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Agia Varvara (, meaning Saint Barbara) is a suburban town in the western part of the Athens agglomeration in Attica, Greece and a municipality in the West Athens regional unit. ==Geography== Agia Varvara is situated east of the mountain Aigaleo (Greek: Αιγάλεω). It is west of central Athens. The municipality has an area of 2.425 km2. It is served by the Agia Varvara and Agia Marina stations on Line 3 of the Athens Metro. ==Historical population== Year Population 1981 29,259 1991 28,706 2001 30,562 2011 26,550 == References == Category:Municipalities of Attica Category:Populated places in West Athens (regional unit)

['West Athens (regional unit)', 'Saint Barbara', 'Attica', 'Greece', 'Aigaleo', 'Athens', 'Athens Metro']

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Aamir Liaquat Hussain (; 5 July 1971 – 9 June 2022) was a Pakistani politician, columnist and television host. Hussain was a top ranking TV anchor and was listed three times in The 500 influential Muslims worldwide, and was among 100 popular personalities of Pakistan. He was criticized on media numerous times due to his controversial comments about superstars. He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from August 2018 to June 2022. Previously, he was a member of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007 and served as the Minister of State for Religious Affairs from 2004 to 2007 in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. He died on 9 June 2022 in his room at his residence due to suffocation, as per police his house was full of smoke due to a generator. ==Early life and education== Hussain was born on 5 July 1971 in Karachi to politician Sheikh Liaquat Hussain and columnist Mahmooda Sultana. ~~~~== Educational qualifications == In an interview, Hussain said he received his Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree from Liaquat Medical College Jamshoro in 1995, and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Islamic Studies in 2002 by a now known degree mill, Trinity College and University (based in Spain but incorporated in Dover, Delaware). He has also said that he gained a degree of Master of Arts in Islamic Studies in 2002 from the Trinity College and University.M.A. Siddiqui "Musharraf's Blue Eyed Religious Affairs Minister Turns Out to be Dr. Fake" South Asia Tribune. . Retrieved 6 March 2012 In 2006, the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan declared the BA degree in Islamic Studies of Hussain obtained from Trinity College and University as not recognized and fake. In 2003, The Guardian reported this university as a scam where one could buy a degree for as cheaply as £150 within 28 days. The University of Karachi declared his BA degree as fake earlier in 2005. Hussain declared his BA degree to the election commission of Pakistan while filing his nomination forms for the 2002 Pakistani general elections. It was reported that Hussain had purchased his degrees from Trinity College and University to become eligible for contesting the elections. In 2002, it was made compulsory for contestants of elections for seats in the Provincial and National Assemblies of Pakistan to hold at least a bachelor's degree. Hussain's claim to have received an MBBS degree from Liaquat Medical College Jamshoro in 1995 was also falsified based on the fact that if he did have one, he would not need any fake bachelors, masters or doctorate degrees to contest the 2002 general elections. It was also noted that one cannot study at two different faculties at a same time since Hussain claimed to have both his MBBS degree in 1995 and BA in Islamic Studies from Trinity College in 1995. In 2012, it was reported that Hussain appeared as a candidate for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Karachi from where he graduated in 2008. He was later enrolled in Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology in 2010 from where he received his master's degree in Islamic Studies, but according to officials there, Hussain never attended a class or sat any exams. The officials said that the admission form of Hussain was initially submitted with the photograph of another person and was later replaced with the photograph of Hussain. It was also reported that Hussain did not himself sit the semester exams. In 2015, it was reported that Hussain had acquired a fake degree from Ashwood University. According to the Federal Investigation Agency, his profile was noted in Axact's main server. Hussain confessed that he purchased the fake degree from Ashwood University for $1136. ==Political career== === MQM === Hussain was elected as the Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan for the first time in the 2002 Pakistani general election on the ticket of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement from NA-249 (Karachi-XI) constituency and was appointed Minister of State for Religious Affairs and Zakat and Ushar Division in September 2004 in the Shaukat Aziz cabinet. As the junior minister of Religious Affairs, Hussain asked religious scholars from Pakistan to issue a 'Fatwa' regarding suicide bombings in May 2005. In June 2005, he was attacked by enraged youths during his visit to Jamia Binoria. Police however denied that any incident of manhandling of Hussain had taken place and said that the crowd only chanted slogans.Minister mobbed, manhandled . Dawn. Retrieved 3 March 2012. Hussain was the minister of state for Religious Affairs until July 2007, when his party asked him to resign from his position as Minister, and from his seat as a member of the National Assembly. According to an official statement, the party was unhappy with statements made by Hussain against Salman Rushdie. In 2007, he resigned from politics. Later in 2008, MQM also expelled him from the party. He was the founder of the Memhooda Sultana Foundation. From 2013 to 2015, an annual publication The 500 Most Influential Muslims by Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in Jordan included Hussain in their list. In August 2016, after the attack on media houses by MQM workers and the arrest of MQM leaders, Hussain was also taken into custody by Sindh Rangers. In February 2017, an Anti-Terrorism Court in Pakistan instructed the authorities to put the name of Hussain on the Exit Control List, after Hussain was charged with facilitation of hate speech but police failed to produce Hussain in court hearings. === PTI === Hussain joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) in March 2018. He was re- elected to the National Assembly as a PTI candidate for constituency NA-245 (Karachi East-IV) in the 2018 Pakistani general election. On 4 October 2021, he resigned from his National Assembly of Pakistan's seat and left Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. === Return to MQM === On 6, April 2022, Hussain tweeted “I am extremely embarrassed [for betraying] MQM leader Altaf Hussain. I am unable to even look into his eyes.” hinting towards his return to MQM. On many occasions, Aamir Liaquat had hailed Altaf Hussain as his “leader” and even advocated for resumption of government-level talks with Altaf to end his self- imposed exile. ==TV career== Hussain was a radio broadcaster on FM101. He is also known for hosting Ramadan transmissions; for Suhur and Iftar, for many years. He started his television career at Pakistan Television Corporation but was fired shortly thereafter. He joined Geo TV as founding member in 2001 where he hosted religious program Aalim Online. In 2010, Hussain left Geo TV and joined ARY Digital Network as managing director of ARY Qtv and as executive director of ARY Digital. He hosted religious program Aalim Aur Aalam there. He then hosted Pehchan Ramazan in 2012, after rejoining Geo TV, and Amaan Ramazan in 2013. In January 2014, he became the vice president of Geo TV, and hosted game show Inaam Ghar. In June 2014, he joined Express Media Group as president and Group Editor of religious content on Daily Express, and hosted Pakistan Ramazan. Hussain then rejoined Geo TV and hosted Subh-e- Pakistan from November 2014, and also became president of Geo Entertainment in November 2015. He then joined BOL media group in 2016, and started hosting current affairs talk show Aisay Nahi Chalay Ga. There, he hosted Ramazan Mein BOL in 2017, during which he also started hosting a game show; Game Show Aisay Chalay Ga. He left BOL in November 2017. In 2019, he joined Pakistan Television Corporation. In January 2016, it was reported that Hussain would make Pakistani film debut in an upcoming film of Syed Noor, alongside Saima Noor as lead cast. In April 2019, he announced that he will play Burhan Wani in Ayub Khoso's upcoming film, based on the Kashmir issue. In April 2020, he started hosting a game show called "Jeeway Pakistan" which airs on Express TV. ==Controversies== In 2008, Hussain in his TV special, Khatmay Nabuwat, criticised the Ahmadi Community founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. The guest scholars in the show declared that anyone associated with the Ahmadi group deserve to get murdered on account of blasphemy. Within two days, two prominent people from the Ahmadi community were killed, one of them being a physician and another being a community leader. In 2010, Hussain claimed in his TV show that the recent losses in cricket matches of Pakistani Cricket team were due to their new shoe soles being green. With green being the color of Pakistani flag and the Dome of Muhammad's tomb, the green soles were supposedly disrespectful towards Islam, and apparently the team was being divinely punished. Hussain claimed that this was a matter of faith. He was subsequently criticised for his views in the media. In 2011, a compilation of behind-the-scenes footage videos were leaked online, showing Hussain using various profanities on the set of his show. In the same video, he is also shown taking a rape related question lightly, mocking his religious guests, spontaneously singing Indian tunes and referring to Bollywood rape scenes.Ahmed, Akbar S. and Hassan, Leena. Dishonourable Conduct: A Summary of the Infamous Aamir Liaquat Video Newsline. Retrieved 1 March 2012Fulton, George. Delusion, denial and 'Dr' Liaquat The Express Tribune. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2012 In his defence, Hussain accused the Geo TV of creating the alleged fake video in order to tarnish his credibility, and stated that the video must have been edited and dubbed by "masters of synchronization". However, The New York Times reported that Hussain himself said "It was my lighter side". In 2013, Hussain was criticised for giving out abandoned infants to parents who wanted to adopt babies in Amaan Ramazan transmission. The parents were chosen after background checks were done by the Chhipa association beforehand, and then the baby was handed over to them during the show. Child welfare advocates expressed concern that the lack of confidentiality could expose the children and their families to teasing and stigma in the future. In 2014, a religious cleric in a TV show hosted by Hussain declared Ahmadis the enemies of Islam and Hussain responded by nodding his head in affirmation while the audience burst into applause. The guest cleric went on to use further derogatory language against the Ahmadis for some minutes while the TV show host clapped in appreciation Within five days of the show, an Ahmadi man, Luqman Ahmad Shehzad, was gunned down in Gujranwala. This was the second time that Hussain's show had been linked to attacks on Ahmadis. In June 2016, Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) barred Hussain from hosting his Ramadan show Inaam Ghar for three days on Geo Entertainment, which showed a reenactment by the show's host of a girl committing suicide. In January 2017, a social activist and lawyer Jibran Nasir filed a complaint with PEMRA alleging Hussain of running a "malicious, defamatory and life endangering campaign" against him. The same month, Hussain also claimed that Om Puri was murdered. Following which the PEMRA banned Hussain and his programme Aisay Nahi Chalay Ga on BOL News for preaching hate. In March 2017, Amnesty International slammed the Government of Pakistan for not taking action against Hussain for endangering the lives of journalists, and bloggers, and social activists and urged Interior Minister of Pakistani Nisar Ali Khan to take immediate steps. Later in the month, PEMRA issued a notification against Hussain, directing him to apologise on air to the viewers for hate speech. On 12 December 2017, it was announced that Hussain will be returning to television through 24 News HD, however, on 13 December, he was banned by PEMRA from all forms of media over hate speech allegations. The ban was lifted by the Supreme Court on 7 February 2018. On 26 May 2018, PEMRA again banned Hussain after creating controversy related to religious organization Jamiat Ahle Hadith and Zakir Naik. In May 2020, Hussain apologised for his comments on the deaths of Indian actors Sridevi and Irrfan Khan. In May 2021, Hussain was once again a subject of controversy over his performance of "Nagin Dance" (Dance moves mimicking snake) during his evening special Ramazan transmission. ==Personal life== Hussain had married thrice. He had two children with his first wife, Syeda Bushra Aamir. In June 2018, he confirmed his second marriage to Syeda Tuba Anwar. This marriage lasted for around three years, In February 2022 Amir married 18 year old Syeda Dania Shah. In May 2022, his third wife Syeda Dania Shah filed for divorce, after three months of marriage. ===Death=== Aamir Liaquat Hussain died on 9 June 2022 in Karachi. According to a servant, he heard Liaquat screaming in pain from his locked room. After enquiring and receiving no reply from him, the servant broke down the door and found him lying on the floor unresponsive. He was immediately rushed to Agha Khan Hospital whilst fighting for his life where doctors pronounced him dead confirming that he had already died prior to arrival there. Police suspected that the cause of death was suffocating due to gases from a household generator, however the official cause of death has not been confirmed yet. Foul play has also not been ruled out in respect of his death. His funeral prayer was held on Friday June 10, 2022 and led by his son Ahmed Aamir. He was laid to rest at Abdullah Shah Ghazi graveyard without an autopsy since his family opposed it despite insistence by the police. On 18 June 2022, a local court ordered his exhumation for postmortem examination as a result of petition filed by a civilian. On 16 August 2022 the same local court annulled its previous order and Amir Liaquat's autopsy was never performed. Later in December 2022, FIA arrested his third wife, Dania Shah, for the misconduct of leaking his private data on social media. ==Publications== Hussain's publications include:Aamir Liaquat Hussain's profile on WorldCat *Merī āvāz sāre zamāne kī ṣadā hai, ,1989, 64 p. Patriotic poetry. *Islam and terrorism : an historical and theological enquiry, ، 2002, 142 p. *Hamārī mān̲ K̲h̲adīja tul Kubrá, ، 2009, 900 p. On the life and eminence of Khadījah, d. ca. 619, first wife of Prophet Muhammad, d. 632. *Lāʼūḍ ispīkar, ، 2009, 2 volumes. Collection of articles on social and political conditions of Pakistan; published from 2005 to 2008 in Daily Jang, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. *Ās̲ār-i qiyāmat, ، 2010, 2 volumes. On the Judgment Day in Islam. == References == ==External links== * Category:1971 births Category:2022 deaths Category:Pakistani Muslims Category:Muhajir people Category:Pakistani television hosts Category:Geo News newsreaders and journalists Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MNAs Category:Politicians from Karachi Category:Pakistani game show hosts Category:People who fabricated academic degrees Category:ARY Digital people Category:Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007 Category:BOL Network people Category:Pakistani investigative journalists Category:Muttahida Qaumi Movement MNAs Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–2023 Category:Pakistan Television Corporation people Category:Islamic television preachers Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya Category:People from Karachi Category:Deaths from asphyxiation

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Lake Wawasee, formerly Turkey Lake, is a natural lake southeast of Syracuse in Kosciusko County, Indiana, United States. It is the largest natural lake wholly contained within Indiana. It is located just east of Indiana State Road 13. ==History== Lake Wawasee has a long history extending from the Pleistocene epoch, arrival of early settlers, and its growth from the 19th century through today. The lake is named for Miami chief Wawasee (Wau-wuh-see), brother of Miami chief Papakeecha, which translated means "Flat Belly." Lilly, Eli. Early Wawasee Days. Indianapolis: Studio Press Inc., 1960. Lake Wawasee has a history of being a summer vacation area for residents from Indianapolis and Chicago. The Spink's Hotel (now condominiums) overlooking Lake Wawasee was a luxury hotel that hosted famous vacationers including Al Capone. Eli Lilly maintained residence on Lake Wawasee, and his home remains a landmark on the lake. ==Geographic places== Known geographic place names around Wawasee: Black's Point, Black Stump Point, Jones Landing, Willow Grove, Pickwick Park, Kale Island, Oakwood, Lakeview-South Park, Ogden's Island, Sand Point, Johnson's Bay, Buttermilk Bay, Vawter Park, Ideal Beach, Waveland Beach, Conkling Hill, Morrison's Island, and Natti Crow Beach. ===Black Stump Point=== Located at the northwest end of Lake Wawasee, Black Stump Point protrudes northeasterly out into the lake. Roads on this geographic point are E. Waco Drive and N. Waco Point Drive. Businesses located during the 1950s and 1960s were Mocks' Marina and Waco, a boat-in and drive-in restaurant. ===Cedar Beach/Wawasee=== Cedar Beach was established as an unincorporated community in the area, with a post office established under this name in 1879. It was renamed Wawasee in 1893, and the post office remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1938. ===Crow's Bay=== Crow's Bay is located on Wawasee's eastern shore and between Cedar Point to the north and Morrison's Island to the south. Crows Bay is named after Nathaniel Crow who established the Crow's Nest. Natti Crow Beach is a prominent area on the bay's southern end. ===Jarrett's Bay=== Also known in recent years as Buttermilk Bay, Jarrett's Bay is the extreme southern end of Wawasee. Jarrett's Bay extends southeast with Morrison's Island to the east and Clark's Point to the west. This bay was named after Lewis Jarrett who owned a resort known as Buttermilk Point. Also see: Lake Wawasee history: Buttermilk Point ===Johnson's Bay=== Johnson's Bay is located on Wawasee's east side. Ogden Island and Cedar Point serve as the two prominent points of land creating this bay. Johnson's Bay is, for the most part, barren of lakeside homes as its northern, northeastern, and northwestern sections are cat tailed marsh. Due to its location it became a haven for water skiing at least as far back as the 1950s. Cedar Point affords a break from north winds and lacks the heavy boat traffic found on much of the lake. ===Morrison Island=== Morrison Island, originally Eagle Island, is named after William T. Morrison who lived on this island until 1890. Today, the island has a number of homes lining the lakeside (north, south, west) and boat houses lining the eastern side with channel access to Wawasee. The island has seawalls with the ground just a couple of feet from the lake's level. Morrison Island is one of the lowest elevation residential areas on Lake Wawasee. A public grass green space lined with trees occupies the center of the island. Access by car via E. Morrison Island Road. File:Crows Bay Lake Wawasee.png|Crow's Bay in red File:Johnsons Bay Lake Wawasee1.png|Johnson's Bay in red File:Morrisons Island Lake Wawasee.png|Morrison's Island in red ===Main channel=== The main channel is not officially part of Lake Wawasee but does perform as an outlet for water heading north. The main channel begins at the lake's northwest shore with Oakwood Park on its west and Kale Island on its east and flows north through Mudd Lake and finally into Syracuse Lake. The main channel is lined with homes and a marina on its west for its first third of travel. On the channel's east side is a large wetland marsh where a gristmill once stood. ==Recreation== === Marinas === *Griffith's Wawasee Marina was founded in 1946 and is located on Wawasee's southeast end overlooking Buttermilk Bay and tucked behind Morrison Island to the marina's west.Griffith's Wawasee Marina *Main Channel Marina was established in 1976 and is located on the west side of the Main Channel on the northwest side of Wawasee.Main Channel Marina *Johnson's Bay Marina is no longer in service (condos)and used to be located in a channel on the east side of Johnson's Bay. *Wawasee Boat Company was founded in 1929 and is located on Wawasee's north shore off of E. Cornelius Road. ===Wawasee Yacht Club=== The Wawasee Yacht Club (est. 1935) is located on the northeast shore. During the summer season, the club is home to four competitive one-design fleets: 28-foot E-Scow, 19-foot Lightning (dinghy), 20-foot I-20 Scow, and 13-foot Sunfish (sailboat) class boats. Their mission is to foster, promote and encourage the sport of sailboat racing, and to promote the science of seamanship.Wawasee Yacht Club Official Site ===Annual Fireworks=== Independence Day fireworks - The 4th of July weekend on Saturday sports a fireworks display launched from three waterborne platforms and synchronized with music played by a local radio station. There is also a 'Flotilla' which features decorated boats in a parade around the lake. ===Wawascene.com=== Wawascene.com wawascene.com is an online magazine dedicated to life at Lake Wawasee & Syracuse Lake. Formed in 2009, this website hosts a live webcamhttp://www.wawascene.com/webcam.aspx controllable by users, water temperature, photos, blogs, news, video, a local business directory and resident directory. ==Bathymetry== Wawasee's bottom consists of channels and rises. It was noted in 1895 that if the water level in Wawasee were dropped , 4 distinct bodies of water would then be visibly connected by channels 100 to wide and 8–10 feet deep. *The first body would be in front of Crow's Nest (Crow Bay) with a depth of . *The second body would be 50% of Jarrett's Bay with maximum depth of . *The third would be the main body of Wawasee with a decreased width of 50% and maximum depth of . *The fourth would be a small just northwest of Black Stump Point with a maximum depth of . If Wawasee lost of water there would be 4 distinct lakes without channels connecting them.Indiana. Dept. of Geology and Natural Resources, Indiana. Dept. of Statistics and Geology, 1901, p. 168-171 ==Hydrology== === Classification === Lake Wawasee measures in size and is classified as a Trophic Class 1 lake with two major basins. The north basin has a eutrophication index value of 10 and the south basin has a eutrophication index of 12. The maximum depth is and an average depth of . The lake is presently healthy and has a balanced aquatic ecosystem. ===Water sources=== Lake Wawasee is a spring fed lake with exposed springs flowing into Wawasee from south, west, and east sides. Lake Papakeechie, sitting a few feet higher in elevation, provides a vast amount of water from a spillway at Buttermilk Bay at Wawasee's south end. Wawasee's structure is typical of natural lakes in the formerly glaciated portions of the Midwest. It is supplied by a watershed of which starts at Little Knapp Lake and Harper Lake in Noble County and flows down through 10 lakes by way of Turkey Creek into Lake Wawasee. Water exits into through the wetlands of Main Channel and Mudd Lake into Syracuse Lake. The Wawasee Watershed is an area of that encompasses Wawasee, Syracuse, Bonar Lake and Papakeechie lakes as well as the ten lakes in the upper Turkey Creek and Papakeechie subwatersheds. There are two smaller lakes near Wawasee. Syracuse Lake to the north is accessible from Wawasee through the 'Main Channel.' Lake Papakeechie to the south is at an elevation slightly higher than Wawasee. It is not accessible by boat from Wawasee. ==Water quality and wetlands== The community around Wawasee pushes for water clarity and keeping the lake clean for future generations. One of the most active organizations involved in wetland and water quality protection is the Wawasee Area Conservancy Foundation (WACF).Wawasee Area Conservancy Foundation This non profit group has a documented history of action and lake preservation. The WACF was formed in 1991 to anticipate, discover, and correct threats to the Wawasee Area Watershed and to its water quality. The WACF is dedicated to the preservation and enhancement of the area and works hand-in-hand with property owner groups, the State Department of Natural Resources and other governmental and civic organizations that share its concerns. One ongoing battle concerning preservation involves a local farmer who has a permit to open a hog farm in the area. So far the conservancy has been successful in dissuading the local farmer.The Indiana Law Blog Lake Wawasee is unusually clear for a Midwest lake. This is, in part, due to its location just a few miles from a continental divide that separates water that runs off to the Mississippi River basin and Lake Michigan. Another reason for this clarity is that most of the lake's nutrients are tied up in vegetation and zebra mussels. According to a 1995 study, Wawasee's water clarity allows for viewing up to depths, whereas other Midwest lakes, on average, have clarity allowing for viewing depths. Since 1991, invasive Zebra Mussels have been found in Lake Wawasee and have become a nuisance to the local marinas, fishermen, and property owners.Zebra Mussels: Questions and Answers for Inland Lake Managers ==References== ==External links== * *Syracuse-Wawasee Digital Archives Wawasee Wawasee Wawasee Category:Tourist attractions in Kosciusko County, Indiana

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New Grub Street is a novel by George Gissing published in 1891, which is set in the literary and journalistic circles of 1880s London. Gissing revised and shortened the novel for a French edition of 1901. ==Plot== The story deals with the literary world that Gissing himself had experienced. Its title refers to the London street, Grub Street, which in the 18th century became synonymous with hack literature; by Gissing's time, Grub Street itself no longer existed, though hack-writing certainly did. Its two central characters are a sharply contrasted pair of writers: Edwin Reardon, a novelist of some talent but limited commercial prospects, and a shy, cerebral man; and Jasper Milvain, a young journalist, hard-working and capable of generosity, but cynical and only semi-scrupulous about writing and its purpose in the modern (i.e. late Victorian) world. New Grub Street opens with Milvain, an "alarmingly modern young man" driven by pure financial ambition in navigating his literary career. He accepts that he will "always despise the people [he] write[s] for," networks within the appropriate social circle to create opportunity, and authors articles for popular periodicals. Reardon, on the other hand, prefers to write novels of a more literary bent and refuses to pander to contemporary tastes until, as a last-gasp measure against financial ruin, he attempts a popular novel. At this venture, he is of course too good to succeed, and he's driven to separate from his wife, Amy Reardon, née Yule, who cannot accept her husband's inflexibly high standards—and consequent poverty. The Yule family includes Amy's two uncles—John, a wealthy invalid, and Alfred, a species of critic—and Alfred's daughter, and research assistant, Marian. The friendship that develops between Marian and Milvain's sisters, who move to London following their mother's death, provides opportunity for the former to meet and fall in love with Milvain. However much Milvain respects Marian's intellectual capabilities and strength of personality, the crucial element (according to him) for marriage is missing: money. Marrying a rich woman, after all, is the most convenient way to speed his career. Indeed, Milvain slights romantic love as a key to marriage: > As a rule, marriage is the result of a mild preference, encouraged by > circumstances, and deliberately heightened into strong sexual feeling. You, > of all men, know well enough that the same kind of feeling could be produced > for almost any woman who wasn't repulsive. Eventually, reason enough for an engagement is provided by a legacy of £5,000 left to Marian by John Yule. Life and death eventually end the possibility of this union. Milvain's initial career advancement is a position on The Current, a paper edited by Clement Fadge. Twenty years earlier, Alfred Yule (Marian's father) was slighted by Fadge in a newspaper article, and the resulting acerbic resentment extends even to Milvain. Alfred refuses to countenance Marian's marriage; but his objection proves to be an obstacle to Milvain only after Yule's eyesight fails and Marian's legacy is reduced to a mere £1,500. As a result, Marian must work to provide for her parent, and her inheritance is no longer available to Milvain. By this time, Milvain already has detected a more desirable target for marriage: Amy Reardon. Reardon's poverty and natural disposition toward ill-health culminate in his death following a brief reconciliation with his wife. She, besides the receipt of £10,000 upon John Yule's death, has the natural beauty and grace to benefit a man in the social events beneficial to his career. Eventually Amy and Milvain marry; however, as the narrator reveals, this marriage motivated by circumstances is not lacking in more profound areas. Milvain, it is said, has married the woman he loves, although the narrator never states this as a fact, merely reporting it as something others have said about Milvain. In fact, in a conversation that ends the book, the reader is left to question whether Milvain is in fact haunted by his love for Marian, and his ungentlemanly actions in that regard. ==Characters== *Jasper Milvain — an "alarmingly modern young man" who rejects artistic integrity for financial gain and social prominence. After a broken engagement with Marian Yule, Milvain marries her cousin (and Edwin Reardon's widow), Amy, who received a legacy of £10,000 on her uncle's death. By the novel's end, Milvain secures an editorship of a periodical "The Current" partly due to determination, partly due to largesse made possible by his wife's inheritance. *Edwin Reardon — a talented writer of uncommercial novels. A modicum of early critical praise is disappointed after his marriage to Amy Yule (and fathering of Willie), when Reardon is unable to provide for his family through his chosen profession. After Reardon fails, he takes refuge in the steady income of a clerkship proffered by a friend. Reardon is deserted by his wife, who cannot endure poverty and social degradation. They are briefly reconciled when their child becomes ill and dies; but Reardon, whose health has been broken by depression and poor living, is himself seriously ill, and his death soon follows. *Alfred Yule — writer. Yule is a vehement foe of Clement Fadge, the editor who provided Milvain's first break. His frustrations over meagre financial prospects and a stalled career are repeatedly visited on his wife whose lower-class background and limited education are a continual source of irritation. He dies blind. *Marian Yule — cousin of Amy Reardon and daughter of Alfred Yule. A sympathetic portrait of a woman torn between family ties, the possibility of marriage, and the need to earn a living. Loyal to her fiancee Jasper Milvain, she ultimately is forced to acknowledge that he is not prepared to marry her after her financial circumstances have been reduced, and indeed does not even love her. She breaks off the engagement, despite still being in love with him. *Harold Biffen — habitually (almost contentedly) down- and-out friend of Reardon. Biffen scrapes an existence from tutoring. The novel he has worked on for many years is eventually published but attracts little notice. Running out of money, and unwilling to ask his brother for more, he commits suicide. *Dora Milvain — Jasper Milvain's younger sister, who moves to London following her mother's death. With Jasper's encouragement, Dora enters onto a career writing for children and encounters early success. Eventually, she marries Mr. Whelpdale. *Maud Milvain — Jasper Milvain's sister, who also moves to London following her mother's death. Begins writing as well, but is not as ambitious as her sister. She marries the wealthy Mr. Dolomore. *Mr. Whelpdale — friend of Milvain and future husband of Dora Milvain. Whelpdale is a compulsive lover with four broken engagements behind him (in each, the woman's choice). Having abandoned fiction-writing, Whelpdale concentrates on a business assisting clients in publishing and revising novels. Eventually, his business finds commercial backing. The character of Whelpdale is based on Lord Northcliffe. At the time of writing, Northcliffe published a few inexpensive weekly papers, most notably Answers — he would later go on to become the preeminent figure in Edwardian popular journalism. ==Publication history== *1891, UK, Smith, Elder (), hardback (3 volume first edition) *1904, USA, Brewster (), hardback (1 volume) *2002, New York, Modern Library (), paperback *2009, New Grub Street: The 1901 Revised Text, edited by Paul Delany. Victoria: ELS Editions () ==Later references== The BBC Radio 4 sitcom Ed Reardon's Week contains characters loosely suggested by the novel. ==References== ==Sources== * Hansen, Harry (1926). "Introduction" to New Grub Street. New York: The Modern Library, pp. v–xii. * Goldring, Douglas (1920). "An Outburst on Gissing." In: Reputations. London: Chapman & Hall, pp. 125–132. * Hicks, Granville (1939). "The Changing Novel." In: Figures in Transition. New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 179–203. * Lang, Andrew (1891). "Realism in New Grub Street," The Author, Vol. II, pp. 43–44. * * Thomas, J.D. (1953). "The Public Purposes of George Gissing," Nineteenth- Century Fiction, Vol. VIII, No. 2, pp. 118–123. == External links == * * (plain text and HTML) * * Bobby Seal's article on New Grub Street on the London Fictions website *New Grub Street at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated) Category:1891 British novels Category:Novels by George Gissing Category:Novels set in London Category:Novels about journalists Category:Victorian novels Category:Novels set in the 19th century

['George Gissing', 'Novel', 'Grub Street', 'Lord Northcliffe', 'BBC Radio 4', "Ed Reardon's Week", 'Internet Archive']

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Togo (1913 - December 5, 1929) was the lead sled dog of musher Leonhard Seppala and his dog sled team in the 1925 serum run to Nome across central and northern Alaska. Despite covering a far greater distance than any other lead dogs on the run, over some of the most dangerous parts of the trail, his role was left out of contemporary news of the event at the time, in favor of the lead dog for the last leg of the relay, Balto, whom Seppala also owned and had bred. Deemed at first a mere troublemaker, before being identified as a natural leader and puppy prodigy by Seppala, Togo had already shown extreme feats of dedication and endurance as a puppy, and as an adult continued to show unusual feats of intelligence, saving the lives of his team and musher on more than one occasion. Sled dogs bred from his line have contributed to the 'Seppala Siberian' sleddog line, as well as the mainstream Siberian Husky gene pool. ==Background== Togo was one of the offspring of former lead dog Suggen and the female Siberian import Dolly. Early pedigree records are inconsistent in his birth year, including those kept by his breeder Viktor Anderson and his owner, Seppala; most sources published list his birth year as 1913, but no other form of consensus exists on his exact time of birth. He was named Cugu [tso`go], which means puppy in Northern Sami language, and later after the Japanese Admiral, Tōgō Heihachirō. Initially, he did not look like he had potential as a sled dog. He only grew to about 48 pounds (22 kg) in adulthood and had a black, brown, and gray coat that made him appear perpetually dirty. Togo was ill as a young puppy and required intensive nursing from Seppala's wife. He was very bold and rowdy, thus seen as "difficult and mischievous", showing "all the signs of becoming a ... canine delinquent" according to one reporter. At first, this behaviour was interpreted as evidence that he had been spoiled by the individual attention given to him during his illness. As he did not seem suited to be a sled dog, Seppala gave him away to be a pet dog at 6 months of age. After only a few weeks as a house pet, Togo jumped through the glass of a closed window and ran several miles back to his original master's kennel. This devotion to the team impressed Seppala, so he did not try to give him away again. However, Togo continued to cause trouble by breaking out of the kennel when Seppala took the team out on runs. He would attack the lead dogs of oncoming teams, "as if ... to clear the way for his master". However, one day, he attacked a much stockier malamute leader and was mauled and severely injured. When he recovered, Togo stopped attacking other teams' lead dogs. This would eventually prove a valuable early experience, as it was difficult to teach a lead dog to keep a wide berth of oncoming teams. When Togo was 8 months old, he proved his worth as a sled dog. Seppala had been hired by a client to transport him quickly to a newly discovered gold claim which would be an overnight round trip for the team. Unable to spare extra time dealing with the young Togo's antics, Seppala tethered him inside the kennel with instructions left to not let him free until he and the team were well and gone. A short while after Seppala had left, Togo broke free of the tether and jumped the kennel fence, getting his paw caught in the process. A kennel handler noticed and cut the dog down from the fencing, but before he could grab him, Togo took off to follow the team's trail. He followed them through nightfall and slept, unnoticed, near the cabin where Seppala was spending the night. The next day, Seppala spotted him far off in the distance, and understood why his dogs had been so keyed up. Togo continued to make Seppala's work difficult on the return trip to the kennel, trying to play with the work dogs and leading them in "charges against reindeer", pulling them off the trail. Seppala had no choice but to put him in a harness to control him, and was surprised that Togo instantly settled down. As the run wore on, Seppala kept moving Togo up the line until, at the end of the day, he was sharing the lead position with the lead dog (named "Russky"). Togo had logged 75 miles on his first day in harness, which was unheard of for an inexperienced young sled dog, especially a puppy. Seppala called him an "infant prodigy", and later added that "I had found a natural-born leader, something I had tried for years to breed." Togo began training, and after a few years filled the lead dog position nearly fulltime, often running in single-lead, without a partner. His prowess as a leader consisted of many impressive feats of intelligence and endurance, documented by writers and historians through accounts by Seppala himself. One such occasion was during a crossing of the Norton Sound in a deadly northeast gale; Seppala had ordered Togo to turn in order to avoid a crack forming in the ice, and immediately after doing so Togo abruptly stopped and somersaulted backwards into the rest of the team without being commanded to stop moving. When Seppala arrived at the front of the team to scold the dog, he discovered that Togo had bailed not on the trail, but to avoid an open, growing water channel less than 6 feet from the team which was not visible from the sled, having saved all of them from nearly drowning in the freezing water. Another impressive feat was during the same trip across the Sound. When arriving at the shore of the Bering Sea, the ice floe the team was on top of was too far from land for them to cross or Seppala to jump over. He hitched Togo in single lead with an anchor in the ice and tossed him across to pull the ice closer to the shore. Togo understood and dug in, however the line snapped, suddenly leaving Seppala and the team stranded. Without guidance or prompting, Togo leapt into the water, took the broken line in his mouth, spun around to wrap it around his shoulders twice fashioning a makeshift harness, and pulled the ice floe to shore, his team with it. Togo went on to become one of Seppala's most treasured dogs, a close and mutually beneficial relationship that would continue to the end of Togo's life. At the time of the historic Serum Run, he was 12 years old and had been a lead dog for 7 years. == Great Race of Mercy == In 1925, in response to an epidemic, the first batch of 300,240 units of diphtheria serum was delivered by train from Anchorage to Nenana, Alaska, where it was picked up by the first of twenty mushers and more than 100 dogs who relayed the serum a total of 674 miles (1,085 km) to Nome. Togo and Seppala ran east from Nome to just outside Shaktoolik, where they met the serum relay coming the other way on January 31 (Seppala had expected to go all the way to Nulato and back alone). After the handoff, they returned another to Golovin where they passed the serum to Charlie Olsen's team, having run over across some of the most dangerous and treacherous parts of the run in total. In total, the team traveled 260 miles (420 km) from Nome in three days. The temperature was estimated at −30 °F (−34 °C), and the gale force winds causing a wind chill of −85 °F (−65 °C). The return trip crossed the exposed open ice of the Norton Sound. The night and a ground blizzard prevented Seppala from being able to see the path but Togo navigated to the roadhouse at Isaac's Point on the shore by 8 PM preventing certain death to his team. After traveling 84 miles (134 km) in one day, the team slept for six hours before continuing at 2 AM. Before the night the temperature dropped to −40 °F (−40 °C), and the wind increased to 65 mi/h (105 km/h). The team ran across the ice, which was breaking up, while following the shoreline. They returned to shore to cross Little McKinley Mountain, climbing 5,000 feet (1,500 m). After descending to the next roadhouse in Golovin, Seppala passed the serum to Charlie Olsen, who in turn would pass it to Gunnar Kaasen and Balto. == Aftermath and legacy == In October 1926, Seppala, Togo, and a team of dogs went on a tour from Seattle, Washington to California; Seppala and Togo drew large crowds at stadiums and department stores, and even appeared in a Lucky Strike cigarette campaign. In New York City, Seppala drove his team from the steps of City Hall along Fifth Avenue and made a pass through Central Park. The team appeared multiple times at Madison Square Garden, which was being managed by Tom Rickard, formerly of Nome, and where on December 30, Togo was awarded a gold medal by Roald Amundsen. In New England, they competed in several dog sled races against local Chinooks of Arthur Walden and won by huge margins. The success of Seppala's races and the celebrity afforded to the dogs and mushers by the Serum Run, allowed Seppala to begin a Siberian dog kennel and partnership with Elizabeth M. Ricker in Poland Spring, Maine. Togo was left to live at the Ricker kennel to enjoy a life of luxury in his retirement from sled work, and was bred over the next several years, laying down the foundation for the modern Siberian sled dog breeds, known as the "Seppala Siberian Sleddog", and the Siberian Husky. In 1928, Elizabeth M. Ricker, of Poland Spring, Maine, wrote and published the book Togo's Fireside Reflections. Seppala inked Togo's paw and helped Togo sign some of the books. === Death and posthumous recognition === After several years of retirement at the Ricker Kennel in Poland Spring, Togo was euthanized by Seppala on December 5, 1929, at 16 years old because of joint pain and partial blindness. The headline in The New York Sun Times the next day was "Dog Hero Rides to His Death" (Salisbury & Salisbury, 2003), and he was eulogized in many other papers. After his death, Seppala had him custom mounted. The mounted skin was on display at the Shelburne Museum in Shelburne, Vermont. Alaskan students started a letter campaign to return Togo to Alaska. Today the mounted skin is on display in a glass case at the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race Headquarters museum in Wasilla, Alaska. The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University has his skeleton in their collection. The National Park Service notes that in 1960, Seppala said "I never had a better dog than Togo. His stamina, loyalty and intelligence could not be improved upon. Togo was the best dog that ever traveled the Alaska trail." Togo's reputation earned him enduring fame, but only in 1997 got for the first time a statue, although sitting alongside Balto's statue at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. In 2001, he finally got an individual statue, but of a minor size initially at New York City's Lower East Side and later moved to Seward Park. The popular fictional teen sleuth Nancy Drew named a stray terrier after him in the 1937 novel The Whispering Statue. The dog appears in most of the Nancy Drew novels. In 2011, Time magazine named Togo the most heroic animal of all time: > "The dog that often gets credit for eventually saving the town is Balto, but > he just happened to run the last, 55-mile leg in the race. The sled dog who > did the lion's share of the work was Togo. His journey, fraught with white- > out storms, was the longest by 200 miles and included a traverse across > perilous Norton Sound — where he saved his team and driver in a courageous > swim through ice floes." On September 17, 2022, a bronze statue of Togo was unveiled in Poland Springs, Maine, where Togo spent his last years as a stud dog. Maine musher Jonathan Hayes of the current Poland Spring Seppala Kennels embarked on a 285-mile expedition the previous year with his team of direct descendants of Togo in order to raise funds for the statue, with a documentary to raise awareness for the project. The statue was designed by Maine artist David Smus, and stands outside the historic Maine State Building on the resort campus. ==Film adaptation== A film adaptation about Togo's efforts was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released on December 20, 2019, on Disney+. Willem Dafoe stars in the film as Leonhard Seppala, the owner of Togo.Willem Dafoe to Star in Disney Adventure Movie 'Togo' (Exclusive) Principal production on the film ran from September 24, 2018, to February 2019 in Calgary.Extras sought for Disney's dog-sled adventure film, Togo Togo was portrayed by dog actor Diesel, who is a direct descendant of Togo 14 generations back. A second 2019 film, The Great Alaskan Race from P12 films, also depicts the heroics of both team and does show both Balto and Togo - in this depiction Balto is represented by a large black-and-white Alaskan Malamute - but focuses primarily on Seppala. The film is accurate to an extent, and more-so than some other depictions, but does still deviate from reality and did not include a few major events - however, like the Disney film it does focus on both Togo and Balto, rather than Balto alone - though it did incorrectly give credit to both teams jointly for the last 50 mile stretch. ==See also== *Balto *Hachikō *List of individual dogs == References == Category:1913 animal births Category:1929 animal deaths Category:Dog sledding Category:Individual dogs Category:Pre-statehood history of Alaska Category:Nome, Alaska Category:Dog monuments Category:Tōgō Heihachirō Category:Diphtheria

['Dog', 'Seppala Siberian Sleddog', 'Maine', 'Sled dog', '1925 serum run to Nome', 'Leonhard Seppala', 'Tōgō Heihachirō', 'Alaska', 'Balto', 'Northern Sami', 'Alaskan Malamute', 'Norton Sound', 'Gunnar Kaasen', 'Seattle', 'Lucky Strike', 'Fifth Avenue', 'Central Park', 'Roald Amundsen', 'New England', 'Shelburne Museum', 'Shelburne, Vermont', 'Peabody Museum of Natural History', 'Yale University', 'National Park Service', 'Cleveland Metroparks Zoo', 'Lower East Side', 'Nancy Drew', 'The Whispering Statue', 'Walt Disney Pictures', 'Disney+', 'Willem Dafoe', 'Calgary', 'Hachikō', 'List of individual dogs']

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Altaf Hussain (; ; born 17 September 1953 in Karachi) is a British Pakistani politician who is known as the founder of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement. He holds United Kingdom citizenship and has been living in exile in the UK since the start of Operation Clean-up. Since 2015, he has been a fugitive from the Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan on the charges of murder, targeted killing, treason, inciting violence and hate speech. He went on trial in the UK in January 2022 for promoting terrorism and unrest through hate speech in Pakistan, and was acquitted the next month. He had fled the country in 1992 after a crackdown against his party was launched. ==Early life== Altaf Hussain was born on 17 September 1953 to Nazir Hussain and Khurseed Begum in Karachi. Before the independence of Pakistan, Hussain's parents resided at their ancestral home in Nai ki Mandi, Agra, U.P., British India. His father was an officer with the Indian Railways. His paternal grandfather Mohammad Ramazan was the Grand Mufti of Agra and his maternal grandfather Pir Haji Hafiz Rahim Bakhsh Qadri was a religious scholar. Hussain's siblings include four sisters and six brothers. Following the partition of India in 1947, a wide-scale migration of Muslims ensued, mostly from the various states in the Dominion of India to the newly established Dominion of Pakistan. Hussain's parents were initially reluctant to leave everything behind in Agra to resettle in Pakistan but were later forced by Hussain's elder brother to reconsider. Upon emigrating to Pakistan, the family settled in Karachi. They were provided with government housing in Abyssinia Lines reserved for Muhajirs (people and families migrating from the Dominion of India). Hussain's elder brother Nasir Hussain was later employed by the government and given a small dwelling on Jehangir Road. The family subsequently left their government allotted residence and moved in with Nasir. The family later moved again in the 1970s to a small house in Azizabad, which later became the headquarters of Hussain's political party, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM; formerly the Muhajir Qaumi Movement). ===Education and non-political career=== Hussain received his early education from the Government Comprehensive School in Azizabad. He later enrolled in the Government Boys Secondary School to complete his matriculation in 1969. For the first year of his intermediate education in pre-medical sciences, he attended the National College Karachi. He later moved to City College Karachi for his second year. In 1974, Hussain graduated from the Islamia Science College with a Bachelor of Science. In 1979, he graduated from the University of Karachi with a Bachelor of Pharmacy. After graduating, Hussain began his career as a trainee at the Seventh-day Adventist Hospital in Karachi while simultaneously working for a multinational pharmaceutical company. ===Short-lived military service=== In 1970, General Yahya Khan introduced the National Service Cadet Scheme (NSCS), making it compulsory for higher secondary scholars to enlist with the army. According to the MQM, Altaf Hussain enlisted with the Pakistan Army through the NSCS and was assigned to the 57th Baloch Regiment as soldier number 2642671. Upon completion of his training his regiment was assigned from Hyderabad to Karachi, from where it was sent to East Pakistan via ships. ==Political career== After the Pakistan Civil War came to an end in 1971, Hussain returned to West Pakistan to wilfully join with the regular army. In the MQM's version of events, the selection officer rejected him because his parents were Muhajirs from India, even when he insisted he was born in Pakistan. This is quoted as one of the many instances that formulated Hussain's future political aspirations. The political struggle of the All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organisation (APMSO) shifted to include the issue of stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh, and on 14 August 1979, Hussain participated in a demonstration at the Mazar-e-Quaid for the safe return of stranded Pakistanis, also called Biharis. Following the demonstration, he was arrested and sentenced on 2 October 1979 to nine months imprisonment and flogging with five strokes. Hussain was later released on 28 April 1980 after he had served his sentence. The urban centres of Karachi and Hyderabad had increasingly become ethnically diverse and riots along ethnic lines were commonplace. In May 1985, a Pakhtun minivan driver struck and killed a Muhajir schoolgirl, inciting the first Afghan-Muhajir ethnic riot. Later, following an unsuccessful raid on an Afghan heroin processing and distribution centre in Sohrab Goth by security forces, the Afghans attacked Muhajir residents of Aligarh Colony, which instigated the bloody riots of December 1986. These riots saw the popularity of the MQM and its leader Altaf Hussain rise and the party's ideology was greatly influenced as a result. Before October 1986, the urban city of Hyderabad was largely dominated by the Sindhi nationalist party Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM) founded by G. M. Syed, giving rise to the nationalist slogan Sindhudesh (, ). The only Muhajir political movement countering the JSQM was led by Syed Mubarak Ali Shah, Nawab Zahid Ali Khan and Nawab Muzaffar Hussain. After their deaths, the Urdu- speaking people of Hyderabad were without a charismatic Muhajir leader. On 31 October 1986, Hussain gave his first public address in Hyderabad at the site of the historic Pacco Qillo, where he was greeted by a crowd. After his address, his message was well received by the Urdu-speaking people of Hyderabad, and he was able to fill the void left by the deaths of the Muhajir leaders. Hussain and a few of his companions were arrested by security personnel after his address, implicating him in several alleged criminal cases. His arrest enraged his supporters, who launched public movements for his release. The charges against him and his companions were later dropped and they were released from Karachi Central Prison on 24 February 1987. In 1987 the government began widespread arrests of MQM workers all over Sindh. Hussain surrendered to law enforcement on 30 August 1987 on the condition that the arrests of his party's workers be stopped immediately. During Hussain's imprisonment, the MQM placed highly in the local elections of 1987, and there was pressure to release him. He was released on 7 January 1988. In early 1987, Hussain issued the MQM's Charter of Purpose (), which formed the basis for the party's ideology. The charter was paramount in addressing many of the "long- standing grievances" of Sindhi nationalists, and a cooperative arrangement was worked out between the MQM and various Sindhi nationalist parties in early 1988. Apart from the points stipulated in the party's original resolution, Hussain also introduced the idea of Muhajir being a fifth subnationality of Pakistan alongside the Punjabis, Pathans, Balochis, and Sindhis. Hussain said that while he was admitted to Abbasi Shaheed Hospital in 1988, Late Hameed Gul, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) chief at the time, a sent him a briefcase full of money via Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmed. He said the intention was to bribe him into joining the military establishment-led Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI; ) coalition which was against the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), but he rejected the offer. Later both Ahmed and Gul confirmed the statement. The 1988 general election indicated that the voting patterns in Sindh were based on ethnic lines, as the PPP and the MQM won almost all of the province's seats in the National Assembly. The PPP had derived its support from the Sindhi population in the province, and the MQM from the Muhajirs. In less than four years since its founding, the MQM had emerged as the third-largest political party in Pakistan. The PPP had been successful in Sindh but didn't fare well in the other provinces and had to resort to forming a coalition government. Hussain and his party offered their support, but insisted on a formal agreement between the PPP and the MQM. This 59-point MQM-PPP accord, known as the Karachi Declaration, was signed on 2 December 1988. It reiterated many of the points defined in the earlier MQM charter. However, when Benazir Bhutto came into power, she was unwilling or unable to commit to her part of the bargain. Her reluctance in this matter was largely interpreted by Muhajirs as pro-Sindhi and anti-Muhajir. When the declaration was not implemented violence erupted between the APMSO and the PSF, the student wings of the MQM and the PPP, respectively. After Bhutto's disavowal, Hussain approached Nawaz Sharif, leader of the IJI, which was an opposition coalition opposed to the Bhutto government. As a result of their meeting, a formal agreement between the MQM and the IJI came to pass. However, when Sharif later came into power, he did not honour those commitments either. Hussain became increasingly harsh and hostile in his opinions regarding the governing parties and would often accuse them of political hypocrisy. Due to the perception that striving for justice in a constitutional capacity was futile, ethnic militancy thrived. The gulf between Muhajirs and Sindhis widened, leading to several cases of ethnic cleansing in Hyderabad. Hussain favours peace between India and Pakistan and is a vocal advocate of bridging gaps between the two neighbouring rivals.: "India and Pakistan being the two largest in the region, need to demonstrate magnanimity and the necessary political wisdom and desire to truly seek peace. The confidence building measures contemplated to bring the people of both countries closer must be implemented vigorously." ==Views== ===Seeking support from India=== Hussain, while living in exile in the UK, has urged Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to grant him and his colleagues asylum in India or at least financial assistance to take his case to the International Court of Justice. ===Jammu and Kashmir=== On the issue of Kashmir, Hussain stated that Indo-Pakistani dialogue should be allowed to "proceed on the basis of mutual adjustment and agreement...[and it] should be clear to all concerned that there can be no military solution to any of the contentious issues, let alone the issue of Kashmir." ===Muhajir interests=== While much of the politics of the MQM revolve around fighting for justice for the Muhajir community in Pakistan, Hussain claims that the party "[stands] for equal rights and opportunities for all irrespective of colour, creed, caste, sect, gender, ethnicity or religion". The party started out as a movement for the empowerment of Muhajirs in Pakistan but later modified its underlying ideology to reflect a broader political scope, by changing its name from Muhajir Qaumi Movement to Muttahida Qaumi Movement. ===Partition of India=== He claims that the partition of India "was the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, [and] relationships". He stated that the two-nation theory was concocted by the British Empire in order to destroy Hindu-Muslim unity. He further claimed "[w]hen prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) started preaching Islam and people entered Islam, people used to live in tribes and each tribe had its own identity but they were all Muslims believing in the oneness of Allah, embraced Quran as the only divine book and hence they were never one nation." ===Stranded Pakistanis=== Hussain has advocated for the government of Pakistan to assist stranded Pakistanis, who are mostly of the Bihari ethnic group, to be safely repatriated to Pakistan from Bangladesh. ===Taliban=== Hussain is a critic of the Taliban, warning in 2008 against the Talibanisation of Karachi and stating that a "well planned conspiracy to intensify sectarian violence in the city was being hatched." ==Operation Clean-up, ban and other charges== The Pakistani government launched Operation Clean-up in 1992 and sent the military into Karachi to crack down on the MQM. Hussain escaped Karachi one month before the operation began, following an attack on his life on 21 December 1991.Altaf Hussain . pakistanherald.com He fled to London in 1992 and applied for political asylum. In the later months of 1995, the political killings of members from both parties sparked an outcry throughout the city. This involved the killing of the younger brother of PPP's Syed Abdullah Shah, the Chief Minister of Sindh, which subsequently led to the killing of Hussain's 62-year- old brother Nasir and 27-year-old nephew Arif. From 1993 to 1996, the port city of Karachi was a political battleground between Prime Minister Bhutto's PPP and the MQM. In the wake of the ensuing political unrest, the MQM remained vocal about the arbitrary arrests and extrajudicial killings of its members. In 2015, the Lahore High Court banned media coverage of Hussein, with the airing of his image and speeches banned across all electronic and print media. The Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan declared him a fugitive on the charges of treason, inciting violence, and hate speech, and sentenced him to 81 years in prison. In 2017, the Anti Terrorism Court issued non-bailable arrest warrants for Hussain in the murder case of Dr. Imran Farooq, who was a senior member of the MQM. Pakistan asked Interpol to issue a red warrant against Hussain but Interpol refused, saying it does not "intervene in political and religious matters of a state". It was reported that the Karachi police and the paramilitary Rangers force had arrested Nasir Hussain and his son in the Federal B area of Karachi on 4 and 6 December 1995, respectively. In a statement issued on 7 December 1995, the MQM blamed the government and the law enforcement agencies for the unlawful arrests of Nasir and Arif from their residence in Samanabad. On 9 December 1995, the badly mutilated corpses of both Nasir and Arif were found in an isolated area in Gadap Town in Karachi, and were taken to a nearby Edhi centre. Hussain and other leaders of the MQM decried the cases against him, which the party alleges are false, politically motivated cases against the MQM related to the 1990s operation against them. In November 2009 all cases were dropped under the National Reconciliation Ordinance, however the ordinance was later found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. On 20 June 2013 the London Metropolitan Police started a money laundering case against Hussain when it recovered some cash from his residence during a search. On 3 June 2014 he went to a police station for an interview. On 17 September 2016, his bail was cancelled for insufficient evidence. On 13 October 2016, Scotland Yard officially dismissed the money laundering case on the basis of lack of evidence. Pakistan Tehreek- e-Insaf's chairman Imran Khan accused him of inciting violence and soliciting murder in Karachi. In response, numerous complaints were filed with the London Metropolitan Police against Hussain for inciting violence. Scotland Yard couldn't find any credible evidence in the incitement of violence case and subsequently dropped it. On 11 June 2019, Hussain was detained by Scotland Yard in connection with a speech made on 22 August 2016 under Section 44 of the Serious Crime Act 2007 and was acquitted on 15 February 2022. Farooq Sattar, one of the senior members of the MQM in Pakistan, distanced himself from Hussain and the London-based leadership's statements and said the party is not against Pakistan. ==Personal life== Hussain married Faiza Gabol in 2001 and divorced in 2007. He has daughter who was born in 2002. ==References== ===Citations=== ===Cited sources=== * * * * * * * * * Category:1953 births Category:Muttahida Qaumi Movement politicians Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom Category:Pakistani political party founders Category:Fugitives wanted by Pakistan Category:Muhajir people Category:Pakistani prisoners and detainees Category:Research and Analysis Wing activities in Pakistan Category:Pakistan Army personnel Category:Living people Category:Pakistani exiles Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom Category:Politicians from Karachi Category:University of Karachi alumni Category:People from Karachi

['University of Karachi', 'Karachi', 'British Pakistani', 'United Kingdom', 'Operation Clean-up', 'Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan', 'Agra', 'Indian Railways', 'Grand Mufti', 'Dominion of Pakistan', 'Abyssinia Lines', 'Bachelor of Pharmacy', 'General Yahya Khan', 'Pakistan Army', 'Baloch Regiment', 'East Pakistan', 'West Pakistan', 'All Pakistan Muhajir Students Organisation', 'Bangladesh', 'Mazar-e-Quaid', 'Sohrab Goth', 'Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz', 'G. M. Syed', 'Pacco Qillo', 'Sindh', 'Punjabis', 'Balochis', 'Sindhis', 'Abbasi Shaheed Hospital', 'Inter-Services Intelligence', 'Islami Jamhoori Ittehad', "Pakistan People's Party", 'Benazir Bhutto', 'Nawaz Sharif', 'Narendra Modi', 'International Court of Justice', 'Kashmir', 'British Empire', 'Biharis', 'Taliban', 'Talibanisation', 'Syed Abdullah Shah', 'Lahore High Court', 'Imran Farooq', 'Interpol', 'Gadap Town', 'National Reconciliation Ordinance', 'Supreme Court of Pakistan', 'London Metropolitan Police', 'Imran Khan', 'Scotland Yard', 'Serious Crime Act 2007', 'Farooq Sattar']

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Junge Welt (English: Young World, stylized in its logo as junge Welt) is a German daily newspaper, published in Berlin. The jW describes itself as a left-wing and Marxist newspaper. German authorities categorize it as a far- left medium hostile to the constitutional order. == History and profile == junge Welt was first published on 12 February 1947 in the Soviet Sector of Berlin. The paper became the official newspaper of the Central Council (Zentralrat) of the Free German Youth (FDJ), the communist youth organisation, on 12 November 1947. With a daily circulation of 1.38 million, junge Welt had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the German Democratic Republic, even higher than the official Communist party organ Neues Deutschland. The paper was published by Verlag Junge Welt GmbH during the East German era. The paper was allegedly sold for a symbolic price of 1 Mark to a West Berlin publishing house in 1991. It was relaunched in 1994, after German reunification and the effective dissolution of the FDJ, as Germany's most left-wing daily newspaper. The new editorial team included both East and West German authors of different left factions. In 1997, a schism between these two camps led to the eventual foundation of the weekly Jungle World, which since strongly denounced anti-Zionist views upheld by their former colleagues. The newspaper has been criticised by six of its own authors and others for not being sufficiently critical of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Iran in relation to their nuclear "ambitions". Junge Welt is published by Verlag 8. Mai GmbH. The cooperative Linke Presse Verlags-Förderungs und -Beteiligungsgenossenschaft (LPG) junge Welt e.G. began preparing to take over the majority of the publishing house in 1997. The cooperative LPG junge Welt e.G. now owns the majority of Verlag 8. Mai GmbH. According to the Annual Report of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, "the national daily newspaper junge Welt is the most important printed medium in the left-wing extremist scene" in Germany.Verfassungsschutzbericht 2011. S. 173. Available online: Junge Welt had an estimated print run of around 25,600–27,900 in 2017. Junge Welt unsuccessfully filed a lawsuit against being named in the report on the protection of the constitution and lost in court in March 2022. Arnold Schölzel, who was editor-in-chief of the newspaper from 2000 to 2016, was a Stasi informant until 1989.Christian Buß, "Spitzel mit Spitzenleistung", Spiegel-online (11 July 2007) == See also == *unsere Zeit *Media cooperative == References == == External links == * Category:Cooperatives in Germany Category:Daily newspapers published in Germany Category:German-language communist newspapers Category:Far-left politics in Germany Category:Left-wing newspapers Category:Marxist organizations Category:Media cooperatives Category:Newspapers published in Berlin Category:Socialism in Germany Category:Newspapers established in 1947

['Berlin', 'Free German Youth', 'German Democratic Republic', 'Communist party', 'Neues Deutschland', 'German reunification', 'Jungle World', 'Mahmoud Ahmadinejad', 'Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution', 'Arnold Schölzel', 'Stasi', 'Media cooperative']

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Tidmarsh is a village in West Berkshire, England. Its development is mainly residential and agricultural, and is centred on the A340 road between Pangbourne and Theale. The rural area is bounded by the M4 motorway to the south. It is centred south of Pangbourne, west of Reading and west of London. ==Geography== Its civil parish council is, unusually in this district, shared with another village and is called Tidmarsh with Sulham. Further east, Sulham Woods separate the villages from Tilehurst, a western suburb of Reading. Its elevation ranges between in the north-east, and AOD in the western projection. The vast majority of the parish (more than 90%) is at more than above the River Pang. Much of the main street is between above the river level. Woodland covers less than a tenth of its total area but about a quarter of the western or south-western higher ground. The Pang flows north through the village and then through the Moor Copse Nature Reserve on its way to join the River Thames at Pangbourne. In December 2006 the reserve was doubled in size, to about .Natural World Spring 2007 p10: "Ratty's Paradise joins eight new reserves" The Tidmarsh and Sulham circular walk, about long, passes through the reserve and both villages. ==History== The Tidmarsh section of the A340 is thought to follow the Roman road from the Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum in Silchester (about south), either to Dorchester-on-Thames (about north) or a river- crossing at Pangbourne. If so, however, the southern portion has been straightened in later years. The earliest mention of Tidmarsh was in 1196. In 1239 there was a land-ownership dispute concerning the manor. There are records of a water corn-mill and a fishery in Tidmarsh in 1305. The 18th century successor to the mill is now Grade II listed and converted to domestic accommodation. There are multiple World War II pillboxes surrounding Tidmarsh, which made up part of the GHQ Line. ==Notable buildings== thumb|upright|St Laurence's Church The most conspicuous listed building in Tidmarsh is the 13th century half-timbered Greyhound Pub, which suffered a serious fire in 2005. Another historic building is the Grade I listed, 12th century church, which is dedicated to St Laurence. The church is particularly notable for its Norman south doorway, "very rare 13th century polygonal apse" and 13th century lancet windows. The church was restored and modified in the 19th century. The old rectory dates from 1856. Other notable buildings include the Grade II listed Round House and Mill House. ==Notable residents== Notable residents include author Lytton Strachey (1880-1932) and the painter Dora Carrington (1893-1932), who lived in the Mill House between 1917 and 1924. Carrington painted the Greyhound Pub sign in the village. Rex Partridge, renamed Ralph by the Bloomsbury set, also settled at Tidmarsh and formed a very 'Bloomsbury' trio with Lytton and Dora. 21st century development in Tidmarsh has included housing at the north end of the village, Strachey Close. ==Demography== Output area Homes owned outright Owned with a loan Socially rented Privately rented Other km2 roads km2 water km2 domestic gardens Usual residents km2 Civil parish 83 81 2 35 5 0.130 0.071 0.171 501 7.02 ==References== ==External links== * Tidmarsh-with-Sulham Website * Berkshire History: Tidmarsh * Moor Copse Website * The Greyhound, Tidmarsh Category:Villages in Berkshire Category:Civil parishes in Berkshire Category:West Berkshire District Category:Former civil parishes in Berkshire

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The production control room (PCR) or studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place. The production control room is occasionally also called an SCR or a gallerythe latter name comes from the original placement of the director on an ornately carved bridge spanning the BBC's first studio at Alexandra Palace which was once referred to as like a minstrels' gallery. Video of features of Alexandra Palace Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks. Master control is distinct from a PCR in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. A transmission control room (TCR) is usually smaller in size and is a scaled- down version of centralcasting. == Production control room facilities == thumb|A virtual monitor wall in a PCR at RTL Television Facilities in a production control room include: * A video monitor wall, with monitors for program, preview, VTRs, cameras, graphics and other video sources. In some facilities, the monitor wall is a series of racks containing physical television and computer monitors; in others, the monitor wall has been replaced with a virtual monitor wall (sometimes called a "glass cockpit"), one or more large video screens or video walls, each capable of displaying multiple sources in a simulation of a monitor wall. * A vision mixer, a large control panel used to select the multiple-camera setup and other various sources to be recorded or seen on air and, in many cases, in any video monitors on the set. The term "vision mixer" is primarily used in Europe, while the term "video switcher" is usually used in North America. * A professional audio mixing console and other audio equipment such as audio effect units or devices. * A character generator (CG), which creates the majority of the names and full digital on-screen graphics that are inserted into the program lower third portion of the television screen. * Digital video effects, or DVE, for manipulation of video sources. In newer vision mixers, the DVE is integrated into the vision mixer; older models without built-in DVEs can often control external DVE devices, or an external DVE can be manually run by an operator. * Hard drive or SSD docking stations or memory card readers. * A still store, or still frame, device for storage of graphics or other images. While the name suggests that the device is only capable of storing still images, newer still stores can store moving video clips and motion graphics. It may also be integrated into the vision mixer. * The technical director's station, with waveform monitors, vectorscopes and the camera control units (CCU) or remote control panels (RCPs) for the CCUs which are used to control the professional video cameras in the studio floor * In many facilities, a lighting control console used to control the lighting on the studio floor * In some facilities, VTRs, VCRs, CCUs, video servers and video and audio converters, processors and routers may also be located in the PCR, but are also often found in the central apparatus room (CAR). * Intercom and IFB equipment for communication with talent and television crew. * A signal generator to genlock all of the video equipment to a common reference that requires colorburst. == Gallery == File:Aljazeera London 01.jpg|The Al Jazeera English studio control room under construction in London, United Kingdom (August 2007). File:SKY Sport24 PCR.jpg|The production control room for Sky Italia's news channel Sky Sport24 (August 2008). File:NewsHourControlRoom2005.jpg|The production control room for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer during an interview with General Peter Pace (November 7, 2005). File:Aljazeera London 02.jpg|A Vinten remote pan tilt zoom camera controller at the Al Jazeera studios in London, United Kingdom (August 2007). File:Celebro Studios Gallery.jpg|The production control room at Celebro Studios in London, United Kingdom (June 2019). File:Control Room at The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien.jpg|Production control room of a late-night talk show, The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien (2009). == See also == * Broadcast engineering * Engineering technician * Master control room (MCR) * Central apparatus room (CAR) * Technical operator == References == == External links == * * Category:Film and video technology

