1998) and microvestiges as pollen, starches and phytoliths (Babot and Apeiba, 2003; Würschmidt and Korstanje, 1998–1999).
In Argentina, phytolith analysis has been implemented on different archaeological studies. Phytolith study in archaeobotanical sites background, on Pampean plains, is limited to one studies, in caves (Osterrieth et al., 2000, 2002), preadolesarchological levels (Osterrieth et al., 1999, 2008; Martínez and Osterrieth, 2003), grinding artifacts (Zucol and Bonomo, 2008; Tassara and Osterrieth, 2008), and dental tartar. However, all these studies were done in different areas but not on the central-west Pampean plains, in spite of the increasing relevance of plant resources for human populations living in the Pampean Region in the Later Final Holocene (since 1000 BP to historical times).
Phytolith study contributes to comprehending the dynamic interactions between past populations and the use of available vegetable resources (Piperino, 2006). It also brings information which enhances results obtained from other evidence, such as the presence of great quantities of Later Final Holocene grinding artifacts. Phytolith studies from Gascón 1 bring information about two particular aspects: in the first place, this study represents the first indication of vegetable use by indigenous societies in the area. Secondly, it is relevant because the site occupation chronology was determined as at the end of the III through the beginning of the XIX century. In this sense, studies in Gascón 1 contribute to enhance the discussion about the modes and possible contexts/activities of human occupations in this period on both micro and macro levels (Politis, 1984; Barrientos, 2001; Martínez, 2002). In this period, a complexization and ethnic interactive process occurred in the Pampean region (Nacuzzi, 1998) that affected different alternatives of land and resource use, among other aspects. Taking in consideration historical documents and other archaeological (previously interpreted) evidence, there had been changes to the diet of the indigenous societies that inhabit the Pampas during Latter Final Holocene, both because of the interactions between Pampa and Patagonia populations, but also interaction with Hispanic society. The present study intends to contribute to the knowledge of these processes through the analysis of the resources used by the indigenous societies.
2. Regional setting
The archaeological site Gascón 1 is situated in the southwest of Buenos Aires Province, near the border with La Pampa Province. It is located in Partido Adolfo Alsina, on the eastern border of a lagoon without name, at 37°7′43″S; 63°12′45″W. The site was detected by one of the field’s owners. Study started in 1996 through three systematic archaeological excavations that covered a 36 m² surface, and continues to the present.
In the Pampean Region, the area under study is particularly special because it represents a complex mosaic characterized by a pronounced proximity of diverse environments. Ventania Range and its adjacent plains constitute a limited space that concentrates critical resources, useful for human group subsistence with an economy sustained by hunting and collecting, lithic resources, variability of spaces, and secure drinking water. This highland range is placed in the Ecotonal Pampean Area (EPA sensu AEHSP, Oliva and Algrain, 2005; Oliva and Lisboa, 2006), which is distinguished by the presence of a high nutrient concentration zone (Yacobacci, 1991). The Ecotonal Pampean Area (EPA) is notable for presenting a typically Ecotonal environment with high nutrient concentration, stable geographic landforms as Ventania Range, and permanent drinking water fountains (streams, rivers and large lagoons).
According to travelers’ narratives, indigenous populations ate *Prosopis* sp. and *Geoffroea decorticans* fruits that were found on elevated areas in the west of the ranges (García, 1836). The landscape observed today and the animal and vegetable species distribution concomitantly, has changed as a consequence of climatic variables (Fidalgo and Tonni, 1981). This situation places the environment into a particular dynamic in regard to obtaining and using natural resources, generating at the same time different perceptions for the indigenous societies.
Based on the República Argentina soil chart, the predominant soils in the area are Entic Haplustolls, Typic Ultisols, Entic Hapluudolls and Typic Hapluudolls. The EPA is a transition zone between humid and dry Pampas, which offers an enlarged resource range, able to be exploited by the inhabitants (Oliva, 2001, 2006). The introduction of exotic vegetable and animal species from Europe since the XV century also provided resources used by indigenous groups.
The first research from the archaeological site Gascón 1 was presented by Barrientos and Oliva (1997) and Oliva et al. (2007), where the results of the initial field work and an approximation to the diverse processes that have influenced the prehispanic peopling of Pampean Region, considering archaeological, bio-anthropological, ethnographic and historic aspects, were communicated. Five primary individual burials of different sex and age were recovered. They were in a good state of conservation. Prominent were abundant funerary goods in form of the five burials. In general, there is a good quantity, diversity and relevance of the set of elements, especially funerary, males in comparison with the other individuals that were present in the site.
Although no grinding artifacts were recovered from the archaeological site, the increasing relevance of vegetable resources can be inferred from the great quantity of grinding artifacts that were recovered from other archaeological sites of similar chronology in the area (Politis, 1984; Oliva, 2006), and from naturalists’ and travelers’ narratives, which discuss the gathering of roots, tubercles, leaves and fruits such as “wild apples”, “bilberries”, *Araucaria araucana* pinions and other arboreal species as *Prosopis* sp., among others. A great quantity of these fruits and seeds could have been milled with the mentioned artifacts, obtaining flour which was consumed (Villarino, 1782–1783; Musters, 1873; Vignati, 1941; Escalada, 1949). *Bromus manga* is a cereal which Araucanian groups may have selected and cultivated from wild-growing *Bromus* species (Brücher, 1989), that later was replaced by the most efficient introduced cereals such as *Triticum aestivum*. Travelers described the cooking processes of diverse collected vegetables, mentioning that indigenous groups ate roasted seeds, floured and fermented seeds, cooked in pottery vessels. According to Palermo (1988), this period was characterized by a complex interchangeable system, connecting diverse groups through complementary resource subsistence. Moreover, industrial Europeans food products as rice, beans, wheat, bread, sugar, and alcoholic drinks were incorporated by indigenous populations since the first arrivals and then in the XVIII century as a consequence of the frontier line advance, “malones”, and other interchange between indigenous groups or with other frontier actors (Villarino, 1782–1783; Schmid, 1858–1865). At this time, characterized by a greater population density and (as a consequence) intensive resource management strategies, an increasing percentage of plant resources were collected and incorporated into the diet (Barrientos, 1997).
The importance of an integral analysis of this particular archaeological site of the Pampean Region is undeniable, due to its characteristics: five individual burials with the presence of abundant and varied funerary goods associated with the time of Indigenous–Hispanic Contact. The kind of material and the archaeological context recovered establishes a set of relations with
other archaeological sites not only of the Pampean Region (Amalia: Mazzanti, 2003) but also from North Patagonia (Caepé Malal: Hajduk and Biset, 1996). Artificial cranial deformation with a particular tabular erect morphology is present on some individuals of the Gascón 1 site, similarly to other individuals that also correspond to Later Final Pleistocene (Laquina Los Chilenos, Napostá, La Petrona; Barrientos, 2001), although the dates in most cases are prehistoric (2000–400 B.P.). On the other hand, the presence of single and double shovel incisive teeth reveal that this group is differentiated from other populations that in Later Final Holocene inhabited the area. Also, the pottery is related with that described for postcontact moments in archaeological sites from North Neuquén Province, and for “araucanizados” sites from the Pampean Region. The Araucanians bury their deceased with a west skull direction (Grebe et al., 1972), as the individuals of Gascón 1 did. Considering these macroregional comparisons in relation to the individuals’ morphology, kind of burial, and funerary goods context, the individuals found in the site under study present important similarities with other populations from NW Patagonia. In these senses, the naturalists’ and travelers’ narratives discussing the interactions between populations of these regions are illustrative (Nacuzzi, 1998).
Within the burials located in this site, the individual identified as 5 (S. G.1.5) is highlighted because of its particularities (Oliva and Lisboa, 2006). The other individuals were adults that were lying in an extended dorsal position, with a NE skull direction. However, individual number 5 was an infant that was lying in an extended ventral position with a NW skull direction, although the orientation in general coincides with a NW–NE direction (Oliva et al., 2007). Individual number 5 was identified as probably male, with a death age of $1.5 \pm 0.5$ years old. As with the adult individuals, the infant probably had an artificial skull deformation, and like them was accompanied by abundant funerary goods including three pottery vessels, two on the feet and one in the head, approximately a hundred little glass necklace beads in the skull area, and a complete necklace in situ, around the neck with beads showing great colour and morphological variety. In total, these elements suggest that this individual was socially prominent within the group of individuals analyzed.
3. Materials and methods
From the excavation of the archaeological site Gascón 1, five individuals (two adults and three subadults) were obtained, each one associated to a set of funerary goods that correspond to moments after Indigenous–Hispanic contact. Individual number 5 was the only one from which diverse sediment samples were extracted during the excavation. For the purposes of this study, the presence of diverse samples associated with an individual was considered of importance so as to compare the phytolithic fertility, quantity and variation in the different samples. Due to both themes, the samples associated with this individual were selected for the present study (Figs. 4 and 5).
Between 3 and 5 sub-samples of each of the seven types of samples were extracted and analyzed. The quantity of sediment is greater than for both the carbonized material and the dental tartar. From the sediment samples of the abdominal area, left skull lateral, adjacent to burial and outside the archaeological site, five sub-samples were extracted, while in the carbonized material and the dental tartar only three sub-samples were analyzed. Moreover, samples from outside the archaeological site were obtained from eolic soils deposited on a margin of a lagoon between 0 and 40 cm depth. These constitute reference samples for comparison with the archaeological samples.
The following is a characterization of the seven types of samples that were analyzed:
A-Sediment samples of the abdominal area between lumbar vertebrae and sacral, which corresponds to the area occupied by the viscera during the individual’s life.
B-Sediment samples of the left skull lateral.
C-Sediment samples adjacent to the burial. The analysis of samples from sediment adjacent to the burial provides information about the rituals and gifts that conform to the set of funerary goods offered by other individuals of the group to the individual under study after the death moment (Martínez et al., 2000).
D and E-Sediment samples outside the archaeological site.
F-The phytolith content of carbonized material from the pottery vessel that was part of the funerary goods of the individual was completely analyzed. This vessel was situated in the skull area. The carbon sample extracted of the vessel was obtained from a concave fragment that corresponded to the interior section of the base. Under a binocular microscope, the carbonized material was scraped and separated, and then treated with oxygenated water and concentrated with sodium polytungstate.
Fig. 4. Excavation site, individual 5.
Fig. 5. Photo, excavation site, individual 5.
G-Samples of dental tartar were obtained under a binocular microscope by scraping the occlusal teeth surface which was primarily composed of dentine and the lateral spaces between the teeth. Considering that the sample was composed of only thirteen teeth, they were separated according to the inferior (Gi) and upper (Gu) dentadura, mandible and maxillary respectively. Samples were treated with hydrogen peroxide to remove organic material, and then with hydrochloric acid to destroy calcium carbonate. In this case, the total sample was analyzed with cedar oil in an excavated slide, and was sealed with synthetic enamel.
Complementary analysis of samples of dental calculus and sediment from the abdominal area provide direct information about vegetable resources incorporated in the diet.
The methodology proposed by Zucchi and Osterrieth (2002) was followed. Two type of samples were analyzed, a) Total sample: phytolith content in respect to the total mineralogical component in the sample; this was analyzed in cases A–F (Fig. 6), b) Concentrated sample: the total sample concentrated with sodium polytungstate, composed of phytoliths and other opal biominerals, volcanic glasses, volcanic rock fragments and phytoliths, analyzed in all cases. Samples were mounted in cedar oil for phytolith quantification and qualification, and observed by using Leitz Wetzlar microscope, and Zeiss petrographic microscope (magnification 450 X, and stored in the repository in Canada balsam); and observed under scanning electron microscope (Hitachi-SEM). In total 400–500 phytolith per slide were counted, and classified following the scheme given by Twiss (1957), and some descriptors used by the International Code for Phytolith Nomenclature 1.0 (ICPN) proposed by Madella et al. (2005) (Table 1). The results obtained of the phytolith recount were analyzed by a cluster analysis using the Morisita association index and average unity (UPCMA), applying a principal component analysis with a variance/covariance matrix.
4. Results and discussion
The results obtained from this preliminary investigation stage indicate, in regard to the total mineral components, that the phytolith content (Fig. 6) is at maximum in the sediment sample of the abdominal area (A) (35%) and minimum in the sediment samples from outside the archaeological site (D and E) (18%). Intermediate values are found in sediment samples from inside the archaeological site (B and C) (26%). General microscopic observations indicate that in the sediment sample of the abdominal area (A), medium and coarse clay and sand predominate. It has the coarsest texture of the sediment samples studied. In the section that corresponds to samples from inside the archaeological site (B and C), the burial material is more heterogeneous with a mixture of sand, clay and silt. On the other hand, in the sections that correspond to samples from outside the archaeological site (D and E) sediment has a more homogeneous texture, composed of clayey silt and a lower proportion of fine sand.
The phytolith content of the concentrated samples (Fig. 6) follows the same tendency as the total samples, although the former have high phytolith concentrations in the residues extracted from the pottery vessel sample (F) reaching 30%, and also have abundant pure carbon residues as expected. Considering both dental tartar samples (Gi and Gu), the total phytolith content is very scarce, but it is appreciable considering that the individual was an infant and only thirteen teeth were analyzed.
In all samples (A–F), except dental tartar in which the total sample was analyzed, the determination and quantitative estimation of the phytolith morphotypes and their relative frequencies were defined from the concentrated samples.
4.1. Phytoliths in sediments corresponding to the abdominal area (A)
In the total sample (Table 1), articulated phytoliths, articulate degraded plaques and carbon residues were observed. In the concentrated sample broken cell phytoliths predominate, with rondels sub-dominant, and bilobate short cells including stipa bilobata with concave extremes (Fig. 7a). In this sample, typical bilobate pectinoids with concave or straight extremes also were observed (Fig. 7b). Trapeziform short cells, long cells cylindrical, and acicular hairs are also present, although morphotypes typical of chloridoides C4 gramineous vegetation are common (15%). Other morphotypes are rare (1–2%). Globular echinates, associated in general with Araceaeas were noted (Fig. 7c), and long cell phytoliths were present inside undefined aggregates.
Environment stability evidence is provided by the presence of articulate phytoliths (3.5%) (Fig. 7d–e), indicating an absence of taphonomic processes that would easily disarticulate them (Osterrieth, 2006). In general, the articulate phytoliths are found in the first 5 cm of the soil, formed in this case by articulate plaques and hair bases in lower proportions. Undefined phytoliths are those forms that are recognized by their optic characteristics as broken or altered phytoliths. Some have pinked surfaces and some corroded cavities. In this sample, undefined phytoliths represent 20% of the total phytoliths present.
4.2. Phytoliths in sediments associated with the burial (B and C)
Samples corresponding to the sediment of the left skull lateral (B) and sediment adjacent to the burial (C) have abundant
Phytolith morphotypes (Phyt. morph.) used in this study and the naming according the ICPN 1.0 (Madelia et al., 2005), in: TS-S.A: Total sample of the abdominal area, CT-SA: Idem, in concentrated sample, TS-S.B: Sediment samples of the left skull lateral, CT-SB: Idem, in concentrated sample, TS-S.C: Sediment samples adjacent to the burial, CT-SC: Idem in concentrated sample, TS-S.D and E: Sediment samples outside the archaeological site, CT-SD and E: Idem in concentrated sample, TS-S.F: Total sample, in carbonized material proceeding from the pottery vessel bottom, TS-SG: Total sample of dental tartar. The inferior (Gi) and upper (Gu) dentature, mandible and maxillary respectively.
| Phytolith morphologies | TS-S.A % | CS-S.A % | TS-S.B % | CS-S.B % | TS-S.C % | CS-S.C % | TS-S.D % | CS-S.D % | TS-S.E % | CS-S.E % | TS-S.F % | TS-S.G.1% | TS-S.G.2% |
|------------------------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|-----------|-----------|
| cubic | 1.3 | | | 0.9 | 0.4 | | 12.3 | 11.1 | 10.1 | 1.0 | | | |
| cylindric | 8.2 | 12.8 | 7.9 | 7.7 | 10.9 | 14.5 | 5 | 6.7 | 16.6 | 7.1 | | | |
| parallelepedal | 2.9 | 4.5 | | 3.8 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 3 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 3.5 | 8.3 | 7.1 |
| tabular | 1.1 | 2.8 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 4 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 5.2 | 8.3 | 7.1 |
| trapeziform short cell | 5.8 | 6.1 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 8.9 | 10.1 | 4 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 3.1 | 2.2 | | |
| trapeziform sinuated | 1.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| cross | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.9 | | | | | | | | | | |
| papillae | 0.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| rondel | 22.2 | 20.1 | 18.7 | 23.1 | 16.8 | 27.4 | 20 | 20.1 | 13.6 | 23.9 | 12.5 | 25 | 14.3 |
| saddle | 4.67 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 3.4 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 4 | 9.7 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 7.5 | | 7.1 |
| dendritic | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| bilobate short | 9.3 | 11.5 | 15.8 | 11.5 | 9.9 | 14.5 | 8 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 10.0 | 8.3 | |
| cylindrical polylobate | 1.7 | 1.9 | | 0.7 | | | | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | | |
| trapeziform polylobate | 0.6 | 0.6 | | 3.1 | 2.9 | | | 1.3 | | 2.5 | 2.2 | | |
| globular granulate | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| globular echinate | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| acicular hair cell | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 1 | 7.1 | 6.2 | 2.5 | 4.7 | | |
| unicellular cell | 0.6 | | | | | | | 1.9 | | 2.5 | 2.0 | | 7.1 |
| cuneiform bulliform | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.9 | | | | | | | | | |
| parap. bulliform | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.9 | | 1 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 8.3 | |
| elongate echinate | | | | 0.7 | | | | | | | | | |
| cylinder saccate | | | | | | | | 0.4 | | | | | |
| trapeziform | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Articulated | 3.5 | 2.5 | | | | | | 1.3 | | 3.1 | 2.0 | | |
| undefined | 34.5 | 19.8 | 28.7 | 23.1 | 30.7 | 20.9 | 50 | 18.2 | 35.8 | 18.8 | 25.1 | 25 | 50 |
| Total Phytoliths | 171 | 313 | 139 | 260 | 101 | 248 | 100 | 154 | 81 | 159 | 399 | 12 | 14 |
| Total min. components | 502 | 422 | 428 | | | | | 482 | | 444 | | | |
Analyzing the absolute frequencies of the most abundant phytolith morphotypes present in total and concentrated samples (Table 1), there are major similarities between sediment samples of the abdomen (A), inside the burial (B, C) and the carbonized material sample from the pottery vessel (F). The cluster is not apparent; however, in the principal component analysis (Figs. 8 and 9), Axis 1 groups these results through rondel and trapeziform morphotypes.
In general, contamination processes in the burial sediment samples (B, C) cannot be disregarded, as in the abdominal sediment sample (A). These could be related to pedogenesis, vertical migration, diagenesis, and phytoliths inherited by eolic and/or aqueous natural conditions, in addition to the phytoliths generated by the material removed for the burial (Osterrieth, 2008).
4.5. Phytoliths in dental tartar (G)
The dental calculus is mainly formed by calcite and phosphorus, and during the life of the individual acts as a trap for food debris, bacteria and other particles, such as phytoliths (Lalueza Fox et al., 1996). The inclusion of phytoliths in tartar matrix is a direct evidence of its contemporaneity, because tartar is formed by saliva activity. There is no evidence of posterior increasing modifications in dental calculus (Middleton and Rovner, 1994). In the maxillary sample (Gu), an undefined residue possibly formed by calcium phosphate was birefringent under a petrographic microscope, and some totally isotropic phytoliths were found. Some phytoliths liberated by acid digestion were well-preserved, with the following morphologies (Table 1): rondels, bilobate short cell broken (Fig. 7j), parallelepedal, cylindrical smooth, cylindrical with concavity end, cuneiform, bulliform and reniform. Some dark pink and hyaline pink phytoliths were well-preserved (Fig. 7k).
On the mandible tartar sample (Gi), the following morphologies were observed: rondel, clavate, tabular, broken bilobate short cell,
parallellepipiped, cylindrical smooth and a saddle immersed in a hyaline birefringent paste. Various fragments could not be identified and were included with the undefined fraction. Other phytoliths were degraded forming irregular pastes, which joined dental tartar (Fig. 7l–n).
The calcium degrading effect must be considered in association with the elemental phytoliths composition in the phytoliths included on dental calcite and calcium phosphate tartar (Osterrieth, 2006). High proportions of altered phytoliths in calcareous soils and calcritized paleosols are documented in other Pampean Region zones (Tassara and Osterrieth, 2008). This is a taphonomic aspect that must be considered in the evaluation of dental calculus phytoliths, which could be considered through laboratory experimentation.
Taking in consideration the small number of samples, statistical analysis show the following tendencies:
A principal group formed by (A, B, D, and E) was obtained, to which sediment adjacent to the burial (C) can be joined. Samples corresponding to material of the pottery vessel (F) and dental tartar (G) have the least association (Fig. 8a) (Table 2). This result is strengthened with principal component analysis (Fig. 8b, c), where both dental tartar (Gi, Gs) were separated from the whole and each other. The morphologies discriminated in this tartar are uniform hair cell for the mandible (Gi) and rondel for the maxillary (Gu). On the other hand, the material from the vessel is characterized by an abundance of saddles (1 × 2 axes). The separation of sample C could be due to its differential bilobate morphology. The graphic of $2 \times 3$ axis groups B, F and Gu through the parallellepipied bulliform
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**Fig. 7.** a) SEM, *Stipa*-type phytoliths and trapeziform poliolobate short cells. b) Pancoid bilobated type phytoliths. c) Globular equinatid type phytoliths. d) Articulated long and short cells phytoliths. e) SEM articulated long cells phytoliths f)SEM, elongated and cylindric phytoliths. g) Residues of carbon particles with phytoliths included. h) Rondel, bilobated ans saddle short cells and elongated, cylindric phytoliths. i) Articulated long cells phytoliths carbonized. j) Bilobate short cell broken and undefined phytoliths. k) Bilobate short cell associated with elongated and cylindric phytoliths. l) SEM, elongated and cylindric phytolith. m) Parallellepipided short cells phytolith. n) Phytolith. a-e: Phytoliths in sediments corresponding to the abdominal area (A); f: Phytoliths in sediments associated to the burial (B and C); g-i: Phytoliths in carbonized material of pottery vessel bottom (F); j-k: phytoliths extracted to the maxillary sample (Gu); l-n: phytoliths in mandible tartar sample (Gi). Scale bars – 20 μm; except A, N bars – 10 μm.
morphology. The A, B, D and E assembly could be due to the trapeziform short cell and acicular morphologies.
Subsequently, dental tartar samples (Gi, Gu) analysis were excluded because of the major differences within sediment samples (A, B, C, D, E) and the material from the vessel (F). Cluster analysis was done with and without undefined phytoliths. The differences observed in each dendrogram were proof of the different groups obtained (Fig. 9a). In relation to undefined phytoliths, the sediment samples from outside the archaeological site (D, E) and the sediment sample from the abdominal area (A) group together, in relation to their major association index. Added sequentially are the sediment sample adjacent to the burial (C), then the sample of the vessel (A) and finally the sediment sample of the left skull lateral (B) with the lowest association index.
When the undefined phytoliths are not considered, samples corresponding to sediment E and B present the major association
Table 2
Variance extracted first 3 axes Sample with dental tartar and without undefined phytoliths. (corresponds to Fig. 8b and c).
| AXIS | Eigen value | % of Variance Cum. | % of Var. | Broken-stick Eigen value |
|------|-------------|---------------------|-----------|--------------------------|
| 1 | 636.551 | 42.477 | 42.477 | 235.771 |
| 2 | 466.928 | 31.158 | 73.636 | 173.331 |
| 3 | 225.631 | 15.057 | 88.692 | 142.111 |
index, grouped in the first instance, then sediment samples D and A join this group. The sediment corresponding to sample C then joins both groups, and material from the vessel (A) presents the least association index (Fig. 9b).
The principal component analysis was done without the undefined phytoliths (Table 3). The third axis contributes to the variance explanation, but as the first and second covered 83%, only the latter were included in the graphic (Fig. 9c). There is a greater dispersion of the samples in relation to axis 2 than axis 1. Axis 1 groups A, D and E samples, separating in opposite directions sample F to the right, and B and C samples to the left. Axis 2 separates samples A, B, C and E, grouping F sample with D. Considering the contribution of each phytolith morphology, values in axis 1 are between −0.8391 and 0.2227, which correspond to rondel and articulate respectively, both extremes representing the opposite behavior to samples B, C and F. On the other hand, axis 2 represents values between −0.6052 and 0.4447, corresponding to tabular and trapeziform short cell respectively. These extreme values indicate the opposite order to samples B and C Axis 3 groups A, B, C and F through articulated and bilobate morphologies, while D is separated through saddle morphology.
5. Final considerations
Evidence recovered from Gascón 1 assigns it to Indigenous–Hispanic Contact chronology. As archaeological information is scarce in the area for this period, Gascón 1 represents a reference site, on both macro and microregional scales. In the present study, through phytolith approach different kinds of samples were completely studied: pottery, dental tartar, abdominal lateral skull, adjacent burial, and outside the archaeological site. The phytolith studies in the archaeological site Gascón 1 show:
1-Phytoliths in sediment of the abdominal area, sediment inside and outside the burial, carbonized material extracted from the pottery vessel, and dental tartar or calculus. The major phytolith contents are present in the total sample corresponding to the abdominal area, the minimum in sediment samples from outside the archaeological site, and intermediate in sediments associated with the burial.
2-In sediments belonging to the abdominal area, it is common to find articulate phytoliths, degraded articulate plaques, and possibly carbon residues. Short cell phytoliths as *Stipa* Bilobate predominate, and Saddle morphotypes typical of C4 chloridoids are usual.
3-The sediment samples located inside the archaeological site, the sediment of left lateral of the skull (B) and adjacent to the burial (C), have abundant phytoliths and morphotypes similar to those described for the abdominal area sample (A). However, in the former no articulate phytoliths were found, related to disturbance during burial.
4-Sediments outside the archaeological site (D, E) had the least phytolith content; entire and fragmented diatoms, and criss-otomatacea cysts. Phytolith morphotypes are similar to those found in samples extracted from inside the archaeological site. Major weathering was related with water level oscillations of the lagoon and salinity increments.
5-The phytolith content from the carbonized material found inside the bottom of the pottery vessel was the most concentrated in this study, together with carbon particles. The maximum phytolith diversity exceeds by a third the other studied samples. In general, the absolute frequencies of more abundant phytolith morphotypes show similarities between sediment samples of the abdominal area (A), those from inside the archaeological site (B, C) and material from the pottery vessel (F). These considerations are ratified with the associations that were obtained through principal component analysis.
6-Phytolith inclusion in dental tartar matrix is a direct evidence of its contemporariness, because there is no evidence of posterior modifications in the dental calculus. The most altered phytoliths could be related to biogeochemical processes inherent in tartar generation.