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Magnus Carl Hedman (; born 19 March 1973) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Beginning his career with AIK in 1990, he went on play in the English Premier League, Scottish Premier League, and Italian Serie A before retiring in 2005. He played 58 matches for the Sweden national team, and represented his country at the 1994 and 2002 FIFA World Cups, as well as UEFA Euro 2000 and 2004. He was awarded Guldbollen in 2000 as Sweden's best footballer of the year. ==Club career== === Early career === Hedman was born in Botkyrka, and began his footballing career with Vårby Gårds IF and IFK Stockholm. He signed with AIK in 1987 and made his Allsvenskan debut for the club during the 1990 Allsvenskan season at only 17 years of age. He won the 1992 Allsvenskan championship with AIK and eventually moved abroad to play for English club Coventry City in July 1997. === Coventry City === Aged 24 on 13 December 1997, Hedman debuted in a 4-0 win over Tottenham Hotspur and only lost his place again in February due to injury. Steve Ogrizovic however was on top form on his return and kept the number 1 shirt almost to the end of the season, Hedman returned for the final three league matches. Hedman made 17 appearances in his first season at Coventry City. Hedman began the 1998-99 campaign as number 1 keeper. Now 41, Ogrizovic was restricted to just two games and Hedman made 42 appearances in all competitions. Hedman remained number 1 in Ogrizovic's final campaign during 1999-2000. The next season saw youngster Chris Kirkland take the shirt from Hedman, but the Sky Blues were relegated from the Premier League during that campaign. Hedman regained his place following Kirkland's transfer to Liverpool after a single game of the 2001–02 season. Hedmans Coventry City career came to an acrimonious conclusion towards the end of that season, when he was approached on the pitch during an away match against Preston North End on 6 April 2002 by a 'fan' who was questioning his commitment to the club. === Celtic, loan at Ancona, and retirement === In the summer 2002 Hedman moved to Celtic in the Scottish Premier League. Hedman made 36 appearances for Celtic in three years, but due to injuries he failed to make a major impact on the number 1 spot, where Rab Douglas and later David Marshall were favoured by manager Martin O'Neill. In January 2004 he had a loan spell at Italian team A.C. Ancona in Serie A. Hedman only played in three games, and it was a time in which he later claimed to have witnessed bribery on part of his Ancona teammates. Magnus Hedman: Mina lagkamrater var mutade , Aftonbladet, 11 September 2004 He returned to Celtic, and played against FC Barcelona and A.C. Milan in the Champions League group stage, before being released by the club in July 2005. He retired from professional football a month later. ===Return to England=== On 9 November 2006, it was announced that Hedman would join reigning Premier League champions Chelsea on a week's trial, due to Chelsea's current lack of fully fit goalkeepers except for Henrique Hilário and youth team keeper Yves Ma-Kalambay. The move was eventually completed on 14 November 2006, with Hedman taking the number 22 shirt previously worn by Eiður Guðjohnsen. At the end of the season Hedman was released from his contract, having made no official appearances for the club. === IK Frej === He was the goalkeeping coach for then third-tier club IK Frej. On 21 June 2013, he made a one-match comeback and played 90 minutes in Frej's 3–1 victory against Selånger FK. == International career == Hedman was chosen as a backup for first-choice keeper Thomas Ravelli in Sweden's squad at the 1994 World Cup alongside Lasse Eriksson. He debuted for the Swedish national team in February 1997, and was chosen for the Swedish squad at the Euro 2000 where he played all Sweden's matches and conceded goals from Bart Goor and Emile Mpenza against Belgium and from Luigi Di Biagio and Alessandro Del Piero against Italy (both lost 2–1). The other match, against Turkey, was 0–0 draw. He won the 2000 Guldbollen award. He also played full-time for Sweden at the 2002 World Cup. He was chosen to represent Sweden at the Euro 2004, where he served as a back-up for keeper Andreas Isaksson. ==Personal life== He is divorced from Magdalena Graaf, a Swedish author, former model and pop singer. The couple have two sons together, including singer Lancelot. == Career statistics == === International === Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Sweden 1997 5 0 1998 6 0 1999 9 0 2000 10 0 2001 11 0 2002 10 0 2003 3 0 2004 4 0 Total 58 0 == Honours == AIK * Allsvenskan: 1992 * Svenska Cupen: 1995–96, 1996–97 Celtic * Scottish Premier League: 2003–04 * Scottish Cup: 2003–04, 2004–05 Sweden * FIFA World Cup third place: 1994 Individual * Stor Grabb: 1999 * Guldbollen: 2000 ==Notes== ==External links== *Swedish national football team 2004 profile * Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Doping cases in association football Category:Swedish sportspeople in doping cases Category:People from Huddinge Municipality Category:Men's association football goalkeepers Category:Swedish men's footballers Category:Sweden men's international footballers Category:Sweden men's youth international footballers Category:Sweden men's under-21 international footballers Category:Swedish expatriate men's footballers Category:Expatriate men's footballers in England Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Italy Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Italy Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in England Category:IFK Stockholm players Category:AIK Fotboll players Category:Coventry City F.C. players Category:Celtic F.C. players Category:AC Ancona players Category:Chelsea F.C. players Category:Premier League players Category:English Football League players Category:Scottish Premier League players Category:Serie A players Category:Allsvenskan players Category:1994 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players Category:Footballers from Stockholm County Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland

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Sulham is a village in West Berkshire, England. The larger village of Tidmarsh is adjacent to Sulham on the west side, with Tilehurst on the east side. ==Governance== The two villages of Sulham and Tidmarsh share the combined civil parish of Tidmarsh with Sulham with most local government functions carried out by the West Berkshire council. ==Geography== From the west, Sulham is surrounded by the civil parishes of Tidmarsh, Pangbourne, Purley-on-Thames and Tilehurst to the east. To the south is Theale which has the local roads' junction with the M4 motorway. Sulham Woods and a lengthwise escarpment rises in this area from . Sulham Woods is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and forms one side of the village. Features include many chalk pits and open rolling fields.Magic Map Application The village is dominated by the Sulham Hall estate in the north and is spread out along Sulham Lane which stretches between Pangbourne and Theale, parallel to the River Pang. ==Landmarks== Sulham House is a Grade II listed country house and was built about 1710. This has been the home of the Wilder family and their descendants since 1712. They have owned or rented estates in the parish since 1497. A feature of the parish and estate is the elevated Wilder's Folly, a tower built in 1768 by Reverend Henry Wilder of Sulham House and later used as a dovecote. The ecclesiastical parish church of St Nicholas, built in 1836, stands next to the house and is Grade II listed. This is the main settled area of the village. Sulham Farmhouse is a Grade II* listed building. ==References== ==External links== Category:Villages in Berkshire Category:West Berkshire District Category:Civil parishes in Berkshire Category:Former civil parishes in Berkshire

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Howard Evan Runner (January 28, 1916 – March 14, 2002) was professor of philosophy at Calvin College from 1951 until his retirement in 1981. Runner was born in Oxford, Pennsylvania and graduated from Wheaton College in Illinois, Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia (where he was deeply influenced by the thought of Professor Cornelius Van Til), and The Free University of Amsterdam. It was at the Free University that he was taught by Herman Dooyeweerd and D. H. Th. Vollenhoven, whose ideas relating to the construction of a whole new way of doing philosophy Christianly from a biblical basis radically changed the direction of his life, and whose teachings he later brought to North America. Runner's dissertation applied D. H. Th. Vollenhoven's problem-historical method to Aristotle's Physics. Runner had also studied at Harvard University, where he was a Junior Fellow of the Society of Fellows, and at the University of Pennsylvania, where he engaged in intensive studies in Greek and philosophy. Early in his career at Calvin College he organized the Groen van Prinsterer Society (known popularly as the 'Groen Club'), which brought him together with students specifically interested in discussing issues relating Christianity to culture, and the necessity Runner saw of Christian cultural organization. He was also greatly influential in the setting up of the Association for Reformed Scientific Studies (ARSS) in 1956 – which later became the Association for the Advancement of Christian Scholarship (AACS). The AACS eventually became the Institute for Christian Studies (ICS). The ICS's first senior members were all students of Runner. His influence extended to the UK, through the work of Elaine Storkey and Richard Russell who had studied with him in Canada, and through David and Ruth Hanson, who set up the West Yorkshire School of Christian Studies. Currently, both Redeemer University College (RUC) and the ICS have chairs in Runner's honor. RUC has the H. Evan Runner Chair in Philosophy, currently held by Craig Bartholomew, while the ICS has the H. Evan Runner Chair in the History of Philosophy, currently held by Robert Sweetman. == Works == *The Relation of the Bible to Learning Reprint: Toronto: Wedge, 1974. *Scriptural Religion and Political Task Reprint: Toronto: Wedge, 1974. *'ARSS and its reorganization' Calvinist Contact 1962: 5-7 *'Dooyeweerd's Passing: An Appreciation' The Banner April 22, 1977: 20-23. *'Interview with Dr. H. Evan Runner' by Harry Van Dyke and Albert M. Wolters in Hearing and Doing pp. 333–361 *Vollenhoven's History of the Presocratic Philosophers *Verbonds-geschiedenis (Promise and Deliverance) by S.G. De Graaf; Translated by H. Evan Runner and his wife Ellen. == Festschrifts == *Bernard Zylstra, "Preface to Runner," In The Relation of the Bible to Learning (Paideia Press, 1982, 5th edn) extract *John Kraay & Anthony Tol (eds), Hearing and Doing: Philosophical Essays dedicated to H. Evan Runner (Wedge, 1979) *Life Is Religion: Essays in Honor of H. Evan Runner (Paideia Press, 1981) ==References== == External links == *Al Wolters The importance of H. Evan Runner *Theodore Plantinga H. Evan Runner: Man of Passion, Man of Conviction * H. Evan Runner Blog Lecture notes etc. Category:1916 births Category:2002 deaths Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Westminster Theological Seminary alumni Category:Calvin University faculty Category:Calvinist and Reformed philosophers Category:Wheaton College (Illinois) alumni

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right|thumb|275px|An Alco-Sensor IV law enforcement grade breathalyzer A breathalyzer or breathalyser (a portmanteau of breath and analyzer/analyser) is a device for measuring breath alcohol content (BrAC). The name is a genericized trademark of the Breathalyzer brand name of instruments developed by inventor Robert Frank Borkenstein in the 1950s. ==Origins== Research into the possibilities of using breath to test for alcohol in a person's body dates as far back as 1874, when Francis E. Anstie made the observation that small amounts of alcohol were excreted in breath. In 1927, Emil Bogen produced a paper on breath analysis. He collected air in a football bladder and then tested this air for traces of alcohol, discovering that the alcohol content of 2 litres of expired air was a little greater than that of 1 cc of urine. Also in 1927, a Chicago chemist, William Duncan McNally, invented a breathalyzer in which the breath moving through chemicals in water would change color. One suggested use for his invention was for housewives to test whether their husbands had been drinking. In December 1927, in a case in Marlborough, England, Dr. Gorsky, a police surgeon, asked a suspect to inflate a football bladder with his breath. Since the 2 liters of the man's breath contained 1.5 mg of ethanol, Gorsky testified before the court that the defendant was "50% drunk". The use of drunkenness as the standard, as opposed to BAC, perhaps invalidated the analysis, as tolerance to alcohol varies. However, the story illustrates the general principles of breath analysis. In 1931 the first practical roadside breath-testing device was the drunkometer developed by Rolla Neil Harger of the Indiana University School of Medicine. The drunkometer collected a motorist's breath sample directly into a balloon inside the machine. The breath sample was then pumped through an acidified potassium permanganate solution. If there was alcohol in the breath sample, the solution changed color. The greater the color change, the more alcohol there was present in the breath. The drunkometer was manufactured and sold by Stephenson Corporation of Red Bank, New Jersey. In 1954 Robert Frank Borkenstein (1912–2002) was a captain with the Indiana State Police and later a professor at Indiana University Bloomington. His trademarked Breathalyzer used chemical oxidation and photometry to determine alcohol concentrations. The invention of the Breathalyzer provided law enforcement with a quick and portable test to determine an individual's intoxication level via breath analysis. Subsequent breath analyzers have converted primarily to infrared spectroscopy. In 1967 in Britain, Bill Ducie and Tom Parry Jones developed and marketed the first electronic breathalyser. They established Lion Laboratories in Cardiff. Ducie was a chartered electrical engineer, and Tom Parry Jones was a lecturer at UWIST. The Road Safety Act 1967 introduced the first legally enforceable maximum blood alcohol level for drivers in the UK, above which it became an offence to be in charge of a motor vehicle; and introduced the roadside breathalyser, made available to police forces across the country. In 1979, Lion Laboratories' version of the breathalyser, known as the Alcolyser and incorporating crystal-filled tubes that changed colour above a certain level of alcohol in the breath, was approved for police use. Lion Laboratories won the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for the product in 1980, and it began to be marketed worldwide. The Alcolyser was superseded by the Lion Intoximeter 3000 in 1983, and later by the Lion Alcolmeter and Lion Intoxilyser. These later models used a fuel cell alcohol sensor rather than crystals, providing a more reliable curbside test and removing the need for blood or urine samples to be taken at a police station. In 1991, Lion Laboratories was sold to the American company MPD, Inc. ==Chemistry== When the user exhales into a breath analyzer, any ethanol present in their breath is oxidized to acetic acid at the anode: C2H5OH(g) + H2O(l) → CH3COOH(l) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− at the cathode, atmospheric oxygen is reduced: O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e− → 2H2O(l) The overall reaction is the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and water. C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) → CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) The electric current produced by this reaction is measured by a microcontroller, and displayed as an approximation of overall blood alcohol content (BAC) by the Alcosensor. == Accuracy == Breath analyzers do not directly measure blood alcohol concentration (BAC), which requires the analysis of a blood sample. Instead, they measure the amount of alcohol in one's breath, BrAC, generally reported in milligrams of alcohol per liter of breathed air. The relationship between BrAC and BAC is complex, and is affected by many factors. ===Calibration=== Calibration is the process of checking and adjusting the internal settings of a breath analyzer by comparing and adjusting its test results to a known alcohol standard. Breath analyzer sensors drift over time and require periodic calibration to ensure accuracy. Many handheld breath analyzers sold to consumers use a silicon oxide sensor (also called a semiconductor sensor) to determine the alcohol concentration. These sensors are prone to contamination and interference from substances other than breath alcohol, and require recalibration or replacement every six months. Higher-end personal breath analyzers and professional-use breath alcohol testers use platinum fuel cell sensors. These too require recalibration but at less frequent intervals than semiconductor devices, usually once a year. There are two ways of calibrating a precision fuel cell breath analyzer, the wet-bath and the dry-gas methods. Each method requires specialized equipment and factory-trained technicians. It is not a procedure that can be conducted by untrained users or without the proper equipment. * The dry-gas method utilizes a portable calibration standard which is a precise mixture of ethanol and inert nitrogen available in a pressurized canister. Initial equipment costs are less than alternative methods and the steps required are fewer. The equipment is also portable allowing calibrations to be done when and where required. * The wet-bath method utilizes an ethanol/water standard in a precise specialized alcohol concentration, contained and delivered in specialized breath simulator equipment. The wet-bath method has a higher initial cost and is not intended to be portable. The standard must be fresh and replaced regularly. In addition, the assumed water-air partition ratio for aqueous ethanol must be taken into account along with its associated uncertainty. Some semiconductor models are designed specifically to allow the sensor module to be replaced without the need to send the unit to a calibration lab. ===Non-specific analysis=== One major problem with older breath analyzers is non-specificity: the machines identify not only the ethyl alcohol (or ethanol) found in alcoholic beverages but also other substances similar in molecular structure or reactivity, "interfering compounds". The oldest breath analyzer models pass breath through a solution of potassium dichromate, which oxidizes ethanol into acetic acid, changing color in the process. A monochromatic light beam is passed through this sample, and a detector records the change in intensity and, hence, the change in color, which is used to calculate the percent alcohol in the breath. However, since potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by it, producing false positives. This source of false positives is unlikely as very few other substances found in exhaled air are oxidizable. Infrared-based breath analyzers project an infrared beam of radiation through the captured breath in the sample chamber and detect the absorbance of the compound as a function of the wavelength of the beam, producing an absorbance spectrum that can be used to identify the compound, as the absorbance is due to the harmonic vibration and stretching of specific bonds in the molecule at specific wavelengths (see infrared spectroscopy). The characteristic bond of alcohols in infrared is the O-H bond, which gives a strong absorbance at a short wavelength. The more light is absorbed by compounds containing the alcohol group, the less reaches the detector on the other side—and the higher the reading. Other groups, most notably aromatic rings and carboxylic acids can give similar absorbance readings. Some natural and volatile interfering compounds do exist, however. For example, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has found that dieters and diabetics may have acetone levels hundreds or even thousands of times higher than those in others. Acetone is one of the many substances that can be falsely identified as ethyl alcohol by some breath machines. However, fuel cell based systems are non-responsive to substances like acetone. Substances in the environment can also lead to false BAC readings. For example, methyl tert-butyl ether, a common gasoline additive, has been alleged anecdotally to cause false positives in persons exposed to it. Tests have shown this to be true for older machines; however, newer machines detect this interference and compensate for it. Any number of other products found in the environment or workplace can also cause erroneous BAC results. These include compounds found in lacquer, paint remover, celluloid, gasoline, and cleaning fluids, especially ethers, alcohols, and other volatile compounds. === Pharmacokinetics === Absorption of alcohol continues for anywhere from 20 minutes (on an empty stomach) to two-and-one-half hours (on a full stomach) after the last consumption, generally taking around 40-50 minutes. During the absorptive phase, the concentration of alcohol throughout the body changes unpredictably, as it is affected by gastrointestinal physiology such as irregular contraction patterns. After absorption, the concentrations in the body settle down and follow predictable patterns. During absorption, the BAC in arterial blood will generally be higher than in venous blood, but post- absorption, venous BAC will be higher than arterial BAC. This is especially clear with bolus dosing, chugging a single large drink. With additional doses of alcohol, the definitions of absorption and post-absorption are less clear. However, once absorption of the last drink has finished, the concentrations will follow standard post-absorption curves. It is also not always clear from a BAC graph when the absorption phase finishes - for example, the body can reach a sustained equilibrium BAC where absorption and elimination are proportional. Across all phases, BrAC correlates closely with arterial BAC. Arterial blood distributes oxygen throughout the body. Breath alcohol is a representation of the equilibrium of alcohol concentration as the blood gases (alcohol) pass from the arterial blood into the lungs to be expired in the breath. The ratio of ABAC:BrAC is 2294 ± 56 across all phases and 2251 ± 46 [2141-2307] in the post-absorption phase. For example, a breathalyzer measurement of 0.10 mg/L of breath alcohol characterises approximately 0.0001×2251 g/L, or 0.2251 g/L of arterial blood alcohol concentration (equivalent to 0.2251 permille or 0.02251% BAC). The ratio of venous blood alcohol content to breath alcohol content may vary significantly, from 1300:1 to 3100:1. Assuming a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.07%, for example, a person could have a partition ratio of 1500:1 and a breath test reading of 0.10 g/2100 mL, over the legal limit in some jurisdictions. However, low partition ratios are generally observed during the absorption phase. Post- absorption, the ratio is relatively fixed, 2382 ± 119 [2125–2765], although this ratio was measured in a laboratory environment and variation may be larger in real-world scenarios. Other false positives of high BrAC and also blood reading are related to patients with proteinuria and hematuria, due to kidney metabolization and failure. The metabolization rate of related patients with kidney damage is abnormal in relation to percent in alcohol in the breath. However, since potassium dichromate is a strong oxidizer, numerous alcohol groups can be oxidized by kidney and blood filtration, producing false positives. === Breathing pattern === It is sometimes said that the exhaled air analyzed by the breathalyzer is "alveolar air", coming from the alveoli in close proximity to the blood in pulmonary circulation and containing ethanol in concentrations proportional to that blood approximated by Henry's law. However, the alcohol in the exhaled air comes essentially from the airways of the lung, and not from the alveoli. The alcohol acts similarly to water vapor, so it is instructive to study the humidity of lung air. During breathing, the inspired air picks up water and alcohol from the airways. Almost all uptake occurs in the upper airways; thus, the BrAC is most affected by the alcohol concentration in the bronchial circulation, which supplies blood to these airways. When the air reaches the alveoli, it is already near equilibrium - this is why inhaling dry air does not dry out the lungs significantly. With exhalation, water and alcohol are rapidly lost to the airways, primarily within the fifth to fifteenth generations of branching. Nonetheless, as may be evidenced by seeing one's breath in the cold, some water vapor does not get re-absorbed by the airways and is exhaled, and similarly some alcohol is exhaled during breathing. But the relationship of the alcohol concentration of this air to the concentration of alcohol in the blood is somewhat suspect and can be affected by many variables. As air is exhaled, the alcohol concentration of the exhaled air increases over time, rising significantly in the first few seconds and then slowing down after, but not leveling out until the subject stops exhaling. This is not because there is a "dead space" of non-alcoholic air in the airways - the alcohol concentration is nearly identical in all regions of the lung. Rather, it is because, during exhalation, water and alcohol are being redeposited on the airways, primarily the trachea and generations 6 though 12 of the airways. As more fluid is deposited on the mucous surfaces, the remaining fluid travels further, resulting in more alcohol being recorded by the breathalyzer. The recorded alcohol concentrations never reach the alveolar alcohol concentration, even if the subject exhales as deeply as possible. According to Henry's law, alveolar air alcohol concentration would be pulmonary BAC divided by 1756, compared to the BrAC which is arterial blood concentration divided by 2251. When the subject stops exhaling, the alcohol concentration levels off - this does not indicate that alveolar air has been obtained, as it will level off regardless of the point at which the subject stops exhaling. But it does mean that end- exhaled BrAC is readily obtained. This brings up the question of what is meant by reporting BrAC as a single number; is it the "deep-lung air", the highest possible reading obtainable by the subject's full exhalation? Or is it the zero concentration at the initial part of the curve? Hlastala suggests using the average BrAC during the exhalation, which corresponds to the BrAC measured at about the 5-second mark. The Supreme Court of California determined that the BrAC is defined as the alcohol concentration of the last part of the subject’s expired breath. End-exhaled BrAC varies depending on several factors. Most alcohol breath testers require a minimum exhalation volume (normally between 1.1 and 1.5 L) or minimum six-second exhalation time before the breath sample is accepted. This raises concerns for subject with smaller lung volumes - they must exhale a greater fraction of their available lung volume compared with a larger subject. A mathematical model suggests that a 2L-lung-capacity subject's end-exhaled BrAC may read 35% higher than a 6L subject for the same minimum 1.5L exhalation and alveolar alcohol concentration. For exhalation to the maximum extent, such as under typical laboratory conditions, measured BrAC is unaffected by lung size. The subject's body temperature and breath temperature also influence results, with an increase in temperature corresponding to an increase in measured BrAC. Furthermore, the humidity and temperature of the ambient air can decrease results by as much as 10%. The result of these factors is that the breath test is more forgiving for some subjects than others. Nonetheless, the overall variance due to how much one breathes out is usually low, and some breathalyzers compensate for the volume of air. Jones tested several breathing patterns immediately before and during breathalyzer use and found the following changes (in order of effect): * Hyperventilation by rapid inspiration and expiration of room air for 20 seconds before forced expiration - decrease by 10% * Moderate inspiration through mouth and deep expiration - control * Deep expiration without an inspiration - statistically insignificant increase * Inspiration through the nose before a deep expiration. - 1.3% increase * Deep inspiration followed by a slow (20 second) expiration. - 2.0% increase * Mouth closed for 5 minutes (shallow breathing) before nose- inspiration and a forced expiration. - 7.7% increase * Inspiration through the nose followed by breath-holding for 30 seconds before forced expiration. - 12.6% increase * A normal inspiration with breath-holding for 30 seconds before a forced expiration. - 15.7% increase Overall, the results show an increase in measured BrAC with increased contact between the lungs and the measured air. Exercising immediately before the test, such as running up and down a flight of stairs, can also reduce measured BrAC by 13% or more, with the combined effect of exercise and hyperventilation reaching 20%. ===Mouth alcohol=== One of the most common causes of falsely high breath analyzer readings is the existence of mouth alcohol. In analyzing a subject's breath sample, the breath analyzer's internal computer is making the assumption that the alcohol in the breath sample came from the lungs. However, alcohol may have come from the mouth, throat or stomach for a number of reasons.[International Journal of Drug Testing, vol. 3] A very tiny amount of alcohol from the mouth, throat or stomach can have a significant impact on the breath-alcohol reading. Recent use of mouthwash or breath fresheners can also skew results upward, as they can contain fairly high levels of alcohol. Listerine mouthwash, for example, contains 26.9% alcohol, and can skew results for between 5 and 10 minutes. A scientist tested the effects of Binaca breath spray on an Intoxilyzer 5000. He performed 23 tests with subjects who sprayed their throats and obtained readings as high as 0.81—far beyond legal levels. The scientist also noted that the effects of the spray did not fall below detectable levels until after 18 minutes. Other than those, the most common source of mouth alcohol is from belching or burping. This causes the liquids and/or gases from the stomach—including any alcohol—to rise up into the soft tissue of the esophagus and oral cavity, where it will stay until it has dissipated. The American Medical Association concludes in its Manual for Chemical Tests for Intoxication (1959): "True reactions with alcohol in expired breath from sources other than the alveolar air (eructation, regurgitation, vomiting) will, of course, vitiate the breath alcohol results." Acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease, can greatly exacerbate the mouth-alcohol problem. The stomach is normally separated from the throat by a valve, but when this valve becomes incompetent or herniated, there is nothing to stop the liquid contents in the stomach from rising and permeating the esophagus and mouth. The contents—including any alcohol—are then later exhaled into the breathalyzer. One study of 10 individuals suffering from this condition did not find any actual increase in breath ethanol. Mouth alcohol can also be created in other ways. Dentures, some have theorized, will trap alcohol, although experiments have shown no difference if the normal 15 minute observation period is observed. Periodontal disease can also create pockets in the gums which will contain the alcohol for longer periods. Also known to produce false results due to residual alcohol in the mouth is passionate kissing with an intoxicated person. To help guard against mouth-alcohol contamination, certified breath-test operators and police officers are trained to observe a test subject carefully for at least 15–20 minutes before administering the breath test. Some instruments also feature built-in safeguards. The Intoxilyzer 5000 features a "slope" parameter. This parameter detects any decrease in alcohol concentration of 0.006 g per 210 L of breath in 0.6 second, a condition indicative of residual mouth alcohol, and will result in an "invalid sample" warning to the operator, notifying the operator of the presence of the residual mouth alcohol. Other instruments require that the individual be tested twice at least two minutes apart. Mouthwash or other mouth alcohol will have somewhat dissipated after two minutes and cause the second reading to disagree with the first, requiring a retest. Many preliminary breath testers, however, feature no such safeguards. ===Myths about accuracy=== There are a number of substances or techniques that can supposedly "fool" a breath analyzer (i.e., generate a lower blood alcohol content). A 2003 episode of the science television show MythBusters tested a number of methods that supposedly allow a person to fool a breath analyzer test. The methods tested included breath mints, onions, denture cream, mouthwash, pennies and batteries; all of these methods proved ineffective. The show noted that using these items to cover the smell of alcohol may fool a person, but, since they will not actually reduce a person's BrAC, there will be no effect on a breath analyzer test regardless of the quantity used, if any, it appeared that using mouthwash only raised the BrAC. Pennies supposedly produce a chemical reaction, while batteries supposedly create an electrical charge, yet neither of these methods affected the breath analyzer results.Mythbusters, season 1, episode 6: "Lightning Strikes Tongue Piercing, Tree Cannon, Beat the Breath Test". First aired November 7, 2003. The MythBusters episode also pointed out another complication: it would be necessary to insert the item into one's mouth (for example, eat an onion, rinse with mouthwash, conceal a battery), take the breath test, and then possibly remove the item — all of which would have to be accomplished discreetly enough to avoid alerting the police officers administering the test (who would obviously become very suspicious if they noticed that a person was inserting items into their mouth prior to taking a breath test). It would likely be very difficult, especially for someone in an intoxicated state, to be able to accomplish such a feat. In addition, the show noted that breath tests are often verified with blood tests (BAC, which are more accurate) and that even if a person somehow managed to fool a breath test, a blood test would certainly confirm a person's guilt. Other substances that might reduce the BrAC reading include a bag of activated charcoal concealed in the mouth (to absorb alcohol vapor), an oxidizing gas (such as N2O, Cl2, O3, etc.) that would fool a fuel cell type detector, or an organic interferent to fool an infrared absorption detector. The infrared absorption detector is more vulnerable to interference than a laboratory instrument measuring a continuous absorption spectrum since it only makes measurements at particular discrete wavelengths. However, due to the fact that any interference can only cause higher absorption, not lower, the estimated blood alcohol content will be overestimated. Additionally, Cl2 is toxic and corrosive. A 2007 episode of the Spike network's show Manswers showed some of the more common and not-so-common ways of attempts to beat the breath analyzer, none of which work. Test 1 was to suck on a copper-coated coin such as a penny. Test 2 was to hold a battery on the tongue. Test 3 was to chew gum. None of these tests showed a "pass" reading if the subject had consumed alcohol. ==Law enforcement== In general, two types of breathalyzer are used. Small hand-held breathalyzers are not reliable enough to provide evidence in court but reliable enough to justify an arrest. These devices may be used by officers in the field as a form of "field sobriety test" commonly called "preliminary breath test" or "preliminary alcohol screening", or as evidential devices in point of arrest testing. Larger breathalyzer devices found in police stations can be used to produce court evidence, These desktop analyzers generally use infrared spectrophotometer technology, electrochemical fuel cell technology, or a combination of the two. All breath alcohol testers used by law enforcement in the United States of America must be approved by the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. === Breath alcohol laws === The breath alcohol content reading may be used in prosecutions of the crime of driving under the influence of alcohol (sometimes referred to as driving or operating while intoxicated) in several ways. Historically, states in the US initially prohibited driving with a high level of BAC, and did not have any laws regarding BrAC. A BrAC test result was merely presented as indirect evidence of BAC. Where the defendant had refused to take a subsequent blood test, the only way the state could prove BAC was by presenting scientific evidence of how alcohol in the breath gets there from alcohol in the blood, along with evidence of how to convert from one to the other. DUI defense attorneys frequently contested the scientific reliability of such evidence. Before September 2011, South Dakota relied solely on blood tests to ensure accuracy. (Lists evidentiary testing procedures for Intoxilyzer 8000 starting 29 September 2011) States responded in different ways to the inability to rely on breathalyzer evidence. Many states such as California modified their statutes so to make a certain level of alcohol in the breath illegal per se. In other words, the BrAC level itself became the direct predicate evidence for conviction, with no need to estimate BAC. In per se jurisdictions such as the UK, it is automatically illegal to drive a vehicle with a sufficiently high breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). The breath analyzer reading of the operator will be offered as evidence of that crime, and challenges can only be offered on the basis of an inaccurate reading. In other states, such as California and New Jersey, the statute remains tied to BAC, but the BrAC results of certain machines have been judicially deemed presumptively accurate substitutes for blood testing when used as directed.California Vehicle Code Section 23152(b) and Cal-Crim 2111: "If the People have proved beyond a reasonable doubt that a sample of the defendant's (blood/breath/urine) was taken within three hours of the defendant's [alleged] driving and that a chemical analysis of the sample showed a blood alcohol level of 0.08 percent or more, you may, but are not required to, conclude that the defendant's blood alcohol level was 0.08 percent or more at the time of the alleged offense." While BrAC tests are not necessary to prove a defendant was under the influence, laws in these states create a rebuttable presumption, which means it is presumed that the driver was intoxicated given a high BrAC reading, but that presumption can be rebutted if a jury finds it unreliable or if other evidence establishes a reasonable doubt as to whether the person actually drove with a breath or blood alcohol level of 0.08% or greater. Another issue is that the BrAC is typically tested several hours after the time of driving. Some jurisdictions, such as the State of Washington, allow the use of breath analyzer test results without regard as to how much time passed between operation of the vehicle and the time the test was administered, or within a certain number of hours of testing. Other jurisdictions use retrograde extrapolation to estimate the BAC or BrAC at the time of driving. One exception to criminal prosecution is the state of Wisconsin, where a first time drunk driving offense is normally a civil ordinance violation. === Breath levels === There is no international consensus on the statutory ratio of blood to breath levels, ranging from 2000:1 (most of Europe) to 2100:1 (US) to 2300:1 (UK). In the US, the ratio of 2100:1 was determined based on studies done in 1930-1950, with a 1952 report of the National Safety Council establishing the 2100:1 figure. The NSC has acknowledged that more recent research shows the actual relationship is most probably higher than 2100:1 and closer to 2300:1, but opines that this difference is of minimal practical significance in law enforcement. The use of the lower 2100:1 factor errs on the side of conservativism and can only favor the driver. In early years, the range of the BrAC threshold in the US varied considerably between States. States have since adopted a uniform 0.08% BrAC level, due to federal guidelines. It is said that the federal government ensures the passage of the federal guidelines by tying traffic safety highway funds to compliance with federal guidelines on certain issues, such as the federal government ensuring that the legal drinking age be the age of 21 across the 50 states. Police in Victoria, Australia, use breathalyzers that give a recognized 20% tolerance on readings. Noel Ashby, former Victoria Police Assistant Commissioner (Traffic & Transport), claims that this tolerance is to allow for different body types. === Preliminary breath tests === The preliminary breath test or preliminary alcohol screening test uses small hand-held breath analyzers (hand-held breathalyzers). (The terms "preliminary breath test" ("PBT") and "preliminary alcohol screening test" reference the same devices and functions.) They are generally based on electrochemical platinum fuel cell analysis. These units are similar to some evidentiary breathalyzers, but typically are not calibrated frequently enough for evidentiary purposes. The test device typically provides numerical blood alcohol content (BAC) readings, but its primary use is for screening. In some cases, the device even has "pass/fail" indicia. For example, in Canada, PST devices, called "alcohol screening devices" are set so that, from 0 to 49 mg% it shows digits, from 50 to 99 mg% it shows the word "warn" and 100 mg% and above it shows "fail". These preliminary breath tests are sometimes categorised as part of field sobriety testing, although it is not part of the series of performance tests generally associated with field sobriety tests (FSTs) or standard field sobriety tests (SFSTs). In Canada, a preliminary non- evidentiary screening device can be approved by Parliament as an approved screening device. In order to demand a person produce a breathalyzer sample an officer must have "reasonable suspicion" that the person drove with more than 80 mg alcohol per 100 mL of blood. The demand must be within three hours of driving. Any driver that refuses can be charged under s.254 of the Criminal Code. With the legalization of cannabis, updates to the criminal code are proposed that will allow a breathalyzer test to be administered without suspicion of impairment. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for preliminary screening use. In the United States, the main use of the preliminary breath test (PBT) is to establish probable cause for arrest. All states have implied consent laws, which means that by applying for a driver's license, drivers are agreeing to take an evidentiary chemical test (blood, breath, or urine) after being arrested for a DUI.DUI: Refusal to Take a Field Test, or Blood, Breath or Urine Test, NOLO Press But in US law, the arrest and subsequent test may be invalidated if it is found that the arrest lacked probable cause. The PBT establishes a baseline alcohol level that the police officer may use to justify the arrest. The result of the PBT is not generally admissible in court, except to establish probable cause, although some states, such as Idaho, permit data or "readings" from hand-held preliminary breath testers or preliminary alcohol screeners to be presented as evidence in court. In states such as Florida and Colorado, there are no penalties for refusing a PBT. Police are not obliged to advise the suspect that participation in a FST, PBT, or other pre-arrest procedures is voluntary. In contrast, formal evidentiary tests given under implied consent requirements are considered mandatory. Refusal to take a preliminary breath test in the State of Michigan subjects a non-commercial driver to a "civil infraction" fine, with no violation "points", but is not considered to be a refusal under the general "implied consent" law. In some states, the state may present evidence of refusal to take a field sobriety test in court, although this is of questionable probative value in a drunk driving prosecution. Different requirements apply in many states to drivers under DUI probation, in which case participation in a preliminary breath test may be a condition of probation, and for commercial drivers under "drug screening" requirements. Some US states, notably California, have statutes on the books penalizing preliminary breath test refusal for drivers under 21; however the Constitutionality of those statutes has not been tested. (As a practical matter, most criminal lawyers advise suspects who refuse a preliminary breath test or preliminary alcohol screening to not engage in discussion or "justifying" the refusal with the police.) === Evidentiary breath tests === thumbnail|right|An evidential breath tester In Canada, an evidentiary breath instrument can be designated as an approved instrument. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration maintains a Conforming Products List of breath alcohol devices approved for evidentiary use, Infrared instruments are also known as "evidentiary breath testers" and generally produce court- admissible results. ===Drinking after driving=== A common defense to an impaired driving charge (in appropriate circumstances) is that the consumption of alcohol occurred subsequent to driving. The typical circumstance where this comes up is when a driver consumes alcohol after a road accident, as an affirmative defense. This closely relates to absorptive stage intoxication (or bolus drinking), except that the consumption of alcohol also occurred after driving. This defense can be overcome by retrograde extrapolation (infra), but complicates prosecution. While jurisdictions that recognise absorptive stage intoxication as a defense would also accept a defense of consumption after driving, some jurisdictions penalise post-driving drinking. While laws regarding absorption of alcohol consumed before (or while) driving are generally per se, most statutes directed to post-driving consumption allow defenses for circumstances related to activity not related to. In Canada, it is illegal to be over the impaired driving limits within 3 hours of driving (given as 2 hours by CDN DOJ); however, the new law allows a "drinking after driving" defence in a situation where a driver had no reason to expect a demand by the police for breath testing. Note: CDN DOJ lists the "post driving" restriction as two hours. South Africa is more straightforward, with a separate penalty applied for consumption "After An Accident" until reported to the police and if so required, has been medically examined. ===Retrograde extrapolation=== The breath analyzer test is usually administered at a police station, commonly an hour or more after the arrest. Although this gives the BrAC at the time of the test, it does not by itself answer the question of what it was at the time of driving. The prosecution typically provides an estimated alcohol concentration at the time of driving utilizing retrograde extrapolation, presented by expert opinion. This involves projecting back in time to estimate the BrAC level at the time of driving, by applying the physiological properties of absorption and elimination rates in the human body. Extrapolation is calculated using five factors and a general elimination rate of 0.015/hour. ;Example: Time of breath test-10:00pm...Result of breath test-0.080...Time of driving-9:00pm (stopped by officer)...Time of last drink-8:00pm...Last food-12:00pm. Using these facts, an expert can say the person's last drink was consumed on an empty stomach, which means absorption of the last drink (at 8:00) was complete within one hour-9:00. At the time of the stop, the driver is fully absorbed. The test result of 0.080 was at 10:00. So the one hour of elimination that has occurred since the stop is added in, making 0.080+0.015=0.095 the approximate breath alcohol concentration at the time of the stop.Example found in (see Retrograde extrapolation) ==Consumer use== Public breathalyzers are becoming a method for consumers to test themselves at the source of alcohol consumption. These are used in pubs, bars, restaurants, charities, weddings and all types of licensed events. As breathalyzer tests have increased risk of transmission of coronavirus, they were temporarily suspended from use in Sweden. == Breathalyzer sensors == ;Photovoltaic assay: The photovoltaic assay, used only in the dated photoelectric intoximeter, is a form of breath testing rarely encountered today. The process works by using photocells to analyze the color change of a redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction. A breath sample is bubbled through an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, potassium dichromate, and silver nitrate. The silver nitrate acts as a catalyst, allowing the alcohol to be oxidized at an appreciable rate. The requisite acidic condition needed for the reaction might also be provided by the sulfuric acid. In solution, ethanol reacts with the potassium dichromate, reducing the dichromate ion to the chromium (III) ion. This reduction results in a change of the solution's color from red- orange to green. The reacted solution is compared to a vial of non-reacted solution by a photocell, which creates an electric current proportional to the degree of the color change; this current moves the needle that indicates BAC. Like other methods, breath testing devices using chemical analysis are prone to false readings. Compounds that have compositions similar to ethanol, for example, could also act as reducing agents, creating the necessary color change to indicate increased BAC. ; Infrared spectroscopy: Infrared breathalyzers allow a high degree of specificity for ethanol. Typically evidential breath alcohol instruments in police stations will work on the principle of infrared spectroscopy. ; Fuel cell: Fuel cell gas sensors are based on the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde on an electrode. The current produced is proportional to the amount of alcohol present. These sensors are very stable, typically requiring calibration every 6 months, and are the type of sensor usually found in roadside breath testing devices. ; Semiconductor: Semiconductor gas sensors are based on the increase in conductance of a tin oxide layer in the presence of a reducing gas such as vaporized ethanol. They are found in inexpensive breathalyzers and their stability is not as reliable as fuel cell instruments. == See also == *Coronavirus breathalyzer == References == == External links == Category:Alcohol law Category:Vehicle safety technologies Category:Brands that became generic Category:Driving under the influence Category:Law enforcement equipment Category:Spectroscopy Category:Harm reduction Category:Drug testing

['Robert Frank Borkenstein', 'Francis E. Anstie', 'William Duncan McNally', 'Rolla Neil Harger', 'Indiana University School of Medicine', 'Red Bank, New Jersey', 'Indiana State Police', 'Indiana University Bloomington', 'Tom Parry Jones', 'Cardiff', 'UWIST', "Queen's Award for Technological Achievement", 'National Highway Traffic Safety Administration', "Henry's law", 'Listerine', 'MythBusters', 'Manswers', 'Driving under the influence', 'Victoria, Australia', 'Australia', 'Michigan', 'California', 'South Africa', 'Infrared', 'Fuel cell']

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Trompenburgh is a 17th-century manor house in 's-Graveland, the Netherlands, designed by Daniël Stalpaert and built for Admiral Cornelis Tromp, one of the naval heroes of the Dutch Republic. The house is almost entirely surrounded by water and was built to resemble a ship, even with decks and railings. Before the current house was built another buitenplaats Sillisburgh had been built by Joan van Hellemondt The original house dates back to 1654. Through inheritance the house came into the possession of the widow of Van Hellemont Raephorst, who remarried on 25 January 1667, with Cornelis Tromp. The couple redecorated the estate considerably, but the house and their improvements were treasure looted and burned by the French during the rampjaar 1672.Rijksmonument report It was rebuilt from 1675 to 1684 by Tromp, who called it Sillisburgh, after one of his titles. Around 1720, Jacob Roeters came into possession of the estate and renamed it Trompenburgh. Roeters had a gilded plaque with an ode by Gerard Brandt in memory of Tromp installed over the entrance in 1725. == See also == * Top 100 Dutch heritage sites == Footnotes == == External links == * Category:1654 establishments in the Dutch Republic Category:Buildings and structures in North Holland Category:Houses completed in 1654 Category:Houses in the Netherlands Category:Rijksmonuments in North Holland Category:Buildings of the Dutch Golden Age Category:Wijdemeren

["'s-Graveland", 'Daniël Stalpaert', 'Cornelis Tromp', 'Dutch Republic', 'Gerard Brandt', 'Top 100 Dutch heritage sites']

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The Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests is a terrestrial ecoregion of the Ryukyu Islands, also known as the Nansei Islands, in Japan. The Nansei Islands are an island arc that stretches southwest from Kyushu towards Taiwan. The larger islands are mostly volcanic islands and the smaller ones mostly coral. The largest is Okinawa Island. The highest point is Mount Miyanoura on Yakushima Island at 1,936 metres (6,352 ft). The ecoregion is the northernmost in the Indomalayan realm, and shares many plants with subtropical and tropical Asia. ==Climate== The Nansei Islands have a humid climate, which ranges from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The warm Kuroshio Current runs offshore, and sustains coral reefs and the northernmost mangroves in the western Pacific. ==Flora== The natural vegetation of the islands is subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest. The dominant trees are Castanopsis sieboldii, Quercus miyagii, Persea thunbergii, and Schima wallichii ssp. liukiuensis. In the mountain forests of Yakushima Island, conifers including Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Tsuga sieboldii, and Abies firma, are mixed with the broadleaf evergreen trees above 1200 meters elevation.Tagawa, Hideo (1995). "Distribution of Lucidophyll Oak-Laurel Forest Formation in Asia and Other Areas". Tropics Vol. 5 (1/2): 1:40, December 1995. Coastal and swamp plant communities include plants characteristic of the tropical Pacific, including Ipomoea pes-caprae, Spinifex littoreus, Thespesia populnea, Terminalia catappa, and Macaranga tanarius. Mangrove species include Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Heritiera littoralis, Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, and Nypa fruticans. Satakentia liukiuensis, the only species in the genus Satakentia, is a palm tree that is endemic to Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island in the Yaeyama Islands. ==Fauna== The ecoregion corresponds to the Nansei Shoto Endemic Bird Area, and is home to several endemic bird species, including the Ryukyu wood pigeon (Columba jouyi), Ryukyu green pigeon (Treron permagnus), and Ryukyu robin (Larvivora komadori). The Okinawa rail (Gallirallus okinawae) and Okinawa woodpecker (Dendrocopos noguchii) are limited to Okinawa, and the Amami woodcock (Scolopax mira), Amami jay (Garrulus lidthi), and Amami thrush (Zoothera major) are limited to the Amami Islands. The Ryukyu minivet (Pericrocotus tegimae) is formerly endemic, but in recent decades has spread to Kyushu, Shikoku, and western Honshu.BirdLife International (2020) Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: Nansei Shoto. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 02/06/2020. Several threatened species live in the ecoregion and in neighboring ones. The Japanese woodpigeon (Columba janthina) lives in the Nansei Islands, Ogasawara Islands, and islands off Korea's southern coast. The Ryukyu scops owl (Otus elegans) lives in the Nansei Islands as well as Taiwan and Batanes. ==Protected areas== Protected areas include Yakushima National Park (325.53 km²) on Yakushima Island, and Yanbaru National Park (136.22 km²) on Okinawa Island. ==External links== * * Nansei Shoto Endemic Bird Area (BirdLife International) ==References== Category:Ecoregions of Japan Category:Indomalayan ecoregions . Category:Forests of Japan Category:Natural history of the Ryukyu Islands Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests Category:Endemic Bird Areas

['Okinawa Island', 'Indomalayan realm', 'Japan', 'Ryukyu Islands', 'Kyushu', 'Taiwan', 'Yakushima Island', 'Kuroshio Current', 'Castanopsis sieboldii', 'Quercus miyagii', 'Persea thunbergii', 'Schima wallichii', 'Cryptomeria japonica', 'Chamaecyparis obtusa', 'Tsuga sieboldii', 'Abies firma', 'Ipomoea pes-caprae', 'Spinifex littoreus', 'Thespesia populnea', 'Terminalia catappa', 'Macaranga tanarius', 'Bruguiera gymnorhiza', 'Heritiera littoralis', 'Rhizophora stylosa', 'Avicennia marina', 'Sonneratia alba', 'Nypa fruticans', 'Satakentia liukiuensis', 'Ishigaki Island', 'Iriomote Island', 'Yaeyama Islands', 'Ryukyu wood pigeon', 'Ryukyu green pigeon', 'Ryukyu robin', 'Okinawa rail', 'Okinawa woodpecker', 'Amami woodcock', 'Amami jay', 'Amami thrush', 'Amami Islands', 'Ryukyu minivet', 'Shikoku', 'Honshu', 'Japanese woodpigeon', 'Ryukyu scops owl', 'Batanes', 'Yakushima National Park', 'Yanbaru National Park']

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George O'Hanlon (November 23, 1912 – February 11, 1989) was an American actor, comedian and writer. He was best known for his role as Joe McDoakes in the Warner Bros.' live-action Joe McDoakes short subjects from 1942 to 1956 and as the voice of George Jetson in Hanna-Barbera's 1962 prime-time animated television series The Jetsons and its 1985 revival. ==Early life== George O'Hanlon was born on November 23, 1912, in Brooklyn, New York. ==Career== ===Film=== From the early 1940s, O'Hanlon was a character actor in feature films, usually playing the hero's streetwise, cynical friend. He appeared in features for various studios while continuing the Joe McDoakes role for Warner Bros. After the McDoakes series lapsed in 1956, O'Hanlon returned to character work, mostly in television (two rare post-McDoakes movie appearances are in Bop Girl Goes Calypso and Kronos, both from 1957). ===Television=== In the 1953–54 season, O'Hanlon appeared several times on NBC's The Dennis Day Show. In 1957, he played Charlie Appleby on an I Love Lucy episode, "Lucy and Superman". O’Hanlon played a character listed as “Caldwell” in a 1958 episode of Maverick, entitled “Rope of Cards”, S1 E17. In 1958, O'Hanlon played a New York publicist for a fashion model in How to Marry a Millionaire. In 1962–63, he voiced one of his most prominent characters, George Jetson in the original The Jetsons, a role he would reprise over 20 years later in two additional seasons from 1985 to 1987. In the autumn of 1964, he appeared as a cab driver in the 13-episode CBS drama The Reporter. In 1966, O'Hanlon appeared opposite Jackie Gleason as Ralph Kramden's loudmouthed "bum brother-in-law", on Gleason's first TV show of the 1966-67 season. He also made various appearances on ABC's Love, American Style, a series for which he wrote the teleplays and also directed several episodes. In 1971, O'Hanlon appeared as a bear trainer on The Partridge Family, season 2, episode 6, "Whatever Happened to Moby Dick?", a drunk in The Odd Couple, season 2, episode 6, "Murray the Fink" and a drunk in Adam-12, season 4 episode 1, "Extortion". ===Writer=== Apart from acting, he wrote screenplays and also wrote the storyboard for nearly all of the Joe McDoakes shorts. He wrote stories for television series in the 1960s such as Petticoat Junction, 77 Sunset Strip, and wrote episodes for Hanna-Barbera's The Flintstones. He also auditioned for the role of Fred Flintstone, but lost to Alan Reed; however, he was remembered when it was time to cast The Jetsons and Morey Amsterdam, the original choice to voice the lead male role, was unavailable due to sponsor conflicts. He once said: "George Jetson is an average man, he has trouble with his boss, he has problems with his kids, and so on. The only difference is that he lives in the next century." ==Personal life== O'Hanlon was married to Inez Witt from 1932 to 1948. After divorcing her, he married actress Martha Stewart in 1949; they divorced in 1952.Andre Soares. "Martha Stewart Still Alive?", altfg.com; accessed February 26, 2016. O'Hanlon and his third wife, Nancy, had two children, George O'Hanlon Jr., and daughter Laurie O'Hanlon. They remained married until his death. ==Death== In the mid-1980s, Hanna-Barbera revived The Jetsons and brought back its original voice cast of O'Hanlon, Daws Butler, Mel Blanc, Don Messick, Penny Singleton, Jean Vander Pyl, and Janet Waldo. O'Hanlon had suffered a stroke and was blind and suffering from limited mobility. He recorded his dialogue in a separate session from the other cast members by having all lines read to him by the recording director Gordon Hunt and then recited one at a time. On February 11, 1989, just after recording dialogue for Jetsons: The Movie, O'Hanlon complained of a headache and was taken to Saint Joseph's Hospital in Burbank, California, where he died of a second stroke. According to Andrea Romano, who was Hanna-Barbera's casting director at the time, O'Hanlon found it difficult to read and hear, and in the end, he died doing what he loved. The film was dedicated to him, along with Jetsons co-star Mel Blanc who died nearly five months later. Jeff Bergman was hired to finish the remaining dialogue for both actors for the movie. ==Filmography== ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1932 The Death Kiss Bystander / Man Sitting on Curb Uncredited 1933 High Gear Reporter / Spectator in Grandstand Uncredited 1934 Beggar's Holiday Bellhop Uncredited 1935 The Girl Friend Chorus Boy in Play Uncredited 1937 Hollywood Hotel Casting Assistant Uncredited 1938 Blondes at Work Third Newsboy Uncredited Women Are Like That Page Uncredited My Lucky Star Student in Girls of Hampshire Hall Skit Uncredited Secrets of an Actress Flowers Delivery Boy Uncredited Brother Rat Orderly Uncredited 1939 The Adventures of Jane Arden Crapshooter Uncredited Daughters Courageous Dancer Uncredited Hell's Kitchen Usher Uncredited Dust Be My Destiny Man at Bank After Robbery Uncredited Off the Record Messenger Boy Uncredited A Child Is Born Young Husband Uncredited Swanee River Ticket Taker Uncredited 1940 The Fighting 69th Eddie Kearney Uncredited Saturday's Children Office Worker at Party Uncredited Sailor's Lady Sailor The Bride Wore Crutches Copy Boy Uncredited City for Conquest Newsboy Uncredited Spring Parade Peasant Uncredited 1941 The Great Awakening Peppi Navy Blues Sailor Uncredited Moon Over Her Shoulder Bellboy Uncredited 1942 Man from Headquarters Weeks, Reporter Yokel Boy Teller Uncredited A Gentleman After Dark Hotel bellboy Uncredited Remember Pearl Harbor Radio Operator Uncredited Criminal Investigator Powers 1942–1956 Joe McDoakes Joe McDoakes Short film series 1943 Ladies' Day Bond Buyer Uncredited Action in the North Atlantic Navy Pilot Uncredited All by Myself Buck Uncredited Two Tickets to London Sailor Uncredited Hers to Hold Coast Guardsman with Tommy Gun Uncredited Corvette K-225 RCAL Wireless Operator Uncredited Nearly Eighteen Eddie 1944 Resisting Enemy Interrogation American Pilot at Headquarters Uncredited 1947 The Hucksters Freddie Callahan Uncredited The Spirit of West Point Joe Wilson Heading for Heaven Alvin Ponacress 1948 Are You with It? Buster The Counterfeiters Frankie Dodge June Bride Scott Davis 1949 Joe Palooka in the Big Fight Louie Zamba Marvin 1951 The Tanks Are Coming Sergeant Tucker 1952 Room for One More Minor Role Uncredited The Lion and the Horse 'Shorty' Cameron Park Row Steve Brodie Cattle Town Shiloh 1953 So You Want to Learn to Dance Joe McDoakes Short film 1956 Battle Stations Patrick Mosher 1957 Kronos Dr. Arnold Culver Bop Girl Goes Calypso Barney 1958 The Vanishing Duck George (voice) Short film Uncredited 1971 The Million Dollar Duck Parking Attendant 1972 Now You See Him, Now You Don't Ted 1973 Charley and the Angel Harry, Police Chief 1976 Rocky TV Commentator #2 1990 Jetsons: The Movie George Jetson (voice) Released posthumously; dedicated in memory, character finished by Jeff Bergman ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1954 The Dennis Day Show Himself Episode: "The Old Vaudevillian" 1955–1961 Make Room for Daddy Policeman, Chick Unknown episodes 1957 I Love Lucy George Appleby Episode: "Lucy and Superman" 1958 Maverick Morton Connors, Cousin Elmo & Caldwell 3 episodes 1962–1963, 1985–1987 The Jetsons George Jetson, Russian Reporter, Molecular Motors Video Man, Drummer (voices) 75 episodes 1971 The Partridge Family Bear Man Episode: "Whatever Happened to Moby Dick?" 1973 Mission: Impossible Captain Douglas Episode: "The Question" 1974 Sanford and Son Drunk Episode: "Ol' Brown Eyes" Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Herb Evans Episode: "The Whiz Kid and the Mystery at Riverton: Part 1 & 2" 1986–1988 The Flintstone Kids Additional voices 34 episodes 1987 The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones George Jetson (voice) Television film 1988 Rockin' with Judy Jetson 1989 Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration Television special; aired five months after his death ==Production work== Year Title Position Notes 1942–1956 Joe McDoakes Screenwriter for most of the shorts Short film series 1959 The Rookie Director, screenwriter 1959–1960 The Ann Sothern Show Writer 2 episodes 1962–1963 The Gallant Men 2 episodes 1963 Grindl 2 episodes 77 Sunset Strip 2 episodes 1964 For Those Who Think Young Screenwriter 1965 Petticoat Junction Writer 2 episodes 1966 The Flintstones Episode: "Curtain Call at Bedrock" 1965–1966 Gilligan's Island 2 episodes 1966 Jackie Gleason: American Size Magazine Episode: "The Honeymooners: The Adoption" 1967 The Jackie Gleason Show Episode: "The Honeymooners: The Adoption" 1968 I Sailed to Tahiti with an All Girl Crew Story 1973 Love, American Style Segment: "Love and the Model Apartment" ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1912 births Category:1989 deaths Category:American male film actors Category:American male television actors Category:20th-century American male actors Category:American male voice actors Category:American male comedians Category:American television writers Category:20th-century American comedians Category:American male television writers Category:People from Brooklyn Category:Male actors from New York City Category:Hanna-Barbera people Category:Burials at Valley Oaks Memorial Park Category:Screenwriters from New York (state) Category:20th- century American screenwriters Category:20th-century American male writers

['Brooklyn, New York', 'Warner Bros.', 'Joe McDoakes', 'George Jetson', 'Hanna-Barbera', 'The Jetsons', 'Bop Girl Goes Calypso', 'I Love Lucy', 'Lucy and Superman', 'Jackie Gleason', 'Love, American Style', 'The Partridge Family', 'Adam-12', 'Petticoat Junction', '77 Sunset Strip', 'The Flintstones', 'Fred Flintstone', 'Alan Reed', 'Morey Amsterdam', 'Daws Butler', 'Mel Blanc', 'Don Messick', 'Penny Singleton', 'Jean Vander Pyl', 'Janet Waldo', 'Jetsons: The Movie', 'Burbank, California', 'Jeff Bergman', 'The Death Kiss', 'Blondes at Work', 'Women Are Like That', 'Secrets of an Actress', 'Brother Rat', 'The Adventures of Jane Arden', 'Daughters Courageous', 'Dust Be My Destiny', 'The Fighting 69th', "Sailor's Lady", 'The Bride Wore Crutches', 'City for Conquest', 'Spring Parade', 'Moon Over Her Shoulder', 'Yokel Boy', 'A Gentleman After Dark', 'Remember Pearl Harbor', "Ladies' Day", 'Action in the North Atlantic', 'Two Tickets to London', 'Hers to Hold', 'Corvette K-225', 'Nearly Eighteen', 'Resisting Enemy Interrogation', 'The Hucksters', 'Heading for Heaven', 'Are You with It?', 'June Bride', 'Joe Palooka in the Big Fight', 'The Lion and the Horse', 'Cattle Town', 'The Vanishing Duck', 'The Million Dollar Duck', "Now You See Him, Now You Don't", 'Charley and the Angel', 'Rocky', 'Make Room for Daddy', 'Sanford and Son', "Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color", 'The Flintstone Kids', 'The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones', "Rockin' with Judy Jetson", "Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration", 'The Ann Sothern Show', 'The Gallant Men', 'Grindl', "Gilligan's Island", 'I Sailed to Tahiti with an All Girl Crew']

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Joe McDoakes is an American short-film comedy series produced and directed by Richard L. Bare for Warner Bros. A total of 63 black-and-white, live-action, one-reel films were produced and released between 1942 and 1956. The Joe McDoakes shorts are also known as the Behind the Eight Ball series (for the large eight ball behind Joe appeared in the opening credits) or the So You Want... series (as the film titles began with this phrase). The character's name derives from Joe Doakes, which was a popular American slang term for the average man. The theme song of the series is "I Know That You Know" by Vincent Youmans from his Broadway musical Oh, Please! (1926), used later in the MGM musical Hit the Deck (1955). George O'Hanlon, who would later provide the voice of George Jetson in Hanna-Barbera's animated sitcom The Jetsons, starred as the series' title character, Joe McDoakes. These one-reel shorts were written by Bare and O'Hanlon, although Bare usually received sole screen credit as the writer. Art Gilmore served as the narrator through 1948. Gordon Hollingshead, who won five Academy Awards for producing other short subjects for Warner Bros., was also credited as a producer on the series until his death in 1952, although his role on this series was primarily as liaison between the studio and the director. ==History== The series began with So You Want to Give Up Smoking, produced by Bare to teach his students at the University of Southern California the fundamentals of filmmaking. It was acquired by Warner Bros. for $2,500 and became the first of a series of short subjects. Only one more short was produced before World War II caused the suspension of the series, but production resumed in 1945 with So You Think You're Allergic. These first three shorts were filmed silent, with narration added in post-production in the manner of the popular Pete Smith shorts produced at MGM from 1931 to 1955. They also resembled the Smith shorts in their focus on actual, everyday problems (such as smoking cessation, eye care and coping with allergies) in an instructional but humorous way. In 1946, the series began using live sound recording, and the addition of dialogue afforded the films a new dimension. The action was now played strictly for laughs, with many familiar character actors such as Fritz Feld, Ralph Sanford, Philip Van Zandt, Fred Kelsey and Leo White frequently appearing. Semiregular actors included Clifton Young and later Del Moore as Joe's loudmouthed pal Homer, Rodney Bell as dumb Marvin and Ted Stanhope as an all-purpose authority figure. Many of the shorts are domestic comedies in which McDoakes persists in some sort of endeavor, with often disastrous consequences. Warner Bros. contract player Jane Harker costarred as Joe's wife Alice in eight comedies, beginning with So You Want to Play the Horses in 1946 and ending with So You Want to Build a House in 1948. Screen newcomer Phyllis Coates assumed the role of Alice in So You Want to Be in Politics. Coates had married Bare that same year, and the working relationship would survive their later divorce. Former singing star Jane Frazee assumed the role beginning with So You Want to Be Your Own Boss (1954), but Coates returned in 1956 for the last three installments. While the Alice character appeared in most of the shorts, the actresses playing the role were not credited. In several of the films, Alice does not appear, and in some, Joe is a bachelor, as there is no continuity between installments. In the late 1940s, the series won three consecutive Academy Award nominations in the category of Best Short Subject, One-reel for So You Want to Be in Pictures (1947), So You Want to Be on the Radio (1948) and So You Think You're Not Guilty (1949). For most of the series' run, the shorts were the only live-action comedies offered in 10-minute length, making them attractive for theater owners to include in their programs. The series ran until 1956, when the decline of the studio system brought an end to the production of short subjects by Warner Bros. and most of the other Hollywood studios. ==Cast and crew== Appearance credits for uncredited actors may be incomplete or incorrect because of inaccurate sources. ===Billed cast and crew=== * George O'Hanlon - Joe McDoakes * Art Gilmore - Narrator (1942, 1946–1950) *Knox Manning - Narrator (1945) * Richard Bare - Director/Producer * Gordon Hollingshead - Producer (1942-1953) * Cedric Francis - Producer (1953–1956) ===Alice McDoakes=== * Jane Harker (1946–1948) * Phyllis Coates (1948–1953, 1956) * Jane Frazee (1954–1955) ===Character actors with 10 or more appearances=== * Rodney Bell * Fred Kelsey * Ted Stanhope * Clifton Young ===Guest cast notable for other roles=== * Arthur Q. Bryan, the voice of Elmer Fudd, appeared in So You Want a Model Railroad and So You Want to Be a Paper Hanger and substituted for Art Gilmore as the narrator in So You Want to Be a Policeman. * George Chandler and Ronald Reagan, both future presidents of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), appeared in the same short, So You Want to Be in Pictures. * Iron Eyes Cody offered a "scalp" treatment to Joe in So You Want to Keep Your Hair. * The screen duo of Doris Day and Gordon MacRae had a cameo in So You Want a Television Set. * Charlie Hall, who served as the foil in many Laurel and Hardy shorts, made his last screen appearance in So You Want to Play the Piano. * Lyle Talbot, a founding member of SAG, appeared in So You Want to Be Your Own Boss. * Frank Nelson, frequent guest star on The Jack Benny Program and I Love Lucy, appeared in So You're Going to Have an Operation, So You Want to Be an Actor and So You Want to Know Your Relatives. ==Shorts== Title Approximate production dateLiebman, Roy Vitaphone Films – A Catalogue of the Features and ShortsBoxOffice magazine often lists filming dates in various issues BoxOffice back issue scans Release date Notes including key co-stars with George O'HanlonMaltin, Leonard The Great Movie Shorts, pages 180-186 So You Want to Give Up Smoking Early 1942 November 14, 1942 Art Gilmore (narrator) So You Think You Need Glasses Early 1942 December 26, 1942 Art Gilmore (narrator) So You Think You're Allergic June 1945 December 1, 1945 Knox Manning (narrator), Barbara Billingsley (cameo) So You Want to Play the Horses June 1946 October 5, 1946 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Richard Erdman, Leo White, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Keep Your Hair April 1946 December 7, 1946 Art Gilmore (narrator), Leo White, Fred Kelsey, Iron Eyes Cody, Buster Brodie So You Think You're a Nervous Wreck September 1946 December 28, 1946 Art Gilmore (narrator), Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey, Howard M. Mitchell, Ted Stanhope So You're Going to Be a Father December 1946 May 10, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Fred Kelsey, Leo White, Emmett Vogan So You Want to Be in Pictures December 1946 June 7, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), George Chandler, Clyde Cook, Ralph Sanford, Jack Carson, Ronald Reagan, Wayne Morris, Janis Paige. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. So You're Going on a Vacation December 1946 July 5, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Ted Stanhope, Lennie Bremen, Clifton Young So You Want to Be a Salesman February 1947 September 13, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Lennie Bremen, Ted Stanhope, Rose Plumer, Lottie Williams So You Want to Hold Your Wife June 1947 November 22, 1947 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Ted Stanhope So You Want an Apartment July 1947 January 3, 1948 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Ted Stanhope, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be a Gambler August 1947 February 14, 1948 Art Gilmore (narrator), Clifton Young, Douglas Fowley, Leo White So You Want to Build a House June 1947 May 15, 1948 Art Gilmore (narrator), Jane Harker, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey, Ralph Peters, Donald Kerr, Ralph Littlefield So You Want to Be a Detective September 1947 June 26, 1948 Art Gilmore (narrator), Lila Leeds, Clifton Young, George Magrill, Olaf Hytten, Fred Kelsey, Howard Mitchell, Charles Horvath, Philo Mccullough, Charles Marsh, Donald Kerr, Kit Guard So You Want to Be in Politics July 1948 October 2, 1948 Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be on the Radio July 1948 November 6, 1948 Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Fred Kelsey, Ted Stanhope, Leo White, Jack Lomas. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. So You Want to Be a Baby Sitter March 1948 January 8, 1949 Art Gilmore (narrator), Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Billy Gray So You Want to Be Popular December 1948 March 12, 1949 Art Gilmore (narrator), Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Creighton Hale, Ted Stanhope, Leo White So You Want to Be a Muscle Man March 1949 July 2, 1949 Phyllis Coates, Clarence Ross, Willard Waterman So You're Having In-Law Trouble April–May 1949 August 27, 1949 Phyllis Coates, Clifton Young, Willard Waterman So You Want to Get Rich Quick August 1949 October 28, 1949 Phyllis Coates, Fred Clark, Joe Turkel, Frank Nelson So You Want to Be an Actor August 1949 December 3, 1949 Art Gilmore (narrator), Fred Clark, Fred Kelsey, Frank Nelson, Ralph Sanford, Clifton Young, Ted Stanhope, Dorothy Vaughan So You Think You're Not Guilty October 1949 December 21, 1949 (preview) April 7, 1950 (release) Phyllis Coates, Ralph Sanford, Ted Stanhope, Fred Kelsey, Willard Waterman. Nominee for Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film. So You Want to Throw a Party October 1949 February 4, 1950 Phyllis Coates, Billy Curtis, Willard Waterman, Ted Stanhope, Fred Kelsey, Jack Lomas, Edward Gargan So You Want to Hold Your Husband May 1950 July 1, 1950 Phyllis Coates, Ted Stanhope, Fred Kelsey, Monte Blue, Art Gilmore So You Want to Move May 1950 August 19, 1950 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Ralph Sanford, Charles Sullivan So You Want a Raise July 1950 September 23, 1950 Phyllis Coates, Willard Waterman, Margie Liszt, Edward Gargan, Fred Kelsey So You're Going to Have an Operation July 1950 December 2, 1950 Fritz Feld, Ted Stanhope, Frank Nelson So You Want to Be a Handy Man July 1950 January 3, 1951 Rodney Bell So You Want to Be a Cowboy November 1950 April 14, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Ted Stanhope, Eddie Gribbon, Harry Wilson. So You Want to Be a Paper Hanger December 1950 June 2, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Arthur Q. Bryan, Anne O’Neal So You Want to Buy a Used Car December 1950 July 28, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Fred Kelsey, Bobby Jellison So You Want to Be a Bachelor June 1951 September 22, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Ted Stanhope, Chester Clute, Jack Rice, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be a Plumber July 1951 November 10, 1951 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell So You Want to Get It Wholesale July 1951 January 12, 1952 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Frank Nelson, Ted Stanhope, Charles Sullivan, Jack Mower, Georg Penbroke So You Want to Enjoy Life January 1952 March 29, 1952 Del Moore, Fritz Feld , Arthur Q. Bryan So You Want to Go to a Convention January 1952 June 7, 1952 Phyllis Coates, Connie Cezan So You Never Tell a Lie January 1952 August 2, 1952 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Emory Parnell, Jack Mower, Anne O’Neal So You're Going to the Dentist July 1952 September 20, 1952 Rodney Bell, Frank Nelson So You Want to Wear the Pants July 1952 November 8, 1952 Phyllis Coates, Fritz Feld So You Want to Be a Musician August 1952 December 14, 1952 Maurice Cass, Philip Van Zandt, Fred Kelsey, Chester Conklin, Paul Maxey, Fritz Feld So You Want to Learn to Dance December 1952 March 28, 1953 Emory Parnell, Jack Mower, Creighton Hale, Jesslyn Fax So You Want a Television Set December 1952 May 23, 1953 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Philip Van Zandt, Fred Kelsey, Doris Day, Gordon MacRae So You Love Your Dog December 1952 August 1, 1953 Phyllis Coates So You Think You Can't Sleep August 1953 October 31, 1953 Phyllis Coates, Ted Stanhope, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be an Heir August 1953 December 19, 1953 Phyllis Coates, Philip Van Zandt So You're Having Neighbor Trouble November 1953 December 26, 1953 Phyllis Coates, Rodney Bell, Arthur Q. Bryan So You Want to Be Your Own Boss December 1953 March 13, 1954 Jane Frazee, Rodney Bell, Phil Arnold, Fred Kelsey, Lyle Talbot So You Want to Go to a Night Club December 1953 May 1, 1954 Jane Frazee, Philip Van Zandt, Del Moore, Joi Lansing, Jack Chefe, Ralph Brooks So You Want to Be a Banker April 1954 July 3, 1954 Snub Pollard, Fred Kelsey So You're Taking in a Roomer August 1954 October 30, 1954 Jane Frazee, Rodney Bell, Joi Lansing, Fred Kelsey, Herb Vigran So You Want to Know Your Relatives September 1954 December 18, 1954 Jane Frazee, Frank Nelson, Emory Parnell, Herb Vigran, Iris Adrian So You Don't Trust Your Wife September 1954 January 29, 1955 Jane Frazee, Fred Kelsey So You Want to Be a Gladiator December 1954 March 12, 1955 Jane Frazee, Del Moore, Philip Van Zandt, John Doucette So You Want to Be on a Jury December 1954 May 7, 1955 Jackson Wheeler, Phil Arnold, Arthur Q. Bryan, Philip Van Zandt So You Want a Model Railroad December 1954 August 27, 1955 Jane Frazee, Ted Stanhope, Anne O’Neal, Arthur Q. Bryan So You Want to Be a V.P. September 1955 October 29, 1955 Emory Parnell, Del Moore, Joi Lansing, Minerva Urecal, Philip Van Zandt So You Want to Be a Policeman October 1955 December 17, 1955 Arthur Q. Bryan, Joi Lansing, Sandy Sanders So You Think the Grass Is Greener October 1955 January 28, 1956 Jane Frazee, Joi Lansing, Emory Parnell, Del Moore So You Want to Be Pretty December 1955 March 10, 1956 Phyllis Coates, Fritz Feld, Iris Adrian So You Want to Play the Piano December 1955 May 5, 1956 Phyllis Coates, Ralph Sanford, Lester Dorr, Charlie Hall So Your Wife Wants to Work December 1955 July 14, 1956 Phyllis Coates, Emory Parnell, Lester Dorr ==Home video availability== Warner Archive Collection has released the entire series of 63 shorts in DVD-R format as The Joe McDoakes Collection. Individual shorts also appear as extras on DVD and Blu-ray discs of some Warner Bros. films of the period: * So You Want to Give Up Smoking is on the DVD of All Through the Night * So You Think You Need Glasses is on the DVD of The Man Who Came to Dinner * So You Think You're Allergic is on the DVD of Objective, Burma! * So You Think You're a Nervous Wreck is on the DVD of A Night in Casablanca * So You Want to Be in Pictures is on the DVD of The Hasty Heart * So You Want to Be a Detective is on the DVD and Blu-ray of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre * So You Want to Be on the Radio is on the DVD and Blu-ray of Adventures of Don JuanOnVideo Guide to Home Video Releases: DVDs * So You Want to Be an Actor is on the DVD and Blu-ray of My Dream Is Yours * So You Think You're Not Guilty is on the DVD and Blu-ray of White Heat * So You Want to Hold Your Husband is on the DVD of Tea for Two * So You Want to Move is on the DVD of Rocky Mountain * So You Want a Raise is on the DVD of Montana * So You're Going to Have an Operation is on the DVD of The Flame and the Arrow * So You Want to Be a Paper Hanger is on the DVD of Jim Thorpe — All-American * So You Want to Be a Bachelor is on the DVD of Starlift * So You Want to Enjoy Life is on the DVD of Big Jim McLain * So You Want to Wear the Pants is on the DVD of April in Paris * So You Want to Learn to Dance and So You Want a Television Set are on the DVD of By the Light of the Silvery Moon * So You Love Your Dog is on the Blu-ray of Calamity Jane * So You Think You Can't Sleep is on the DVD of Trouble Along the Way * So You Want to Be an Heir is on the DVD of South Sea Woman * So You Want to Know Your Relatives is on the DVD of His Majesty O'Keefe * So Your Wife Wants to Work is on the DVD of The Spirit of St. Louis ==See also== * == Notes == ==References== * Liebman, Roy Vitaphone Films – A Catalogue of the Features and Shorts, McFarland & Company, 2003. * Maltin, Leonard The Great Movie Shorts, Bonanza Books, 1972. ==External links== * Review of The Joe McDoakes Collection at DVD Talk * Appreciation and review by Leonard Maltin Category:Short film series Category:Warner Bros. short films Category:Vitaphone short films Category:Comedy film series

["George O'Hanlon", 'Richard L. Bare', 'Gordon Hollingshead', 'Phyllis Coates', 'Jane Frazee', 'Fred Kelsey', 'Clifton Young', 'Art Gilmore', 'Knox Manning', 'Short film', 'Warner Bros.', 'Vincent Youmans', 'George Jetson', 'Hanna-Barbera', 'The Jetsons', 'University of Southern California', 'Fritz Feld', 'Ralph Sanford', 'Philip Van Zandt', 'Leo White', 'Del Moore', 'Academy Award', 'Arthur Q. Bryan', 'Elmer Fudd', 'George Chandler', 'Ronald Reagan', 'Screen Actors Guild', 'Iron Eyes Cody', 'Doris Day', 'Gordon MacRae', 'Laurel and Hardy', 'Lyle Talbot', 'The Jack Benny Program', 'I Love Lucy', 'Barbara Billingsley', 'Richard Erdman', 'Emmett Vogan', 'Jack Carson', 'Janis Paige', 'Douglas Fowley', 'Lila Leeds', 'George Magrill', 'Olaf Hytten', 'Howard Mitchell', 'Creighton Hale', 'Clarence Ross', 'Willard Waterman', 'Fred Clark', 'Joe Turkel', 'Billy Curtis', 'Edward Gargan', 'Monte Blue', 'Margie Liszt', 'Eddie Gribbon', 'Chester Clute', 'Jack Rice', 'Jack Mower', 'Emory Parnell', 'Maurice Cass', 'Chester Conklin', 'Paul Maxey', 'Jesslyn Fax', 'Phil Arnold', 'Joi Lansing', 'Snub Pollard', 'Herb Vigran', 'Iris Adrian', 'John Doucette', 'Minerva Urecal', 'Lester Dorr', 'Warner Archive Collection', 'DVD', 'Blu-ray', 'The Man Who Came to Dinner', 'Objective, Burma!', 'A Night in Casablanca', 'The Hasty Heart', 'Adventures of Don Juan', 'My Dream Is Yours', 'White Heat', 'The Flame and the Arrow', 'Starlift', 'Big Jim McLain', 'Trouble Along the Way', 'South Sea Woman', "His Majesty O'Keefe", 'DVD Talk', 'Leonard Maltin']

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The Riftwar Saga is a series of fantasy novels by American writer Raymond E. Feist, the first series in The Riftwar Cycle. ==Works in the series== ===Magician=== "To the forest on the shore of the Kingdom of the Isles, the orphan called Pug came to study with the Master Magician Kulgan. But though his courage won him a place at Court and the heart of a lovely Princess, he was ill at ease with the normal methods of magic. Yet Pug's strange well of power would one day change forever the fates of two worlds. For the dark beings from another world had opened a rift in the fabric of space-time to begin again the age-old battle between the forces of Order and Chaos." Magician was first published in 1982 as the first book of the Riftwar Saga. Set in the world of Midkemia, Magician became a jumping-off point for Feist's career. Originally reduced in size by his editors, it was re-published (after the author's fame grew) with the omitted text restored. Magician is now published in two volumes in the US: #Magician: Apprentice () #Magician: Master (). The book is still published as a single volume, Magician (), in the UK. Feist has acknowledged that the Tekumel setting from M.A.R. Barker's Empire of the Petal Throne was the source for much of Kelewan. The original Dungeons & Dragons campaign which he based his books on had an invasion of the Midkemia world by Tekumel. As a result, much of the background of Kelewan - the Tsurani Empire, the lack of metals and horses, the Cho'ja, the pantheons of 10 major and 10 minor gods - come from Tekumel. Feist claims to have been unaware of this origin when he wrote Magician. ===Silverthorn=== "A poisoned bolt has struck down the Princess Anita on the day of her wedding to Prince Arutha of Krondor. To save his beloved, Arutha sets out in search of the mystic herb called Silverthorn that only grows in the dark and forbidding land of the north inhabited by the blood thirsty moredhel also known as the dark elves. Accompanied by a mercenary, a minstrel, a Hadati on a mission of his own and a clever young thief, he will confront an ancient evil and do battle with the dark powers that threaten the enchanted realm of Midkemia." Silverthorn is the sequel to Magician and was released in 1985.'' ===A Darkness at Sethanon=== "An evil wind blows through Midkemia. Dark legions have risen up to crush the Kingdom of the Isles and enslave it to dire magics. The final battle between Order and Chaos is about to begin in the ruins of the city called Sethanon. Now Pug, the Master Magician sometimes known as Milamber, and his friend Tomas, the Half-Valheru, must undertake an awesome and perilous quest to the dawn of time to grapple with an ancient and terrible Enemy for the fate of a thousand worlds." This is the final book in The Riftwar Saga, and was released in 1986. ==Characters== *Arutha conDoin is a point of view character in Magician and is the protagonist of Silverthorn and A Darkness at Sethanon. He then makes appearances in Riftwar Legacy series and the Krondor's Sons series. He is the youngest son and middle child of Duke Borric of Crydee and Catherine the aunt of King Rodric. He is described as having dark moods and not being as likable as his elder brother Lyam. As a younger son he was expected to either pursue a military career in the border baronies or to be given a minor earldom. He was trained by Swordmaster Fannon, Father Tully and the magician Kulgan. His respect for Kulgan had such an impact on him that later in life he requested for a magician as an advisor in the same manner as his father was advised by Kulgan. As a child he felt his father's belt only once as punishment. He learned that his father expected his orders to be followed.Prince of the Blood, Chapter 2: Accusation *Lyam conDoin was born in Castle Crydee the son of Duke Borric conDoin of Crydee and Catherine, aunt of King Rodric IV. He was the eldest child and had a younger brother, Arutha, and a younger sister Carline. As a member of the royal house he was a Prince of the Realm from birth. As a child he was tutored by Father Tully, Swordmaster Fannon and Kulgan the magician. He was known for causing trouble during his childhood and had to be punished many times for breaking rules when caught.Prince of the Blood, Chapter 2: Accusation At the time of Pug's Choosing before the start of the Riftwar, Lyam was 20 years old, being 2 years older than Arutha.Magician, Chapter 2: Apprentice *Macros the Black (birthname Hawk) is a magician who lived on Sorcerer's Isle, a small island surrounded by treacherous currents and many rocks. He is the most powerful and knowledgeable magician in Midkemia and Kelewan. He is not restricted to one path of magic (Greater Path or Lesser Path) but is a follower of all paths. He acted as a mentor to Pug. Details of his life are revealed throughout the series and he recites an autobiography to Pug and Tomas in A Darkness at Sethanon. He claimed to have been born on a distant planet and to have lived for time immemorial. He can see the future, but despite this claims that he is limited to his actions and must play a defined role. *Pug, known as Milamber on Kelewan, is the most powerful magician in Midkemia save for Macros the Black. He is an orphan from Crydee, and as a child the closest friend of his adoptive father's son, Tomas. Pug becomes Kulgan the Magician's apprentice and is captured while on a raid to examine the Tsurani rift machine. On Kelewan he is initially a slave until his talent for magic is discovered, and he eventually becomes a Black Robe magician on Kelewan. Near the end of the saga Macros says that Pug is neither a Lesser nor Greater Path magician, but like him Pug is a Sorcerer limited only by his own abilities which match those of Macros himself. *Jimmy the Hand is the son of The Upright Man, although he is unaware of this himself. The Upright Man is leader of the Mockers: Krondor's guild of thieves. Jimmy has grown up on the streets as a thief and a pickpocket; he shows exceptional talent as a thief and is known to be very quick and dextrous. Jimmy's age is unclear although he guesses at 14 or 15.Magician, Chapter 25: Escape Jimmy meets with Arutha conDoin in Krondor and helps him meet the Mockers to help him escape the city. Later Jimmy accompanies Arutha to retrieve the Silverthorn as an antidote for Anita's poisoning and again when they infiltrate Sethanon to confront Murmandamus. Eventually Jimmy marries the telepath Gamina and becomes Duke of Krondor - a position he joked about for years during the saga. *Tomas Megarson A point of view character in Magician and Pug's foster brother in Crydee, who inherits the mantle of Ashen- Shugar, a Dragon Lord, who alongside his race ruled Midkemia in antiquity before warring with and being destroyed by the Midkemian gods. Through the machinations of Macros the Black, he becomes part Human, part Dragon Lord and the Warleader and Royal Consort of the elves in Elvandar. ==References== ==External links== * * Category:Fantasy novel series Category:Works by Raymond E. Feist Category:High fantasy novels

['Raymond E. Feist', "Krondor's Sons", 'The Riftwar Cycle', 'Tekumel', 'Empire of the Petal Throne', 'A Darkness at Sethanon', 'Lyam conDoin', 'Duke']

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George Ledyard Stebbins Jr. (January 6, 1906 – January 19, 2000) was an American botanist and geneticist who is widely regarded as one of the leading evolutionary biologists of the 20th century.Yoon C. K. January 21, 2000. Ledyard Stebbins, 94, Dies; Applied Evolution to Plants. New York Times, Section B, Page 9 Stebbins received his Ph.D. in botany from Harvard University in 1931. He went on to the University of California, Berkeley, where his work with E. B. Babcock on the genetic evolution of plant species, and his association with a group of evolutionary biologists known as the Bay Area Biosystematists, led him to develop a comprehensive synthesis of plant evolution incorporating genetics. His most important publication was Variation and Evolution in Plants, which combined genetics and Darwin's theory of natural selection to describe plant speciation. It is regarded as one of the main publications which formed the core of the modern synthesis and still provides the conceptual framework for research in plant evolutionary biology; according to Ernst Mayr, "Few later works dealing with the evolutionary systematics of plants have not been very deeply affected by Stebbins' work."Mayr, Ernst. "Botany: Introduction" in The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology, Ernst Mayr and William Provine, editors. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998. p. 138. Regarding the synthesis: "More than anything else, it was Stebbins' book, Variation and Evolution in Plants (1950), that brought botany into the synthesis. It had the same impact in botany as Dobzhansky's book in population genetics, integrating the widely scattered literature of plant evolution and providing abundant suggestions for further research." He also researched and wrote widely on the role of hybridization and polyploidy in speciation and plant evolution; his work in this area has had a lasting influence on research in the field. From 1960, Stebbins was instrumental in the establishment of the Department of Genetics at the University of California, Davis, and was active in numerous organizations involved in the promotion of evolution, and of science in general. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society, was awarded the National Medal of Science, and was involved in the development of evolution-based science programs for California high schools, as well as the conservation of rare plants in that state. ==Early life and education== Stebbins was born in Lawrence, New York, the youngest of three children. His parents were George Ledyard Stebbins, a wealthy real estate financier who developed Seal Harbor, Maine and helped to establish Acadia National Park, and Edith Alden Candler Stebbins; both parents were native New Yorkers and Episcopalians. Stebbins was known throughout his life as Ledyard, to distinguish himself from his father. The family encouraged their sons' interest in natural history during their periodic journeys to Seal Harbor. In 1914, Edith contracted tuberculosis and the Stebbins moved to Santa Barbara, California to improve her health. In California, Stebbins was enrolled at the Cate School in Carpinteria where he became influenced by Ralph Hoffmann, an American natural history instructor and amateur ornithologist and botanist.Colloquium on Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms - Toward a New Synthesis : 50 Years After Stebbins -By Michael I. Chegg After graduating from high school, he embarked on a major in political studies at Harvard. By the third year of his undergraduate study, he had decided to major in botany. Stebbins started graduate studies at Harvard in 1928, initially working on flowering plant taxonomy and biogeography—particularly that of the flora of New England—with Merritt Lyndon Fernald. He completed his MA in 1929 in biological sciences and continued to work toward his Ph.D. He became interested in using chromosomes for taxonomic studies, a method that Fernald did not support. Stebbins chose to concentrate his doctoral work on the cytology of plant reproductive processes in the genus Antennaria, with cytologist E. C. Jeffrey as his supervisor and Fernald on his supervisory panel. During his Ph.D. candidature, Stebbins sought advice and supervision from geneticist Karl Sax. Sax identified several errors in Stebbins's work and disapproved of his interpretation of results that, while in accordance with Jeffrey's views, were inconsistent with the work of contemporary geneticists. Jeffrey and Sax argued over Stebbins's dissertation, and the thesis was revised numerous times to accommodate their differing views. Stebbins's Ph.D. was granted by Harvard in 1931. In March that year, he married Margaret Chamberlin, with whom he had three children. In 1932, he took a teaching position in biology at Colgate University. While at Colgate, he continued his work in cytogenetics; in particular, he continued to study the genetics of Antennaria and began to study the behaviour of chromosomes in hybrid peonies bred by biologist Percy Saunders. Saunders and Stebbins attended the 1932 International Congress of Genetics in Ithaca, New York. Here, Stebbins's interest was captured by talks given by Thomas Hunt Morgan and Barbara McClintock, who spoke about chromosomal crossover. Stebbins reproduced McClintock's crossover experiments in the peony, and published several papers on the cytogenetics of Paeonia, which established his reputation as a geneticist. ==UC Berkeley== In 1935, Stebbins was offered a genetics research position at the University of California, Berkeley working with geneticist E. B. Babcock. Babcock needed assistance with a large Rockefeller-funded project characterizing the genetics and evolutionary processes of plants from the genus Crepis and was interested in developing Crepis into a model plant, to enable genetic investigations similar to those possible in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. Like the genera that Stebbins had previously studied, Crepis commonly hybridized, displayed polyploidy (chromosome doubling), and could make seed without fertilization (a process known as apomixis). The collaboration between Babcock and Stebbins produced numerous papers and two monographs. The first monograph, published in 1937, resulted in splitting off the Asiatic Crepis species into the genus Youngia. The second, published in 1938, was titled The American Species of Crepis: their interrelationships and distribution as affected by polyploidy and apomixis. In The American Species of Crepis, Babcock and Stebbins described the concept of the polyploid complex, and its role in plant evolution. Some genera, such as Crepis, have a complex of reproductive forms that center on sexually diploid populations that have also given rise to polyploid ones. Babcock and Stebbins also observed that allopolyploid types formed from the hybridization of two different species always have a wider distribution than diploid or autotetraploid species, and proposed that polyploids formed through hybridization have a greater potential to exploit varied environments, because they inherit all traits from both parents. They also showed that hybridization in the polyploid complex could provide a mechanism for genetic exchange between diploid species that were otherwise unable to breed. Their observations offered insight into species formation and knowledge of how all these complex processes could provide information on the history of a genus. This monograph was described by Swedish botanist Åke Gustafsson as the most important work on the formation of species during that period.Gustafsson, Å. 1946–1947. Apomixis in higher plants. C. W. K. Gleerup, Lund. thumb|The Triangle of U shows how hybridization, and polyploidy have given rise to new species in the genus Brassica. Chromosomes from each of the genomes A, B and C are represented by different colours. The cartoon shows the origin of the AABB, AACC and BBCC species which have chromosome sets from their AA, BB and CC ancestors. Stebbins's review, "The significance of polyploidy in plant evolution", published in American Naturalist in 1940, demonstrated how work done on artificial polyploids and natural polyploid complexes had shown that polyploidy was important in developing large, complex, and widespread genera. However, by looking at the history of polyploidy in plant families, he argued that polyploidy was only common in herbaceous perennials and infrequent in woody plants and annuals. As such, polyploids played a conservative role in evolution since problems with fertility prevented the acquisition and replication of new genetic material that might lead to a new line of evolution. This work continued with the 1947 paper "Types of polyploids: their classification and significance", which detailed a system for the classification of polyploids and described Stebbins' ideas about the role of paleopolyploidy in angiosperm evolution, where he argued that chromosome number may be a useful tool for the construction of phylogenies. These reviews were highly influential and provided a basis for others to study the role of polyploidy in evolution. In 1939, with Babcock's support, Stebbins was made a full professor in the Department of Genetics at UC Berkeley, after the Department of Botany failed to promote him. Stebbins was required to teach a course on evolution, and during his preparation he became excited by contemporary research combining genetics and evolution. He became associated with a group known as the Bay Area Biosystematists, which included botanist Jens Clausen, taxonomist David D. Keck, physiologist William Hiesey and the evolutionary geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky. During this time he also became friends with the botanist Herbert Baker. With the encouragement of this group of scientists, Stebbins directed his research towards evolution. He became involved with the Society for the Study of Evolution in 1946, and was one of the few botanists involved with the new organization. His research on plant evolution also progressed during this period; he worked on the genetics of forage grasses, looking at polyploidy and the evolution of the Poaceae and publishing numerous papers on the subject though the 1940s. He produced an artificial autotetraploid grass from the diploid species Ehrharta erecta through treatment with the chromosome doubling agent colchicine. He was able to establish the plant in the field, and after 39 years of field trials was able to show that the autopolyploid was not as successful as its diploid parent in an unchanging environment. ==Variation and Evolution in Plants== Columbia University's Jesup Lectures were the starting point for many of the most important works of the modern evolutionary synthesis. The presenters introduced the connection between two important discoveries--the units of evolution (genes) with selection as the primary mechanism of evolution. In 1941, Edgar Anderson (whose work on hybridization in the genus Iris had interested Stebbins since they met in 1930) and Ernst Mayr co-presented the lecture series and Mayr later published his lectures as Systematics and the Origin of Species. In 1946, Stebbins was invited on Dobzhansky's recommendation to present the prestigious lectures. Stebbins' lectures drew together the otherwise disparate fields of genetics, ecology, systematics, cytology, and paleontology. In 1950, these lectures were published as Variation and Evolution in Plants, which proved to be one of the most important books in 20th-century botany. The book brought botanical science into the new synthesis of evolutionary theory, and became part of the canon of biological works written between 1936 and 1950 that formed the modern synthesis of evolution. Variation and Evolution in Plants was the first book to provide a wide-ranging explanation of how evolutionary mechanisms operated in plants at the genetic level. It brought concepts related to plant evolution into line with animal evolution as it emerged from Dobzhansky's 1937 Genetics and the Origin of Species and provided the conceptual framework to organize a disparate set of disciplines into a new field: plant evolutionary biology. In the book Stebbins argued that evolution needed to be studied as a dynamic problem and that evolution must be considered on three levels: first, that of individual variation within an interbreeding population; second, that of the distribution and frequency of this variation; and third, that of the separation and divergence of populations as the result of the building up of isolating mechanisms leading to the formation of species. He used the work of biosystematists Clausen, Keck, Hiesey, and Turesson to show that it was possible to distinguish between genotypic and phenotypic variation--that is, genetically identical plants could have different phenotypes in different environments. One of the book's most original chapters used the cytogenetics work of C. D. Darlington to show that genetic systems like hybridization and polyploidy were also subject to selection. The book offered few original hypotheses, but Stebbins hoped that by summarising the available research on plant evolution the book would "help to open the way towards a deeper understanding of evolutionary problems and more fruitful research in the direction of their solution."Stebbins, G.L. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press The book effectively ended any serious belief in alternative mechanisms of evolution in plants, such as Lamarckian evolution or soft inheritance, which were still upheld by some botanists. Following that publication, Stebbins was regarded as an expert on modern evolutionary theory and is widely credited with the founding of the science of plant evolutionary biology. Variation and Evolution in Plants continues to be widely cited in contemporary scientific botanical literature more than 50 years after its publication. Stebbins regarded his contribution to the modern synthesis as the application of genetic principles already established by other workers to botany. "I didn't add any new elements [to the modern synthetic theory] to speak of. I just modified things so that people could understand how things were in the plant world."G. Ledyard Stebbins, January 6, 1906 – January 19, 2000. Spring 2000, UC Davis Alumni newsletter ==UC Davis and later life== Stebbins took an appointment at the University of California, Davis in 1950, where he was a key figure in the establishment of the university's department of genetics; he was the department's first chairman and held the position from 1958 to 1963.University of California. University of California History - Genetics At Davis, the focus of his research changed to incorporate newer areas, such as developmental morphology and genetics in crop plants, including barley. He continued to publish widely and extensively on plant evolution, writing over 200 papers and several books after 1950. Stebbins and Edgar Anderson wrote a paper in 1954 on the importance of hybridization in adapting to new environments. They proposed novel adaptations would facilitate the invasion of habitats not utilized previously by either parent and that novel adaptations may facilitate the formation of stabilized hybrid species. Following this paper, Stebbins developed the first model of adaptive radiation. He proposed that a high degree of genetic variability was necessary for major evolutionary advances, that because of slow mutation rates, genetic recombination was the most likely source of this variation, and that variation could be maximised though hybridization. As of 2006, research is ongoing regarding whether hybridization is an accidental consequence of evolution or if it is necessary for the creation and evolution of plant species; it has been argued that contemporary studies are part of an intellectual lineage that started with the work of Stebbins and Anderson. Stebbins wrote several books during his time at UC Davis. These included his follow-up to Variation and Evolution, Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level, which was published in 1974, following his delivery of the Prather Lectures at Harvard. Stebbins discusses the origins, genetics and developmental biology of the angiosperms. He argues for the role of adaptive radiation in the diversification of the angiosperms and the usefulness of applying our current understanding of species' genetics and ecology to gain knowledge about the evolution of ancient species.Raven, P. H. Angiosperm evolution. Science 187:734–735 He also wrote Processes of Organic Evolution, The Basis of Progressive Evolution, Chromosomal Evolution in Plants and the textbook Evolution with co-authors Dobzhansky, Francisco Ayala and James W. Valentine. His last book, Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity was published in 1982. Stebbins was passionate about teaching evolution, advocating during the 1960s and 70s the teaching of Darwinian evolution in public schools. He worked closely with the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study to develop high school curricula based on evolution as the central unifying principle in biology. He also opposed scientific creationism groups. Stebbins was active in numerous science organizations--including the International Union of Biological Sciences, the Western Society of Naturalists, the Botanical Society of America, and the Society for the Study of Evolution--and served as President of the American Society of Naturalists. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1952. Stebbins received numerous awards for his contributions to science: the National Medal of Science, the Gold Medal from the Linnean Society of London, the Addison Emery Verrill Medal from the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, and the John Frederick Lewis Award from the American Philosophical Society. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1952. He was awarded the 1983 Leidy Award from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Stebbins was active in conservation issues in California during his later life. He established a California Native Plant Society branch in Sacramento in the early 1960s. Through the society, he created an active field trip program to increase interest in the native flora of California and to document rare plants. Stebbins was the state President of the Society during 1966. The society was instrumental in preventing the destruction of a beach on the Monterey Peninsula that he referred to as "Evolution Hill"--the area is now known as the S.F.B. Morse Botanical Area and is managed by the Del Monte Forest Foundation.Del Monte Forest Foundation. Del Monte Forest Foundation Properties He was a major contributor to the Society's 1996 book California's Wild Gardens: A Living Legacy. Stebbins was instrumental in the establishment of the Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California by the California Native Plant Society; it is still used by state and federal bodies in the United States for conservation policy-making. Stebbins was also a member of the Sierra Club. During his tenure at UC Davis, he trained more than 30 graduate students in genetics, developmental biology and agricultural science. In 1973, Stebbins gave his last lectures at UC Davis and was made professor emeritus. Following his retirement, he travelled widely, taught, and visited colleagues for the next 20 years. His last paper, "A brief summary of my ideas on evolution", was published in the American Journal of Botany in 1999. The same year he was co-recipient with Ernst Mayr of the Distinguished Service award from the American Institute of Biological Sciences. A colloquium was held by the National Academies of Science in 2000 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the publication of Variation and Evolution in Plants. Stebbins died in his home in Davis the same year from a cancer-related illness. Stebbins was honored at a Unitarian memorial service--he had been active in the church in his later years following his 1958 marriage to his second wife, Barbara Monaghan Stebbins.Pioneering Evolutionist Ledyard Stebbins Dies at Age 94, January 20, 2000, UC Davis News Service His ashes were scattered at Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve.Wright, S. January 28, 2000. Pioneer biologist Stebbins dies . Dateline UC Davis ==Legacy== Stebbins made an enormous contribution to scientific thought and botany by developing an intellectual framework for studying plant evolution including modern concepts of plant species and plant speciation. His contributions to the literature of plant evolutionary biology, in addition to his seven books, include more than 280 journal articles and book chapters, a compilation of which were published in 2004--The Scientific Papers of G. Ledyard Stebbins (1929-2000) (). Betty Smocovitis, a historian of science who is preparing a book-length biography on Stebbins, described Stebbins's scientific contribution as follows: In 1980, the University of California, Davis, named a parcel of land near Lake Berryessa, California, the Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve in recognition of his contributions to conservation and evolutionary science. The reserve is part of the University of California Natural Reserve System. The UC Davis Herbarium maintains a G. Ledyard Stebbins student grant program, established in celebration of his 90th birthday. Calystegia stebbinsii, Lomatium stebbinsii, Harmonia stebbinsii, Elymus stebbinsii, Lewisia stebbinsii and others are named in honor of Stebbins. ==Key publications== *Variation and Evolution in Plants (1950) *Processes of Organic Evolution (1966) *The Basis of Progressive Evolution (1969) *Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants (1971) () * *Evolution (1977) with Dobzhansky, Ayala and Valentine *Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity (1982) () ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * * * Smocovitis, V. B. 2001. "Stebbins, G. Ledyard". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. * Smocovitis, V. B. and F. J. Ayala. 2004. George Ledyard Stebbins, January 6, 1906–January 19, 2000 Biographical Memoirs, vol. 85, Washington DC: National Academies Press, pp. 1–24. * Stebbins, G. L. (V. C. Hollowell, V. B. Smocovitis and E. P. Duggan, editors). 2007. The Ladyslipper and I. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis [autobiography]. ==External links== *Full list of Stebbins' publications Category:Botanists with author abbreviations Category:Evolutionary biologists Category:1906 births Category:2000 deaths Category:Botanists active in California Category:Botanists active in North America Category:Modern synthesis (20th century) Category:National Medal of Science laureates Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty Category:University of California, Davis faculty Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Botanical Society of America Category:People from St. Lawrence County, New York Category:Deaths from cancer in California Category:People from Carpinteria, California Category:Scientists from California Category:20th-century American biologists Category:20th-century American botanists Category:Scientists from New York (state) Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society

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Buraq Air (El-Buraq Air Transport Inc) is an airline with its headquarters on the grounds of Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli, Libya."Company Profile." Buraq Air. Retrieved on 14 May 2010. "The company headquarters are located at Mittiga International Airport in Tripoli - Libya." It currently operates a minor international scheduled network and additional charter services and flights in support of CHC. The airline's base is Mitiga International Airport as the larger Tripoli International Airport hasn't been operational since several years. ==History== The airline was established on 22 October 2000,http://www.quryna.com/detail.php?a_idx=3302 (in Arabic) and started operations on 15 November 2001; it is the first privately owned airline in Libya. Its name comes from the buraq, a creature on which the Islamic prophet, Muhammad is believed to have flown from Mecca to Jerusalem, and from there to the various heavens. As a consequence of the Libyan Civil War and the resulting no-fly zone over the country enforced by NATO in accordance with the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, all flight operations with Buraq Air were terminated on 17 March 2011. As of 25 August 2011, at least two Boeing 737-800 were still visible on the tarmac of Tripoli International Airport. It has since resumed operations. ==Destinations== ===Current destinations=== As of January 2021, Buraq Air serves the following destinations:softaerospace.com - Where we fly retrieved 27 January 2021 *Antalya - Antalya Airport charter *Bodrum - Bodrum Airport charter *Gazipaşa - Gazipaşa Airport charter *Istanbul - Istanbul Airport *Izmir - Izmir Airport charter *Tekirdağ - Tekirdağ Çorlu Airport charter *Tripoli - Mitiga International Airport base ===Terminated destinations=== The following destinations were terminated in the wake of the Libyan Civil War: *Aleppo - Aleppo International Airport *Alexandria - Alexandria International Airport *Cairo - Cairo International Airport *Rabat - Rabat-Salé Airport *Sarajevo - Sarajevo International Airport *Tripoli - Tripoli International Airport ==Fleet== As of January 2021, the Buraq Air fleet consists of the following aircraft:planespotters.net - Buraq Air retrieved 21 January 2021 Buraq Air Fleet Aircraft In Fleet Orders Passengers Notes Boeing 737-400 1 — 122 Boeing 737-500 1 — 169 Boeing 737-800 2 — 189 Total 4 — ==Accidents and incidents== *On 17 April 2013, a Buraq Air Boeing 737-800 was hit by gun fire while approaching Tripoli International Airport on a domestic flight from Benghazi. There were no injuries and only limited damage; the aircraft made a normal landing. ==References== *AeroTransport Data Bank ==External links== *Buraq Air Fleet *Buraq libya Category:Airlines of Libya Category:Airlines established in 2001 Category:Airlines banned in the European Union Category:Libyan brands

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Archibald Quincy Jones (April 29, 1913 - August 3, 1979) was a Los Angeles- based architect and educator known for innovative buildings in the modernist style and for urban planning that pioneered the use of greenbelts and green design. ==Childhood and early career== Jones was born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1913. He was raised in the city of Gardena in Southern California, but finished high school in Seattle. Afterwards he enrolled in the University of Washington program in architecture, where he was particularly influenced by faculty member Lionel Pries, and graduated with Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) in 1936. After marrying a fellow architecture student (Ruth Schneider), Jones returned to Los Angeles, working first in the offices of the modernist architects Douglas Honnold and George Vernon Russell from 1936 to 1937, and Burton A. Schutt from 1937 to 1939. From 1939 to 1940, he worked for the renowned architect, Paul R. Williams. Next he worked for Allied Engineers, Inc. of San Pedro from 1940 to 1942, where he met the architect Frederick Emmons, with whom he would later partner. Jones was responsible for the development and layout of Roosevelt Base in San Pedro and the Naval Reserve Air Base in Los Alamitos. In 1942, Jones received his California architect certification, divorced and received a commission as a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy. He was assigned to the aircraft carrier USS Lexington, which was serving in the Pacific theater. ==Architecture office== Discharged from the Navy in 1945, Jones returned to Los Angeles and opened an architectural office in one of the two buildings of the house in Laurel Canyon he had built with his former wife. On his first day in business Jones had secured his first client. The years after the war again saw Jones partnering with Paul R. Williams on several projects in the Palm Springs area. These include the Palm Springs Tennis Club (1947), the Town & Country restaurant (1948), and the restaurant Romanoff's On the Rocks (1950). Jones also participated in John Entenza's Case Study House program. The December 1950 issue of the magazine Architectural Forum featured a "Builder's House of the Year" designed by A. Quincy Jones. The same issue also awarded the innovative Palo Alto building magnate Joseph Eichler "Subdivision of the Year". Eichler then invited Jones to tour the Palo Alto development he had just completed where he suggested to Jones that the Builder of the Year join forces with the Architect of the Year. This relationship continued until Eichler's death in 1974. It was through this relationship that Jones was provided both the venue and the freedom to implement his concepts of incorporating park-like common areas in tract housing developments. His were some of the first greenbelts incorporated into moderate income tract housing in the United States. In 1960, Jones was hired by William Pereira as a planning partner in the development of the city of Irvine, California, which has since become a model for the integration of greenbelts into urban development. The Eichler commission prompted Jones to form a partnership with his prewar acquaintance, architect Frederick Emmons. The Jones and Emmons partnership lasted from 1951 until Emmons' retirement in 1969. Their designs are reflected in some 5,000 of Eichler's homes, by Emmons' estimate. Jones and Emmons were awarded national AIA Firm of the Year in 1969. ==Teaching and influence== Jones was also a professor and later dean of architecture in the USC School of Architecture at the University of Southern California from 1951 until his death in 1979. By the 1960s Jones was designing a number of university campus buildings and larger office buildings, including the 1963 IBM Aerospace Headquarters in Westchester, California. Several University of California campuses feature significant examples of Jones' work. In 1966, Jones designed "Sunnylands," the 200 acre (2.6 km2) estate and 32,000 square foot (3,000 m2) home of Walter Annenberg in Rancho Mirage, California. Jones raised the tract house in California from the simple stucco box to a logically designed structure integrated into the landscape and surrounded by greenbelts. He introduced new materials as well as a new way of living within the built environment and popularized an informal, outdoor-oriented open plan. More than just abstractions of the suburban ranch house, most Jones and Emmons designs incorporated a usable atrium, high ceilings, post-and-beam construction and walls of glass. For the postwar moderate-income family, his work bridged the gap between custom-built and developer-built homes. Jones often took advantage of industrial prefabricated units to provide affordable yet refined architecture. His larger buildings brought innovations to the integration of mechanical systems, improving their efficiency and maximizing retrievable space. Jones' aesthetic style, precise detailing and siting made his buildings quintessential embodiments of mid-century American architecture. ==Legacy== In 2013, a Hammer Museum exhibition entitled "A. Quincy Jones: Building for Better Living," redressed what curators had until then considered a major omission in the history of Los Angeles Modernism. An exhibition catalogue, now out of print, was published at the same time.A. Quincy Jones: Building for Better Living at the Hammer Museum Store. Several of his buildings are listed by the Los Angeles Conservancy."A. Quincy Jones". Los Angeles Conservancy. Accessed 27 July 2021. ==Significant buildings== *1938 Jones House and Studio, 8661 Nash, West Hollywood, Los Angeles, California *1947 Palm Springs Tennis Club Addition, with Paul R. Williams. Palm Springs, California *1948 **Pueblo Gardens housing development, for developer Del Webb, Tucson, Arizona **The Center, a.k.a. Town & Country Restaurant, with Paul R. Williams. 300 South Palm Canyon Drive, Palm Springs, California. (altered) **Romanoff's on the Rocks, Palm Springs, California (altered) **Nordlinger House, 11492 Thurston Circle, Bel Air, Los Angeles, California *1950 **Brody House, 360 South Mapleton Drive, Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California **Mutual Housing Association Development (Crestwood Hills), with Smith and Contini. Los Angeles, California **Hvistendahl House, San Diego **Andrew Fuller House, Charron Lane, Fort Worth, Texas **The Barn (Los Angeles) Los Angeles, California *1951 Campbell Hall School, 4717 Laurel Canyon, North Hollywood, California *1952 House, Bienveneda and Marquette Streets, Pacific Palisades, California *1953 House, 503 N Oakhurst Drive, Beverly Hills, California (destroyed by new owner circa 1995.) (According to Property Shark and several other realty websites, the house at this address was built in 2005, so the new owner either held onto the property for 10 years, or Wikipedia date is incorrect. According to Jones' collection at UCLA the home was built in 1951.) *1954 **Emmons House, 661 Brooktree, Pacific Palisades, California **U.S. Gypsum Research Village House, Barrington, Illinois *1955 Jones House, 1223 Tigertail Road, Los Angeles (destroyed by fire) *1956 Eichler Steel House X-100, San Mateo, California *1957 Lido Sands Development, [Newport Beach, California] (82 houses) *1959 ** Biological Sciences Building, University of California, Santa Barbara ** Trousdale Estates home, Beverly Hills, California ** Matt and Lyda Kahn house, Stanford, California *1960 Faculty Center, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California *1961 Case Study House No. 24, Chatsworth, California (unbuilt) *1963 Shorecliff Tower Apartments (now called Ocean Aire), 535 Ocean Avenue, Santa Monica, California *1964 **Joseph Eichler Housing Development, Granada Hills, California **University Research Library, unit I, University of California, Los Angeles, California **Laguna Eichler Apartments, 66 Cleary Court, San Francisco, California **Joseph Eichler Housing Development, Thousand Oaks, California **Long Beach Naval Station Family Housing, Long Beach, California **California State University, Dominguez Hills campus master plan, Carson, California *1965 **University of California, Irvine (partnership with William Pereira) **Country Club Estates, Palm Springs, California (30 homes) *1966 **Walter Annenberg Estate "Sunnylands", Rancho Mirage, California **Carillon Tower, University of California, Riverside, California **Edward Chiles Residence, Shady Oaks Lane, Fort Worth, Texas **Faircourt Housing Subdivision, Palo Alto, California *1967 Chemistry Building, University of California, Riverside, California *1971 Research Library, unit II, University of California, Los Angeles, California *1975 Mandeville Center for the Arts, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California *1976 USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, unit I, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California *1979 USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, unit II, University of Southern California, Los Angeles California. ==References== ==Further reading== * * Category:1913 births Category:1979 deaths Category:Architects from Kansas City, Missouri Category:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects Category:Modernist architects Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II Category:Architects from Seattle Category:People from Greater Los Angeles Category:University of Southern California faculty Category:University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni Category:Architects from California Category:20th-century American architects Category:United States Navy officers

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Santo Espírito () is a Portuguese civil parish, located in the municipality of Vila do Porto, in the autonomous region of Azores. The population in 2011 was 588,Instituto Nacional de Estatística in an area of 26.68 km².Eurostat ==History== The parish was first referred in the chronicles of Gaspar Frutuoso: :"Leaving this fajã towards Norte, in the lands created by fields of marcela, because there were many there, they call it Santo Espírito, where they say the older [inhabitants] made their first mass to the Holy Spirit, when they entered there, and from there it became until this day the parish of Santo Espírito, becoming it later built, like today it is, in the invocation of the Purification of Our Lady, with losing its older name. And, because they did not find the field a convenient place for a settlement and town, they went to Santa Ana, like it was, where it stayed later in this place."Gaspar Frutuoso, Saudades da Terra, Livro III, Capítulo V. Monte Alverne later identified that this area was associated with Nossa Senhora da Purificação, in the place of Espírito Santo.Agostinho de Monte Alverne Crónicas da Província de S. João Evangelista das Ilhas dos Açores, Capítulo I. In the area of Malbusca, during the early settlement of the region, the colonists collected the fungus Roccella tinctoria which was exported to Flanders to produce woad, in an artisanal and risky process: :"Scattered along the cliffs of Malbusca, along the sea, very high and fearful, is collected urzela, which caused men, to risk their lives, inserted into baskets hanging by ropes tied to stakes tucked in the ground, over the rocks with one end to the basket and the other tied to a basket...there they were dropped by rope by hand until they arrive where they wanted to, and, when they had their bag full" == Geography == The parish borders the Atlantic Ocean to the south and east, and it is the largest parish by area covering an expanse of hills, mounts and vegetation-rich escarpments. It is the third most populated in the municipality of Vila do Porto, but its rural communities are very dispersed. Until recently most communities were limited to dirt-road paths and trails to connect them. It is now served by the regional road network, circling the island, and most rural communities have paved roadways. === Ecoregions/Protected areas === Recreational Forest Reserve of Fontinhas ===Human geography=== The parish is made up of several scattered communities, that include: Almas, Azenha de Baixo, Azenha de Cima, Boavista, Cardal, Calheta, Cruz, Feteirinha, Fonte do Jordão, Glória, Lapa de Baixo, Lapa de Cima, Loural, Maia, Malbusca, Meio Moio, Panasco, Piedade, Santo António, Santo Espírito and Terra do Raposo. == Architecture == === Civic === * Lighthouse of Gonçalo Velho (), located on Ponta do Castelo near the coastal town of Maia, the lighthouse began operation in 1927, but plans for this structure had been in the works since 1881; * Lagar of Diogo Fernandes Faleiro (), a medieval wine-press hewn from the rocks along the Ribeira do Aveiro in Maia; * Municipal Washhouse of Santo António () * Museum of Santa Maria - originally an ethnographic and parochial intuition, it houses exhibits on history, culture and tradition; Santo Espírito. * Whale Factory of Ponta do Castelo (), located at the point of Castelo, the abandoned/ruins was once the center of whaling in the southeast corner of Santa Maria; * Windmill of Lapa (), one of the few windmills that have survived, the stone base and wooden octagonal cupola are distinct features, although the sails are no longer available; * Windmill of Terra do Raposo (), the ruins of this windmill includes simply the stone base, since much of its structure was abandoned and fell into ruins; ===Military=== * Fort of Maia () === Religious === * Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Piedade - located in Malbusca, and constructed by the local community. * Church of Nossa Senhora da Purificação (), also referred to as the Church of Candlemas, the principal temple of the parish dates from 1537, when it was dedicated and moved from the small hamlet of Santo António; * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte (), located in Panasco, in an enclosed/walled patio, this 19th century temple was reconstructed in 1886, following the storm effects (dated by an inscription); * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Glória (), situated in the hilltop community of Glória, the small chapel is marked by an sculpted stone retable which is a transposition of the Baroque tile in the "Nationalist"-style; * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Piedade () * Hermitage of Nossa Senhora dos Prazeres (), this single-nave hermitage is the principal church of Maia and was established in 1685, by Manuel de Sousa Falcão and his wife, Cristina, but remodelled in 1997, through the contributions of a grupo of Luso-American and -Canadian emigrantes; * Hermitage of Santo António (), located in the hamlet of the same, the small 16th century church is encircled by other religious buildings (parochial hall and ), dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Purificação (Our Lady of the Purification)Figueiredo (1990), p.47 * Império of the Holy Spirit of Nossa Senhora da Glória () * Império of the Holy Spirit of Piedade () * Império of the Holy Spirit of Santo António (), in addition to this religious , this includes a group of religious buildings constructed in the late 19th century, and used in religious celebrations throughout the decades; ==References== ;Notes Category:Freguesias of Vila do Porto

['Vila do Porto', 'Azores', 'Gaspar Frutuoso', 'Roccella tinctoria', 'Flanders', 'Atlantic Ocean', 'Recreational Forest Reserve of Fontinhas', 'Lagar of Diogo Fernandes Faleiro']

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Tobruk Air Transport and Cargo, commonly known as Tobruk Air, was a cargo airline based in Libya. ==Fleet== * Boeing 707 * Antonov An-24 * Ilyushin Il-76 * Tobruk Airport ==References== Category:Defunct airlines of Libya Category:Cargo airlines

['Libya', 'Boeing 707', 'Antonov An-24', 'Ilyushin Il-76']

['Q1016', 'Q6394', 'Q337467', 'Q142549']

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OGLE-TR-10b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star OGLE-TR-10. The planet was first detected by the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey in 2002. The star, OGLE-TR-10, was seen dimming by a tiny amount every three days. The transit lightcurve resembles that of HD 209458 b, the first transiting extrasolar planet. However, the mass of the object had to be measured by the radial velocity method because other objects like red dwarfs and brown dwarfs can mimic the planetary transit. In late 2004 it was confirmed as the fifth planetary discovery by OGLE. The planet is a typical "hot Jupiter", a planet with a mass half that of Jupiter and orbital distance only 1/24 that of Earth from the Sun. One revolution around the star takes a little over three days to complete. The planet is slightly larger than Jupiter, probably due to the heat from the star. OGLE-TR-10 was identified as a promising candidate by the OGLE team during their 2001 campaign in three fields towards the Galactic Center. The possible planetary nature of its companion was based on spectroscopic follow-up. A reported a tentative radial velocity semi-amplitude (from Keck-I/HIRES) of 100±43 m/s, and a mass for the putative planet of 0.7 ± 0.3 MJup was confirmed in 2004 with the UVES/FLAMES radial velocities. However, the possibility of a blend could not be ruled out. A blend scenario as an alternative explanation from an analysis combining all available radial velocity measurements with the OGLE light curve. OGLE-TR-10b has a mass of 0.57 ± 0.12 MJup and a radius of 1.24 ± 0.09 RJup. These parameters bear close resemblance to those of the first known transiting extrasolar planet, HD 209458 b. The planets with the longer periods in the hot Jupiter class all have small masses (~0.7 MJup), while all the short-period planets (i.e., very hot Jupiters) have masses roughly twice as large. This trend may be related to the survival of planets in proximity to their parent stars. ==References== ==External links== * OGLE transit data * Geneva Observatory data Category:Sagittarius (constellation) Category:Transiting exoplanets Category:Hot Jupiters Category:Giant planets Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2002

['OGLE-TR-10', 'Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment', 'HD 209458 b', 'Jupiter', 'Galactic Center']

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Holden v. Hardy, 169 U.S. 366 (1898), is a US labor law case in which the US Supreme Court held a limitation on working time for miners and smelters as constitutional. ==Facts== In March 1896, the Utah state legislature passed a law that limited the number of work hours for miners and smelters. A few months later, Salt Lake County Sheriff Harvey Harden arrested Albert Holden, the owner of Old Jordan Mine, for breaking that law. He charged him with forcing two of his workers to work much longer than eight hours. Holden admitted to making his workers work longer hours, but he argued that the Utah law was unconstitutional because it prevented individuals from making contracts with each other. In addition, Holden argued that the law prevented him from having both property and liberty without due process, and the law also singled out managers in the mining industry by preventing them from equal protection of the laws. Holden was found guilty and fined $50, which he refused to pay, and so he ended up serving a jail sentence of 57 days. Meanwhile, Holden appealed the case to the Utah Supreme Court and focused on the part of the Utah Constitution that protect the freedoms of labor. Holden argued the Utah Legislature had no right to pass any law restricting how many hours people can work in a day. The Utah Supreme Court disagreed with him, sided with the legislature, and explained that mining and smelting was dangerous: "prolonged effort day after day... will produce morbid, noxious, and often deadly effects in the human system." Therefore, limiting hours of that kind of work was necessary. Holden then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which agreed to hear oral arguments on October 21, 1897. ==Judgment== The Supreme Court, in a majority opinion by Henry Billings Brown, held the Utah law was a legitimate exercise of the police power since there was indeed a rational basis, supported by facts, for the legislature to believe particular work conditions are dangerous. It distinguished the case from laws imposing universal maximum hour rules, which would be unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: ==See also== *US labor law *Lochner v. New York: Similar case denying limited working hours for bakers *List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 169 ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1898 in United States case law Category:United States Supreme Court cases Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court Category:Working time Category:Legal history of Utah Category:United States substantive due process case law Category:United States labor case law Category:Mining law and governance Category:Mining in Utah

['Utah', 'US labor law', 'US Supreme Court', 'Henry Billings Brown', 'Due Process Clause', 'Lochner v. New York', 'List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 169']

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Earth Airlines was an airline based in Lagos, Nigeria. ==History== The airline operated charter services from Lagos. It was established and started operations in 2002. The Nigerian government set a deadline of April 30, 2007 for all airlines operating in the country to re-capitalise or be grounded, in an effort to ensure better services and safety. The airline did not meet the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA)’s criteria in terms of re- capitalization and was re-registered for operation and currently operates no services. == Fleet == The Earth Airlines fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at August 2006):Flight International, 3–9 October 2006 1 Boeing 737-200 == References == Category:Defunct airlines of Nigeria Category:Airlines established in 2002 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2007 Category:2007 disestablishments in Nigeria Category:Defunct companies based in Lagos Category:Nigerian companies established in 2002

['Lagos', 'Nigeria', 'Flight International']

['Q8673', 'Q1033', 'Q1428742']

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Franz Anton Hoffmeister (12 May 1754 - 9 February 1812) was an Austrian composer and music publisher. == Early years == Franz Anton Hoffmeister was born in Rottenburg am Neckar (Further Austria) on 12 May 1754. At the age of fourteen, he went to Vienna to study law. Following his studies, however, he decided on a career in music and by the 1780s he had become one of the city’s most popular composers, with an extensive and varied catalogue of works to his credit. Hoffmeister’s reputation today rests mainly on his activities as a music publisher. By 1785 he had established one of Vienna’s first music publishing businesses, second only to Artaria & Co, which had ventured into the field five years earlier. Hoffmeister published his own works as well as those of many important composers of the time, including Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Clementi, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf and Johann Baptist Wanhal. These famous composers were also among Hoffmeister's personal friends: Mozart dedicated his String Quartet in D to him and Beethoven addressed him in a letter as my "most beloved brother". == Compositions == Hoffmeister’s publishing activities reached a peak in 1791, but thereafter he appeared to have devoted more time to composition. Most of his operas were composed and staged during the early 1790s and this, combined with an apparent lack of business sense, led to his noticeable decline as a publisher. == Publishing interests == In 1799, Hoffmeister and the flautist Franz Thurner set off on a concert tour which was to have taken them as far afield as London. They got no further than Leipzig, where Hoffmeister befriended the organist Ambrosius Kühnel. The two men decided to set up a music publishing partnership and "within a year" had founded the 'Bureau de Musique', which was eventually taken over by the well-respected C.F. Peters, a firm that is still active today. Among the publications of the Bureau de Musique was the first edition of Johann Sebastian Bach's Keyboard Works in 14 volumes (1802). The publisher Friedrich Hofmeister (founder of Friedrich Hofmeister Musikverlag) learnt his trade, in part, whilst working as an assistant in the Bureau de Musique. Until 1805, Hoffmeister kept both the Viennese firm and his newer Leipzig publishing house going, but in March 1805 he transferred sole ownership of the Bureau de Musique to Kühnel. His interest in the Viennese firm also waned, for in 1806, apparently to allow time for composition, he sold the 20-year-old business to the Chemische Druckerey. As a composer, Hoffmeister was highly respected by his contemporaries, as can be seen in the entry, published in the year of his death, in Gerber's Neues Lexikon der Tonkünstler: > If you were to take a glance at his many and varied works, then you would > have to admire the diligence and the cleverness of this composer.... He > earned for himself a well-deserved and wide-spread reputation through the > original content of his works, which are not only rich in emotional > expression but also distinguished by the interesting and suitable use of > instruments and through good practicability. For this last trait we have to > thank his knowledge of instruments, which is so evident that you might think > that he was a virtuoso on all of the instruments for which he wrote. == Works == Prominent in Hoffmeister’s extensive oeuvre are works for the flute, including more than 25 concertos as well as chamber works with the flute in a leading role. Many of these works would have been composed with Vienna’s growing number of amateur musicians in mind, for whom the flute was one of the most favoured instruments. Hoffmeister also composed at least eight operas, over 50 symphonies, numerous concertos (including an often-played concerto for the viola), a large amount of string chamber music, piano music and several collections of songs. == Selected works == ===With opus number=== * Duo for two Flutes Op. 31/3 * Duets for Violin & Violoncello 1-3 Op. 6 * Duets for Violin & Viola 1-3 Op. 7 * String Quartets 1-6 Op. 7? * String Quartets 1-6 Op. 10 * Duets for Violin & Viola 1-6 Op. 13 * String Quartets 1-3 Op. 14 * Duets for Violin & Viola 1-6 Op. 19 * Quartetti Concertanti 1-3 Op. 29 * String Quintet Op. 62 * Duets for Violin & Viola 1-6 Op. 65 ===Without opus number=== * 6 Airs for 2 flutes * Clarinet Concerto in Bb * Oboe Concerto in C major * 6 Caprices for Solo Violin * 12 Etudes for Viola * 12 Variations for Flute and Strings * Viola Concerto in D major * Viola Concerto in B-flat major * Concerti for Double Bass == References == ==Literature== * Clive, Peter, Mozart and His Circle: A Biographical Dictionary (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 160–161 * Lawford- Hinrichsen, Irene, Music Publishing and Patronage: C. F. Peters: 1800 to the Holocaust (Kenyon: Edition Press, 2000), pp. 3–7 ==External links== * *Entry in the Oxford Dictionary of Music *A summary of the history of C. F. Peters Category:1754 births Category:1812 deaths Category:18th-century German people Category:18th-century German composers Category:18th-century male musicians Category:German expatriates in Austria Category:People from Rottenburg am Neckar Category:German music publishers (people) Category:String quartet composers Category:Composers for double bass Category:Composers for piano

['Rottenburg am Neckar', 'Vienna', 'Artaria', 'Johann Georg Albrechtsberger', 'Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf', 'Johann Baptist Wanhal', 'Hoffmeister', 'London', 'Leipzig', 'Johann Sebastian Bach', 'Friedrich Hofmeister Musikverlag']

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Phoebe Palmer (December 18, 1807 - November 2, 1874) was a Methodist evangelist and writer who promoted the doctrine of Christian perfection. She is considered one of the founders of the Holiness movement within Methodist Christianity. == Early life == Palmer was born Phoebe Worrall in New York City. Her father was a devout Methodist named Henry Worrall. He had experienced a religious conversion during the Wesleyan Revival in England before immigrating to the United States. Phoebe's mother was Dorothea Wade Worrall. == Spiritual development == In 1827 Phoebe Worrall married Walter Palmer, a homeopathic physician, who was also a devout Methodist. They regularly attended Allen Street Methodist Church in New York City. As Methodists, the couple became interested in the writings of the founder of Methodism, John Wesley. They developed a particular interest in Wesley's doctrine of Christian perfection, which is the belief that a Christian can live a life free of sin. On 26 July 1837, Phoebe Palmer experienced what John Wesley termed "entire sanctification." Other members of her family experienced this "sanctification" soon thereafter. They felt that they should teach others about that experience and teach them how to have it for themselves. As such, Phoebe Palmer often preached at Methodist churches and camp meetings. == Spread of Holiness concepts == In 1835, Palmer's sister, Sarah Lankford, began having weekly prayer meetings with Methodist women. Two years later, Phoebe Palmer became the leader of the meetings, which were referred to as the Tuesday Meeting for the Promotion of Holiness. The meetings were held in the Palmer's home. She always refused to hold the Tuesday meetings anywhere but in a home (her house had to be enlarged to accommodate them). Beginning in 1839, men were allowed to attend the meetings. Among the men were Methodist bishops, theologians, and ministers. Some of the bishops who attended were Edmund S. James, Leonidas Lent Hamline, Jesse T. Peck and Matthew Simpson. This renewed interest in Holiness eventually influenced the Methodist Church nationwide. Phoebe Palmer and her husband Walter became itinerant preachers as they received more and more invitations from churches, conferences, and camp meetings. Although Walter Palmer spoke at these meetings, it was Phoebe who was better known. She played a significant role in spreading the concept of Christian holiness throughout the United States and the rest of the world. She wrote several books, including The Way of Holiness, which was a foundational book in the Holiness movement. From the northeastern United States the movement spread. She and her husband visited other regions, then Canada in 1857, and then the United Kingdom in 1859. They stayed in the United Kingdom for several years. The Palmers bought a monthly magazine entitled The Guide to Holiness in 1864. It had been started by Timothy Merritt to promote the doctrine of Christian perfection. Phoebe Palmer edited the magazine from that time until her death. Some of those whom Palmer influenced through her speaking and writing were temperance leader Frances Willard; the co-founder of the Salvation Army, Catherine Booth; and the first president of the National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness (later the Christian Holiness Partnership), John Swanel Inskip. While Phoebe Palmer remained committed to the Methodist tradition, her works also influenced the Higher Life movement. In her book, The Promise of the Father, Palmer defended the idea of women in Christian ministry. Her belief in holiness was not merely theoretical. She led the Methodist Ladies' Home Missionary Society in founding the Five Points Mission in 1850. This mission was in a slum area in New York City. Palmer's daughter, Phoebe Knapp, wrote several hymn tunes, including the melody for Fanny Crosby's "Blessed Assurance". ==Writings== *The Way of Holiness (1843) or or or *Entire Devotion to God (1845) *Incidental Illustrations of the Economy of Salvation: Its Doctrines and Duties *Faith and its Effects (1848) *Four Years in the Old World *The Promise of the Father (1859) *The Collected Works of Phoebe Palmer (Contains all six listed above) ==See also== *Heath, Elaine A. Naked faith : the mystical theology of Phoebe Palmer (Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications, 2009) *Oden, Amy, In her own words: Women's writings in Christian Thought (Nashville, Abington Press, 1994) *Oden, Thomas C. (ed.), Phoebe Palmer : selected writings (New York: Paulist Press, 1988) *Raser, Harold E., Phoebe Palmer, Her Life and Thought Studies in Women and Religion, Volume 22, Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston/Queenston, 1997. *Reuther, Rosemary Radford and Rosemary Skinner Keller, Women and Religion in America: The Nineteenth Century. San Francisco, Harper and Row, 1981. *Taylor, Marion (ed.), Handbook of Women Biblical Interpreters: a historical and biographical guide (2012) *White, Charles Edward. The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist, and Humanitarian (Zondervan/Francis Asbury Press, 1986). () ==References== ==External links== *http://are.as.wvu.edu/phebe.htm *https://web.archive.org/web/20050315005326/http://www.messiah.edu/whwc/Articles/article26.htm *https://web.archive.org/web/20041213042441/http://wesley.nnu.edu/wesleyan_theology/theojrnl/21-25/23-13.htm Category:1807 births Category:1874 deaths Category:Methodists from New York (state) Category:American evangelicals Category:Methodist theologians Category:American rhetoricians Category:History of Methodism in the United States Category:American women's rights activists Category:Methodist writers Category:American magazine editors Category:19th-century American journalists Category:19th-century American women writers Category:19th-century Methodists Category:American women non-fiction writers Category:Women magazine editors

['New York City', 'Holiness movement', 'Phoebe Knapp', 'Methodist', 'Christian perfection', 'John Wesley', 'Leonidas Lent Hamline', 'Jesse T. Peck', 'Matthew Simpson', 'Salvation Army', 'Catherine Booth', 'National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness', 'John Swanel Inskip', 'Higher Life movement', 'Fanny Crosby', 'Pickwick Publications', 'Paulist Press', 'Edwin Mellen Press', 'Harper and Row']

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: This article describes Kripke structures as used in model checking. For a more general description, see Kripke semantics. A Kripke structure is a variation of the transition system, originally proposed by Saul Kripke,Kripke, Saul, 1963, "Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic," Acta Philosophica Fennica, 16: 83-94 used in model checkingClarke, Edmund M. (2008): The Birth of Model Checking. in: Grumberg, Orna and Veith, Helmut eds.: 25 Years of Model Checking, Vol. 5000: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 1-26. to represent the behavior of a system. It consists of a graph whose nodes represent the reachable states of the system and whose edges represent state transitions, together with a labelling function which maps each node to a set of properties that hold in the corresponding state. Temporal logics are traditionally interpreted in terms of Kripke structures. ==Formal definition== Let be a set of atomic propositions, i.e. boolean-valued expressions formed from variables, constants and predicate symbols. Clarke et al. define a Kripke structure over as a 4-tuple consisting of * a finite set of states . * a set of initial states . * a transition relation such that is left-total, i.e., such that . * a labeling (or interpretation) function . Since is left-total, it is always possible to construct an infinite path through the Kripke structure. A deadlock state can be modeled by a single outgoing edge back to itself. The labeling function defines for each state the set of all atomic propositions that are valid in . A path of the structure is a sequence of states such that for each , holds. The word on the path is the sequence of sets of the atomic propositions , which is an ω-word over alphabet . With this definition, a Kripke structure (say, having only one initial state may be identified with a Moore machine with a singleton input alphabet, and with the output function being its labeling function. ==Example== Let the set of atomic propositions . and can model arbitrary boolean properties of the system that the Kripke structure is modelling. The figure at right illustrates a Kripke structure , where * . * . * . * . may produce a path and is the execution word over the path . can produce execution words belonging to the language . ==Relation to other notions== Although this terminology is widespread in the model checking community, some textbooks on model checking do not define "Kripke structure" in this extended way (or at all in fact), but simply use the concept of a (labelled) transition system, which additionally has a set of actions, and the transition relation is defined as a subset of , which they additionally extend to include a set of atomic propositions and a labeling function for the states as well ( as defined above.) In this approach, the binary relation obtained by abstracting away the action labels is called a state graph. Clarke et al. redefine a Kripke structure as a set of transitions (instead of just one), which is equivalent to the labeled transitions above, when they define the semantics of modal μ-calculus.Clarke et al. p. 98 ==See also== *Temporal logic *Model checking *Kripke semantics *Linear temporal logic *Computation tree logic ==References== Category:Model checking Category:Temporal logic Category:Transition systems

['Kripke semantics', 'Saul Kripke', 'Temporal logic', 'Moore machine', 'Model checking', 'Linear temporal logic', 'Computation tree logic']