7-Phytolith contents are important in quantity and diversity in the analyzed samples considering that the individual analyzed was an infant. Short cell phytoliths of Gramineous were found; Rondels, Bilobate short cell broken, Parallelepiped, Cylindrical smooth, Cylindrical with concavity, Cuneiform Bulliform cell, Reniform, Clavate, Tabular, Parallelepiped, and a Saddle immerse in a birefringent hyaline paste. Some were well preserved, others altered and others could not be identified.
Statistically analyzing the whole samples, the material from the vessel and dental tartar are differentiated from the other samples analyzed. Within sediment samples from the abdominal area, inside and outside the archaeological site, and vessel material, there is similarity between samples of abdominal area (A) and material from the pottery vessel (F).
In general, the morphologies correspond to gramineous short cells, with increased varieties in the concentrated samples. The majority could be assimilated to *Poideae*, then *Panicoidae* and finally *Chloridoideae*. Globular echinate morphotypes generally associated with *Arecales* are present in sediment samples of the abdominal area (A), left lateral of the skull (B), and carbonized material from the pottery vessel (F).
The major phytolith content and variety is present in the sample that belongs to the carbonized material found inside the bottom of the pottery vessel. Moreover, this material is similar to the one found in the abdominal sample, which also has a great quantity and variety of phytoliths, and the samples from inside the archaeological site. The minimum content is found outside the archaeological site, while the intermediate values are in the sediments associated with the burial. The presence of articulate phytoliths on the abdominal sample content indicates stability.
Although the results in the present study are preliminary because only samples associated with one individual whom was an infant were analyzed, they allow comparison and discussion of the different quantities and varieties of phytoliths in each sample. The high concentration of gramineous phytoliths indicates that this plant group could constitute a vegetable resource used by the indigenous populations. The phytolith content similarities between the abdominal area sediment sample and the carbonized material from the pottery vessel is significant. Both samples have the most abundant and varied phytolith content, and they could be associated with diet resources. Moreover, the diversity of phytolithic
Table 3
Variance extracted first 3 axes Sample dental tartar simples and the undefined phytoliths were excluded. (corresponds to Fig. 9c).
| AXIS | Eigen value | % of Variance Cum. | % of Var. | Broken-stick Eigen value |
|------|-------------|---------------------|-----------|--------------------------|
| 1 | 263.557 | 54.956 | 54.956 | 75.453 |
| 2 | 133.925 | 27.926 | 82.881 | 55.237 |
| 3 | 47.099 | 9.821 | 92.702 | 45.479 |
elements in the carbonized material inside the pottery vessel could correspond to materials used by the individual’s population for the burial event, during daily life, or as offerings during the burial.
The analyzed sample belongs to an infantile individual whom has not been through the growth and development stage involving an adult diet. Conclusions are limited by these aspects, and they cannot be generalized to other entombed populations. However, the present study provides information related to the elements associated with mortuary practices corresponding to later stages of Indigenous–Hispanic contact. This kind of ritual is scarcely represented on the Pampean and Patagonia archaeological record, so the analyzed case is relevant to the comprehension of socio-ideological process of indigenous societies living together with other economic systems.
In the Pampean area, phytolith studies were rarely used to discuss occupational process. In the present study some previous considerations were established to systematize through phytolith study the relation between environment and indigenous societies on the Pampean occupational process during the XVII–XVIII centuries. Although information is still scarce (Pedrotta and Romero, 1998; Oliva and Lisboa, 2006), at present, societies are characterized as socially complex (Nacuzzi, 1998; Casamiquela, 1969). These studies bring information about cultural change that occurred in Pampean region groups during Indigenous–Hispanic contact, which was not passive, but multidimensional and complex. This could be explained because multiple groups were involved, Hispanic Georgi and Indigenous, which form an ethnolinguistic system (Tate, 2004). Findings in Gascón 1 represent a useful set of evidence for the evaluation of the heterogeneous characteristics that these groups were reaching, with diet a result of a mixed economy, as these groups were incorporating a diverse group of resources. Considering that the preservation of other remains is not common in an environment with the present characteristics, phytolith analysis is an important tool for contrasting hypothesis related to changes on vegetables resources use in the southern Pampean region.
Investigations at Gascón 1 are an integrated study. This study is framed on a multidisciplinary approach which integrates botanical, geological and archaeological perspectives. Samples extracted from sediment of the abdominal area and dental area are directly associated with diet (Tresserras et al., 1997). With less certainty, the carbonized material from the pottery vessel may be related to diet. The sample extracted from the left lateral of the skull can be related to mortuary practices, as other studies suggest (Martínez et al., 2003).
This is one of the first integrated studies where archaeology and the presence of amorphous silica biomorphs contribute to the paleodietary reconstruction of indigenous societies. Phytolith analysis in archaeology can yield insights into a great number of topics, including paleoenvironmental reconstruction and the use of vegetable resources for different purposes.
Future studies could include not only samples associated with the other individuals of the same archaeological site but also from other archaeological sites of other areas. This should enhance information about resources for indigenous populations that inhabited Pampean plains could have consumed. Herbaceous plants of the gramineous family could constitute important resources. Interchanges with Patagonian populations and European travelers must be considered since the first travelers in XV century (Nacuzzi, 1998; Palermo, 1988). Considering the subfamilies highlighted previously, travelers’ notes and other previous studies, the following species can be considered, from the results obtained in this study: cultivated native plants such as Zea mays, others exchanged with Europeans such as Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, (Musters, 1873, Villarino, 1782–1783) and native plants such as Bromus auleticus and Bromus mango (Brücher, 1989; Cobas, 1999), among others.
Experimental archaeology with actual plants is a useful tool to reproduce past activities and to observe the residues produced as a consequence of them. New insights can be yielded with further studies, considering complementary information and data (archaeological, biological, ecological, ethnobotanical, and historical) through a multidisciplinary approach that involves different scientific fields.
Acknowledgments
We thank the Faculties of Exact and Natural Sciences of the National University of Mar del Plata (EXA 292/08 and PICT/06-1700); and the grants given by the following Research Projects “Estudios Arqueológicos en las Sierras Australies de la Provincia de Buenos Aires” (N° 587, National University of La Plata) and “Estudios Arqueológicos y Entornamientos Ecológicos de la Región Pampeana” (19/4624, National University of Rosario). We are especially grateful to Luciana Catella for her valuable comments and help with the figure improvement. Thanks to Norm Catto, the editor, for the valuable comments that help to improve this paper.
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Stokes shift spectroscopy highlights differences of cancerous and normal human tissues
Yang Pu, Wuabo Wang, Yuanlong Yang, and R. R. Alfano*
Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, and Department of Physics, City College of the City University of New York,
Convent Avenue at 138th Street, New York, New York 10031, USA
*Corresponding author: email@example.com
Received May 15, 2012; accepted June 25, 2012;
posted June 28, 2012 (Doc. ID 168649); published August 6, 2012
The Stokes shift spectroscopy (S3) offers a simpler and better way to recognize spectral fingerprints of fluorophores in complex mixtures. The efficiency of S3 for cancer detection in human tissue was investigated systematically. The alterations of Stokes shift spectra ($S^3$) between cancerous and normal tissues are due to the changes of key fluorophores, e.g., tryptophan and collagen, and can be highlighted using optimized wavelength shift interval. To our knowledge, this is the first time to explicitly disclose how and why S3 is superior in comparison with other conventional spectroscopic techniques. © 2012 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: 170.0170, 170.6510, 300.0300, 300.6170.
Fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely investigated for diagnosing cancer since the study by Alfano et al. in the 1980s [1]. The difference between the emission and absorption peaks is known as the Stokes shift interval, $\Delta \lambda_{ss}$. A spectroscopic method was proposed to acquire the fluorescence signal by a fixed wavelength shift interval ($\Delta \lambda_i$) between the excitation $\lambda_{exc}$ and emission $\lambda_{em}$, which is termed as Stokes shift spectroscopy (S3) by Alfano and Yang [2]. Although this spectral approach was used in multiple fluorophore analysis in tissue, no other groups in the United States are applying it in cancer detection. This is because the previous studies did not investigate the reason why S3 is superior over absorption, fluorescence, and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) measurements. Therefore, few researchers are aware of the excellence of S3 technique in cancer diagnostic application in tissues.
This Letter will demonstrate the efficiency of S3 to recognize spectral fingerprints of fluorophores in complex mixtures and its application to highlight the difference between cancerous and normal tissues. We will also show how to select an optimal wavelength shift interval to obtain the best Stokes shift spectra ($S^3$) for the purpose of cancer detection, and discuss why S3 is superior over other conventional spectroscopic techniques.
As an example, the averaging $S^3$ of 15 pairs of cancerous (solid line) and normal (dash line) breast tissues were recorded by setting $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm in the synchronized scan mode of a spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer LS 50), and shown in Fig. 1. The scan speed was 300 nm per minute. Each spectral profile was normalized to a unit value of 1 (i.e., the sum of squares of the intensity elements in each emission spectrum was set as 1). The salient difference of $S^3$ between cancerous and normal breast tissues can be observed as two reverses of the peak intensities at $\sim I_{294}$ and $\sim I_{340}$: (1) $I_c > I_n$ at $\sim 294$ nm, while $I_c < I_n$ at $\sim 340$ nm, where $I_c$ and $I_n$ are the intensity of cancerous and normal tissues, respectively; and (2) $I_{294} > I_{340}$ for cancer, while $I_{294} < I_{340}$ for normal, where $I_{294}$ and $I_{340}$ are the intensity at 294 and 340 nm, respectively. A tiny peak can be seen at 385 nm for the cancerous tissue by enlarging the $S^3$ profile in the range of 365 nm to 420 nm, as shown in the insert of Fig. 1. These differences may reflect tissue fluorophores’ change during the evolution of cancer. In order to understand which components mainly contribute to these changes, $S^3$ of the main fluorophores in breast tissue, e.g., tryptophan, collagen, NADH, and flavin, need to be measured.
The $S^3$ of a mixture solution of tryptophan, NADH, and flavin with $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm is displayed as solid line in Fig. 2(a). The $S^3$ of collagen for same value of $\Delta \lambda_i$ was superposed as a dashed line. Since collagen is not soluble in water, it is hard to obtain the $S^3$ of the mixture including collagen. The aqueous collagen suspension was shaken evenly before the measurements. Compared with Fig. 1, Fig. 2(a) shows that the main peak at $\sim 290$ nm for the $S^3$ of the breast tissues is from tryptophan. The secondary main peak at $\sim 340$ nm corresponds to collagen, and the very tiny peak at $\sim 380$ nm stands for NADH. No obvious peak of flavin was observed. Therefore, the $S^3$ profiles of breast tissues acquired with $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm are mainly contributed from tryptophan, collagen, and NADH.
To study the relative content changes of fluorophores, an analytical method, namely the nonnegative least square (NNLS) method, was applied to the $S^3$ of the
(Color online) Average Stokes Shift spectra of cancerous (solid) and normal (dash) breast tissues acquired by the selective $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm.
cancerous and normal breast tissues, shown in Fig. 1 to extract relative contents of the fluorophores, e.g., tryptophan, collagen, and NADH, using the measured $S^3$ signal acquired with $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm shown in Fig. 2(a). Figure 2(b) shows the scatter plot of the relative content for tryptophan versus collagen of cancerous (square) and normal (circle) breast tissues. A separating line on the scatter plots was loaded by the Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model for the diagnostic significance of tryptophan versus collagen. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated as 80% and 86.7%, respectively. The most salient feature of Fig. 2(b) is that all data points for the normal tissue locate in the upper-left side in comparison with the data for the cancerous tissue, indicating that the relative contribution of collagen to the $S^3$ signal in the normal tissue is higher than that of the cancerous tissues, while the relative contribution of tryptophan in normal tissue is lower than that in the cancerous tissue.
Reproducible results were observed for other kinds of human tissue studies, such as prostate and lung cancers. Similarly, two inverse spectral properties of (1) $I_r > I_a$ at $\sim 294$ nm, while $I_r < I_a$ at $\sim 340$ nm for 100% and (2) $I_{204} > I_{340}$ for cancer, while $I_{204} < I_{340}$ for normal for $\sim 60\%$, were observed in $S^3$ measurements for cancerous and normal tissues.
In order to explicitly understand the diagnostic significance of these two inverse properties, the $S^3$ of mixed solution of tryptophan, NADH, and flavin with the concentration of $\sim 0.4$ mg/cm$^3$ was measured with different $\Delta \lambda_i$ from 20 to 140 nm with a step increase of 20 nm. The spectra of this mixture solution for $\Delta \lambda_i = 20$, 60, and 80 nm are displayed as solid, dashed, and dotted lines, respectively, in Fig. 3(a). For the visual reason, the $S^3$ obtained by $\Delta \lambda_i = 20$ nm was magnified by 10 times. Figure 3(b) exhibits the $S^3$ of the same mixture solution for $\Delta \lambda_i = 100$, 120, and 140 nm displayed as solid, dashed, and dotted lines, respectively. The spectrum of the mixture acquired by $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm was shown in Fig. 2(a) previously. All curves are acquired under same experimental condition except using different $\Delta \lambda_i$.
From the $\Delta \lambda_i$-dependent $S^3$ of the mixture shown as Figs. 2(a), 3(a), and 3(b), it can be seen that the peak intensities of three fluorophores ascend with the increase of $\Delta \lambda_i$, at first, and then drop down at different $\Delta \lambda_i$. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of $S^3$ profiles for all fluorophores expands monotonously with growth of $\Delta \lambda_i$. When $\Delta \lambda_i$ reaches 120 nm, the NADH signal almost takes over the flavin signal.
To quantitatively study the changes of $S^3$ with $\Delta \lambda_i$, the FWHM and the peak intensities of $S^3$ profiles as a function of $\Delta \lambda_i$ for three fluorophores in the solution are shown as Figs. 4(a) and 4(b), respectively. Figure 4 is very useful for researchers to choose an optimal $\Delta \lambda_i$. For signal processing, two most important properties determine the quality of signals: resolution and magnitude. The values of FWHM stand for the inversing resolutions, the larger FWHM, and the worse resolution. Figure 3(a) actually reflects that the resolutions for tryptophan (square—solid), NADH (circle—dash), and flavin (hexagon—dot) decrease monotonously with the increase of $\Delta \lambda_i$, indicating that the smaller $\Delta \lambda_i$, the higher the resolution of the $S^3$ signal. Figure 3(b) exhibits (1) when $\Delta \lambda_i = 20$ nm is chosen, the three fluorophores have approximately the same peak intensities; (2) as $\Delta \lambda_i$ grows up, the peak intensities of three fluorophores ascend at first, but descend at different critical values of $\Delta \lambda_i$. The curve for tryptophan (square—solid) falls at $\Delta \lambda_i \sim 80$ nm, for flavin (hexagon—dot) drops at $\Delta \lambda_i = 60$ nm, and for NADH (circle—dash) decreases at $\Delta \lambda_i = 120$ nm.
One should recognize that $S^3$ actually acquires the signal of fluorescence. The $S^3$ profile of each biomolecule is determined by its corresponding peak positions of absorption and emission. When synchronized scan wavelength shift interval $\Delta \lambda_i$ approaches the Stokes shift interval, $\Delta \lambda_{ss}$, the $S^3$ signal magnitudes will access the maximum. While $\Delta \lambda_i$ crosses $\Delta \lambda_{ss}$, the intensity of $S^3$ will fall down. To understand Fig. 4(b), the $S^3$-related parameters of different fluorophores of interest are listed in Table 1. As a comparison, the values of $\Delta \lambda_{drop}$ for the fluorophores observed in our experiment are also listed.
Table 1. S3-Related Parameters of Key Fluorophores
| molecule | tryptophan | collagen | NADH | flavin |
|----------|------------|----------|------|--------|
| $\lambda_{\text{abs}}$ (nm) | 280 | 340 | 340 | 450 |
| $\lambda_{\text{em}}$ (nm) | 340–350 | 380–390 | 440–460 | 520 |
| $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}}$ (nm) | 70–80 | 40–50 | 100–120 | 70 |
| $\Delta \lambda_{\text{drop}}$ (nm) | 80 | — | 120 | 60 |
Table 1 can be used to explain the changes of the $S^3$ peak intensities with $\Delta \lambda_i$ for different fluorophores. When $S^3$ was acquired by $\Delta \lambda_i = 20$ nm, the excitation of all three fluorophores is from the Stokes shift interval, $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}}$, which results the smallest $S^3$ signal intensity. Since the Stokes shift interval, $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}}$ of flavin and tryptophan is $\sim 70$ nm and $\sim 70–80$ nm, respectively, the magnitude of $S^3$ signals from these two fluorophores is boosted with the increase of $\Delta \lambda_i$ within the range of $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}}$ at first, but the intensity drops at $\Delta \lambda_i = 60$ nm for flavin and 80 nm for tryptophan after it exceeds their $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}}$. The same reason causes the peak intensity of NADH to regress back at $\Delta \lambda_i = 120$ nm after it increases. The observed $\Delta \lambda_{\text{drop}}$ is in good agreement with $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}}$. The drop point for collagen is expected to be $\sim 40–50$ nm.
Tryptophan, collagen, NADH, and flavin are key molecules in cancer diagnosis using spectroscopy [3]. For breast cancer, the most common grading system used in the U.S. is the Scarff–Bloom–Richardson (SBR) system [4], which is a breast cancer staging system to determine how aggressive and invasive the cancer is [4]. According to the features described by the SBR system, the higher cell density is the hallmark of breast cancer; therefore the increase of fluorescence from the main fluorophores inside cells—e.g., tryptophan, NADH, and flavin—should be expected. The primary fluorophore in the breast tissue extracellular matrix is collagen [5]. For invasion and subsequent metastasis, tumor cells degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), which is composed mainly by collagen [4]. Understanding these changes during breast cancer evolution is critical to reveal the contributions of the fluorophores in tissues using spectroscopic techniques.
Based on Figs. 2 and 3, one should choose the optimal $\Delta \lambda_i$ as small as possible if resolution is the only consideration. However, in order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the optimal $\Delta \lambda_i$ should be chosen as close as to $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}}$. In particular application in breast cancer detection, the alterations of fluorophores due to the cancer development direct an optimal $\Delta \lambda_i$. In the spectral analysis on cancer detection, it is very difficult to calculate the absolute concentration of the fluorophores. One needs to find an unchanged component to be a reference to observe the changes of the fluorophores of interest. It is better to use our approach because of evidence of an increase of tryptophan and a decrease of collagen in cancerous tissue [4,5]. Since $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}} = 40–50$ nm for collagen and $\Delta \lambda_{\text{ss}} = 70–80$ nm for tryptophan, $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm should be chosen as an optimal scan wavelength interval, which gives balance between the resolution and the SNR. Furthermore, the $S^3$ with $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm investigates the signal arisen from tryptophan and collagen in tissue, which change inversely in cancerous and normal tissues. Therefore, the $S^3$ with selective $\Delta \lambda_i = 40$ nm highlights the difference between cancerous and normal tissues and causes the two inverse spectral properties exhibited by Fig. 1.
The conventional spectral methods applied in tissue optics studies are absorption (O.D.), emission, excitation, and EEM measurements. In the absorption measurements, only a few chromophores can match the detectable level in tissue. The fluorescence spectroscopy, either emission or excitation, can detect low level fluorophores, but because of the fixed pump (detecting) wavelength, the strongest emission (excitation) signal can be acquired only for one or two fluorophores. In addition, the emission signals of most fluorophores have very wide FWHM. So emission and excitation measurements provide poorer resolution and much less information than S3. Although EEM can be used to ensure the coverage of all endogenous fluorophores, the acquisition is extremely time consuming, and thus not suitable for clinical application. Furthermore, redundant information of EEM conceals alteration of the spectral fingerprints of cancerous and benign breast tissues. In contrast, S3 measurements can be used to acquire enough information of multiple key fluorophores in a much lower concentration and relatively higher resolution by employing a single scan (compared with EEM). This approach thus can dramatically reduce data acquisition time and keep the classification accuracy reasonably high.
In summary, the S3 method offers an efficient way to rapidly measure spectral fingerprints of complex mixtures such as tissue and highlights the differences between cancerous and normal tissues. To our knowledge, it is the first time to study why and how the wavelength interval $\Delta \lambda_i$ should be optimized to obtain better $S^3$ for cancer detection in human tissue. This study demonstrates that the S3 measurements can be used to acquire information for different key fluorophores in one scan and used to investigate the changes of the relative contents of the key fluorophores in breast tissues due to the development of cancer.
This research is supported in part by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Material Command (USAMRMC) under grants W81XWH-08-1-0717 (CUNY RF # 47170-00-01) and W81XWH-11-1-0335 (CUNY RF # 47204-00-1). Yang Pu acknowledges useful discussion with Prof. Y. Sun at the Electrical Engineering Department of City College of New York. The authors acknowledge the help of Cooperation Human Tissue Network and National Disease Research Interchange for providing normal and cancerous tissue samples for the measurements.
References
1. R. R. Alfano, D. Tata, J. Cordero, P. Tomashefsky, F. Longo, and M. Alfano, IEEE J. Quantum Electron 20, 1507 (1984).
2. R. R. Alfano and Y. Yang, IEEE J. Quantum Electron 9, 148 (2003).
3. Y. Pu, W. B. Wang, G. C. Tang, and R. R. Alfano, J. Biomed. Opt. 15, 047008 (2010).
4. H. J. G. Bloom and W. W. Richardson, Br. J. Cancer 11, 359 (1957).
5. G. Fenhalls, D. M. Dent, and M. I. Parker, Br. J. Cancer 81, 1142 (1999).
|
Grantee: North Miami, FL
Grant: B-11-MN-12-0019
July 1, 2011 thru September 30, 2011 Performance Report
Disasters:
Declaration Number
No Disasters Found
Narratives
Summary of Distribution and Uses of NSP Funds:
Eligible Use B: Acquisition and Rehabilitation
>Purchase and rehabilitate homes and residential properties that
>have been abandoned or foreclosed upon, in order to sell, rent, or redevelop
>such homes and properties.
>24 CFR 570.201(a) Acquisition (b) Disposition, (i) Relocation , and
>(n) Direct homeownership assistance (as modified below);
>&bull 24 CFR 570.202 eligible rehabilitation and preservation activities for
>homes and other residential properties.
Eligible Use B: Acquisition and Rehabilitation 25 set aside
>Purchase and rehabilitate homes and residential properties that
>have been abandoned or foreclosed upon, in order to sell, rent, or redevelop
>such homes and properties for families whose income does not exceed 50% of the median.
>24 CFR 570.201(a) Acquisition (b) Disposition, (i) Relocation
> 24 CFR 570.202 eligible rehabilitation and preservation activities for
>homes and other residential properties.
How Fund Use Addresses Market Conditions:
The City of North Miami used the NSP 3 mapping tool provided by HUD to determine the target areas to be used under the NSP 3 program. The City also reviewed the list of foreclosure sales in the target area, types of foreclosed or abandoned properties in the target area and the density of eligible property in the target area. Age of housing, property types and the level of homeownership versus rental properties in the target area was examined. Accessibility to public transportation, employment, schools and employment centers in the target area were examined. The areas selected meet the minimum needs score of 17, and have a neighborhood NSP score of 20. There are a high percentage of subprime related loans and the area is likely to face a significant rise in the rate of foreclosures. Neighborhood attributes such as area benefit eligibility, vacancy rates, foreclosure estimates, unemployment, and home values were reviewed and compared to other potential neighborhoods. The use of NSP funds in this neighborhood will reduce the vacancy rate, increase the availability of affordable rental housing for eligible families, improve property values and reduce the foreclosure rates and the rate of abandonment.
Several potential target areas were reviewed weighing in several factors. To select the area of greatest need the City of North Miami included the following factors:
>Minimum needs score
>Neighborhood attributes
>Greatest number of units for sales in the various target areas
>Accessibility to public transportation in the target areas
>A larger share of multifamily vs. single family units in the target area
>Age of housing in the area to determine potential rehabilitation cost
>Factors related to marketability and lease up such as schools, retail stores and parks
>Percentage of very low, low and middle income households in the target area
>Recent property sales in the target area
>Based on the above factors the area of greatest need is identified in Attachment A.
>The City will try to assist the estimated numbers of properties needed to provide a significant impact in the areas of greatest need. However, due to the limited amount of funds available, the age and deterioration of structures that have been abandoned or foreclosed, the need to
bring units into compliance with specific housing standard and energy efficiency requirements, as well the need to protect the homes against potential disasters, it is anticipated that there will not be sufficient funds to purchase, rehabilitate and rent 20% of the REO in the past year, however it is anticipated that 87% of the 20% (14 out of 16) recommended will be accomplished in this target neighborhood.
**Ensuring Continued Affordability:**
The City of North Miami will adopt the affordability standards at 24 CFR 92.254 as described below.
| Per unit investment | Minimum affordability period |
|---------------------|------------------------------|
| Under $15,000 | .5 |
| $15,000 to $40,000 | 10 |
| Over $40,000 | 15 |
**Definition of Blighted Structure:**
A blighted structure is defined as one that exhibits objectively determinable signs of deterioration sufficient to constitute a threat to human health and safety.
**Definition of Affordable Rents:**
In establishing affordable rents the City of North Miami will adopt the HOME program standards at 24 CFR 92.252(a), (c), (e), and (f).
**Housing Rehabilitation/New Construction Standards:**
All units assisted including new construction with NSP 3 funds will meet applicable laws, codes relating to housing safety, quality, and habitability. The City of North Miami will comply with the Florida building code, local code and the City’s land development regulations. All properties assisted must meet the City’s Minimum Housing Quality Code, Section 8 Housing Quality Standards and the City’s Green Housing Guidelines. Where applicable, the City will comply with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Fair Housing Act, including their respective provisions related to physical accessibility standards for persons with disabilities. The rehabilitation and new construction standards that will apply for NSP-assisted projects must be included in the Action Plan. Specifically, HUD requires that:
- All gut rehabilitation or new construction (of residential buildings up to three stories will be designed to meet the standard for Energy Star Qualified New Homes.
- All gut rehabilitation or new construction of mid-or high-rise multifamily housing must be designed to meet American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 90.1-2004, Appendix G plus 20 percent (which is the Energy Star standard for multifamily buildings piloted by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy).
- Other rehabilitation will meet these standards to the extent applicable to the rehabilitation work undertaken, e.g., replace older obsolete products and appliances (such as windows, doors, lighting, hot water heaters, furnaces, boilers, air conditioning units, refrigerators, clothes washers and dishwashers) with Energy Star-46 labeled products.
- Water efficient toilets, showers, and faucets, such as those with the Water Sense label, must be installed. Where relevant, the housing unit will be improved to mitigate the impact of disasters.
**Vicinity Hiring:**
In order to encourage vicinity hiring the City will reach out to contractors who plan to hire as a result of rehabilitation activities, and request that they hire within the proposed target areas. Contractors will also be encouraged to purchase materials and contract with small businesses that are owned and operated by persons residing in the vicinity of the NSP projects.