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This list of universities in Peru includes officially recognized public and private universities in Peru, sorted by region. In 2015, enrollment was divided into 979,896 for private universities and 333,501 for public universities. The average number of years of schooling in Peru for students born after 1980 was 11.4 years in 2018, and 12.6 years for Lima, with expected years of schooling being 14.2 years overall. They are regulated by the National Superintendence of Higher University Education (SUNEDU) On May 12, is instituted as the "Day of Peruvian Universities", due to being the date of creation of the University of San Marcos, the oldest in the Americas. == Nationwide == === Department of Lima === *Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), Dean University of the Americas (The University of Peru), the first university in Peru and in the Americas. *Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (UNI) *Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal (UNFV) *Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, Huacho (UNJFSC) *Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle, Chosica (UNE) *Universidad Nacional Tecnológica de Lima Sur (UNTELS) *Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH) *Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (UNALM) *Universidad de Lima (Private) (UL) *Universidad del Pacífico (UP) *Universidad Alas Peruanas (UAP) *Universidad Antonio Ruiz de Montoya (UARM) *Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) *Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientiae (UCSS) *Universidad Particular Marcelino Champagnat (UMCH) *Universidad César Vallejo (UCV) *Universidad Científica del Sur (UCSUR) *Universidad de Piura (UDEP), Lima *Universidad de San Martín de Porres (USMP) *Universidad Peruana Unión (UPEU) *Universidad Ricardo Palma (URP) *Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola (USIL) *Universidad ESAN (UE) *Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazón (UNIFE) *Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (UIGV) *Facultad de Teología Pontificia y Civil de Lima *Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú-Lima *University of Sciences and Arts of Latin America (UCAL) *Universidad Peruana de Ciencias e Informática (UPCI) *Universidad Peruana de las Americas *Universidad Tecnológica del Perú (UTP) *TECH Technological University === Region of Callao === *Universidad Nacional del Callao, Bellavista, Callao *Escuela Nacional de Marina Mercante "Almirante Miguel Grau", Chucuito District, Callao === Northern regions === *National University of Trujillo, Trujillo *Universidad Nacional Toribio Rordríguez De Mendoza, Chachapoyas *Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque *Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Cajamarca *Universidad Nacional de Jaen, Jaen *Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos *Universidad Nacional de San Martín *Universidad Nacional de Piura, Piura *Cesar Vallejo University, Trujillo *Private University of the North, Trujillo *Private University of Trujillo, Trujillo *Universidad de Piura (UDEP), Piura *Universidad Señor de Sipan, Lambayeque *Antenor Orrego Private University, Trujillo *Catholic University of Trujillo, Trujillo *Universidad Privada Antonio Guillermo Urrelo, Cajamarca *Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, Lambayeque *Universidad de Chiclayo, Chiclayo *Universidad Particular de Iquitos *Universidad de Lambayeque, Chiclayo *Universidad Privada Juan Mejía Baca, Chiclayo *Leonardo Da Vinci Private University, Trujillo * Universidad San Pedro, Sullana === Central regions === *Universidad Nacional de Áncash Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo, Huaraz *Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú (UNCP), Huancayo *Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Cerro de Pasco *Universidad Nacional de Ucayali, Pucallpa *Universidad Continental de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Huancayo *Catholic University Los Angeles of Chimbote, Chimbote *Los Andes Peruvian University (UPLA), Huancayo ==== Department of Huánuco ==== *Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Department of Huánuco, Huánuco *University of Huanuco, Department of Huánuco, Huánuco === Southern regions === * Universidad Nacional San Cristóbal de Huamanga, Ayacucho *Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco *Universidad Nacional de San Agustín (UNSA), Arequipa *Universidad Tecnológica de los Andes, Abancay * Universidad Católica de San Pablo, Arequipa * Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa * Universidad Andina del Cusco, Cusco * Universidad Peruana Austral de Cusco, Cusco * Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, Huancavelica *Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica, Ica *Universidad Andina del Cusco, Puerto Maldonado * Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Puerto Maldonado * Universidad de Moquegua, Moquegua * Universidad Andina Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, Juliaca * Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno * Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna * Universidad Privada de Tacna, Tacna ==References== == External links == * Universities in Peru by region * Universities Peru Peru

['Peru', 'Lima', 'May 12', 'Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería', 'Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal', 'Huacho', 'Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle', 'Chosica', 'Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina', 'Universidad Antonio Ruiz de Montoya', 'Universidad César Vallejo', 'Universidad Científica del Sur', 'Universidad de Piura', 'Universidad de San Martín de Porres', 'Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola', 'Universidad ESAN', 'Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazón', 'University of Sciences and Arts of Latin America', 'Universidad Nacional del Callao', 'Chucuito District', 'National University of Trujillo', 'Universidad Nacional Toribio Rordríguez De Mendoza', 'Cajamarca', 'Iquitos', 'Universidad Nacional de San Martín', 'Private University of the North', 'Private University of Trujillo', 'Antenor Orrego Private University', 'Catholic University of Trujillo', 'Chiclayo', 'Huaraz', 'Cerro de Pasco', 'Pucallpa', 'Universidad Continental de Ciencias e Ingeniería', 'Catholic University Los Angeles of Chimbote', 'Chimbote', 'Huancayo', 'Department of Huánuco', 'Huánuco', 'Ayacucho', 'Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco', 'Abancay', 'Universidad Católica de San Pablo', 'Universidad Católica de Santa María', 'Arequipa', 'Cusco', 'Huancavelica', 'Puerto Maldonado', 'Moquegua', 'Juliaca', 'Puno', 'Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann', 'Tacna']

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Michael Scott, Michael Scot, or Mike Scott may refer to: ==Academics== * Michael Scot (1175–c. 1232), mathematician and astrologer * Michael L. Scott (born 1959), American academic and computer scientist * Mike Scott, British linguist and designer of WordSmith Tools * Michael Scott (academic) (fl. c. 2000), British academic at the North East Wales Institute of Higher Education * J. Michael Scott (born 1941), American scientist, environmentalist and author * Michael Scott (English author) (born 1981), English author, classicist, associate professor and television presenter ==Sportspeople== * Michael Scott (golfer) (1878–1959), English amateur golfer * Michael Scott (footballer) (born 1993), Scottish footballer * Mick Scott (born 1954), rugby league footballer of the 1980s and 1990s for Wigan, and Halifax RLFC * Michael Scott (rugby league) (died 1968), rugby league footballer of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s for England, and Hull F.C. * Mickey Scott (1947–2011), professional baseball player * Mike Scott (baseball) (born 1955), American pitcher * Mike Scott (basketball) (born 1988), American basketball player * Michael Scott (basketball) (born 1986), American basketball player * Michael Scott (sports administrator) (born 1956), Australian sports administrator * Michael Scott (cricketer) (born 1933), English cricketer ==Authors== * Michael Scott (Scottish author) (1789–1835), Scottish author * Michael Scott (Irish author) (born 1959), Irish author * Michael Scott Rohan (1951–2018), Scottish fantasy and science fiction author ==Entertainment== * Michael Scott (The Office), fictional character in the American TV series The Office, played by Steve Carell * Michael Scott (musician) (born 1971), American musician * Mike Scott (Scottish musician) (born 1958), Scottish musician/songwriter, founder of The Waterboys * Mike Scott (broadcaster) (1932–2008), British TV presenter * Mike Scott (English musician), hardcore/punk songwriter, Vocalist of Lay It on the Line, ex-Phinius Gage * Michael T. Scott (born 1977), American comedy writer and animation director * Michael Scott, early stage name for British actor Michael Caine (born 1933) * Michael James Scott (born 1981), American actor and singer * Michael J. F. Scott, Canadian film and television producer and director * Michael Scott (artistic director) (c. 1935–2019), founder of the London Opera Society * Michael Scott (film director) (born 1955), American film director, producer and documentary filmmaker ==Politicians== * Michael Scott (British Army officer) (born 1941), former U.K. Military Secretary * Mike Scott (politician) (born 1954), Canadian parliamentarian * Michael Scott Jr. (born 1975), Chicago alderman ==Other people== * Michael Dishington Scott, chief justice of Tonga * Michael Scott (Apple) (born 1943), first CEO of Apple Computer * Michael Scott (architect) (1905–1989), Irish architect * Michael Scott (priest) (1907–1983), opponent of apartheid and advocate of nuclear disarmament * Michael Scott (diplomat) (1923–2004), British diplomat and colonial administrator ==See also== *

['Michael Scot', 'Michael L. Scott', 'Michael Scott (academic)', 'Michael Scott (English author)', 'Michael Scott (golfer)', 'Michael Scott (footballer)', 'Mick Scott', 'Michael Scott (rugby league)', 'Mickey Scott', 'Mike Scott (baseball)', 'Mike Scott (basketball)', 'Michael Scott (basketball)', 'Michael Scott (sports administrator)', 'Michael Scott (Scottish author)', 'Michael Scott (Irish author)', 'Michael Scott Rohan', 'Michael Scott (The Office)', 'Michael Scott (musician)', 'Mike Scott (Scottish musician)', 'Mike Scott (broadcaster)', 'Mike Scott (English musician)', 'Michael T. Scott', 'Michael Caine', 'Michael James Scott', 'Michael J. F. Scott', 'Michael Scott (artistic director)', 'Michael Scott (British Army officer)', 'Mike Scott (politician)', 'Michael Scott Jr.', 'Michael Dishington Scott', 'Michael Scott (Apple)', 'Michael Scott (architect)', 'Michael Scott (priest)']

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Fresh Air was a cargo airline based in Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria. It operated cargo charter services mainly within West Africa. Its main base was Murtala Mohammed International Airport, Lagos.Flight International 3 April 2007 == Code data == *ICAO Code: FRR *Callsign: FRESH AIR geel ==History== == Fleet == As of March 2007 the Fresh Air fleet included: *1 Antonov An-12 *1 Boeing 737-200 *1 McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30 ==Popular culture== Fresh Air was the name of the fictional passenger airline in the 2005 Wes Craven film Red Eye starring Rachel McAdams. == References == Category:Defunct airlines of Nigeria Category:Airlines disestablished in 2007 Category:Defunct companies based in Lagos Category:2007 disestablishments in Nigeria

['Ikeja', 'Lagos', 'Nigeria', 'West Africa', 'Murtala Mohammed International Airport', 'Flight International', 'Antonov An-12', 'Boeing 737', 'McDonnell Douglas DC-9', 'Rachel McAdams']

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In chess, the Greek gift sacrifice, also known as the classical bishop sacrifice, is a typical sacrifice of a bishop by White playing Bxh7+ or Black playing Bxh2+ at some point after the opponent has castled , with the goal generally being to attack and checkmate the opponent's king, or to regain . It is important to consider the opponent's defenses. Greek gift sacrifices, or the threat of them, occur relatively frequently in play, especially at amateur level. One of the most famous examples of the sacrifice is found in the game Edgard Colle–John O'Hanlon, Nice 1930. Less commonly, a Greek gift sacrifice may be the prelude to a double bishop sacrifice, as seen in Lasker–Bauer, Amsterdam 1889. ==Requirements== The Greek gift sacrifice usually has several prerequisites in order to succeed. In general, the attack will succeed if: *the attacker has more control over the g5-square than the defender; *the attacker's knight can move to g5 to deliver a check; *the attacker's queen can join the attack, often on the h-file; *the defender cannot move a piece to safely defend square h7 (or h2); *the defender cannot easily reorganize his defense. If there is a defending bishop on e7 (or e2), a pawn on h4 (or h5) is necessary. Otherwise, it can be useful. ==Illustration== The position after the moves 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 5.Nf3 Bb4 6.Bd3 0-0 () is a simple case where the Greek gift sacrifice works. White can play 7.Bxh7+ Kxh7 8.Ng5+ to force Black to give up the queen to prevent mate: *8...Kh8 9.Qh5+ Kg8 10.Qh7 *8...Kg8 9.Qh5 threatening 10.Qh7#, to which the only feasible responses are **9...Qxg5 10.Bxg5 wins the queen, and **9...Re8 10.Qxf7+ Kh8 11.Qh5+ Kg8 12.Qh7+ Kf8 13.Qh8+ Ke7 14.Qxg7# *8...Kh6 9.Nxf7+ wins the queen. *8...Kg6 9.h4 and there is no satisfactory way to meet the threat of 10.h5+ Kh6 (10...Kf5 11.g4#) 11.Nxf7+, winning the queen. ==Etymology== The etymology of the phrase "Greek gift" in this context is not entirely clear. The obvious explanation is that it alludes to the Trojan Horse, and specifically to Laocoön's famous Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes ("I fear the Greeks even when they bring gifts", Virgil's Aeneid II.49). The Oxford Companion to Chess, however, suggests that one explanation is that the sacrifice often occurred in Gioachino Greco's games.Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 158. Greek gift. ==References== Bibliography * ==Further reading== *Vladimir Vuković, Art of Attack in Chess – chapter 6 is dedicated to the classical bishop sacrifice * * ==External links== *Greek gift practice Category:Chess tactics

['Edgard Colle', 'Trojan Horse', 'Laocoön', 'Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes', 'Virgil', 'Aeneid', 'The Oxford Companion to Chess', 'Gioachino Greco', 'Vladimir Vuković']

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Otis Blue/Otis Redding Sings Soul (often referred to simply as Otis Blue) is the third studio album by American soul singer and songwriter Otis Redding. It was first released on September 15, 1965, as an LP record through the Stax Records subsidiary label Volt. Otis Blue is composed mainly of cover versions of contemporary R&B; hits, exploring themes from the blues and love ballads, among others. Three of the LP's eleven songs were written by Redding, and three others were written by fellow soul singer Sam Cooke, who had died several months before the album was made. Except for one track, Otis Blue was recorded in the span of 24 hours from July 9 to 10, 1965, at the Stax recording studio in Memphis, Tennessee. As with Redding's previous records, he was backed by the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s, a horn section featuring members of the Mar-Keys and the Memphis Horns, and pianist Isaac Hayes, providing a rhythmic Southern soul accompaniment for the singer's exuberant and forceful performances. Otis Blue was a crossover success for Redding and proved one of his best-selling LPs with more than 250,000 copies sold. It was his first to top the US R&B; LPs chart and also reached number 6 on the UK Albums Chart, while three of its singles became top 40 hits: the Redding original "I've Been Loving You Too Long", the Rolling Stones cover "Satisfaction", and "Respect" (later repopularized by Aretha Franklin). Released at the beginning of the album era, Otis Blue is considered by critics to be Redding's first fully realized LP and the definitive soul album of its period. It ranks frequently and highly on professional listings of the best albums, including Rolling Stone magazine's "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" (at number 78) and Time magazine's "All-Time 100 Greatest Albums" (at number 92). A two-disc collector's edition of Otis Blue was released in 2008 by Rhino Records. == Background == Stax Records president Jim Stewart had released Otis Redding's "These Arms of Mine" as a single after hearing him sing it at an audition in 1962. When it charted, he signed Redding to the label. The moderately successful LP albums Pain in My Heart (1964) and The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads (1965) followed, with both performing well on the newly established R&B; LPs chart (published by Billboard), although not on its pop counterpart. Preparations for a third album followed soon after, which would also serve as Redding's second to be released through Volt Records, a subsidiary label of Stax. == Recording == Redding recorded the album with the Stax house band Booker T. & the M.G.'s (keyboardist/bandleader Booker T. Jones, guitarist Steve Cropper, bassist Donald "Duck" Dunn, drummer Al Jackson Jr.), Isaac Hayes on piano, and a horn section consisting of members of the Mar-Keys and the Memphis Horns. The album was largely recorded in a 24-hour session between 10am on July 9 (a Saturday) and 2pm on July 10, 1965, with a break from 8pm Saturday to 2am on Sunday to allow the house band to play local gigs. As with Redding's previous album, engineer Tom Dowd came to the studio to assist the recording, considering Redding to be a "genius" alongside the likes of Bobby Darin and Ray Charles. "Ole Man Trouble", placed as the opening track on the LP, was finished in sessions earlier than the other songs and later released as a B-side of "Respect". The album's fifth track, "I've Been Loving You Too Long", had been previously recorded in April in mono with Booker T. Jones on piano. It was released as a single that month and became a number-two hit on Billboards R&B; chart; it was re-recorded in stereo for the album. ==Music and lyrics== The majority of the tracks on Otis Blue are cover versions, including three songs originally by fellow soul singer Sam Cooke, who had been shot dead in December 1964. According to Jason Mendelsohn of PopMatters, the album is a "set of soul standards, blues and rock covers, Motown hits, and original material". The album opens with the "mournfully harried" "Ole Man Trouble", described by fellow PopMatters writer Claudrena N. Harold as one of Redding's most phantasmagoric tunes. The lyrics deal with a man, who is "unable to escape the brutal realities of the blues", and has been compared with Paul Robeson's "Ole Man River". "Respect" was possibly inspired by a quote of drummer Al Jackson Jr., who allegedly said to Redding after a tour, "What are you griping about? You're on the road all the time. All you can look for is a little respect when you come home." An alternative story is told by Redding's friend and road manager, Earl "Speedo" Sims, who states that the song "came from a group I was singing with", and that even though Redding rewrote it, "a lot of the lyric was still there"; Sims adds: "He told me I would get a credit, but I never did". Sims also states that he sang the backing vocals in the chorus. Essentially a ballad, "Respect" is an uptempo and energetic song, which took "a day to write, 20 minutes to arrange, and one take to record", according to Redding. Aretha Franklin covered this song in 1967 and with it topped the Billboard R&B; and Pop charts. Redding shouted to a woman for more respect, while Franklin ironically countered the song and transformed it into a "feminist hymn". The next song is an energetic version of Sam Cooke's ballad, "Change Gonna Come"; a protest against racial segregation and disrespect for black people. "Down in the Valley" is a funky cover of Solomon Burke's original, with whom Redding toured before the recording. Nate Patrin of Pitchfork felt that the song "ratchets up both the gospel beatitude and the secular lust". The love song "I've Been Loving You Too Long" was co-written by Redding and the Impressions' lead singer Jerry Butler in a hotel near the Atlanta airport. Redding's rendition of Cooke's "Shake" is again funkier. The song is about the club dancing in the so-called discothèques, which debuted in the early 1960s. The song was described as "a hard-swinging, full-throated 2:40 of precision ferocity with a force that would flat-out explode during his live sets." The last five songs are all covers by popular artists: the Temptations' "My Girl", written by Smokey Robinson and Ronald White; Cooke's "Wonderful World"; B.B. King's "Rock Me Baby"; the Rolling Stones' "Satisfaction", on which Redding sings "fashion" instead of "faction"; and William Bell's "You Don't Miss Your Water", which was characterized as "sorrowful country blues", and has "one of the most devastating pleading-man lead vocals in the entire Stax catalog." "Satisfaction" sounded so plausible that a journalist even accused the Stones of stealing the song from Redding, and that they performed it after Redding. Music writer Robert Christgau describes it as an "anarchic reading" of the Stones' original. == Release == Otis Blue was released on September 15, 1965, with Volt issuing the album in the US and Atlantic Records releasing it in the UK. The album sold more than 250,000 copies, according to music journalist Tony Fletcher, who notes its use of a photo of a White woman on the cover in comparison to the self-representative cover of Redding contemporary Wilson Pickett's In the Midnight Hour (1965), which, conversely, "languished in the R&B; racks". The woman in the image, a stock photo, has never been definitively identified, but is believed to be German model Dagmar Dreger. Although Otis Blue only reached number 75 on the Pop LPs chart in 1966, three of its singles charted on the Billboard Hot 100: "I've Been Loving You Too Long" charted for 11 weeks and peaked at number 21, "Respect" spent 11 weeks and reached number 35, and "Shake" spent six weeks and reached number 47. Both the stereo and mono versions of Otis Blue charted in the United Kingdom; the former spent 21 weeks and reached number six in 1966, and the latter spent 54 weeks and reached number seven in 1967. Two different pressings of the song "My Girl" also charted in the UK; a 7-inch single peaked at number 11 and charted for 16 weeks in 1965, and a reissued single in 1968 reached number 36 and charted for nine weeks. "Satisfaction" peaked at number 33 and "Shake" peaked at number 28 in the UK. Otis Blues commercial performance helped Redding cross over into the pop market. Summarizing its mainstream impact, Alan Lewis from Record Collector called Otis Blue "the soul album that sealed [Redding's] world reputation as the soul singer. The one whose title, with hindsight, probably did most to establish the use of the word 'soul' to define the music previously known as R&B.;" It also served as evidence that "the album era was here", according to music journalist Mat Snow, who cites it among a series of mid-1960s rock LPs – the Rolling Stones' Aftermath, the Beach Boys' Pet Sounds, Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde, the Beatles' Revolver, and the Who's A Quick One – proving hit singles were "no longer pop's most important money spinners and artistic statements". PopMatters journalist Eric Klinger added that it was uniquely successful as a soul LP, noting that "outside of rock music, the album was a basically untapped medium. LPs were almost an afterthought, with a couple of recent hit singles and enough filler to justify the $2.98 cost." In 2022 it was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry, indicating 100,000 equivalent-units in the UK. == Critical reception and legacy == Otis Blue has been regarded by music critics as Redding's best work. Uncut magazine's Neil Spencer called it "the greatest album of his career [and] arguably the definitive album of the soul era", while Rolling Stone described it as "Redding's true dictionary of soul, a stunning journey through the past and future vocabulary of R&B; ... documenting a masterful artist rising to ... the immense challenge of his times." In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Paul Evans named it Redding's "first masterwork", and fellow Rolling Stone critic David Fricke called it "perfect". Writing for Blender, Christgau appraised it as "the first great album by one of soul's few reliable long-form artists", while The Mojo Collection regarded it as "the definitive Southern soul album" and Patrin deemed it the "greatest studio-recorded soul LP" from the 1960s. In a retrospective review for Pitchfork, Patrin went on to call Otis Blue "a hell of a record, the crowning achievement of a man who could sound pained and celebratory and tender and gritty and proud all at once, with a voice that everyone from John Fogerty to Swamp Dogg to Cee-lo owes a debt to". Bruce Eder from AllMusic explained further that "Redding's powerful, remarkable singing throughout makes Otis Blue gritty, rich, and achingly alive, and an essential listening experience", showcasing "his talent unfettered, his direction clear, and his confidence emboldened". "Song for song, it's difficult to imagine a better soul record", wrote Stephen Deusner in the Memphis Flyer, crediting the singer's "effortlessly expressive vocals" and the "measured accompaniment" of the Stax house band. Similarly, Spencer praised "Cropper's stinging guitar and the atonal Memphis horns", saying it is "as much their album as Redding's", while Q noted how the performers' individual musical elements coalesce with "a beautiful precision which borders on a kind of Southern soul sorcery ... arguably the hottest and strongest half-hour in soul". Angus Taylor of BBC Music found Otis Blue to be "at the crossroads of pop, rock, gospel, blues and soul", with a series of "short, punchy" songs "flawlessly ordered to ebb and flow between stirring balladry and foot stomping exuberance", making it Redding's "definitive statement". Harold, in PopMatters, also praised the diverse sound, which, according to her, is a mixture of "Motown pop, the blues, British rock, and Southern Soul", although she cited Complete & Unbelievable: The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul (1966) as Redding's best album. Otis Blue has featured on many professional lists of the best albums. According to Lewis, it is "predictably named as a Top 100 album, the token soul set in lists compiled by trendies who surely never bought it at the time." In 1993, NME ranked it 35th on the magazine's "Greatest Albums of All Time" issue and 405th on a similar list in 2013. The album was also ranked at number 74 on Rolling Stones "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" (2003), number 78 in a 2012 revised edition of the list, and number 178 in a 2020 revised edition. Time placed it at number 92 on the magazine's "All-Time 100 Greatest Albums". It has also appeared in Q magazine's "Best Soul Albums of All Time" and Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Based on such rankings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists Otis Blue as the 74th most acclaimed album in history, as well as the 20th most from the 1960s and the fourth most among 1965 releases. ==Track listing== === 2008 collector's edition === An expanded double-disc collector's edition of Otis Blue was released in 2008 by Rhino Records. It includes both the stereo and mono versions of the original album alongside bonus tracks in B-sides, live recordings, and previously unreleased alternate mixes. Christgau graded the edition with four out of five stars, saying it "comes with many useless alternate takes, but also with live tracks that preserve for history Redding's country-goes-uptown style of fun". ==Charts== Chart Peak position Billboard Pop chart 75 Billboard R&B; chart 1 UK Album Chart 6 === Singles === Song Chart Peak position "Respect" b/w "Ole Man Trouble" Billboard Pop chart 35 "Respect" b/w "Ole Man Trouble" Billboard R&B; chart 4 "I've Been Loving You Too Long" b/w "Just One More Day" Billboard Pop chart 21 "I've Been Loving You Too Long" b/w "Just One More Day" Billboard R&B; chart 2 "Shake" b/w "You Don't Miss Your Water" Billboard Pop chart 47 "Shake" b/w "You Don't Miss Your Water" Billboard R&B; chart 16 "Satisfaction" b/w "Any Ole Way" Billboard Pop chart 31 "Satisfaction" b/w "Any Ole Way" Billboard R&B; chart 4 ==Certifications== ==Personnel== Musicians *Otis Redding – vocals *Booker T. Jones, Isaac Hayes – keyboards, piano *Steve Cropper – guitar *Donald Dunn – bass guitar *Al Jackson Jr. – drums *Wayne Jackson, Gene "Bowlegs" Miller – trumpet *Andrew Love – tenor saxophone *Floyd Newman – baritone saxophone *William Bell – backing vocals (track 2) *Earl Sims – backing vocals (track 2) Additional personnel *Tom Dowd – engineer *Jim Stewart – supervision *Yves Beauvais – reissue producer *Bill Inglot, Dan Hersch – remastering *Pete Sahula – cover photo *Haig Adishian – cover design *Bob Rolontz – liner notes ==See also== *List of number-one R&B; albums of 1965 (U.S.) ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * * * * * == Further reading == * ==External links== *Otis Blue/Otis Redding Sings Soul (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed) * Category:1966 albums Category:Albums produced by Jim Stewart (record producer) Category:Atco Records albums Category:Otis Redding albums Category:Volt Records albums

['Otis Redding', "I've Been Loving You Too Long", 'Memphis, Tennessee', 'Southern soul', 'Stax Records', 'Jim Stewart (record producer)', 'Steve Cropper', 'LP record', 'Sam Cooke', 'Isaac Hayes', 'UK Albums Chart', 'Aretha Franklin', 'Rolling Stone', 'Time magazine', 'Pain in My Heart', 'Booker T. Jones', 'Al Jackson Jr.', 'Mar-Keys', 'Memphis Horns', 'Tom Dowd', 'Bobby Darin', 'Ray Charles', 'Ole Man Trouble', 'B-side', 'Atco Records', 'Floyd Newman', 'PopMatters', 'Motown', 'Paul Robeson', 'Solomon Burke', 'Atlanta airport', 'Smokey Robinson', 'B.B. King', "You Don't Miss Your Water", 'Robert Christgau', 'The Mojo Collection', 'Atlantic Records', 'Tony Fletcher', 'Wilson Pickett', 'Billboard Hot 100', 'Record Collector', 'Mat Snow', 'Pet Sounds', 'Bob Dylan', 'Blonde on Blonde', 'A Quick One', 'British Phonographic Industry', 'Neil Spencer', 'David Fricke', 'John Fogerty', 'Swamp Dogg', 'Stephen Deusner', 'Memphis Flyer', 'BBC Music', 'NME', '1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die', 'Acclaimed Music', 'Adobe Flash', 'Radio3Net']

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Ups is an open source source-level debugger developed in the late 1980s for Unix and Unix-like systems, originally developed at the University of Kent by Mark Russell. It supports C and C++, and Fortran on some platforms. The last beta release was in 2003. Unlike more popular debugger stacks for modern Unix platforms, ups is completely self-contained — not merely a graphical front-end to lower-level debuggers like gdb (although some work has been done to make ups usable in that way). The ups user interface is built directly upon the X Window System and SunView, i.e. it does not use an intermediate widget toolkit such as Motif or GTK+. ==See also== * DDD, a Motif debugger front-end * KDbg, a KDE debugger front-end * Xxgdb, an X Window System debugger front-end ==External links== * Project home page ==References== Category:Debuggers

['Unix', 'Unix-like', 'University of Kent', 'C++', 'Fortran', 'X Window System', 'SunView', 'GTK+', 'KDE']

['Q11368', 'Q14656', 'Q1516684', 'Q2407', 'Q83303', 'Q178481', 'Q3430495', 'Q189464', 'Q1431']

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An atmospheric wave is a periodic disturbance in the fields of atmospheric variables (like surface pressure or geopotential height, temperature, or wind velocity) which may either propagate (traveling wave) or not (standing wave). Atmospheric waves range in spatial and temporal scale from large-scale planetary waves (Rossby waves) to minute sound waves. Atmospheric waves with periods which are harmonics of 1 solar day (e.g. 24 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours... etc.) are known as atmospheric tides. == Causes and effects == The mechanism for the forcing of the wave, for example, the generation of the initial or prolonged disturbance in the atmospheric variables, can vary. Generally, waves are either excited by heating or dynamic effects, for example the obstruction of the flow by mountain ranges like the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. or the Alps in Europe. Heating effects can be small-scale (like the generation of gravity waves by convection) or large-scale (the formation of Rossby waves by the temperature contrasts between continents and oceans in the Northern hemisphere winter). Atmospheric waves transport momentum, which is fed back into the background flow as the wave dissipates. This wave forcing of the flow is particularly important in the stratosphere, where this momentum deposition by planetary-scale Rossby waves gives rise to sudden stratospheric warmings and the deposition by gravity waves gives rise to the quasi-biennial oscillation. In the mathematical description of atmospheric waves, spherical harmonics are used. When considering a section of a wave along a latitude circle, this is equivalent to a sinusoidal shape. Spherical harmonics, representing individual Rossby-Haurwitz planetary wave modes, can have any orientation with respect to the axis of rotation of the planet. Remarkably - while the very existence of these planetary wave modes requires the rotation of the planet around its polar axis - the phase velocity of the individual wave modes does not depend on the relative orientation of the spherically harmonic wave mode with respect to the axis of the planet. This can be shown to be a consequence of the underlying (approximate) spherical symmetry of the planet, even though this symmetry is broken by the planet's rotation. == Types of waves == Because the propagation of the wave is fundamentally caused by an imbalance of the forces acting on the air (which is often thought of in terms of air parcels when considering wave motion), the types of waves and their propagation characteristics vary latitudinally, principally because the Coriolis effect on horizontal flow is maximal at the poles and zero at the equator. There are four different types of waves: * sound waves (usually eliminated from the atmospheric equations of motion due to their high frequency) These are longitudinal or compression waves. The sound wave propagates in the atmosphere though a series of compressions and expansions parallel to the direction of propagation. * internal gravity waves (require stable stratification of the atmosphere) * inertio-gravity waves (also include a significant Coriolis effect as opposed to "normal" gravity waves) * Rossby waves (can be seen in the troughs and ridges of 500 hPa geopotential caused by midlatitude cyclones and anticyclones) At the equator, mixed Rossby-gravity and Kelvin waves can also be observed. == See also == * Atmospheric thermodynamics == References == == Further reading == * Holton, James R.: An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology 2004 Wave Category:Waves

['Rossby wave', 'Rocky Mountains', 'Alps', 'Europe', 'Northern hemisphere', 'Coriolis effect', 'Kelvin wave', 'Atmospheric thermodynamics']

['Q1053589', 'Q5463', 'Q1286', 'Q46', 'Q39061', 'Q169973', 'Q1738426', 'Q584909']

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Douglas Raymond Clifford (born April 24, 1945) is an American drummer, best known as a founding member of Creedence Clearwater Revival for which he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993. After the group disbanded in late 1972, Clifford released a solo album and later joined CCR bassist Stu Cook in the Don Harrison Band. In 1995, Clifford and Cook formed the band Creedence Clearwater Revisited, performing live versions of Creedence Clearwater Revival songs. An early influence on Clifford's playing was The Beatles, with their appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in February 1964 being of particular significance. "They were a quartet and we said, wow, we can do that. If these guys from England can come out and play rock 'n' roll, we can do it. We bought Beatle wigs. We went to the drama store, and I guess they were Three Stooges wigs at that time."Crandall, Bill. 10 musicians who saw the Beatles standing there. CBS News, February 6, 2014. Clifford, Cook, and the Fogerty brothers grew up together in El Cerrito, California. ==Discography== *Cosmo (1972) *Magic Window (2020) ;The Don Harrison Band *The Don Harrison Band (1976) *Red Hot (1977) ;Creedence Clearwater Revisited *Recollection (1998) ;Clifford/Wright *For All The Money In The World (2021) ;Other Year Artist Album Comment 1972 Mark Spoelstra This House Drums 1974 Doug Sahm Groover's Paradise Producer and drums 1974 Tom Fogerty Zephyr National Drums, vocals 1974 Tom Fogerty Myopia Percussion, drums 1978 Russell DaShiell Elevator Drums 1979 Bob Whitlock David Vega California Gold Drums 1981 Tom Fogerty Deal It Out co-writer of "Champaign Love" 1983 Sir Douglas Quintet Midnight Sun Drums 1989 Greg Kihn UnKIHNtrollable Drums on four tracks 1994 Sir Douglas Quintet Day Dreaming at Midnight Producer, drums and co-writer of ""Twisted World", "Into the Night" and "Freedom Is Mine" 1994 Steve Miller Steve Miller Band Box Set Drums on "Rock N'Me" (recorded live in 1975) 2003 John Tristao Big Hat, No Cattle co- writer of "Wake Up Call", "A Million Things" and "On Our Way" 2004 The Smithereens From Jersey It Came! The Smithereens Anthology Drums, percussion on "Downbound Train" (recorded in 1998) 2008 Billy C. Farlow Billy C. and the Sunshine/The Lost 70's Tapes Drums (recorded in 1976) ==References== ==External links== * Classicdrummer.com * Rockabilly.nl * Creedence- revisited.com * * Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:American rock drummers Category:Creedence Clearwater Revisited members Category:Creedence Clearwater Revival members Category:Musicians from Palo Alto, California Category:20th-century American drummers Category:American male drummers Category:People from El Cerrito, California

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Neil Gaiman's Midnight Days is a 1999 compilation of new and previously released comics stories written by Neil Gaiman, and published by the Vertigo imprint of DC Comics. ==Background== Due to Gaiman's increased popularity resulting from his series Sandman, DC chose to collect some of his earliest and hardest-to-find work in a single volume. Included is his previously unpublished "tryout" story for DC editor Karen Berger. The story, "Jack in the Green", was illustrated by Stephen R. Bissette and John Totleben, colored by Tatjana Wood, and lettered by John Costanza, the same team that collaborated on much of Alan Moore's run on Swamp Thing. Other stories in the collection include: * "Hold Me", a John Constantine tale with art by frequent Gaiman collaborator Dave McKean, originally published as Hellblazer #27; * "Brothers", a Swamp Thing story in which, however, this character does not appear (the protagonist being Brother Power the Geek), with art by Richard Piers Rayner, Mike Hoffman, and Kim DeMulder, originally published as Swamp Thing Annual #5; * "Shaggy God Stories", a post-Millennium Floronic Man story with art by Mike Mignola, also from Swamp Thing Annual #5; * "Sandman Midnight Theatre", the one and only meeting between the Golden Age Sandman and the Sandman of the Endless, originally published as the Sandman Midnight Theatre one-shot, co-written by Matt Wagner (plot) and Neil Gaiman (plot/script), with painted art by Teddy Kristiansen. The expanded "Deluxe Edition" published in 2012 also includes the framing sequence from Welcome Back to the House of Mystery #1, illustrated by Sergio Aragones. Category:1999 comics debuts Category:Comics by Neil Gaiman Category:Vertigo Comics titles

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Microspora is a genus of green algae in the family Microsporaceae.See the NCBI webpage on Microspora. Data extracted from the Microspora are autotrophic protists that are often characterized by their many segments. ==References== Category:Sphaeropleales genera Category:Sphaeropleales

['Microsporaceae']

['Q16964329']

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Destination Docklands was an event consisting of two concerts by musician Jean-Michel Jarre on the Royal Victoria Docks, Docklands, London, on Saturday 8 and Sunday 9 October 1988, to coincide with the release of Jarre's new album Revolutions.Jarre to light up Acropolis BBC, 6 June 2001 The concerts were attended by 100,000 people on each night. Accompanied by fireworks and a light show, the concert also featured The Shadows guitarist Hank Marvin who joined Jarre on the tracks "London Kid" and "Fourth Rendez-Vous". The show was intended to show a history of the area, with tracks dedicated to the industrial revolution, swinging sixties (with Hank Marvin), and future regeneration of the area. The concert's scale was larger than any seen in the UK before or since, and used vast numbers of fireworks, World War II searchlights, and used entire buildings as giant projection screens throughout the show. The majority of the audience watched from disused land on what is now the site of the ExCeL Exhibition Centre. Originally planned as a one-off event, it was scheduled for 24 September 1988, but Jarre and his crew had to battle constantly with Newham Council and London Fire Brigade over logistical and safety concerns. Although the organisers publicly sought other venues in the meantime, a compromise was reached in which the event was split into two concerts to spread the crowds over two nights. These concerts went ahead on 8 and 9 October 1988. Weather throughout the buildup to the event was extremely rainy, and while the first concert narrowly avoided the downpours, much of the second took place in heavy rain – prompting Jarre to quip in his address thanking the crowd for coming, "Frogs like rain!" The floating stage was specially built, and made up of several barges brought in from the north of England and welded together to create what Jarre termed his "battleship". Jarre's original intention was for the stage to traverse the Royal Victoria Docks, but this was not possible due to the poor weather and health and safety concerns. The show attracted an estimated live audience of 200,000, not including those in parks surrounding the venue listening to the concert on a simultaneous broadcast on Radio 1. The concert programme featured drawings of the redevelopment works due to take place in the years after the concerts, as did some of the projections on the building facades. The Saturday performance was broadcast on Radio 1. The Sunday show, during which it rained heavily, was recorded for later broadcast and release. In 1989 a 54-minute live CD and Cassette were released as Jarre Live, later repackaged as Destination Docklands. This included 11 of the 17 tracks performed at the concert, albeit it with edits to some pieces. A 50-minute TV edit was produced for broadcast and was shown in the UK on Channel 4 at 10:40pm on Christmas Day 1988. This edit was released on VHS video in 1989. It has yet to be released on DVD. This version is broadly the same as the live album release, however with "Computer Weekend" omitted. No TV footage exists of the 7 tracks not included on the VHS release, however audience camcorder footage is available on YouTube. Of the 6 tracks not included on the live album, only recordings of the radio broadcast exist, also on YouTube. However, the quality of the broadcast is affected by a large amount of echo and distortion. ==Track listing for concert== Part 1: Industrial Revolution *Industrial Revolution: Overture (Available on VHS/CD) *Industrial Revolution: Parts 1-3 (VHS/CD) *Équinoxe 5 (Not released) *Ethnicolor (Not released) Part 2: Swinging Sixties *Computer Weekend (CD) *Les Chants Magnétiques II / Magnetic Fields II (VHS/CD) *Oxygène 4*(VHS/CD) *Équinoxe 7 (Not released) *London Kid (with Hank Marvin) (VHS/CD) Part 3: The Nineties *Third Rendez-Vous / Laser Harp (Not released) *Tokyo Kid (Not released) *Revolutions* (VHS/CD) *Souvenir de Chine / Souvenir of China (Not released) *Second Rendez-Vous* (VHS/CD) *Fourth Rendez-Vous* (with Hank Marvin) (VHS/CD) Part 4: The Finale *September (VHS/CD) *The Emigrant (VHS/CD) ==Musicians== *Jean-Michel Jarre: Synthesizers *Michel Geiss: Synthesizers *Dominique Perrier: Synthesizers *Francis Rimbert: Synthesizers *Guy Delacroix: Bass *Jo Hammer: Drums *Dino Lumbroso: Percussions *Sylvain Durand: Synthesizers *Christine Durand: Soprano *Hank Marvin: Guitar on London Kid and Fourth Rendez-Vous *Mireille Pombo: Vocals on September *Sori Bamba: Conductor of Mali Choir on September *Kudsi Erguner: Turkish Flute on Revolutions *Bruno Rossignol: Choir Conductor *Xavier Bellenger: Ethnical Music Advisor *Setsuko Yamada: Solo Dance Performance == References == Category:Concerts in the United Kingdom Category:October 1988 events in the United Kingdom

['Jean-Michel Jarre', 'Royal Victoria Dock', 'London', 'BBC', 'The Shadows', 'Hank Marvin', 'ExCeL Exhibition Centre', 'Newham Council', 'London Fire Brigade', 'Jarre Live', 'Channel 4', 'YouTube', 'Michel Geiss', 'Dominique Perrier', 'Francis Rimbert', 'Bruno Rossignol']

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Corsier-sur-Vevey is a municipality in the district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. ==History== Corsier-sur-Vevey is first mentioned in 1079 as Corise. Until 1953 it was known as Corsier. ==Geography== Corsier-sur-Vevey has an area, , of . Of this area, or 44.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 34.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 20.8% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.3% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.3% is unproductive land.Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics 2018 data accessed 26 July 2020 Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 11.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.4%. Out of the forested land, 27.0% of the total land area is heavily forested and 7.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 5.6% is used for growing crops and 33.4% is pastures, while 5.0% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality was part of the Vevey District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Corsier-sur-Vevey became part of the new district of Riviera- Pays-d'Enhaut.Nomenklaturen – Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz accessed 4 April 2011 The municipality is located on the right side of the Veveyse. It consists of the village of Corsier-sur-Vevey and the hamlet of Les Monts-de-Corsier. ==Coat of arms== The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent, a Heart Gules above two shaking Hands proper clothed Azure; chief Azure three Mullets (of five) Argent.Flags of the World.com accessed 17-August-2011 ==Demographics== Corsier-sur-Vevey has a population () of . , 30.1% of the population are resident foreign nationals.Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Superweb database - Gemeinde Statistics 1981-2008 accessed 19 June 2010 Over the last 10 years (1999–2009) the population has changed at a rate of 2.3%; it has changed at a rate of -0.5% due to migration and at a rate of 4.2% due to births and deaths.Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 17-August-2011 Most of the population () speaks French (2,535 or 79.2%) as their first language, with German being second most common (176 or 5.5%) and Portuguese being third (117 or 3.7%). There are 110 people who speak Italian and four people who speak Romansh. The age distribution, , in Corsier-sur-Vevey is; 309 children or 9.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 348 teenagers or 10.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 368 people or 11.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 421 people or 13.2% are between 30 and 39, 491 people or 15.4% are between 40 and 49, and 417 people or 13.0% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 401 people or 12.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 289 people or 9.0% are between 70 and 79, there are 135 people or 4.2% who are between 80 and 89, and there are 18 people or 0.6% who are 90 and older.Canton of Vaud Statistical Office accessed 29 April 2011 , there were 1,238 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,555 married individuals, 182 widows or widowers and 225 individuals who are divorced.STAT-TAB Datenwürfel für Thema 40.3 - 2000 accessed 2 February 2011 , there were 1,475 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 560 households that consist of only one person and 64 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 1,489 households that answered this question, 37.6% were households made up of just one person and there were five adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 421 married couples without children, 379 married couples with children There were 89 single parents with a child or children. There were 21 households that were made up of unrelated people and 14 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing. there were 252 single family homes (or 50.8% of the total) out of a total of 496 inhabited buildings. There were 174 multi-family buildings (35.1%), along with 39 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (7.9%) and 31 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.3%).Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB - Datenwürfel für Thema 09.2 - Gebäude und Wohnungen accessed 28 January 2011 , a total of 1,437 apartments (84.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 211 apartments (12.4%) were seasonally occupied and 47 apartments (2.8%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.4 new units per 1,000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.34%. The historical population is given in the following chart:Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Bevölkerungsentwicklung nach Region, 1850-2000 accessed 29 January 2011 Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) ImageSize = width:1080 height:210 PlotArea = height:150 left:100 bottom:50 right:100 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:3300 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:700 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:140 start:0 PlotData= color:yellowgreen width:40 mark:(line,white) align:center bar:1764 from:start till:689 text:"689" bar:1798 from:start till:896 text:"896" bar:1850 from:start till:1096 text:"1,096" bar:1860 from:start till:1351 text:"1,351" bar:1870 from:start till:1911 text:"1,911" bar:1880 from:start till:2103 text:"2,103" bar:1888 from:start till:2676 text:"2,676" bar:1900 from:start till:1195 text:"1,195" bar:1910 from:start till:1627 text:"1,627" bar:1920 from:start till:1521 text:"1,521" bar:1930 from:start till:1593 text:"1,593" bar:1941 from:start till:1379 text:"1,379" bar:1950 from:start till:1535 text:"1,535" bar:1960 from:start till:1894 text:"1,894" bar:1970 from:start till:2687 text:"2,687" bar:1980 from:start till:3164 text:"3,164" bar:1990 from:start till:3282 text:"3,282" bar:2000 from:start till:3200 text:"3,200" ==Heritage sites of national significance== The Café De La Place, and the Manoir de Ban with the main house, outbuildings and park and the Corsier-sur- Vevey portion of the UNESCO World Heritage Site: Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. ==Famous residents== Charlie Chaplin lived in Corsier-sur-Vevey between 1953 and 1977 and was buried in the communal cemetery. James Mason is also buried in the cemetery of Corsier-sur-Vevey. It is also the birthplace of the architect Eugène Jost. ==Politics== In the 2019 federal election the most popular party was the Green Party which received 18.41% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (17.23%), the FDP (16.19%) and the SVP (15.67%). In the federal election, a total of 802 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.9%.https://www.elections.vd.ch/votelec/app10/index.html?id=CHCN20191020#v=lists&ad;=2230∾=5884 accessed 11 April 2020 ==Economy== , Corsier-sur-Vevey had an unemployment rate of 4.3%. , there were 35 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. Six hundred and seventy-nine people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 38 businesses in this sector. Five hundred and fifty-six people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 63 businesses in this sector. There were 1,563 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 45.8% of the workforce. the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 1,113. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 26, of which 25 were in agriculture and one was in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 652 of which 531 or (81.4%) were in manufacturing and 120 (18.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 435. In the tertiary sector; 58 or 13.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 30 or 6.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 21 or 4.8% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 0.5% were in the information industry, 20 or 4.6% were the insurance or financial industry, 47 or 10.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 73 or 16.8% were in education and 150 or 34.5% were in health care.Swiss Federal Statistical Office STAT-TAB Betriebszählung: Arbeitsstätten nach Gemeinde und NOGA 2008 (Abschnitte), Sektoren 1-3 accessed 28 January 2011 , there were 692 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,315 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.9 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 2.3% of the workforce coming into Corsier-sur-Vevey are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.0% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work.Swiss Federal Statistical Office - Statweb accessed 24 June 2010 Of the working population, 20.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 55.9% used a private car. ==Religion== From the , 1,260 or 39.4% were Roman Catholic, while 1,222 or 38.2% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 79 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.47% of the population), there was one individual who belongs to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 135 individuals (or about 4.22% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was one individual who was Jewish, and 105 (or about 3.28% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 14 individuals who were Buddhist, six individuals who were Hindu and four individuals who belonged to another church. Three hundred and ninety-six (or about 12.38% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 39 individuals (or about 1.22% of the population) did not answer the question. ==Education== In Corsier-sur-Vevey about 1,212 or (37.9%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 404 or (12.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 404 who completed tertiary schooling, 46.8% were Swiss men, 27.0% were Swiss women, 18.1% were non-Swiss men and 8.2% were non-Swiss women. In the 2009/2010 school year there were a total of 331 pupils in the Corsier-sur-Vevey school district. In the Vaud cantonal school system, two years of non-obligatory pre-school are provided by the political districts.Organigramme de l'école vaudoise, année scolaire 2009-2010 accessed 2 May 2011 During the school year, the political district provided pre-school care for a total of 817 children of whom 456 children (55.8%) received subsidised pre-school care. The canton's primary school programme requires pupils to attend for four years. There were 156 pupils in the municipal primary school programme. The obligatory lower secondary school programme lasts for six years and there were 170 pupils in those schools. There were also five pupils who were home schooled or attended another non-traditional school.Canton of Vaud Statistical Office - Scol. obligatoire/filières de transition accessed 2 May 2011 , there were 222 pupils in Corsier-sur-Vevey who came from another municipality, while 186 residents attended schools outside the municipality. The International School of Monts-de-Corsier was previously in Les Monts-de-Corsier and was a part of the Montreux-based Riviera School network."International School of Monts-de-Corsier" (). Riviera School network. April 15, 2012. Retrieved on March 6, 2016. "ISM S.A. Champ des Pesses 1808 Les Monts-de-Corsier" ==Sports== It hosts the headquarters of the International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles, the international governing body for amateur wrestling. ==References== ==External links== *the future Charlie Chaplin Museum *UCV website

['Vevey', 'Vaud', 'Switzerland', 'Vevey District', 'UNESCO', 'World Heritage Site', 'Lavaux', 'Charlie Chaplin', 'James Mason', 'Eugène Jost', 'Roman Catholic', 'Swiss Reformed Church', 'Islam', 'Fachhochschule', 'Montreux', 'International Federation of Associated Wrestling Styles']

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Satchel was an alternative rock band from Seattle. Their final lineup featured Shawn Smith (vocals, piano, guitar, bass), Regan Hagar (drums, bass), and John Hoag (guitar, bass). ==History== Satchel was originally formed under the name Bliss by vocalist Shawn Smith and drummer Regan Hagar, after their previous band Brad (which also featured guitarist Stone Gossard) went on hiatus. They recruited guitarist John Hoag, bassist Cory Kane and Jefferson Bennett on saxophone. However they were met with a copyright name challenge. As a result, they settled on the name Satchel. Bennett left the band. Satchel released their first album EDC in 1994. Some of EDC's song titles were taken from the character's names in the film Reservoir Dogs, one of the band's favorite movies. Satchel went on tour to support the album. In early 1995, the bassist Cory Kane was replaced by Mike Berg because of personality conflicts. They released their second album, The Family, in 1996, which was co-produced by Stone Gossard. Again, the band embarked on a long tour. At the end of the tour, Smith and Hagar were invited by Gossard to reform Brad, an invitation they accepted. As a result, Hoag quit the band and Satchel went on hiatus. In 2005, Brad released Brad vs. Satchel, an album of previously unreleased tracks from both Satchel and Brad. Satchel returned in 2010 with Smith (vocals/piano/bass), Hagar (drums/bass), and Hoag (guitar/bass). Touring bassists include former member Mike Berg, Jeff Fielder, and Lonnie Marshall. The new line-up recorded an album, Heartache and Honey, which was released in early 2010. A song, "The Return of...", was available (streaming) on their official website. Shawn Smith's record label Sound vs Silence was releasing a compilation CD which includes an exclusive non-album track, "Shoulder to Shoulder". Smith died at his home in Seattle on April 3, 2019, of a torn aorta and high blood pressure. ==In popular culture== *The song "Suffering" was featured in the films Beautiful Girls and The Girl Next Door. It was also featured in an episode of the TV series One Tree Hill. *The song "Walk in Freedom" can be heard in the movie Strange Days. ==Discography== ===Albums=== *EDC (1994) *The Family (1996) *Brad vs Satchel (2005) *Heartache and Honey (2010) ==References== ==External links== * ~~Official website~~ * ~~Shawn Smith's official website~~ * ~~Official merchandise website~~ *Sound vs Silence * Category:1991 establishments in Washington (state) Category:2019 disestablishments in Washington (state) Category:Alternative rock groups from Washington (state) Category:Musical groups from Seattle Category:Musical groups established in 1991 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2019

['Alternative rock', 'Regan Hagar', 'Stone Gossard', 'Reservoir Dogs', 'Brad vs Satchel']

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The ("Bovo book", Yiddish: , German transliteration: ), also known as Bovo of Antona (, German transliteration: ), written in 1507-1508 by Elia Levita, was the most popular chivalric romance in Yiddish. It was first printed in 1541, being the first non-religious book to be printed in Yiddish. For five centuries, it endured at least 40 editions. It is written in ottava rima and, according to Sol Liptzin, is "generally regarded as the most outstanding poetic work in Old Yiddish". [Liptzin, 1972, 5, 7] The theme derives from the Anglo-Norman romance of Bevis of Hampton, by way of an Italian poem that had modified the name Bevis of Hampton to Buovo d'Antona and had, itself, been through at least thirty editions at the time of translation and adaptation into Yiddish. The central theme is the love of Bovo and Druziane. [Liptzin, 1972, 6], [Gottheil] The story "had no basis in Jewish reality", but compared to other chivalric romances it "tone[s] down the Christian symbols of his original" and "substitute[s] Jewish customs, Jewish values and Jewish traits of character here and there..." [Liptzin, 1972, 8] The character was also popular in Russian folk culture as "Prince Bova". The Bovo-Bukh later became known in the late 18th century as Bove-mayse "Bove's tale". This name was corrupted into bube mayse "grandmother's tale", meaning "old wives' tale". [Liptzin, 1972, 7] ==Plot summary== :Based on Sol Liptzin, A History of Yiddish Literature, pp. 6–7. Bovo's young mother conspires to have her husband, an aged king, killed during a hunt, then marries the murderer. They try and fail to poison the child Bovo, whom they are afraid will avenge his father. The handsome youth runs away from Antona, is kidnapped and taken to Flanders to be stable boy to a king, whose daughter Druzane falls in love with him. The heathen sultan of Babylonia arrives, backed by ten thousand warriors, to demand Druzane in marriage for his ugly son, Lucifer. He is refused; in the ensuing war the king of Flanders is captured. Bovo, riding the magic horse Pumele and wielding the magic sword Rundele, defeats the sultan's army, slays Lucifer, frees the king, and is promised the hand of Druzane, but is enticed to Babylonia, where he is horribly imprisoned for a year before escaping. Meanwhile, Druzane has presumed him dead and consented to marry the knight Macabron. On the wedding day of Druzane and Macabron, Bovo arrives disguised as a beggar; he and Druzane flee, first to a palace but later to the forest, pursued by Macabron. Deep in the forest, Druzane gives birth to twins. Bovo sets off to try to find a route back to Flanders. Druzane comes to the conclusion that Bovo has fallen prey to a lion, sets off on her own with the twins, and successfully reaches Flanders. Bovo returns to their forest abode; failing to find her or the twins, he now also presumes her to have fallen prey. Despairing, he joins an army ranged against his native Antona. He kills his stepfather, dispatches his mother to a nunnery, and takes his rightful crown. He is eventually reunited with Druzane, who becomes his queen. ==Modern editions== * Elia Levita Bachur's Bovo-Buch: A Translation of the Old Yiddish Edition of 1541 with Introduction and Notes by Elia Levita Bachur, translated and notes by Jerry C. Smith, Fenestra Books, 2003, . ==Original Yiddish editions online== Modern facsimile edition by Judah A. Joffe of Bovo Bukh at Open Library and a modern Yiddish translation in verse by M. Knapheis Bovo Bukh at Open Library ==References== * Claudia Rosenzweig, Bovo d’Antona by Elye Bokher. A Yiddish Romance - A Critical Edition with Commentary, SJHC vol. 49, Brill, 2015, * Gottheil, Richard and Jacobs, Joseph Baba Buch, Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901–1906 *Liptzin, Sol, A History of Yiddish Literature, Jonathan David Publishers, Middle Village, NY, 1972, *Shmeruk, Chone, "Prokim fun der yidisher literatur-geshikhte”, Peretz Farlag, Tel-Aviv 1988 (in Yiddish) *Wex, Michael, Born to Kvetch, St. Martin's Press, 2005. * Claudia Rosenzweig, Il Bovo de-Antona di Elia Bachur Levita e le sue fonti, Tesi Università degli studi di Milano, 1994/95, rel. M. L. Modena Mayer, 291 p. * Claudia Rosenzweig, "La letteratura yiddish in Italia : l'esempio del Bovo de- Antona di Elye Bocher", ACME - Annali della Facoltà di lettere e filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, vol. 50, fasc. 3, 1997, p. 159-189. * Claudia Rosenzweig, "Il poema yiddish in versi Bovo d'Antona in una versione manoscritta del XVI sec.", Medioevo Romanzo, vol. XXVI, fasc. I, gennaio- aprile 2002, pp. 49–68. * Claudia Rosenzweig, "Kurtsvaylike Literatur. Il Bovo d’Antona e il romanzo cavalleresco in yiddish nell’Italia del Rinascimento", in: C. Rosenzweig, A.L. Callow, V. Brugnatelli, F. Aspesi (a cura di), Florilegio filologico e linguistico. Haninura de Bon Siman a Maria Luisa Mayer Modena, Milano, Cisalpino, 2008 , p. 169-188. * Claudia Rosenzweig, "From the Square and the Court to the Private Space. Some Remarks on the Yiddish Version of the Chivalric Poem Bovo d’Antona", Zutot 5.1 (2008), pp. 53–62. Category:1508 books Category:1541 books Category:Yiddish-language literature Category:Romance (genre) Category:Jewish medieval literature Category:Bevis of Hampton

['Elia Levita', 'Sol Liptzin', 'Flanders', 'Babylonia', 'Judah A. Joffe', 'Jewish Encyclopedia', 'Born to Kvetch']

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James Scotland Symon (9 May 1911 – 30 April 1985) was a Scottish football player and manager. He also played cricket for Scotland. ==Footballer== Symon started his professional career at Dundee in 1930. He then spent three years with English team Portsmouth before signing for his boyhood heroes Rangers in 1938. He also won a Scotland cap in 1938 against Hungary. He only played 37 Scottish League games for Rangers but helped the club win the league title in 1939. His career was then interrupted by the onset of World War II; during the conflict he continued to play for Rangers and made over 250 appearances in unofficial competitions (almost all of which the club won). Symon retired from playing in 1947, making his final appearance a few weeks before his 36th birthday and securing the official league championship again in his final season. ==Cricketer== Symon played cricket for Scotland in 1938, taking five Australian wickets for just 33 runs. ==Manager== He returned to Rangers in 1954 as a manager, where he would steer the team to six League championships, five Scottish Cups, and four League Cups. He also took the club into European football for the first time, guiding them to two Cup Winners' Cup finals in 1961 and 1967, both ending in defeat. Symon was the Rangers manager when they lost to Berwick Rangers in the Scottish Cup on 28 January 1967. When Symon was sensationally sacked by Rangers in November 1967 (in spite of the team leading the league table at that point), he was told of the decision by an accountant. ==Honours== ===Manager=== ;East Fife *Scottish Division B : 1947–48 *Scottish League Cup (2) : 1947–48, 1949–50 *B Division Supplementary Cup (2) : 1946–47, 1947–48 ;Rangers *Scottish Division One (6) : 1955–56, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1963–64 *Scottish Cup (5) : 1959–60, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1965–66 *Scottish League Cup (4) : 1960–61, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1964–65 ==See also== *List of Scottish cricket and football players ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1911 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Dundee F.C. players Category:East Fife F.C. managers Category:Men's association football wing halves Category:Partick Thistle F.C. managers Category:Footballers from Perth and Kinross Category:Portsmouth F.C. players Category:Preston North End F.C. managers Category:Rangers F.C. managers Category:Rangers F.C. players Category:Scottish men's footballers Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Scottish football managers Category:Scotland men's international footballers Category:English Football League players Category:Scottish Football League managers Category:Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Dundee Violet F.C. players Category:Scottish Junior Football Association players Category:Scotland men's junior international footballers

['Dundee F.C.', 'Portsmouth F.C.', 'Rangers F.C.', 'East Fife F.C.', 'Preston North End F.C.', 'Partick Thistle F.C.', 'World War II', "Cup Winners' Cup", 'Scottish Division B', 'Scottish League Cup', 'B Division Supplementary Cup', 'Scottish Cup', 'List of Scottish cricket and football players']