**Procedures for Preferences for Affordable Rental Dev.:**
In order to increase the availability of affordable rental housing for LMHI household the City will use funds to acquire, rehabilitate and rent single family and/or multifamily structures to eligible households. The City will retain ownership of the units and will hire a management agent to manage the inventory of projects. The minimum affordability period will be based on the HOME program affordability guidelines. Tenant income eligibility will be determined prior to occupancy. Limiting the use of funds to rental units will ensure that rental housing preferences under the program are met.
**Grantee Contact Information:**
NSP3 Program Administrator Contact Information
> Name (Last, First) Calloway, Maxine
> Email Address email@example.com
> Phone Number 305-895-9821
> Mailing Address 12400 NE 8th Ave, North Miami, FL 33161
| Overall | This Report Period | To Date |
|---------|--------------------|---------|
| Total Projected Budget from All Sources | N/A | $1,173,374.00 |
| Total Budget | $0.00 | $1,173,374.00 |
| Total Obligated | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Funds Drawdown | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Program Funds Drawdown | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Progress Toward Required Numeric Targets
| Requirement | Required | To Date |
|------------------------------------|----------|---------|
| Overall Benefit Percentage (Projected) | 0.00% | |
| Overall Benefit Percentage (Actual) | 0.00% | |
| Minimum Non-Federal Match | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Limit on Public Services | $176,006.10 | $0.00 |
| Limit on Admin/Planning | $117,337.40 | $0.00 |
| Limit on State Admin | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Progress Toward Activity Type Targets
| Activity Type | Target | Actual |
|---------------|------------|----------|
| Administration | $117,337.40 | $117,337.00 |
Progress Toward National Objective Targets
| National Objective | Target | Actual |
|-------------------------------------|------------|----------|
| NSP Only - LH - 25% Set-Aside | $293,343.50 | $294,000.00 |
Overall Progress Narrative:
No expenses have been incurred but the city is currently working with 3 realtors to purchase multifamily units for rent.
Project Summary
| Project #, Project Title | This Report Period | To Date |
|----------------------------------------|--------------------|------------------|
| | Program Funds | Project Funds | Program Funds |
| | Drawdown | Budgeted | Drawdown |
| 1, Rental Acquisition/Rehabilitation | $0.00 | $1,056,037.00 | $0.00 |
| 2, Administration | $0.00 | $117,337.00 | $0.00 |
Activities
Grantee Activity Number: 1 - LMMI
Activity Title: Rental Acquisition/Rehabilitation LMMI
Activity Category: Rehabilitation/reconstruction of residential structures
Project Number: 1
Projected Start Date: 03/11/2011
Benefit Type: Direct (HouseHold)
National Objective: NSP Only - LMMI
Activity Status: Under Way
Project Title: Rental Acquisition/Rehabilitation
Projected End Date: 03/11/2015
Completed Activity Actual End Date:
Responsible Organization: City of North Miami
Overall
Total Projected Budget from All Sources N/A $762,037.00
Total Budget $0.00 $762,037.00
Total Obligated $0.00 $0.00
Total Funds Drawdown $0.00 $0.00
Program Funds Drawdown $0.00 $0.00
Program Income Drawdown $0.00 $0.00
Program Income Received $0.00 $0.00
Total Funds Expended $0.00 $0.00
City of North Miami $0.00 $0.00
Match Contributed $0.00 $0.00
Activity Description:
In order to increase the availability of affordable rental housing for LMMI household the City will use funds to acquire, rehabilitate and rent single family and or multifamily structures to eligible households. The City will retain ownership of the units and will hire a management agent to manage the inventory of projects. The minimum affordability period will be based on the HOME program affordability guidelines. Tenant income eligibility will be determined prior to occupancy. Limiting the use of funds to rental units will ensure that rental housing preferences under the program are met. In order to encourage vicinity hiring the City will reach out to contractors who plan to hire as a result of rehabilitation activities, and request that they hire within the proposed target areas. Contractors will also be encouraged to purchase materials and contract with small businesses that are owned and operated by persons residing in the vicinity of the NSP projects.
Location Description:
>This activity will be undertaken in the target area bordered by Northeast 12th Avenue on the East, Northeast 6th Avenue on the West, Northeast 135th Street on the South and Northeast 143th Street on the North.
Activity Progress Narrative:
no activity this quarter
Accomplishments Performance Measures
No Accomplishments Performance Measures found.
Beneficiaries Performance Measures
No Beneficiaries Performance Measures found.
Activity Locations
No Activity Locations found.
Other Funding Sources Budgeted - Detail
No Other Match Funding Sources Found
| Other Funding Sources | Amount |
|-----------------------|--------|
| No Other Funding Sources Found | |
| Total Other Funding Sources | |
Grantee Activity Number: 2 - 25% set aside
Activity Title: Rental Acquisition/Rehabilitation 25% set aside
Activity Category: Rehabilitation/reconstruction of residential structures
Project Number: 1
Projected Start Date: 03/11/2011
Benefit Type: Direct (Household)
National Objective: NSP Only - LH - 25% Set-Aside
Activity Status: Under Way
Project Title: Rental Acquisition/Rehabilitation
Projected End Date: 03/11/2015
Completed Activity Actual End Date:
Responsible Organization: City of North Miami
| Overall | Jul 1 thru Sep 30, 2011 | To Date |
|---------|------------------------|---------|
| Total Projected Budget from All Sources | N/A | $294,000.00 |
| Total Budget | $0.00 | $294,000.00 |
| Total Obligated | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Funds Drawdown | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Program Funds Drawdown | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Program Income Drawdown | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Program Income Received | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Funds Expended | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| City of North Miami | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Match Contributed | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Activity Description:
In order to increase the availability of affordable rental housing for VLI household the City will use funds to acquire, rehabilitate and rent single family and or multifamily structures to eligible households. The City will retain ownership of the units and will hire a management agent to manage the inventory of projects. The minimum affordability period will be based on the HOME program affordability guidelines. Tenant income eligibility will be determined prior to occupancy. Limiting the use of funds to rental units will ensure that rental housing preferences under the program are met.
Location Description:
This activity will be undertaken in the target area bordered by Northeast 12th Avenue on the East, Northeast 6th Avenue on the West, Northeast 135th Street on the South and Northeast 143th Street on the North.
Activity Progress Narrative:
no activity this quarter
Accomplishments Performance Measures
No Accomplishments Performance Measures found.
Beneficiaries Performance Measures
No Beneficiaries Performance Measures found.
Activity Locations
No Activity Locations found.
Other Funding Sources Budgeted - Detail
No Other Match Funding Sources Found
| Other Funding Sources | Amount |
|-----------------------|--------|
| No Other Funding Sources Found | |
| Total Other Funding Sources | |
Grantee Activity Number: 3 - Administration
Activity Title: Administration
Activity Category: Administration
Project Number: 2
Projected Start Date: 03/11/2011
Benefit Type: ( )
National Objective: N/A
Activity Status: Under Way
Project Title: Administration
Projected End Date: 03/11/2015
Completed Activity Actual End Date:
Responsible Organization: City of North Miami
| Overall | Jul 1 thru Sep 30, 2011 | To Date |
|---------|------------------------|---------|
| Total Projected Budget from All Sources | N/A | $117,337.00 |
| Total Budget | $0.00 | $117,337.00 |
| Total Obligated | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Funds Drawdown | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Program Funds Drawdown | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Program Income Drawdown | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Program Income Received | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Total Funds Expended | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| City of North Miami | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| Match Contributed | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Activity Description:
General management, oversight and coordination. Reasonable costs of overall program management, coordination, monitoring, and evaluation.
Location Description:
City of North Miami
Activity Progress Narrative:
expenses have been incurred but not yet drawn.
Accomplishments Performance Measures
No Accomplishments Performance Measures found.
Beneficiaries Performance Measures
No Beneficiaries Performance Measures found.
Activity Locations
No Activity Locations found.
Other Funding Sources Budgeted - Detail
No Other Match Funding Sources Found
| Other Funding Sources | Amount |
|-----------------------|--------|
| No Other Funding Sources Found | |
| Total Other Funding Sources | |
|
Russel Augustus, Petitioner v. Vernal City and Vernal City Appeals Board, Respondent
Utah Court of Appeals
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/byu_ca3
Part of the Law Commons
Original Brief Submitted to the Utah Supreme Court; digitized by the Howard W. Hunter Law Library, J. Reuben Clark Law School, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
Recommended Citation
Brief of Appellee, *Augustus v. Vernal City*, No. 20160634 (Utah Court of Appeals, 2017). https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/byu_ca3/3401
This Brief of Appellee is brought to you for free and open access by BYU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Utah Court of Appeals Briefs (2007– ) by an authorized administrator of BYU Law Digital Commons. Policies regarding these Utah briefs are available at http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/utah_court_briefs/policies.html. Please contact the Repository Manager at firstname.lastname@example.org with questions or feedback.
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF UTAH
RUSSEL AUGUSTUS,
Petitioner,
v.
VERNAL CITY AND VERNAL CITY APPEALS BOARD,
Respondents.
BRIEF OF RESPONDENTS
On review from the Vernal City Appeals Board
Michael D. Harrington
email@example.com
ALLRED, BROTHERSON & HARRINGTON, P.C.
148 South Vernal Avenue Ste 101
Vernal, Utah 84078
Attorneys for Respondent
Vernal City
Dennis L. Judd
firstname.lastname@example.org
DENNIS L. JUDD, P.C.
497 South Vernal Avenue
Vernal, Utah 84078
Attorney for Respondent
Vernal City Appeals Board
Christian A. Kesselring
email@example.com
WASATCH LAW GROUP, PLLC
P.O. BOX 866
Heber City, Utah 84032
Telephone: 435-657-0185
Attorney for Petitioner
FILED
UTAH APPELLATE COURTS
APR 14 2017
No. 20160634-CA
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF UTAH
RUSSEL AUGUSTUS,
Petitioner,
v.
VERNAL CITY AND VERNAL CITY APPEALS BOARD,
Respondents.
BRIEF OF RESPONDENTS
On review from the Vernal City Appeals Board
Michael D. Harrington
firstname.lastname@example.org
ALLRED, BROTHERSON & HARRINGTON, P.C.
148 South Vernal Avenue Ste 101
Vernal, Utah 84078
Attorneys for Respondent
Vernal City
Christian A. Kesselring
email@example.com
WASATCH LAW GROUP, PLLC
P.O. BOX 866
Heber City, Utah 84032
Telephone: 435-657-0185
Attorney for Petitioner
Dennis L. Judd
firstname.lastname@example.org
DENNIS L. JUDD, P.C.
497 South Vernal Avenue
Vernal, Utah 84078
Attorney for Respondent
Vernal City Appeals Board
# TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Section | Page |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| Table of Contents | i |
| Table of Authorities | iii |
| Determinative Provisions | 1 |
| Statement of the Case | 1 |
| 1. Nature of the Case and Course of Proceedings | 1 |
| 2. State of Facts | 2 |
| Summary of the Argument | 23 |
| Argument | 24 |
| I. PETITIONER’S SUPERVISOR ACTED WITHIN APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY DURING HIS INTERACTION WITH PETITIONER AT THE JANUARY 25, 2016 MEETING | 24 |
| A. The Supervisor’s Decision to Place Petitioner on Paid Vacation Was Appropriate and Cannot Constitute Formal Discipline | 24 |
| 1. The purpose of the January 25 meeting was investigatory rather than disciplinary | 24 |
| 2. The City is allowed to place employees on paid vacation in order to establish a healthy and productive work force | 25 |
| 3. The request to use vacation time was not formal discipline | 26 |
| 4. The issue of whether Petitioner’s supervisor could lawfully request that Petitioner stay at the January 25 meeting was not adequately briefed | 27 |
| B. Petitioner Was Insubordinate During the January 25 Meeting, Which Behavior Cannot Be Excused Regardless of Whether Directed Paid Vacation Is Considered Disciplinary in Nature | 28 |
1. Petitioner was insubordinate ................................................................. 28
2. Even if, arguendo, Petitioner’s supervisor’s direction to take paid vacation transformed the January 25 meeting into an unlawful disciplinary hearing, Petitioner had no right to act insubordinately ................................................................. 30
II. THE APPEALS BOARD COMMITTED NO DUE PROCESS ERROR IN ITS CONSIDERATION OF THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED IN FAVOR OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION ......................................................... 31
A. Petitioner’s Argument That the Appeals Board Considered Evidence Outside the Scope of the Notice of Disciplinary Action Is Inadequately Briefed ........................................................................... 31
B. Petitioner Was Given Adequate Notice of the Bases for Termination Prior to the Hearing Before the Appeals Board, and the Appeals Board Relied on Those Bases in Upholding Petitioner’s Termination ........................................................................... 32
C. All Evidence Heard by the Appeals Board, and Subsequently Discussed in the Decision by the Appeals Board, Was Sufficiently Related to the Bases for Termination Listed in the Notice of Disciplinary Action ........................................................................... 35
D. Even If a Portion of the Bases for Termination Is Considered to Be Outside the Scope of Appropriate Consideration by the Appeals Board, this Is Harmless Error as the Appeals Board Found a Broad Range of Reasons to Terminate Petitioner ........................................................................... 37
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 39
ADDENDA
A. Notice of Disciplinary Action, date March 21, 2016
B. Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order Re: Termination Appeal
C. Determinative Provisions
# TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
## Cases
*Dinger v. Department of Workforce Services, Workforce Appeals Bd.*, 2013 UT App 59, 300 P.3d 313 ................................................................. 29, 30
*Fierro v. Park City Mun. Corp.*, 2012 UT App 304, 295 P.3d 696 .................................................. 32, 35
*Guenon v. Midvale City*, 2010 UT App 51, 230 P.3d 1032 ............................................................... 30
*Harmon v. Ogden City Civil Serv. Comm’n*, 2007 UT App 336, 171 P.3d 474 ...................... 39
*Lucas v. Murray City Civil Serv. Comm’n*, 949 P.2d 746 (Utah Ct.App. 1997) .................... 37
*Rosen v. Saratoga Springs City*, 2012 UT App 291, 288 P.3d 606 ........................................... 35
*Salt Lake City Corp. v. Gallegos*, 2016 UT App 122, 377 P.3d 185 ............................................. 35, 37
*State v. Lee*, 2006 UT 5, 128 P.3d 1179 .................................................................................. 31
## Statutes and Code
Utah Admin. Code R994-405-208 .................................................................................................. 29
Utah Code Ann. § 10-3-1106 ........................................................................................................ 35
## Rules
Utah R. App. P. 24 ......................................................................................................................... 31
## Other
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 5.01.010 ........................................................................ 1, 20, 26
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 5.01.060 ........................................................................ 20, 26
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.030 ..................................................................... 8, 33
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.040 ..................................................................... 24
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.065 ..................................................................... 26
DETERMINATIVE PROVISIONS
The following provisions are set forth at Addendum C:
Utah Admin. Code R994-405-208
Utah Code Ann. § 10-3-1106
Utah R. App. P. 24
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 5.01.010
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 5.01.060
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.030
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.040
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.065
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
1. Nature of the Case and Course of Proceedings
Russel Augustus (“Petitioner”) was terminated from his job as a Vernal City Equipment Operator II on March 21, 2016. Vernal City Manager Ken Bassett (“Bassett”) effectuated the termination by issuing Petitioner a Notice of Disciplinary Action, wherein four different reasons or policy violations were noted. Petitioner appealed Bassett’s decision to the Vernal City Appeals Board (the “Board”). The appeal was made pursuant to Utah Code Section 10-3-1106 and Section 12.06.010 of the Vernal City Personnel Manual.
The Board listened to the appeal at a hearing, which was conducted on May 3, 2016. Testimony, evidence, and oral arguments were presented and received at the hearing. Additionally, written briefs were submitted to the Board on specific subjects pertaining to the Petitioner’s appeal. Upon deliberation, the Board affirmed Vernal City’s decision to terminate Petitioner’s employment; and issued Findings of
The Board’s decision to affirm Vernal City’s termination of Petitioner’s employment has been appealed by Petitioner, and is ripe for review by this Court.
2. Statement of Facts
For purposes of this brief, the Respondent, Vernal City accepts the factual findings of the Board; and includes in this “Statement of Facts” those that it believes to be the most pertinent parts of those factual findings.
On January 21, 2016 Petitioner, and Michael Leigh (Leigh)--another Vernal City employee-- were assigned to place banners on poles on the west side of Vernal City, under the direction of Jeff Gardner (R.10, R.418:4-R.419:18.) During the work project, Petitioner and Leigh were operating a bucket truck owned by the city. (R.419:21-22.)
Later in the morning, the bucket truck experienced mechanical problems and was returned to Vernal City’s motor pool for repairs. (R.11, R.419:23-R.420:12.) While the bucket truck was being repaired, Petitioner drove a different city truck to the 1500 East Yard; reportedly to check on the repair of a water line. (R.33, R.420:25-R.421:1, R.474:7-10.) Leigh accompanied Petitioner and rode as a passenger in the truck. (R.420:25-R.421:1.) After lunch, Petitioner again took the bucket truck, with Leigh, fueled it, and then proceeded down 500 North. (R.14-R15.) Shortly after fueling the truck, Petitioner and Leigh deviated from their assigned work project by turning South onto 1500 East in order to drive by the 1500 East
Yard. (R.24, R78-79, R.422:19.) Neither Gardner or the Superintendent of Vernal City’s Street Department, Mr. Allred (“Allred”) gave Petitioner permission to depart from the assignment of placing banners on the west side of the city. (R.422:13-19.) Likewise, neither Petitioner’s nor Leigh’s work orders permitted them to divert city equipment to the other side of town. (R.418:21-25.)
While driving the bucket truck past the 1500 East Yard, Petitioner further deviated from his assigned work project by using his city subsidized cell phone to take pictures/video record another city employee, BJ Partridge (“Partridge”). (R.79, R.422:4-22, R.573:7-R.574:10.) Partridge was testing a piece of city equipment at the 1500 East Yard, and was assigned to do so by Glade Allred. (R.20-21, R. 24.) Petitioner recorded Partridge with the phone while simultaneously driving the bucket truck. (R.266-67, R.370, R.422:4-12.)
Allred first learned of Petitioner’s deviation from his assigned work from a report made by Partridge. (R.422:4-12.). Partridge explained he had seen Petitioner and Leigh at the 1500 East Yard. (R.422:4-12.). Partridge told Allred that Petitioner had used his cell phone to video record or to take pictures of him performing his work project. (R.422:4-12.) Allred decided to investigate the matter further by conducting interviews with Leigh and Petitioner. (R.6-42, R.44-69.)
Allred first met with Leigh. (R.42, R.427:7-9.) Allred asked Leigh a series of questions relating to Leigh’s and Petitioner’s actions and whereabouts on January 21. (R.6-42.) During the interview, Leigh stated to Allred that after refueling the
bucket truck he and Petitioner returned to the 1500 East Yard. (R.15.) He also admitted to Allred that while they were at the yard Petitioner used his cell phone to take pictures of Partridge operating a piece of city equipment. (R.16-17.) At the end of the meeting Allred placed Leigh on paid vacation leave, and told Leigh that he was going to get to the bottom of what occurred, and to call in the early morning to know whether or not to report for work the next day. (R. 36, R. 42, R.555.)
Allred next interviewed Petitioner. (R.426:12-R.427:9.) Prior to the interview, Allred made three unsuccessful attempts to get in contact with Petitioner. (R.424:17-R.425:23.) First he attempted to reach Petitioner over the radio, but was unsuccessful due to an apparent malfunction. (R.423:8-R.424:20.) He then attempted twice to contact Petitioner on Petitioner’s employer issued work phone. (R. 425:2-R.426:1.) These attempts too were of no avail. (R.426:2-4.) Ultimately, Allred reached Petitioner by running into him at the City’s Public Works yard; at which time Allred explained to Petitioner that they needed to meet. (R:426:12-R.427:9.)
The interview with Petitioner took place at about 3:30pm. (R.427:7-9.) Throughout the course of the interview, Petitioner consistently exhibited an uncooperative, evasive and insubordinate attitude. (R.427:11-22.) This attitude was apparent from both his communications with Allred as well as his general demeanor. (R.43, R.44-69, R.427:11--R:431:10, R.443:9-22, R.696:9-R.697:7.) When Allred inquired as to why Petitioner did not answer his cell phone Petitioner stated that he
didn’t have his cell phone, that his phone had been turned off all day, and that he didn’t know where it was. (R.44, R.68, R.426:25-R.427:4.) Despite this contention, it was later discovered that Petitioner had in fact used his phone three times that morning. (R.167, R.411:14-R.412:14, R.466:15-R.467:4.)
After questioning Petitioner about his failure to answer his phone, Allred proceeded to ask a series of questions about Petitioner’s work activities on January 21, 2017, particularly about driving down to the 1500 East Yard and taking pictures of Partridge. (R.44-R.69.) Allred later reported that during this line of questioning Petitioner’s answers became “very elusive and very vague”. (R.443:9-20.) During the interview, Petitioner adamantly maintained that he could not remember if he had driven by the 1500 East Yard. (R.58, R.61, R.63, R.65, R.430:10-15, R.443:9-12.). Despite his lack of memory concerning this particular event, Petitioner had little to no difficulty recalling his whereabouts and activities earlier that same day. (R.53, R.55-57, R.65.) In a subsequent administrative proceeding, however, Petitioner admitted to driving back to the 1500 East Yard and taking pictures of Partridge. (R.570:9-18.)
Allred also questioned Petitioner about taking pictures/making a video recording of Partridge. (R.65-R.66, R.68, R.430.) During this line of questioning Petitioner’s again gave answers that were vague or evasive. (R.65, R.443.) Initially, during the interview with Allred, Petitioner feigned lack of memory as to the existence of the cell phone pictures/video. (R.65-66, R.68.) Later, during the
hearing before the Board, Petitioner testified that he had in fact made a recording on his phone in order to document what he perceived as a safety concern with Partridge operating city equipment. (R.573:10-R.574:15, R.600:12-16.) However, the video was never turned over by Petitioner to city administration for review, and was viewed by city officials for the first time at the Board hearing. (R.574:22-23, R.600:12-21.)
Allred also asked several times during the interview for Petitioner to make his phone available; so that he could check it for pictures and/or video. (R.66-67, R.444:17-21.) Allred reminded Petitioner that Petitioner signed an agreement with Vernal City that required him to make information on his phone available to the City upon request. (R.66; R.43019-23; See R. 71,72, R.73, R.177.) Petitioner was uncooperative with this request. (R.66-67,R.430:23-R.431-3.) Ultimately, Petitioner got defensive and refused to hand over his phone stating, “[y]ou’re not touching my phone, [Allred]”. (R.66, R.444.)
Around 4:00pm the investigative interview came to a premature end when Petitioner indicated to Allred that his work shift was over and that he was going to leave. (R.68, R.431:3.) Allred explained to Petitioner that he couldn’t leave until he was finished asking questions. (R.68, R.431:2-10.) Allred admonished Petitioner that leaving the meeting was insubordination, and that he would be placing himself at risk of administrative action, up to and including possible termination. (R.69, R.431:7-9.) In direct opposition to his supervisor’s authority, Petitioner left the interview. (R.431:9-10.) As he was leaving, and in response to Allred’s
admonishment, Petitioner retorted, “Have fun with that.” (R.69, R.431:10.)
After the interview, Allred, in accordance with city policy, placed Petitioner on paid vacation. (R.712:13-21.) Later that evening, upon further investigation and reflection, Allred determined that it was in the best interest of the City that both Petitioner and Leigh not be permitted to return to work before the first of next week. (R.340, R.709:16-19.) Allred later testified that the City’s interest was allowing City administrator’s additional time to investigate Petitioner’s suspected employee policy violations, while also allowing Petitioner time to cool off. (R.711:21-R.712:7, R.713:3-7.) Petitioner remained off duty on paid vacation leave until January 29, 2017, at which time City Manager Basset placed him on administrative leave. (R.3.)
A pre-disciplinary hearing was held on March 4, 2016. (R.74.) Petitioner was given notice of the pre-disciplinary hearing on January 29, 2016. (R.1-4.) The notice contained four reasons for potential disciplinary action against Petitioner, all of which pertained to the January 21 incident, and Petitioner’s behavior during his interview with Allred. (R.1.) The four reasons were as follows:
(1) Inefficiency or inability to satisfactorily perform assigned duties; misusing, destroying, or damaging any city property, or the property of any employee; and deliberately restricting output;
(2) Act of Dishonesty related to job performance;
(3) Displaying insubordinate behavior; and
(4) A [v]iolation of . . . City Personnel Policies or Procedures, . . . (Not
having your cell phone available as required by the cellphone use agreement dated April 22, 2103) and cell phone policy of the City; and 12.05.030 (W) Act of Dishonesty related to job performance.
(R.1.)
Petitioner was present at the pre-disciplinary hearing along with his attorney, Christian Kesselring. (R.74.) The City was represented by Mike Harrington. (R.74.) During the hearing witnesses testified and Petitioner had an opportunity to present his response to the issues raised by the pre-disciplinary hearing notice. (R.74-R.110.) On March 21, 2016, following the hearing, City Manager Bassett issued a Notice of Disciplinary Action to Petitioner, terminating his employment with Vernal City. (R.179-R.184.) The Notice of Disciplinary Action identified specific misconduct by Petitioner which justified his termination. (R.180-R.183.)
Regarding reason (1), “Inefficiency or inability to satisfactorily perform assigned duties; misusing, destroying, or damaging any city property, or the property of any employee; deliberately restricting output”, the Notice specified that Petitioner failed to satisfactorily perform his duties when he decided to deviate from his assigned work project and go to the 1500 East yard and take pictures of Partridge. (R.180-R.181.) In addition, he used the bucket truck for a purpose that was unrelated to his job duties. (R.180-R.181.) Finally, Petitioner’s deliberate act of taking Leigh away from his duties to ride to the 1500 East yard deliberately restricted work output. (R.180-R.181.)
Regarding reason (2) “Dishonesty related to job performance”, the Notice specified that termination was warranted because, based on testimony, Petitioner was disingenuous when he told Allred that he couldn’t remember going to the 1500 East yard or taking photographs or videos. (R.181.)
Regarding reason (3) “Insubordination”, the Notice specified that termination was warranted because Petitioner left the January 25th meeting after being directed to stay, and being admonished that leaving would constitute insubordination. (R.182.)
Finally, regarding reason (4) “Violation of city personnel policies or procedures” the Notice specified that termination was warranted because Petitioner did not have his cell phone available as required by the cell phone use agreement dated April 22, 2013, the cell phone policy of the City, and also for not answering Allred’s calls. (R.182-R.183.) Additionally, Petitioner lied about having access to his cell phone when he stated twice “I haven’t had my cell phone,” and “my phone has been off all day”, when in reality he had used it earlier that day while on duty. (R.182-R.183.)