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Triple Nine (Chinese: 九九九行动) is an English language dystopian fiction television police procedural telecast on what was then the Television Corporation of Singapore's Channel 5 (today's MediaCorp TV Channel 5) from 1995 to 1999. As the station's earliest attempt in an action-based drama series, the series revolved around the lives of a group of police officers, namely Inspector Mike Chin (James Lye), Inspector Elaine Tay (Wong Li Lin), and Sergeant Alan Leong (Lim Yu Beng) from the Special Investigation Section of the CID. The cast changed in subsequent seasons, notably with the inclusion of Inspector Sean Han (Robin Leong), Inspector Herbert de Souza (Mark Richmond), and Sergeant Yeo Lay Kim (Chong Chia Suan) from the third season, and Sergeant Sarah Chan (Annabelle Francis) from the 4th season. All 4 seasons are available on Netflix from November 2020, as well as meWatch. The series is rated "NC16" on Netflix Singapore. ==Trivia== *Beatrice Chia (Dr Ooi Su-Lyn) who acted as Mark Richmond (Inspector Herbert)'s girlfriend in the drama eventually became his real-life wife in 2006. They have a son.https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/celebs-and-their-athletic- kids-mark-and-beatrice-richmonds-son-15-moves-to-us-to-pursue-pro-golf-dream. Beatrice Chia actually cameoed in season 2 episode 9 as Lily Chan, a bomber's accomplice. *Before Chong Chia Suan auditioned and won the role of Sgt Yeo Lay Kim, she was the weather girl on Channel 5 news. Other actresses who auditioned for the role of Sgt Yeo were Lisa Ang, Melody Chen and Tammy Wong. *Mark Richmond's character, Herbert de Souza, originally had the nickname "Mouth" because he couldn't stop talking. His initial episodes were filled with diatribes and monologues which were eventually shortened. *Lim Yu Beng, Loke Loo Pin and James Nord Lim, who played forensic expert Charles Soo, were the only three cast members who stayed throughout all 4 seasons. *When Wong Li-lin's character Elaine Tay was killed off towards the end of season 3, a body double was used to portray her corpse, because Li-lin could not be reached to reprise her role. *Season 4 was supposed to run for 26 episodes, but was shortened to 22 episodes instead due to conflicting schedules and a few other problems. * Tan Kheng Hua (Chong Swee Chin) who appeared briefly as Lim Yu Beng (Sgt Alan)'s second wife in season 2 episode 21 is his real-life partner. They divorced in 2017 after 25 years of marriage.https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/actress-tan-kheng- hua-59-celebrates-one-year-anniversary-with-boyfriend-on-north-america-road- trip They have a daughter Lim Shi-An https://www.8days.sg/seeanddo/streamit/lim-shi-third-rail-tan-kheng-hua-lim- yu-beng-pck-711186 * Loke Loo Pin (ASP Pang) was a practising dentist who stumbled upon acting and debuted in "Masters Of The Sea" (1994) with a one- liner. The currently-retired dentist released her biography "AcciDental Actress" in 2020.https://www.c3a.org.sg/articles/older-women-turn-everyday- lives-memoirs * ASP Pang and 2 of her colleagues (INSP Cheng and DSP Chandran) which made up the board of inquiry looking into Kim's shooting of a suicidal boy in the last episode of season 4 were wearing incorrect medal ribbons on their uniforms. Specifically ASP Pang was wearing the Good Service medal and Long Service medal ribbons from the Singapore Armed Forces instead of those from the Singapore Police Force. ==Cast== ===Main cast === Cast Role Season Appeared Description/Fates James Lye Inspector Mike Chin 1, 2, 4 Resigned from the police force at the end of season 2 because of "Jack"'s case, and became a P.E. teacher. He was approached by ASP Pang towards the end of season 3 when Inspector Elaine was killed, and decided to rejoin the CID in the last episode of season 3. Wong Li Lin Inspector Elaine Tay 1, 2 Was working under ASP Pang in the Vice department of CID. Inspector Mike's love interest, killed by "Jack" in season 3. Lim Yu Beng Sergeant Alan Leong Heng Man 1, 2, 3, 4 Hardworking and efficient CID officer. He was a single father with a young daughter, Cindy. Sgt Alan remarried Chong Swee Chin in season 2 episode 21 with Cindy, Insp Mike and Insp Elaine in attendance. At the beginning of season 4, Sgt Alan went overseas for a 3-month course, and was expecting to be promoted to Staff Sergeant upon his return. Unfortunately, his promotion was hindered by Insp Herbert's adverse report on his performance. Eventually towards the end of season 4, he became a Staff Sergeant. In season 4 episode 5, Alan demonstrated that he was the fastest runner for IPPT amongst the officers. Annabelle Francis Sergeant Sarah Chan 4 Jovial lady officer who transferred from ASP Kho's team (working on a Filipino maid's case) to CID in season 4 episode 1. Fell in love with Inspector Martin in season 4. Was able to run and swim very well. Sgt Kim's schoolmate. There was a lot of tension between her and Kim and she was very upset with Kim in the final episode of season 4 for killing Rudy. Robin Leong Inspector Sean Han 3, 4 Was from Seattle (hence the slang), where he was a "hot shot" in the Seattle police department before transferring over to CID. Always using his hands as actions. Rude, snobbish, arrogant and thinks too highly of himself just like Hebert de Souza, egoistic and competitive. Was described by Sergeant Sarah as "a player". Looks down on others, never agrees with anyone who is lower than him and thinks too highly of himself. Enjoys doing things without thinking other people feelings. Took it out on everyone after his argument with his father and got thrown out of the house. Rude towards Dr. Ooi, insulted her and didn’t agree with her. Rude, prejudiced against Mike and treated him as a murder suspect, threw him into the holding case without any orders from ASP Pang in the last case of season 3. Was very lucky to get away with only a warning letter for assaulting during interrogation. Didn’t like Inspector Mike very much, always against him, gets pissed off easily by Mike easily since end of season 3 and in season 4 and was very very worried that Inspector Mike will outshine him as the top Inspector of CID. Started off in the wrong foot with Sergeant Kim and always pisses her off throughout season 3 and 4 whenever they partner each other. Loke Loo Pin ASP Pang Sook Ching 1, 2, 3, 4 OC of Special Crimes, CID. Reporting officer of Mike, Elaine, Alan, Sarah and Sean. Stays alone at a HDB flat and appears single. Mark Richmond Inspector Herbert de Souza 3, 4 Rude and rash officer transferred from CNB. A brusque, scornful, anti-establishment loner and loose cannon. Enjoys agitating Sgt Alan Leong in seasons 3 and 4. Was abandoned by his mother when he was 7 years old (which explains his anger). Was dating psychiatrist Dr Ooi Su-Lyn. Unable to "lie" and wrote an adverse report for Sgt Alan even though he knew that the report would hinder his impending promotion. Chong Chia Suan Sergeant Yeo Lay Kim 3, 4 Was once a member of the girl gang 13 Roses. Transferred from Commercial Crimes to CID in season 3 episode 1. Was a strong competitor with Sergeant Sarah when they were both in school. Was attracted to Inspector Mike, although the love was not reciprocated. In the last episode of season 4, Kim was stabbed by an assailant on her way home after she shot a 18-year old boy. James Nord-Lim Dr Charles Soo 1, 2, 3, 4 Pathologist with a warped sense of humour working for the police. Good friend of ASP Pang. His wife was murdered. ===Guest cast=== Cast Role Season Appeared Description Jamie Lee Tracey Teo 2 Reporter who was Insp Mike's love interest. She was vying with Insp Elaine for Mike in season 2. Tracey eventually went to Hong Kong for work. Gary Lee Wei Inspector Martin Lim 4 CNB officer who was attached to CID for a drug-related case in season 4 episode 6. It was revealed in the middle of season 4 that he was actually part of a heroin syndicate. He grew disillusioned after receiving a warning letter for letting off a 13-year old opium peddler, and decided to turn his back on the police. Insp Martin and Sgt Sarah were dating. Eventually Martin was killed by Sarah near the end of season 4. Beatrice Chia Dr Ooi Su- Lyn 3, 4 Inspector Herbert's girl friend, and a forensic psychiatrist who tried to mend the estranged relationship between Herbert and his mother. Dr Ooi first appeared in season 3, episode 8, in which she was assigned by ASP Pang to assist Insp Han with the case of the Machritche murders. Sivaganesh DSP Chandran 2, 3 Snobbish, rude and arrogant officer who thinks too highly of himself. His brand-new Mercedes Benz was stolen in season 4 episode 3. He was extremely pissed off when questioned by Insp Herbert. Chandran is also ASP Pang's grumpy superior, and often storms into her office to complain about Herbert in season 4. G. P. Revi ASP Ganesh 1, 2 Ganesh was Insp Mike and Sgt Alan's reporting officer in season 1. He was fatally shot by a robber in the first episode of season 2 when he intervened in the robbery of a jewellery shop when off duty. Nazeem Ansari DSP Rajen 3 Rajen briefed ASP Pang about the maid's case in season 4 episode 1. Kavita Sidha Dr Jacintha Matthews 3 Dr Matthews is the "new" pathologist who appeared in season 3. Insp Sean dated her for a short while. Ghazali Safrain Cpl Halim 1, 2 Insp Elaine's partner in season 1 and 2. Amy Cheng Inspector Emily Cheng 3, 4 Investigation officer on Inspector Sean Han in season 3 and Sergeant Yeo in season 4. Turned down Inspector Sean Han who tried to court her. Tan Kheng Hua Chong Swee Chin 2 Sgt Alan's second wife whom he married in season 2 episode 21. ==Episodes== ===Season 1=== Originally aired in 1995 # Drink If You Dare # The Price of Blood # Silent Victims # Missing Children # Singthroat # Movie Madness # Ring Twice for Vice # Misfortune Teller # A Long Wait, A Slow Kill # Babies for Sale - Dead or Alive # Spellbound # Skin Deep # Hell for Elaine ===Season 2=== Originally aired from 15 October 1996. # Rest in Peace ASP Ganesh # Right Time to Die # Tough Choices # None so Blind # Terminal Death # A Time to Kill # Acid Justice # If Looks could Kill # Backfire # Till death do us part # All I want for Christmas # Resort to Murder # Silent Witness # Sins of the Father # Crazy for You # Recipe for Murder # Surf for a Kill # Death of a Lion # Death before Dishonour # It happened one hot day # Guns N' Roses # Dead Man's Hand ===Season 3 === Originally aired from 21 July 1998. # Pilot # Parental Guidance # Stab in the Dark # Face of Horror - Part 1 # Face of Horror - Part 2 # (Case of dismembered body of a loan shark) # Killer Instincts - Part 1 (Machritchie Reservoir murders) # Killer Instincts - Part 2 # Mind Games - Part 1 # Mind Games - Part 2 # Token Angel - Part 1 # Token Angel - Part 2 # -- # -- # Unreasonable Sacrifices - Part 1 # Unreasonable Sacrifices - Part 2 # With Friends Like These... - Part 1 # With Friends Like These... - Part 2 # Red Debts - Part 1 # Red Debts - Part 2 # -- # -- # Who Needs Enemies - Part 1 # Who Needs Enemies - Part 2 # -- # -- ===Season 4=== Originally aired in 1999. # Mike is back on the team. The team led by INSP Mike reopens an investigation into the case of a maid who confessed to throwing a 1-year old baby out of the window. Sgt Sarah got transferred to CID to Kim's unhappiness. # Sean partners Sarah in a ‘dog-man’ case, Mike and Kim go in search of an underwear thief, and Su Lyn tries to get Herbert to see his mother. # Sparks fly between Mike and Kim when they team up on a case together. Meanwhile, Sarah gets Herbert to loosen up as he, softening to Su Lyn's attempts to reconcile him with his family, finally makes contact with his brother. # The team investigates the murder of PC Chong, a constable at a NPP. Two suspects were the OC of the NPP, Staff Sergeant Heng, and a successful and well-liked RC Chairman Winston. Through a sting operation, the team discovered that Winston killed PC Chong because he witnessed his interaction with a gangster who was using Winston's shop for storing heroin. Mike and Herbert went undercover as police constables in this episode and Herbert had to cut his hair for the role. # Kim and Sarah investigate the death of a top school swimmer whose body was found at the beach. The episode reveals how upset and envious Kim was with Sarah because the later was always first in sports and school. In the IPPT test, Alan outran everyone to win the $50 "Pang Prize". # Mike and Kim investigate the murder of a rag and bone man. While working on a drug-related case, Sarah finds herself attracted to Inspector Seah, a narcotics officer # Mike and Kim try to nail a man who's been going around, threatening people with an HIV-tainted needle. Also, Mike finds out that Kim likes him but turns her down # Alan and Herbert investigate a case involving a teenage girl gang. Meanwhile, Sean sets into motion the undercover plan to infiltrate a drug syndicate and find out who the top dogs are # Mike and Sarah investigate a businessman's murder and discover that some foreign workers had been paid to kill him. Meanwhile, Sean helps Martin with some drug deals to win the latter's trust. # Herbert and Alan investigate the murder of a man who organises the Children Karaoke Competition. A dismayed Alan learns that he's not being promoted. # Sean is told to kill an informer, which he does so as to gain respect from the gang. But it's also the start of his emotional downfall. # Sean has nightmares after killing an informer and, in his desperation, turns to drugs. Mike suspects something is wrong with Sean. Meanwhile, Kim and Alan draw closer to each other. # Mike investigates a murder where the abused wife is suspected of killing her husband. Sean manages to crack the syndicate and discovers that the corrupt officer turns out to be Inspector Lee. Meanwhile, Kim invites Alan out for a date. # Alan confides his disappointment at being passed over for a promotion to Kim, who thus feels closer to him. Mike takes Sarah out so as to help her get over Sean's betrayal. Meanwhile, Sean gets addicted to drugs. # While investigating a case with Alan, Sean loses control of himself and his drug problem is exposed. Meanwhile, Helen tries to court Mike who turns her down. # Sean goes on cold turkey and Kim helps him get over his addiction. Meanwhile, a spurned Helen threatens Mike. # Alan and Mike investigate a case where a series of women are being killed. Meanwhile, a spurned Helen freaks out and Mike tries to contain her, but to no anvil. Later, she goes missing. # Mike and Sarah investigate the case of a dead abandoned baby. Meanwhile, Sean suffers a relapse and starts drinking again. # Mike and Sarah investigate the murder of a man who was found strangled in the restroom of a rundown hotel. Sean seeks help from Alcoholics Anonymous. # Mike and Sarah investigate a series of brutal murders of young women. Eventually they uncover a con operation that lures women with fengshui and black magic. # Margaret (Herbert's mother) drives into a boy who bullies her son Eric (Herbert's younger brother) and gets remanded for investigation. Herbert conciliates with Margaret who abandoned him when he was a kid. Love starts to blossom between Mike and Sarah, as well as between Sean and Kim. # A teenager holds a woman hostage in a supermarket. When Kim fails to talk him into releasing his victim, she shoots him dead. A police inquiry into the matter eventually lets Kim off the hook, but she's stabbed by an assailant on her way home. ==References== ==External links== *Official Site (Archive) *Andy Logam- Tan (Writer) *Triple Nine Bio Category:Singaporean crime television series Category:1995 Singaporean television series debuts Category:1999 Singaporean television series endings Category:Channel 5 (Singapore) original programming

['English language', 'Television Corporation of Singapore', 'James Lye', 'Wong Li Lin']

['Q1860', 'Q1368796', 'Q6138309', 'Q8031999']

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Orenburg Airlines or JSC Orenair (With the official name of Federal State Unitary Enterprise – .The B.737s bear the title “Orenair”, while the Tu-134s and Tu-154s carry either “Orenburg Airlines” or “Orenair”, as seen in the pictures on Airliners website and other sources.) was a Russian airline with its head office on the property of Orenburg Tsentralny Airport in Orenburg."Contacts" . Orenair. Retrieved on 16 November 2012. JSC "ORENAIR" Airport, Orenburg district, Orenburg region, 460049, Russian Federation. "460049, Оренбургская область, Оренбургский район, Аэропорт" It operated domestic passenger services and inclusive tour charters, as well as aerial work and special flights. Its main base was Orenburg Tsentralny Airport and it had hubs at Domodedovo and Simferopol International Airport. == History == The airline was formed from the Aeroflot Orenburg Division, which was established in 1932. In 1992, it began to operate under the name Orenair. It was the first Russian domestic airline to introduce the hub system of connecting flights in Orenburg, providing a full service for transfer passengers, and was the first Russian domestic airline to introduce through air fares. In 2010, Orenair was acquired by Aeroflot and was likely to engage in fleet modernization as a result of the merger. Orenair recently acquired Air Austral's B777-200ER F-ORUN, which Air Austral had been trying to sell for a year. In April 2016, Aeroflot planned to merge Orenair and Donavia into Rossiya to form one larger airline based in Saint-Petersburg, Moscow and Rostov-On-Don. The former Orenair fleet will carry the Rossiya livery. On 26 May 2016, the airline's air operator's certificate was revoked after integration into Rossiya. == Fleet == === Fleet at time of merger === In April 2016, the entire Orenair fleet was assigned to Rossiya. The remaining Orenair fleet consisted of the following aircraft (as of December 2016 the remaining 777 was at Phoenix Goodyear Airport):Orenair official page d Jan. 01, 2015 Orenair fleet Aircraft In fleet Orders Passengers Notes C Y+ Y Total Boeing 777-200ER 1 -- 14 34 316 364 Stored at PUJ, to be transferred to Rossiya Total 1 === Previously operated === As of August 2006 the airline also operated:Flight International, 3–9 October 2006. *1 Yakovlev Yak-40 *8 Tupolev Tu-134 *4 Tupolev Tu-154B *1 Tupolev Tu-154M *4 Tupolev Tu-204-100 *2 Boeing 737-500 ==Incidents== *On 10 February 2016, Orenair Flight 554 departing from Punta Cana International Airport to Domodedovo International Airport experienced an engine failure, which caused fire and smoke in the cabin. The aircraft returned to Punta Cana, without fatalities or injuries. == References == == External links == *Official website Category:Defunct airlines of Russia Category:Former Aeroflot divisions Category:Airlines established in 1992 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2016 Category:1992 establishments in Russia Category:2016 disestablishments in Russia Category:Companies based in Orenburg Oblast *[C]: Business class *[Y+]: Economy comfort class *[Y]: Economy class

['Aeroflot', 'Orenburg', 'Russia', 'Orenburg Tsentralny Airport', 'Domodedovo International Airport', 'Simferopol International Airport', 'Flight International', 'Air Austral', 'Donavia', 'Boeing 777-200ER', 'Yakovlev Yak-40', 'Tupolev Tu-134', 'Tupolev Tu-154B', 'Tupolev Tu-204', 'Punta Cana International Airport']

['Q58707', 'Q5337', 'Q159', 'Q1834135', 'Q186614', 'Q1432871', 'Q1428742', 'Q406847', 'Q135214', 'Q6425', 'Q505663', 'Q159067', 'Q172957', 'Q466590', 'Q1352042']

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Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 is an English tort law case on economic loss in English tort law resulting from a negligent misstatement. Prior to the decision, the notion that a party may owe another a duty of care for statements made in reliance had been rejected,See Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB 164 with the only remedy for such losses being in contract law.Elliott, Quinn, p. 25 The House of Lords overruled the previous position, in recognising liability for pure economic loss not arising from a contractual relationship, applying to commercial negligence the principle of "assumption of responsibility".See R v Instan for how this had already been applied to the law of gross negligence manslaughter, by neglect in a domestic setting ==Facts== Hedley Byrne were a firm of advertising agents. A customer, Easipower Ltd, put in a large order. Hedley Byrne wanted to check their financial position, and creditworthiness, and so asked their bank, to get a report from Easipower’s bank, Heller & Partners Ltd., who replied in a letter that was headed, > "without responsibility on the part of this bank" ...Easipower is, > "considered good for its ordinary business engagements". The letter was sent for free. Easipower soon went into liquidation, and Hedley Byrne lost £17,000 (equivalent too 470,000 in 2023) on contracts. Hedley Byrne sued Heller & Partners for negligence, claiming that the information was given negligently and was misleading. Heller & Partners argued: *Lack of a direct nexus, also known as proximity in negligence law (nor an assumption of responsibility of a type established in law) of duty of care. If so, this would mean none was owed regarding the statements. *Liability was excluded; the header disclaimer used would make it unreasonable to rely on the bank reference/solvency statement, even if the law recognised some degree of duty of care owed. ==Judgment== The court found: *the relationship between the parties was "sufficiently proximate" as to create a duty of care. It was reasonable for them to have known that the information that they had given would likely have been relied upon for entering into a contract of some sort. That would give rise, the court said, to a "special relationship", in which the defendant would have to take sufficient care in giving advice to avoid negligence liability. The relationship was that the plaintiff trusted the defendant with the information and therefore the defendant ought to have been honest *however, on the facts, the disclaimer was sufficient to discharge any duty created by Heller's actions. There were no orders for damages, because,at p.533 Lord Morris of Borth-y-Gest wrote,at pp. 502-4 Effectively, the House of Lords had chosen to approve the dissenting judgment of Lord Justice Denning in Candler v Crane, Christmas & Co [1951] 2 KB 164. ==Application== ;General rules and considerations *Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co [1970] AC 1004, Lord Reid remarked, > In later years there has been a steady trend towards regarding the law of > negligence as depending on principle so that, when a new point emerges, one > should ask not whether it is covered by authority but whether recognised > principles apply to it. Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 may be regarded > as a milestone, and the well-known passage in Lord Atkin's speech should I > think be regarded as a statement of principle. It is not to be treated as if > it were a statutory definition. It will require qualification in new > circumstances. But I think that the time has come when we can and should say > that it ought to apply unless there is some justification or valid > explanation for its exclusion. For example, causing economic loss is a > different matter: for one thing it is often caused by deliberate action. > Competition involves traders being entitled to damage their rivals' > interests by promoting their own, and there is a long chapter of the law > determining in what circumstances owners of land can and in what > circumstances they may not use their proprietary rights so as to injure > their neighbours. But where negligence is involved the tendency has been to > apply principles analogous to those stated by Lord Atkin ([as in] Hedley > Byrne v. Heller [1964] A.C. 465). ;Business to end-user consumer relations *Smith v Eric S Bush [1989] 1 AC 831; The defendants were surveyors for a mortgagee. They performed a survey of the house, declaring it to need no significant repair. Relying on the survey, the house was conveyed to a purchaser. The chimney stack in the house fell down, and the purchaser sued for the negligent statement. It was held that even though the defendants had issued a liability waiver, it could not stand up to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977's test of reasonableness. More importantly, however, the court held that it was fair, just and reasonable for the purchaser of a modest house to rely on the surveyors' evaluation, as it was such common practice. Thus, the court extended Hedley Byrne liability to highly proximate third-party consumers. *White v Jones [1995] 2 AC 207; In this case, which was carried by only a 3:2 majority in the highest court, a solicitor was told to draw up a new will, splitting the testator's estate between the two plaintiffs, his daughters. He negligently failed to do this by the time of the testator's death, and the estate passed in accordance with the testator's wishes expressed in a previous will. The daughters sued the solicitor in negligence. It was held that the solicitor had assumed a special relationship towards them, creating a duty of care which he had carried out negligently, and therefore had to indemnify them for their loss. In such normal practices of reliance, in the consumer setting, the court extends Hedley Byrne liability and overrides many disclaimers. ;Share agency liability (to shareholders) *Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1995] 2 AC 145; This case concerned the near collapse of Lloyd's of London when hurricanes in United States devastated its property holdings. It called upon its "Names" (the shareholders) to indemnify them for its losses. The Names sued the shareholding company for mismanagement and negligence. The Names had directly bought shares or, crucially, did so through a third-party agent. It was held that Merrett Syndicates was liable to both types of shareholders, as there was enough foreseeability to extend pure economic loss liability to "un-proximate" third parties. The major significance here was, however, the allowance of claims in both contract and tort, which blurred the divide between the two. Some of the first party Names claimed in tort to overcome the three-year limit in which an action must be taken in contract. In allowing such an action, the House of Lords expressly overruled Lord Scarman's ruling in Tai Hing Cotton Mill Ltd v Liu Chong Hing Bank Ltd [1986], in which it was held that: "there is nothing advantageous to the law's development in searching for a liability in tort where the parties are in a contractual relationship." The allowance of concurrent actions was immensely controversial, as it ran contrary to legal orthodoxy. ;Usual company auditor to takeover bidder relations (no liability) *Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605. An auditor (Dickman) negligently approved an overstated account of a company's profitability. A takeover bidder (Caparo) relied on these statements and pursued its takeover on the basis that the company's finances were sound. Once it had spent its money acquiring the company's shares, and company control, it found that the finances were in poorer shape than it had been led to believe. Caparo sued the auditor for negligence. The House of Lords however held that there was no duty of care between an auditor and a third party pursuing a takeover bid. The auditor had done the audit for the company, not the bidder. The bidder could have paid for and done its own audit. Thus there was neither a relationship of "proximity" nor was it "fair, just and reasonable" to make the auditor liable for the lost sums of money that the takeover incurred. ==See also== *Negligence *Misrepresentation *English tort law == Notes == ==References== ==Bibliography== * ==External links== * Full text of House of Lords decision: Oxford BAILII.org Category:English tort case law Category:House of Lords cases Category:1963 in British law Category:1963 in case law

['House of Lords', 'English tort law', 'R v Instan', 'Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co', 'Donoghue v Stevenson', 'Lord Atkin', 'Smith v Eric S Bush', 'Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977', 'White v Jones', 'Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd', "Lloyd's of London", 'Lord Scarman', 'Caparo Industries plc v Dickman', 'Negligence', 'Misrepresentation']

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William Franklin Finley (September 20, 1940 - April 14, 2012) was an American actor who appeared in the films Simon, Silent Rage, Phantom of the Paradise, Sisters and The Wedding Party. Finley had a long-running friendship and collaboration with director Brian De Palma, beginning with the student films Woton's Wake (1962), The Wedding Party (1966) and Murder à la Mod (1968). He also had roles in three films by Tobe Hooper: Eaten Alive, The Funhouse and Night Terrors. Under the name W. Franklin Finley, he wrote the screenplay for the film The First Time (1983). He was also the co-author of the book Racewalking (1985). ==Personal life== Finley graduated from Columbia University in 1963. He married Susan Weiser in 1975; the couple had one son, Dashiell. The family resided in New York City. === Death === Finley was diagnosed with an inflamed colon on April 6, 2012. He underwent surgery three days after his admission. He appeared to be doing well after the surgery, but on the morning of April 14, 2012, Finley died aged 71 in New York City. == Filmography == Year Title Role Notes 1962 Woton's Wake Woton short 1968 Murder à la Mod Otto 1969 The Wedding Party Alistair filmed in 1963 1970 Dionysus in '69 Dionysus 1973 Sisters Dr. Emil Breton credited as Bill Finley 1974 Phantom of the Paradise Winslow Leach / The Phantom 1976 Obsession 1977 Eaten Alive Roy 1978 The Fury Raymond Dunwoodie 1979 Wise Blood Man uncredited 1980 Simon Fichandler 1980 Dressed to Kill Bobbi voice, uncredited 1981 The Funhouse Marco the Magnificent 1982 Silent Rage Dr. Paul Vaughn 1984 Terror in the Aisles The Phantom archive footage 1985 Double Negative Milt short, credited as Bill Finley 1993 Night Terrors Dr. Matteson 2006 The Black Dahlia George Tilden credited as Bill Finley, final film role ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * * Category:1940 births Category:2012 deaths Category:20th-century American male actors Category:21st-century American male actors Category:Male actors from New York City Category:American male film actors Category:American male television actors Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Sarah Lawrence College alumni

['Columbia University', 'Silent Rage', 'Phantom of the Paradise', 'Brian De Palma', 'Tobe Hooper', 'Eaten Alive', 'The Funhouse', "Dionysus in '69", 'Terror in the Aisles']

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Drugs and prostitution have been documented to have a direct correlation. Drug use tended to predate prostitution among low-level prostitutes with the connection most likely due to economic necessity. Low-level prostitutes tended to use depressants, specifically heroin, as the drug of choice. High-class prostitution showed that prostitution predates drug use with stimulants being the drug of choice. A 1994 study among South London prostitutes showed links between sexual behavior, severity of dependence, and use of heroin, alcohol, and (to a lesser extent) cocaine. ==Substance use== In the case of street prostitutes, estimates reveal that between 40 and 80 percent of all street prostitutes use substances. A study conducted by the National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse in the UK, has suggested that as 90% of women that are involved with street prostitution in the UK are heroin or crack cocaine users. However, organisations such as the English Collective of Prostitutes argue that such a figure is "unreliable as a national statistic", claiming that it originated "from a 2004 study of 71 women, contacted through an outreach project in Bristol [...] who were particularly vulnerable",Ibid. and that there "are no reliable recent national figures of drug use among sex workers"Ibid. in the UK. Prostitutes who reported a problem with drug use had begun the use of hard drugs at an earlier age (16.2 years old). Because of these early experiences with drugs, these people often begin sex work early in their lives. The average age for people who engage in sex work with substance use was five months younger than those who have had no problem with drugs (19 years and 2 months old, instead of 19 years 7 months old). Drug use is also linked with outdoor cruising, which involves cruising around a street looking for clients, and independent drifting which means prostitution from personal phones or crack houses. 80% of these workers, who work in this sector, reported problems with substance use, in comparison to the 13%, who work in an indoor-associated escort-type agency, such as a sauna, massage parlor, flat or Escort agency. According to a survey conducted by the Center for Problem- Orientated Policing, of the sex workers over 25 who had experience with drug use, more than 70% have taken cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, crack cocaine and heroin. Furthermore, for sex workers at 16 to 19 years of age who have taken drugs, over 70% of them have experienced cannabis, cocaine, and crack cocaine. Prostitutes also use mind-altering drugs such as alcohol, PCP, and LSD; in addition to psychoactive drugs such as diazepam and Pethidine. Researchers have found the choice of drug to be important to the prostitute in serving real or perceived functions. In the case of heroin, it may be used to adjust to a life which they resent, as it increases peoples ability to withstand emotional and physical stress. Cocaine and other stimulants have also been reported to increase the confidence of streetwalkers' ability to talk to strangers, and allow for these sex workers to maintain their energy levels. Moreover, New York call-girls consume alcohol as means of protecting themselves from insults, both physically and emotionally. In addition, certain drugs, such as MDMA, are known to increase their effects on sex. Someone who wishes to enhance their sexual experience may turn to drugs in order to increase endurance, intensify sensations, and prolong the encounter. At the street level, pimps often use drugs to exert control over prostitutes. Many pimps are also drug dealers and attract and lure women with free drugs and the promise of a high-rolling lifestyle. Pimps intend on getting these women addicted to drugs, and often target those who are at increased risk of addiction. Women targeted in this way may have financial or emotional problems, come from dysfunctional families, or have a drug addiction already. Once addicted, they will continue seeking drugs from the pimp, who will then inform the girl that he cannot continue financing their addiction without compensation. Because of the addiction, a person will try to find ways in which to finance and satisfy their dependence, and in many cases their dependence impairs their judgments, making these people more susceptible to becoming sex workers, and thus that addiction keeps them enslaved to the industry. Moreover, although some sex workers begin work as a result of their addictions, some people turn to prostitution after drug addictions have ruined their lives, and left them with very few alternatives to support themselves otherwise. ==Factors associated with vulnerability== In a survey conducted and responded by male prostitutes, younger males performing sex work while using street drugs with a client are at the greatest risk of being attacked. The use of drugs among prostitutes is very high. A study was conducted with 200 street prostitutes to determine when prostitutes first get involved with drugs. The results showed that 55% of the subjects reported becoming addicted to drugs before they became prostitutes, 30% reported becoming addicted after becoming a prostitute, and 15% became addicted at the same time they became a prostitute. The study also revealed that the women's families often had alcohol and substance use throughout their lives. Substance use can lead someone towards prostitution and prostitution can lead someone to substance use. Prostitutes use many different drugs to help them deal with their problems. Marijuana is used to help relax, heroin is used to help increase emotional and physical stress tolerances, and cocaine and other stimulants are used to increase energy and confidence, so they are able to bring in more clients. When prostitutes use drugs, they often become addicted and have to continue prostituting to continue funding their addiction. There are some common factors between prostitutes who are involved with drug use. If they frequently have unprotected sex, if they are HIV/AIDS positive or have any other sexually acquired infections, if they have any mental health issues or have recently undergone mental health treatment if they are homeless, or if they suffered physical and sexual abuse in adulthood they are much more likely to develop a substance use disorder. Drug users with multiple mental problems have higher rates of sharing injection needles with other people, lower rates of using condoms, having sex with multiple partners, sex trading, and having sex with an injecting drug user. Depression is also associated with drug use and prostitution. There are also trapping factors: injecting any kind of substance into their body, using hard drugs such as crack cocaine or methamphetamine, taking part in sex work while underage, working outdoors or in multiple areas, and having any convictions. These factors "trap" a person into the life they are in, especially if multiple of the factors affect them, making it much harder for them to escape their situation. The people most vulnerable to prostitution are those that have experienced these factors. ==The way behavioral therapies are used== Behavioral therapies help patients change their initial attitudes and behaviors that are related to drug use. For example, patients should be aware of the severe consequences of drugs after the therapies. In addition, a successful behavioral therapy should also help patients build up a set of healthy habits and lifestyles, as guiding and educating them is also an essential component of behavioral therapy. What's more, for an effective behavioral treatment, it is important to pair it with proper medication. As behavioral treatment mainly cures the patients mentally, while medication cures the patients physically. They are dependent on each other and should be used towards the patients simultaneously. ==Some principles of effective treatment== * As situations may differ significantly, there is no panacea that can cure every disease, including mental disorder. * Treatment must be able to be easily and quickly accessed as emergent situations do occur under drug use. * Effective treatment should address all of the patient's needs. * Treatment should be consistent. * The combination of medication and behavioral therapy (counseling) works efficiently. * Treatment plans must be reviewed often and modified to fit the patient's changing needs. * Treatment should take all possible mental disorders into account. * Drug use must be monitored and prohibited continuously throughout the treatment in order to be effective. ==Risk factors== People of any age, sex, or economic status can become addicted to a drug. However, certain factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing an addiction: * Family history: If a person has a closely related family member that consumes drugs, it is more likely for them to also consume drugs. * Being male: In cases of both substance use and prostitution, the ratio of male addicts is much higher than females. * Having another mental health disorder: Other mental health disorders such as depression or post-traumatic stress disorder can increase the probability of drug use of a person. * Peer pressure: Especially for teenagers and young adults, peer pressure is a prominent factor that may cause drug use. * Anxiety, depression, and loneliness: These feelings may increase the likelihood of drug use and prostitution. Many drug users presume that using drugs is a good method to release their pressure and get rid of depressing feelings, while the consequence is actually completely the opposite, which is making their feelings even worse. ==See also== * Alcohol use disorder * Date rape drug * Dependence (behavioral medicine) * Drug addiction * Drug-related crime * Pimp * Prenatal cocaine exposure * Prostitution * Sex and drugs * Sexually transmitted infection ==References== ==Further reading== * * * * * * Category:Prostitution Category:Substance-related disorders

['National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse', 'English Collective of Prostitutes', 'Escort agency', 'Pethidine', 'MDMA', 'HIV/AIDS', 'Alcohol use disorder', 'Date rape drug', 'Drug addiction', 'Drug-related crime', 'Pimp', 'Prenatal cocaine exposure', 'Prostitution', 'Sex and drugs', 'Sexually transmitted infection']

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Phantom of the Paradise is a 1974 American rock musical comedy horror film written and directed by Brian De Palma and scored by and starring Paul Williams. A naïve young singer-songwriter (William Finley) is tricked by legendary but unscrupulous music producer Swan (Williams) into sacrificing his life's work. In revenge, the composer dons a menacing new persona and proceeds to terrorize Swan's new concert hall, insisting his music be performed by his most adored singer, Phoenix (Jessica Harper). The plot loosely adapts several classic works: the 16th century Faust legend, the 1890 Oscar Wilde novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, and the 1910 Gaston Leroux novel The Phantom of the Opera. The film was a box office failure and received mixed-to-negative reviews contemporaneously, while earning praise for its music and receiving Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations. However, over the years, the film has received much more positive reviews and has become a cult film. ==Plot== Singer-songwriter Winslow Leach is heard by acclaimed record producer Swan as Winslow plays an original composition following a set run through by the 1950s-style nostalgia band the Juicy Fruits, whom Swan produces. Swan believes Winslow's music is perfect to open The Paradise — Swan's highly anticipated new concert hall — and has his right-hand man Arnold Philbin steal it, under the guise of producing Winslow. One month later, Winslow goes to Swan's Death Records to follow up about his music but is thrown out. He sneaks into Swan's private mansion and observes several women rehearsing his music for an audition. One is Phoenix, an aspiring singer whom Winslow deems perfect for his music. Winslow realizes Swan's plan to open the Paradise with his music after he is thrown out again. In response, he disguises himself as a woman to sneak in and try to speak to Swan. Swan has Winslow beaten and framed for drug dealing. Winslow is given a life sentence in Sing Sing prison and his teeth are extracted and replaced with metal ones as part of an experimental prisoner program to decrease infection amongst inmates, funded by the Swan Foundation. Six months later, Winslow hears that the Juicy Fruits have made an anticipated hit record of his music with Swan's backing. After a breakdown, he escapes prison in a delivery box and breaks into the Death Records building. A guard startles Winslow as he is destroying the records and presses, causing him to slip and fall face first into a record press, which crushes and burns the right half of his face, also destroying his vocal cords. He barely manages to escape the studio, falling into the East River as the police arrive. A disoriented, and now deformed, Winslow sneaks into The Paradise's costume department and dons a long, black cape and a silver, owl-like mask, becoming the Phantom of the Paradise. He terrorizes Swan and his musicians and nearly kills the Beach Bums (formerly the Juicy Fruits, who have traded doo-wop for surf music) with a bomb while they are playing a heavily reworked version of Winslow's own Faust song. The Phantom confronts Swan, who recognizes him as Winslow and offers the composer a chance to have his music produced his way. In a specially built recording studio, Swan provides the Phantom with an electronic voice-box, enabling him to speak and sing. Swan asks Winslow to rewrite his cantata with Phoenix in mind for the lead. Although Winslow agrees and signs a contract in blood, Swan breaks the deal by telling Philbin that he resents Phoenix's perfection for the role. The Phantom completes Faust, but Swan replaces Phoenix with a pill-popping male glam rock prima donna named Beef in the lead of Winslow's Faust and relegates Phoenix to backup. Swan steals the completed cantata and seals the Phantom inside the recording studio with a brick wall. Winslow escapes and confronts Beef, in a comic allusion to the shower scene in Psycho, and threatens to kill him if he performs. Beef tries to flee, but is forced by Philbin to stay and play with the band the Undeads (the Juicy Fruits/Beach Bums rebranded again as a glam/goth act) who now all resemble Cesare the Somnambulist from The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. As Beef performs, the Phantom, hidden in the rafters, strikes and electrocutes Beef with a stage prop. Horrified, Philbin orders Phoenix onstage and she is an immediate sensation. Swan seduces Phoenix in her dressing room after the show with promises of stardom. As she leaves, she is spirited away by the Phantom to the roof. The Phantom tells Phoenix his true identity and implores her to leave The Paradise so Swan won't destroy her too. But Phoenix does not recognize or believe him and flees. At Swan's mansion, the Phantom observes Swan and Phoenix in a tight embrace. Heartbroken, he stabs himself through the heart with a bowie knife. However, Swan tells the Phantom that he cannot die until Swan himself has died. The Phantom attempts to stab Swan, but Swan is unharmed. Looking down at Winslow, Swan tells him, "I'm under contract, too." Rolling Stone announces the wedding between Swan and Phoenix during Fausts finale. The Phantom learns that Swan made a pact with the Devil in 1953: Swan will remain youthful forever unless the videotaped recording of his contract is destroyed, and photos age and fester in his place. The tape reveals footage of Winslow signing his contract with Swan and a new one Swan made with Phoenix. On a live television camera, the Phantom realizes Swan is planning to have Phoenix assassinated during the ceremony. He destroys all the recordings and heads off to the wedding. During the wedding, an extravaganza with dancing women dressed as black birds (alluding to Swan Lake), the Phantom stops the assassin from hitting Phoenix; the Pope-costumed Philbin is shot and killed instead. The Phantom swings onto the stage and rips off Swan's mask, exposing him as a decaying monster on live television. A crazed Swan attempts to strangle Phoenix but the Phantom intervenes and stabs him repeatedly. In doing so, the Phantom's own stab wound reopens and he starts bleeding. As he is dying, Swan is carried around by the audience, who join in the mania, stabbing him. The dying Winslow removes his mask to reveal his own face and holds out a hand to Phoenix. Swan dies, allowing Winslow to die of his own wound. As Winslow succumbs, Phoenix finally recognizes him as the kind man she met at Swan's mansion and embraces him as he dies. ==Cast== * William Finley as Winslow Leach / The Phantom * Paul Williams as Swan / The Phantom's singing voice * Jessica Harper as Phoenix * Gerrit Graham as Beef * Raymond Louis Kennedy as Beef's singing voice * George Memmoli as Arnold Philbin (named in tribute to Mary Philbin who starred as Christine in the 1925 film version of Phantom of the Opera) * Archie Hahn, Jeffrey Comanor, and Peter Elbling (credited as Harold Oblong) as The Juicy Fruits / The Beach Bums / The Undead * Rod Serling (uncredited) as Introductory voice * Janus Blythe as Groupie * Mary Margaret Amato as Swan's Groupie *Cheryl Smith as Groupie ==Musical numbers== The film's soundtrack album features all songs excluding "Never Thought I'd Get to Meet the Devil" and "Faust" (1st Reprise). All words and music are by Paul Williams. # "Goodbye, Eddie, Goodbye" – The Juicy Fruits # "Faust" – Winslow # "Never Thought I'd Get to Meet the Devil" – Winslow # "Faust" (1st Reprise) – Winslow, Phoenix # "Upholstery" – The Beach Bums # "Special to Me" – Phoenix # "Faust" (2nd Reprise) – The Phantom # "The Phantom's Theme (Beauty and the Beast)" – The Phantom # "Somebody Super Like You" (Beef construction song) – The Undead # "Life at Last" – Beef # "Old Souls" – Phoenix # "The Hell of It" (plays over end credits) – Swan ===Charts=== Chart (1975) Position Australia (Kent Music Report) 94 ==Production== The record press in which William Finley's character was disfigured was a real injection-molding press at Pressman Toys. He was worried about whether the machine would be safe, and the crew assured that it was. The press was fitted with foam pads (which resemble the casting molds in the press), and there were chocks put in the center to stop it from closing completely. Unfortunately, the machine was powerful enough to crush the chocks and it gradually kept closing. Finley was pulled out in time to avoid injury. The electronic room in which Winslow composes his cantata, and where Swan restores his voice, is in fact the real-life recording studio The Record Plant. The walls covered with knobs are in reality an oversize custom-built electronic synthesizer dubbed TONTO, which still exists to this day. The City Center concert hall in New York City provided the exterior for The Paradise; interior concert scenes were filmed at the Majestic Theater in Dallas, Texas. The extras in the audience had responded to an open cattle call for locals interested in being in the film. Sissy Spacek was the film's set dresser, assisting Jack Fisk, the film's production designer, whom she would later marry. She later starred in De Palma's Carrie in 1976. A novelization of the film was written by Bjarne Rostaing. Apparently based on an early draft of the screenplay, the novel excludes the supernatural angle of the film. The film was financed independently. Producer Pressman then screened the movie to studios and sold it to the highest bidder, 20th Century Fox, for $2 million plus a percentage.'Phantom' Sold to Highest Bidder: Fox Kilday, Gregg. Los Angeles Times 20 July 1974: a7. As originally filmed, the name of Swan's media conglomerate "Swan Song Enterprises" had to be deleted from the film prior to release due to the existence of Led Zeppelin's label Swan Song Records. Although most references were removed, "Swan Song" remains visible in several scenes. ==Release== Phantom of the Paradise opened at the National theater in Los Angeles on October 31, 1974, and grossed $18,455 in its first weekend, increasing its gross the following weekend with $19,506, with a total gross of $53,000 in two weeks. In two months, Variety tracked it grossing $250,000 from the major markets it covered. The film was successful during its theatrical release in Winnipeg, Manitoba, where it opened on Boxing Day 1974 and played continuously in local cinemas over four months and over one year non- continuously until 1976.Carlson, Doug. "Why Winnipeg?". p. 4. Retrieved August 13, 2012. The soundtrack album sold 20,000 copies in Winnipeg alone, and was certified Gold in Canada.Carlson, Doug. "Why Winnipeg? The 1975 Phantom Phenomenon" www.phantomoftheparadise.ca. p. 1. Retrieved August 13, 2012. The film played occasionally in Winnipeg theaters in the 1990s and at the Winnipeg IMAX theater in 2000, drawing a "dedicated audience". Williams performed the song "The Hell of It" on a 1977 episode of The Brady Bunch Hour, and also performed it in The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew Meet Dracula the same year. ==Critical reception== Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the film attempted to parody "Faust, The Phantom of the Opera, The Picture of Dorian Gray, rock music, the rock music industry, rock music movies and horror movies. The problem is that since all of these things, with the possible exception of Faust (and I'm not really sure about Faust), already contain elements of self-parody, there isn't much that the outside parodist can do to make the parody seem funnier or more absurd than the originals already are."Canby, Vincent (November 2, 1974). "Film: Brian De Palma's 'Phantom of the Paradise'". The New York Times. 16. Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars out of four, writing that "what's up on the screen is childish; it has meaning only because it points to something else. To put it another way, joking about the rock music scene is treacherous, because the rock music scene itself is a joke." Variety called the film "a very good horror comedy-drama" with "excellent" camera work, and stated that all the principal actors "come across extremely well." Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called the film "delightfully outrageous," adding that De Palma's sense of humor "is often as sophomoric as that which he is ostensibly spoofing. Fortunately, this tendency diminishes as Phantom of the Paradise progresses, with the film and the Faustian rock opera within it gradually converging and finally fusing in a truly stunning and ingenious finale." Pauline Kael of The New Yorker was positive, stating, "Though you may anticipate a plot turn, it's impossible to guess what the next scene will look like or what its rhythm will be. De Palma's timing is sometimes wantonly unpredictable and dampening, but mostly it has a lift to it. You practically get a kinetic charge from the breakneck wit he put into 'Phantom;' it isn't just that the picture has vitality but that one can feel the tremendous kick the director got out of making it." Richard Combs of The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, "Too broad in its effects and too bloated in style to cut very deeply as a parody of The Phantom of the Opera, Brian De Palma's rock horror movie is closer to the anything goes mode of a Mad magazine lampoon ... Phantom of the Paradise nevertheless offers fair competition to and comes on much like Tommy." On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a score of 81% based on 63 reviews, with an average grade of 7.2 out of 10 and the consensus: "Brian De Palma's subversive streak is on full display in Phantom of the Paradise, an ebullient rock opera that rhapsodizes creativity when it isn't seething with disdain for the music industry." ==Home media== On September 4, 2001, Phantom of the Paradise was made available on DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. The film was given a Blu-ray release on August 4, 2014, by Shout! Factory under the Scream Factory label. This edition features an audio commentary, interviews, alternate takes, the original "Swan Song" footage, and original trailers, and television and radio spots. ==Awards== The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Original Song Score and Adaptation Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. "'Phantom of the Paradise' Song Score by Paul Williams; Adaptation Score by Paul Williams and George Aliceson Tipton". Retrieved August 13, 2012. and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score – Motion Picture. ==Legacy== A fan-organized festival, dubbed Phantompalooza, was held in 2005 in Winnipeg, where the fanbase took particularly strong root.Carlson, Doug. "Why Winnipeg?". Retrieved April 26, 2012. That event featured appearances by Gerrit Graham and William Finley, in the same Winnipeg theatre where the film had its original run in 1975. A second Phantompalooza was staged April 28, 2006, reuniting many of the surviving cast members and featuring a concert by Paul Williams. A successful concert production of the show, adapted by Weasel War Dance Productions, premiered March 12, 2018, at The Secret Loft in New York City. Musician Sébastien Tellier wrote about his song "Divine" on his album Sexuality: "This is my tribute to the Beach Boys and the Juicy Fruits (from the 1974 musical Phantom of the Paradise). It's about a time of innocence – when having fun was more important than picking up girls. I visualise a bunch of kids having fun on the beach and I'd really love to play with them." According to a Guardian interview with Daft Punk, "Hundreds of bands may tout cinematic references, yet few have them as hard- wired as Daft Punk. Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo and Thomas Bangalter met two decades ago this year, at the perfect cinema-going ages of 13 and 12 ... the one movie which they saw together more than 20 times was Phantom of the Paradise, Brian De Palma's 1974 rock musical, based loosely around Phantom of the Opera (both this and Electroma feature 'a hero with a black leather outfit and a helmet')." Numerous Japanese artists and authors have designed characters that heavily resemble The Phantom. Some notable examples include Hirohiko Araki's Purple Haze, Kentaro Miura's Femto, Kazuma Kaneko's design for Illuyanka in the Shin Megami Tensei franchise and Digimon's Apocalymon and Beelzemon. The electrocution scene in Romeo's Distress was created in tribute to Beef's death on stage. ==See also== * List of American films of 1974 ==References== ==External links== * * * * * Detailed article: Why Winnipeg? The 1975 Phantom Phenomenon Category:1974 films Category:1974 independent films Category:1974 musical films Category:1970s American films Category:1974 comedy horror films Category:1970s English-language films Category:1970s monster movies Category:1970s musical comedy films Category:1970s satirical films Category:20th Century Fox films Category:American comedy horror films Category:American independent films Category:American monster movies Category:American musical comedy films Category:American rock musicals Category:American satirical films Category:English-language comedy horror films Category:English-language musical comedy films Category:Films about composers Category:Films based on multiple works Category:Films based on The Phantom of the Opera Category:Films based on The Picture of Dorian Gray Category:Films directed by Brian De Palma Category:Films set in 1974 Category:Films set in a theatre Category:Films set in New York (state) Category:Films shot in Texas Category:Parodies of horror Category:Works based on the Faust legend

['Brian De Palma', 'George Memmoli', 'Peter Elbling', 'Gerrit Graham', 'Jessica Harper', '20th Century Fox', 'Faust', 'Oscar Wilde', 'The Picture of Dorian Gray', 'Gaston Leroux', 'Golden Globe Award', 'Sing Sing', 'East River', 'The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari', 'Rolling Stone', 'Swan Lake', 'Raymond Louis Kennedy', 'Mary Philbin', 'Rod Serling', 'Kent Music Report', 'Sissy Spacek', 'Jack Fisk', 'Led Zeppelin', 'Swan Song Records', 'Winnipeg', 'Manitoba', 'Boxing Day', 'IMAX', 'The Brady Bunch Hour', 'Vincent Canby', 'The New York Times', 'Gene Siskel', 'Chicago Tribune', 'Los Angeles Times', 'Pauline Kael', 'The New Yorker', 'The Monthly Film Bulletin', 'Rotten Tomatoes', 'DVD', '20th Century Fox Home Entertainment', 'Blu-ray', 'Shout! Factory', 'Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score', 'Sébastien Tellier', 'Daft Punk', 'Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo', 'Thomas Bangalter', 'Hirohiko Araki', 'Kentaro Miura', 'Kazuma Kaneko', 'Illuyanka', 'Megami Tensei', 'Digimon', 'List of American films of 1974']

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For the Canadian airline company, see KD Air. KD Avia, sometimes called Kaliningrad Avia, was an airline based in Kaliningrad, Russia. It operated scheduled services within Russia, CIS and Europe. Its main base was Khrabrovo Airport, Kaliningrad. == History == The airline was established on 8 October 1945 and started operations in 1946. It launched international services in 2004 and announced on 27 May 2005 that it was to change its name from Kaliningrad Avia to KD Avia, to differentiate itself from the state-owned company of the same name which operates from Khrabrovo Airport. In 2005, the airline started a fleet renovation project and removed from operation its Tupolev Tu-134 and Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft, replacing them with Boeing 737-300s, acquired from a wide variety of other airlines. The first Boeing 737-300 was delivered to the airline in February 2005, and by the end of the year, six were in operation. During 2005, the airline operated scheduled flights from Kaliningrad to Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as charter flights from Moscow, Kaliningrad and other Russian cities to destinations in Turkey, Egypt and Europe. The airline was investing into building a new modern passenger terminal in Khrabrovo airport which would be the main transit hub in a hub-and-spoke system of routes, which the airline was planning to introduce on 15 June 2007. In the first stage, up to 13 cities of the Russian Federation would be connected with 13–15 cities of Europe by transit flights via Kaliningrad. The concept of the airline was to connect Russia and other CIS countries with Europe. On 4 September 2009, it was announced KD Avia would have its operating certificate revoked on 14 September 2009, with ceasure of all flights.KD Avia to suspend operations On 8 September 2009, KD Avia suspended its flights.KD Avia Of Kaliningrad Ceases Operations On 2 December 2009, the company's owner Sergei Grishchenko and executive director Leonid Itskov were charged with abuse of power and intentional bankruptcy. According to the prosecution, Grischenko and Itskov conducted a lot of deals with companies affiliated personally with Grishchenko that made no financial sense for KD Avia and led to company insolvency.0 Падение "КД авиа" привело к жертвам ==Former destinations== Asia *Kazakhstan **Nur-Sultan (Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport) *Israel **Tel Aviv (Ben Gurion International Airport) Europe *Czech Republic **Prague (Ruzyně International Airport) *France **Paris (Charles de Gaulle Airport) *Germany **Berlin (Berlin Tegel Airport) **Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf Airport) **Hamburg (Hamburg Airport) **Hanover (Hannover Airport) **Munich (Munich Airport) *Italy **Milan (Malpensa International Airport) *Russia **Chelyabinsk (Chelyabinsk Balandino Airport) **Kaliningrad (Khrabrovo Airport), hub **Kazan (Kazan International Airport) **Moscow ***Domodedovo International Airport ***Sheremetyevo International Airport **Omsk (Tsentralny Airport) **Perm (Bolshoye Savino Airport) **Rostov-on-Don (Rostov-on-Don Airport) **Saint Petersburg (Pulkovo Airport) **Samara (Samara Kurumoch Airport) **Ufa (Ufa International Airport) **Yekaterinburg (Koltsovo Airport) *Spain **Barcelona (Barcelona International Airport) *Netherlands **Amsterdam (Amsterdam Airport Schiphol) *Ukraine **Kyiv (Boryspil International Airport) * United Kingdom ** London (London Gatwick Airport) == Fleet == The KD Avia fleet consisted of the following aircraft (at September 2009):KD Avia Fleet KD Avia fleet Aircraft In fleet Passengers Boeing 737-300 19 148 Total 19 On 29 May 2008, KD Avia placed a commitment with Airbus for the purchase of 25 A319-100s to replace the ageing 737-300s. A319 Order None were delivered. ==Incidents and accidents== *On 1 October 2008, Flight 794 from Barcelona to Kaliningrad, operated by a Boeing 737-300 (registered EI-DON), made a wheels-up landing resulting in severe damage to the aircraft. On their second approach after a go-around, the crew forgot to lower the gear while manually switching off the related alarm and performed the wheels-up landing on its second approach to Kaliningrad. None of the 138 passengers and six crew on board were injured. == References == ==External links== *KD Avia *KD Avia UK *KD Avia Europe (English) *KD Avia fleet (archive) Category:Defunct airlines of Russia Category:Companies based in Kaliningrad Category:Airlines established in 1945 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2009 Category:Defunct European low-cost airlines

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Colin Anderson Stein (born 10 May 1947) is a Scottish former footballer, who played for Hibernian, Rangers (two spells), Coventry City and Kilmarnock. Stein was part of the Rangers team that won the 1971–72 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and he scored one of the goals in a 3–2 victory against Dinamo Moscow in the final. Stein also represented Scotland and the Scottish League XI. He scored nine goals in 21 appearances for Scotland, including four goals in a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Cyprus. ==Career== Stein, who was born in Linlithgow, began his career with Armadale Thistle. He went on to play professionally for Hibernian, Rangers and the Scotland national team during the 1960s and 1970s. He also had a spell in England with Coventry City. He played an important part in Rangers winning the 1972 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final, scoring the opening goal in the final.Cup Winners' Cup 1971–72, Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Rangers beat Stade Rennais, Sporting CP, Torino, Bayern Munich and Dinamo Moscow to win the competition. On 2 January 1971, during an Old Firm match at Ibrox, Stein scored an equaliser in stoppage time to salvage a draw for Rangers after Celtic had taken the lead in the 89th minute. Minutes later after full-time, barriers on Stairway 13 at Ibrox gave way, causing a chain-reaction pileup of spectators that killed 66 and injured over 200 in what would be remembered as the second Ibrox disaster. Initial reports speculated that Rangers supporters who had left the ground turned back upon hearing the crowd roar at Stein's goal, leading to the disaster. The official inquiry into the tragedy conclusively proved that all the spectators were moving in the same direction at the time of the collapse, however. Stein registered a hat-trick for Scotland in 1969, when he scored four goals in a match against Cyprus. He held the distinction of being the last player to score a hat-trick for Scotland until 2015, when Steven Fletcher scored three times against Gibraltar. Stein won a total of 21 caps for Scotland, scoring nine goals. In the twilight of his career, after leaving Kilmarnock, Stein also played for Elgin City, who were then a Highland League side. ==Personal life== His elder brother, Bobby Stein, was also a professional footballer. ==Career statistics== ===International appearances=== Appearances and goals by national team and year National team Year Apps Goals Scotland 1968 2 1 1969 7 8 1970 4 0 1971 3 0 1972 1 0 1973 4 0 Total 21 9 ===International goals=== :Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition Ref 1\. 11 December 1968 GSP Stadium, Nicosia 5–0 5–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification Some sources, including RSSSF, credit Stein with scoring two goals in the game played against Cyprus on 11 December 1968. The Scottish FA only credit Stein with one goal, scored in the 43rd minute, and credit the goal scored in the 42nd minute to Bobby Murdoch. 2\. 3 May 1969 Racecourse Ground, Wrexham 2–0 5–3 1969-70 British Home Championship 3\. 6 May 1969 Hampden Park, Glasgow 1–1 1–1 1969-70 British Home Championship 4\. 10 May 1969 Wembley Stadium, London 1–2 1–4 1969-70 British Home Championship 5\. 17 May 1969 Hampden Park, Glasgow 3–0 8–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification 6\. 17 May 1969 Hampden Park, Glasgow 4–0 8–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification 7\. 17 May 1969 Hampden Park, Glasgow 5–0 8–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification 8\. 17 May 1969 Hampden Park, Glasgow 6–0 8–0 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification 9\. 21 September 1969 Dalymount Park, Dublin 1–0 1–1 Friendly match ==See also== * List of Scotland national football team hat-tricks ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * *International stats at Londonhearts.com * Category:1947 births Category:Armadale Thistle F.C. players Category:Men's association football forwards Category:Coventry City F.C. players Category:Elgin City F.C. players Category:Hibernian F.C. players Category:Kilmarnock F.C. players Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Linlithgow Category:Rangers F.C. players Category:Scotland men's international footballers Category:Scotland men's under-23 international footballers Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Scottish Football League representative players Category:Scottish men's footballers Category:Scottish Junior Football Association players Category:Footballers from West Lothian Category:English Football League players Category:Scottish league football top scorers Category:Highland Football League players Category:Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees

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Hey Dad..! is an Australian sitcom produced by Gary Reilly Productions, originally airing from 1987 to 1994 on the Seven Network. ==Synopsis== Architect Martin Kelly singlehandedly raises his children: Simon, Debbie, and Jenny. His wife, Margaret, had died three years before the series' start. Martin runs his own architectural business from the family home in the Sydney suburb of Chatswood. He employs his wife's cousin Betty Wilson, a good-natured ditz from the New South Wales country town of Walgett, as his secretary. Many episodes deal with the daily stresses Martin faces as the family patriarch, such as settling arguments amongst his children. He frequently endures Betty's elaborate excuses for tardiness and is constantly frustrated with her delayed productivity at work. Simon's best friend is Gerald "Nudge" Noritas, a neighbour who constantly helps himself to whatever food he can find in the Kellys' kitchen. In early episodes, the show briefly examines how the characters are struggling to deal with the absence of Margaret from their lives. Martin also breaks the fourth wall several times to deliver sarcastic one-liners to camera, although this is discontinued after the first 12 episodes. ===Character replacements=== As the series progressed, the original characters left one by one. Replacement characters were introduced to maintain the balance of the show's cast. The roles of two of Martin Kelly's children—Simon and Jenny—were recast during the show's run after the original actors left the series. Early in season 5, Debbie Kelly moves to Dunk Island to work as a waitress. She is replaced by new character Sam Kelly, Martin's niece from Hong Kong who moves in. Nudge departs after the conclusion of season 5. No explanation is given in the show's story to explain his disappearance. From season 6, schoolboy Arthur MacArthur is the new neighbour who regularly visits. At the end of season 6, Simon moves out, leaving his friend Ben to move into Simon's room. At the end of season 12, Martin leaves for a $300,000-per-year contract to design and build a deep water port and mini-city in Saudi Arabia. He leaves the house and the business in the care of friend Greg Russell. Sam moves to Adelaide soon after, opening the door for Greg's daughter Tracy to move in. At the end of the series, Betty and Jenny are the only remaining original characters. Jenny is portrayed by a different actress by this stage. Betty's portrayer Julie McGregor is the only original cast member to remain through the entire series. ===Final episode=== In the series finale, the regular characters are held hostage in the house by a fugitive bank robber. The robber places a bomb in the family's VCR, as leverage with the police. After the hostage drama has been resolved and the robber arrested the family remembers there is a bomb in the VCR, but they do not know how to re-program it. Betty observes that "this is just like E Street... at the end, where they all got blown up", but Greg responds that "That doesn't happen in sitcoms” (Greg's portrayer Mark Owen-Taylor had acted in E Street).The characters panic as they count down the seconds to the expected explosion and the screen fades to black. The cast are then shown in a curtain call as the credits roll. The curtain call includes former regular cast members Christopher Truswell and Sarah Monahan who do not otherwise appear in the episode, series producer and writer Gary Reilly and writer John Flanagan. ==Cast== ===Main characters=== * Martin Kelly — Robert Hughes (1987–1994; episodes 1–265) * Betty Wilson — Julie McGregor (1987–1994; episodes 1–291) * Simon Kelly — Paul Smith (1987; episodes 1–39), Christopher Mayer (1988–1991; episodes 40–187) * Debbie Kelly — Simone Buchanan (1987–1990, 1994; episodes 1–165, 268) * Jennifer Kelly — Sarah Monahan (1987–1993; episodes 1–227), Angela Keep (1993–1994; episodes 231–291) * Gerald 'Nudge' Noritas — Christopher Truswell (1987–1991, 1994; episodes 1–174, 291) * Samantha Kelly — Rachael Beck (1991–1994; episodes 166–267) * Arthur MacArthur — Matthew Krok (1991–1994; episodes 169, 178–291) * Ben Hubner — Ben Oxenbould (1991–1994; episodes 177–291) * Greg Russell — Mark Owen-Taylor (1993–1994; episodes 263–291) * Tracy Russell — Belinda Emmett (1994; episodes 266–291) ===Recurring characters=== * Stan Hickey — Bill Young (episodes 17, 33, 48, 55, 73, 91, 92, 93, 130, 143, 164, 188, 189, 200) * Lyn Parker — Mary Lou Stewart (episodes 233, 236, 239, 241, 244, 246, 248, 251, 253, 255, 264) * Grandma Lois Kelly — Moya O'Sullivan (episodes 3, 21, 40, 71, 86, 134, 167) * Jeanette Taylor — Joanne Samuel (episodes 67, 87, 93, 100, 114, 121, 134) * Det. Sgt. Anne Burke — Tina Bursill (episodes 10, 11, 15, 22, 28, 34) * Katie — Kate Morris (episodes 102, 110, 120, 145) * Shelley — Beth Champion (episodes 214, 221, 224, 229) * Elaine — Beth Buchanan (episodes 88, 98, 116) * Karen — Rebecca Cross (episodes 176, 186, 187) * Ros Woodlock — Laura Gabriel (episodes 233, 239, 248) * Belinda — Naomi Watts (episodes 148, 153) * Mr. Blunt — Doug Scroope (episodes 149, 220) * Tessa MacArthur — Tayce Krok (episodes 184, 276) * Jolanda LeClerk — Nikki Coghill (episodes 193, 203) * Bruno — Rod Zuanic (episodes 197, 213) * Dave Woodlock — Peter Braunstein (episodes 233, 239) * Glenda the Bag Lady — Julie Haseler (episodes 262, 282) ==Production== The Hey Dad..! pilot was recorded in September 1985. The project stalled for several months as network executives were initially reluctant to commission the series. Twelve episodes were then recorded in mid-1986. The series was very close to being cancelled before it was even aired. The Seven Network ultimately bought the series, airing the first episode on 11 February 1987. One episode was taped each week. Rehearsals generally started on a Tuesday, and were held each day until Saturday, when taping would take place before a studio audience at ATN Channel 7 Studios in Epping, New South Wales. The same episode was recorded twice on the same night in front of two different audiences. The taping with the better overall performance and more enthusiastic audience response was usually selected as the one to be aired. Sometimes the best takes from both tapings would be combined in post-production. Production took a temporary break in mid-1991 when Hampton Court, another Gary Reilly sitcom featuring Betty Wilson, was produced. Hey Dad..! production resumed afterwards. Seven decided not to renew Hampton Court for a second season. Hey Dad..! often used the same studio as another Seven Network series Home and Away. The night before Hey Dad..! was to be recorded in front of an audience, the crew would work overnight to take down the Home and Away set, replacing it with the Hey Dad..! set. After the Hey Dad..! tapings concluded on Saturday night, the Hey Dad..! set would be dismantled and replaced with the Home and Away set once again. This was a regular occurrence for the entire run of the series. The exterior shots of the Kelly house were filmed using a miniature model constructed by British artist and designer Mike Worrall. Recording of the exteriors took place in-studio over the course of a two-day period, undergoing a range of lighting situations to re-create various weather conditions and times of day. Producers often found themselves taking phone calls from people wanting to know the address of the house, with the hope of purchasing it and moving in. After the series ended, the model was stored by the producers, as no museums were able to take it at the time. However, the model eventually disintegrated while in storage, and no longer exists. ==Episodes== ==International versions== The series was sold to over 20 countries worldwide. Having been translated and dubbed into several different languages, the show was highly popular in France, Spain, and throughout Asia in the 1990s. A significant portion of its international fanbase was in Germany. German voice over artist Arne Elsholtz received critical praise for his work as translator, while also voicing Martin in the German version of episodes 1 to 149."Hey Dad!" — Folgenliste v0.7 (24 September 1997) The show was also aired on Malayalam channel Asianet in 1994. ==Parodies== A spoof by Peter Broelman titled Hey Dud! appeared in issue 291 of MAD Magazine's Australian edition, featuring characters such as Barfin' Killjoy, Petty, Simple, Dunny, Junky and Bludge. Coincidentally, 291 would also become the eventual number of episodes aired in the series. In the late 1980s, the series was also parodied in a comedy sketch on the popular TV program The Comedy Company. The title of the show was again lampooned as Hey Dud!. The sketch featured series regulars Glenn Robbins as Martin Kelly, Peter Rowsthorn as Simon, Mary-Anne Fahey as Debbie, Christine Keogh as Betty and Russell Gilbert as Nudge, along with child actor Rebecca Smart (who was making a guest appearance in that week's episode) as Jenny. During the course of the sketch, an exasperated Jenny fired Betty, sent Nudge home, demanded that her two siblings find jobs, and then announced that the show would be renamed Hey Jenny! In 1992, Christopher Truswell briefly reprised the role of Nudge in an episode of another popular TV comedy series, The Late Show, in which he appeared as part of the fictitious supergroup of "Grassby, Grills, Nudge & Plumb" (a parody of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, which also included politician Al Grassby, actor/comedian Lucky Grills and actor Gwen Plumb appearing as themselves). In September 2006, satirical comedy current affairs show Real Stories aired a fictional story about an up-and-coming director attempting to make a feature film of Hey Dad..! The film was to be titled Hey Dad..! The Movie and was to star Stephen Curry (who made a cameo appearance in the Real Stories episode) as Hey Dad..! character Nudge. ==Airings== * Australia: Seven Network (original run, 1987–1994); Network Ten (repeats, 1998); Fox Classics (repeats, 2006–2007) The Comedy Channel (repeats, 2009) * Germany: ARD (original run, episodes 1–149, 1990–1992); Kabel eins (original run, episodes 150–291, 1997–1998) ==Book, CD and DVD releases== * The Betty Wilson Secretarial Companion (Paperback) — Written by John Flanagan with Gary Reilly; Published by Penguin Books Australia Ltd. (24 April 1990) * Martin vs Betty — The Best of Hey Dad — A CD compilation of audio clips from the show, released by Rich River Records (1991). * The Best of Hey Dad..! Volume 1 — A collection of 13 episodes released through Shock DVD (18 March 2007). * The Best of Hey Dad..! Volume 2 — A second set of 13 episodes released through Shock DVD (18 February 2008). * Hey Dad..! Season 1 — A 5 disc set, released in Germany by Polyband (24 October 2008). * Hey Dad..! Season 2 — German release by Polyband (27 March 2009). * Hey Dad..! Season 3 — German release by Polyband (25 September 2009). * Hey Dad..! Season 4 — German release by Polyband (26 March 2010) ==2010 sexual abuse claims== In a March 2010 interview with Woman's Day magazine, regular cast member Sarah Monahan claimed she had been molested on set during the production of the series. Although Monahan did not initially name the cast member, in an interview on A Current Affair that aired on 24 March 2010, Monahan alleged that it was the show's lead actor, Robert Hughes, who had sexually molested her. She claimed that this occurred on several occasions during production of the series. In addition, cast member Ben Oxenbould claimed he discovered Hughes touching a different young girl, who was a guest actor on an episode, in a way that seemed inappropriate. After Monahan named Hughes, the executive producer, Gary Reilly made a statement to the press in which he stated that he had been unaware of any misconduct towards Monahan, but that he had been aware of rumours in regard to impropriety towards a young actor who joined after Monahan's departure, and that he had acted to provide a chaperone for the actor and had confronted the accused, who later resigned from the series. Reilly said he confronted a man accused of inappropriate treatment of a young cast member hired after Monahan had left the program. In response to Reilly's claim that he was unaware, Simone Buchanan and Ben Oxenbould came forward and alleged that they had separately approached Reilly during the show about Monahan's allegations towards Hughes, but had been warned to keep quiet. In March 2011, Gary Reilly admitted that he had "stand-up rows" with Hughes over the alleged abuse of Monahan which had driven Hughes decision to resign from the show. Monahan announced that she intended taking civil action against Hughes and television station executives. Hughes, confronted by A Current Affair in Singapore where he was living, denied the claims. On 29 March 2010, police announced the creation of a task force, codenamed Strike Force Ruskin, to investigate the claims. On 30 March 2010, it was reported that detectives had begun interviewing former members of the show's cast and crew. In September 2010, six months after the allegations were published, it was reported that over a hundred people had been interviewed. Hughes was arrested in London on 9 August 2012 on 11 charges relating to the sexual and indecent assault of five girls in Sydney between 1985 and 1990. On 10 August, Hughes was released on $90,000 bail to appear before an extradition hearing on 19 September which Hughes' lawyers stated they would oppose. At that hearing, Hughes indicated that he intended to return to Australia for questioning. The matter was stood over to 28 September, when Hughes' extradition was approved. In April 2014, Hughes was found guilty by a unanimous jury verdict of ten sexual offences: two counts of sexual intercourse with a child, seven counts of indecent assault upon a person under the age of 16 and one count of committing an indecent act. Hughes' lawyer stated that he will appeal the conviction. Hughes was sentenced to 10 years and nine months jail on 16 May 2014. Hughes requested an international prisoner transfer to the UK, due to owning dual British-Australian citizenship; he later withdrew this application and instead renounced his Australian citizenship, allowing to be deported to the United Kingdom once paroled or his sentence completed. As a result, the New South Wales State Parole Authority refused parole in March 2020 as he would be deported and not under supervision, thus presenting an 'unacceptable risk to community safety'. Assessing Hughes' third bid for parole, the NSW State Parole Authority accepted expert evidence that assessed Hughes as a below-average risk of sexually reoffending. On 2 June 2022, Hughes was granted parole to face deportation to the United Kingdom upon his release from prison, no later than 14 June 2022. Under the cover of darkness on the morning of 14 June 2022, Hughes was released into the custody of Australian Border Force officers to ensure he would be flown straight out of the country. ==See also== * List of Australian television series ==References== ==External links== * * Hey Dad at the National Film and Sound Archive * Televised Revolution — Audio interview with Hey Dad..! creator Gary Reilly Category:Australian television sitcoms Category:Seven Network original programming Category:Television shows set in Sydney Category:Television controversies in Australia Category:1987 Australian television series debuts Category:1994 Australian television series endings

['Gary Reilly', 'Seven Network', 'Architect', 'Sydney', 'New South Wales', 'Dunk Island', 'Hong Kong', 'Saudi Arabia', 'VCR', 'Julie McGregor', 'Simone Buchanan', 'Sarah Monahan', 'Angela Keep', 'Christopher Truswell', 'Rachael Beck', 'Matthew Krok', 'Ben Oxenbould', 'Mark Owen-Taylor', 'Belinda Emmett', "Moya O'Sullivan", 'Joanne Samuel', 'Tina Bursill', 'Beth Buchanan', 'Naomi Watts', 'Nikki Coghill', 'ATN', 'Home and Away', 'Asia', 'Arne Elsholtz', 'Malayalam', 'The Comedy Company', 'Glenn Robbins', 'Mary-Anne Fahey', 'Russell Gilbert', 'Rebecca Smart', 'Al Grassby', 'Gwen Plumb', 'Real Stories', 'Network Ten', 'Fox Classics', 'The Comedy Channel', 'Kabel eins', 'Penguin Books', 'Australian Border Force', 'List of Australian television series']

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This is a list of Old West lawmen: notable people who served in various law enforcement positions during the Old West period. Name Portrait Life Years active Comments Ref. John Hicks Adams No image available 1830–1878 1864–1878 Sheriff, Santa Clara County, California, Deputy U.S. Marshal, Arizona Territory Alfred Shea Addis 1832–1886 1883–1886 Territorial Marshal, Tucson, Arizona 1883–1886 Deputy US Marshal, Grant County August 12, 1882, reported in The New Southwest and Grant County Herald William G. "Red" Angus No image available 1849–1922 1888–1893 Sheriff, Johnson County, Wyoming Elfego Baca 1865–1945 1884–1890 New Mexico Phillip Cuney "P.C." Baird No image available 1862–1928 1882–1884 1888–1898 Sheriff and Texas Ranger, Mason County, Texas Mariano Barela No image available 1837–1892 Sheriff and U.S. Marshal, Mesilla, New Mexico Joel Almon Bascom No image available 1832–1912 Chief of Police, Provo, Utah and constable of Mona, Utah John Watson Bell Bascom No image available 1869–1948 Deputy Sheriff, Uintah County, Utah and constable of Naples, Utah Charlie Bassett 1847–1896 1873–1879 Sheriff of Ford County, Kansas, Marshal of Dodge City [In Dodge Peace Commission Photograph Bassett is seated in the front row at far left] Johnny Behan 1845–1912 1871–1882 Sheriff, Cochise County, Arizona Territory Horace Bell 1830–1918 Los Angeles Ranger James W. Bell No image available 1853–1881 Deputy Sheriff, Lincoln County, New Mexico Sam Bernard No image available 1880–1964 Deputy Lincoln County, New Mexico, Hillsboro, New Mexico Carl P.F. "Charles" Birkenfeld No image available 1852–1923 1904–1917 Constable, Pima County, Arizona N. K. Boswell 1841–1904 Sheriff, Laramie, Wyoming William J. Brady 1829–1878 1869–1878 Sheriff, Lincoln County, New Mexico Billy Breakenridge 1846–1931 Deputy Sheriff and U.S. Marshal, Cochise County, Arizona Territory William L. Brooks 1832–1874 Marshal, Newton, Kansas and Dodge City, Kansas Charles "Charley" J. Brown No image available 1845–1884 1875–1884 Sheriff, Pembina County, Dakota Territory; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Dakota Territory Henry Newton Brown 1857–1884 Marshal, Tascosa, Texas (ghost town) and Caldwell, Kansas Neal "Skinny" Brown No image available 1844–1926 1879–1895 Assistant Marshal, Dodge City, Kansas; U.S. Marshal, Oklahoma Territory Seth Bullock 1849–1919 Sheriff, Lewis and Clark County, Montana; Sheriff, Lawrence County, South Dakota; U. S. Marshal Dakota Territorych Mathew Caldwell No image available 1798–1842 Gonzales Ranging Company of Mounted Volunteers 1836, Sheriff of Gonzales (Guadalupe, Dewitt, Caldwell, Lavaca) Counties 1837, Gonzales & Seguin Texas Rangers 1839 Frank M. Canton 1849–1927 Sheriff, Johnson County, Wyoming; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Oklahoma Territory; Under Sheriff, Q County, Oklahoma James W. Carr No image available 1845–1926 Marshal Silverton, Colorado; Marshal Rico, Colorado; Deputy Sheriff Ouray County, Colorado; Deputy Sheriff Dolores County, Colorado Charles Francis Colcord 1859–1934 Deputy U.S. Marshal, Oklahoma Territory; Chief of Police, Oklahoma, Oklahoma Territory David J. Cook 75px 1842–1907 Marshal, Denver, Colorado "Longhair" Jim Courtright 1848–1887 Omaha, Nebraska Marshal, Marshal, Lake Valley, New Mexico; Sheriff, Fort Worth, Texas; Detective, Fort Worth, Texas Frank Dalton 1859–1887 Deputy U.S. Marshal, Fort Smith, Arkansas, Oklahoma Territory Ben Daniels 1852–1923 US Marshal, Pima County, Arizona sheriff, superintendent of Yuma Territorial Prison James "Jim" M. Dodson No image available 1876–1890 Prescott, Arizona City Marshal; Arizona State Penitentiary Wall Guard (post retirement) Ed Drew 1865–1911 Pinal County, Arizona deputy sheriff Morgan Earp 1851–1882 Deputy Sheriff, Ford County, Kansas; Marshal, Butte, Montana; U.S. Deputy Marshal, Arizona Territory; Deputy Policeman/Marshal, Arizona Territory Virgil Earp 1843–1906 Deputy Policeman and Assistant Marshal, Dodge City, Kansas; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Prescott, Arizona; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Tombstone, Arizona; Marshal/Chief of Police, Tombstone, Arizona; Sheriff, Colton, California; Deputy Sheriff Esmeralda County, Nevada Warren Earp 1855–1900 U.S. Deputy Marshal, Cochise County, Arizona Territory; Special Ranger (Arizona Cattleman's Association) Wyatt Earp 1848–1929 Constable, Lamar, Missouri; Marshal (for 1 hour), Ellsworth, Kansas; Deputy Policeman, Wichita, Kansas; Assistant Marshal, Dodge City, Kansas; Deputy Sheriff, Pima County, Arizona, Arizona Territory); Deputy Policeman and Assistant Marshal, Tombstone, Arizona, Arizona Territory; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Arizona Territory Stringer W. Fenton No image available 1865–1936 Marshal, Indian Territory, Oklahoma, Osage County John King Fisher 1854–1884 acting sheriff of Uvalde County, Texas Camillus Sidney Fly No image available 1849–1901 Sheriff, Cochise County, Arizona Territory Pat Garrett 1850–1908 Sheriff, Lincoln County, New Mexico; Sheriff, Doña Ana County, New Mexico; Customs Collector, El Paso, Texas; Texas Ranger Captain, Texas Lee Hall 1849–1911 Texas Ranger Wiley G. Haines No image available 1860–1928 Undersheriff, County P, Oklahoma Territory; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Oklahoma Territory; Chief, Osage Indian Police John Coffee "Captain Jack" Hays 1817–1883 Captain in the Texas Rangers; first sheriff of San Francisco (1850) Jack Helm No image available 1838–1873 Sheriff, DeWitt County, Texas James Butler "Wild Bill" Hickok 1837–1876 Marshal, Abilene, Kansas and Hays City, Kansas John Henry "Doc" Holliday 1851–1887 Special Police Officer, Tombstone, Arizona Territory; Deputy U.S. Marshal Arizona Territory John R. Hughes 1855–1947 Texas Ranger James B. Hume 75px 1827–1904 Marshal, Placerville, California; Undersheriff, El Dorado County, California; Sheriff, El Dorado County, California; Chief Detective, Wells, Fargo & Co. Grant Johnson No image available 1858–1929 Deputy U.S. Marshal, Indian Territory John "Liver-Eating" Johnson No image available 1824–1900 Deputy Sheriff/Town Marshal John B. Jones 75px 1834–1891 Texas Ranger Jeff Kidder No image available 1875–1908 Arizona Ranger John M. Larn No image available 1849–1877 outlaw and Sheriff, Shackelford County, Texas James Franklin "Bud" Ledbetter No image available 1852–1937 Deputy Sheriff, Johnson County, Arkansas; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Oklahoma Territory; Sheriff, Muskogee County, Oklahoma Isaiah W. Lees No image available 1830–1902 Detective, San Francisco, California William Sidney "Cap" Light No image available 1864–1893 Deputy Sheriff, Belton, Texas, Temple, Texas and Creede, Colorado Steve "Big Steve" Long No image available d. 1868 outlaw and Deputy Marshal, Laramie, Wyoming Territory Harry Love 1809–1868 Captain, California State Rangers (1853–1855) Chris Madsen No image available 1851–1944 U.S. Marshal, Oklahoma Territory Bat Masterson 1853–1921 Deputy Sheriff/Sheriff Ford County, Kansas; Marshal, Trinidad, Colorado; U. S. Deputy Marshal, Dodge City, Kansas; Peace Commissioner/Deputy U.S. Marshal, Southern District of New York Ed Masterson 1852–1878 Marshal, Dodge City, Kansas James Masterson 1855–1895 Dodge City, Kansas, Ford County, Kansas, Ingalls, Kansas, Deputy U.S. Marshal Andrew "Andy" Mather No image available 1851–1929 Texas Ranger, Williamson County, Texas, Co. E, Frontier Battalion, under Captain Maltby Mysterious Dave Mather 1851–? 1880–1885 Assistant Marshal Dodge City Kansas; Town Marshal New Kiowa Kansas Joseph McNulty 1841–1909 Sheriff, Rooks County, Kansas Tolbert "Tol" Fannin McKinney No image available 1857–1938 Lt. Texas Ranger, Co. D & E.; Frontier Battalion under Captains John R. Hughes & John H Rogers; Deputy Sheriff in Uvalde, Zavala, Bandera, Brewster, and El Paso Counties, Texas Leander H. McNelly 75px 1844–1877 Texas Ranger William H. "High Water Bill" Moorhead No image available 1867–1870 First sheriff of Pembina County, Dakota Territory which also made him the first sheriff in what is now the State of North Dakota; also served as Pembina town marshal, and Pembina County deputy sheriff. Nicknamed "High Water Bill" for his predictions on how high the flooding Red River of the North would get each spring, predictions that usually included the exchange of money and property. David Neagle No image available 1847–1926 Deputy Sheriff, Cochise County, Arizona Territory; Marshal, Tombstone, Arizona Territory; Detective, US Marshal, San Francisco, California Evett Dumas Nix 1861–1946 US Marshal, Fort Smith, Arkansas, Nasty Nate, Kansas Robert Bob Olinger 1841–1881 1878–1881 Deputy Sheriff, Lincoln County, New Mexico William Owen "Buckey" O'Neill 1860–1898 Sheriff, Yavapai County, Arizona Commodore Perry Owens 1852–1919 Sheriff, Apache County, Arizona Allan Pinkerton 1819–1884 Pinkerton Detective Agency Founder Robert Pinkerton No image available 1848–1907 Pinkerton Detective William A. Pinkerton No image available 1846–1923 Pinkerton Detective Henry Plummer 1837–1864 Marshal, Nevada City, California; Sheriff Bannack, Montana Robert Jack Price No image available 1848–1930 Constable Alexander Ramsey No image available 1847–1875 Marshall, Hays City, Kansas, later, sheriff, Ellis County, Kansas, shot and captured Henry Born "Dutch Henry", shot and killed nine other outlaws in discharge of his duties Bass Reeves 1832–1910 Deputy U.S. Marshal, Indian Territory Porter Rockwell 1813–1878 Utah Territory George Scarborough No image available 1859–1903 El Paso, Texas Sheriff, killed John Selman John Selman 1839–1896 El Paso, Texas Constable, killed John Wesley Hardin Charles A. Shibell 1841–1908 1875–1880; 1888 Sheriff Pima County Arizona Charles Sims No image available 1879–1945 Town Marshal Rosedale, Oklahoma Charlie Siringo 1855–1928 Pinkerton detective Sam Sixkiller No image available 1842–1886 Captain, U.S. Indian Police, Indian Territory; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Indian Territory John Slaughter 1841–1922 Sheriff and Texas Ranger, Cochise County, Arizona, Arizona Territory Lot Smith 1830–1892 Sheriff Davis County, Utah; in March 1853, Farmington, then known as Little Cottonwood, was approved by Utah Territorial Legislature as the County seat of Davis County; a year later, Lot Smith, who also served in Mormon Battalion at age 16, was appointed county's first sheriff Thomas Smith 75px 1830–1870 Marshal and Deputy U.S. Marshal, Kit Carson, Colorado and Abilene, Kansas Con Stapleton No image available 1848–1879 Marshal, Deadwood, South Dakota Dallas Stoudenmire 1845–1882 El Paso, Texas Marshal and Texas Ranger; Deputy U.S. Marshal Michael Sughrue No image available 1844–1901 Sheriff, Clark County, Kansas; Marshal Ashland, Kansas; Deputy Sheriff, Ford County, Kansas; Deputy Marshal, Dodge City, Kansas Henry Andrew "Heck" Thomas 1850–1912 Deputy U.S. Marshal, Oklahoma Territory Ben Thompson 1842–1884 Marshal, Austin, Texas Bill Tilghman 1854–1924 Deputy Marshal, Dodge City, Kansas; Deputy U.S. Marshal, Oklahoma Territory; Sheriff, Lincoln County, Oklahoma; Chief of Police, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma James Timberlake 1846–1891 Deputy Marshal, Liberty, Missouri; County Sheriff, Clay County, Missouri; Constable, Liberty, Missouri Paden Tolbert 1863–1904 Deputy U.S. Marshal, Indian Territory Max Ventura No image available 1866– U.S. Marshal, Indian Affairs Delegate, North Dakota Territory John Joshua Webb No image available 1847–1882 Deputy Marshal, Dodge City, Kansas; Marshal, Las Vegas, New Mexico Franklin Pierce West No image available 1852–1886 Indian Territory Deputy Marshal William Fletcher Wheeler No image available 1824–1894 Montana Territory U.S. Marshal 1869–1878, Lt Col, 1st MN Vol Inf, 1858–61, Capt, Co F, 4th MN Inf, 1861–64 (WIA at Vicksburg, Mississippi), 3rd U.S. Marshal in the Montana Territory, 1869–78; founder of Montana Historical Society Fred White 1849–1880 Marshal Tombstone, Arizona Territory; died in the line of duty Robert Widdowfield 1846–1878 Wyoming Deputy sheriff, first Wyoming officer to be killed in the line of duty Robert Widenmann No image available 1852–1930 Deputy U.S. Marshal New Mexico Territory Charlie Wilson No image available 1860–1889 City Marshal, Oceanside, California 1888–1889 Jefferson "Keno" Wilson No image available 1862–1934 == See also == * List of Arizona Rangers * List of cowboys and cowgirls * List of Old West gunfighters == References == ==External links== *Wild West Outlaws and Lawmen *Complete List of Old West Lawmen at LegendsofAmerica.com * Category:Lists of American people by occupation Category:Lists of American people Category:People of the American Old West Category:American Old West-related lists

['John Hicks Adams', 'Santa Clara County, California', 'Arizona Territory', 'Alfred Shea Addis', 'Tucson, Arizona', 'Johnson County, Wyoming', 'Elfego Baca', 'Mason County, Texas', 'Mesilla, New Mexico', 'Provo, Utah', 'Mona, Utah', 'Uintah County, Utah', 'Naples, Utah', 'Charlie Bassett', 'Ford County, Kansas', 'Dodge City, Kansas', 'Johnny Behan', 'Cochise County, Arizona', 'Horace Bell', 'Lincoln County, New Mexico', 'Hillsboro, New Mexico', 'Pima County, Arizona', 'N. K. Boswell', 'Laramie, Wyoming', 'William J. Brady', 'Billy Breakenridge', 'William L. Brooks', 'Newton, Kansas', 'Dakota Territory', 'Henry Newton Brown', 'Caldwell, Kansas', 'Oklahoma Territory', 'Seth Bullock', 'Lewis and Clark County, Montana', 'Lawrence County, South Dakota', 'Mathew Caldwell', 'Frank M. Canton', 'Silverton, Colorado', 'Rico, Colorado', 'Ouray County, Colorado', 'Dolores County, Colorado', 'Charles Francis Colcord', 'Oklahoma City', 'David J. Cook', 'Denver, Colorado', 'Omaha, Nebraska', 'Fort Worth, Texas', 'Frank Dalton', 'Fort Smith, Arkansas', 'Yuma Territorial Prison', 'Prescott, Arizona', 'Arizona State Penitentiary', 'Ed Drew', 'Pinal County, Arizona', 'Morgan Earp', 'Butte, Montana', 'Virgil Earp', 'Tombstone, Arizona', 'Colton, California', 'Esmeralda County, Nevada', 'Warren Earp', 'Wyatt Earp', 'Lamar, Missouri', 'Ellsworth, Kansas', 'Wichita, Kansas', 'King Fisher', 'Uvalde County, Texas', 'Pat Garrett', 'Doña Ana County, New Mexico', 'El Paso, Texas', 'Texas', 'San Francisco', 'Jack Helm', 'Abilene, Kansas', 'Hays City, Kansas', 'John R. Hughes', 'James B. Hume', 'Placerville, California', 'El Dorado County, California', 'Indian Territory', 'John B. Jones', 'Jeff Kidder', 'Arizona Rangers', 'John M. Larn', 'Johnson County, Arkansas', 'Muskogee County, Oklahoma', 'Isaiah W. Lees', 'Creede, Colorado', 'Wyoming Territory', 'California State Rangers', 'Chris Madsen', 'Bat Masterson', 'Trinidad, Colorado', 'Ed Masterson', 'James Masterson', 'Ingalls, Kansas', 'Mysterious Dave Mather', 'Joseph McNulty', 'Rooks County, Kansas', 'Leander H. McNelly', 'Evett Dumas Nix', 'Bob Olinger', 'Yavapai County, Arizona', 'Commodore Perry Owens', 'Apache County, Arizona', 'Allan Pinkerton', 'Robert Pinkerton', 'Henry Plummer', 'Nevada City, California', 'Bannack, Montana', 'Ellis County, Kansas', 'Bass Reeves', 'Porter Rockwell', 'Utah Territory', 'John Selman', 'Charles A. Shibell', 'Rosedale, Oklahoma', 'Charlie Siringo', 'Sam Sixkiller', 'Lot Smith', 'Davis County, Utah', 'Utah', 'Kit Carson, Colorado', 'Deadwood, South Dakota', 'Dallas Stoudenmire', 'Clark County, Kansas', 'Ashland, Kansas', 'Bill Tilghman', 'Lincoln County, Oklahoma', 'James Timberlake', 'Liberty, Missouri', 'Clay County, Missouri', 'Paden Tolbert', 'North Dakota', 'John Joshua Webb', 'Las Vegas, New Mexico', 'Montana Territory', 'Vicksburg, Mississippi', 'Robert Widdowfield', 'Wyoming', 'Robert Widenmann', 'New Mexico Territory', 'Oceanside, California', 'List of cowboys and cowgirls', 'List of Old West gunfighters']

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U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security is one of twelve subcommittees of the U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations. It was formally established in 2003 in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 to oversee national security programs and the newly created Department of Homeland Security. The United States Senate Committee on Appropriations has joint jurisdiction with the United States House Committee on Appropriations over all appropriations bills in the United States Congress. Each committee has 12 matching subcommittees, each of which is tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills. ==Appropriations process== Traditionally, after a federal budget for the upcoming fiscal year has been passed, the appropriations subcommittees receive information about what the budget sets as their spending ceilings. This is called "302(b) allocations" after section 302(b) of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. That amount is separated into smaller amounts for each of the twelve Subcommittees. The federal budget does not become law and is not signed by the President. Instead, it is guide for the House and the Senate in making appropriations and tax decisions. However, no budget is required and each chamber has procedures in place for what to do without one. The House and Senate now consider appropriations bills simultaneously, although originally the House went first. The House Committee on Appropriations usually reports the appropriations bills in May and June and the Senate in June. Any differences between appropriations bills passed by the House and the Senate are resolved in the fall. ==Appropriations bills== An appropriations bill is a bill that appropriates (gives to, sets aside for) money to specific federal government departments, agencies, and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities. Regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year. The fiscal year is the accounting period of the federal government, which runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year. There are three types of appropriations bills: regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental appropriations bills. Regular appropriations bills are the twelve standard bills that cover the funding for the federal government for one fiscal year and that are supposed to be enacted into law by October 1. If Congress has not enacted the regular appropriations bills by the time, it can pass a continuing resolution, which continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time. The third type of appropriations bills are supplemental appropriations bills, which add additional funding above and beyond what was originally appropriated at the beginning of the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations bills can be used for things like disaster relief. Appropriations bills are one part of a larger United States budget and spending process. They are preceded in that process by the president's budget proposal, congressional budget resolutions, and the 302(b) allocation. Article One of the United States Constitution, section 9, clause 7, states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law..." This is what gives Congress the power to make these appropriations. The President, however, still has the power to veto appropriations bills. ==Jurisdiction== The subcommittee is responsible for the Department of Homeland Security and its related agencies, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Transportation Security Administration, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, the U.S. Secret Service, and the United States Coast Guard. The subcommittee also provides funding for state and local preparedness efforts. == Members, 118th Congress == Majority Minority * Chris Murphy, Connecticut, Chair * Jon Tester, Montana * Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire * Gary Peters, Michigan * Patty Murray, Washington * Tammy Baldwin, Wisconsin * Katie Britt, Alabama, Ranking Member * Shelley Moore Capito, West Virginia * Lisa Murkowski, Alaska * John Kennedy, Louisiana * Cindy Hyde-Smith, Mississippi Ex officio Ex officio * * The Chair and/or Ranking Member of the full Appropriations Committee are entitled to sit as ex officio members of any subcommittee, but are already designated members of this subcommittee. ==Historical subcommittee rosters== ===116th Congress=== Majority Minority *Shelley Moore Capito, West Virginia, Chairwoman * Richard Shelby, Alabama * Lisa Murkowski, Alaska * John Hoeven, North Dakota * John Kennedy, Louisiana * James Lankford, Oklahoma *Cindy Hyde-Smith, Mississippi * Jon Tester, Montana, Ranking Member * Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire * Patrick Leahy, Vermont * Patty Murray, Washington * Tammy Baldwin, Wisconsin * Joe Manchin, West Virginia Ex officio Ex officio * * ===117th Congress=== Majority Minority * Chris Murphy, Connecticut, Chair * Jon Tester, Montana * Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire * Patrick Leahy, Vermont * Patty Murray, Washington * Tammy Baldwin, Wisconsin * Shelley Moore Capito, West Virginia, Ranking Member * Richard Shelby, Alabama * Lisa Murkowski, Alaska * John Hoeven, North Dakota * John Kennedy, Louisiana *Cindy Hyde-Smith, Mississippi Ex officio Ex officio * * The Chair and/or Ranking Member of the full Appropriations Committee are entitled to sit as ex officio members of any subcommittee, but are already designated members of this subcommittee. ==See also== * United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security ==External links== * U.S. Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security ==References== Appropriations Homeland Security

['U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations', 'United States House Committee on Appropriations', 'United States Congress', 'Congressional Budget Act of 1974', 'Article One of the United States Constitution', 'Federal Emergency Management Agency', 'Transportation Security Administration', 'U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement', 'U.S. Customs and Border Protection', 'U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services', 'United States Coast Guard', 'Chris Murphy', 'Jon Tester', 'Jeanne Shaheen', 'Gary Peters', 'Patty Murray', 'Tammy Baldwin', 'Shelley Moore Capito', 'Lisa Murkowski', 'Cindy Hyde-Smith', 'Ex officio', 'Richard Shelby', 'John Hoeven', 'James Lankford', 'Patrick Leahy', 'Joe Manchin', 'United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security']

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Fly Air () was a private airline based in Istanbul, Turkey. Originally a charter airline, it also operated scheduled services. The airline ceased operations in January 2007.Flight International 3 April 2007 thumb|Aircraft with nazar at Sabiha Gökçen International Airport == History == Fly Air was established in 2002 out of the defunct carrier Air Anatolia and operated holiday charter flights. In October 2003, the airline started offering scheduled services. Fly Air was the first charter airline in Turkey with domestic flights. The first domestic flight gained a lot of media coverage as the monopoly of Turkish Airlines was broken. Fly Air ceased operations after financial problems in 2007. == Destinations == Fly Air operated the following services until it ceased operations: *Domestic scheduled destinations: Ankara, Antalya, Istanbul, İzmir, Northern Cyprus, Bodrum, Trabzon, Urfa and Mardin *International scheduled destinations: Europe (Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Poland), Tel Aviv, Yerevan, Khartoum, Tunis and Egypt. ==References== == External links == *Fly Air Category:Airlines established in 2002 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2007 Category:Defunct airlines of Turkey Category:2002 establishments in Turkey

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David White (23 August 1933 – 17 July 2013) was a Scottish football player and manager. He played as a wing half for Clyde for his whole career, before managing Clyde, Rangers and Dundee. ==Playing career== White was 23 years of age when he joined Clyde from the Junior side Royal Albert. While also working as an engineer, he played more than 300 games for the Bully Wee and became club captain and acted as player-coach. ==Managerial career== He was promoted to Clyde manager after the Scottish Football Association appointed his predecessor John Prentice as the Scotland national team manager. After a year managing the Bully Wee (which ended in their highest-ever finish of 3rd place in 1966–67), he was appointed as assistant to Scot Symon at Rangers in summer 1967. When Symon left the club just five months later, White was promoted to manager on 1 November. His reign was generally unsuccessful and he became the first Rangers manager not to win any major honours whilst in charge at the club. With the expectations of Rangers fans and boardroom high, coupled with the success of Celtic under Jock Stein, the pressure began to build on White. Although he signed Colin Stein and Alex MacDonald who went on to success with the club, a defeat in the European Cup Winners' Cup to Polish team Górnik Zabrze in late 1969 which followed a poor start to the 1969-70 season saw White be sacked. He later went on to manage Dundee and guided them to a Scottish League Cup triumph in 1973-74. Somewhat ironically the victory in the cup final came against Celtic, the team who had caused him so many problems at Rangers. His success didn't last however, and Dundee were relegated at the end of the inaugural Scottish Premier Division season in 1976. White lasted one more year before retiring after failing to get the side promoted; he gave a first-team debut to future Scotland player and manager Gordon Strachan. ==Later years and death== After leaving football, White spent some time working in a supermarket and was also employed by Lanarkshire car sales boss Ian Skelly. He was also a keen golfer and his son Alan became a local club professional. He died in July 2013, aged 79, following a short illness. ==References== ==External links== * Profile at Rangers Official website Category:1933 births Category:2013 deaths Category:Scottish men's footballers Category:Men's association football wing halves Category:Royal Albert F.C. players Category:Scottish Junior Football Association players Category:Rangers F.C. non-playing staff Category:Clyde F.C. players Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Scottish football managers Category:Clyde F.C. managers Category:Rangers F.C. managers Category:Dundee F.C. managers Category:Scottish Football League managers Category:Footballers from Motherwell

['Motherwell', 'Royal Albert F.C.', 'Clyde F.C.', 'Rangers F.C.', 'Dundee F.C.', 'Scottish Junior Football Association', 'Scottish Football Association', 'Scot Symon', 'Jock Stein', 'Colin Stein', 'Górnik Zabrze', 'Scottish League Cup', 'Scottish Premier Division', 'Gordon Strachan']

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Björk is the only studio album by Icelandic singer Björk as a child singer, released in December 1977 by Fálkinn. In 1976, Björk appeared on Icelandic radio singing "I Love to Love" through the music school she attended, which led her to a record deal and the release, with the help of stepfather Sævar, of her first solo album in 1977. The album is reputed to be juvenilia work and it is not included in the singer's official solo discography, hence the 1993 release Debut is widely considered to be Björk's first studio album. ==Background== The songs were a mixture of covers translated into Icelandic, like The Beatles' "The Fool on the Hill" ('Álfur Út Úr Hól'), Edgar Winter's "Alta Mira", Melanie Safka's "Christopher Robin" ('Bænin') and Stevie Wonder's song "Your Kiss Is Sweet" ('Búkolla'), but it also contained some songs written specifically for the album, like the song "Arabadrengurinn" ('The Arab Boy') written by stepfather Sævar, and one instrumental recorder-tribute to Icelandic painter Jóhannes Kjarval, written and performed by 11-year-old Björk. Björk was offered the chance to do a second album, but she turned it down. With the money she earned she bought herself a piano and started composing new songs of her own. The album was released in two formats, vinyl and cassette, in fairly limited edition (at least 7000 copies) and is rare outside of Iceland. It was recorded at Hljóðriti Studios in Reykjavík. Hildur Hauksdóttir (Björk's mother) designed the cover and the photo was taken at a local Reykjavík studio. ==Critical reception== AllMusic critic Joslyn Layne gave the album an overwhelmingly negative review, stating: "Novelty value can only carry an album so far, and even covers of Stevie Wonder's 'Your Kiss Is Sweet', sung in Icelandic, and the Beatles' 'The Fool on the Hill' will probably not be enough to keep you laughing, or interested for the duration." ==Track listing== ==Releases== *Fálkinn FA – 006 – 12" Vinyl *Fálkinn FA – 006 – 4 – Cassette ==References== ==External links== * Artwork from LP & Cassette * Category:Björk albums Category:1977 debut albums Category:Icelandic-language albums

['Björk', 'Reykjavík', 'Fálkinn', 'Iceland', 'The Beatles', 'The Fool on the Hill', 'Edgar Winter', 'Melanie Safka', 'Stevie Wonder', 'Your Kiss Is Sweet', 'AllMusic']

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Peter Ian Donaldson (23 August 1945 - 2 November 2015) was an English newsreader on BBC Radio 4. ==Early life== Donaldson was born in Cairo, Egypt, and moved to Cyprus in 1952 at the time of the overthrow of King Farouk. He was a frequent listener to the BBC World Service and the British Forces Broadcasting Service (BFBS). On his return to Britain, Donaldson was educated at Woolverstone Hall School, a state boarding school in Suffolk, from the age of 14. He left after taking O-levels at 16 and joined Sadler's Wells London in a backstage role. After working with the New Shakespeare Company at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park London, and appearing on stage at the Aldwych Theatre London with the Royal Shakespeare Company, he went to Sri Lanka to work on a film. In 1968 his father, who was still living in Cyprus, heard about an on-air vacancy for announcers with BFBS and Donaldson applied. He passed the audition and subsequently worked in Cyprus, Aden, Libya and Malta. ==BBC Radio career== He joined BBC Radio 2 in 1970 as a presenter and newsreader but switched to Radio 4 in 1973. However, in the autumn of 1974 he joined the presentation team of Radio Hallam, the commercial independent local radio station located in Sheffield and serving South Yorkshire and the North Midlands, before it began broadcasting on 1 October that year. He returned to the BBC after about a month and was promoted to Chief Announcer in 1988. He gave up the post of Chief Announcer and Head of Continuity in 2003 and retired in July 2005. He returned to the station, however, on 28 August 2005, on a freelance basis. He invariably read the news on Radio 4 over the Christmas period, often working long shifts. Over the years he was involved in many disagreements with management. When the then Director-General Greg Dyke announced a plan to "cut the crap" from the BBC and sent plentiful publicity material to all members of staff, Donaldson threw his in the bin before writing to Dyke informing him that he had "..taken your [Dyke's] advice - and cut the crap". One morning in the 1970s he criticised the short-lived Radio 4 programme Up to the Hour on air, naming himself "Donald Peterson" and was very nearly sacked for doing so. Donaldson stressed, in interviews, the importance in his view of "understanding and being interested in the material in front of you in order to involve the listener". He commented that there were some newsreaders (unspecified; but not within Radio 4) who "clearly have no understanding of what they are reading" and that thereby the quality of the broadcast suffered. Donaldson had a distinctive form of Received Pronunciation "BBC accent" - one of the few left on British radio in the 21st century - and his delivery incorporated idiosyncratic pauses in the middle of sentences. In the 1980s his voice was used on the pre-recorded warning that a nuclear attack had been launched on the British Isles during the Cold War, which would have been transmitted on television and radio from a studio in Broadcasting House in such an eventuality. In 2000 he played the resentful and sarcastic butler Theremin, homicidal manservant to the celebrated occult investigator Lord Zimbabwe, in the BBC Radio 4 comedy Ectoplasm, and he also featured in a series of short Radio 4 programmes on the end of World War II reading news reports of the time. He appeared to remain at loggerheads with BBC management, and in 2006 it was reported that he would no longer read the news on Today, in opposition to the changes made by management to start that shift earlier and include an extra News Briefing programme. He retired on 31 December 2012, his last broadcast being the midnight news on New Year's Eve. ==Retirement and death== In retirement Donaldson lived in Pulborough, West Sussex, where his interests included gardening, current affairs, drama, walking, swimming and patronage of the White Horse (Pulborough) and Rising Sun (Nutbourne) pubs. Donaldson died on 2 November 2015, aged 70. Donaldson is survived by his wife Aileen, whom he married in 1973, and their daughter, Emma, sons, Jamie and Bin, and grandson, Jack. On his death BBC newsreader Corrie Corfield wrote: "He was a huge part of my life for over 27 years - a good friend, a superb broadcaster, a mentor, an ally, a rock, and the best boss I've ever had." Presenter of BBC News at Ten Huw Edwards tweeted: "Peter Donaldson. Wonderful friend and generous colleague. We will miss him." Fellow BBC Radio 4 broadcaster Libby Purves said he had been an "icon" among staff for leading a revolt against BBC management in the 1970s. BBC Director-General Tony Hall described Donaldson as "the quintessential voice of the BBC". ==See also== *Wartime Broadcasting Service ==References== ==External links== *Peter Donaldson retires *. Category:1945 births Category:2015 deaths Category:British radio personalities Category:Radio and television announcers Category:BBC newsreaders and journalists Category:BBC World Service people Category:BBC Radio 4 presenters

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Berthold Schwarz (sometimes spelled Schwartz), also known as Berthold the Black and der Schwartzer, was a legendary German (or in some accounts Danish or Greek) alchemist of the late 14th century, credited with the invention of gunpowder by 15th- through 19th-century European literature.Kelly (2005), 23. The purported period of Schwarz's activity (in the late 14th century) thus falls between the first reports of gunpowder in Europe in the late 13th century and the development of effective applications in artillery in the mid-15th century. It is unclear whether Schwarz is a historical person. It has been suggested that he was indeed a historical alchemist who developed gunpowder in Germany, but other scholars consider him purely legendary.Partington, 1960. == Identity == Schwarz is possibly identical with Bertold von Lützelstetten, a scholar who is recorded as "magister artium Bertoldus" at the University of Paris from 1329 to 1336. Other sources identify him with one Konstantin Angeleisen (or Anklitzen), who was persecuted for being an alchemist and had to flee to Prague, where he was executed in 1388. Berthold Schwarz has also been cited as Berthodus Schwarz and is recorded as being of African descent. It is also possible that Schwarz is not a historical person at all, but rather a symbolic inventor figure taking his name from that of Schwarzpulver, "black powder", the German term for gunpowder.Gartz 2007. == Accounts == The first reference to Schwarz is found in an anonymous manual of pyrotechnics that dates to 1410, preserved in various 15th-century copies. The relevant passage credits an alchemist and Master of Arts, "Master Berthold" (maister perchtold), with the accidental discovery of gunpowder, without giving any further details as to time or place. Such details are first reported by Franz Helm, an author active in Landshut during the 1520s to 1530s, who was also the first to introduce the epithet "the Black" (in Latinized form, as niger). According to Helm, :Item hir ist zu wissen wer dz puluer vnd dz geschitz erdacht vnd erfunden hat, der ist gewessen ain Bernhardinerminch mit namen Bartoldus nigersten [...] Da man zelt 1380 Jar. [...] Der bartoldus niger ist vonn wegen der kunst die er erfunden vnd erdacht hat gerichtet worden vom leben zum todt Im 1388. Jar. :"Here is told who first invented powder and guns, this was a Bernhardian monk called Bartoldus nigersten ... in the year 1380 ... bartoldus niger was executed for the art he had invented in the year 1388." Feldhaus (1910) thinks that reports of a "Master Berthold" in the early 15th century, barely 25 years after this master's death, should be taken seriously as historical testimony of an alchemist Berthold, called "the Black", member of the Order of St. Bernard, who developed a recipe for effective gunpowder in c. 1380, and who was possibly executed as a magician some years later. The recipes given in the 15th-century German manuals for pyrotechnics would then be directly derived from the recipe as developed by Berthold. This historical Master Berthold, who would not have invented gunpowder ex nihilo but would rather have developed an effective recipe which opened technological possibilities and initiated the development of gunpowder warfare during the 15th century, is likened by Feldhaus to James Watt, who did not so much "invent" the steam engine as improve the invention of Denis Papin to a point where its application became worthwhile. == Legacy == In 1853, a monument to Berthold Schwarz was erected in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. It was designed by Josef Alois Knittel. Johann Anzengruber – the less successful father of Austrian playwright Ludwig Anzengruber – wrote a play about Berthold Schwarz, which was produced in 19th- century Vienna and was notable for the spectacular explosion at the end. == See also == *History of gunpowder == Notes == == References == * * Franz Maria Feldhaus, Berthold (Erfinder des Schießpulvers) in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, vol. 55 (1910), 617–619. * ( for the paperback reprint, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998) The Great Didactic, Comenius, John Amos, Adam & Charles Black, London, 1633/1907, p. 83 == External links == * Photo and drawing of monument in Freiburg (in German) * Category:German Franciscans Category:Scientists from Freiburg im Breisgau Category:Catholic clergy scientists Category:14th-century German inventors Category:Date of death unknown Category:Year of birth unknown Category:14th-century alchemists Category:People whose existence is disputed

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LLC "Aerolimousine" () is an airline based in Russia. It operates VIP charter flights and air-taxi services out of Moscow Domodedovo Airport. == Fleet == As of July 2012 the Aerolimousine fleet included the following aircraft: *1 Hawker 125-700 (RA-02810) *3 Yakovlev Yak-40 (RA-87908, RA-87496, RA-87938) == External links == * == References == Category:Airlines of Russia Category:Companies based in Moscow Category:Airlines established in 1998 Category:Russian companies established in 1998

['Moscow', 'Russia', 'Yakovlev Yak-40']

['Q649', 'Q159', 'Q505663']

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Alfred "Lash" LaRue (June 15, 1917 – May 21, 1996) was a popular western motion picture star of the 1940s and 1950s. == Biography == === Early life and education === Born Alfred LaRue in Gretna, Louisiana in 1917, he was reared in various towns throughout Louisiana, but in his teens the family moved to Los Angeles, California, where he attended St. John's Military Academy and the College of the Pacific. Strangely, his California death records reportedly indicate the actor's father's surname was Wilson and that Lash was born in Michigan. === Film career === LaRue was originally screen tested by Warner Bros. but was rejected because he looked too much like Humphrey Bogart, then one of the studio's contract stars.p. 21 Lewis, Jack C. White Horse, Black Hat: A Quarter Century on Hollywood's Poverty Row Scarecrow Press, October 16, 2002. He signed a contract with Universal Pictures in 1944 as "Alfred LaRue", appearing in two Deanna Durbin musicals and a serial. Durbin and LaRue were romantically involved during his tenure there. In 1945 independent producer Robert Emmett Tansey, releasing through the small PRC studio, launched a new western series with a difference: the features would be filmed in then-unusual Cinecolor. Singing cowboy Eddie Dean starred, with "Al LaRue" featured as "The Cheyenne Kid" and using a bullwhip expertly to disarm villains. LaRue graduated to his own starring series (as "Cheyenne") in 1947, first for PRC, then for its successor Eagle-Lion (which continued to use the PRC brand name for its westerns), and finally for producer Ron Ormond.Wyatt, Tom and Greenland, David. "B Western Cowboys: Part I", Classic Images. September 2022 It was at this time that he developed his image as cowboy hero Lash LaRue, dressed all in black. Al St. John had been Buster Crabbe's comic sidekick in PRC westerns; after Crabbe left the studio, St. John's character "Fuzzy Q. Jones" was written into the Lash LaRue scripts. Lash LaRue was different from the usual cowboy hero of the era. Dressed in black, he spoke with a "city tough-guy" accent somewhat like that of Humphrey Bogart, whom he physically resembled. His use of a bullwhip, however, was what set him apart from contemporary cowboy stars such as Gene Autry and Roy Rogers. His influence was felt throughout the dying medium of B-westerns; for example, he had an imitator, Whip Wilson, who starred in his own brief series, and even Roy Rogers started using a bullwhip in some of his Republic Pictures Westerns made during the same period. LaRue made frequent personal appearances at small-town movie theaters that were showing his films during his heyday of 1948 to 1951, a common practice for cowboy stars in those days. However, his skillful displays of stunts with his whip, done live on movie theater stages, also convinced young Western fans that there was at least one cowboy hero who could perform in real life the things he did on screen. He continued working in films and television until he retired in 1990. ==Personal life== For a time he was married to Reno Browne, a B-western actress, who together with Dale Evans was one of only two Western actresses ever to have their own comic book fashioned after their characters. He later married Barbra Fuller, a radio, film and television actress. Their marriage lasted 14 months; they wed February 23, 1951 in Yuma, Arizona, and divorced June 2, 1952. They had no children but did have a godchild, child actor J.P. Sloane, the son of "Television's Singing Troubadour" Jimmie Jackson and "Television's Hollywood Hostess" Anita Coleman. ===Television=== In the later 1950s, LaRue was featured on the children's program The Gabby Hayes Show (in footage from his old PRC westerns). He appeared several times on the syndicated television series 26 Men, true stories of the Arizona Rangers. LaRue also appeared on Jimmie Jackson's television show Memory Lane.The Hollywood Reporter (US) November 10, 1950, Vol. CXI, Iss. 31, pg. 10, by: Dan Jenkins, "Lash LaRue guest on Jimmie Jackson's MEMORY LANE" He appeared seven times in different roles in the 1956 TV western Judge Roy Bean. One of his roles on Judge Roy Bean was as the outlaw John Wesley Hardin. He portrayed another real-life criminal, Doc Barker, in the TV series Gangbusters, which was later recut into the film Guns Don't Argue. LaRue and Steve Brodie shared the role (from 1959–1961) of Sheriff Johnny Behan in Cochise County, Arizona, on ABC's The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian. LaRue appeared five times; Brodie, nine times. A role as the villain in a pornographic western, Hard on the Trail, in 1972, led him to repentance as a missionary for ten years, as he had not been informed of the adult nature of the film and would not have consented to appear in the film. He did not actually appear in any of the pornographic scenes. The film was later released without the pornographic scenes and retitled Hard Trail in an attempt to eliminate the double entendre.Hardy, Phil (editor). The Aurum Film Encyclopedia: The Western, Aurum Press, 1983; ===Death=== LaRue died of emphysema in 1996 at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California. He had recently undergone triple-bypass surgery and suffered from emphysema. He was cremated at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California. He was survived by his wife, Frances Bramlett LaRue, three sons and three daughters. He had reportedly been married at least ten times. == Legacy == LaRue was mentioned in the 1973 song "Childhood – 1949", written and recorded by Bobby Goldsboro as the B-side to his hit single "Summer (The First Time)". He is one of many classic western stars mentioned in the 1974 Statler Brothers song "Whatever Happened to Randolph Scott?". Writer/singer/producer Bruce Blackman of the pop group Starbuck wrote and recorded the tribute song "Lash LaRue", included on their 1976 album Moonlight Feels Right. He was mentioned in the Shel Silverstein song "The Great Conch Train Robbery" in Silverstein's 1980 album of the same name. A fifth season episode of Rockford Files, "A Material Difference", has Rockford confronting his notorious sidekick Angel Martin at an outdoor restaurant, asking of his leather jacket and dark clothing, "What are you, a clone of Lash LaRue?" LaRue is seen on the 1986 Johnny Cash and Waylon Jennings duet album Heroes. On the back cover, LaRue is standing with the duo. In Quentin Tarantino's 1994 film Pulp Fiction, Winston Wolfe (Harvey Keitel) jokingly refers to Vincent Vega (John Travolta) as "Lash LaRue". Professional wrestler Mark LeRoux borrowed his ring name from LaRue, dubbing himself "Lash LeRoux" in 1999. == Filmography == Year Title Role Studio Notes 1944 Christmas Holiday Man Universal Pictures Uncredited 1945 The Master Key Migsy Serial; credited as "Alfred La Rue" Lady on a Train Circus club waiter 1945 Song of Old Wyoming The Cheyenne Kid Producers Releasing Corporation Credited as "Al La Rue" 1946 The Caravan Trail Cherokee Wild West Stormy Day Aka Prairie Outlaws 1947 Law of the Lash Cheyenne Davis First lead role Border Feud Pioneer Justice Heartaches DeLong / Trigger Malone Ghost Town Renegades Cheyenne Davis Stage to Mesa City Return of the Lash The Fighting Vigilantes Cheyenne Takes Over 1948 The Enchanted Valley Pretty Boy Eagle-Lion Films Dead Man's Gold Marshal Lash LaRue Western Adventure Productions, Inc. Mark of the Lash Frontier Revenge 1949 Outlaw Country Son of Billy the Kid Jack Garrett Son of a Bad Man Marshal Lash LaRue 1950 The Daltons' Women King of the Bullwhip 1951 The Thundering Trail The Vanishing Outpost 1952 The Black Lash The Frontier Phantom ;Comics Lash LaRue Western comic books were published first by Fawcett Comics (issues #1 through 46) and later by Charlton Comics (issues #47 through 84), between 1949 and 1961. The first issue alone today is worth upwards of $1,000 in near mint condition. They were among the most popular Western-themed comics of the era. Initially, LaRue and other Western stars weren't paid royalties by Fawcett; they were satisfied with just the publicity. (AC later published two reprint editions in 1990.) LaRue comics sold well with a total of 12 million copies in 1952 alone. Many stories featured his godson, J.P. Sloane. ;Later films Year Title Role Notes 1963 Please Don't Touch Me Bill 1969 Lanton Mills Phantom Short 1972 Hard on the Trail Slade Pornographic film 1984 Chain Gang 1985 The Dark Power Ranger Girard Alien Outlaw Alex Thompson 1986 Stagecoach Lash Television film 1989 Escape Gas station owner 1990 Pair of Aces Henry Television film ==References== ==Bibliography== * Lash LaRue, the King of the Bullwhip, by Chuck Thornton and David Rothel (Empire Publishing, NC, 1988). . * The King of the Bullwhip: Lash LaRue, the Man, not the Legend, by Charles M. Sharpe (Sharpeco, NC, 1996). ASIN B0006QS5T6. ==External links== * * Lash LaRue-bio on (re)Search my Trash Category:1917 births Category:1996 deaths Category:People from Gretna, Louisiana Category:Baptists from Louisiana Category:Cajun people Category:American male film actors Category:Male Western (genre) film actors Category:Deaths from emphysema Category:Male actors from Louisiana Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Category:20th-century American male actors Category:20th-century Baptists

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The Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway , also known as the CRANDIC, is a Class III railroad operating in the US state of Iowa. The CRANDIC currently operates of main line and more than of yard trackage in four east central Iowa counties. The Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway employs 90 individuals. 100,000 car loads of traffic are handled each year on the CRANDIC. The largest customers include Alliant Energy, Archer Daniels Midland, Cargill, International Paper's Cedar River mill, and Ingredion Products. ==History== The CRANDIC began operations in 1904, providing interurban service between Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Iowa City, Iowa. In 1914, a line extending to Lisbon, Iowa, was completed but was abandoned in 1928. In 1939, the CRANDIC purchased six high-speed light weight interurban cars (Red Devils) from the recently abandoned Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad interurban, leading to the popular saying "Swing and Sway the CRANDIC Way", referring to the motion caused by high-speed running on the CRANDIC's uneven track. For similar reasons, it was also known as the "Vomit Comet". In 1953, the railroad ran its last passenger train, a charter by railfans. While freight was important to the CRANDIC in the early years, it was better known for its passenger interurban operations. In 1952, the line operated 12 trains in each direction per day (8 on Sundays), & the journey took 47–58 minutes. Operating hours were from 5am (8/9am Sundays) to 12/1am (1/2am Monday mornings).https://timetableworld.com/image_viewer.php?id=3&section;_id=251 After passenger operations were discontinued in 1953, freight became the primary source of traffic for the CRANDIC. At the same time, the electric- powered locomotives were replaced with diesel-electric models. The customer base in Cedar Rapids continued to expand with the population in the area. In 1980, with the demise of the Milwaukee Road, CRANDIC purchased the Cedar Rapids to Homestead, Iowa, portion of the Milwaukee. Also in that year, an Iowa City to Hills, Iowa portion of the former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad was acquired by the CRANDIC. In 1996, a large locomotive and car shop was built in the southwest side of Cedar Rapids as a replacement for the original Rockford Road facility. In late 2004, the CRANDIC chose to concentrate on its major focus, switching customers along its rail lines. A daily road freight between Cedar Rapids and Iowa City previously operated by the CRANDIC was turned over to the Iowa Interstate Railroad in August 2004. In 2005, Railway Age magazine named the CRANDIC its Short Line Railroad of the Year. Also in 2005, CRANDIC opened its third shop complex. The newest shops are located on the site of the original CRANDIC shops. The previous shops complex was sold to Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) for use as a railcar cleaning and repair shop for ADM's large fleet of rolling stock. In 2013, CRANDIC took delivery of 8 new L4-1500XD-M switcher locomotives built by RELCO in Albia, Iowa. Each locomotive was mated to a slug unit; due to the railroad's tight curves, constructed when the railroad was still an interurban, six-axle locomotives cannot be employed. The locomotives were numbered 201-208 and the slugs were numbered 301-308. ==References== * Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway Co. CRANDIC - The Cedar Rapids and Iowa City Railway. Retrieved September 21, 2005. * AAR Railfan Club (2005), Railway Age Names Shortline, Regional Railroads of the Year. Retrieved March 10, 2005. * Iowa Department of Transportation, Office of Rail Transportation (May 1999), Railroad Profiles. Retrieved March 10, 2005. * Cedar Rapids and Iowa City 111, Preserved at the Western Railway Museum Category:Iowa railroads Category:Interurban railways in Iowa Category:Transportation in Cedar Rapids, Iowa Category:1904 establishments in Iowa

['Iowa City, Iowa', 'Iowa', 'Class III railroad', 'Alliant Energy', 'Archer Daniels Midland', 'Cargill', 'International Paper', 'Ingredion', 'Cincinnati and Lake Erie Railroad', 'Milwaukee Road', 'Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad', 'Iowa Interstate Railroad', 'Railway Age', 'Western Railway Museum']

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Okreek is an unincorporated community in Todd County, South Dakota, United States. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 190. The town is wholly within the jurisdiction of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, and the populace is almost entirely Sioux-American. Okreek consists primarily of two long blocks of inhabited tract housing, and has about 30 private telephone subscribers within town limits. There is also an elementary school and a Post Office which has been assigned the ZIP Code of 57563. The name Okreek is a corruption of Oak Creek, a stream near the town site. ==Demographics== ==References== Category:Unincorporated communities in Todd County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota Category:Rosebud Indian Reservation

['South Dakota', 'Rosebud Indian Reservation']

['Q1211', 'Q3813702']

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Oral is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Fall River County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 66 at the 2020 census. Oral has been assigned the ZIP Code of 57766. ==Demographics== ==History== A post office called Oral has been in operation since 1894. Some say Oral is the middle name of the first postmaster's son, (John Oral Goodman, later of Riverton, WY) while others believe the community was so named with the expectation the place would become something people would be talking about. File:Oral rooftop.jpg|Sign in Oral ==References== ==External links== * Oral, South Dakota at hometownlocator.com Category:Unincorporated communities in Fall River County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

['South Dakota']

['Q1211']

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Owanka is an unincorporated community in Pennington County, South Dakota, United States. Although not tracked by the United States Census Bureau, Owanka has been assigned the ZIP Code of 57767. ==History== The first settlement at Owanka was made in 1888. A post office called Owanka was established in 1907. Owanka is a name derived from the Sioux language, meaning "good camping ground." Now mostly a ghost town, a single family resides in Owanka. In addition to those two people, several others reside outside the town limits. South Dakota Magazine offers a photo gallery of old Owanka buildings in this article reference: ==References== Category:Unincorporated communities in Pennington County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota Category:Rapid City, South Dakota metropolitan area Category:Dakota toponyms Category:Ghost towns in South Dakota Category:Former populated places in Pennington County, South Dakota

['South Dakota', 'United States Census Bureau', 'Sioux language', 'South Dakota Magazine']

['Q1211', 'Q637413', 'Q13268', 'Q7566972']

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Grady was a Southern rock band based in Austin, Texas. ==History== Grady originally consisted of Canadian vocalist and guitarist Gordie Johnson (known as Grady Johnson as part of the band), Canadian bass guitarist "Big" Ben Richardson, and Chris Layton on drums. Prior to Grady, Johnson was the frontman for Big Sugar, Layton was the drummer for Stevie Ray Vaughan's Double Trouble rhythm section, and Richardson was with The Jeff Healey Band and The Phantoms in Toronto. Grady often plays at The Continental Club in Austin, did an eight stop Canadian tour in March 2005, and appeared at the University of Regina to play a free show in September 2005. This was followed up by a full- length album called Y.U. So Shady?. The band released "Hammer In My Hand" as a single from the album, which was a moderate hit on Canadian radio, peaking at #14 on Canada's Rock chart in 2005. After the issue of a second album, A Cup of Cold Poison, Grady made two extensive tours to Canada early in 2008. The band caught the attention of Jello Biafra of the Dead Kennedys who released Y.U. So Shady? in the United States. Chris Layton was replaced on drums by Billy Maddox in early 2006. Maddox was also a veteran of the Austin music scene, having played with The Electromagnets, Alien Love Child and The Eric Johnson Band. In 2006, Grady shot a video for “Woman Got My Devil” which was played in Canada on MuchMoreMusic. Produced by Michael Maxxis and directed by David Hogan, the video features Witchbaby from A&E;'s Rollergirls, as well as a number of other Rollergirls in supporting roles. It was shot in Luck, Texas, an 1800s Western town owned by Willie Nelson. In 2007, Grady released their second album, entitled A Cup of Cold Poison, which was recorded at Willie Nelson's Pedernales Studio. The album features appearances by Willie Nelson, Alejandro Escovedo and Ron Hynes. The band released a single for "You’re What’s Happening Baby". In September 2007 drummer Billy Maddox left Grady due to a pre-existing health condition. The band began touring again in November 2007 with a new drummer, Nina "The Queena" Singh of Austin-based band Kitty Gordon. Grady's next full-length album, Good As Dead, was released in Canada on C12 Records in 2009. The album contains a cover version of The Tragically Hip's "Boots or Hearts", which Gordie Johnson described as "volatile", as well as the eponymous "Good as Dead", penned by Johnson. The record showcases the "Cowboy Metal" sound and features backup vocals by drummer Nina Singh. In April 2010, Gordie Johnson made his directorial debut when he wrote and directed the video for "If I Was King" on location in Texas. It is dedicated to Johnson's lifelong friend, comedian Eric Tunney. Grady released the live DVD/CD during the "Calling All My Demons" tour in Fall 2010. Footage for the DVD was requested by Gordie Johnson from all in attendance at Grady's October 2009 show at the Pyramid Cabaret in Winnipeg, Manitoba. On Dec 27, 2010, Billy Maddox was killed in a tragic freak shooting in his house. In August 2011 drummer Nina "The Queena" Singh left Grady to join Court Yard Hounds. Drummer Trinidad Leal from Dixie Witch has been working with the band since. While considered an "American" band by location of establishment, most members of Grady are Canadian. On July 31, 2022, the band issued a statement on Facebook confirming the group's disbandment after 18 years. ==Discography== * Y.U. So Shady? (2004) * A Cup of Cold Poison (2007) * Good as Dead (2009) * Calling All My Demons [live] (2010) ==References== ==External links== * Grady official website * Interview with Grady's Big Ben Richardson * Interview with Grady's Gordie Johnson Category:Alternative Tentacles artists Category:Hard rock musical groups from Texas Category:Texas blues musicians Category:Musical groups from Austin, Texas

['Austin, Texas', 'Southern rock', 'Texas blues', 'Alternative Tentacles', 'Gordie Johnson', 'Chris Layton', 'Stevie Ray Vaughan', 'University of Regina', 'Jello Biafra', 'Dead Kennedys', 'MuchMoreMusic', 'Rollergirls', 'Willie Nelson', 'Alejandro Escovedo', 'Ron Hynes', 'The Tragically Hip', 'Winnipeg', 'Court Yard Hounds', 'Dixie Witch']

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Sichuan Airlines Co., Ltd. () is a Chinese airline based in Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and is the largest airline in western China,"World Airline Directory." Flight International. 30 March - 5 April 2004. 67. "Cheng Du Shuang Liu International Airport, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610202, China" operating mainly scheduled domestic and international flights out of Chengdu Shuangliu Airport, Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport and Kunming Changshui International Airport. Sichuan Airlines is also the first airline in mainland China to operate Airbus A320 and the first batch of airlines in mainland China to receive Airbus A350. == History == The airline was established on 19 September 1986 as Sichuan Airlines Company, its first flight was on 14 July 1988 between Chengdu and Wanzhou. The airline was later restructured as Sichuan Airlines Co., Ltd. on 29 August 2002, in which the Sichuan Airlines Co., Ltd. Group became the major shareholder (40%). The other shareholders are China Southern Airlines (39%), China Eastern Airlines (10%), Air China Group (10%) and Chengdu Gingko Restaurant Co. (1%). == Corporate affairs == === Operations === Sichuan Airlines' corporate headquarters is located in its hub Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport in Shuangliu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, \- Alternate address: "NO.68，4th JiChang South Road,ShuangLiu District,Cheng Du City,SiChuan Province" and its secondary hubs are at Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport and Kunming Changshui International Airport. === Subsidiary === Sichuan Airlines owns Chengdu Airlines as its subsidiary, which also has its hub at Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport. Chengdu Airlines was formerly named as United Eagle Airlines, and was renamed to Chengdu Airlines to help lift the image of Chengdu on behalf of the city's government, according to an anonymous official of Sichuan Airlines. In late 2009, Sichuan Airlines sold some of its share of Chengdu Airlines to aircraft manufacturer Comac and the Chengdu Communications Investment Group. Chengdu Airlines is the first operator of the Comac ARJ21. === Branding === Sichuan Airlines' logo is a haiyan () that is soaring with high temperament, symbolizing the company's entrepreneurial spirit. The circle represents the earth and the four wave patterns represents a hundred rivers going into the sea and carrying back virtues, corresponding to the core values of Sichuan Airlines' "truthfulness, goodness, beauty, love", symbolizing that Sichuan Airlines takes off from the inland and connects the stability of land civilization and the outward development of marine civilization. In addition to the logo, Sichuan Airlines gives emphasis to the Chinese character "" in which not only the character means river or a shortened name of Sichuan, but also that the character is defined as running through and gathering. It means that Sichuan Airlines is engaged in aviation flight and had built a world- class fleet that connects five continents, improving its network radiation capability and opening more international routes to build a bridge between Western China and the world and to integrate the world's corporate vision. == Destinations == Sichuan Airlines is operating mainly flights in East Asia. (Hong Kong, Tokyo, Beijing, Osaka, Seoul, Shanghai, Taipei, Guangzhou, Lhasa, Kunming, Urumqi, Kathmandu, etc.) Others destinations include Australia (Sydney, Melbourne), New Zealand (Auckland), Africa (Cairo), Western Asia (Dubai, Tel Aviv), Southeast Asia (Singapore, Bangkok), Europe (Prague, Zurich, Copenhagen, Rome, Helsinki) and North America (Vancouver, Los Angeles), etc. The airline launched its first long-haul overseas route in June 2012 with flights from its Chengdu hub to Vancouver, Canada. Its second long- haul flight, from Chengdu to Melbourne, Australia, was launched in February 2013 with three weekly services. On 17 October 2016 the airline launched twice-a-week service from Chengdu via Hangzhou to Los Angeles (LAX). In 2016, Sichuan Airlines started twice-a-week flights to its first European destination, Prague. On June 23, 2018, Sichuan Airlines launched service from Chengdu to Zurich via Prague. It was the first fifth freedom flight for the airline. It was also the only airline operating this route with Airbus A330 wide body aircraft. ===Codeshare agreements=== Sichuan Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: * Air China * Chengdu Airlines * China Eastern Airlines * China Express Airlines * China Southern Airlines * Juneyao Airlines * Kunming Airlines * Shandong Airlines * Shanghai Airlines * Shenzhen Airlines * Tibet Airlines * XiamenAir == Fleet == === Current fleet === , Sichuan Airlines operates an all-Airbus fleet consisting of the following aircraft: Sichuan Airlines Fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Airbus A319-100 23 -- 8 124 132 Airbus A320-200 53 -- 8 142 150 B-6388 in Chinese Dragon livery. B-6719 in Yunnan livery. Airbus A320neo 27 -- 8 150 158 Airbus A321-200 43 -- 8 186 194 B-1663 in "100th Aircraft" livery Airbus A321neo 26 2 8 190 198 Airbus A330-200 4 -- 36 209 245 One aircraft painted in panda livery. Airbus A330-300 7 -- 36 265 301 B-5923 and B-5929 in "Wuliangye" livery B-5945 in 2021 Summer Universiade livery Airbus A350-900 5 9 28 303 331 B-325J and B-306N in Panda Route Livery, B-304V and B-304U in Chengdu FISU World University Games, B-301D in Panda Livery Comac C919 -- 20 TBA Sichuan Airlines Cargo fleet Airbus A330-200F 3 -- Cargo Airbus A330-300/P2F 1 1 Cargo Delivery started from 2022. Total 192 32 === Special Liveries === File:B-301D@PEK (20180816135704).jpg|Sichuan Airlines took delivery of their first Airbus A350 XWB in August 2018 File:Sichuan Airlines Airbus A320-232 (Chinese Dragon Livery) B-6388 (8719587351).jpg|Sichuan Airlines Chinese Dragon Livery File:B-1663@PEK (20180103150326).jpg|The 100th Sichuan Airlines A321 File:B-5929@PEK (20191119141414).jpg|The Sichuan Airlines Airbus A330 painted by "Wuliangye" File:B-5960 - Sichuan Airlines (Changhong Livery) - Airbus A330-343 - 1579 - VGHS.jpg|The Sichuan Airlines Airbus A330 painted by “Changhong” === Former fleet === Sichuan Airlines Retired Fleet Aircraft Total Introduced Retired Notes Airbus A319-100 1 2010 2016 Airbus A320-200 13 1996 2019 Airbus A321-100 2 2003 2015 Airbus A321-200 4 1998 2018 Airbus A330-200 1 2012 2014 Antonov An-24 Boeing 737-300 1 2000 2001 Embraer ERJ 145 5 2000 2011 Tupolev Tu-154 6 1992 2001 Xian MA60 Xian Y-7 == Golden Panda == The Golden Panda Club is a frequent-flyer program launched by Sichuan Airlines. It can accumulate every flight mileage and enjoy free tickets and other product rewards. When the mileage reaches a certain standard, it can be upgraded to a VIP member and enjoy free upgrades. Free first class lounge waiting, free baggage allowance and other value-added services. ==Accidents and incidents== * On 24 January 2003, Sichuan Airlines Flight 434, an Embraer EMB-145 from Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport, one man attempted to hijack the airplane and ignited home-made explosives, which injured a passenger and also himself. He was subdued by a security officer. * On 14 May 2018, Sichuan Airlines Flight 8633, an Airbus A319 from Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport to Lhasa Gonggar Airport, diverted to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport after a windshield on the copilot's side of the cockpit blew off, intrinsically similar to the 1990 British Airways Flight 5390 Incident, resulting in a loss of a part of the flight control panel. The flight crew made a difficult landing with decompression failure and extremely low temperature. The copilot and a flight attendant were reported injured. Later the incident was adapted into the film "The Captain (2019 film)" and was also featured in the documentary series Mayday. == See also == *Civil aviation in China *List of airlines of China *List of airports in China *List of companies of China *Transport in China *The Captain (2019 film) == References == ==External links== *Official website Category:Airlines established in 1986 Category:Airlines of China Category:Chinese brands Category:Companies based in Chengdu Category:Government-owned companies of China Category:Transport in Sichuan Category:Chinese companies established in 1986 *[J]: Business Class *[Y]: Economy Class *[TBA]: To Be Announced *[Cargo]: Cargo Configuration

['Chengdu', 'Sichuan', 'Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport', 'Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport', 'Kunming Changshui International Airport', 'Lhasa Gonggar Airport', 'China Southern Airlines', 'China Eastern Airlines', 'Air China Group', 'Chengdu Airlines', 'Airbus A320', 'Airbus A350', 'Shuangliu District', 'Comac', 'Comac ARJ21', 'Western China', 'East Asia', 'Hong Kong', 'Tokyo', 'Beijing', 'Osaka', 'Seoul', 'Shanghai', 'Taipei', 'Guangzhou', 'Lhasa', 'Kunming', 'Urumqi', 'Kathmandu', 'Australia', 'New Zealand', 'Africa', 'Western Asia', 'Southeast Asia', 'Europe', 'North America', 'Vancouver, Canada', 'Hangzhou', 'Los Angeles', 'Prague', 'Airbus A330', 'Air China', 'China Express Airlines', 'Juneyao Airlines', 'Kunming Airlines', 'Shandong Airlines', 'Shanghai Airlines', 'Shenzhen Airlines', 'Tibet Airlines', 'XiamenAir', 'Airbus A321neo', 'Airbus A319-100', 'Airbus A320neo', 'Airbus A321-200', '2021 Summer Universiade', 'Comac C919', 'Wuliangye', 'Changhong', 'Antonov An-24', 'Boeing 737-300', 'Tupolev Tu-154', 'Xian MA60', 'Xian Y-7', 'Sichuan Airlines Flight 8633', 'British Airways Flight 5390', 'Civil aviation in China', 'List of airlines of China', 'List of airports in China', 'List of companies of China', 'Transport in China']