The decision to terminate Petitioner’s employment was subsequently re-examined in a hearing before the Board. (R.386-R.773.) Petitioner was represented by counsel during the hearing and so was Vernal City. (R.392:1-13.) During the hearing, the Board heard the testimony of witnesses and reviewed exhibits and other pieces of evidence. (R.386-R.773.) In addition, counsel submitted
briefs on specific issues raised at the hearing. (R.771; See R.374-376.). The primary issues that required briefing were; (i) whether the meeting between Allred and Petitioner was a disciplinary proceeding, requiring due process before requiring Petitioner to take paid vacation, and; (ii) if it was not a disciplinary proceeding, did Allred act with lawful authority in requiring Petitioner to stay in the January 25th meeting. (R.771; See R.374-376.).
Upon deliberation, the Board unanimously affirmed Vernal City’s decision to terminate Petitioner’s employment. (R.380-381.). In support of its decision, the Board made detailed findings with regards to each of the four reasons for termination, and the issues presented by counsel in their briefs. (R.368-377.)
Concerning reason (1) “Inefficiency or inability to satisfactorily perform assigned duties; misusing, destroying, or damaging any city property, or the property of any employee; deliberately restricting output” the Board found and concluded in pertinent part as follows:
1. On January 21, 2016 [Petitioner] was assigned to place banners on poles on the west side of the city . . .
3. After lunch [Petitioner] took the bucket truck with Mr. Michael Leigh, . . . and then proceeded down 500 North, turning South on 1500 East to pass by the 1500 East Yard. . . . There is no evidence that Mr. Gardner or Mr. Allred approved diverting equipment and personnel from the west side of town to the east side of
town.
4. [The] real reason for the diversion was that the [Petitioner] desired to drive by the 1500 East Yard to video another city employee . . .
5. The video was taken using [Petitioner’s] cell phone, which is a city subsidized cell phone, and as such is subject to city cell phone policy.
6. It appears from the video that [Petitioner] introduced at the hearing, that [he] was driving the city bucket truck while videoing with his cell phone, which is an unsafe and illegal practice. During the meeting between Petitioner and Mr. Allred on January 25, Petitioner refused to answer questions about where he took the bucket truck after lunch and claimed several times that he returned to the west side of the city to work on banners as he had been assigned. In subsequent proceedings, [Petitioner] admitted that this was not true.
9. Petitioner’s claims about the reason for his taking the video lack credibility for at least the following reasons:
a. If he was concerned about safety of persons or equipment he should have immediately provided the video to Mr. Allred or to Allen Parker or Ken Bassett, which he did not do and in fact refused to provide the video;
b. He was evasive and untruthful about having taken the video, and the purposes of the video; it appears from the video that was provided that he was driving by the yard while taking the video rather than stopping in a safe manner to
take the video and reporting his concerns immediately to appropriate city officials;
c. He failed and refused to provide the video to his supervisor when directly requested to do so, and claimed during the meeting that he did not have his cell phone and did not know where it was, which is a violation of city policy.
12. [Petitioner’s] conduct wasted city resources and placed the city at risk and was contrary to his assigned work area.
(R.368-370.)
Concerning reason (2), “Dishonesty related to job performance”, the Board found and concluded in pertinent part as follows:
1. [Petitioner] was dishonest in his statements and explanations concerning his activities on January 21, 2015, including the reason for taking the city bucket truck and another city employee to 1500 East and in his stated reasons for videoing Mr. Partridge.
2. [Petitioner] refused to acknowledge videoing a fellow city employee operating a piece of city equipment, was evasive, and avoided or refused to answer direct questions concerning the incident.
3. [Petitioner] stated that he would provide a copy of the video when he finally acknowledged that he had it, which he failed to do.
4. [Petitioner] falsely stated that his concern was the safety of an employee or equipment which, . . . lacks any credibility.
5. At the hearing before the Appeals Board, the Board observed Petitioner, both while he was testifying and when he was not testifying, and finds that his answers to questions propounded by the attorney for the city were evasive, that his demeanor evidenced lack of truthfulness, and that based upon his actions and statements in the recorded conversation with his supervisor and his testimony at the hearing it is difficult to afford any degree of credibility to the statements made by [Petitioner].
6. [There] is substantial evidence to support the finding that [Petitioner] was dishonest:
a. [Petitioner] stated that he could not remember or had not gone by the 1500 East Yard;
b. [Petitioner] claimed that he had returned to work putting up banners on the west side of the city, traveling along 100 North;
c. [Petitioner] claimed that he did not have his telephone when Mr. Allred attempted to contact him on January 25;
d. [Petitioner] stated that his purpose in going by the 1500 East yard was solely to fix banners on the East side of the city.
e. When questioned during his meeting with his supervisor and at the hearing about matters that he did not want to admit to or discuss, Petitioner was deceptive and claimed he couldn’t remember, yet on the same dates he appeared to have a very vivid recollection when it served his interests;
g. Petitioner changed his story repeatedly, and omitted facts and feigned lack of memory. Petitioner also made misleading statements about his use of city equipment and about the video, and made dishonest statements about taking the video and about the purpose of the video.
(R-370-371.)
Concerning reason (3) “Insubordination” the Board found and concluded as follows:
1. There [was] more than substantial evidence to show that [Petitioner] was insubordinate throughout the meeting with his supervisor.
2. [Petitioner’s] general tone of voice, attitude, tapping of a marker on the table, and refusal and failure to answer questions honestly and directly demonstrated a lack of respect for his supervisor.
3. [Petitioner] was evasive, refused to answer questions, was disrespectful, ordered the supervisor to ‘move on’ after evading questions, cursed, and ultimately walked out of the meeting after being specifically and clearly directed by his supervisor to remain in the meeting. Moreover, he did walk out after being advised that refusal to remain in the meeting would be considered insubordination and may result in his termination.
4. [Ausugusts’] disrespectful retort as he left the meeting ‘good luck with that’ further illustrates a series of disrespectful and insubordinate statements and
conduct by [Petitioner] during that meeting toward his supervisor, which is illustrated to some degree by the transcript but more forcefully by the audio recording of the meeting.
5. The Board is convinced that the purpose of [Petitioner’s] video on the east side of the city on January 21, when he was assigned to work on the west side of the city, was not motivated by a safety concern but rather was an effort to undermine and get information to damage his department head.
6. Petitioner’s attitude during the meeting with Mr. Allred was insubordinate, confrontational, dishonest, and disrespectful.
7. At no time following that meeting did [Petitioner] make any effort to apologize to his supervisor or to demonstrate any willingness or desire to work cooperatively with his supervisor or make any effort to resolve any concerns or differences.
8. Had [Petitioner’s] attitude following that meeting up to and through the hearing before the Board been different or more cooperative or upfront and honest the result might well have been different. Instead [Petitioner] has remained defiant, aggressive and dishonest.
9. In the meeting with Mr. Allred, [Petitioner] was requested at least twice to provide a copy of the video that he took while driving the city truck, yet he did not provide that until played for the first time at the hearing before the Appeals Board. During his testimony before the Appeals Board he claimed no one asked for the video
which is a clear act of dishonesty and false statement under oath before the Appeals Board, as shown by the audio recording and transcription of that meeting.
10. From all of the evidence, including the transcripts and recording of the interview with his supervisor through the hearing before the Appeals Board, the Board finds that Petitioner’s actions have been targeted towards undermining his supervisor so that he could take over the Department.
11. Petitioner’s statements about his not having his phone available when his supervisor was attempting to contact him are untruthful and also insubordinate. It is clear that he had his telephone available since he made use of it, yet he failed to answer calls from his supervisor or to return calls that had been made to him.
12. [Petitioner] was untruthful in claiming that his texts with Sherri Montgomery were during his break since the time line of those texts demonstrates a period in excess of a normal break.
13. [Petitioner] is dishonest and insubordinate in refusing to admit his activities, lying about his activities, and failing to acknowledge his fault and misconduct when he made a mistake. His attitude throughout has been to cast blame on others but not to take any responsibility himself.
14. The lack of respect for his supervisor is not only demonstrated by the transcripts and recordings prior to the hearing, but the Board notes, his facial expressions, demeanor and behavior at the hearing when answering questions regarding the events and during the testimony of Mr. Allred including smirking,
rolling his eyes and other conduct and expressions further confirms a lack of respect and an insubordinate attitude.
15. A continuing attitude of insubordination and disrespect was also demonstrated and observed by the Board during the hearing. During the testimony of Mr. Bassett, Petitioner was observed to glare at the witness and rolled his eyes, and acted in a hostile and disrespectful manner.
16. The Vernal City Road Department is a fairly small department with a limited number of employees. The actions of Petitioner show that he is not amenable to supervision and cannot work there under the direction of the department head, Mr. Allred. This results in part from his insubordination and his dishonesty in dealing with his department head and with others and from the fact that he has not made any effort to resolve the issues or acknowledge his misconduct. Even at the hearing it was apparent that he retains a defiant, disrespectful attitude, and has no willingness to acknowledge his own errors. Any discipline less than termination would not bring about needed change...
(R.371-373.)
Concerning reason (4), “Violation of city personnel policies or procedures, including the cell phone policy”, the Board found and concluded in pertinent part as follows:
1. There is substantial evidence that [Petitioner] violated the City’s cell phone policies and procedures as indicated in the Notice of Disciplinary Action...
The City Manager did not abuse his discretion in finding violations of the personnel policies including cell phone policy.
(R.373-374.)
Finally, concerning the issues raised in counsels’ brief to the Board, the Board made the following general findings:
1. A supervisor has the right and the responsibility to look into concerns that arise about an employee and to investigate. That investigation may include interviewing or questioning the employee or other witnesses. Such a meeting is part of the supervisory responsibility of the supervisor or department head, and is not a pre-discipline hearing, even if the supervisor has outlined a list of questions or issues of concern prior to the meeting. Meeting with [Petitioner] to give him an opportunity to explain what had transpired on January 21 was proper . . .
2. According to [Petitioner’s] brief both Mr. Leigh and Petitioner were questioned by their supervisor on January 25th about the same incidents and both were instructed to take some paid vacation time. Apparently Mr. Leigh responded differently to the meeting with his supervisor than Petitioner such that he was not terminated. As outlined above, Petitioner’s attitude and behavior took him down an entirely different road.
The Board then went into detailed findings regarding the two primary issues argued in the parties’ briefs.
4. Authority to Issue Order.
a. [Petitioner] has not provided any substantial evidence that Mr. Allred did not have proper authority to direct him to remain at the meeting. It is within the inherent authority of a supervisor to inquire into issues of concern relating to an employee and to request information from the employee as part of that process. The nature of the work for which [Petitioner] is employed frequently requires work beyond a specific quitting time.
c. [Allred] did not order Petitioner to remain in the meeting for the purpose of providing “a foot massage” but rather in an attempt to pierce the intransigent refusal of [Petitioner] to honestly and directly answer questions propounded by his supervisor.
d. The Board believes that is a proper exercise of supervisory responsibility and authority.
5. Paid Vacation Time.
a. Testimony at the hearing shows that the policy and long-standing practice at the city has been that department heads may, under appropriate circumstances, require an employee to take several days of vacation. This may be to allow the employee to deal with personal issues, or it may be to allow an employee time to cool off or settle down. That is paid time off. The direction to Petitioner to take vacation time was consistent with that policy and practice. In light of the behavior and attitude of the Appellant, Petitioner, the direction to take some paid vacation time
was advisable, and was not an abuse of discretion nor did it exceed the authority of the supervisor.
b. The application and imposition of paid vacation time was allowed pursuant to city policies section 5.01.010 and action 5.01.060, including the provision that “as he deems necessary, a department head may require an employee to use any accrued vacation leave.” The application and interpretation of that policy by the department head and the city manager is consistent with long-standing application and interpretation of that policy, and [Petitioner] did not present any substantial evidence to the contrary.
Finally, the Board revisited the issue of insubordination by making additional findings which supported the Board’s previous conclusion that Petitioner was properly terminated for insubordination. Many of these findings also address the Boards’ perception of Petitioner’s credibility as a witness.
a. The Board finds that Petitioner’s behavior, statements, and actions demonstrate that when he ignored the directions to help finish installing banners on the west side of the city and instead drove the city bucket truck and another city employee to the east side of the city and passed the yard while taking video with his city subsidized phone, his intent was to undermine his department head, Mr. Allred. The video that he took of another employee operating the city equipment, which was provided for the first time at the hearing before the Appeals Board demonstrates that he was unsafely operating the city bucket truck by videoing while driving, and it
appears that he had planned in advance to take the video and had manipulated his phone while driving and prior to reaching the yard.
c. In fact, Petitioner went out of his way to avoid admitting that he had taken the video during his meeting with his supervisor and failed and refused in spite of repeated requests to provide the video taken on the city subsidized cell phone. In so doing he violated city policy and contradicted any argument that he undertook that activity for a legitimate purpose. When interviewed days later about the events on the day that Petitioner took the video with his cell phone, he claimed no memory of that particular event but had good recall of the other events of that same day. If he had a legitimate concern about safety issues, it is not credible to believe that he would remember other insignificant events of the day but lack recall as to that matter.
d. During the interview with Mr. Allred, the Appellant was evasive and defensive and aggressive when questioned on those matters.
e. During his testimony before the hearing Board when questioned by opposing counsel about those matters he once again reacted in an evasive, confrontational manner.
g. The events from January 21, 2016, and the attitude and behavior of the Appellant from that time through the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing demonstrate more interest in undermining his supervisor and no evidence
whatsoever of any effort or desire to work cooperatively within the Department structure or chain of command.
h. The Appellant’s attitude, nonverbal displays, and facial expressions during the hearing on the stand were disturbing and pronounced and reflect an attitude, disrespect, and a disregard for truth.
i. The Appellant’s statement as he left the meeting with his supervisor in blatant disregard of the instruction that he remain at the meeting - the comment “good luck with that” - is consistent with the attitude and actions displayed at the evidentiary hearing before the Board. The “good luck with that” attitude which remains unchanged shows that he cannot work effectively under the supervision of the road department head, and that his continuing presence there and insolent attitude would be disruptive to the good order and efficient operation of the entire department.
j. Had the Appellant at any time prior to the pre-disciplinary hearing or even during the evidentiary hearing demonstrated through his words and demeanor and behavior any change of attitude, recognition of his misconduct, any desire to mend fences and work cooperatively with his supervisor and within the structure of the department as a positive productive employee the outcome might well be different. (R.374-376.)
Based on these findings, the Board concluded that Vernal City’ decision to terminate Petitioner was supported by the weight of the evidence; that Allred
exercised appropriate supervisory authority, and that City Manager Bassett did not abuse his discretion or act in an arbitrary or capricious manner in deciding to terminate Petitioner’s employment. (R.378-380.) Thus, the unanimous decision of the Board was that termination of Petitioner was warranted, and the order to terminate Petitioner’s employment was sustained. (R.381.)
**SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT**
Petitioner’s initial argument is that Petitioner’s supervisor allegedly violated the law in his meeting with Petitioner to investigate wrongdoings on Petitioner’s part. This argument does not have any basis in law or fact. Petitioner’s other argument is that the decision of the Appeals Board should be reversed because the Appeals Board allegedly considered facts outside the scope of the Notice of Disciplinary Action. This argument should also fail because the argument is inadequately briefed, the Appeals Board considered only matters sufficiently related to the several bases for termination described in the Notice of Disciplinary Action, and/or any error on the part of the Appeals Board was harmless error as the decision of the Appeals Board was supported by substantial evidence. In the end, Petitioner’s termination should be upheld because the Vernal City Appeals Board did not abuse its discretion in upholding the City Manager’s decision to terminate Petitioner.
ARGUMENT
I. PETITIONER’S SUPERVISOR ACTED WITHIN APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY DURING HIS INTERACTION WITH PETITIONER AT THE JANUARY 25, 2016 MEETING.
When Petitioner’s supervisor with Vernal City (Glade Allred, hereafter referred to as the “Supervisor”) had become aware of Petitioner’s possible violations of Vernal City policy, the Supervisor called a meeting with Petitioner to discuss the concerns and investigate the matter. Upon meeting with Petitioner to review the allegations of misconduct, and finding Petitioner to be extremely angry and aggressive, the supervisor decided to place Petitioner on paid leave in order to allow Petitioner to calm down from his irate state of mind so that he could return to work mentally healthy and productive, which decision was appropriate and cannot constitute formal discipline. Regardless, Petitioner’s insubordinate behavior during the meeting cannot be simply ignored because of an alleged due process violation.
A. The Supervisor’s Decision to Place Petitioner on Paid Vacation Was Appropriate and Cannot Constitute Formal Discipline.
1. The purpose of the January 25 meeting was investigatory rather than disciplinary.
Under Section 12.05.040 of the Vernal City Personnel Manual, formal proceedings for discipline are to take place only after the Department Head and the City Manager have met to discuss the matter of alleged employee misconduct. Such an event prior to formal discipline implies a requirement for the Department Head to investigate any alleged matter of employee misconduct before consulting with the
City Manager. As such, before meeting with the City Manager, the Department Head is tasked with interviewing witnesses to alleged misconduct as well as reviewing any available documentation associated with the alleged misconduct. Additionally, there is nothing in the Vernal City Personnel Manual that in any way prohibits the Department Head from conducting such an investigation of alleged misconduct. If the Department Head and the City Manager so decide, based on the facts discovered by the Department Head, formal discipline may proceed in accordance with the Personnel Manual. *Id.*
In this case, the Supervisor, a department head within Vernal City, had received allegations of misconduct against Petitioner Russel Augustus, an employee of Vernal City under Mr. Allred’s supervision. As seen from the findings of the Appeals Board, which considered among other things the transcript of the January 25 meeting, the audio recording of the meeting, and the testimony at the appeals hearing, nothing within the meeting at issue was anything more than a supervisor lawfully acting as the department head to investigate the allegations against an employee. The Appeals Board specifically found, “The meeting between Mr. Allred and Mr. Augustus was an appropriate exercise of supervisory responsibility by Mr. Allred and did not require the formalities appropriate for a predisciplinary hearing.” R.379.
2. **The City is allowed to place employees on paid vacation in order to establish a healthy and productive work force.**
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 5.01.010 states, “The purpose of annual vacation leave is to allow an employee time to both mentally and physically refresh himself in order that he be better able to carry out the duties of his work.” There is nothing in the policy that implies that vacation is only to be taken when the employee chooses. In fact, under the section dealing with scheduling vacation leave, Section 5.01.060, it states, “As he deems necessary, a Department Head may require an employee to use any accrued vacation leave.” Furthermore, under Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.065, a requested use of vacation time is not classified as a disciplinary action, nor is such a request discussed at any place in the Personnel Manual in the context of discipline.
After the meeting took place between Petitioner and his supervisor, on the afternoon of January 25, 2016, the supervisor requested Petitioner to leave work and to use Petitioner’s vacation time in the process. At the hearing before the Appeals Board, testimony was presented that Petitioner had become “heated” and unable to behave properly or carry out the duties of his work, thereby making it necessary to mentally and physically refresh himself. R.427-431, 473. Furthermore, the supervisor used his discretion as a department head, as given him under Vernal City policy described above, when making that request.
3. **The request to use vacation time was not formal discipline.**
Under Vernal City policy described above, and according to testimony given, the order was not disciplinary in nature, but rather with any eye toward rehabilitating
an employee while Vernal City administration considered an appropriate course of action. There is no Utah law contradicting these Vernal City policies. Therefore, the meeting was lawful, and was not disciplinary in nature.
There is no evidence that any specific discipline had been decided ahead of time. As testified by the Supervisor, any notes prepared beforehand were the supervisor’s attempt to prepare for possible avenues of action after the interviewing the witnesses and reviewing supporting documentation. R.698. He was merely making notes regarding his options when he listed a possibility of “No paid time.” Furthermore, a plain reading of that phrase has nothing to do with paid vacation.
4. The issue of whether Petitioner’s supervisor could lawfully request that Petitioner stay at the January 25 meeting was not adequately briefed.
The title of Section 1 of Petitioner’s Brief asserts, “The Appeals Board committed reversible error when it concluded that Petitioner’s supervisor acted within his authority by ordering Petitioner to stay in the January 25 meeting.” Petitioner’s Brief at p. 20. Outside of this very general statement, Petitioner fails to present any discussion whatsoever in support of the argument that the supervisor lacked lawful authority to request that Petitioner remain in the investigatory meeting. Petitioner only makes the argument that the meeting with the supervisor was an unlawful predisciplinary hearing in nature, without any argument as to why that circumstance would prevent a supervisor from demanding that his employee remain in that meeting, which by all accounts was still a business-related meeting.
requested by the supervisor. See, generally, Petitioner’s Brief at Section 1, pp. 20-26. Therefore, the issue of whether or not Petitioner’s supervisor had lawful authority to make such a request to stay is not at issue and does not need to be addressed.
Furthermore, Petitioner requests in his “Conclusion” that the Court remand this matter to determine whether termination was warranted, but to make that determination “in the absence of insubordination,” and hinges that request on the argument that if the supervisor lacked authority to demand that Petitioner not leave the meeting, then it cannot be insubordination to have done so. See Petitioner’s Brief at pp. 20-21, 28. Therefore, where Petitioner’s Brief is bereft of discussion or argument regarding the supervisor’s authority to demand that Petitioner stay, the Court should accept the Appeal Board’s determination that Petitioner’s leaving the meeting against the request of his supervisor was an act of insubordination. But as discussed below, even if the January 25 meeting is in some way found to be inappropriate in nature, that does not excuse Petitioner’s behavior during the meeting.
B. Petitioner Was Insubordinate During the January 25 Meeting, Which Behavior Cannot Be Excused Regardless of Whether Directed Paid Vacation Is Considered Disciplinary in Nature.
1. Petitioner was insubordinate.
It is undisputed that insubordination is a terminable offense under Vernal City policy and Utah State law. Respondents accept Petitioner’s definition of insubordination as one possible demonstration of insubordinate behavior that is
worthy of formal discipline; Respondents agree that an employee may not disobey a reasonable and lawfully-given direction from a superior.
Utah law includes some additional direction as to what may constitute insubordination. Under the administrative code describing examples of just cause bases for discharge of employment, it addresses insubordination as follows:
An employer generally has the right to expect lines of authority will be followed; reasonable instructions, given in a civil manner, will be obeyed; supervisors will be respected and their authority will not be undermined. In determining when insubordination becomes disqualifying conduct, a disregard of the employer's rightful and legitimate interests is of major importance. Protesting or expressing general dissatisfaction without an overt act is not a disregard of the employer's interests. However, provocative remarks to a superior or vulgar or profane language in response to a civil request may constitute insubordination if it disrupts routine, undermines authority or impairs efficiency. Mere incompatibility or emphatic insistence or discussion by a claimant, acting in good faith, is not disqualifying conduct.
Utah Admin. Code R994-405-208; see also Dinger v. Department of Workforce Services, Workforce Appeals Bd., 2013 UT App 59, ¶16, 300 P.3d 313.¹
Additionally, as Petitioner has pointed out, Vernal City has not defined the term “insubordination” within its policies. It follows that the City Manager and the Vernal City Appeals Board should be given broad discretion to identify acts of insubordination within the common usage of the word.
Furthermore, it should be noted that Utah case law supports the notion that
¹Though this is in the context of just cause termination which would deny a terminated employee of unemployment insurance funds, the policies outlined by Code function as a persuasive description of how allegations of insubordination should be analyzed in all State employment contexts.
termination may be appropriate in the case of insubordination. *See, generally,* Dinger, 2013 UT App 59, 300 P.3d 313; Guenon v. Midvale City, 2010 UT App 51, 230 P.3d 1032.
In this case it is undisputed that during the January 25 meeting between Petitioner and his supervisor, Petitioner was gently instructed not to leave the meeting, and that leaving would constitute insubordination. The supervisor’s instruction was lawful. Petitioner instead walked out, casually disrespecting the supervisor’s threat of discipline, retorting, “Good luck with that.”
2. Even if, *arguendo*, Petitioner’s supervisor’s direction to take paid vacation transformed the January 25 meeting into an unlawful disciplinary hearing, Petitioner had no right to act insubordinately.
As described above, Respondents assert that the January 25 meeting was appropriately held and Petitioner’s supervisor acted within appropriate authority. However, even if this Court determines that the meeting was disciplinary in nature, that cannot excuse Petitioner’s insubordinate behavior.
Petitioner’s argument is essentially that Petitioner’s outrageous behavior toward his superior should be excused because the meeting itself resulted in an allegedly unlawful disciplinary hearing. However, an employee’s insubordinate behavior toward a superior may not be overlooked because of a technical reading of vacation policy. Even if the supervisor had actually unlawfully issued disciplinary measures to Petitioner during the January 25 meeting, there is nothing in the law that would allow Petitioner to leave a properly called business-related meeting
against his superior’s requests that he remain. The instruction to remain and discuss the allegations was reasonable. The supervisor’s requests were given civilly and respectfully. The supervisor had a rightful and legitimate authority to investigate the matter without Petitioner leaving the meeting.
Furthermore, and in contrast, Petitioner did not have the right to act in the manner in which he conducted himself at the meeting. As presented at the hearing, he was disrespectful, undermining, and provoking. Therefore, even if the ordered leave on paid vacation was unlawful to any degree, Petitioner’s insubordinate behavior, particularly in leaving the meeting, was not excusable.
II. THE APPEALS BOARD COMMITTED NO DUE PROCESS ERROR IN ITS CONSIDERATION OF THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED IN FAVOR OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION.
A. Petitioner’s Argument That the Appeals Board Considered Evidence Outside the Scope of the Notice of Disciplinary Action Is Inadequately Briefed.
"[T]o be adequate, briefs must provide meaningful legal analysis. An adequate brief is one that fully identifies and analyzes the issues with citation to relevant legal authority. Mere bald citation to authority, devoid of any analysis, is not adequate. And we may refuse, sua sponte, to consider inadequately briefed issues." *State v. Lee*, 2006 UT 5, ¶ 22, 128 P.3d 1179 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Utah R. App. P. 24(a)(9). In his brief at part 2, Petitioner makes a general allegation that the Appeals Board relied on evidence outside the scope of the Notice of Disciplinary Action in justifying Petitioner’s termination. However,
Petitioner sites to no specific instances of misconduct, alleged to have been considered by the Appeals Board, that are outside the Notice of Disciplinary Action. Petitioner’s brief merely cites to authority and contains no meaningful analysis of how that authority applies to the case at hand, making it impossible for Respondent herein to be able to fully respond to the argument. Furthermore, in part 2.3 of his brief, Petitioner makes another general allegation that Petitioner was harmed by being deprived of a fair hearing and that the entire process was biased against him, again without citing to any specific instances of due process violations, and failing to cite to any law. Therefore, part 2 of Petitioner’s brief is inadequately briefed, and therefore should not be considered by this Court.
The response below is Respondent’s best attempt to discern Petitioner’s argument and demonstrate that the argument should fail regardless.
B. Petitioner Was Given Adequate Notice of the Bases for Termination Prior to the Hearing Before the Appeals Board, and the Appeals Board Relied on Those Bases in Upholding Petitioner’s Termination.