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A pie iron—also called pudgy pie iron, sandwich toaster, snackwicher, toastie maker or jaffle iron—is a cooking appliance that consists of two hinged concave, round or square, cast iron or aluminium plates on long handles. Its "clamshell" design resembles that of a waffle iron, but without that appliance's honeycomb pattern. Pie irons are used to heat, toast and seal the sandwich. ==Name== The most common type in most countries are electrically heated counter-top models, and names vary from place to place. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the pie iron is referred to as a "toastie maker" or "toasted sandwich maker"; in New Zealand and South Africa, it may be called a "jaffle iron", "jaffle maker". ==Origins== In the U.S., the Tostwich is possibly the earliest toasted sandwich maker, dating back to before 1920. However, it was not patented until 3 March 1925 (applied for on 26 May 1924). It was invented by Charles Champion, whose other inventions include a corn- popping machine for the mass production of popcorn."Catlin's Own Inventor", Shirley Nesbitt, 2000, accessed 26 December 2007 The original Jaffle brand jaffle iron was designed and patented in 1949 by Dr Earnest Smithers from Bondi, Australia. ==Operation== Modern versions of the pie-iron are commonly more domestic, if not necessarily more refined, with subdivisions allowing pairs of bread slices to be clamped together around fillings to form pockets or stuffed sandwiches. A combination of heat and pressure seals the bread at the outer edges. Campfire versions are still made of cast iron and can be cooked over coals, open flames, or a stove, but lightweight aluminium stove- top versions are made, generally being coated with a non-stick surface both as a cleaning aid and to allay fears regarding aluminium in the diet. Once the device is hot, the sandwich can be assembled "inside-out", where the buttered side of the bread faces outwards against the metal plates and the filling sits inside. This produces a crunchier toastie and helps prevent the bread from sticking. Alternatively, bread can be placed inside unbuttered, which produces a chewier toastie. ==Regional variants== *Rights acquired by John O'Brien for Australian cookware company Breville in the 1970s mean that the name Breville is sometimes used there eponymously to describe both the device and the toasted, sealed sandwich product. *In the UK, the appliance is notorious for being little-used. A survey in 2005 suggested that 45% of British adults own, but do not use, sandwich toasters. *In India, open flame toasters are used to toast sandwiches. They are often called "Bombay sandwiches" in Mumbai. A similar American utensil is trademarked “Toas-Tite”. ==See also== *Croque monsieur *Cuban sandwich *Panini *Toast sandwich *Toaster *Waffle iron ==References== Category:Cooking appliances Category:20th-century inventions Category:American inventions Category:Australian inventions

['Breville', 'Mumbai', 'Croque monsieur', 'Cuban sandwich', 'Toast sandwich', 'Toaster', 'Waffle iron']

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Alvin Miller may refer to: * Alvin V. Miller, state legislator in Iowa * Alvin Miller, main character of The Tales of Alvin Maker

['The Tales of Alvin Maker']

['Q3008321']

[[(105, 129)]]

In computing, the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) is a framework for working with cryptography using the Java programming language. It forms part of the Java security API, and was first introduced in JDK 1.1 in the package. The JCA uses a "provider"-based architecture and contains a set of APIs for various purposes, such as encryption, key generation and management, secure random-number generation, certificate validation, etc. These APIs provide an easy way for developers to integrate security into application code. ==See also== *Java Cryptography Extension *Bouncy Castle (cryptography) ==External links== * Official JCA guides: JavaSE6, JavaSE7, JavaSE8, JavaSE9, JavaSE10, JavaSE11 Category:Java platform Category:Cryptographic software

['JDK', 'Java Cryptography Extension', 'Bouncy Castle (cryptography)']

['Q741303', 'Q1684186', 'Q2090083']

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Dienekes or Dieneces (, from διηνεκής, Doric Greek: διανεκής "continuous, unbroken"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek- English Lexicon (1940), s.v. διηνεκής.) was a Spartan soldier who fought and died at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. He was acclaimed the bravest of all the Greeks who fought in that battle. Herodotus (7.226) related the following anecdote about Dienekes: Herodotus also mentions that Dienekes said many other similar things which made him unforgotten.Herodotus Book 7: Polymnia, 227 "This and other sayings of this kind they report that Dienekes the Lacedemonian left as memorials of himself" Plutarch, writing hundreds of years later, also mentions this comment in his "Sayings of the Spartans", but he attributes it to Leonidas I, Dienekes' general in the battle. According to Plutarch, when one of the soldiers complained to Leonidas that "Because of the arrows of the barbarians it is impossible to see the sun," Leonidas replied, "Won't it be nice, then, if we shall have shade in which to fight them?"Plutarch, Apophthegmata Laconica, section "Leonidas, son of Anaxandridas", saying 6, Vol. III of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1931 The laconic phrase "then we will fight in the shade" was cited by later Latin writers such as Cicero (in umbra igitur pugnabimus Tusculan Disputations I.(42)101) and Valerius Maximus (in umbra enim proeliabimur III.7, ext. 8). The street east of the Tomb of Leonidas in the modern town of Sparta is named for Dienekes (, connecting and ). ==In popular culture== * Dienekes is one of the main characters in Steven Pressfield's novel Gates of Fire (1998). He's known for his memorable one-liners and quick wit, which resembles his real life quote of "fighting in the shade." Throughout the book the author alludes to his humble, hardworking character which the narrator uses to explain his excellent leadership skills and fighting prowess as a platoon commander. His main job as an officer was to "fire their valor when it flagged, and rein in their fury when it threatened to take them out of hand." He is described as being a master teacher and a "student of fear." He shares his timeless wisdom throughout the book with his protege. Throughout the book he tries to strip fighting of its mystery by saying that "war is work" that the preparation for war is the most noble and virtuous pursuit. He preaches that there is a "force beyond fear" through only attaining and abiding by the virtues laid out by Spartan law. He also describes the fighting ability of warriors who have touched the sublime in battle. He quotes his late brother when asked how he fought like an immortal and he responds, "More virtue." One of the most profound pieces of wisdom he shares with readers is that "love is the opposite of fear." * Dienekes is portrayed by Michael Fassbender in the film 300 (2007) as Stelios. He appears in many scenes throughout the movie and gives his famous "fight in the shade" line. He is a close friend of King Leonidas as well as Astinos, who is Captain Artemis' son and a Spartan warrior. * Dienekes is a character in the video game Assassin's Creed: Odyssey (2018). ==References== Category:Ancient Spartan soldiers Category:480 BC deaths Category:5th-century BC Spartans Category:Ancient Greeks killed in battle Category:Battle of Thermopylae Category:Spartans of the Greco-Persian Wars

['Battle of Thermopylae', 'Sparta', 'Herodotus', 'Plutarch', 'Apophthegmata Laconica', 'Leonidas I', 'Cicero', 'Tusculan Disputations', 'Valerius Maximus', 'Tomb of Leonidas', 'Steven Pressfield', 'Gates of Fire', 'Michael Fassbender', 'Captain', 'Artemis', "Assassin's Creed: Odyssey"]

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Raymond Obstfeld is a writer of poetry, non-fiction, fiction, and screenplays as well as a professor of English at Orange Coast College.Writer Unboxed. "Author Interview: Raymond Obstfeld, http://writerunboxed.com/2008/03/31/author-interview-raymond-obstfeld/ Writer Unboxed". He was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania on January 22, 1952 and graduated from Loyalsock High School in 1969. His parents and older brother, Roland (b. 1947), were immigrants from Germany. His parents owned and operated Obstfeld’s Jewish Delicatessen, which was the target of various hate crimes during Obstfeld’s youth, from Nazi swastikas painted on the doors to arson, which gutted the building.Orange Coast Review Interview, http://orangecoastreview.com/edit/resources/obstfeld-interview.pdf His parents rebuilt the store, but these events informed Obstfeld’s later political activism as well as his writing. After a year at the local Lycoming College, Obstfeld attended an experimental college in Redlands, California, (now the Johnston Center at the University of Redlands) from which he graduated in 1972. He then attended the University of California at Santa Barbara for a year, but left to pursue his writing. After a year living in San Francisco working odd jobs, he finished his first novel and got an agent. In 1974, he returned to graduate school at the University of California at Davis where he studied poetry under the famed poet Karl Shapiro. After graduating in 1976, he began teaching English at Orange Coast College at the age of 24, where he still teaches today. He has said that when he started teaching he intended to quit as soon as his writing career took off. However, in his first year of teaching he sold his first book of poetry as well as his first novel, with a contract for three additional novels. He decided that he actually loved teaching more than writing and couldn’t give it up. ==Writing career== Obstfeld has authored or co-authored nearly 50 books. Since 2007, he has been co-author to eight books with NBA basketball legend, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. Obstfeld has twice been nominated for the NAACP Image Award, having won once. He has also been nominated for an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Dead Heat. His young adult novel, The Joker and the Thief, won a Delacorte Young Adult Award.Orange Coast Review Interview, http://orangecoastreview.com/edit/resources/obstfeld-interview.pdf Early in his writing career, Obstfeld wrote under several pseudonyms (Pike Bishop, Carl Stevens, Jason Frost) because he wrote different genres. After writing over a dozen thrillers, Westerns, and occult novels, he decided to return to mainstream literary fiction that he had written in graduate school.Writer Unboxed. "Author Interview: Raymond Obstfeld, http://writerunboxed.com/2008/03/31/author-interview-raymond-obstfeld/ Writer Unboxed". Because he’d already achieved some fame as a mystery writer, he decided to write his new novel under the name Laramie Dunaway. The novel, Hungry Women, was written from the points of view of four women friends. It was published by Warner Books without anyone at the publishing house knowing Obstfeld was a man. The novel went on to great success, being published internationally. Laramie Dunaway published two more novels before informing Warner of his gender. The publisher decided to publish Obstfeld’s next novel, Earth Angel, under his real name.LA Times. "The Man Behind Laramie Dunaway". (1992). As a screenwriter, Obstfeld has written and sold numerous scripts that have been optioned or sold, though only one has actually been filmed, Whatever It Takes (1999) starring Don “The Dragon” Wilson. In 2018, he joined the writing staff for the upcoming Veronica Mars revival series. ==Bibliography== • The Cat with Half a Face (Leyman & Johnson Press, 1978) • The Goulden Fleece (Charter Books, 1979) • Dead-End Option (Charter Books, 1980) • Dead Heat (Charter Books, 1981) • Dead Bolt (Charter Books, 1982) • Mack Bolan: Bloodsport (Executioner, book 46), writing as Don Pendleton (Harlequin, 1982) • Mack Bolan: Flesh Wounds (Executioner, book 57), writing as Don Pendleton (Harlequin Books, 1983) • Judgment at Poisoned Well, writing as Pike Bishop (Pinnacle Books, 1983) • The Dagger Series, book 1: The Centaur Conspiracy, writing as Carl Stevens (Harlequin Enterprises, 1983) • The Warlord, writing as Jason Frost (Zebra, 1983) • Dagger Series, book 2: Ride of the Razorback, writing as Carl Stevens (Harlequin Enterprises, 1984) • The Warlord #2: The Cutthroat, writing as Jason Frost (Zebra, 1984) • The Warlord #3: Badland, writing as Jason Frost (Zebra, 1984) • The Warlord #4: Prisonland, writing as Jason Frost (Zebra, 1985) • The Warlord #5: Terminal Island, writing as Jason Frost (Zebra, 1985) • The Remington Factor (Charter Books, 1985) reprinted Endeavor, 2017 • Invasion USA (Kensington Publishing Co., 1985) • Mack Bolan: Savannah Swingsaw (Executioner, book 74), writing as Don Pendleton (Harlequin Books, 1985) • Masked Dog (Gold Eagle, 1986) • Mack Bolan: The Fire Eaters (Executioner, book 93), writing as Don Pendleton (Harlequin Books, 1986) • Brain Wave (Berkley, 1987) • The Remington Contract (Charter, 1988), reprinted Endeavor, 2017 • The Reincarnation of Reece Erikson (A Tom Doherty Associates Book, 1988) • Hot Sand: The Beach Volleyball Handbook (Windmill Press, 1989). Co-authored with beach volleyball professional Jon Stevenson. • Hungry Women, writing as Laramie Dunaway (Warner, 1990) • Borrowed Lives, writing as Laramie Dunaway (Warner, 1993) • The Joker and the Thief (Delacorte, 1993) • Writer’s Digest Handbook of Novel Writing (Writer’s Digest Books, 1993) • Lessons in Survival writing as Laramie Dunaway (Warner, 1994) • Earth Angel (Warner Books, 1995) • Kinky Cats, Immortal Amoebas, and Nine-Armed Octopuses: Weird, Wild, and Wonderful Behaviors in the Animal World (HarperCollins, 1997) • JabberRock (Henry Holt, 1997). Co-authored by Patricia Fitzgerald. • Napoleon Bonaparte (Greenhaven Press, 2000) • Novelist’s Essential Guide to Crafting Scenes (Writer’s Digest Books, 2000) • Fiction First Aid (Writer’s Digest Books, 2001) • Writer’s Reference Guide to Writing About Professions (Writer’s Digest Books, 2002) • The Renaissance (Lucent Books, 2002) • Moby Dick (Lucent Books, 2003) • Borrowed Lives (reprint by Iota Press, 2007) • On the Shoulders of Giants: My Journey Through the Harlem Renaissance, with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Simon & Schuster, 2007) • Anatomy Lesson (Iota Press, 2008) • What Color Is My World? The Lost History of African American Inventors, with Kareem Abdul- Jabbar (Candlewick, 2012) • Streetball Crew Book One Sasquatch in the Paint, with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Disney-Hyperion, 2013) • Streetball Crew Book Two Stealing the Game, with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Disney-Hyperion, 2015) • Mycroft Holmes and the Apocalypse Handbook, with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (2017) (graphic novel) • Writings on the Wall: Searching for a New Equality Beyond Black and White, with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Time, 2016) • Coach Wooden and Me: Our 50-Year Friendship On and Off the Court. editorial advisor to Kareem Abdul- Jabbar (Grand Central, 2017) • Becoming Kareem: Growing Up On and Off the Court, with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Little Brown Books, 2017) ==Awards== 1992 - Delacorte Young Adult Novel Award for Joker and the Thief 1981 - Nominated for Edgar Allan Poe Award for Dead Heat 2013 - NAACP Image Award for What Color Is My World 2017 - Nominated NAACP Image Award for Becoming Kareem Orange Coast Review Interview, http://orangecoastreview.com/edit/resources/obstfeld- interview.pdf ==Personal life== Obstfeld married Loretta Obstfeld, an award- winning poet and English professor at Orange Coast College, in 1990. They have two children: Max (b. 1999) and Harper (b. 2002). ==References== Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century American novelists Category:21st-century American novelists Category:American male novelists Category:Writers from California Category:20th-century American male writers Category:21st-century American male writers Category:University of California, Davis alumni

['Orange Coast College', 'Williamsport, Pennsylvania', 'Lycoming College', 'University of California at Santa Barbara', 'University of California at Davis', 'Karl Shapiro', 'Kareem Abdul-Jabbar', 'NAACP Image Award', 'Edgar Award', 'The Joker and the Thief', 'Veronica Mars']

['Q7099536', 'Q1016159', 'Q6707331', 'Q263064', 'Q129421', 'Q2906282', 'Q179051', 'Q1153257', 'Q833154', 'Q1702580', 'Q4529']

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Cambodia Airlines was an airline in Cambodia owned by The Royal Group"Cambodia Airlines to get $20m", Phnom Penh Post and PAL Holdings, Inc. of the Philippines. , the airline is no longer operating. ==History== Cambodia Airlines was founded in 1997 but its operations ceased in 2005.World Airline Directory In 2013, Philippine's flag carrier, Philippine Airlines, formed a joint ventureDoris C. Dumlao and Paolo G. Montecillo (4 April 2013), "PAL, Kith Meng of Cambodia sign deal to set up Cambodia Airlines", The Inquirer \- Lawrence Agcaoili (4 April 2013), "PAL, Royal Group of Cambodia form international airline venture", The Philippine Star \- Kim Arveen Patria (4 April 2013), "PAL, Cambodian group to launch new international airline", Yahoo! News with The Royal Group of Cambodia by buying a 49% stake in Cambodia Airlines. San Miguel Corporation, a diversified conglomerate in the Philippines, bought a stake in PAL Holdings, Inc. and took control of the management of Philippine Airlines from the Lucio Tan group. The Royal Group of Cambodia owned 100% of Cambodia Airlines before the joint venture. Operations between Manila and Phnom Penh were expected to begin in June 2013 while international flights were set to start in October the same year. ==Fleet== The Cambodia Airlines initially leased two Airbus A320 for international flights and two Bombardier Dash 8 for domestic. Cambodia Airlines fleet Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Route Notes C P Y Total Airbus A320-200 International Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 2015 Total ==References== ==External links== * Category:Defunct airlines of Cambodia Category:Airlines established in 1997 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2014 Category:2014 disestablishments in Cambodia Category:Cambodian companies established in 1997 *[C]: Business class *[P]: Premium Economy class *[Y]: Economy class

['The Royal Group', 'Philippine Airlines', 'Phnom Penh', 'Cambodia', 'Kith Meng', 'Philippines', 'Lucio Tan', 'Manila', 'Airbus A320', 'Bombardier Dash 8']

['Q7761687', 'Q846910', 'Q1850', 'Q424', 'Q6418191', 'Q928', 'Q716902', 'Q1461', 'Q6475', 'Q736765']

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Lawrence Wilfred "Laurie" Baker (2 March 1917 – 1 April 2007) was a British- born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost-effective energy- efficient architecture and designs that maximized space, ventilation and light and maintained an uncluttered yet striking aesthetic sensibility. Influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and his own experiences in the remote Himalayas, he promoted the revival of regional building practices and use of local materials; and combined this with a design philosophy that emphasized a responsible and prudent use of resources and energy. He was a pioneer of sustainable architecture as well as organic architecture, incorporating in his designs even in the late 1960s, concepts such as rain-water harvesting, minimizing usage of energy-inefficient building materials, minimizing damage to the building site and seamlessly merging with the surroundings. Due to his social and humanitarian efforts to bring architecture and design to the common man, his honest use of materials, his belief in simplicity in design and in life, and his staunch Quaker belief in non-violence, he has been called the "Gandhi of architecture". He moved to India in 1945 in part as an architect associated with a leprosy mission and continued to live and work in India for over 50 years. He became an Indian citizen in 1989 and resided in Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), Kerala from 1969 and served as the Director of COSTFORD (Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development), an organisation to promote low-cost housing. In 1981, the Royal University of the Netherlands conferred an honour (the previous recipient of this honour, in 1980, was Hassan Fathy of Egypt) upon him for outstanding work in a Third World country. In 1983 he was conferred with an MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) at Buckingham Palace. In 1990, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri for his meritorious service in the field of architecture. In 1992, he was awarded the Roll of Honour by the United Nations. In 1988, he was granted Indian citizenship, the only honour he actively pursued in his life. ==Early life== Baker was born into a staunch Methodist family, the youngest son of Birmingham Gas Department's chief accountant, Charles Frederick Baker and Millie Baker. His early schooling was at King Edwards Grammar School. His elder brothers, Leonard and Norman studied law, and he had a sister, Edna who was the oldest of them all. In his teens Baker began to question what religion meant to him and decided to become a Quaker, since it was closer to what he believed in. Baker studied architecture at Birmingham Institute of Art and Design, Birmingham, and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest in Europe. Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 05, 01 – 14 March 2003. During the Second World War, as a conscientious objector, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit. After a short spell on the south coast of England and mostly looking after naval casualties he was sent to China as a trained anesthetist with a surgical team, mainly to cope with civilian casualties in the war between China and Japan. However, after a year or two of this war area activity, he found himself having to deal with derelict civilians suffering from Hansen's disease — the medical term for leprosy. He was seconded to a hospital formerly run by an order of German sisters who were all interned by the Chinese as enemy aliens. The War took its toll on Baker, and he was ordered back in 1943 to England to recuperate. But fate took a hand in delaying his departure by about three months as he waited for a boat in Bombay. During this time he stayed with a Quaker friend, who also happened to be a good friend of the Mahatma. Baker attended many of Gandhiji's talks and prayer-meetings — which eventually led to a more-than-casual friendship between them. This was also the time of the Gandhi-Jinnah talks and the height of the 'Quit India' movement. So though he felt the need to return to India, to settle and work here, Baker was initially discouraged by the nationwide animosity to the Raj and to all Westerners. But the Mahatma reassured him that though the Raj must quit, concerned individuals would always find a welcome place to work with Indians. In fact, Gandhiji showed great interest in the leprosy work in China, and the lives of the ordinary people there. "It was also from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi I learnt that the real people you should be building for, and who are in need, are the 'ordinary' people — those living in villages and in the congested areas of our cities." Gandhi's idea was that it should be possible to build a home with materials found within a five-mile radius of a site. This was to have a great influence in his later life. His initial commitment to India in 1945 had him working as an architect for the World Leprosy Mission, an international and inter-denominational organisation dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. The organisation wanted a builder-architect-engineer. As new medicines for the treatment of the disease were becoming more prevalent, Baker's responsibilities were focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracised sufferers of the disease (called lepers) into treatment hospitals. ==India== Moving to India in 1945, Baker began to work on leprosy centre buildings across the country, basing himself out of Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh. Baker quickly found the missionary lifestyle - ostentatious bungalows, socialite gatherings, and the plethora of servants waiting hand and foot - too luxurious and not in line with his values and instead decided to stay with the Indian doctor P.J. Chandy and his family. The sister of his host, Elizabeth Jacob (Baker called her "Kuni"), worked as a doctor in Hyderabad with the same leprosy organisation. The two met when Elizabeth came to Faizabad to perform an operation on her brother and to take care of the hospital duties whilst he recuperated. Baker and Jacob found themselves sharing common beliefs and decided to marry. However, as there was considerable resistance from both their families, they decided to wait. Work and travel allowed them only brief periods together, and they finally got married in 1948. For their honeymoon, they traveled to the district of Pithoragarh. Once the local tribals there found out that Elizabeth was a doctor, people came to visit the couple in droves. So immediate was the need for medical help in that remote region that the Bakers decided to build a home and hospital on the slopes of one of the hills on a piece of land no one wanted and stayed there to help the people. The Bakers lived in Pithoragarh for sixteen years before moving to Vagamon in Kerala in 1963 and some years later to Trivandrum. Initially, their time in Pithoragarh was lonely but they quickly became friends with the locals, including the "maldar" Dan Singh Bist who "owned most of Pithoragarh" and helped them in their charitable work. Elizabeth Baker, in her memoir of her time together with Laurie Baker, The Other Side of Laurie Baker, discussed the Berinag tea that they shared that was "very special" to them, as Laurie was a man of exquisite and simple taste, who always loved the simple pleasures of life. In 1988, Laurie Baker became an Indian citizen. ==Architecture== While at Pithoragarh, Baker found his English construction education to be inadequate for the types of issues and materials he was faced with: termites and the yearly monsoon, as well as laterite, cow dung, and mud walls, respectively, Baker had no choice but to observe and learn from the methods and practices of vernacular architecture. He soon learned that the indigenous architecture and methods of these places were in fact the only viable means to deal with local problems. Inspired by his discoveries (which he modestly admitted were 'discoveries' only for him, and mere common knowledge to those who developed the practices he observed), he realized that unlike the Modernist architectural movement that was gaining popularity at the time denouncing all that was old just because it was old didn't make sense. Baker adopted local craftsmanship, traditional techniques and materials but then combined it with modern design principles and technology wherever it made sense to do so. This prudent adoption of modern technology helped local architecture retain its cultural identity and kept costs low due to the use of local materials. It also revived the local economy due to the use of local labour for both construction of the buildings and for manufacture of construction materials such as brick and lime surkhi. Baker built several schools, chapels and hospitals in the hills. Eventually, as word spread of his cost-effective buildings more clients from the plains started to contact Baker. One of the early clients was Welthy Fisher, who sought to set up a 'Literacy Village' in which she intended to use puppetry, music and art as teaching methods to help illiterate and newly-literate adults add to their skills.Citation for The 1964 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding: Dr. FisherMs Fisher was the author of To Light a Candle New York, McGraw-Hill. 1962, an autobiography.World Education website: Our founder page (extract from Sally Swenson Welthy Honsinger Fisher: Signals of a Century, 1988.) (accessed 13 February 2008) An ageing woman who risked her health to visit Laurie, she refused to leave until she received plans for the village. More and more hospital commissions were received as medical professionals realised that the surroundings for their patients were as much a part of the healing process as any other form of treatment, and that Baker seemed the only architect who cared enough to become familiarised with how to build what made Indian patients comfortable with those surroundings. His presence would also soon be required on-site at Ms. Fisher's "Village," and he became well known for his constant presence on the construction sites of all his projects, often finalising designs through hand-drawn instructions to masons and labourers on how to achieve certain design solutions. ==Architectural style== thumb|150px|The Indian Coffee House in Thiruvananthapuram, which was designed by Laurie Baker Throughout his practice, Baker developed a signature style in designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes, with a great portion of his work suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients. He derived creatively from pre-existing local culture and building traditions while keeping his designs minimal with judicious and frugal use of resources. His buildings tend to emphasise prolific – at times virtuosic – masonry construction, instilling privacy and evoking history with brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which invites a natural air flow to cool the buildings' interior, in addition to creating intricate patterns of light and shadow. Another significant Baker feature is irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind. Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape. Curved walls enter Baker's architectural vocabulary as a means to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls, and for Laurie, "building [became] more fun with the circle." A testament to his frugality, Baker was often seen rummaging through salvage heaps looking for suitable building materials, door and window frames, sometimes hitting a stroke of luck as evidenced by the intricately carved entry to the Chitralekha Film Studio (Aakulam, Trivandrum, 1974–76): a capricious architectural element found in a junk heap. Baker made many simple suggestions for cost reduction including the use of Rat trap bond for brick walls, having bends in walls that increased the strength and provided readymade shelves, thin concrete roofs and even simple precautions like shifting dug up soil into the built area rather that out of it. He advocated the use of low energy consuming mud walls, using holes in the wall to get light, using overlaid brick over doorways, incorporating places to sit into the structure, simpler windows and a variety of roof construction approaches. He liked bare brick surfaces and considered plastering and other embellishments as superfluous. Baker's architectural method is one of improvisation, in which initial drawings have only an idealistic link to the final construction, with most of the accommodations and design choices being made on-site by the architect himself. Compartments for milk bottles near the doorstep, windowsills that double as bench surfaces, and a heavy emphasis on taking cues from the natural condition of the site are just some examples. His Quaker-instilled respect for nature led him to let the idiosyncrasies of a site inform his architectural improvisations, rarely is a topography line marred or a tree uprooted. This saves construction cost as well, since working around difficult site conditions is much more cost-effective than clear- cutting. ("I think it's a waste of money to level a well-moulded site") Resistant to "high-technology" that addresses building environment issues by ignoring natural environment, at the Centre for Development Studies (Trivandrum, 1971) Baker created a cooling system by placing a high, latticed, brick wall near a pond that uses air pressure differences to draw cool air through the building. Various features of his work such as using recycled material, natural environment control and frugality of design may be seen as sustainable architecture or green building with its emphasis on sustainability. His responsiveness to never-identical site conditions quite obviously allowed for the variegation that permeates his work. ==Death and legacy== Laurie Baker died at 7:30 am on 1 April 2007, aged 90, survived by wife Elizabeth, son Tilak, daughters Vidya and Heidi and his grandchildren Vineet, Lisa and Tejal. Until the end he continued to work in and around his home in Trivandrum, though health concerns had kept his famous on-site physical presence to a minimum. His designing and writing were done mostly at his home. His approach to architecture steadily gained appreciation as architectural sentiment creaks towards place-making over modernising or stylising. As a result of this more widespread acceptance, however, the "Baker Style" home is gaining popularity, much to Baker's own chagrin, since he felt that the 'style' being commoditised is merely the inevitable manifestation of the cultural and economic imperatives of the region in which he worked, not a solution that could be applied whole-cloth to any outside situation. Laurie Baker's architecture focused on retaining a site's natural character, and economically minded indigenous construction, and the seamless integration of local culture that has been very inspirational. Many architects studied and were inspired by the work of Laurie Baker. The workers and students called him "daddy". Laurie Baker's writings were published and are available through COSTFORD (the Center Of Science and Technology For Rural Development), the voluntary organisation where he was Master Architect and carried out many of his later projects. == Awards == * 1981: D.Litt. conferred by the Royal University of Netherlands for outstanding work in the developing countries. * 1983: Order of the British Empire, MBE * 1987: Received the first Indian National Habitat Award * 1988: Received Indian Citizenship * 1989: Indian Institute of Architects Outstanding Architect of the Year * 1990: Received the Padma Sri * 1990: Great Master Architect of the Year * 1992: UNO Habitat Award & UN Roll of Honour * 1993: International Union of Architects (IUA) Award * 1993: Sir Robert Matthew Prize for Improvement of Human Settlements * 1994: People of the Year Award * 1995: Awarded Doctorate from the University of Central England * 1998: Awarded Doctorate from Sri Venkateshwara University * 2001: Coinpar MR Kurup Endowment Award * 2003: Basheer Puraskaram * 2003: D.Litt. from the Kerala University * 2005: Kerala Government Certificate of Appreciation * 2006: L-Ramp Award of Excellence * 2006: Nominated for the Pritzker Prize (considered the Nobel Prize in Architecture) ==See also== * Hassan Fathy * Geoffrey Bawa * Muzharul Islam * Charles Correa ==References== == Further reading== * * * Elizabeth Baker (2007). The Other Side of Laurie Baker: Memoirs. * Venugopal Maddipati (2020). Gandhi and Architecture: A Time for Low-Cost Housing: The Philosophy of Finitude ==External links== * Official Website of Architect Laurie Baker * COSTFORD * Video interview another interview transcript * Laurie Baker: The man we will never forget Rediff.com * Master mason by G. SHANKAR. * Of Architectural Truths and Lies * ARCHIPLANET article: Includes fuller list of buildings designed by Laurie Baker * "Here was a Baker"- a tribute * Laurie Baker Building Center, New Delhi * "Significance of Laurie Baker" by B Shashi Bhooshan Category:1917 births Category:2007 deaths Category:20th-century Indian architects Category:English conscientious objectors Category:Converts to Quakerism Category:British emigrants to India Category:English Quakers Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire Category:Organic architecture Category:People from Pithoragarh Category:Architects from Birmingham, West Midlands Category:Artists from Thiruvananthapuram Category:Naturalised citizens of India Category:Indian people of English descent Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering Category:People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit Category:Indian Christian pacifists Category:English Christian pacifists Category:Indian Quakers Category:20th-century English architects Category:Artists from Uttarakhand Category:Alumni of the Birmingham School of Art

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Sky Channel may refer to: * Sky Channel, a satellite television channel in Europe that broadcast in the 1980s and went on to become Sky One * Sky Channel (Australia), a national horse racing television network in Australia operated by Tabcorp Holdings * SKYchannel, a packet switched network for designed by Sky Computers for VME-based high performance computers. == See also == * Sky News Channel * Sky News Business Channel * Sky News Weather Channel * Sky Racing Channel * Sky Radio

['Sky One', 'Sky Channel (Australia)', 'Sky News Channel', 'Sky News Business Channel', 'Sky News Weather Channel', 'Sky Radio']

['Q909662', 'Q7537467', 'Q217228', 'Q2092499', 'Q7537429', 'Q878664']

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The Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal (Library of the Arsenal, founded 1757) in Paris has been part of the Bibliothèque nationale de France since 1934. ==History== The collections of the library originated with the private library of Marc- René, 3rd marquis d'Argenson (1722-1787), installed in 1757 in the residence of the Grand Master of the Artillery, at the heart of the ancient Arsenal of Paris. The Arsenal itself was founded by King François I in the 16th century, later rebuilt by Sully, and expanded by the architect Germain Boffrand in the 18th century. Paulmy had assembled a magnificent collection, particularly rich in medieval manuscripts and prints. In 1786 he also acquired the collection of the duc de la Vallière, but then sold the entire library to the comte d'Artois. The library was sequestered by the state during the French Revolution, and was greatly expanded by many valuable items seized from the abbeys of Paris and also by the archives of the Bastille. On 28 April 1797 it was declared a public library. In 1824, the writer Charles Nodier became librarian and held in the Arsenal some the most reputable literary salons of the day. In the 19th century the collections became increasingly focused towards literature, especially drama. Between 1880 and 1914 the library acquired a copy of every periodical published in Paris. In 1934 it became a department of the Bibliothèque nationale. The library was once known as the Library of Monsieur and Balzac was once a reader there; in the early 20th century it was still accommodated in the former residence of the Grand Master.Cain, Georges (1928) Nooks & Corners of Old Paris. London: Richards Press; p.119 ==The library today== The library today holds approximately one million volumes (including 150,000 pre-1880 volumes), just over 12,000 manuscripts such as the Martyrdom of Saint Maurice and his Comrades, 100,000 prints, and 3,000 charts and plans. Its collecting policy concentrates on French literature from the 16th century to the 19th century, publications connected with the archives and manuscript collections (fonds) already held, bibliophilia, the history of the book and bookbinding, and the history of the Arsenal itself and its occupants. ==Major collections== thumb|300px|D. Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, visiting the Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal (L'Univers illustré, Levy (Paris), nº 879, 27/01/1872). *Archives of the Bastille: The archives of the Bastille date from 1660 onwards. They comprise prisoner dossiers (including those of the marquis de Sade and other famous prisoners), the archives of the Lieutenancy of Police of Paris, the Chambre de l'Arsenal and the Chambre du Châtelet, private papers of the officers of the Bastille, and a portion of the papers of the royal family. *Fonds Prosper Enfantin: Paul-Mathieu Laurent, known as Laurent de l'Ardèche, was a disciple of the Saint-Simonist Prosper Enfantin and librarian of the Arsenal. In 1865, he acquired the papers of Enfantin, which are a rich source for the history of Saint-Simonism. *Fonds Lambert: In 1969, Pierre Lambert, a bookseller who had devoted his life to collecting items connected with the writer Joris-Karl Huysmans, bequeathed his collection to the library. It includes manuscripts, letters, works that belonged to Huysmans, and original editions of his works. *Louis-Sébastien Mercier Papers: In 1967, the library acquired the papers of Louis-Sébastien Mercier (1740-1814), who had had a great influence on the evolution of the theatre and in particular on realistic drama, and who is particularly known for his descriptions of Paris. The collection contains biographical documents and correspondence, articles, notes, the manuscripts of Nouveau Paris and his plays and works of poetry and philosophy. *Fonds Lacroix: Paul Lacroix, known as Bibliophile Jacob, worked at the Arsenal for several years. After his death in 1884 the library acquired most of his personal papers, including his collection of autographs, contained in letters from writers, musicians and philosophers, both contemporary with Lacroix and older. *Fonds Péladan: In 1936, the Arsenal acquired all the papers of Joséphin Péladan (1858-1918), a spiritualist writer who was fascinated by the occult and in 1891 founded his own church. *José-Maria de Heredia Collection: The daughters of the poet José-Maria de Heredia, who was librarian of the Arsenal from 1901 until his death in 1905, gave the library a collection of portraits, manuscripts, works and letters concerning their father and themselves. One of them, Marie de Régnier (whose pen name was Gerard d'Houville), bequeathed her library to the Arsenal. The library is also very rich in items connected with the writer Pierre Louÿs, Heredia's son-in-law. *Fonds Georges Douay: Georges Douay, Parisian man-about-town, theatre fan, and composer of songs and operettas, assembled a collection (mainly printed) on French theatre from the 16th century to the beginning of the 20th century, which he bequeathed to the Arsenal in 1919. *Archives Parlementaires: The official, printed record of the French National Assembly from the 1789 Revolution forward. *Prints: The print collection comprises portraits, many caricatures of the Revolution and the Restoration, a topographic series of plans and views of cities, and major series of the 18th century Italian, German and English schools bought by Paulmy during his travels throughout Europe. *Charts and Plans: Paulmy acquired a magnificent series of military reconnaissance plans that had been made for his uncle, the comte d'Argenson, who was Minister of War. *Music: The Arsenal's collection of manuscript and printed music almost exclusively comes from the 18th century, except for a few medieval manuscripts. Most of the music collection was assembled by Paulmy. The library is also rich in occult documents. These include the original manuscripts of The Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin, Book of the Penitence of Adam and the Grimoire of Armadel. ==References== ==Further reading== * Galignani's New Paris Guide, for 1868. Paris: Galignani, 1868 ==External links== * Webpage about the library (in French) France Category:Libraries in Paris Category:Buildings and structures in the 4th arrondissement of Paris Category:Libraries established in 1757 Category:1757 establishments in France

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Guardia Sanframondi is a town and comune in the Province of Benevento, in Campania region, in Italy. It is best known for its wine production, the wine festival Vinalia and for its Christian penitential rite held every seven years. ==Geography== Guardia Sanframondi is distant 28 km from Benevento, its provincial capital. It comes as a characteristic medieval town dominating the entire Telesina Valley. The town is situated on the slopes of a mountain called Toppo Capomandro and it is very close to the river Calore, which runs through the nearby Telesina Valley. The upper areas of the town are characterized by conifer and oak woods, whereas the foot of the town are dominated by vast green expanses of vineyards and olive groves. Guardia boasts a majestic medieval castle, from which it is possible to admire the vast Telesina Valley. Most of the historical center is accessible only by foot through narrow, stone, stepped streets and walkways. Much of the old town, where people once used to live, is now almost uninhabited, although there have been some improvements thanks to the opening of new restaurants, art exhibitions and the renovation of old crumbling houses. ==History== There are different opinions about the origins of Guardia: some scholars believe It dates back to Roman or Samnite times, others claim it was founded during the Lombard era, and still others believe that it belongs to the Norman period. Nevertheless, it is certain that this territory has been inhabited since ancient times. The Lombard origin of the town is reflected in its name; Guardia Sanframondi originated from the Sanframondo family, who held the fiefdom of Cerreto Sannita and its surrounding areas in the 12th century. The town was called Warda, which means “lookout” or “guard”, because of its geographic position. The Sanframondos built a huge castle in order to control the entire valley. The village is known to have had a prosperous period in the early 1600s because of leather workers and became a rich and important economical center. In the 1800s, the Sanframondo family was succeeded by the Carafa family (the Counts of Cerreto Sannita). In October 1943, the town was destroyed by the US army in World War II. In the following years the town's historical center was subjected to depopulation, whilst houses have steadily been built in and around the surrounding area outside the old town walls. Nowadays the community consists of more than 300 foreign people. Many of them have moved to Guardia from US, Scotland and other countries, offering a contribution for cultural exchange. ==Penitential rite== Every seven years, Guardia hosts a riti settennali di penitenza, a Christian penitential rite that honors the discovery of a Madonna and Child statue in a field hundreds of years ago. The rite consists of a series of processions the week following the Assumption. Until recently, the rite was known only locally, but as residents moved elsewhere in Italy and abroad, word of the rite has spread. It has become something of a homecoming event. There are four components of the rite: ===Mysteries=== Each of the four quarters of the town forms a committee to organize a parade of "mysteries" (religious scenes), with volunteers in period costumes from the Old Testament, New Testament, and Lives of Saints. The neighboring towns of San Lorenzo Maggiore and San Lupo join with the committees to stage a few of the mysteries. In 2003, there were about one hundred mysteries in all. During the course of a week, each quarter of town holds a separate procession through its neighborhood. On Sunday, all four quarters form a single grand procession, with participants holding poses depicting particular moments of the mystery as they walk through town--they do not act out events. The committees informally compete with each other to put on the finest mysteries. ===Choirs=== Each quarter also forms a choir that joins the processions. Traditionally the choirs were formed of unmarried girls, but recently married women, and occasionally men, have joined in. The women wear white clothing, a symbolic crowns of thorns, and braided cords around their shoulders. ===Penitents=== During the neighborhood Christian processions, several flagellanti ("flagellants") join in. They gently strike their backs with a metal discipline. On Sunday, the procession is joined by several hundred battenti ("beaters") who strike their chests with a spugna (literally "sponge," an instrument of penance made of a cork disk holding dozens of pins). Designated helpers pour white wine on the sponges during the procession, supposedly to ward off infection. There are a few dozen flagellanti during the Sunday procession, who also provide crowd control. The flagellanti and battenti are anonymous. They wear white hoods and are not even supposed to tell family members they are participating. Scourges and sponges are not carried openly or displayed in homes after the rite. The battenti are all men, although a few of the flagellanti are women. Additionally there are a few dozen symbolic child flagellanti. They wear black robes and caps, and very gently swing a small scourge over their shoulders. ===Statue=== The rite ends with the procession of the Madonna and Child statue through the town. After the mysteries start, the statue is removed from the church and a cannon sounds to announce the event. The procession stops and everyone kneels for a minute. As the statue makes its way to the town center, the battenti walk in front of it on their knees. When the procession continues, the crowds follow the statue, or walk backwards in front of it. The procession ends as the statue is returned to the church. All-night vigils in the Church of the Ave Gratia Plena continue for several days. ==Churches== *San Sebastiano Martire ==References== ==External links== * Official website Category:Cities and towns in Campania Category:Catholic penitential practices

['Campania', 'Province of Benevento', 'Italy', 'Old Testament', 'New Testament', 'Saint', 'San Lorenzo Maggiore', 'San Lupo', 'Christian procession']

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The Dane-zaa (ᑕᓀᖚ, also spelled Dunne-za, or Tsattine) are an Athabaskan- speaking group of First Nations people. Their traditional territory is around the Peace River in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Today, about 1,600 Dane-zaa reside in British Columbia and an estimated half of them speak the Dane-zaa language. Approximately 2,000 Dane-zaa live in Alberta. Europeans historically referred to that Dane-zaa are the Beaver tribe. ==Name== The name Dunne-za has been translated to "Those who live among the beaver." The spelling Dane-zaa is typically used for "the Real People." That spelling is used by the Dane-zaa Language Authority.Dane-zaa Language Authority, Shona Nelson, October 3, 2012). Different tribes and First Nations use different spellings. For example, the Doig River First Nation (DRFN) and Halfway River First Nation (HRFN) use Dane-Zaa. Prophet River First Nation (PRFN) uses Dene Tsaa; and the West Moberly First Nations (WMFNs) use Dunne-za or Dunne Za. Where other spellings are used in citations, such as Dunne-Za (e.g., Ridington 1988), they are kept intact and are synonymous with Dane-zaa. The historic usual English term Beaver is a translation of the name used by several of their neighboring tribes. The Dakelh called them Tsattine / Tsat'en and the Plains Cree called them Amiskiwiyiniw, both meaning "Those who live among the beaver" or "Beaver People." In French, they are known as the Gens de Castor, meaning "People of the Beaver". == History == Prior to the 19th century, the Dane-zaa inhabited lands further east, near the Athabaska and Clearwater Rivers, and north to Lake Athabaska, as well as territory north of the upper Peace River (called Saaghii Naachii, meaning "big river," by them). Archaeological evidence at Charlie Lake Cave establishes that the area of Charlie Lake north of Fort St John has been continuously occupied for 10,500 years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. In the late 18th century, European-Canadians opened the Peace River area to fur trading. Scot-Canadian explorer Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) established Rocky Mountain Fort at the mouth of the Moberly River in 1794. According to Dane-zaa oral history, the Peace River is named for the settling of a conflict between the Dane-zaa and the Cree. The Cree traditionally lived south and east of the Upper Peace River region. Due to their trade with settlers, they had guns and they pushed the Dane-zaa northwest in the late 18th century. A peace treaty, negotiated in the late 1700s or early 1800s, stated that the Cree would live south of the Peace River, and the Dane-zaa north.Chillborne Environmental 2009 The Peace River, before and after its new name, marked a boundary zone, where groups met for trade, celebration, and settling of disputes. A post journal of 1799–1800 mentions people trading at the post who can be identified as the ancestors of members of the former Fort St John Band, now the Doig River and Blueberry River First Nations. Doig oral history confirms that the ancestors of present Dane-zaa families were in the upper Peace River area prior to the first contact by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793. Traders provisioned their expeditions with bison meat and grease provided by the Dane-zaa in their hunting on the rich prairies of the upper Peace River area. By the time the Hudson's Bay Company took over the North West Company in 1823, bison were scarce. Traditionally, Dane-zaa has followed the teachings and songs of Dreamers, who first predicted the coming of the Europeans. The last Dreamer, Charlie Yahey, died in 1976. The Dane-zaa of Fort St John took an adhesion to Treaty 8 in 1900. Today they continue to have a strong cultural and economic presence in the North Peace area. In collaboration with the elders of the Doig River First Nation, Robin and Jillian Ridington wrote Where Happiness Dwells: A History of the Dane-zaa First Nations, which was published by UBC Press in 2013. It features the oral history of the Dane-zaa from pre-history to the present day.Ridington, Robin and Jillian Ridington. 2013. Vancouver, UBC Press. == Danezaa governments == ===Treaty 8 Tribal Association=== Treaty 8 Tribal Association members:Treaty 8 Tribal Association Communities * Doig River First NationDoig River First Nation (Dane-Za Adishtl'sh, takes its name from the Doig River (Hanás̱ Saahgéʔ) running through the reserve and has strong ties with the Blueberry River First Nation, band office is on the most populous reserve Blueberry River IR No. 206, Reserves: Beaton River IR No. 204 (North Half), Doig River IR No. 206, Population: 301) * Blueberry River First Nations (was given this name because of the abundant supply of blueberries found in the river valley, band office is on the most populous reserve IR No. 205, about 80 km northwest of Fort St. John, Danezaa and Cree, Reserves: Beaton River No. 204 (South Half), Blueberry River IR No. 205, Population: 472) * Halfway River First NationHalfway River First Nation (originally from Chowade River (Stony River) it was the last First Nation to move to its new location in the early sixties. Once forming with the West Moberly First Nation the Hudson Hope Band, the First Nations separated in 1971, the community is located 75 km northwest of Fort St. John, Reserve: Halfway River IR No. 168, Population: 268) * Prophet River First Nation (Dene Tsaa First Nation, the First Nation is located 100 km south of Fort Nelson, Reserve: Prophet River IR No. 4, Population: 266) * Saulteau First NationsSaulteau First Nations (In the 1870s one group of Anishnaube (Saulteau) migrated westward from Manitoba and settled at Moberly Lake, where they later intermarried with the Nēhiyawēwin (Cree) and Danezaa (Beaver) who were already living in the area, the community is located at the east end of Moberly Lake, about 100 km southwest of Fort St. John, Reserve: East Moberly Lake IR No. 169, Population: 840) * West Moberly First Nations (was originally part of the Hudson Hope Band, which split into West Moberly and Halfway River First Nations in 1971, the community is located at the west end of Moberly Lake, about 90 km southwest of Fort St. John, Danezaa and Cree, Reserve: West Moberly Lake No. 168A, Population: 275) ===North Peace Tribal Council (NPTC)=== North Peace Tribal Council members:North Peace Tribal Council (NPTC) * Beaver First Nation has two reserves are both near Fort Vermilion, Alberta in the Peace Country of Northern Alberta, band office is on the most populous Reserve Beaver IR No. 164A, Reserves: Boyer IR No. 164 (Rocky Lane), Child Lake IR No. 164A (Eleske), Population: 1 027) ===Western Cree Tribal Council=== * Horse Lake First Nation is a First Nation headquartered in Hythe, Alberta. It is a party to Treaty 8, and despite being a member of the Western Cree Tribal Council, the Horse Lake nation is linguistically and culturally a part of the Danezaa or "Beavers". Reserves: Clear Hills IR No. 152C, Horse Lakes IR No. 152B, Population: 1 089) ==References== == External links == * Doig River First Nation * Map of Northwest Coast First Nations (including Dunneza) * Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793, Vol. II (1903) * Living In A Storied Land, Royal British Columbia Museum Category:First Nations in Alberta Category:First Nations in British Columbia

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Able Team is a series of action-adventure novels first published in 1982 by American Gold Eagle publishers. It is a spin-off of the Executioner series created by Don Pendleton. There were 51 novels in the Able Team series, plus 2 Super Able Team special editions (and several anthologized short stories). The characters also appeared in the three Heroes paperback anthologies published by Gold Eagle. The series ended in 1991 but the characters went on to star in the Stony Man series that followed. Able Team is one of two neutralization teams working for Stony Man, a top-secret anti-terrorist organization based in Virginia. Able Team is composed of Carl Lyons, Rosario Blancanales, and Hermann Schwarz. As with The Executioner, the Able Team novels have been written by a succession of authors under the pseudonym "Dick Stivers". In 1991, Gold Eagle combined Able Team with another Executioner spin-off series, Phoenix Force, and launched the Stony Man book series, which ran 140 novels and ended in 2015. Lyons, Blancanales and Schwarz were always active in the Stony Man series. == Origin == Able Team has a rather colorful past leading to becoming part of Stony Man. The group began during the Vietnam War as a penetration team assigned to deal with the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army. The name itself comes from a U.S. Army designation of groups of soldiers designated team A, team B and team C. Instead of calling the teams A, B and C, words are attached to each to refer to the team. Team A is typically called Team Able, B is typically called Team Bravo and C is called Team Charlie. After Vietnam, members of Team A ran a private investigation company called Able Group, before being recruited to Stony Man. * Hermann "Gadgets" Schwarz Herman Schwarz is an electronics specialist. He is skilled in dealing with anything electronic or mechanical, including booby traps and surveillance devices, which is why he is known as Gadgets. * Rosario "Pol" Blancanales A native of East L.A., Blancanales is the son of hard working Hispanic parents. An infiltration specialist, he is known as the Politician, or Pol for short, because of his ability to handle volatile situations among people, just like a politician. Once served as a volunteer for a Catholic youth group in his neighborhood. Has two sisters, Toni and Maria. Toni was in several of the early books, and was once taken prisoner by the local Mafia. * George "Whispering Death" Zitka Also known as Zitter, Zitka served as Bolan's scout, where his abilities came in handy on various military operations. * William "Boom-Boom" Hoffower A former Quaker from Pennsylvania, Hoffower was Bolan's demolitions expert. He only knew Bolan for a short time in Vietnam and remained unaware of his war against the Mafia. Once rigged his house to blow up when it was repossessed by the mortgage company. * Thomas "Bloodbrother" Loudelk A Blackfoot Indian from Montana, Loudelk worked with Bolan and Zitka on various military operations. He is an expert with a knife and could kill a human target by breaking his neck with his bare hands. Returned to his reservation after being released from military service. * Angelo "Chopper" Fontenelli A native of New Jersey, Fontenelli was an expert in heavy automatic weapons. Parents are of Italian origin. * Juan "Flower Child" Andromede Born to Puerto Rican parents in New York's ghettos, Andromede was also a heavy weapons expert, like Fontenelli. He is known for vehemently denying he had ever killed anyone, claiming instead that he had liberated souls. * James "Gunsmoke" Harrington Serving as Bolan's flanker during the Vietnam War, Jim Harrington was one of the few men ever allowed to carry personal weapons in combat. Often carried two six-guns, which he wore quick-draw style. Spoke with an Old West twang. * Mark "Deadeye" Washington An African-American from Mississippi, Washington was an expert sniper, just like Bolan himself. Often used a high-powered long-distance rifle with a 20-power sniper scope. == Death Squad == At the conclusion of the war in Vietnam, Zitka and the rest left military service. When Bolan called Zitka after reaching L.A., Zitka tried to warn Bolan away, but Bolan saw through the warning and came to Zitka's aid, as he had been taken prisoner by hitmen in an attempt to lure Bolan into a trap to collect on the bounty placed on Bolan by the Mafia. Bolan eliminated the hitmen, and he and Zitka decided to recruit the others to help in the hit on the L.A. branch of the Mafia. Calling themselves the Death Squad, their first mission was a battle against Mafia boss Julian "Deej" DiGeorge and his criminal empire, which he ran from his mansion in Beverly Hills. The assault on the DiGeorge compound was a complete success, but the cost was staggering. Zitka, Hoffower, Loudelk, Fontenelli, Andromede, Harrington and Washington died in the assault. Bolan, Schwarz, and Blancanales were the only survivors."Executioner 2: Death Squad" At the conclusion of the war in L.A., Schwarz and Blancanales formed a private investigations company called Able Group, where Toni Blancanales, Politician's sister, currently serves as president and general manager. == Carl "Ironman" Lyons == One of LAPD's most promising detectives, Carl Lyons has known Mack Bolan since the beginning of his Mafia war. At the time, he did not approve of Bolan's methods and was, in fact, part of a special LAPD unit known as the Hardcase Corps, specifically designed to bring Bolan in, dead or alive. That all changed when Mack Bolan saved his life during his mission against Julian DiGeorge. Lyons would later be recruited by the Sensitive Operations Group, a special organized crime task force led by Hal Brognola. During his LAPD career, he married Jane Mahoney, and had one son, Tommy. Because of the strain of his work, Lyons and his wife subsequently divorced after eight years of marriage. She would later go on to marry Steve Odom, vice president for a high-tech company called the SanDor Corporation. Lyons is often described as looking like an Ironman, and this is one reason for his nickname. Another reason is that he likes to use immediate, overwhelming force to solve problems, even though he has sometimes used a more patient, subtle approach when force cannot be used. == Stony Man == When Hal Brognola and Mack Bolan first put together the Stony Man operation, Bolan himself personally hand selected Lyons, Schwarz and Blancanales for inclusion in the organization to become what is now known as Able Team. To this day, the unit remains the only one of the two Stony Man action teams that has had any history with Bolan. As time passed, Able Team began to handle domestic situations inside the United States, leaving Phoenix Force to deal with crises overseas, although there have been some missions where Able Team had to go overseas. Able Team had to handle one mission in the United States that involved Lyons' ex-wife, Jane Odom. Her home had been invaded by modern-day marauders on a crime spree for a quick buck. During the raid, these marauders found top-secret documents from the SanDor Corporation regarding the Strategic Defense Initiative, the so-called Star Wars program. Mrs. Odom sent a note to Carl Lyons about the incident. Even though Lyons and his ex-wife did not meet in that incident, he and his teammates, with help from a U.S. Marshal named Dana McKee, stopped the marauders and dealt with a team of Russian KGB agents who intended to buy the SanDor documents. == Authors == * Tom Arnett * Nicholas Cain * William Fieldhouse * G.H. Frost * Paul Hofrichter * Mike Linaker * Larry Lind * David North * Ron Renauld * Rod Pennington * Larry Powell * Chuck Rogers * Ken Rose * C.J. Shiao * Sgt. Nik Uhernik == Series listing == Able Team appeared in 51 regular titles during the run of the series. # Tower of Terror # The Hostaged Island # Texas Showdown # Amazon Slaughter # Cairo Countdown # Warlord of Azatlan # Justice by Fire # Army of Devils # Kill School # Royal Flush # Five Rings of Fire # Deathbites # Scorched Earth # Into the Maze # They Came to Kill # Rain of Doom # Fire and Maneuver # Tech War # Ironman # Shot to Hell # Death Strike # The World War III Game # Fall Back and Kill # Blood Gambit # Hard Kill # The Iron God # Cajun Angel # Miami Crush # Death Ride # Hit and Run # Ghost Train # Firecross # Cowboy's Revenge # Clear Shot # Strike Force # Final Run # Red Menace # Cold Steel # Death Code # Blood Mark # White Fire # Dead Zone # Kill Orbit # Night Heat # Lethal Trade # Counterblow # Shadow Warriors # Cult War # Dueling Missiles # Death Hunt # Skinwalker As well, they appeared in a number of other books. They had two "Super Able Team" books and appeared in all three of the "Heroes" anthologies released by Gold Eagle, which featured short adventures of both "Able Team" and "Phoenix Force". * Mean Streets (Super Able Team #1) * Hostile Fire (Super Able Team #2) * Razorback (Heroes I) * Death Lash (Heroes II) * Secret Justice (Heroes III) == See also == * Death Merchant * The Destroyer * The Executioner * Nick Carter-Killmaster * Phoenix Force ==References== ==External links== * MackBolan.com * GraphicAudio Books Dramatized audio book adaptations of Mack Bolan, Stony Man and The Executioner. * Official Don Pendleton website Category:Novel series Category:Fictional military organizations Category:Works published under a pseudonym

['Don Pendleton', 'Viet Cong', 'North Vietnamese Army', 'Pennsylvania', 'Blackfoot', 'Montana', 'New Jersey', 'Mississippi', 'Mack Bolan', 'Strategic Defense Initiative', 'KGB', 'Nicholas Cain', 'Death Merchant', 'Nick Carter-Killmaster', 'Stony Man']

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thumb|Plaque at 22 Whitehall, London, commemorating the first meeting of the Canterbury Association The Canterbury Association was formed in 1848 in England by members of parliament, peers, and Anglican church leaders, to establish a colony in New Zealand. The settlement was to be called Canterbury, with its capital to be known as Christchurch. Organised emigration started in 1850 and the colony was established in the South Island, with the First Four Ships bringing out settlers steeped in the region's history. The Association was not a financial success for the founding members and the organisation was wound up in 1855. == Formation of the Association == The Association, founded in London on 27 March 1848, was incorporated by Royal Charter on 13 November 1849. The prime movers were Edward Gibbon Wakefield and John Robert Godley. Wakefield was heavily involved in the New Zealand Company, which by that time had already established four other colonies in New Zealand (Wellington, Nelson, Petre and Otago). Wakefield approached Godley to help him establish a colony sponsored by the Church of England. John Sumner (the Archbishop of Canterbury) served as the President of the Association's Committee of Management, and the Committee itself included several other bishops and clergy, as well as members of the peerage and Members of Parliament. At its first meeting the Association decided upon names. The settlement was to be called "Canterbury" (presumably after the Archbishop of Canterbury), the seat of the settlement "Christchurch" (after the Oxford college Christ Church, at which Godley had studied). == Establishment of the colony == The Association re-targeted its planned settlement from the Wairarapa to the Banks Peninsula hinterland, where it arranged to buy land from the New Zealand Company for 10 shillings per acre (4000 m2). The Association then sold the land to its colonists for £3 per acre, reserving the rest, the additional £2 10s, for use in "public objects such as emigration, roads, and Church and school endowments" (20 shillings = £1). The provision of funds for emigration allowed the Association to offer assisted passages to members of the working classes with desirable skills for the new colony. A poster advertising the assisted passages specifically mentions "Gardeners, Shep[herd]s, Farm Servants, Labourers and Country Mechanics". The religious nature of the colony shows in the same poster's requirement that the clergyman of their parish should vouch for applicants, and in the specific earmarking of some of the proceeds from land sales for church endowments. Godley (with his family) went out to New Zealand in early 1850 to oversee the preparations for the settlement (surveying, roads, accommodation, etc.) already undertaken by a large team of men under the direction of Captain Joseph Thomas. These preparations were advanced, but incomplete when the first ships of settlers arrived on 16 December 1850 – Godley halted them shortly after his arrival in April due to the mounting debts of the Association. Lord Lyttelton, Sir John Simeon, 3rd Baronet, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, and Lord Richard Cavendish guaranteed £15,000 to the Association, which saved it from financial collapse. In 1852, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, which amongst other things established provincial councils. The Constitution contained specific provisions for the Canterbury Association; the first being that the new General Assembly (New Zealand Parliament) could not amend the legislation establishing the Canterbury Association, the second being that the Canterbury Association could hand its powers to a newly established provincial government (the Canterbury Province). As a result, affairs of the Canterbury Association were wound up in 1855 and outstanding settlement lands handed over to the Canterbury Province. ==Ships== Charlotte Jane and Randolph arrived in Lyttelton Harbour on 16 December 1850, the following day, and Cressy on 27 December, having set sail from England in September 1850. The British press dubbed the settlers on these first four ships "Canterbury Pilgrims." A further 24 shiploads of Canterbury Association settlers, making a total of approximately 3,500, arrived over the next two- and-a-half years. Sources vary about the exact number of emigrant ships that the Canterbury Association sent to New Zealand. Some ships stopped at intermediate ports, either for repairs or because they had passengers for those ports. Ports such as Nelson or Wellington were also Ports of Entry, so immigrants might be recorded as arriving at that port before trans-shipping to Lyttelton (known as Port Victoria) and Canterbury. Shipping intelligence reported in the local newspapers of the time reported the ship's arrival but did not usually identify the commissioning organisation, only the port of origin or intended destination, the ship's master or captain, tonnage, and the date of arrival or departure. Cargo might also be reported. This means the ships on a particular list may depend on the inclusion criteria. Overall, these 28 ships listed below appear to be emigrant ships of the Canterbury Association. (In order of arrival.) No. Name Arrival Notes and references 1 Charlotte Jane 16 December 1850 am 2 Randolph 16 December 1850 pm 3 Sir George Seymour 17 December 1850 4 Cressy 27 December 1850 5 Castle Eden 17 February 1851 6 Isabella Hercus ' 1 March 1851 7 Travancore 31 March 1851 8 Duke of Bronte 6 June 1851 9 Steadfast 9 June 1851 10 Labuan 14 August 1851 11 Dominion 18 August 1851 12 Bangalore 21 August 1851 13 Duke of Portland 26 September 1851 first voyageOther sources might disagree on date of arrival. 14 Lady Nugent 18 September 1851 15 Midlothian 8 October 1851 16 Canterbury 21 October 1851 17 Sir George Pollock 10 November 1851 18 Cornwall 8 December 1851 19 Fatima 27 December 1851 20 Columbus 19 January 1852 via Nelson and WellingtonOther sources might disagree on date of arrival. 21 William Hyde 5 February 1852 22 Stag 17 May 1852 23 Samarang 31 July 1852 24 Persia 21 September 1852 via Nelson and Wellington 25 (13) Duke of Portland 21 October 1852 second voyageOther sources might disagree on date of arrival. 26 Minerva 2 February 1853 27 Tasmania 16 March 1853 28 Hampshire 6 May 1853 == See also == * New Zealand Company * Otago Association == References == ==Further reading== * * Terry Hearn. ' English', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 11 July 2005. * Philip Temple. 'A sort of conscience: the Wakefields' Auckland University Press (2002). * == External links == * Bishop Harper and the Canterbury Settlement Category:1853 disestablishments in the United Kingdom Category:Immigration to New Zealand Category:English-New Zealand culture Category:1848 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Organizations disestablished in 1853

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Piedmont is a city in Meade County, South Dakota, United States. According to the 2020 census, its population was 971. Piedmont lies along Interstate 90 between Rapid City and Sturgis. Piedmont has been assigned the ZIP Code of 57769.Zip Code Lookup ==History== Piedmont takes its name from a French word meaning "the foot of the mountain", because it lies on the eastern slope of the Black Hills. Piedmont was founded in 1890 and remained unincorporated for nearly 117 years. It officially became a city August 16, 2007, and elected its first town board in November 2007. The area was first inhabited in the mid-1870s. ==Geography== Piedmont is located in part of an area referred to as the Red Valley, or Race Track, a rock layer in the Spearfish Formation, which forms a valley circling the Black Hills. It is mostly red shale with beds of gypsum. Piedmont lies west of Interstate 90, north of Summerset, east of the Black Hills National Forest, and south of Elk Creek. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. ===Climate=== ==Demographics== ===2010 census=== As of the census of 2010, 222 people, 101 households, and 64 families were residing in the city. The population density was . The 110 housing units had an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 91.4% White, 0.5% African American, 6.8% Native American, 0.5% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.8% of the population. Of the 101 households, 23.8% had children under 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.6% were not families. About 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.20, and the average family size was 2.66. The median age in the city was 43.8 years; 18.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between 18 and 24; 23.5% were from 25 to 44; 37% were from 45 to 64; and 11.7% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.3% male and 47.7% female. ==Natural disasters== The Piedmont area has experienced several large forest fires in recent years, including the Little Elk in 2002, Ricco Fire in 2005, and Eastridge Fire in 2006. In August 2007 Piedmont experienced a significant storm, including softball-sized hail and heavy rain, which caused significant flooding and other damage to the city. ==Economy== Many Piedmont area residents work in nearby Rapid City. Larger private employers include Mountain West Products, which processes bark from area sawmills into retail landscape products, High Plains Genetics, which provides genetic material to livestock producers, and Jack's Campers. Piedmont has numerous small businesses in tourism, transportation, and construction. ==References== Category:Cities in Meade County, South Dakota Category:Rapid City, South Dakota metropolitan area Category:Cities in South Dakota

['City', 'South Dakota', 'Black Hills', 'United States Census Bureau', 'Black Hills National Forest']

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The Daily News is a newspaper covering business, government and legal news in Shelby County, Tennessee, United States, the largest county by population in the state of Tennessee, including the largest city in the county, Memphis, Tennessee. The Daily News, which is published Monday through Friday, is the paper of record for the county. It was founded in 1886 and is the successor to three legal newspapers: The Daily Record, The Daily Court Reporter and The Daily Court News. The Daily News includes public notices, public records and editorial content. Public notices include notices of foreclosure, notices of tax sales and notices of government bids. Public records include real estate transactions, court filings, court calendars and business licenses. Editorial content includes news of general interest, including legal news, business news and coverage of local government. Similar papers are published in cities similar in size to Memphis but are more often published as weeklies, making the Daily News somewhat unusual. == External links == *The Daily News official site Category:Newspapers published in Memphis, Tennessee Category:Newspapers established in 1886 Category:1886 establishments in Tennessee

['Shelby County, Tennessee', 'Memphis, Tennessee']