“The statutory scheme that describes the process for appealing a termination decision to a municipal appeal board requires that the city provide notice of the grounds for termination so that an employee can meaningfully evaluate whether an appeal is likely to be productive and what information will be considered by the board.” *Fierro v. Park City Mun. Corp.*, 2012 UT App 304, ¶ 13, 295 P.3d 696. Inherent in this statement is that due process requires only general notice of the
factual allegations and legal theories underlying the formal discipline, and not every detail and aspect of the facts and law. General notice of the facts and resulting violations is sufficient to allow a “meaningful” evaluation by the employee as to whether to appeal.
Respondent Vernal City, in its Notice of Disciplinary Action, notified Petitioner of several violations of City policy (specifically citing to lettered subsections within section 12.05.030 of the Vernal City Personnel Manual, entitled “Causes for Disciplinary Action”) which formed the basis of the City Manager’s decision to terminate Petitioner’s employment. The violations are summarized as follows:
1. On January 21, 2016, failing to satisfactorily perform duties when Petitioner decided to ignore his assigned task and instead go to another location to take photos of another employee, in violation of subsection (D) (inefficiency or inability to satisfactorily perform assigned duties).
2. On January 21, 2016, using the City’s bucket truck for a purpose unrelated to his job duties, in violation of subsection (M) (misusing any City property).
3. On January 21, 2016, taking another employee away from that employee’s assigned duties, in violation of subsection (N) (deliberately restricting employee output).
4. On January 25, 2016, dishonesty in Petitioner telling his supervisor that he could not remember the events of January 21, 2016, when in fact he could remember,
in violation of subsection (W) (an act of dishonesty related to job performance).
5. On January 25, 2016, displaying insubordinate behavior in leaving a meeting between Petitioner and his supervisor after being told to stay, and after being informed that leaving would constitute insubordination and grounds for discipline, in violation of subsection (AA) (displaying insubordinate behavior).
6. On January 25, 2016, Petitioner not having his cell phone available as required by agreement with the City, and choosing not to answer the supervisor’s phone calls, in violation of subsection (A) (a violation of any of the City Personnel Policies).
7. On January 25, 2016, Petitioner’s dishonesty in stating multiple times that he did not have his cell phone on him and that the cell phone had been turned off, in violation of subsection (W) (an act of dishonesty related to job performance).
The allegations contained in the Notice of Disciplinary Action gave Petitioner general notice of the facts at issue, as well as the alleged violations of policy. Petitioner has not argued that there was inadequate notice of the foregoing allegations.
The Appeals Board specifically found in support of each of the foregoing allegations. In addition to discussing each allegation specifically, the Appeals Board declared that the evidence presented at the hearing supported the allegations as “outlined in the notices and in the notice of termination.” R.379. The Appeals Board did not base its decision on any matters that were not presented through evidence
at the hearing. And as discussed below, the Appeals Board did not base its affirmation of the termination on any policies or bases not covered by the Notice of Disciplinary Action.
C. All Evidence Heard by the Appeals Board, and Subsequently Discussed in the Decision by the Appeals Board, Was Sufficiently Related to the Bases for Termination Listed in the Notice of Disciplinary Action.
Utah Code Ann. § 10-3-1106(3)(b)(ii) allows an appeal board to hear evidence “which relates to the cause for the discharge.” This “imposes a requirement that the Appeal Board consider just those instances of misconduct that the [employer] identified as the grounds for terminating [the employee] and of which [the employee] had been given prior notice.” *Fierro*, 2012 UT App 304 at ¶ 22. Any deviation from these standards in the Appeal Board decision should be considered a reversible abuse of discretion only if it "exceeds the bounds of reasonableness and rationality." *Salt Lake City Corp. v. Gallegos*, 2016 UT App 122, ¶7, 377 P.3d 185, citing *Rosen v. Saratoga Springs City*, 2012 UT App 291, ¶ 8, 288 P.3d 606.
Petitioner has alleged that the Appeals Board considered evidence unrelated to the bases for termination listed in the Notice of Disciplinary Action. However, as discussed above, Petitioner has failed to cite to any specific examples. Respondents herein are confident that the Appeals Board’s consideration of the evidence and findings in support of upholding termination were based solely on facts sufficiently related to the specific bases for termination listed in the Notice of Disciplinary
For example, the Notice of Disciplinary Action lists three bases for termination which were associated with the January 25 meeting between Petitioner and his supervisor, including dishonesty regarding Petitioner’s memory of what had earlier transpired, dishonesty regarding Petitioner’s use of his cell phone, and the specific insubordinate act of walking out of the meeting and snidely remarking, “Good luck with that,” when threatened with discipline. Those several bases for termination were laced throughout the January 25 meeting. Therefore, the Appeals Board heard and considered evidence of recordings from and testimony about the entirety of the January 25 meeting, including the final act of walking out. In its findings and decision to uphold termination, the Appeals Board discussed the insubordinate acts of Petitioner during that meeting. R.380. After declaring that Petitioner had been insubordinate during the meeting, the Appeals Board explained that leaving the meeting in such a manner was merely the “capstone” of Petitioner’s insubordinate behavior. *Id.* The Appeals Board then goes on to find that Petitioner “repeatedly refused to answer questions, was evasive, omitted facts, was dishonest about facts and circumstances, demonstrated a defiant and hostile attitude toward his supervisor, refused to provide the video when requested to do so after finally acknowledging its existence, and constantly and loudly tapped his pen on the desk during the conversation.” *Id.* While some of these details were not specifically discussed in the Notice of Disciplinary Action, Respondents herein are confident that
they are sufficiently related to the matters within the Notice of Disciplinary Action that the Appeals Board committed no violation in considering them. Furthermore, the Appeals Board’s decision to consider these facts does not exceed the bounds of reasonableness and rationality.
D. Even If a Portion of the Bases for Termination Is Considered to Be Outside the Scope of Appropriate Consideration by the Appeals Board, this Is Harmless Error as the Appeals Board Found a Broad Range of Reasons to Terminate Petitioner.
This Court has previously stated that in the case of error by an appeal board, “We will set aside the [appeal board’s] decision only if there is a reasonable likelihood that the error affected the outcome of the proceedings.” *Gallegos*, 2016 UT App 122 at ¶16, citing *Lucas v. Murray City Civil Serv. Comm’n*, 949 P.2d 746, 755 (Utah Ct.App. 1997). In determining whether there is a reasonable likelihood that any error would affect the outcome of the proceedings, this Court must determine whether substantial evidence exists in support of the elected discipline at issue, independent of any error. *See Lucas*, 949 P.2d at 758. “Substantial evidence is that quantum and quality of relevant evidence that is adequate to convince a reasonable mind to support a conclusion.” *Id.* (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
The Appeals Board made the following specific finding:
The Board makes the determination and finding that in light of the particularly serious violations of dishonesty and insubordination combined with the other violations including inefficiency, misusing city property, deliberately restricting output, violation of the cell phone
policy that the sanction of termination is not an abuse of discretion.”
R.378.
There is no indication, nor does Petitioner argue, that the Appeals Board might have reached a different conclusion if the Appeals Board had not considered facts which were related to but not specifically discussed in the Notice of Disciplinary Action. For example, the Appeals Board found specifically that Petitioner’s exit from the January 25 meeting was independently an act of insubordination, as discussed in the Notice of Disciplinary Action. It cannot be argued that the Appeals Board would have characterized that act differently if it had not considered the insubordinate acts during the January 25 meeting which occurred prior to Petitioner’s exit from that meeting.
Furthermore, after an opportunity to observe Petitioner during the review hearing, the Appeals Board made specific findings of dishonesty and insubordination even during the review hearing itself:
The Board is overwhelmingly convinced based upon its observations of Mr. Augustus during the hearing, his testimony at the hearing, and his attitude and statements during his meeting with his supervisor and his inconsistent statements arising from the pre-disciplinary hearing that he lacks credibility, that he is dishonest, and that he was and remains insubordinate. In general Mr. Augustus was the most compelling witness against himself.
R.378. These continued violations, even in the presence of the Appeals Board, cannot allow any argument that the Appeals Board would have reached a different conclusion if the Appeals Board is found to have ventured outside the content of the
Notice of Disciplinary Action.
Moreover, Petitioner has not contested the Appeals Board’s findings of dishonesty, which the Appeals Board described as a “particularly serious violation”. R.378. In fact, most of the bases given for the termination are not contested in the brief and should therefore be considered admitted. Even if the acts of insubordination are removed from the picture, it cannot be argued that there is a reasonable likelihood that the outcome of the proceedings would be different because the dishonesty remains, together with the other less serious violations, and termination remains the discipline that is “(1) appropriate to the offense and (2) consistent with previous sanctions imposed by the department.” See Harmon v. Ogden City Civil Serv. Comm’n, 2007 UT App 336, ¶ 8, 171 P.3d 474 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). The decision of the Appeals Board is still supported by substantial evidence. Petitioner has not effectively argued otherwise.
CONCLUSION
In sum, Petitioner’s termination should be upheld because the Appeals Board did not abuse its discretion in upholding the City Manager’s decision to terminate Petitioner. Petitioner’s arguments that Petitioner’s supervisor violated the law do not have any basis in law or fact. Petitioner’s argument that the decision of the Appeals Board should be reversed because the Appeals Board allegedly considered facts outside the scope of the Notice of Disciplinary Action should also fail because the argument is inadequately briefed, the Board considered only matters sufficiently
related to the bases for termination described in the Notice of Disciplinary Action, and/or any error on the part of the Appeals Board was harmless error.
Michael D. Harrington
Attorney for Respondent Vernal City
Dennis L. Judd
Attorney for Respondent
Vernal City Appeals Board
Dated: April 14, 2017
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 24(F)(1)
Certificate of Compliance With Type-Volume Limitation, Typeface Requirements, and Type Style Requirements. I hereby certify that:
1. This brief complies with the type-volume limitation of Utah R. App. P.24(f)(1) because this brief contains 9,430 words, excluding the parts of the brief exempted by Utah R. App. P. 24(f)(1)(B).
2. This brief complies with the typeface requirements of Utah R. App.P. 27(b) because the brief has been prepared in a proportionally spaced typeface using WordPerfect X7 in 13-point Georgia.
Michael D. Harrington
Dated: April 14, 2017
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
This is to certify that on 14th of April, 2017, I caused two true and correct copies of the Opening Brief of Respondent to be served on the following via email:
Christian A. Kesselring
email: email@example.com
WASATCH LAW GROUP, PLLC
P.O. Box 866
Heber City, Utah 84032
Attorneys for Petitioner
Dennis L. Judd
email: firstname.lastname@example.org
DENNIS L. JUDD, P.C.
497 South Vernal Avenue
Vernal, Utah 84078
Attorney for Respondent Vernal City Appeals Board
Roxanne Behunin
email@example.com
Vernal City Recorder
Also, in accordance with Utah Supreme Court Standing Order No. 8, a courtesy brief on CD in searchable portable document format will be filled with the Court and served on Petitioner, and in accordance with Utah Supreme Court Standing Order No.11, paper copies of the brief will be filled with the Court and served on Petitioner within 7 days hereof.
Michael D. Harrington
Attorney for Respondent
ADDENDUM A
MEMORANDUM
TO: Russell Augustus
FROM: Ken Bassett, City Manager
DATE: March 21, 2016
RE: Notice of Disciplinary Action
Dear Mr. Augustus,
On Friday, March 4, 2016, at 9:00 a.m. a pre-disciplinary hearing was held at the Vernal City office at 374 East Main regarding alleged violations of the Vernal City policies and procedures manual. This pre-disciplinary hearing was scheduled to allow you the opportunity to respond to allegations that you violated provisions of this manual, specifically:
1. 12.05.030 (D) Inefficiency or inability to satisfactorily perform assigned duties; (M) Misusing, destroying or damaging any City property or the property of any employee; and (N) Deliberately restricting output;
2. 12.05.030 (W) Act of Dishonesty related to job performance.
3. 12.05.030 (AA) Displaying insubordinate behavior;
4. 12.05.030 (A) A violation of any of the City Personnel Policies or Procedures or any other administrative policies as adopted by resolution of the Vernal City Council (not having your cell phone available as required by the cell phone use agreement dated April 22, 2013 and cell phone policy of the City, and 12.05.030 (W) Act of dishonesty related to job performance.
Notice of Decision:
Incident #1 / Violation #1. January 21, 2016: In the pre-disciplinary hearing notice, it was alleged that on the afternoon of January 21, 2016 both you (driving) and Michael Leigh, (passenger), were observed traveling on 1500 East adjacent to the City yard (Sumpsons) in the City bucket truck. At this particular time, however, you had been given previous direction that your task to be performed was located on the west end of the City on Highway 40 associated with the banners. Also, at this time as you were on 1500 East adjacent to the City yard it was observed that you were either taking photographs or video of an employee who was at that time located in that yard, specifically BJ Partridge. There had been no direction given to you to be in that area of the City while, in fact, you should have been working on your job duties assigned with the banners on west Highway 40.
Mr. Augustus, based on the information from the pre-disciplinary hearing, the transcription of the interview which you had with Mr. Allred on January 25th, your work time sheets specifically for January 24th and your job description for the position of Street Equipment Operator II, I have determined that the allegations so stated in incident #1 and Violation #1 are substantiated.
Your work assignment, working with Mr. Michael Leigh on January 21st, was that of putting up banners on Main Street and Highway 40 working with Jeff Gardner, who was supervising that project. You had been working on the west end of Highway 40 that morning. The bucket truck which you were using had some operation problems, and you and Mr. Leigh returned the bucket truck to Motor Pool for repairs. Later in the day after lunch, you and Mr. Leigh took the bucket truck, after it had been repaired, fueled it, and immediately proceeded to go to the 1500 East yard, (Sumpsons) at which time you stopped and purposely took pictures of BJ Partridge who was operating the loader at that site.
In the pre-disciplinary hearing, it was noted that during the interview which you had with Mr. Allred on January 25th, you could not remember whether or not you had gone to the 1500 East yard or whether you had, at that time, taken photographs / video of Mr. Partridge working at that site. At the pre-disciplinary hearing held on March 4th, however, you did remember that you did make that trip in the bucket truck with Mr. Leigh for the purpose of taking pictures of Mr. Partridge working there at the 1500 East yard. It was represented during the pre-disciplinary hearing on March 4th that you were tired, and that you had worked many hours the day before, and that possibly was the reason why you could not remember going to 1500 East. I determined, however, that on the evening of January 24, 2016 you finished the snow plowing responsibilities that you had and left work at approximately 7:30 p.m. after having worked 14 hours snow plowing. I have concluded that this was certainly ample time to get the sleep that you needed before you came to work the next morning on January 25th. I do not accept your reasoning that you could not remember going to the 1500 East yard or remember that you took photographs / video simply because you were fatigued because of the hours that you had worked the day before.
It was further represented during the pre-disciplinary hearing on March 4th that your reasoning for going to the 1500 East yard in the afternoon, after lunch, in the bucket truck for the purpose of observing Mr. Partridge operating the loader was consistent with your job description assignments as “a supervisor”. The Vernal City job description for a Streets Equipment Operator II indicates “acts as lead worker or supervisor as required during construction and maintenance projects or in the absence of the street superintendent”. Specifically, regarding you going to the 1500 East yard
and taking pictures / video, these were not required supervisory activities for that day, the street superintendent was not absent that day, nor had anyone asked or required you to supervise any aspect of your job assignment for that particular day. Your assigned duties dealing with the banners and working with Mr. Gardner had been given at the beginning of the work day; however, it was your decision to go to the 1500 East yard simply to take pictures of Mr. Partridge operating the loader. In doing so, you took Mr. Leigh away from his assigned duties, as well as operating a piece of Vernal City equipment (the bucket truck) for a purpose that was not part of your work duties that particular day.
Mr. Augustus, I therefore find that you were not satisfactorily performing your assigned job duties, that you were misusing City equipment (the bucket truck) for a purpose that was not part of your assigned duties, and that you were also restricting the output of a fellow employee, Michael Leigh, by not performing your assigned duties.
**Incident #2 / Violation #2.** On Monday, January 23\textsuperscript{rd} at approximately 3:15 pm you were asked to be in a meeting with your supervisor Glade Allred. You attended that meeting at which time Mr. Allred proceeded to ask you several questions regarding previous incidents which had occurred as part of your performance, one of which included you driving in the bucket truck on Thursday, January 21\textsuperscript{st} with Michael Leigh in the vehicle with you. During the meeting Mr. Allred asked you specifically if you had, in fact, driven the bucket truck to the 1500 East lot in the afternoon. You indicated to him that you could not remember, when in fact, witness statements from two individuals indicated that you had indeed driven along 1500 East by the City yard (Sumpions) taking pictures or videos.
I will state as I stated above, in Incident #1, Violation #1:
In the pre-disciplinary hearing it was noted that during the interview which you had with Mr. Allred on January 25\textsuperscript{th} you could not remember whether or not you had gone to the 1500 East yard or whether you had, at that time, taken photographs / video of Mr. Partridge working at that site. At the pre-disciplinary hearing held on March 4\textsuperscript{th}, however, you did remember that you made that trip in the bucket truck with Mr. Leigh for the purpose of taking pictures of Mr. Partridge working there at the 1500 East yard. It was represented during the pre-disciplinary hearing that you were tired and that you had worked many hours the day before and that possibly was the reason that you could not remember going to 1500 East. I determined that on the evening of January 24, 2016 you finished the snow plowing responsibilities that you had and left work at approximately 7:00 pm – 7:30 pm after having worked 14 hours snow plowing. I have concluded that this was ample time to get the sleep that you needed before you came to work the next morning on January 25\textsuperscript{th}. I do not accept your reasoning that you could not remember going to the 1500 East yard, or remember that you took photographs / video simply because you were fatigued because of the hours that you had worked the day before.
Mr. Augustus, based on the information from the pre-disciplinary hearing, the transcription of the interview which you had with Mr. Allred on January 25\textsuperscript{th}, your work time sheets specifically for January 25\textsuperscript{th}, I have determined that the allegations so stated in Incident #2 / Violation #2 are substantiated.
Incident #3 / Violation #3. On January 25, 2016 you were asked to attend a meeting in Glade Allred’s office, your supervisor. You attended that meeting, however, during the course of that meeting you indicated that you were going to leave. Mr. Allred asked you to stay because the meeting was not yet completed, but you left anyway. Mr. Allred indicated to you that leaving the meeting could constitute cause for disciplinary action up to and including termination of your employment.
After reviewing both the information from the pre-disciplinary hearing as well as the transcription of the interview which you had with Mr. Allred on January 25th, I have determined the allegations in Incident #3 and Violation #3 are substantiated.
Mr. Allred had indicated to you during the interview that although you communicated your intent to leave prior to the interview being completed, he said you should not leave until he said that you were allowed to leave. Further, the transcription indicates that Mr. Allred indicated that if you did leave, your action of leaving without being invited to leave would be an act of insubordination that would be followed up with disciplinary action up to and including termination of your employment. Although the transcription of the tape shows that you and Mr. Allred were talking over each other during this part of the discussion, the tape does indicate Mr. Allred’s comment “up to and including termination”. You indicated during the pre-disciplinary hearing that you did not hear that, although in the transcription of the tape, you responded to Mr. Allred after he had asked you to stay with the statement “have fun with that”. I conclude that you did receive warning from Mr. Allred that disciplinary action would be taken up to and including termination of your employment. I find that your statement that you were not aware of Mr. Allred’s directive not to leave his office is directly contrary to your following statement “have fun with that”, indicating to me that you were not being honest in your answers given in the pre-disciplinary hearing.
Incident #4 / Violation #4. On January 25, 2016 Mr. Glade Allred attempted to call you on your cell phone. Later in the morning you appeared in Mr. Allred’s office who indicated to you that he had been trying to get a hold of you on your cell phone. You indicated to him that “I haven’t had my cell phone”. However, it has been documented that you texted Sherri Montgomery that same morning at 9:26 am, and several texts through 10:01 am on that very morning on your cell phone showing that you did, in fact, have your cell phone with you.
The personnel manual of the City regarding the cell phone policy is as follows:
9.05.040 – Employee responsibilities. Any employee of the City receiving either a cell phone allowance or a City issued cell phone will sign the City cell phone use / and or allowance request form thereby certifying that he or she will provide their phone number within five days of activation and will be available for calls (in possession of the phone and have it turned on) when it may be required to be available for City business. If not available to receive calls or transmit calls, the employee shall so notify his department head.
The Vernal City cell phone allowance and use agreement which you signed on April 22, 2013 indicates that you agreed to abide by all regulations in the Vernal City personnel policies and procedures manual pertaining to the use of the cell phone.
Specifically, regarding incident #4 on January 25th, you indicated to Mr. Allred in the meeting with him that "I haven't had my cell phone." Further, during the interview with Mr. Allred, you indicated "my phone has been off all day."
During the pre-disciplinary hearing, you did acknowledge that you had texted Sherri Montgomery and she had texted you the morning of January 25th. In fact, Ms. Montgomery indicated during the pre-disciplinary hearing that that had occurred between 9:26 am and 10:01 am.
During the pre-disciplinary hearing, you had submitted a phone log from January 25th produced by Strata Networks showing that you had not received a phone call from Mr. Allred or any texts from Ms. Montgomery. During the pre-disciplinary hearing the record shows that you were asked to produce a more complete phone log from Strata Networks. The City did receive an e-mail from Mr. Kesselring, your attorney, indicating that you were having difficulty getting that record from Strata. Mr. Harrington responded to Mr. Kesselring indicating to him specific directions as to how you might obtain that record and if you couldn't to further give Mr. Harrington a call and he would see if he could follow through with the request. Mr. Kesselring did respond indicating that no further detail of your phone log could be obtained without providing a subpoena. I do have evidence, however, showing that Mr. Allred did try to get a hold of you the morning of January 25th, and also that Ms. Montgomery did text you and you texted her back on January 25th. I conclude, therefore, that you did have your phone during the morning of January 25th and that you had been using your phone during the morning of January 25th. However, it was your choice not to answer the phone call from Mr. Allred during the morning of January 25th.
After reviewing the information from the pre-disciplinary hearing, the transcription of the interview which you had with Mr. Allred on January 25th, the phone records of Mr. Allred and Ms. Montgomery, and your own phone logs submitted at the hearing, I have determined that the allegations in Incident #4 and Violation #4 are substantiated.
**Decision for Disciplinary Action:** Based on the substantiation of the violations of Vernal City personnel policies and procedures manual as noted above and after considering your responses to the above allegations during the pre-disciplinary hearing, I have determined that the allegations as listed above are, in fact, substantiated and as a result of this substantiation of these violations it is my decision to terminate your employment with Vernal City effective immediately.
In accordance with Utah State law and Vernal City policy, you have the right to file a formal appeal of your termination of employment to the Vernal City Council who serves as the Appeals Board of the City following the exhaustion of the grievance procedures as established by Vernal City personnel policies Chapter 16. Such appeals shall be filed with the City Recorder within ten (10) days after completing the grievance procedure. Please contact me or Roxanne Behunin if there are any questions regarding the process to file an appeal of this decision. Enclosed for your reference is a copy of the Utah State code 10-3-1106 and Vernal City Code 2.80.020 - 2.80.025 which more specifically outlines the appeals process.
In processing your termination of employment, several documents will need to be provided. We will make these available to you. The prompt execution of these documents would be appreciated. Please note that health and dental benefits will continue through March 31, 2016. Your final paycheck will be issued within 72 hours of you submitting a final time sheet.
Ken Bassett, City Manager
Signature of Russell Augustus
Receipt of Disciplinary Notice
cc: personnel file
ADDENDUM B
Background:
Russell Augustus, the Appellant, appealed the decision of the City Manager, which was issued following a pre-disciplinary hearing held March 4, 2016 in the Vernal City administrative conference room.
The Appellant was given notice of the pre-disciplinary hearing on January 29, 2016.
The Appellant was present at the pre-disciplinary hearing along with his attorney, Christian Kesselring. The City was represented by Mike Harrington.
Witnesses were called and testified at that pre-disciplinary hearing and the Appellant had an opportunity to present his response to the issues raised by the pre-disciplinary hearing notice.
The reasons for potential disciplinary action were outlined in the notice of the hearing and were reviewed again at the beginning of the pre-disciplinary hearing by the hearing officer Kenneth Bassett.
A written decision and notice of disciplinary action was issued by Ken Bassett following the hearing, in which he reviewed each of the charges, and outlined briefly the findings, and found that each of the allegations were substantiated.
The employee/Appellant, was advised by a written Notice of Disciplinary Action dated March 21, 2016 that based upon the substantiated violations, his employment with Vernal City was terminated effective immediately.
Mr. Augustus, the Appellant, through his attorney, filed a Notice of Appeal dated March 30, 2016.
By stipulation the parties agreed that the hearing before the Appeal Board would be held beginning at 4:30 PM on May 3, 2016 in the Vernal City Council Chambers.
The Appellant was present, represented by his attorney Christian Kesselring, the City was represented by Michael Harrington. The Board was assisted by its legal advisor Dennis L. Judd.
Each of the parties identified the witnesses they intended to call and those witnesses were sworn and the Hearing Board invoked the exclusionary rule.
The following witnesses were called and examined:
Called by the City:
Glade Allred
Ken Bassett
BJ Partridge
Leon Morris
Rick Green
Sherri Montgomery
Russell Augustus
Called by Appellant:
Michael Leigh
Russell Augustus
Clay Simmons
Rick Green
Ryan Blackburn
Joseph Harrison
Ken Bassett
Glade Allred
The parties stipulated to the admission of a packet of exhibits from each party.
Near the end of the hearing counsel for the parties requested an opportunity to submit a brief on several legal issues which the Hearing Board agreed to allow with the briefs to be submitted by May 10, 2016. Those briefs were submitted and were considered by the Board prior to voting and making its decision.
At the conclusion of the hearing the Board met briefly to deliberate but, due to the lateness of the hour, adjourned the meeting and deliberations and agreed to resume deliberations on May 9th, 2016 at 8:00 PM to allow the Board an opportunity to review all of the exhibits and carefully consider the testimony and evidence presented.
The Board met on May 9, 2016 but had not yet received the briefs from the parties and after deliberating and discussing the evidence further, adjourned the meeting until May 16, 2016, at 6:00 PM to allow opportunity to consider the briefs before making a final decision.
Each of the Board members has carefully considered the testimony and evidence presented at the hearing, as well as the exhibits submitted by the parties by stipulation, and has listened to the recording of the meeting between the Appellant and his department head Glade Allred on January 25, 2016, the pre-disciplinary hearing transcript, and has considered not only the words spoken but the demeanor and tone of voice of the Appellant and other witnesses from the hearing before the Board and the meeting on January 25, 2016.
The Board has considered the briefs submitted by each of the parties.
The Board considered the proposed ballot and the comments made by counsel for each party regarding the ballot and adopted the ballot prepared by the legal counsel for the Board, a copy of which is attached.
The standard of review used by the Board in considering the actions and decision of the City Manager to terminate the Appellant is abuse of discretion with the evidentiary standard of substantial evidence being required to support the basis of the decision.
Four (4) reasons or policy violations were noted in the Notice of Pre-Disciplinary Hearing and in the Notice of Disciplinary Action. They were:
1. Inefficiency or inability to satisfactorily perform assigned duties; misusing, destroying, or damaging any city property, or the property of any employee; deliberately restricting output;
2. Dishonesty related to job performance;
3. Insubordination; and
4. Violation of city personnel policies or procedures, including the cell phone policy.
Having considered the documents filed with the Board, the evidence and the arguments, and now being fully informed,
The Board Finds That:
A. Regarding the charge of "inefficiency or inability to satisfactorily perform assigned duties; misusing, destroying, or damaging any city property, or the property of any employee; deliberately restricting output":
1. On January 21, 2016 the Appellant was assigned to place
banners on poles on the west side of the city under the direction of Jeff Gardner, who was the designated supervisor of that project. Mr. Augustus was operating a bucket truck owned by the city.
2. Later in the morning, the bucket truck experienced mechanical problems and was returned to motor pool for repairs. While the bucket truck was being repaired, the Appellant drove a city pickup truck to the 1500 East Yard, reportedly to check on the repair of a water line leak, and, as he was driving away from that location with Mr. Leigh as a passenger, had a conversation with his supervisor Mr. Allred.
3. After lunch the Appellant took the bucket truck with Mr. Michael Leigh, another city equipment operator, as a passenger, fueled the truck, and then proceeded down 500 North, turning South on 1500 East to pass by the 1500 East Yard. The Appellant claims that his purpose in taking that route was to fix banners on the east side of town that Mr. Leigh had earlier installed incorrectly. There is no evidence that Mr. Gardner or Mr. Allred approved diverting equipment and personnel from the west side of town to the east side of town.
4. The Board finds that the real reason for the diversion was that the Appellant desired to drive by the 1500 East Yard to video another city employee, BJ Partridge, who was testing a piece of city equipment at that yard, as assigned by Mr. Allred.
5. The video was taken using the Appellant’s cell phone, which is a city subsidized cell phone, and as such is subject to city cell phone policy.
6. It appears from the video that the Appellant introduced at the hearing, that the Appellant was driving the city bucket truck while videoing with his cell phone, which is an unsafe and illegal practice. During the meeting between Mr. Augustus and Mr. Allred on January 25, Mr. Augustus refused to answer questions about where he took the bucket truck after lunch and claimed several times that he returned to the west side of the city to work on banners as he had been assigned. In subsequent proceedings, the Appellant admitted that that was not true.
7. The Appellant later claimed that the purpose of the video was safety concerns, however the Board finds that the video was never provided to his department head in spite of a request that he do so, nor was it provided to anyone else in the city administration until the hearing before the Appeals Board. The Board finds that the Appellants statements regarding the video are false.
8. The Board notes that when questioned by his supervisor, Glade Allred, several days after the incident the Appellant was very evasive and was not truthful about the purpose of his going by the 1500 East Yard.
9. Mr. Augustus's claims about the reason for his taking the video lack credibility for at least the following reasons:
a. If he was concerned about safety of persons or equipment he should have immediately provided the video to Mr. Allred or to Allen Parker or Ken Bassett, which he did not do and in fact refused to provide the video;
b. He was evasive and untruthful about having taken the video, and the purposes of the video; it appears from the video that was provided that he was driving by the yard while taking the video rather than stopping in a safe manner to take the video and reporting his concerns immediately to appropriate city officials;
c. He failed and refused to provide the video to his supervisor when directly requested to do so, and claimed during the meeting that he did not have his cell phone and did not know where it was, which is a violation of city policy.
10. The charges in Count one are established by substantial evidence.
11. The Appellant was operating a large piece of city equipment in an area where he should not have been, occupying the time of that equipment and the time of himself and another city employee, engaging in activity which he apparently felt uncomfortable in reporting or admitting to his supervisor when questioned, at a time when he had been assigned to work at the opposite end of the city.
12. The Appellant's conduct wasted city resources and placed the city at risk and was contrary to his assigned work area.
13. Mr. Augustus's statements regarding the incident lack any credibility.
B. Regarding the charge of "dishonesty related to job performance":
1. The Board, having reviewed the transcript of the meeting between Mr. Augustus and his department head Mr. Allred, and having heard the tone of voice and the evasiveness evidenced in that interview, and based upon the hearing testimony and exhibits, finds that the Appellant was dishonest in his statements and explanations concerning his activities on January 21, 2015, including the reason for taking the city bucket truck and another city employee to 1500 East and in his stated reasons for videoing Mr. Partridge.
2. The Appellant refused to acknowledge videoing a fellow city employee operating a piece of city equipment, was evasive, and avoided or refused to answer direct questions concerning the incident.
3. The Appellant stated that he would provide a copy of the video when he finally acknowledged that he had it, which he failed to do.
4. The Appellant falsely stated that his concern was the safety of an employee or equipment which, as outlined above, lacks any credibility.
5. At the hearing before the Appeals Board, the Board observed Mr. Augustus, both while he was testifying and when he was not testifying, and finds that his answers to questions propounded by the attorney for the city were evasive, that his demeanor evidenced lack of truthfulness, and that based upon his actions and statements in the recorded conversation with his supervisor and his testimony at the hearing it is difficult to afford any degree of credibility to the statements made by the Appellant.
6. The Board finds that there is substantial evidence to support the finding that the Appellant was dishonest:
a. He stated that he could not remember or had not gone by the 1500 East Yard;
b. He claimed that he had returned to work putting up banners on the west side of the city, traveling along 100 North;
c. He claimed that he did not have his telephone when Mr. Allred attempted to contact him on January 25;
d. He stated that his purpose in going by the 1500 East yard was solely to fix banners on the East side of the city.
e. When questioned during his meeting with his supervisor and at the hearing about matters that he did not want to admit to or discuss, Mr. Augustus was deceptive and claimed he couldn’t remember, yet on the same dates he appeared to have a very vivid recollection when it served his interests;
f. The Board finds the testimony of Ricky Green, who reported Mr. Augustus to be dishonest to be credible; and
g. Mr. Augustus changed his story repeatedly, and omitted facts and feigned lack of memory. Mr. Augustus also made misleading statements about his use of city equipment and about the video, and made dishonest statements about taking the video and about the purpose of the video.
C. Regarding the charge of “insubordination”:
1. The Board has reviewed the transcript and listened to the recording of the meeting between the Appellant and his department head Mr. Allred on January 25, 2016, and finds that there is more than substantial evidence to show that the Appellant was
insubordinate throughout the meeting with his supervisor.
2. The Appellant's general tone of voice, attitude, tapping of a marker on the table, and refusal and failure to answer questions honestly and directly demonstrated a lack of respect for his supervisor.
3. The Appellant was evasive, refused to answer questions, was disrespectful, ordered the supervisor to "move on" after evading questions, cursed, and ultimately walked out of the meeting after being specifically and clearly directed by his supervisor to remain in the meeting. Moreover, he did walk out after being advised that refusal to remain in the meeting would be considered insubordination and may result in his termination.
4. The Appellant's disrespectful retort as he left the meeting "good luck with that" further illustrates a series of disrespectful and insubordinate statements and conduct by the Appellant during that meeting toward his supervisor, which is illustrated to some degree by the transcript but more forcefully by the audio recording of the meeting.
5. The Board is convinced that the purpose of the Appellant's video on the east side of the city on January 21, when he was assigned to work on the west side of the city, was not motivated by a safety concern but rather was an effort to undermine and get information to damage his department head.
6. The Appellant's attitude during the meeting with Mr. Allred was insubordinate, confrontational, dishonest, and disrespectful.
7. At no time following that meeting did the Appellant make any effort to apologize to his supervisor or to demonstrate any willingness or desire to work cooperatively with his supervisor or make any effort to resolve any concerns or differences.
8. Had the Appellant's attitude following that meeting up to and through the hearing before the Board been different or more cooperative or upfront and honest the result might well have been different. Instead the Appellant has remained defiant, aggressive and dishonest.
9. In the meeting with Mr. Allred, the Appellant was requested at least twice to provide a copy of the video that he took while driving the city truck, yet he did not provide that until played for the first time at the hearing before the Appeals Board. During his testimony before the Appeals Board he claimed no one asked for the video which is a clear act of dishonesty and false statement under oath before the Appeals Board, as shown by the audio recording and transcription of that meeting.
10. From all of the evidence, including the transcripts and recording of the interview with his supervisor through the
hearing before the Appeals Board, the Board finds that Mr. Augustus's actions have been targeted towards undermining his supervisor so that he could take over the Department.
11. Mr. Augustus's statements about his not having his phone available when his supervisor was attempting to contact him are untruthful and also insubordinate. It is clear that he had his telephone available since he made use of it, yet he failed to answer calls from his supervisor or to return calls that had been made to him.
12. The Appellant was untruthful in claiming that his texts with Sherri Montgomery were during his break since the timeline of those texts demonstrates a period in excess of a normal break.
13. The Appellant is dishonest and insubordinate in refusing to admit his activities, lying about his activities, and failing to acknowledge his fault and misconduct when he made a mistake. His attitude throughout has been to cast blame on others but not to take any responsibility himself.
14. The lack of respect for his supervisor is not only demonstrated by the transcripts and recordings prior to the hearing, but the Board notes, his facial expressions, demeanor and behavior at the hearing when answering questions regarding the events and during the testimony of Mr. Allred including smirking, rolling his eyes and other conduct and expressions further confirms a lack of respect and an insubordinate attitude.
15. A continuing attitude of insubordination and disrespect was also demonstrated and observed by the Board during the hearing. During the testimony of Mr. Bassett, Mr. Augustus was observed to glare at the witness and rolled his eyes, and acted in a hostile and disrespectful manner.
16. The Vernal City Road Department is a fairly small department with a limited number of employees. The actions of Mr. Augustus show that he is not amenable to supervision and cannot work there under the direction of the department head, Mr. Allred. This results in part from his insubordination and his dishonesty in dealing with his department head and with others and from the fact that he has not made any effort to resolve the issues or acknowledge his misconduct. Even at the hearing it was apparent that he retains a defiant, disrespectful attitude, and has no willingness to acknowledge his own errors. Any discipline less than termination would not bring about needed change. The Appellant's return to the road department would be detrimental to the morale, productivity, and operation of the department, and would undermine the ability of Mr. Allred to manage the employees.
D. Regarding the charge of "violation of city personnel policies or procedures, including the cell phone policy":
1. There is substantial evidence that the Appellant violated the City's cell phone policies and procedures as indicated in the Notice of Disciplinary Action and as outlined in the findings set forth above. The City Manager did not abuse his discretion in finding violations of the personnel policies including cell phone policy.
E. Regarding issues raised in briefs:
1. A supervisor has the right and the responsibility to look into concerns that arise about an employee and to investigate. That investigation may include interviewing or questioning the employee or other witnesses. Such a meeting is part of the supervisory responsibility of the supervisor or department head, and is not a pre-discipline hearing, even if the supervisor has outlined a list of questions or issues of concern prior to the meeting. Meeting with the Appellant to give him an opportunity to explain what had transpired on January 21 was proper, and the fact that Mr. Allred had outlined some possible questions as part of his fact-finding pursuit does not undermine his credibility, as suggested by the Appellant's brief.
2. According to the Appellant's brief both Mr. Leigh and Mr. Augustus were questioned by their supervisor on January 25th about the same incidents and both were instructed to take some paid vacation time. Apparently Mr. Leigh responded differently to the meeting with his supervisor than Mr. Augustus such that he was not terminated. As outlined above, Mr. Augustus's attitude and behavior took him down an entirely different road.
3. Insubordination.
a. The Board finds that Mr. Augustus behavior, statements, and actions demonstrate that when he ignored the directions to help finish installing banners on the west side of the city and instead drove the city bucket truck and another city employee to the east side of the city and passed the yard while taking video with his city subsidized phone, his intent was to undermine his department head, Mr. Allred. The video that he took of another employee operating the city equipment, which was provided for the first time at the hearing before the Appeals Board demonstrates that he was unsafely operating the city bucket truck by videoing while driving, and it appears that he had planned in advance to take the video and had manipulated his phone while driving and prior to reaching the yard.
b. The claims made by the Appellant that the purpose of videoing was to address a safety concern is entirely contradicted by his failure to provide that video to anyone in the city or to report his concerns to his supervisor or other city officials.
c. In fact, Mr. Augustus went out of his way to avoid admitting that he had taken the video during his meeting with his supervisor and failed and refused in spite of repeated requests
to provide the video taken on the city subsidized cell phone. In so doing he violated city policy and contradicted any argument that he undertook that activity for a legitimate purpose. When interviewed several days later about the events on the day that Mr. Augustus took the video with his cell phone, he claimed no memory of that particular event but had good recall of the other events of that same day. If he had a legitimate concern about safety issues, it is not credible to believe that he would remember other insignificant events of the day but lack recall as to that matter.
d. During the interview with Mr. Allred, the Appellant was evasive and defensive and aggressive when questioned on those matters.
e. During his testimony before the hearing Board when questioned by opposing counsel about those matters he once again reacted in an evasive, confrontational manner.
f. During questioning by opposing counsel about matters discussed during the staff or safety meeting early in the day the Appellant admitted that he missed a portion of the meeting to take a personal phone call, yet insisted that he had a better knowledge of everything that was discussed during that meeting than his supervisor who was present for the entire meeting. Moreover, the Appellant became intransigent and his behavior and attitude on the stand was consistent with the tone of the recording of his interview with Mr. Allred and evidenced lack of credibility.
g. The events from January 21, 2016, and the attitude and behavior of the Appellant from that time through the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing demonstrate more interest in undermining his supervisor and no evidence whatsoever of any effort or desire to work cooperatively within the Department structure or chain of command.
h. The Appellant’s attitude, nonverbal displays, and facial expressions during the hearing on the stand were disturbing and pronounced and reflect an attitude, disrespect, and a disregard for truth.
i. The Appellant’s statement as he left the meeting with his supervisor in blatant disregard of the instruction that he remain at the meeting – the comment “good luck with that” – is consistent with the attitude and actions displayed at the evidentiary hearing before the Board. The “good luck with that” attitude which remains unchanged shows that he cannot work effectively under the supervision of the road department head, and that his continuing presence there and insolent attitude would be disruptive to the good order and efficient operation of the entire department.
j. Had the Appellant at any time prior to the
pre-disciplinary hearing or even during the evidentiary hearing demonstrated through his words and demeanor and behavior any change of attitude, recognition of his misconduct, any desire to mend fences and work cooperatively with his supervisor and within the structure of the department as a positive productive employee the outcome might well be different.
4. Authority to Issue Order.
a. The Appellant has not provided any substantial evidence that Mr. Allred did not have proper authority to direct him to remain at the meeting. It is within the inherent authority of a supervisor to inquire into issues of concern relating to an employee and to request information from the employee as part of that process. The nature of the work for which the Appellant is employed frequently requires work beyond a specific quitting time.
b. Even if the Appellant were on an eight (8) hour day schedule he had missed several hours that day for personal business, and the supervisor could require him to stay.
c. The Department head did not order Mr. Augustus to remain in the meeting for the purpose of providing "a foot massage" but rather in an attempt to pierce the intransigent refusal of the Appellant to honestly and directly answer questions propounded by his supervisor.
d. The Board believes that is a proper exercise of supervisory responsibility and authority.
5. Paid Vacation Time.
a. Testimony at the hearing shows that the policy and long-standing practice at the city has been that department heads may, under appropriate circumstances, require an employee to take several days of vacation. This may be to allow the employee to deal with personal issues, or it may be to allow an employee time to cool off or settle down. That is paid time off. The direction to Mr. Augustus to take vacation time was consistent with that policy and practice. In light of the behavior and attitude of the Appellant, Mr. Augustus, the direction to take some paid vacation time off was advisable, and was not an abuse of discretion nor did it exceed the authority of the supervisor.
b. The application and imposition of paid vacation time was allowed pursuant to city policies section 5.01.010 and action 5.01.060, including the provision that "as he deems necessary, a department head may require an employee to use any accrued vacation leave." The application and interpretation of that policy by the department head and the city manager is consistent with long-standing application and interpretation of that policy, and the Appellant did not present any substantial evidence to the contrary.
F. Regarding ballot issues:
1. Pre-Disciplinary Procedures.
a. Prior to imposing any discipline involving a suspension without pay for more than two (2) days, termination, transfer to a position of lesser pay for disciplinary reasons etc. as defined by state statute, a notice of a pre-disciplinary hearing including at least a brief outline of the charges or allegations against the employee is required. A sufficient notice of pre-disciplinary hearing was provided to the Appellant and he was given notice or an outline of the allegations against him and ample opportunity to prepare for that hearing. A hearing was conducted at which he was represented by counsel and had an opportunity to present his response to the allegations as well as to question witnesses against him. No discipline which is subject to the provisions of Utah Code Ann. Section 10-3-1105 and 1106 was imposed prior to notice and the pre-disciplinary hearing. Paid leave or vacation does not require a pre-disciplinary hearing.
b. It is noted that Mr. Augustus repeatedly claimed during the hearing that he was a supervisor or second-in-command under the Department Head in the road department. Pursuant to Utah Code Annotated section 10-3-1105 (2)(c) (vi) and (vii), a person in that position, i.e. a deputy head of a municipal department or division or a superintendent, may be an at will employee not entitled to the procedural protections outlined in the statute and the city ordinance.
2. Disparity of Discipline.
a. At the evidentiary hearing the defendant asked questions about several other non-road department employees whose discipline was less than termination. The evidence shows that each of those other employees demonstrated an entirely different attitude when confronted with their mistakes and were willing to acknowledge that they needed to change and committed to improved behavior or performance. None of the other situations presented demonstrated a continuing defiance and disrespectful attitude and for that reason among others none of those cases are comparable to the present case of Mr. Augustus.
b. The Appellant failed to present any substantial evidence that he has been treated disparately and he has failed to meet his burden in that regard.
3. Proportionality.
a. The Appellant has failed to present any evidence that his discipline is disproportionate to the violations of policy which the Board finds he committed. The Board unanimously finds that the City Manager did not abuse his discretion in imposing the discipline of termination in light of all of the
facts and circumstances. The Board is overwhelmingly convinced based upon its observations of Mr. Augustus during the hearing, his testimony at the hearing, and his attitude and statements during his meeting with his supervisor and his inconsistent statements arising from the pre-disciplinary hearing that he lacks credibility, that he is dishonest, and that he was and remains insubordinate. In general Mr. Augustus was the most compelling witness against himself.
G. The Board unanimously finds that the facts support the charges made against the Appellant.
H. The Board unanimously finds that the charges warrant the sanction imposed and that the disciplinary action of termination should be sustained and that the City Manager did not abuse his discretion in imposing the sanction of termination. In connection therewith, the Board has considered as requested by the Appellant whether the sanction imposed was proportionate to the offense and whether or not the sanction is consistent with sanctions imposed against other employees for similar conduct.
I. The Board makes the determination and finding that in light of the particularly serious violations of dishonesty and insubordination combined with the other violations including inefficiency, misusing city property, deliberately restricting output, violation of the cell phone policy that the sanction of termination is not an abuse of discretion.
J. The Appellant has not demonstrated that the sanction of termination is inconsistent with sanctions imposed against other employees for similar conduct.
The Board Concludes That:
A. The claims of the Appellant that he is a supervisor or second-in-command in the road Department may render him an at will employee pursuant to Utah Code Ann. Section 10-31105(2) (vi) and (iiv).
B. Notwithstanding that claim, the Appellant has been afforded full due process consistent with the case law of the United States Supreme Court and the appellate courts of the State of Utah and State statute and city ordinance.
C. The Appellant was given notice of a pre-disciplinary hearing which sufficiently outlined the alleged misconduct and violations of Vernal City personnel policies and procedures.
D. The Appellant was given more than a month to prepare for the pre-disciplinary hearing, which was held on March 4, 2016.
E. At that hearing, the Appellant was represented by capable counsel, and he had an opportunity to present testimony and evidence in response to those allegations and to question
witnesses against him.
F. The City Manager conducted the hearing and made his determination in light of the facts and information presented and the applicable policies and standards of the city. The standard of review of that decision is abuse of discretion.
G. Mr. Augustus timely filed his Notice of Appeal and alleged that the City Manager's findings were not supported by the evidence and that the decision to impose the penalty of termination for the misconduct was arbitrary and capricious and denied Mr. Augustus due process rights.
H. The Board has reviewed the decision of the City Manager first to determine if the findings are supported by the evidence. The findings are each supported by substantial evidence.
I. The Board has reviewed the decision of the City Manager to determine if there was an abuse of discretion and if the City Manager acted in an arbitrary and capricious manner, thereby denying Mr. Augustus his due process rights. The Board finds that the City Manager (1) did not abuse his discretion, (2) did not act in an arbitrary and capricious manner, and (3) did not deny Mr. Augustus's due process rights under state and federal law.
J. Both substantive and procedural due process was afforded to the Appellant throughout the proceedings.
K. Mr. Augustus was provided with adequate notice, prior to termination or any loss of income, was provided with ample opportunity to prepare, and was afforded a pre-disciplinary hearing where he was represented by counsel.
L. The Appellant was afforded an appeal at a time he stipulated to and during which he was ably represented by capable and effective legal counsel and was allowed to call all of the witnesses that he wished and to cross examine all of the witnesses called by the city.
M. The Appellant was afforded the opportunity to submit any exhibits that he wished for consideration by the Hearing Board and to submit a brief on certain issues, which was carefully considered by the Board.
N. From the evidence presented the Board has found a violation by the Appellant of the policies outlined in the notices and in the notice of termination.
O. The meeting between Mr. Allred and Mr. Augustus was an appropriate exercise of supervisory responsibility by Mr. Allred and did not require the formalities appropriate for a predisciplinary hearing.
P. The application and imposition of paid vacation time was
allowed pursuant to city policies section 5.01.010 and action 5.01.060.
Q. The conduct of Mr. Augustus at the meeting with his department head on January 21, 2016 was insubordinate. The capstone was his defiant refusal to remain in the meeting when specifically and directly instructed twice to do so by his supervisor even when he was told that refusal to remain would be insubordination and may result in his termination, the comment as he walked out the door was "good luck with that". That was not, by any means, the only insubordination during that meeting however. Listening to the recording of the meeting along with the transcript shows that the Appellant repeatedly refused to answer questions, was evasive, omitted facts, was dishonest about facts and circumstances, demonstrated a defiant and hostile attitude towards his supervisor, refused to provide the video when requested to do so after finally acknowledging its existence, and constantly and loudly tapped his pen on the desk during the conversation. Throughout that process the Department Head remained calm and did not raise his voice while the Appellant became hostile and agitated after being informed and with full knowledge that he was being recorded. Mr. Augustus never acknowledged any personal responsibility or fault or error on his part and continued to place all of the blame on Mr. Allred consistent with his apparent intentional design to undermine the authority of his department head.
R. The facts do not support a claim by the Appellant that he believed in good faith that he was entitled to leave the meeting.
S. Consistent with state law and city policy, the only disciplinary actions which invoke due process protections are: dismissal, demotion or reduction in pay, suspension of over two days without pay, or transfer to a position with less remuneration for disciplinary purposes. A meeting with the Department Head to discuss possible misconduct or a direction to take paid vacation time does not constitute formal discipline requiring approval of the City Manager for a predisciplinary hearing.
T. The Board is not constrained strictly by the rules of evidence and procedure required in judicial proceedings and was intentionally very liberal in allowing the presentation of evidence, including belaboring certain issues and lines of questioning, so as to, within reason, allow the parties to present whatever evidence they wished. Based upon the stipulation of the parties the Hearing Board also carefully studied all of the exhibits including the audio files provided and video clip in formulating its findings of fact in reaching its decision.
Decision of the Appeals Board
A. After hours of testimony at the hearing, additional hours of study of exhibits, and hours of deliberation, the Board
members each separately cast their ballots in secret. The ballots were delivered to the Deputy City Recorder/Clerk of the Hearing who opened the envelopes in the presence of the Board and counted ballots.
B. Ballot question number 1: Do the facts support the charges made by the Department head?
Five (5) ballots were marked YES
Zero (0) ballots were marked NO.
C. Ballot question number 2: If you find that the employee violated one or more of the Vernal City policies stated in the termination notice did the City Manager abuse his discretion or exceed his authority in terminating the employee?
Zero (0) ballots were marked YES
Five (5) ballots were marked NO.
D. The ballot instructed the Hearing Board members to consider the following instruction which was added pursuant to a request of the Appellant:
To decide if the Appellant’s discipline was unwarranted, or if the City Manager abused his discretion or exceeded his authority, consider: (1) when the violations of city policy are viewed as a whole, in light of all the circumstances, is the punishment disproportionate to the offenses such that the sanction of termination is unwarranted, and (2) has the Appellant demonstrated or shown that the sanction of termination is wholly inconsistent with sanctions imposed against other employees for similar misconduct?
E. The unanimous decision of the Hearing Board is that the termination of the Appellant, Russell Augustus, is warranted. The appeal is denied, and the order of termination is sustained.
Vernal City Appeals Board
Approved as to form:
Dennis Judd, counsel for the Appeals Board
Michael Harrington, counsel for Vernal City
Christian Kesselring, counsel for Appellant Russell Augustus
ADDENDUM C
R994-405-208. Examples of Reasons for Discharge.
Utah Administrative Code
Workforce Services
Title R994. Workforce Information and Payment Services
Rule R994-405. Ineligibility for Benefits
Current through Bulletin No. 2017-7, April 1, 2017
R994-405-208. Examples of Reasons for Discharge
In the following examples, the basic elements of just cause must be considered in determining eligibility for benefits.
(1) Violation of Company Rules.
If a claimant violates a reasonable employment rule and just cause is established, benefits will be denied.
(a) An employer has the prerogative to establish and enforce work rules that further legitimate business interests. However, rules contrary to general public policy or that infringe upon the recognized rights and privileges of individuals may not be reasonable. If a claimant believes a rule is unreasonable, the claimant generally has the responsibility to discuss these concerns with the employer before engaging in conduct contrary to the rule, thereby giving the employer an opportunity to address those concerns. When rules are changed, the employer must provide appropriate notice and afford workers a reasonable opportunity to comply.
(b) If an employment relationship is governed by a formal employment contract or collective bargaining agreement, just cause may only be established if the discharge is consistent with the provisions of the contract.
(c) Habitual offenses may not constitute disqualifying conduct if the acts were condoned by the employer or were so prevalent as to be customary. However, if a claimant was given notice the conduct would no longer be tolerated, further violations may result in a denial of benefits.
(d) Culpability may be established if the violation of the rule did not, in and of itself, cause harm to the employer, but the lack of compliance diminished the employer's ability to maintain necessary discipline.
(e) Serious violations of universal standards of conduct do not require prior warning to support a disqualification.
(2) Attendance Violations.
(a) Attendance standards are usually necessary to maintain order, control, and productivity. It is the responsibility of a claimant to be punctual and remain at work within the reasonable requirements of the employer. A discharge for unjustified absence or tardiness is disqualifying if the claimant knew enforced attendance rules were being violated. A discharge for an attendance violation beyond the claimant's control is generally not disqualifying unless the claimant could reasonably have given notice or obtained permission consistent with the employer's rules, but failed to do so.
(b) In cases of discharge for violations of attendance standards, the claimant's recent attendance history must be reviewed to determine if the violation is an isolated incident, or if it demonstrates a pattern of unjustified absence within the claimant's control. The flagrant misuse of attendance privileges may result in a denial of benefits even if the last incident is beyond the claimant's control.
(3) Falsification of Work Record.
The duty of honesty is inherent in any employment relationship. An employee or potential employee has an obligation to truthfully answer material questions posed by the employer or potential employer. For purposes of this subsection, material questions are those that may expose the employer to possible loss, damage or litigation if answered falsely. If false statements were made as part of the application process, benefits may be denied regardless of whether the claimant would have been hired if all questions were answered truthfully.
(4) Insubordination.
An employer generally has the right to expect lines of authority will be followed; reasonable instructions, given in a civil manner, will be obeyed; supervisors will be respected and their authority will not be undermined. In determining when insubordination becomes disqualifying conduct, a disregard of the employer's rightful and legitimate interests is of major importance. Protesting or expressing general dissatisfaction without an overt act is not a disregard of the employer's interests. However, provocative remarks to a superior or vulgar or profane language in response to a civil request may constitute insubordination if it disrupts routine, undermines authority or impairs efficiency. Mere incompatibility or emphatic insistence or discussion by a claimant, acting in good faith, is not disqualifying conduct.
(5) Loss of License.
If the discharge is due to the loss of a required license and the claimant had control over the circumstances that resulted in the loss, the conduct is generally disqualifying. Harm is established as the employer would generally be exposed to an unacceptable degree of risk by allowing an employee to continue to work without a required license. In the example of a lost driving privilege due to driving under the influence (DUI), knowledge is
established as it is understood by members of the driving public that driving under the influence of alcohol is a violation of the law and may be punishable by the loss of driving privileges. Control is established as the claimant made a decision to risk the loss of his or her license by failing to make other arrangements for transportation.
(6) Incarceration.
When a claimant engages in illegal activities, it must be recognized that the possibility of arrest and detention for some period of time exists. It is foreseeable that incarceration will result in absence from work and possible loss of employment. Generally, a discharge for failure to report to work because of incarceration due to proven or admitted criminal conduct is disqualifying.
(7) Abuse of Drugs and Alcohol.
(a) The Legislature, under the Utah Drug and Alcohol Testing Act, Section 34-38-1 et seq., has determined the illegal use of drugs and abuse of alcohol creates an unsafe and unproductive workplace. In balancing the interests of employees, employers and the welfare of the general public, the Legislature has determined the fair and equitable testing for drug and alcohol use is a reasonable employment policy.
(b) An employer can establish a prima facie case of ineligibility for benefits under the Employment Security Act based on testing conducted under the Drug and Alcohol Testing Act by providing the following information:
(i) A written policy on drug or alcohol testing consistent with the requirements of the Drug and Alcohol Testing Act and that was in place at the time the violation occurred.
(ii) Reasonable proof and description of the method for communicating the policy to all employees, including a statement that violation of the policy may result in discharge.
(iii) Proof of testing procedures used which would include:
(A) Documentation of sample collection, storage and transportation procedures.
(B) Documentation that the results of any screening test for drugs and alcohol were verified or confirmed by reliable testing methods.
(C) A copy of the verified or confirmed positive drug or alcohol test report.
(c) The above documentation shall be admissible as competent evidence under various exceptions to the hearsay rule, including Rule 803(6) of the Utah Rules of Evidence respecting "records of regularly conducted activity," unless determined otherwise by a court of law.
(d) A positive alcohol test result shall be considered disqualifying if it shows a blood or breath alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams or greater per 100 milliliters of blood or 210 liters of breath. A blood or breath alcohol concentration of less than 0.08 grams may also be disqualifying if the claimant worked in an occupation governed by a state or federal law that allowed or required discharge at a lower standard.
(e) Proof of a verified or confirmed positive drug or alcohol test result or refusal to provide a proper test sample is a violation of a reasonable employer rule. The claimant may be disqualified from the receipt of benefits if his or her separation was consistent with the employer's written drug and alcohol policy.
(f) In addition to the drug and alcohol testing provisions above, ineligibility for benefits under the Employment Security Act may be established through the introduction of other competent evidence.
Cite as Utah Admin. Code R994-405-208
§ 10-3-1106. Discharge, suspension without pay, or involuntary transfer - Appeals - Board - Procedure.
Utah Statutes
Title 10. Utah Municipal Code
Chapter 3. Municipal Government
Current through 3-28-2017
§ 10-3-1106. Discharge, suspension without pay, or involuntary transfer - Appeals - Board - Procedure
(1) An employee to which Section 10-3-1105 applies may not be discharged, suspended without pay, or involuntarily transferred to a position with less remuneration:
(a) because of the employee's politics or religious belief; or
(b) incident to, or through changes, either in the elective officers, governing body, or heads of departments.
(2) (a) If an employee other than an employee described in Subsection 10-3-1105(2) is discharged, suspended for more than two days without pay, or involuntarily transferred from one position to another with less remuneration for any disciplinary reason, the employee may, subject to Subsection (2)(b), appeal the final decision to discharge, suspend without pay, or involuntarily transfer to an appeal board or hearing officer established under Subsection (7).
(b) If the municipality provides an internal grievance procedure, the employee shall exhaust the employee's rights under that grievance procedure before appealing to the appeal board or hearing officer.
(3) (a) Each appeal under Subsection (2) shall be taken by filing written notice of the appeal with the municipal recorder in accordance with procedures established by a municipality within 10 calendar days after:
(i) if the municipality provides an internal grievance procedure, the employee receives notice of the final disposition of the municipality's internal grievance procedure; or
(ii) if the municipality does not provide an internal grievance procedure, the discharge, suspension, or involuntary transfer.
(b) (i) Upon the filing of an appeal under Subsection (3)(a), the municipal recorder
shall refer a copy of a properly filed appeal to the appeal board or hearing officer described in Subsection (7).
(ii) Upon receipt of the referral from the municipal recorder, the appeal board or hearing officer shall schedule a hearing to take and receive evidence and fully hear and determine the matter which relates to the reason for the discharge, suspension, or transfer.
(4) (a) An employee who is the subject of the discharge, suspension, or transfer may:
(i) appear in person and be represented by counsel;
(ii) have a hearing open to the public;
(iii) confront the witness whose testimony is to be considered; and
(iv) examine the evidence to be considered by the appeal board.
(b) An employee or the municipality may request the hearing described in Subsection (4)(a)(ii).
(5) (a) (i) A decision of the appeal board shall be by secret ballot.
(ii) The appeal board or the hearing officer shall certify a decision by the appeal board or hearing officer, respectively, with the recorder no later than 15 days after the day on which the hearing is held, except as provided in Subsection (5)(a)(iii).
(iii) For good cause, the appeal board or hearing officer may extend the 15-day period under Subsection (5)(a)(ii) to a maximum of 60 calendar days, if the employee and municipality both consent.
(b) If the appeal board or hearing officer finds in favor of the employee, the appeal board or hearing officer shall provide that the employee shall receive:
(i) the employee's salary for the period of time during which the employee is discharged or suspended without pay less any amounts the employee earned from other employment during this period of time; or
(ii) any deficiency in salary for the period during which the employee was transferred to a position of less remuneration.
(6) (a) A final action or order of the appeal board or hearing officer may be reviewed by the Court of Appeals by filing with that court a petition for review.
(b) A petition under Subsection (6)(a) shall be filed within 30 days after the issuance of the final action or order of the appeal board or hearing officer.
(c) The Court of Appeals' review shall be:
(i) on the record of the appeal board or hearing officer; and
(ii) for the purpose of determining if the appeal board or hearing officer abused its discretion or exceeded its authority.
(7) (a) The method and manner of choosing a hearing officer or the members of the appeal board, the number of members, the designation of a hearing officer's or appeal board member's term of office, and the procedure for conducting an appeal and the standard of review shall be prescribed by the governing body of each municipality by ordinance.
(b) For a municipality operating under a form of government other than a council-mayor form under Chapter 3b, Part 2, Council-mayor Form of Municipal Government, an ordinance adopted under Subsection (7)(a) may provide that the governing body of the municipality shall serve as the appeal board.
(8) This section does not apply to an employee:
(a) described in Subsection 10-3-1105(2); or
(b) discharged or transferred to a position with less remuneration if the discharge or transfer is the result of a layoff, reorganization, or other non-disciplinary reason.
Cite as Utah Code § 10-3-1106
History. Amended by Chapter 321, 2012 General Session, §3, eff. 5/8/2012.
Amended by Chapter 19, 2008 General Session
Amended by Chapter 115, 2008 General Session
Rule 24. Briefs.
Utah Court Rules
Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure
Title 5. General Provisions
As amended through March 28, 2017
Rule 24. Briefs
(a) **Brief of the appellant.** The brief of the appellant shall contain under appropriate headings and in the order indicated:
(a)( A complete list of all parties to the proceeding in the court or agency whose judgment or order is sought to be reviewed, except where the caption of the case on appeal contains the names of all such parties. The list should be set out on a separate page which appears immediately inside the cover.
(a)( A table of contents, including the contents of the addendum, with page references.
(a)( A table of authorities with cases alphabetically arranged and with parallel citations, rules, statutes and other authorities cited, with references to the pages of the brief where they are cited.
(a)( A brief statement showing the jurisdiction of the appellate court.
(a)( A statement of the issues presented for review, including for each issue: the standard of appellate review with supporting authority; and
(a)( citation to the record showing that the issue was preserved in the trial court;
5)( or
A)
(a)( a statement of grounds for seeking review of an issue not preserved in the trial court.
B)
(a)( Constitutional provisions, statutes, ordinances, rules, and regulations whose interpretation is determinative of the appeal or of central importance to the appeal shall be set out verbatim with the appropriate citation. If the pertinent part of the provision is lengthy, the citation alone will suffice, and the provision shall be set forth in an addendum to the brief under paragraph (11) of this rule.
(a) A statement of the case. The statement shall first indicate briefly the nature of the case, the course of proceedings, and its disposition in the court below. A statement of the facts relevant to the issues presented for review shall follow. All statements of fact and references to the proceedings below shall be supported by citations to the record in accordance with paragraph (e) of this rule.
(a) Summary of arguments. The summary of arguments, suitably paragraphed, shall be a succinct condensation of the arguments actually made in the body of the brief. It shall not be a mere repetition of the heading under which the argument is arranged.
(a) An argument. The argument shall contain the contentions and reasons of the appellant with respect to the issues presented, including the grounds for reviewing any issue not preserved in the trial court, with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record relied on. A party challenging a fact finding must first marshal all record evidence that supports the challenged finding. A party seeking to recover attorney's fees incurred on appeal shall state the request explicitly and set forth the legal basis for such an award.
(a) A short conclusion stating the precise relief sought.
(a) An addendum to the brief or a statement that no addendum is necessary under this paragraph. The addendum shall be bound as part of the brief unless doing so makes the brief unreasonably thick. If the addendum is bound separately, the addendum shall contain a table of contents. The addendum shall contain a copy of:
(a) any constitutional provision, statute, rule, or regulation of central importance cited in the brief but not reproduced verbatim in the brief;
(A)
(a) in cases being reviewed on certiorari, a copy of the Court of Appeals opinion; in all cases any court opinion of central importance to the appeal but not available to the court as part of a regularly published reporter service; and
(C) those parts of the record on appeal that are of central importance to the determination of the appeal, such as the challenged instructions, findings of fact and conclusions of law, memorandum decision, the transcript of the court's oral decision, or the contract or document subject to construction.
(b) Brief of the appellee. The brief of the appellee shall conform to the requirements of paragraph (a) of this rule, except that the appellee need not include:
(b) a statement of the issues or of the case unless the appellee is dissatisfied with the statement of the appellant; or
(b) an addendum, except to provide material not included in the addendum of the appellant. The appellee may refer to the addendum of the appellant.
(c) **Reply brief.** The appellant may file a brief in reply to the brief of the appellee, and if the appellee has cross-appealed, the appellee may file a brief in reply to the response of the appellant to the issues presented by the cross-appeal. Reply briefs shall be limited to answering any new matter set forth in the opposing brief. The content of the reply brief shall conform to the requirements of paragraphs (a)(2), (3), (9), and (10) of this rule. No further briefs may be filed except with leave of the appellate court.
(d) **References in briefs to parties.** Counsel will be expected in their briefs and oral arguments to keep to a minimum references to parties by such designations as "appellant" and "appellee." It promotes clarity to use the designations used in the lower court or in the agency proceedings, or the actual names of parties, or descriptive terms such as "the employee," "the injured person," "the taxpayer," etc.
(e) **References in briefs to the record.** References shall be made to the pages of the original record as paginated pursuant to Rule 11(b) or to pages of any statement of the evidence or proceedings or agreed statement prepared pursuant to Rule 11(f) or 11(g). References to pages of published depositions or transcripts shall identify the sequential number of the cover page of each volume as marked by the clerk on the bottom right corner and each separately numbered page(s) referred to within the deposition or transcript as marked by the transcriber. References to exhibits shall be made to the exhibit numbers. If reference is made to evidence the admissibility of which is in controversy, reference shall be made to the pages of the record at which the evidence was identified, offered, and received or rejected.
(f) **Length of briefs.**
(f)(1) **Type-volume limitation.**
(f)(1) In an appeal involving the legality of a death sentence, a principal brief is acceptable if it contains no more than 28,000 words or if it uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 2,600 lines of text; and a reply brief is acceptable if it contains no more than 14,000 words or if it uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 1,300 lines of text. In all other appeals, a principal brief is acceptable if it contains no more than 14,000 words or if it uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 1,300 lines of text; and a reply brief is acceptable if it contains no more than 7,000 words or if it uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 650 lines of text.
(f)(1) Headings, footnotes and quotations count toward the word and line limitations, but the table of contents, table of citations, and any addendum containing statutes, rules, regulations or portions of the record as required by paragraph (a) of this rule do not count toward the word and line limitations.
(f)(2) Certificate of compliance. A brief submitted under Rule 24(f)(1) must include a certificate by the attorney or an unrepresented party that the brief complies with the type-volume limitation. The person preparing the certificate may rely on the word or line count of the word processing system used to prepare the brief. The certificate must state either the number of words in the brief or the number of lines of monospaced type in the brief.
(f)(2) Page limitation. Unless a brief complies with Rule 24(f)(1), a principal briefs shall not exceed 30 pages, and a reply briefs shall not exceed 15 pages, exclusive of pages containing the table of contents, tables of citations and any addendum containing statutes, rules, regulations, or portions of the record as required by paragraph (a) of this rule.
In cases involving cross-appeals, paragraph (g) of this rule sets forth the length of briefs.
(g) Briefs in cases involving cross-appeals. If a cross-appeal is filed, the party first filing a notice of appeal shall be deemed the appellant, unless the parties otherwise agree or the court otherwise orders. Each party shall be entitled to file two briefs.
(g)(1) The appellant shall file a Brief of Appellant, which shall present the issues raised in the appeal.
(g)(2) The appellee shall then file one brief, entitled Brief of Appellee and Cross-Appellant, which shall respond to the issues raised in the Brief of Appellant and present the issues raised in the cross-appeal.
(g)(3) The appellant shall then file one brief, entitled Reply Brief of Appellant and Brief of Cross-Appellee, which shall reply to the Brief of Appellee and respond to the Brief of Cross-Appellant.
(g)(4) The appellee may then file a Reply Brief of Cross-Appellant, which shall reply to the Brief of Cross-Appellee.
(g)(5) Type-volume limitation.
(g)(5) The appellant's Brief of Appellant is acceptable if it contains no more than 14,000 words or it uses a monospaced face and contains no more than 1,300 lines of text.
(g)( The appellee's Brief of Appellee and Cross-Appellant is acceptable if it contains no more than 16,500 words or it uses a monospaced face and B) contains no more than 1,500 lines of text.
(g)( The appellant's Reply Brief of Appellant and Brief of Cross-Appellee is acceptable if it contains no more than 14,000 words or it uses a C) monospaced face and contains no more than 1,300 lines of text.
(g)( The appellee's Reply Brief of Cross-Appellant is acceptable if it contains no more than half of the type volume specified in Rule 24(g)(5)(A).
(g)( Certificate of Compliance. A brief submitted under Rule 24(g)(5) must comply with Rule 24(f)(1)(C).
(g)( Page Limitation. Unless it complies with Rule 24(g)(5) and (6), the appellant's Brief of Appellant must not exceed 30 pages; the appellee's Brief of Appellee and Cross-Appellant, 35 pages; the appellant's Reply Brief of Appellant and Brief of Cross-Appellee, 30 pages; and the appellee's Reply Brief of Cross-Appellant, 15 pages.
(h) Permission for over length brief. While such motions are disfavored, the court for good cause shown may upon motion permit a party to file a brief that exceeds the page, word, or line limitations of this rule. The motion shall state with specificity the issues to be briefed, the number of additional pages, words, or lines requested, and the good cause for granting the motion. A motion filed at least seven days prior to the date the brief is due or seeking three or fewer additional pages, 1,400 or fewer additional words, or 130 or fewer lines of text need not be accompanied by a copy of the brief. A motion filed within seven days of the date the brief is due and seeking more than three additional pages, 1,400 additional words, or 130 lines of text shall be accompanied by a copy of the finished brief. If the motion is granted, the responding party is entitled to an equal number of additional pages, words, or lines without further order of the court. Whether the motion is granted or denied, the draft brief will be destroyed by the court.
(i) Briefs in cases involving multiple appellants or appellees. In cases involving more than one appellant or appellee, including cases consolidated for purposes of the appeal, any number of either may join in a single brief, and any appellant or appellee may adopt by reference any part of the brief of another. Parties may similarly join in reply briefs.
(j) Citation of supplemental authorities. When pertinent and significant authorities come to the attention of a party after that party's brief has been filed, or after oral argument but before decision, a party may promptly advise the clerk of the appellate court, by letter setting forth the citations. An original letter and nine copies shall be filed in the Supreme Court. An original letter and seven copies shall be filed in the Court of Appeals. There
shall be a reference either to the page of the brief or to a point argued orally to which the citations pertain, but the letter shall state the reasons for the supplemental citations. The body of the letter must not exceed 350 words. Any response shall be made within seven days of filing and shall be similarly limited.
(k) **Requirements and sanctions.** All briefs under this rule must be concise, presented with accuracy, logically arranged with proper headings and free from burdensome, irrelevant, immaterial or scandalous matters. Briefs which are not in compliance may be disregarded or stricken, on motion or sua sponte by the court, and the court may assess attorney fees against the offending lawyer.
Cite as Utah. R. App. P. 24
Note:
**Advisory Committee Notes**
The rule reflects the marshaling requirement articulated in *State v. Nielsen*, 2014 UT 10, 326 P.3d 645, which holds that the failure to marshal is no longer a technical deficiency that will result in default, but is the manner in which an appellant carries its burden of persuasion when challenging a finding or verdict based upon evidence.
Briefs that do not comply with the technical requirements of this rule are subject to Rule 27(e).
The brief must contain for each issue raised on appeal, a statement of the applicable standard of review and citation of supporting authority.
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 5.01.010 Purpose.
The purpose of annual vacation leave is to allow an employee time to both mentally and physically refresh himself in order that he be better able to carry out the duties of his work. To achieve this goal, it is the intent of Vernal City to have the employees schedule annual vacation leave during the course of his employment. (Amended 11/03/2004, Res.2004-15)
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 5.01.060 Scheduling.
An employee's vacation shall be, as much as possible, scheduled for the employee's convenience. However, vacations must be scheduled through Department Heads so as not to interfere seriously with or impair departmental efficiency. All employees shall submit Request for Leave forms before taking any vacation. As he deems necessary, a Department Head may require an employee to use any accrued vacation leave. (Form in appendix pages) (Amended 11/03/2004, Res.2004-15)
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.030 Causes for Disciplinary Action.
An employee holding any position with Vernal City may be placed on probationary status, transferred, demoted, reduced in pay, suspended with or without pay, or terminated, for any of the following reasons including, but are not limited to the following:
A. A violation of any of the City Personnel policies and procedures, or any other administrative policies, as adopted by resolution of the Vernal City Council;
B. Neglect of duty;
C. Refusal to obey a reasonable order by any supervisor, either written or verbal;
D. Inefficiency or inability to satisfactorily perform assigned duties;
E. An act hostile to public service;
F. Falsification or unauthorized alteration of City records;
G. Falsification of employment application;
H. Knowingly marking the time sheet of another employee, authorizing one's time sheet to be marked by an unauthorized employee, or unauthorized alteration of a time sheet.
I. Carelessness which affects the safety of personnel;
J. Threatening, intimidating, coercing or interfering with fellow employees on the job, or the public.
K. Theft or removal from the work area or premise without proper authorization of any City property or that of any employee.
L. Gambling or engaging a lottery at any City work area.
M. Misusing, destroying or damaging any City property or the property of any employee.
N. Deliberately restricting output.
O. Possessing or consuming any alcoholic beverage or unlawfully manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, possessing or using a controlled substance in the workplace of Vernal City.
P. Intoxication, or being under the influence of alcohol or prohibitive drugs, during work hours or in the workplace of Vernal City.
Q. Immoral conduct or indecency affecting job performance or job effectiveness.
R. Sleeping on the job during work hours.
S. Engaging in conduct that negatively impacts the employee's ability to perform essential functions of his job.
T. Using, threatening or attempting to use personal or political influence in an effort to secure special consideration as a City employee.
U. Failure to report to work without notification to the Department Head unless it is impossible to give such notice.
V. Involvement in a vehicular accident involving a City vehicle, where negligence has been demonstrated by the employee.
W. Act of dishonesty related to job performance.
X. Misuse of disposed surplus property.
Y. Sexual harassment of employees.
Z. Using profane language.
AA. Displaying insubordinate behavior.
BB. Any other misconduct.
CC. Possession of firearms, weapons or explosives on City owned property or at the work location without authorization of the City Manager unless specifically allowed by federal or State law.
DD. Employment discrimination.
EE. Moving traffic violation while operating a City vehicle.
FF. Violation of the Information Technology Resources provisions of these policies and procedures.
GG. Violation of local, State or Federal laws.
(Amended 11/03/2004, Res.2004-15)
(Res. 2015-03, Amended, 02/04/2015, Prior Text; Res. 2010-14, Amended, 07/08/2010, Prior Text; Res. 2009-28, Amended, 12/17/2009, Prior Text; Res. 2005-19, Amended, 11/02/2005, Prior Text)
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.040 Legal and management review required for formal disciplinary action.
A. Whenever any Department Head, or his designee, feels there is a need for formal disciplinary action to be taken against a City employee, that Department Head must contact the City Manager's office prior to taking any other action.
B. A meeting will be held with the Department Head and appropriate members of his / her department to discuss the action of the employee and the proposed disciplinary action to be taken in response.
C. Excepting for oral warnings or written reprimands, the City Manager shall approve all other disciplinary actions of any employee as provided in Section 12.05.010 and 12.05.060 of this Chapter. (Amended 11/03/2004, Res.2004-15) (Res. 2012-10, Amended, 05/16/2012, Prior Text; Res. 2005-19, Amended, 11/02/2005, Prior Text)
Vernal City Personnel Manual Section 12.05.065 Types of disciplinary action.
A. Informal disciplinary procedures can include the following:
1. Oral warning. Whenever grounds for disciplinary action exist, and the department head determines that more severe action is not immediately necessary, the deficiency demonstrated may be orally communicated to the employee.
a. A memorandum of the date and content of the oral warning shall be written by the department head, or designee.
b. This memorandum shall be placed in a separate verbal warning folder in the personnel department and is not part of the employee's personnel file.
2. Written reprimand. The department head, or designee, may reprimand employees for employment performance related reasons.
a. The department head, or designee, shall furnish the employee with an employee written reprimand notification setting for the reasons.
b. A copy of the employee written reprimand notification, signed by the department head, or designee, and the employee, shall be sent to the personnel department and be placed in the employee's personnel file. If the employee refuses to sign the form, the department head, or designee, will so state.
B. Formal disciplinary procedures can include the following:
1. Placement on probation. The department head, or his designee, after approval of the City Manager, may place an employee on a disciplinary probation status for a time period not to exceed a six (6) month period.
2. Suspension. The department head, or designee, after consultation with the City Manager, and in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter pertaining to formal disciplinary procedures, may suspend employees with or without pay.
3. Demotion or reduction in pay in the same grade. If in the best interest of both the employee and the City, the department head, or designee, after consultation with the City Manager and in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter pertaining to formal disciplinary procedures, may demote or reduce in the same grade, employees for employment performance related reasons.
4. Transfer which may result in reduction in pay. If in the best interest of both the employee and the City, the department head, or designee, after consultation with the City Manager, and in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter pertaining to formal disciplinary procedures, may transfer employees, except a probationary employee, by furnishing the employee with written employee transfer notification.
5. Termination. The department head, or designee, after consultation with the City Manager, and in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter pertaining to formal disciplinary procedures, may request to terminate an employee. Only the City Manager may approve the termination of an employee. (Res. 2005-19, Add, 11/02/2005)
|
NOTICE OF
TOWN COUNCIL WORKSESSION, PUBLIC HEARING & REGULAR MEETING
TOWN OF PROVIDENCE VILLAGE, TEXAS
PROVIDENCE VILLAGE TOWN HALL
1755 MAIN ST., PROVIDENCE VILLAGE, TEXAS
TUESDAY, AUGUST 20, 2019
7:30 P.M. Regular Session
MINUTE
REGULAR SESSION 7:30 p.m.
I. CALL TO ORDER AND ANNOUNCE A QUORUM PRESENT:
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton called the meeting to order at 7:52 p.m. Town Council members present were Alderman Kelly Nelson, Alderman Linda Inman, and Alderman Jesse Rodriguez, being a quorum. Alderman Chris Blue and Mayor Michael Jordan were absent.
II. INVOCATION
J.T. Riley led invocation.
III. PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
a. United States Flag
b. Texas Flag
IV. OPEN FORUM:
There were no requests to address the Town Council.
V. WORKSESSION/COMMITTEE REPORTS/STAFF REPORTS:
a. Committee Reports
Brian Roberson stated that there were no committee reports.
b. Staff Reports
Brian Roberson thanked everyone for their participation in the Ribbon Cutting Ceremony, including Mayor Pro-Tem Newton and his excellent speech and Alderman Linda Inman for her coordination of the hospitality.
Senator Jane Nelson sent a flag that flew over State. Brian Roberson read the letter from Senator Jane Nelson.
Brian Roberson also reported that TxDOT announced that maintenance was scheduled to begin the week of August 26th along F.M. 2931 from Lexington Dr. to Hwy 380. Brian Roberson also announced Mike Carroll’s retirement.
Alderman Inman asked about water accountability and Cameron Robinson gave an explanation relating to a leak. He also explained the fact that they use a third party for environmental studies and the copper and lead study from TCEQ is being dealt with.
VI. CONSENT AGENDA – Items are considered self-explanatory and will be enacted with one motion. There will be no separate discussion of these items unless so requested by at least one member of the Town Council.
a. Minute Approval – August 6, 2019 Town Council Regular Session Minutes
Alderman Nelson moved to approve Consent Agenda; Alderman Inman seconded. Motion carried: 4 in favor, 0 opposed.
VII. ACTION ITEMS
a. Consider, discuss and act upon acceptance of resignation of Alderman Chris Blue and declaration of vacancy on the Town Council.
Brian Roberson read the email from Chris Blue regarding his resignation. Brian Roberson explained the process, including the 30 day clock for appointment of a replacement. Alderman Nelson moved to accept Chris Blue’s resignation; Jesse Rodriguez seconded. Motion carried: 4 in favor, 0 opposed.
b. Conduct first public hearing to receive input on proposed Tax Rate for 2019 Tax Year.
Brian Roberson stated that the proposed tax rate is $0.787427 per $100 value; proceeding year’s tax rate was $0.799718 per $100 value; the rollback rate is $.755206 and the effective rate $0.791199. He further reported that this was the first of two public hearings set and that notice of the public hearings had been publicized in the local newspaper.
Public Hearing was opened at 8:09 p.m. by Mayor Pro-Tem Newton. No one wished to address the Council. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Public Hearing and reconvened into Town Council Regular Session at 8:09 p.m.
c. Conduct first public hearing to receive input on proposed Fiscal Year 2019-20 Budget for the Town of Providence Village.
Brian Roberson gave a summary of the changes since the July 31st worksession. He reported that the CASA participation was discussed, and Providence Village’s fair share was approximately $10,000. Based on conversations with Mayor Jordan and Mayor Pro-Tem Newton, Mayor Jordan stated that he was inclined to contribute a figure along the lines of $1,000. He also reported on the costs associated with signs for poles in the school zones. The cost for 2 signed, 3 poles and necessary hardware is
approximately $7,000.00 and has been included in the revised budget. He also reported that the building maintenance cost has been increased from $9,000 to $12,000 for the year due to increase in the size of the building.
Brian Roberson also reported that capital contribution funds were moved because they were designated for future projects, but the work was accomplished this year.
There was discussion regarding projects suggested in the budget worksession, which were subsequently removed. Brian Roberson reported that flashing lights for school zones was originally projected to be included in the budget at a cost of approximately $43,000, but after conversing with Chief Kreidler, the project was removed. Chief Kreidler stated that the Town already had adequate signage and flashing lights are more geared for high speed locations, rather than residential areas where you are going from 25 to 15. Based on this information, it has been recommended that there is no need for a flashing light system in the residential sections of the Town’s school zones.
The project involving adding commercial property to the Town’s website was scraped. Brian Roberson stated that he spoke with a representative from the Town of Cross Roads and learned that they do have a static report on their website, but it was last updated in 2016 and originally created in 2014. Brian Roberson believes we can do something inhouse and update more frequently and save money.
An additional $40,000 was added to the general fund as the Town’s contribution to completing the comprehensive plan and community survey with EDC.
Brian Roberson reported that an additional 7th officer has been added to the law enforcement section of the budget and further reported that the costs associated with an additional vehicle was included in the capital plan.
He also reported that the budget included an additional code compliance officer.
Liability insurance costs have increased due to new building as well as additional vehicle. Building rental costs are going down and landscape cost went up based on new contract previously approved by Town Council. He also reported that Library contributions were increased to $21,600 which will allow the library to hire an additional part time employee and be open on Friday and do local programming.
Brian Roberson reported that the financial advisors have suggested that for Debt Service, the Town needs to use reserve funds. With respect to the Utility Fund, it needs to be noted that the rates have not change in over 10 years. We are now to the point we are dipping into the reserve fund and we need to look at the rates soon. He also reported that the Fire fund is also one that has not changed. We charge $10 but the actual cost is $12.50, therefore we are dipping into reserve to cover the costs.
With respect to trash expenses, the contract for waste management is due to expire or be renewed in December. Our costs are going to go up to $16 and the biggest driver is recycling. There was discussion regarding Waste Management recycle problems and the cost evaluation conducted at the time.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton asked how the Child Safety Fund is acquired and Brian Roberson explained that it was from the County through auto registrations. We bring in about $6,000 a year and have a balance of about $40,000 currently.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Town Council Regular Session and opened Public Hearing at 8:41 p.m.
Leslie Evans, a resident who resides at 10328 Nantucket, discussed how the officers are looking for speeders and not working with the kids. She supports cross guards.
Don Fisher, a resident who resides at 10200 Nantucket, asked about budgeted funds for Hero Park. Brian Roberson reported that the capital plan included $44,000 which would be combined with the funds that were previously donated.
Juan Gonzales, a resident who resides at 10324 Nantucket, asked about child safety fund. He asked if the ISD’s provide funds and Brian Roberson stated that it depends on each individual situation. Sometimes they will support and sometimes they do not.
Chief Kreidler addressed the school zone crossing issues and stated that he has been monitoring the school zone crossing situation at Providence Elementary. Chief Kreidler stated that crossing guards are paid out of the principal’s budgets and currently she cannot afford it. They are employing a bus to be used in the apartment complex.
Brian Roberson elaborated on the negotiations between Little Elm, TxDOT and the schools to address the schooling crossing issue at Providence Elementary.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Public Hearing and reconvened into Town Council Regular Session at 8:53 p.m.
d. Receive recommendation from Planning and Zoning Commission, conduct public hearing, consider, discuss and act upon Ordinance No. 2019-213 related to application of ordinance provisions contained in the Town’s Subdivision Ordinance that may conflict with the provisions of House Bill 3167 passed by the 86th Legislature of the State of Texas.
Brian Roberson stated that the Planning & Zoning Commission has recommended approval. Julie Fort stated this HB changed the rules for approval of plats and plans. They’ve changed the rules to make the approval go faster. In the past municipalities could ask the applicant to sign a waiver, the new rules do not allow the Town to ask for a waiver, however an applicant can voluntarily offer. If an application is denied, the Town Council will have to provide the applicant with a written list of reasons for each denial and cite the section of the ordinance that cover each denial. If it is denied a second time, they are done and must start over. Julie Fort stated that she did not think this change is going to benefit the developers. The ordinances we have currently will conflict with the HB on September and the State did not give us enough time to modify the ordinance prior to the HB enactment, so this ordinance acknowledges that the Town will follow the current law.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Town Council Regular Session and opened Public Hearing at 8:59 p.m.
Juan Gonzales, a resident who resides at 10324 Nantucket, states that this warrants judicial review or attorney general’s opinion before we go further.
Julie Fort responded that the purpose of this ordinance is for the Town to acknowledge that they will follow state law despite what our current ordinances read.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Public Hearing and reconvened into Town Council Regular Session at 9:00 p.m.
Alderman Inman moved to accept Planning & Zoning Commission’s recommendation and to approve Ordinance 2019-213 related to application of ordinance provisions contained in the Town’s Subdivision Ordinance that may conflict with the provisions of House Bill 3167; Alderman Nelson seconded. Motion carried: 4 in favor, 0 opposed.
e. Receive recommendation from Planning and Zoning Commission, conduct public hearing, consider, discuss and act upon Ordinance No. 2019-214 enacting amendments to the Town’s Zoning Ordinance and Building Code Regulations and providing for compliance with new State laws affecting materials used in the construction or renovation of residential and commercial buildings, and rules and proceedings before the Zoning Board of Adjustment in compliance with House Bill 2439 and House Bill 2497 passed by the 86th Legislature of the State of Texas.
Brian Roberson stated that Planning & Zoning Commission recommended approval. Julie Fort reported that HB 2497 adds who is allowed to file in district court appealing a BOA decision. Now any property owner within 200 feet can appeal a decision to court. Julie Fort gave an example.
Julie Fort report that HB 2439, which everyone was hoping for a veto; we got the opposite. This bill removes building material restrictions from ordinances. There are many fire marshals who are distraught over the new law. This law is about the physical things being used in construction. Ordinance acknowledges what the new state law is and if there is anything in our current ordinance in conflict, the Town will follow the current law.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Town Council Regular Session and convened into Public Hearing at 9:08 p.m. There were no requests to address the Town Council. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Public Hearing and reconvened into Town Council Regular Session at 9:08 p.m.
Alderman Inman moved to accept the Planning & Zoning Commission’s recommendation and approve Ordinance No. 2019-214 enacting amendments to the Town’s Zoning Ordinance and Building Code Regulations and providing for compliance with new State laws affecting materials used in the construction or renovation of residential and commercial buildings, and rules and proceedings before
the Zoning Board of Adjustment in compliance with House Bill 2439; Alderman Nelson seconded. Motion carried: 4 in favor, 0 opposed.
f. Receive recommendation from Planning and Zoning Commission, conduct public hearing, consider, discuss and act upon recommendation of Special Use Permit No. 19-01262-01 submitted by Providence/380 Partners, Ltd., as property owner, Guggenheim Partners, LLC, as applicant and Ryan Alcala of Jones/Carter, as representative, for a special use permit allowing automotive maintenance shop (Jiffy Lube) in the Business 2 District (B-2) of the property located at 26625 U.S. Highway 380, Providence Village, Texas and identified as approximately a 1.06 acre tract of land, Lot 4 of the Providence/380 Addition, a subdivision of record in Document No. 2015-216 of the Plat Records of Denton County, Texas, and further identified as Denton Property ID 64791, situated in the Marsella Jones Survey, Abstract 662, Denton County, Texas.
Brian Roberson gave a brief history of the property and reported that the Planning & Zoning Commission recommended approval by a vote of 4 in favor, 1 opposed. There were several comments in support and several in opposition to the SUP.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton asked what business could be put in this space without a SUP. Julie Fort reported that there were several types of businesses, including restaurants, mailbox facilities, flea markets, personal services shops, beauty shops, banks, auto part sales, telephone lines, bakeries, appliance repair, electrical transmission lines and many other businesses.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Town Council Regular Session and opened Public Hearing at 9:17 p.m.
Travis Bousquet with Jones Carter reiterated his presentation given to the Planning & Zoning Commission.
Juan Gonzales, a resident who resides at 10324 Nantucket, spoke in opposition due to property values being reduced and he has concerns regarding the environmental issues.
Don Fisher, a resident who resides at 10200 Nantucket, reiterated how the tree green belt blocks a lot of lights and sounds from the area being discussed. He understands how a person who owns a 2 story house might be bothered by something behind them.
Eric Allsop, a resident who resides at 10252 Nantucket, does not believe that trees will block sound and noise. He is not opposed or in favor, just has some concerns he would like to have addressed.
Joanna Neff, a resident who resides at 10230 Nantucket, spoke in opposition to the Jiffy Lube and is concerned about property values.
Justin Heigel, a representative from Guggenheim, addressed the light issues, environmental issues and other concerns residence have regarding their property values.
Klayton Rutherford, a resident who resides at 1418 Kingston Pl., stated that he too found his home in Providence Village by driving Hwy 380 and had a Jiffy Lube been there, he wouldn’t have bought here.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton asked Julie Fort if a drive-in restaurant could go there and she acknowledged that it could. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton asked Brian Roberson about the vested right arrangement with Aldi, Blue Wave and the spa.
Ted Lewis, who resides at 2648 Liberty Circle, Aubrey, TX, spoke in opposition based on his experience with the auto repair
Greg Fauchner, a resident who resides at 9140 Blackstone, spoke in support of Jiffy Lube, based on revenue.
Alderman Nelson asked if we knew what the tax revenue would be and Brian Roberson stated that it was suggested that it could be $2,000 to $10,000, plus an additional $12,000 to $15,000 in ad valorem taxes.
Alderman Nelson asked if there is an environmental impact report that they could provide, and Mr. Heigel stated that we needed to check with TCEQ. Jiffy Lube is controlled by Shell Oil. She also asked how often the tanks were emptied and he stated it depended on the number of vehicles services.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton closed Public Hearing and reconvened into Town Council Regular Session at 9:45 p.m.
Alderman Rodriguez stated he has used the competitors and never heard some of the items that people are concerned with and while he had been sitting here, he has heard several semis drive down FM 2931 and Hwy 380 is much bigger. He believes the noise on Hwy 380 would be a bigger issue to the residents who live in proximity.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton stated that he is torn on this for several reasons. From an EDC viewpoint, he wants to see business come in, but on a Town Council side, we need to make right decisions for these people. He wanted to have a hand in the direction we grow, not grow just to grow. There are 16 business within a 7 mile radius that perform the same type of service. It is a pick your poison or are we settling? Does Jiffy Lube enhance the quality of our life is the big question?
Alderman Inman moved to recess for 5 minutes; Alderman Rodriguez seconded. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton recessed Town Council Regular Session at 9:52 p.m.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton reconvened Town Council Regular Session at 9:56 p.m.
Brian Roberson presented a plat of how the Jiffy Lube would be positioned on the property and the proposed site plan.
Travis Bousquet with Jones Carter stated that they would consider landscaping in the grassy area. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton asked if we could require that landscaping be added to the approval and Julie Fort stated it could be included in the SUP ordinance.
Alderman Nelson pointed out that we can control the issue, a drive thru can come in and we don’t have any control.
Alderman Inman wants to table the item until they can get more information.
Alderman Inman moved to table; Alderman Nelson seconded. Motion carried: 4 in favor, 0 opposed.
g. Consider, discuss and act upon appointment of alternate members to the Board of Adjustment.
Alderman Inman moved to table; Alderman Nelson seconded. 4 in favor, 0 opposed.
h. Identify agenda items to be discussed at future meeting.
1. Items (f) and (g) needed to be added to next agenda;
2. P&Z Alternates;
3. Acceptance of Parker Hicks and Roy Gladson resignations; and
4. Dissolution of ordinance committee.
Mayor Pro-Tem Newton wanted to the dissolution of ordinance committee added, stating that committees were used when the Town was a general law municipality, and now that we are a home ruled municipality, we have staff to handle these tasks.
VIII. ADJOURNMENT
Alderman Nelson to adjourn; Alderman Inman seconded. Motion carried: 4 in favor, 0 opposed. Mayor Pro-Tem Newton adjourned the meeting at 10:21 p.m.
J. Eric Newton, Mayor Pro-Tem
Connie S. Hansen, TRMC
Town Secretary
9/3/19
Date Minutes Approved
9/3/19
Date Minutes Approved
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NOTETAKER CHECKLIST FORM
(Complete one for each talk.)
Name: Stephen Hermes Email/Phone: email@example.com
Speaker’s Name: B. Keller
Talk Title: Nakajima Quiver Varieties & Derived Categories
Date: 10/29/12 Time: 10:30 am / pm (circle one)
List 6-12 key words for the talk: Quiver Varieties, Derived Categories, monoidal categorifications, Nakajima category, Gorenstein Homological Algebra
Please summarize the lecture in 5 or fewer sentences: The speaker reviewed the motivation for studying quiver varieties in the context of monoidal categorification of cluster algebras. The speaker introduced Nakajima quiver varieties and related their geometry to the derived category of a Dynkin quiver.
CHECK LIST
(This is NOT optional, we will not pay for incomplete forms)
☐ Introduce yourself to the speaker prior to the talk. Tell them that you will be the note taker, and that you will need to make copies of their notes and materials, if any.
☐ Obtain ALL presentation materials from speaker. This can be done before the talk is to begin or after the talk; please make arrangements with the speaker as to when you can do this. You may scan and send materials as a .pdf to yourself using the scanner on the 3rd floor.
- Computer Presentations: Obtain a copy of their presentation
- Overhead: Obtain a copy or use the originals and scan them
- Blackboard: Take blackboard notes in black or blue PEN. We will NOT accept notes in pencil or in colored ink other than black or blue.
- Handouts: Obtain copies of and scan all handouts
☐ For each talk, all materials must be saved in a single .pdf and named according to the naming convention on the “Materials Received” check list. To do this, compile all materials for a specific talk into one stack with this completed sheet on top and insert face up into the tray on the top of the scanner. Proceed to scan and email the file to yourself. Do this for the materials from each talk.
☐ When you have emailed all files to yourself, please save and re-name each file according to the naming convention listed below the talk title on the “Materials Received” check list.
(YYYY.MM.DD.TIME.SpeakerLastName)
☐ Email the re-named files to firstname.lastname@example.org with the workshop name and your name in the subject line.
Joint with Sarah Scherotzke. Builds on previous work with Hernandez-Leclerc (3-preprints [HL1], [HL2], [HL3]) and by Leclerc-Plamondon (preprint [LP]).
**Motivation**
Hope expressed by Nakajima (2009 preprint) that by using perverse sheaves on quiver varieties it should be possible to obtain monoidal categorifications (in the sense of [HL1]) of the cluster algebras associated with the $T$-system quivers $T_{Q,l}$. Here $Q$ is an acyclic quiver, and $l \geq 1$ (the level).
**Example 0.1.** The quiver $T_{A_3,4}$:
```
• ←→ • ←→ • ←→ • ←→ •
• ←→ • ←→ • ←→ • ←→ •
• ←→ • ←→ • ←→ • ←→ •
```
The existence of a monoidal categorification is very strong and in particular implies strong positivity of the corresponding cluster algebra.
Realized for $l = 1$ by Nakajima for $Q$ bipartite (i.e. each vertex is either a source or a sink) to a certain extent. Generalized to the acyclic case by Kimura-Qin (to a certain extent). Using algebraic and combinatorial methods, realized by [HL1,HL3] for $Q$ of type $A,D$ fully.
**Aim of the Talk:** Get a better understanding of the quiver varieties associated with a Dynkin quiver $Q$ and an arbitrary level $l \geq 1$. (Inspired by the work of [HL2,LP] using derived categories.)
## 1 Reminder on Repetitive Quivers and Happel’s Theorem
Fix $Q$ a Dynkin quiver, e.g. $Q : 1 \rightarrow 2 \rightarrow 3$. Denote by $Q_0$ its set of vertices and $\mathbb{Z}Q$ its repetitive quiver, e.g. for above $Q$ the repetitive quiver $\mathbb{Z}Q$ is
```
• ←→ • ←→ • ←→ • ←→ •
• ←→ • ←→ • ←→ • ←→ •
• ←→ • ←→ • ←→ • ←→ •
```
which up to isomorphism is independent of the orientation of $Q$. In general, $\mathbb{Z}Q$ has vertices the pairs $(i,p) \in Q_0 \times \mathbb{Z}$ and arrows given as follows: For each $\alpha : i \rightarrow j$ in $Q$ we have two families of arrows:
1. $(\alpha,p) : (i,p) \rightarrow (j,p)$
2. \( \sigma(\alpha, p) : (j, p - 1) \to (i, p) \)
Note \( \sigma^2(\alpha, p) = (\alpha, p - 1) \). We also have the translation automorphism \( \tau : (i, p) \mapsto (i, p - 1), (\alpha, p) \mapsto (\alpha, p - 1) \). Fix a field \( k \).
**Definition 1.1.** Define \( k(\mathbb{Z}Q) \) to be the *mesh category* of \( \mathbb{Z}Q \). The objects are the vertices of \( \mathbb{Z}Q \). The morphisms are given by linear combinations of paths modulo the subspace generated by all \( uv_xv \) where \( u, v \) are paths and \( r_x \) is the mesh relation associated with the vertex \( x \in Q_0 \). Here
\[
r_x = \sum_{\beta : y \to x} \sigma(\beta) \cdot \beta.
\]
**Example 1.2.** For the quiver \( A_2 \) we have \( k(\mathbb{Z}Q) \) is
\[
\begin{array}{c}
\cdots \\
\bullet \quad \bullet \quad \bullet \\
\cdots
\end{array}
\]
where compositions of two consecutive arrows vanish in \( k(\mathbb{Z}Q) \).
**Definition 1.3.** If \( kQ \) is the path algebra of \( Q \), mod-\( kQ \) the finite dimensional right \( kQ \)-modules, we can form its bounded derived category \( D_Q := D^b(\text{mod-}kQ) \) of \( kQ \)-modules.
**Theorem 1.4** (Happel '86). We have a canonical equivalence of categories
\[
H : k(\mathbb{Z}Q) \to \text{ind } (D_Q) = \{\text{indecomposable objects in } D_Q\}
\]
determined by \( (0, i) \mapsto P_i = e_i kQ \).
## 2 Graded Affine Quiver Varieties
The *framed quiver* \( Q^\text{fr} \) as the quiver obtained from \( Q \) by adding certain frozen vertices. Namely, for each vertex \( i \), add a new frozen vertex \( i' \) (usually drawn in boxes) and a new arrow \( i \to i' \)
**Example 2.1.** Let \( Q : 1 \to 2 \). Then \( Q^\text{fr} \) is
\[
\begin{array}{c}
2 \longrightarrow [2'] \\
\downarrow \\
1 \longrightarrow [1']
\end{array}
\]
where the brackets \( [ ] \) indicate the vertex is frozen.
Define \( \mathbb{Z}Q^\text{fr} \) as the repetitive quiver of \( Q^\text{fr} \) where all the new frozen vertices give rise to families of frozen vertices. That is, each \( (i', p) \) is frozen.
**Example 2.2.** For \( Q \) as in the previous example, \( \mathbb{Z}Q^\text{fr} \) is
\[
\begin{array}{c}
\cdots \\
\bullet \longrightarrow [\bullet] \longrightarrow [\bullet] \longrightarrow [\bullet] \longrightarrow \bullet \\
\cdots
\end{array}
\]
**Definition 2.3.** Define \( k(\mathbb{Z}Q^\text{fr}) \) to be the mesh category of \( \mathbb{Z}Q^\text{fr} \) with only the mesh relations associated to non-frozen vertices. The *regular (smooth) Nakajima category* \( R \) is this mesh category. The *singular Nakajima category* \( S \) is the full subcategory of \( R \) whose objects are the frozen vertices. Let \( S_0 = \{u = \sigma(x) : x \in \mathbb{Z}Q\} \) denote the set of objects in \( S \) (i.e. the set of frozen vertices).
An $S$-module is a $k$-linear functor $M : S^{\text{op}} \to \text{Mod } kQ$. Let $w : S_0 \to \mathbb{N}$ be a dimension vector, i.e. a function with finite support. Associated to $w$ we have a graded quiver variety $\mathcal{M}_0(w)$ consisting of the $S$-modules $M$ such that $M(u) = k^{w(u)}$ for all $u \in S_0$. Note it is a closed subvariety of
$$\prod_{u_1, u_2 \in S_0} \left( k^{w(u_1) \times w(u_2)} \right)^{\dim \text{Hom}_S(u_1, u_2)}$$
**Theorem 2.4 (LP).** This definition is equivalent to Nakajima’s original definition. (Main ingredient of proof is an old theorem of Luszig.)
**Remark 2.5.** In order to make $\mathcal{M}_0(w)$ more explicit, we need a “minimal presentation” of $S$. That is, a presentation of $S$ by a quiver with relations (not just a subquiver of such). To do this, we need to compute Ext$^1$ and Ext$^2$ between the simple $S$-modules $S_{\sigma(x)}$, for $x \in (\mathbb{Z}Q)_0$.
**Theorem 2.6 (Theorem 1).** For any $p > 0$, we have
$$\text{Ext}^p(S_{\sigma(x)}, S_{\sigma(y)}) = \text{Hom}_{D_Q}(H(x), H(y)[p])$$
where $H$ is Happel’s equivalence and $[p]$ is shift of complexes.
We can compute the right-hand side above explicitly in terms of the root system corresponding to $Q$.
### 3 Stratifications
**Definition 3.1.** Let $v : R_0 - S_0 \to \mathbb{N}$ and $w : S_0 \to \mathbb{N}$ be dimension vectors, and set
$$G_v = \prod_x \text{GL}(k^{v(x)})_{\text{non-frozen}}.$$
Define $\mathcal{M}(v, w)$ to be the smooth graded quiver variety
$$\{R\text{-modules } M : M(x) = k^{v(x)}, M(\sigma(x)) = k^{w(x)}, \text{Hom}(S_x, M) = 0 \text{ for each } x \in \mathbb{Z}Q_0\}/G_v.$$
**Remark 3.2.** Nakajima has shown
1. $\mathcal{M}(v, w)$ is quasi-projective
2. $\pi : \mathcal{M}(v, w) \to \mathcal{M}_0(w)$ by $M \mapsto M|_S$ is proper
3. $\mathcal{M}_0(w)$ is stratified by $\pi(\mathcal{M}^{\text{reg}}(v, w))$
where $\mathcal{M}^{\text{reg}}(v, w)$ is the regular $G_v$-orbits which is an open subvariety of $\mathcal{M}(v, w)$.
**Theorem 3.3 (Theorem 2).** There is a canonical functor
$$\Phi : \text{mod-}\Sigma \to D_Q$$
such that $S_{\sigma(x)} \mapsto H(x)$. Moreover if $M_1, M_2 \in \mathcal{M}_0(w)$, then $M_1$ and $M_2$ lie in the same stratum iff $\Phi M_1 \cong \Phi M_2$ in $D_Q$.
**Remark 3.4.** This is inspired by [HL2] and [LP] who obtain analogous results for certain $w$.
**Theorem 3.5 (Theorem 3).** Consdier $\pi : \coprod \mathcal{M}(v, w) \to \mathcal{M}_0(w)$ and $M \in \mathcal{M}_0(w)$. Then the fibre under $\pi$ of $M$ is the Grassmannian of $D_Q$-submodules of $\text{Hom}(-, \Phi M) : D_Q^{\text{op}} \to \text{mod-}k$.
**Remark 3.6.** This result is classical for $M$ semisimple.
4 Gorenstein Homological Algebra
Let $\text{gpr}(S)$ be the category of finitely presented Gorenstein-projective $S$-modules. That is, $S$-modules (in general infinite dimensional) which have finite presentations $P_1 \to P_0 \to M \to 0$ with $P_0, P_1$ finite dimensional projective, and $\text{Ext}^1_S(M, P) = 0$ for every finite dimensional projective module $P$.
One proves that this is a Frobenius category and so has an associated stable category $\underline{\text{gpr}}(S)$ which is canonically isomorphism to $D_Q$. Moreover, $\text{gpr}(S)$ is isomorphic to the category of finite dimensional projective $R$-modules. There is a functor $\Omega : \text{mod-}\Sigma \to \underline{\text{gpr}}(S)$, and the composition gives the functor $\Phi$.
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