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Prairie City is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Perkins County, South Dakota, United States. One of many rural settlements in Perkins County, the town was founded in 1946 by former residents of Strool. The population of the CDP was 25 at the 2020 census. == History == Prairie City was founded in 1946 by Dutch Stalder, and built up by former residents of Strool. The town of Strool was entirely owned by its founder, homesteader Ben Strool, who rented out land to residents and businesses, but did not sell any of it. Since this meant Strool's residents and business-owners did not own their property, they were reluctant to construct buildings with permanent features like basements, for fear they could lose the buildings they had invested in. Moreover, both a railroad and a highway—which had initially been slated to pass through Strool—were later built several miles away, bypassing the area and making it inconvenient to reach. By 1946, some residents of Strool had decided to relocate two miles north and form the settlement of Prairie City. Comparatively, Prairie City would be closer to the highway and allow settlers to purchase land. The move to Prairie City was hastened by multiple factors, including the arrival of electrical infrastructure in 1952 (as settlers did not want to install electricity in rented property), Ben Strool's death in 1949, and a subsequent feud over the ownership of the settlement. The relocation was largely complete by 1955, and with so many settlers moving to Prairie City in such a short span of time, Prairie City briefly earned the title of "the fastest-growing town" in South Dakota. Prairie City's post office was established in 1955. It was first recorded as a census-designated place in the 2010 census. In 2009, Prairie City's post office was shut down, though the CDP kept its 57649 ZIP code. Its postal services are now handled by the town of Bison. == Demographics == === 2020 census === Prairie City racial composition Race Num. Perc. White 20 80.0% Black or African American 0 0.0% Native American 2 8.0% Asian 1 4.0% Pacific Islander 0 0.0% Other/Mixed 2 8.0% Hispanic or Latino 2 8.0% At the 2020 United States census, there were 25 people living in Prairie City. The population density was 17.7 people per square mile (6.8/km2), with 18 housing units at an average density of 12.8 per square mile (4.9/km2). === 2010 census === At the 2010 United States census, there were 23 people, 9 households, and 4 families living in Prairie City. The population density was 16.2 people per square mile (6.3/km2), with 14 housing units at an average density of 9.9 per square mile (3.8/km2). The racial makeup was 100% white. There were 9 households, of which 1 (2.3%) had children under the age of 18 living with them, 3 (33.3%) were married couples living together, 1 (2.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 5 (55.5%) were non-families. All 5 households were made up of individuals, and 2 (22.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56, and the average family size was 4.50. The population was spread out, with 9 people (39.1%) under the age of 18, 1 person (4.3%) aged 18 to 24, 2 people (8.7%) aged 25 to 44, 9 people (39.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 2 people (8.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.9 males. ==Notable people== *J. Sam Marty (b. 1947), politician *Betty Olson (b. 1946), politician ==References== Category:Unincorporated communities in Perkins County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

['South Dakota', 'ZIP code', '2010 United States census', 'J. Sam Marty', 'Betty Olson']

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The following railroads operate in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ==Common freight carriers== *BNSF Railway (BNSF) *CPKC Railway (Canadian Pacific Kansas City) through subsidiary Soo Line Railroad (SOO) *Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad (DMVW) *Dakota Northern Railroad (DN) *Northern Plains Railroad (NPR) **Operates the Mohall Railroad and Mohall Central Railroad *Red River Valley and Western Railroad (RRVW) *Yellowstone Valley Railroad (YSVR) ==Private freight carriers== *Cenex Harvest States Cooperatives ==Passenger carriers== *Amtrak (AMTK) ==Defunct railroads== Name Mark SystemThis is one or more of the Class I railroads that the railroad became part of, if any. From To Successor Notes Aberdeen, Bismarck and Northwestern Railway CP 1887 1888 Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway Bismarck, Washburn and Fort Buford Railway CP 1889 1900 Bismarck, Washburn and Great Falls Railway Bismarck, Washburn and Great Falls Railway CP 1900 1904 Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway Brandon, Devils Lake and Southern Railway GN 1905 1943 Great Northern Railway Burlington Northern Inc. BN 1970 1981 Burlington Northern Railroad Burlington Northern Railroad BN 1981 1996 Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway Casselton Branch Railroad GN 1880 1883 St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway MILW 1909 1912 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway MILW 1885 1928 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway of South Dakota MILW 1906 1908 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway of Washington Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway of Washington MILW 1908 1909 Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad MILW MILW 1928 1982 Burlington Northern Railroad Chicago and North Western Railway CNW CNW 1879 1972 Chicago and North Western Transportation Company Chicago and North Western Transportation Company CNW CNW 1972 1986 Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad Dakota Central Railway CNW 1879 1900 Winona and St. Peter Railroad Dakota and Great Northern Railway GN 1900 1907 Great Northern Railway Dakota and Great Southern Railway MILW 1883 1886 Chicago, St. Paul and Milwaukee Railway Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad DME 1986 1991 Red River Valley and Western Railroad Devils Lake and Northern Railway GN 1900 1902 Farmers' Grain and Shipping Company Duluth and Manitoba Railroad NP 1885 1898 Northern Pacific Railway Duluth and Manitoba Railway NP 1884 1885 Duluth and Manitoba Railroad Fairmount and Veblen Railway CP 1912 1915 Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway Fargo and Southern Railway MILW 1881 1885 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Fargo and Southwestern Railroad NP 1881 1898 Northern Pacific Railway Farmers' Grain and Shipping Company FG&S; GN 1902 1943 Great Northern Railway Great Northern Railway GN GN 1890 1970 Burlington Northern Inc. James River Valley Railroad NP 1883 1898 Northern Pacific Railway Jamestown and Northern Railroad NP 1881 1898 Northern Pacific Railway Jamestown and Northern Extension Railroad NP 1889 1898 Northern Pacific Railway Midland Continental Railroad MICO CP/ NP 1903 1970 N/A Minneapolis and Pacific Railway CP 1884 1888 Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad SOO CP 1944 1961 Soo Line Railroad Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway SOO CP 1888 1944 Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad Missouri River Railway NP 1906 1914 Northern Pacific Railway Montana Eastern Railway GN 1912 1928 Great Northern Railway Northern Dakota Railway 1907 1922 N/A Northern Pacific Railroad NP 1864 1896 Northern Pacific Railway Northern Pacific Railway NP NP 1896 1970 Burlington Northern Inc. Northern Pacific, Fergus and Black Hills Railroad NP 1881 1898 Northern Pacific Railway Northern Pacific, La Moure and Missouri River Railroad NP 1886 1898 Northern Pacific Railway Ordway, Bismarck and Northwestern Railway CP 1883 1887 Aberdeen, Bismarck and Northwestern Railway Red River Valley and Western Railroad GN 1893 1893 St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway GN 1879 1907 Great Northern Railway Sanborn, Coopertown and Turtle Mountain Railroad NP 1882 1898 Northern Pacific Railway South-Eastern Dakota Railroad NP 1886 1898 Northern Pacific Railway Western Dakota Railway NP 1906 1914 Northern Pacific Railway Winona and St. Peter Railroad CNW 1900 1900 Chicago and North Western Railway ;Electric *Devils Lake and Chautauqua Railway ==Notes== ==References== *North Dakota Public Service Commission, . Retrieved March 10, 2005. ==Notes== North Dakota Railroads

['U.S. state', 'North Dakota', 'BNSF Railway', 'Soo Line Railroad', 'Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad', 'Dakota Northern Railroad', 'Northern Plains Railroad', 'Red River Valley and Western Railroad', 'Yellowstone Valley Railroad', 'Amtrak', 'Class I railroad', 'Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway', 'Bismarck, Washburn and Great Falls Railway', 'Burlington Northern Inc.', 'Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway', 'Chicago and North Western Railway', 'Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad', 'Winona and St. Peter Railroad', 'Northern Pacific Railway', 'Fairmount and Veblen Railway', 'Midland Continental Railroad']

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The Umrah () is an Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca (the holiest city for Muslims, located in the Hejazi region of Saudi Arabia) that can be undertaken at any time of the year, in contrast to the Ḥajj (; "pilgrimage"), which has specific dates according to the Islamic lunar calendar. In accordance to the Shariah (Law of Islam), for both pilgrimages, a Muslim must first assume Ihram, a state of purification achieved by completing cleansing rituals, wearing the prescribed attire, and abstaining from certain actions. This must be attained when reaching a Miqat, a principal boundary point in Mecca, like Dhu 'l-Hulaifah, Juhfah, Qarnu 'l-Manāzil, Yalamlam, Zāt-i-'Irq, Ibrahīm Mursīyah, or a place in Al-Hill. Different conditions exist for air travelers, who must observe Ihram once entering a specific perimeter in the city. Umrah requires Muslims to perform two key rituals, Tawaf and Sa'i. Tawaf is a circling round the Kaaba seven times. For men, it is recommended to do the first three circuits in a hurried pace, followed by four rounds of a more leisurely pace. This is followed by Sa'i between Safa and Marwah in the Great Mosque of Mecca, a walk to commemorate Hagar's search for water for her son and God's mercy in answering prayers. Pilgrims conclude the pilgrimage with Halq, a partial or complete shortening of the hair. Umrah is sometimes considered the "lesser pilgrimage", in that it is not compulsory in all Islam schools of thought, but is still highly recommended. It is mandatory according to the Hanbalis. It is generally able to be completed in a few hours, in comparison to Ḥajj, which may take a few days. It is also not meant to be interpreted as a substitute for Hajj. However, both are demonstrations of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to Allah (God). ==Differences between the Hajj and Umrah== Both Hajj and Umrah are Islamic pilgrimages, but they differ in terms of their significance and the manner in which they are practiced. Hajj is regarded as one of the five pillars of Islam, making it mandatory for every Muslim to undertake it at least once in their lifetime, as long as they possess the physical ability and financial means to do so. Although both Hajj and Umrah involve shared rituals, Umrah can be completed in just a few hours, whereas Hajj is a more time-consuming journey that encompasses a greater number of rituals. Additionally, the pilgrimage of Hajj takes place during specific days within a designated Islamic month while Umrah can be performed at any time throughout the year. ==Types== A certain type of the Umrah exists depending on whether or not the pilgrim wishes to perform Umrah in the Hajj period, thus combining their merit. When performed alongside the Hajj, Umrah is deemed one of "enjoyment" () and is part of a fuller Hajj of enjoyment (). More precisely, the rituals of the Umrah are performed first, and then the Hajj rituals are performed. Otherwise, when performed without continuing to perform Hajj, the Umrah is considered a "single" Umrah (). ==Rituals== The pilgrim performs a series of ritual acts symbolic of the lives of Ibrahim (Abraham) and his second wife Hajar, and of solidarity with Muslims worldwide. Pilgrims enter the perimeter of Mecca in a state of Ihram and perform: *Tawaf: Circumambulation of the Kaaba The first ritual of Umrah is Tawaf, which involves circling the Kaaba seven times in a counterclockwise direction. The Kaaba, the House of Allah, stands as a symbol of unity for Muslims around the world. As you join the stream of pilgrims, you become part of a majestic ritual that transcends time and connects generations of believers. With each circumambulation, you express your love, devotion, and submission to the Almighty. * Sa'i: Walking between Safa and Marwa. Following Tawaf, pilgrims proceed to perform Sa'i, which entails walking between the hills of Safa and Marwa. This ritual commemorates the desperate search for water by Hajar, the wife of Ibrahim, in the barren desert. As you walk in her footsteps, you reflect upon her unwavering trust in God's mercy and his miraculous provision of Zamzam water. Sa'i is a reminder of perseverance, patience, and the eternal blessings of reliance on God. * Halq or Taqsir: Shaving or trimming the hair Upon completing Sa'i, men have the option to perform Halq (complete shaving of the head) or Taqsir (trimming a small portion of hair). This act symbolizes the humility and renewal of one's inner self. As the clippers or scissors touch your hair, you shed not just physical locks but also worldly attachments, emerging spiritually refreshed and ready to embark on a new chapter of your life. * Ziyarat: Visiting historical and sacred sites. While in Makkah, take the opportunity to visit the historical and sacred sites associated with Islamic history. One such site is the Cave of Hira, where the first revelation of the Quran descended upon the Islamic prophet Muhammad. By entering this cave, you immerse yourself in the deep spiritual significance of the revelation and reflect upon the profound impact it has had on humanity. These rituals complete the Umrah, and the pilgrim can choose to go out of ihram. Although not a part of the ritual, most pilgrims drink water from the Well of Zamzam. Various sects of Islam perform these rituals with slightly different methods. The peak times of pilgrimage are the days before, during and after the Hajj and during the last ten days of Ramadan. ==History== According to the Muslim traditional accounts, access to the Holy Site (and thus the right to practice the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages) have not always been granted to Muslims. It is reported in the Muslim traditional accounts that throughout Muhammad's era, the Muslims wanted to establish the right to perform Umrah and Hajj to Mecca since the latter had been prescribed by the Quran. During that time, Mecca was occupied by Arab Pagans who used to worship idols inside Mecca.Islamic World, p. 20 ===The Treaty of Hudaibiya=== In the early years of the Islamic Ummah, it is claimed that tensions arose in Mecca between its pagan inhabitants and the Muslims who wished to perform pilgrimages within. According to the traditional Muslim stories, in 628 CE (6 AH), inspired by a dream that Muhammad had while in Madinah, in which he was performing the ceremonies of Umrah, he and his followers approached Mecca from Medina. They were stopped at Hudaibiya, Quraysh (a local tribe to which Muhammad belonged) refused entry to the Muslims who wished to perform the pilgrimage. Muhammad is said to have explained that they only wished to perform a pilgrimage, and subsequently leave the city, however the Qurayshites disagreed. Diplomatic negotiations were pursued once the Islamic prophet Muhammad refused to use force to enter Mecca, out of respect to the Holy Ka'aba. In March, 628 CE (Dhu'l-Qi'dah, 6 AH), the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was drawn up and signed, with terms stipulating a ten-year period free of hostilities, during which the Muslims would be allowed a three-day-long access per year to the holy site of the Ka'aba starting the following year. On the year it was signed, the followers of Mohammed were forced to return home without having performed Umrah.Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 214–215.Emory C. Bogle (1998), Islam: origin and belief, University of Texas Press, p. 19. ===The First Umrah=== The next year (629 CE, or 7 AH), the Muslim tradition claims that Muhammad ordered and took part in the Conquest of Mecca in December 629. Note: 6th Month, 8AH = September 629 Following the agreed-upon terms of the Hudaibiya Treaty, Muhammad and some 2000 followers (men, women and children) proceeded to perform what became the first Umrah, which lasted three days. After the transfer of power, the people of Mecca who (according to the Muslim traditional narrative) had persecuted and driven away the early Muslims, and had fought against the Muslims due to their beliefs, were afraid of retribution. However, Muhammad forgave all of his former enemies. Ten people were forgiven, and not to be killed after the capture of Mecca:The Message by Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani, chapter 48 referencing Sirah by Ibn Hisham, vol. II, page 409. Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, Abdullah ibn Saad ibn Abi Sarh, Habbar bin Aswad, Miqyas Subabah Laythi, Huwairath bin Nuqayd, Abdullah Hilal and four women who had been guilty of murder or other offences or had sparked off the war and disrupted the peace. ===Coronavirus closings=== On 26 February 2020, Saudi Arabia suspended travel to the country for reasons related to the Umrah, due to concerns over the rapid spread of coronavirus. After the reporting of the first case of coronavirus in Saudi Arabia, on 4 March 2020, the Riyadh government banned Umrah pilgrimage to the holy cities of Medina and Mecca for Saudi citizens, foreign visitors, and residents living in the kingdom. On 10 August 2021, Umrah for pilgrims coming from around the world was resumed. ==See also== *Arabian peninsula *List of expeditions of Muhammad *Umrah visa policy ==References== Category:Islamic pilgrimages Category:Arabic words and phrases Category:History of Mecca Category:Islamic worship Category:Hajj terminology

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This timeline of United States government military operations, based in part on reports by the Congressional Research Service, shows the years and places in which U.S. military units participated in armed conflicts or occupation of foreign territories. Items in bold are wars most often considered to be major conflicts by historians and the general public. Note that instances where the U.S. government gave aid alone, with no military personnel involvement, are excluded, as are Central Intelligence Agency operations. In domestic peacetime disputes such as riots and labor issues, only operations undertaken by active duty personnel (aka "federal troops" or "U.S. military") are depicted in this article; state defense forces and the National Guard are not included, as they're not fully integrated into the U.S. armed forces even if they are federalized for duty within the U.S. ==Extraterritorial and major domestic deployments== Portions of this list are from the Congressional Research Service report RL30172. RL30172: ===1775–1799=== 1775–1783: American Revolutionary War: an armed struggle for secession from the British Empire by the Thirteen Colonies that would subsequently become the United States. 1776–1777: Cherokee War of 1776: a series of armed conflicts when the Cherokee fought to prevent the encroachment of American settlers into eastern Tennessee and eastern Kentucky; under British rule, this land had been preserved as native territory. 1776–1794: Cherokee–American wars: a continuation of the Second Cherokee War, which included a larger number of native tribes attempting to halt the expansion of settlers into Kentucky and Tennessee 1785–1795: Northwest Indian War: a series of battles with various native tribes in present-day Ohio. The goal of the campaign was to affirm American sovereignty over the region and to create increased opportunities for settlement. 1786–1787: Shays' Rebellion: a Western Massachusetts debtor's revolt over a credit squeeze that had financially devastated many farmers. The federal government was fiscally unable to raise an army to assist the state militia in combating the uprising; the weakness of the national government bolstered the arguments in favor of replacing the Articles of Confederation with an updated governmental framework. 1791–1794: Whiskey Rebellion: a series of protests against the institution of a federal tax on the distillation of spirits as a revenue source for repaying the nation's war bonds. The revolt was centered upon southwestern Pennsylvania, although violence occurred throughout the Trans-Appalachian region. 1798–1800: Quasi-War: an undeclared naval war with the French First Republic over American default on its war debt. Another contributing factor was the continuation of American trade with Britain, with whom their former French allies were at war. This contest included land actions, such as that in the Dominican Republic city of Puerto Plata, where U.S. Marines captured a French vessel under the guns of the forts. Congress authorized military action through a series of statutes. 1799–1800: Fries's Rebellion: a string of protests against the enactment of new real estate taxes to pay for the Quasi-War. Hostilities were concentrated in the communities of the Pennsylvania Dutch. ===1800–1809=== 1801–1805: First Barbary War: a series of naval battles in the Mediterranean against the Kingdom of Tripoli, a quasi-independent state of the Ottoman Empire. Action was in response to the capture of numerous American ships by the infamous Barbary pirates. The federal government rejected the Tripolitan request for an annual tribute to guarantee safe passage, and an American naval blockade ensued. After the seizure of , American forces under William Eaton invaded coastal cities. A peace treaty resulted in the payment of a ransom for the return of captured American soldiers and only temporarily eased hostilities. 1806: Action in Spanish Mexico: The platoon under Captain Zebulon Pike invaded Spanish territory at the headwaters of the Rio Grande on orders from General James Wilkinson. He was made prisoner without resistance at a fort he constructed in present-day Colorado, taken to Mexico, and later released after seizure of his papers. 1806–1810: Action in the Gulf of Mexico: American gunboats operated from New Orleans against Spanish and French privateers off the Mississippi Delta, chiefly under Captain John Shaw and Master Commandant David Porter. ===1810–1819=== 1810: West Florida (Spanish territory): Governor William C. C. Claiborne of Louisiana, on orders of President James Madison, occupied with troops territory in dispute east of the Mississippi River as far as the Pearl River, later the eastern boundary of Louisiana. He was authorized to seize as far east as the Perdido River. 1812: Amelia Island and other parts of east Florida, then under Spain: Temporary possession was authorized by President James Madison and by Congress, to prevent occupation by any other power; but possession was obtained by General George Mathews in so irregular a manner that his measures were disavowed by the President. 1812–1815: War of 1812: On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against the United Kingdom. Among the issues leading to the war were British impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, interception of neutral ships and blockades of the United States during British hostilities with France, and support for Indian attacks on American settlers in the Northwest Territory. The war ended with the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. 1813: West Florida (Spanish territory): On authority given by Congress, General Wilkinson seized Mobile Bay in April with 600 soldiers. A small Spanish garrison gave way. Thus U.S. troops advanced into disputed territory to the Perdido River, as projected in 1810. No fighting. 1813–1814: Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia): U.S. Army forces built a fort on the island of Nuku Hiva to protect three prize ships which had been captured from the British. 1814: Spanish Florida: General Andrew Jackson took Pensacola and drove out the British forces. 1814–1825: Caribbean: Engagements between pirates and U.S. Navy ships or squadrons took place repeatedly especially ashore and offshore about Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, and Yucatán. Three thousand pirate attacks on merchantmen were reported between 1815 and 1823. In 1822, Commodore James Biddle employed a squadron of two frigates, four sloops of war, two brigs, four schooners, and two gunboats in the West Indies. 1815: Algiers: The Second Barbary War was declared against the United States by the Dey of Algiers of the Barbary states, an act not reciprocated by the United States. Congress did authorize a military expedition by statute. A large fleet under Captain Stephen Decatur attacked Algiers and obtained indemnities. 1815: Tripoli: After securing an agreement from Algiers, Captain Stephen Decatur demonstrated with his squadron at Tunis and Tripoli, where he secured indemnities for offenses during the War of 1812. 1816: Spanish Florida: United States forces destroyed Negro Fort, which harbored fugitive slaves making raids into United States territory. 1816–1818: Spanish Florida – First Seminole War: The Seminole Indians, whose area was a haven for escaped slaves and border ruffians, were attacked by troops under General Jackson and General Edmund P. Gaines and pursued into northern Florida. Spanish posts were attacked and occupied, British citizens executed. In 1819 the Floridas were ceded to the United States. 1817: Amelia Island (Spanish territory off Florida): Under orders of President James Monroe, United States forces landed and expelled a group of smugglers, adventurers, and freebooters. This episode in Florida's history became known as the Amelia Island Affair. 1818: Oregon: , dispatched from Washington, made a landing at the mouth of the Columbia River to assert U.S. claims. Britain had conceded sovereignty but Russia and Spain asserted claims to the area. Subsequently, American and British claims to the Oregon Country were resolved with the Oregon Treaty of 1846. ===1820–1829=== 1820–1823: Africa: Naval units raided the slave traffic pursuant to the 1819 act of Congress. 1822: Spanish Cuba: United States naval forces suppressing piracy landed on the northwest coast of Cuba and burned a pirate station. 1823: Cuba: Brief landings in pursuit of pirates occurred April 8 near Escondido; April 16 near Cayo Blanco; July 11 at Siquapa Bay; July 21 at Cape Cruz; and October 23 at Camrioca. 1823: Arikara War. 1824: Cuba: In October landed sailors near Matanzas in pursuit of pirates. This was during the cruise authorized in 1822. 1824: Puerto Rico (Spanish territory): Commodore David Porter with a landing party attacked the town of Fajardo which had sheltered pirates and insulted naval officers. He landed with 200 men in November and forced an apology. Commodore Porter was later court-martialed for overstepping his powers. 1825: Cuba: In March cooperating American and British forces landed at Sagua La Grande to capture pirates. 1827: Greece: In October and November, landing parties hunted pirates on the Mediterranean islands of Argentiere (Kimolos), Myconos, and Andros. ===1830–1839=== 1831: Falkland Islands: Captain Silas Duncan of attacked, looted and burned Puerto Soledad (then under the control of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata). This was in response to the capture of three American sailing vessels which were detained after ignoring orders to stop depredation of local fishing resources without permission from the United Provinces government. 1832: First Sumatran expedition: Sumatra, Indonesia – February 6 to 9, U.S. forces under Commodore John Downes aboard the frigate landed and stormed a fort to punish natives of the town of Quallah Battoo for plundering the American cargo ship Friendship. 1833: Argentina: October 31 to November 15, A force was sent ashore at Buenos Aires to protect the interests of the United States and other countries during an insurrection. 1835–1836: Peru: December 10, 1835, to January 24, 1836, and August 31 to December 7, 1836, Marines protected American interests in Callao and Lima during an attempted revolution. 1835–1842: Florida Territory: United States Navy supports the Army's efforts at quelling uprisings and attacks on civilians by Seminole Indians. Government's efforts to relocate the Seminoles to west of the Mississippi are hindered by 7 years of war. 1838: The Caroline affair on Navy Island, Upper Canada: After the failure of the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837 favoring Canadian democracy and independence from the British Empire; William Lyon Mackenzie and his rebels fled to Navy Island where they declared the Republic of Canada. American sympathizers sent supplies on SS Caroline, which was intercepted by the British and set ablaze, after killing one American. It was falsely reported that dozens of Americans were killed as they were trapped on board, and American forces retaliated by burning a British steamer while it was in U.S. waters. 1838–1839: Second Sumatran expedition: Sumatra, Indonesia – December 24 to January 4, a naval force landed to punish natives of the towns of Quallah Battoo and Muckie (Mukki) for depredations on American shipping. ===1840–1849=== 1840: Fiji Islands: In July, naval forces landed to punish natives for attacking the U.S. Exploring Expedition. 1841: McKean Island (Drummond Island/Taputenea), Gilbert Islands (Kingsmill Group), Pacific Ocean: A naval party landed to avenge the murder of a seaman by the natives. 1841: Samoa: On February 24, a naval party landed and burned towns after the murder of an American seaman on Upolu. 1842: Mexico: Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones, in command of a squadron long cruising off California, occupied Monterey, California, on October 19, believing war had come. He discovered peace, withdrew, and saluted. A similar incident occurred a week later at San Diego. 1843: China: Sailors and marines from USS St. Louis were landed after a clash between Americans and Chinese at the trading post in Canton. 1843: Africa: From November 29 to December 16, four United States vessels demonstrated and landed various parties (one of 200 marines and sailors) to discourage piracy and the slave trade along the Ivory Coast, and to punish attacks by the natives on American seamen and shipping. 1844: Mexico: President John Tyler deployed U.S. forces to protect Texas against Mexico, pending Senate approval of a treaty of annexation (which was later rejected). He defended his action against a Senate resolution of inquiry. 1846–1848: Mexican–American War: On May 13, 1846, the United States recognized the existence of a state of war with Mexico. After the annexation of Texas in 1845, the United States and Mexico failed to resolve a boundary dispute and President Polk said that it was necessary to deploy forces in Mexico to meet a threatened invasion. The war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, and parts of Colorado. In return, Mexico received — less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities. 1849: Smyrna (İzmir, Turkey): In July, a naval force gained release of an American seized by Austrian officials. ===1850–1859=== 1851: Ottoman Empire: After a massacre of foreigners (including Americans) at Jaffa in January, a demonstration by the Mediterranean Squadron was ordered along the Turkish (Levantine) coast. 1851: Johanna Island (modern Anjouan, east of Africa): In August, forces from the sloop-of-war USS Dale exacted redress for the unlawful imprisonment of the captain of an American whaling brig. 1852–1853: Argentina: February 3 to 12, 1852; September 17, 1852, to April 1853: Marines were landed and maintained in Buenos Aires to protect American interests during a revolution. 1853: Nicaragua: March 11 to 13, U.S. forces landed to protect American lives and interests during political disturbances. 1853–1854: Japan: Commodore Matthew Perry and his expedition made a display of force leading to the "opening of Japan". 1853–1854: Ryukyu and Bonin Islands (Japan): Commodore Matthew Perry on three visits before going to Japan and while waiting for a reply from Japan made a naval demonstration, landing marines twice, and secured a coaling concession from the ruler of Naha on Okinawa; he also demonstrated in the Bonin Islands with the purpose of securing facilities for commerce. 1854: China: April 4 to June 17, American and British ships landed forces to protect American interests in and near Shanghai during Chinese civil strife. 1854: Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua): On July 9–15, naval forces bombarded and burned San Juan del Norte (Greytown) to avenge an injured during a riot to the American Minister to Nicaragua.Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 92nd congress - second session, Appendix A : Chronological list of 196 military hostilities abroad without a declaration of war, volume 118-4, February 15, 1972, p. 3879 1855: China: On May 19–21, U.S. forces protected American interests in Shanghai and, from August 3 to 5 fought pirates near Hong Kong. 1855: Fiji Islands: From September 12 to November 4, an naval force landed to seek reparations for attacks on American residents and seamen. 1855: Uruguay: On November 25–29, United States and European naval forces landed to protect American interests during an attempted revolution in Montevideo. 1856: Panama State, Republic of New Granada: On September 19–22, U.S. forces landed to protect American interests during an insurrection. 1856: China: From October 22 to December 6, U.S. forces landed to protect American interests at Canton during hostilities between the British and the Chinese, and to avenge an assault upon an unarmed boat displaying the United States flag. 1857–1858: Utah War: The Utah War was a dispute between Mormon settlers in Utah Territory and the United States federal government. The Mormons and Washington each sought control over the government of the territory, with the national government victorious. The confrontation between the Mormon militia and the U.S. Army involved some destruction of property, but no actual battles between the contending military forces. 1857: Nicaragua: April to May, November to December. In May, Commander Charles Henry Davis of the United States Navy, with some marines, received the surrender of William Walker, self-proclaimed president of Nicaragua, who was losing control of the country to forces financed by his former business partner, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and protected his men from the retaliation of native allies who had been fighting Walker. In November and December of the same year United States vessels , , and Fulton opposed another attempt of William Walker on Nicaragua. Commodore Hiram Paulding's act of landing marines and compelling the removal of Walker to the United States, was tacitly disavowed by Secretary of State Lewis Cass, and Paulding was forced into retirement. 1858: Uruguay: From January 2 to 27, forces from two United States warships landed to protect American property during a revolution in Montevideo. 1858: Fiji Islands: From October 6 to 16, a marine expedition with killed 14 natives and burned 115 huts in retaliation for the murder of two American citizens at Waya Island. 1858–1859: Ottoman Empire: Secretary of State Lewis Cass requested a display of naval force along the Levant after a massacre of Americans at Jaffa and mistreatment elsewhere "to remind the authorities (of the Ottoman Empire) of the power of the United States." 1859: Paraguay: Congress authorized a naval squadron to seek redress for an attack on a naval vessel in the Paraná River during 1855. Apologies were made after a large display of force. 1859: Mexico: Two hundred United States soldiers crossed the Rio Grande in pursuit of the Mexican nationalist Juan Cortina. 1859: China: From July 31 to August 2, a naval force landed to protect American interests in Shanghai. ===1860–1869=== 1860: Angola, Portuguese West Africa: On March 1, American residents at Kissembo called upon American and British ships to protect lives and property during problems with natives. 1860: Colombia, Bay of Panama: From September 27 to October 8, naval forces landed to protect American interests during a revolution. 1861–1865: American Civil War: A major war between the United States (the Union) and eleven Southern states which declared that they had a right to secession and formed the Confederate States of America. 1863: Japan: July 16, Battle of Shimonoseki Straits: retaliated against a firing on the American vessel Pembroke at the Straits of Shimonoseki. 1864: Japan: From July 14 to August 3, naval forces protected the United States Minister to Japan when he visited Yedo to negotiate concerning some American claims against Japan, and to make his negotiations easier by impressing the Japanese with American power. 1864: Japan: From September 4 to 14, as part of the Shimonoseki campaign, naval forces of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Netherlands compelled Japan and the Prince of Nagato in particular to permit the Straits of Shimonoseki to be used by foreign shipping in accordance with treaties already signed. 1865: Panama: On March 9 and 10, U.S. forces protected the lives and property of American residents during a revolution. 1865–1877: Southern United States – Reconstruction following the American Civil War: The South is divided into five Union occupation districts under the Reconstruction Act. 1866: Mexico: To protect American residents, General Sedgwick and 100 men in November obtained surrender of Matamoros, on the border state of Tamaulipas. After three days he was ordered by U.S. Government to withdraw. His act was repudiated by President Andrew Johnson. 1866: China: From June 20 to July 7, U.S. forces punished an assault on the American consul at Newchwang. 1866–1868: Red Cloud's War: war against the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American groups over control of the Powder River Country and security of the Bozeman Trail in Wyoming and Montana. The allied Indian tribes achieved a victory at the Fetterman Fight and were able to negotiate favorable peace terms in the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), which established the Great Sioux Reservation. 1867: Nicaragua: Marines occupied Managua and Leon. 1867: Formosa (island of Taiwan): On June 13, a naval force landed and burned a number of huts to punish the murder of the crew of a wrecked American vessel. 1868: Japan (Osaka, Hiolo, Nagasaki, Yokohama, and Negata): February 4 to 8, April 4 to May 12, June 12 and 13. U.S. forces were landed to protect American interests during a civil war (Boshin War) in Japan. 1868: Uruguay: On February 7–8, and 19–26, U.S. forces protected foreign residents and the customhouse during an insurrection at Montevideo. 1868: Colombia: In April, U.S. forces protected passengers and treasure in transit at Aspinwall during the absence of local police or troops on the occasion of the death of President Manuel Murillo Toro. ===1870–1879=== 1870: Battle of Boca Teacapan: On June 17 and 18, U.S. forces destroyed the pirate ship Forward, which had been run aground about 40 miles up the Teacapan Estuary in Mexico. 1871: Korea: Shinmiyangyo – June 10 to 12, A U.S. naval force attacked and captured five forts to force stalled negotiations on trade agreements and to punish natives for depredations on Americans, particularly for executing the crew of the General Sherman and burning the schooner (which in turn happened because the crew had stolen food and kidnapped a Korean official), and for later firing on other American small boats taking soundings up the Salee River. 1873: Colombia (Bay of Panama): May 7 to 22, September 23 to October 9. U.S. forces protected American interests during hostilities between local groups over control of the government of the State of Panama. 1873–1896: Mexico: United States troops crossed the Mexican border repeatedly in pursuit of cattle thieves and other brigands. 1874: Honolulu Courthouse riot: From February 12 to 20, detachments from American vessels were landed to protect the interests of Americans living in the Hawaiian Kingdom during the coronation of King Kalākaua. 1876: Mexico: On May 18, an American force was landed to police the town of Matamoros, Mexico, temporarily while it was without other government. 1876–1877: Great Sioux War in the Dakota Territory, Wyoming Territory, and Montana Territory: Armed conflict with the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne peoples over possession of the Black Hills, following the discovery of gold there. Despite Native American victories like the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the U.S. government prevailed, forcing the tribes back onto their reservations. 1878: Lincoln County, New Mexico: On July 15–19, during the Battle of Lincoln (part of the Lincoln County War) 150 cavalry-men arrived from Fort Stanton, under the command of Lieutenant George Smith (later Colonel Nathan Dudley) to assist the Murphy-Dolan Faction in attacking the Lincoln County Regulators vigilante group. 5 dead, 8–28 wounded. ===1880–1889=== 1882: Egyptian Expedition: July 14 to 18, American forces landed to protect American interests during warfare between British and Egyptians and looting of the city of Alexandria by Arabs. 1885: Colombia (Colón): January 18 and 19, U.S. forces were used to guard the valuables in transit over the Panama Railroad, and the safes and vaults of the company during revolutionary activity. In March, April, and May in the cities of Colón and Panama, the forces helped reestablish freedom of transit during revolutionary activity (see Burning of Colón). 1888: Korea: June, A naval force was sent ashore to protect American residents in Seoul during unsettled political conditions, when an outbreak of the populace was expected. 1888: Haiti: December 20, A display of force persuaded the Haitian Government to give up an American steamer which had been seized on the charge of breach of blockade. 1888–1889: Samoan crisis; Samoan Civil War; Second Samoan Civil War: November 14, 1888, to March 20, 1889, U.S. forces were landed to protect American citizens and the consulate during a native civil war. 1889: Kingdom of Hawaii: July 30 and 31, U.S. forces at Honolulu protected the interests of Americans living in Hawaii during an American led revolution. ===1890–1899=== 1890: Argentina: A naval party landed to protect U.S. consulate and legation in Buenos Aires. 1890: Wounded Knee Massacre; Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota: On December 29, soldiers of the US Army 7th Cavalry killed 178 Lakota Sioux following an incident over a disarmament-inspection at a Lakota Sioux encampment near Wounded Knee Creek. 89 other Amerinds were injured, 150 were reported missing; Army casualties were 25 killed, 39 wounded. 1891: Haiti: U.S. forces sought to protect American lives and property on Navassa Island. 1891: Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations: July 2 to October 5, naval forces sought to stop seal poaching. 1891: Itata Incident: U.S. and European naval forces intercepted and detained a shipment of arms sent to the Congressionalist forces in the Chilean Civil War. 1891: Chile: August 28 to 30, U.S. forces protected the American consulate and the women and children who had taken refuge in it during a revolution in Valparaíso. 1892: Homestead Strike: On July 6, striking miners attacked Pinkerton National Detective Agency agents attempting to break the strike by bringing non-union workers to the mine. 6,000 Pennsylvania state militiamen were sent to reinstate law and order. 16 dead, 27–47 wounded 1892: Wyoming: Johnson County War April 11 to 13, U.S. Cavalry sent to break up a gun battle at the TA Ranch. 1893: Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom: January 16 to April 1, Marines landed in Hawaii, ostensibly to protect American lives and property, but were actually used as part of a coup to promote a Provisional Government under Sanford B. Dole. This action was disavowed by President Grover Cleveland, and the United States apologized in 1993. 1894: Nicaragua: July 6 to August 7, U.S. forces sought to protect American interests at Bluefields following a revolution. 1894–1895: China: Marines were stationed at Tianjin and penetrated to Beijing for protection purposes during the First Sino-Japanese War. 1894–1895: China: A naval vessel was beached and used as a fort at Newchwang for protection of American nationals. 1894–1896: Korea: July 24, 1894, to April 3, 1896, A guard of marines was sent to protect the American legation and American lives and interests at Seoul during and following the First Sino-Japanese War. 1895: Colombia: March 8 and 9, U.S. forces protected American interests during an attack on the town of Bocas del Toro by a bandit chieftain. 1896: Nicaragua: May 2 to 4, U.S. forces protected American interests in Corinto during political unrest. 1898: Nicaragua: February 7 and 8, U.S. forces protected American lives and property at San Juan del Sur. 1898: Spanish–American War: On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war with Spain, ostensibly aligned with Cuban rebels. The war followed a Cuban insurrection, the Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the sinking of in the harbor at Havana. 1898–1899: Samoa: Second Samoan Civil War, a conflict that reached a head in 1898 when Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should have control over the Samoan island chain. 1898–1899: China: November 5, 1898, to March 15, 1899, U.S. forces provided a guard for the legation at Beijing and the consulate at Tianjin during contest between the Dowager Empress and her son. 1899: Nicaragua: American and British naval forces were landed to protect national interests at San Juan del Norte, February 22 to March 5, and at Bluefields a few weeks later in connection with the insurrection of Gen. Juan P. Reyes. 1899–1913: Philippine Islands: Philippine–American War, U.S. forces protected American interests following the war with Spain, defeating Filipino revolutionaries seeking immediate national independence. The U.S. government declared the insurgency officially over in 1902, when the Filipino leadership generally accepted American rule. Skirmishes between government troops and armed groups lasted until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions of the war. * * * * * ===1900–1909=== 1900: China: From May 24 to September 28, Boxer Rebellion. American troops participated in operations to protect foreign lives during the Boxer uprising, particularly at Beijing. For many years after this experience a permanent legation guard was maintained in Beijing, and was strengthened at times as trouble threatened. 1901: Colombia (State of Panama): From November 20 to December 4. (See: Separation of Panama from Colombia) U.S. forces protected American property on the Isthmus and kept transit lines open during serious revolutionary disturbances. 1902: Colombia: From April 16 to 23, U.S. forces protected American lives and property at Bocas del Toro during a civil war. 1902: Colombia (State of Panama): From September 17 to November 18, the United States placed armed guards on all trains crossing the Isthmus to keep the railroad line open, and stationed ships on both sides of Panama to prevent the landing of Colombian troops. 1903: Honduras: From March 23 to 30 or 31, U.S. forces protected the American consulate and the steamship wharf at Puerto Cortes during a period of revolutionary activity. 1903: Dominican Republic: From March 30 to April 21, a detachment of marines was landed to protect American interests in the city of Santo Domingo during a revolutionary outbreak. 1903: Syria: From September 7 to 12, U.S. forces protected the American consulate in Beirut when a local Muslim uprising was feared. 1903–1904: Abyssinia (Ethiopia): Twenty-five Marines were sent to Abyssinia to protect the U.S. Consul General while he negotiated a treaty. 1903–1914: Panama: U.S. forces sought to protect American interests and lives during and following the revolution for independence from Colombia over construction of the Isthmian Canal. With brief intermissions, United States Marines were stationed on the Isthmus from November 4, 1903, to January 21, 1914, to guard American interests. 1904: Dominican Republic: From January 2 to February 11, American and British naval forces established an area in which no fighting would be allowed and protected American interests in Puerto Plata, Sosua, and Santo Domingo during revolutionary fighting. 1904: Tangier, Morocco: "We want either Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead." During the Perdicaris affair, a squadron demonstrated to force release of a kidnapped American. Marines were landed to protect the consul general. 1904: Panama: From November 17 to 24, U.S. forces protected American lives and property at Ancon at the time of a threatened insurrection. 1904–1905: Korea: From January 5, 1904, to November 11, 1905, a guard of Marines was sent to protect the American legation in Seoul during the Russo-Japanese War. 1906–1909: Cuba: From September 1906 to January 23, 1909, U.S. forces sought to protect interests and re-establish a government after revolutionary activity. 1907: Honduras: From March 18 to June 8, to protect American interests during a war between Honduras and Nicaragua, troops were stationed in Trujillo, Ceiba, Puerto Cortes, San Pedro Sula, Laguna and Choloma. ===1910–1919=== 1910: Nicaragua: From May 19 to September 4, Occupation of Nicaragua. U.S. forces protected American interests at Bluefields. 1911: Honduras: On January 26, American naval detachments were landed to protect American lives and interests during a civil war in Honduras. 1911: China: As the Tongmenghui-led Xinhai Revolution approached, in October an ensign and 10 men tried to enter Wuchang to rescue missionaries but retired on being warned away, and a small landing force guarded American private property and consulate at Hankou. Marines were deployed in November to guard the cable stations at Shanghai; landing forces were sent for protection in Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Taku and elsewhere. 1912: Honduras: A small force landed to prevent seizure by the government of an American-owned railroad at Puerto Cortes. The forces were withdrawn after the United States disapproved the action. 1912: Panama: Troops, on request of both political parties, supervised elections outside the Panama Canal Zone. 1912: Cuba: From June 5 to August 5, U.S. forces protected American interests in Oriente Province and in Havana. 1912: China: August 24–26, on Kentucky Island, and August 26–30 at Camp Nicholson. U.S. forces protected Americans and American interests during the Xinhai Revolution. 1912: Turkey: From November 18 to December 3, U.S. forces guarded the American legation at Constantinople during the First Balkan War 1912–1925: Nicaragua: From August to November 1912, U.S. forces protected American interests during an attempted revolution. A small force, serving as a legation guard and seeking to promote peace and stability, remained until August 5, 1925. 1912–1941: China: The disorders which began with the overthrow of the dynasty during Kuomintang rebellion in 1912, which were redirected by the invasion of China by Japan, led to demonstrations and landing parties for the protection of U.S. interests in China continuously and at many points from 1912 on to 1941. The guard at Beijing and along the route to the sea was maintained until 1941. In 1927, the United States had 5,670 troops ashore in China and 44 naval vessels in its waters. In 1933 the United States had 3,027 armed men ashore. The protective action was generally based on treaties with China concluded from 1858 to 1901. 1913: Mexico: From September 5 to 7, a few marines landed at Ciaris Estero to aid in evacuating American citizens and others from the Yaqui Valley, made dangerous for foreigners by the Mexican Revolution. 1914: Haiti: January 29 to February 9, February 20 and 21, October 19. Intermittently, U.S. naval forces protected American nationals in a time of rioting and revolution. The specific order from Secretary of the Navy Josephus P. Daniels to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests. 1914: Dominican Republic: In June and July, during the Dominican Civil War (1914), United States naval forces by gunfire stopped the bombardment of Puerto Plata, and by threat of force maintained Santo Domingo as a neutral zone. 1914–1917: Mexico: Tampico Affair led to Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico. Undeclared Mexican–American hostilities followed the Tampico Affair and Villa's raids . Also Pancho Villa Expedition – an abortive military operation conducted by the United States Army against the military forces of Francisco "Pancho" Villa from 1916 to 1917 and included capture of Veracruz. On March 19, 1915, on orders from President Woodrow Wilson, and with tacit consent by Venustiano Carranza. General John J. Pershing led an invasion force of 10,000 men into Mexico to capture Villa. 1915–1934: Haiti: From July 28, 1915, to August 15, 1934, United States occupation of Haiti. U.S. forces maintained order during a period of chronic political instability. During the initial entrance into Haiti, the specific order from the Secretary of the Navy to the invasion commander, Admiral William Deville Bundy, was to "protect American and foreign" interests. 1916: China: American forces landed to quell a riot taking place on American property in Nanjing. 1916–1924: Dominican Republic: From May 1916 to September 1924, Occupation of the Dominican Republic. American naval forces maintained order during a period of chronic and threatened insurrection. 1917: China: American troops were landed at Chungking to protect American lives during a political crisis. 1917–1918: World War I: On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany and on December 7, 1917, against Austria-Hungary. Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by Germany's submarine warfare against neutral shipping and the Zimmermann Telegram. 1917–1922: Cuba: U.S. forces protected American interests during insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922. 1918–1919: Mexico: After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, U.S. troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits at least three times in 1918 and six times in 1919. In August 1918, American and Mexican troops fought at Nogales, Battle of Ambos Nogales. The incident began when German spies plotted an attack with the Mexican Army on Nogales, Arizona. The fighting began when a Mexican officer shot and killed a U.S. soldier on American soil. A full-scale battle then ensued, ending with a Mexican surrender. 1918–1920: Panama: U.S. forces were used for police duty according to treaty stipulations, at Chiriqui, during election disturbances and subsequent unrest. 1918–1920: Russian SFSR: Marines were landed at and near Vladivostok in June and July to protect the American consulate and other points in the fighting between the Red Army and the Czech Legion which had traversed Siberia from the western front. A joint proclamation of emergency government and neutrality was issued by the American, Japanese, British, French, and Czech commanders in July. In August 7,000 men were landed in Vladivostok and remained until January 1920, as part of an allied occupation force. In September 1918, 5,000 American troops joined the allied intervention force at the city of Arkhangelsk and remained until June 1919. These operations were in response to the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and were partly supported by Czarist or Kerensky elements. For details, see the American Expeditionary Force Siberia and the American Expeditionary Force North Russia. 1919: Dalmatia (Croatia): U.S. forces were landed at Trau at the request of Italian authorities to police order between the Italians and Serbs. 1919: Turkey: Marines from USS Arizona were landed to guard the U.S. Consulate during the Greek occupation of Constantinople. 1919: Honduras: From September 8 to 12, a landing force was sent ashore to maintain order in a neutral zone during an attempted revolution. ===1920–1929=== 1920: China: On March 14, a landing force was sent ashore for a few hours to protect lives during a disturbance at Kiukiang. 1920: Guatemala: From April 9 to 27, U.S. forces protected the American Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station, during a period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of Guatemala. 1920–1922: Russia (Siberia): From February 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922, a Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio station and property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok. 1921: Panama and Costa Rica: American naval squadrons demonstrated in April on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two countries over a boundary dispute. 1922: Turkey: In September and October, a landing force was sent ashore with consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect American lives and property when the Turkish nationalists entered İzmir (Smyrna). 1922–1923: China: From April 1922 to November 1923, Marines were landed five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest. 1924: Honduras: From February 28 to March 31, and from September 10 to 15, U.S. forces protected American lives and interests during election hostilities. 1924: China: In September, Marines were landed to protect Americans and other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities. 1925: China: From January 15 to August 29, fighting of Chinese factions accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the landing of American forces to protect lives and property in the International Settlement. 1925: Honduras: From April 19 to 21, U.S. forces protected foreigners at La Ceiba during a political upheaval. 1925: Panama: From October 12 to 23, strikes and rent riots led to the landing of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect American interests. 1926–1933: Nicaragua: From May 7 to June 5, 1926, and August 27, 1926, to January 3, 1933, the coup d'état of General Emiliano Chamorro Vargas aroused revolutionary activities leading to the landing of American marines to protect the interests of the United States. United States forces came and went intermittently until January 3, 1933. 1926: China: In August and September, the Nationalist attack on Hankou brought the landing of American naval forces to protect American citizens. A small guard was maintained at the consulate general even after September 16, when the rest of the forces were withdrawn. Likewise, when Kuomintang forces captured Jiujiang, naval forces were landed for the protection of foreigners November 4 to 6. 1927: China: In February, fighting at Shanghai caused presence American naval forces and marines to be increased. In March, a naval guard was stationed at American consulate at Nanjing after Nationalist forces captured the city. American and British destroyers later used shell fire to protect Americans and other foreigners. Subsequently, additional forces of Marines and naval forces were stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and Tianjin. ===1930–1939=== 1932: United States: "Bonus Army" of 17,000 WWI veterans plus 20,000 family cleared from Washington and then Anacostia flats "Hooverville" by 3rd Cavalry and 12th Infantry Regiments under Gen. Douglas MacArthur and Major Dwight D Eisenhower, July 28. 1933: Cuba: During a revolution against President Gerardo Machado naval forces demonstrated but no landing was made. 1934: China: Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American Consulate. 1937: China: American forces were landed to protect American interests during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai. ===1940–1944=== 1940: Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, – Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, Trinidad, and British Guiana: Troops were sent to guard air and naval bases obtained under lease by negotiation with the United Kingdom. These were sometimes called lend-lease bases but were under the destroyers-for-bases deal. 1941: Greenland: Greenland was taken under protection of the United States in April. 1941: Netherlands (Dutch Guiana): In November, the President ordered American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect aluminum ore supply from the bauxite mines in Suriname. 1941: Iceland: Iceland was taken under the protection of the United States, without consent of its government replacing British troops, for strategic reasons. 1941: Germany: Sometime in the spring, the President ordered the Navy to patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July, U.S. warships were convoying and by September were attacking German submarines. In November, in response to the October 31, 1941, sinking of , the Neutrality Act was partly repealed to protect U.S. military aid to Britain. 1941–1945: World War II: On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war against Japan in response to the attack on Pearl Harbor. On December 11, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war against the United States.German declaration of war against the United States Wikipedia ===1945–1949=== 1945: China: In October 50,000 U.S. Marines were sent to North China to assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and repatriating the Japanese in China and in controlling ports, railroads, and airfields. This was in addition to approximately 60,000 U.S. forces remaining in China at the end of World War II. 1945–1949: Occupation of part of Germany. 1945–1955: Occupation of part of Austria. 1945–1952: Occupation of Japan. 1944–1946: Temporary reoccupation of the Philippines during World War II and in preparation for previously scheduled independence. 1945–1947: U.S. Marines garrisoned in mainland China to oversee the removal of Japanese forces after World War II. 1945–1949: Post-World War II occupation of South Korea; North Korean insurgency in Republic of Korea 1946: Trieste, (Italy): President Truman ordered the increase of US troops along the zonal occupation line and the reinforcement of air forces in northern Italy after the Yugoslav People's Army shot down an unarmed U.S. Army transport plane flying over Venezia Giulia. Earlier U.S. naval units had been sent to the scene. Later the Free Territory of Trieste, Zone A. 1948: Jerusalem (British Mandate): A Marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to protect the U.S. Consul General. 1948: Berlin: Berlin Airlift After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the U.S., British, and French sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the United States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after the blockade was lifted in May 1949. 1948–1949: China: Marines were dispatched to Nanjing to protect the American Embassy when the city fell to Communist troops, and to Shanghai to aid in the protection and evacuation of Americans. ===1950–1959=== 1950–1953: Korean War: The United States responded to the North Korean invasion of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations Security Council resolutions. U.S. forces deployed in Korea exceeded 300,000 during the last year of the active conflict (1953). Over 36,600 US military were killed in action. 1950–1955: Formosa (Taiwan): In June 1950, at the beginning of the Korean War, President Truman ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent People's Liberation Army attacks upon Formosa and Republic of China Armed Forces operations against mainland China. 1950: Puerto Rico (United States colonial territory): The United States National Guard used P-47 Thunderbolt attack aircraft, land-based artillery, mortar fire, and grenades to counterattack Puerto Rican freedom fighters, Nationalists and independence rebels looking to end U.S. colonial rule during the Jayuya uprising. 1954–1955: China: First Taiwan Strait Crisis, Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands. 1955–1964: Vietnam: First military advisors sent to Vietnam on February 12, 1955. By 1964, U.S. troop levels had grown to 21,000. On August 7, 1964, U.S. Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming "All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO) requesting assistance. . ." 1956: Egypt: A marine battalion evacuated U.S. nationals and other persons from Alexandria during the Suez Crisis. 1958: Lebanon: 1958 Lebanon crisis, Marines were landed in Lebanon at the invitation of President Camille Chamoun to help protect against threatened insurrection supported from the outside. The President's action was supported by a Congressional resolution passed in 1957 that authorized such actions in that area of the world. 1959–1960: The Caribbean: Second Marine Ground Task Force was deployed to protect U.S. nationals following the Cuban Revolution. 1955–1975: Vietnam War: U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military position of the Saigon government became weaker. After citing what he falsely termed were Vietnam People's Navy attacks on U.S. destroyers, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing U.S. determination to support "freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia." Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving President Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia. Following this resolution, and following a communist attack on a U.S. installation in central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military personnel by April 1969. ===1960–1969=== 1962: Thailand: The Third Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May 17, 1962, to support that country during the threat of Communist pressure from outside; by July 30, the 5,000 marines had been withdrawn. 1962: Cuba: Cuban Missile Crisis, On October 22, President Kennedy instituted a "quarantine" on the shipment of offensive missiles to Cuba from the Soviet Union. He also warned Soviet Union that the launching of any missile from Cuba against nations in the Western Hemisphere would bring about U.S. nuclear retaliation on the Soviet Union. A negotiated settlement was achieved in a few days. 1962–1975: Laos: From October 1962 until 1975, the United States played an important role in military support of anti-Communist forces in Laos. Meanwhile, the United States was fighting a covert military operation using CIA paramilitary forces, known as The Secret War. 1964: Congo (Zaïre): The United States sent four transport planes to provide airlift for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to transport Belgian paratroopers to rescue foreigners. 1965: Invasion of Dominican Republic: Operation Power Pack, The United States intervened to protect lives and property during a Dominican revolt and sent 20,000 U.S. troops as fears grew that the revolutionary forces were coming increasingly under Communist control. A popular rebellion broke out, promising to reinstall Juan Bosch as the country's elected leader. The revolution was crushed when U.S. Marines landed to uphold the military regime by force. 1967: Israel: The USS Liberty incident, whereupon a United States Navy Technical Research Ship was attacked June 8, 1967, by the Israel Defense Forces, killing 34 and wounding more than 170 U.S. crew members. 1967: Congo (Zaïre): The United States sent three military transport aircraft with crews to provide the Congo central government with logistical support during a revolt. 1968: Laos & Cambodia: U.S. starts secret bombing campaign against targets along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the sovereign nations of Cambodia and Laos. The bombings last at least two years. (See Operation Commando Hunt) ===1970–1979=== 1970: Cambodian Campaign: U.S. troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out Communist sanctuaries from which Viet Cong and North Vietnam attacked U.S. and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object of this attack, which lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the continuing safe withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam and to assist the program of Vietnamization. 1972: North Vietnam: Christmas bombing Operation Linebacker II (not mentioned in RL30172, but an operation leading to peace negotiations). The operation was conducted from December 18–29, 1972. It was a bombing of the cities Hanoi and Haiphong by B-52 bombers. 1973: Operation Nickel Grass, a strategic airlift operation conducted by the United States to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel during the Yom Kippur War. 1974: Evacuation from Cyprus: United States naval forces evacuated U.S. civilians during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. 1975: Evacuation from Vietnam: Operation Frequent Wind, On April 3, 1975, President Gerald Ford reported U.S. naval vessels, helicopters, and Marines had been sent to assist in evacuation of refugees and US nationals from Vietnam. 1975: Evacuation from Cambodia: Operation Eagle Pull, On April 12, 1975, President Ford reported that he had ordered U.S. military forces to proceed with the planned evacuation of the U.S. citizens from Cambodia. 1975: South Vietnam: On April 30, 1975, President Ford reported that a force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 Marines had evacuated about 1,400 U.S. citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South Vietnamese from landing zones in and around the U.S. Embassy, Saigon and Tan Son Nhut Airport. 1975: Cambodia: Mayaguez incident, On May 15, 1975, President Ford reported he had ordered military forces to retake , a merchant vessel which was seized from Kampuchean Revolutionary Army naval patrol boats in international waters and forced to proceed to a nearby island. 1976: Lebanon: On July 22 and 23, 1976, helicopters from five U.S. naval vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans and Europeans from Lebanon during fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities. 1976: Korea: Additional forces were sent to Korea after two American soldiers were killed by North Korean soldiers in the Korean Demilitarized Zone while cutting down a tree. 1978: Zaïre (Congo): From May 19 through June, the United States used military transport aircraft to provide logistical support to Belgian and French rescue operations in Zaïre. ===1980–1989=== 1980: Iran: Operation Eagle Claw, on April 26, 1980, President Carter reported the use of six U.S. transport planes and eight helicopters in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue the American hostages in Iran. 1980: U.S. Army and Air Force units arrive in the Sinai in September as part of "Operation Bright Star". They are there to train with the Egyptian Armed Forces as part of the Camp David peace accords signed in 1979. Elements of the 101st Airborne Division, (1st Battalion, 502nd Infantry) and Air Force MAC (Military Airlift Command) units are in theater for four months & are the first U.S. military forces in the region since World War II. 1981: El Salvador: After a guerrilla offensive against the government of El Salvador, additional U.S. military advisers were sent to El Salvador, bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in training government forces in counterinsurgency. 1981: Libya: First Gulf of Sidra incident, on August 19, 1981, U.S. planes based on the carrier USS Nimitz shot down two Libyan jets over the Gulf of Sidra after one of the Libyan jets had fired a heat-seeking missile. The United States periodically held freedom of navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra, claimed by Libya as territorial waters but considered international waters by the United States. 1982: Sinai: On March 19, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment of military personnel and equipment to participate in the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai Peninsula. Participation had been authorized by the Multinational Force and Observers Resolution, Public Law 97-132. 1982: Lebanon: Multinational Force in Lebanon, on August 21, 1982, President Reagan reported the dispatch of 800 Marines to serve in the multinational force to assist in the withdrawal of members of the Palestine Liberation force from Beirut. The Marines left September 20, 1982. 1982–1983: Lebanon: On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment of 1200 marines to serve in a temporary multinational force to facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government sovereignty. On September 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution (P.L. 98-119) authorizing the continued participation for eighteen months. 1983: Egypt: After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March 18, 1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for assistance, the United States dispatched an AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt. 1983: Grenada: Operation Urgent Fury, citing the increased threat of Soviet and Cuban influence and noting the development of an international airport following a coup d'état and alignment with the Soviet Union and Cuba, the U.S. invades the island nation of Grenada. 1983–1989: Honduras: In July 1983, the United States undertook a series of exercises in Honduras that some believed might lead to conflict with Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed U.S. military helicopters and crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to repel Nicaraguan troops. 1983: Chad: On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the deployment of two AWACS electronic surveillance planes and eight F-15 fighter planes and ground logistical support forces to assist Chad against Libyan and rebel forces. 1984: Persian Gulf: On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter planes, aided by intelligence from a U.S. AWACS electronic surveillance aircraft and fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian fighter planes over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a protected zone for shipping. 1985: Italy: On October 10, 1985, U.S. Navy pilots intercepted an Egyptian airliner and forced it to land in Sicily. The airliner was carrying the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro who had killed an American citizen during the hijacking. 1986: Libya: Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986), on March 26, 1986, President Reagan reported on March 24 and 25, U.S. forces, while engaged in freedom of navigation exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked by Libyan missiles and the United States had responded with missiles. 1986: Libya: Operation El Dorado Canyon, on April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S. air and naval forces had conducted bombing strikes on terrorist facilities and military installations in the Libyan capitol of Tripoli, claiming that Libyan leader Col. Muammar Gaddafi was responsible for a bomb attack at a German disco that killed two U.S. soldiers. 1987: Persian Gulf: was struck on May 17 by two Exocet antiship missiles fired from a Dassault Mirage F1 of the Iraqi Air Force during the Iran–Iraq War, killing 37 U.S. Navy sailors. 1987: Persian Gulf: Operation Nimble Archer. Attacks on two Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf by United States Navy forces on October 19. The attack was a response to Iran's October 16, 1987, attack on the MV Sea Isle City, a reflagged Kuwaiti oil tanker at anchor off Kuwait, with a Silkworm missile. 1987–1988: Persian Gulf: Operation Earnest Will. After the Iran–Iraq War (the Tanker War phase) resulted in several military incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United States increased U.S. joint military forces operations in the Persian Gulf and adopted a policy of reflagging and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the Persian Gulf to protect them from Iraqi and Iranian attacks. President Reagan reported that U.S. ships had been fired upon or struck mines or taken other military action on September 21 (Iran Ajr), October 8, and October 19, 1987, and April 18 (Operation Praying Mantis), July 3, and July 14, 1988. The United States gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire between Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988. It was the largest naval convoy operation since World War II. 1987–1988: Persian Gulf: Operation Prime Chance was a United States Special Operations Command operation intended to protect U.S.-flagged oil tankers from Iranian attack during the Iran–Iraq War. The operation took place roughly at the same time as Operation Earnest Will. 1988: Persian Gulf: Operation Praying Mantis was the April 18, 1988, action waged by U.S. naval forces in retaliation for the Iranian mining of the Persian Gulf and the subsequent damage to an American warship. 1988: Honduras: Operation Golden Pheasant was an emergency deployment of U.S. troops to Honduras in 1988, as a result of threatening actions by the forces of the (then socialist) Nicaraguans. 1988: shoot-down of Iran Air Flight 655. 1988: Panama: In mid-March and April 1988, during a period of instability in Panama and as the United States increased pressure on Panamanian head of state General Manuel Noriega to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops to Panama, to "further safeguard the canal, U.S. lives, property and interests in the area." The forces supplemented 10,000 U.S. military personnel already in the Panama Canal Zone. 1989: Libya: Second Gulf of Sidra incident. On January 4, 1989, two U.S. Navy F-14 aircraft based on USS John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of Libya. The U.S. pilots said the Libyan planes had demonstrated hostile intentions. 1989: Panama: On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega's disregard of the results of the Panamanian election, President Bush ordered a brigade-sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to augment the estimated 1,000 U.S. forces already in the area. 1989: Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru: Andean Initiative in War on Drugs, On September 15, 1989, President Bush announced that military and law enforcement assistance would be sent to help the Andean nations of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru combat illicit drug producers and traffickers. By mid-September there were 50–100 U.S. military advisers in Colombia in connection with transport and training in the use of military equipment, plus seven Special Forces teams of 2–12 persons to train troops in the three countries. 1989: Philippines: Operation Classic Resolve, On December 2, 1989, President Bush reported that on December 1, Air Force fighters from Clark Air Base in Luzon had assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. In addition, 100 marines were sent from U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay to protect the United States Embassy in Manila. 1989–1990: Panama: United States invasion of Panama and Operation Just Cause, On December 21, 1989, President Bush reported that he had ordered U.S. military forces to Panama to protect the lives of American citizens and bring General Noriega to justice. By February 13, 1990, all the invasion forces had been withdrawn. Around 200 Panamanian civilians were reported killed. The Panamanian head of state, General Manuel Noriega, was captured and brought to the U.S. ===1990–1999=== 1990: Liberia: On August 6, 1990, President Bush reported that a reinforced rifle company had been sent to provide additional security to the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had evacuated U.S. citizens from Liberia. 1990: Saudi Arabia: On August 9, 1990, President Bush reported that he launched Operation Desert Shield by ordering the forward deployment of substantial elements of the U.S. armed forces into the Persian Gulf region to help defend Saudi Arabia after the August 2 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November 16, 1990, he reported the continued buildup of the forces to ensure an adequate offensive military option.American hostages being held in Iran. 1991: Iraq: Operation Desert Storm, The Allied air to land offensive from January 17, 1991, to April 11, 1991 1991: Iraq: Operation Desert Sabre, The Allied ground offensive from Feb 24-27, 1991 1991–1996: Iraq: Operation Provide Comfort, Delivery of humanitarian relief and military protection for Kurds fleeing their homes in northern Iraq during the 1991 uprising, by a small Allied ground force based in Turkey which began in April 1991. 1991: Iraq: On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated that the Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had necessitated a limited introduction of U.S. forces into northern Iraq for emergency relief purposes. 1991: Zaire: On September 25–27, 1991, after widespread looting and rioting broke out in Kinshasa, Air Force C-141s transported 100 Belgian troops and equipment into Kinshasa. American planes also carried 300 French troops into the Central African Republic and hauled evacuated American citizens. 1992: Sierra Leone: Operation Silver Anvil, Following the April 29 coup that overthrew President Joseph Saidu Momoh, a United States European Command (USEUCOM) Joint Special Operations Task Force evacuated 438 people (including 42 Third Country nationals) on May 3. Two Air Mobility Command (AMC) C-141s flew 136 people from Freetown, Sierra Leone, to the Rhein-Main Air Base in Germany and nine C-130 sorties carried another 302 people to Dakar, Senegal. 1992–1996: Bosnia and Herzegovina: Operation Provide Promise was a humanitarian relief operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav Wars, from July 2, 1992, to January 9, 1996, which made it the longest running humanitarian airlift in history. 1992: Kuwait: On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of military exercises in Kuwait, following Iraqi refusal to recognize a new border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate with UN inspection teams. 1992–2003: Iraq: Iraqi no-fly zones, The U.S., United Kingdom, and its Gulf War allies declared and enforced "no-fly zones" over the majority of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights in zones in southern Iraq and northern Iraq, conducting aerial reconnaissance, and several specific attacks on Iraqi air-defense systems as part of the UN mandate. Often, Iraqi forces continued throughout a decade by firing on U.S. and British aircraft patrolling no-fly zones.(See also Operation Northern Watch, Operation Southern Watch) 1993–1995: Bosnia: Operation Deny Flight, On April 12, 1993, in response to a United Nations Security Council passage of Resolution 816, U.S. and NATO enforced the no-fly zone over the Bosnian airspace, prohibited all unauthorized flights and allowed to "take all necessary measures to ensure compliance with [the no-fly zone restrictions]." 1993: Somalia: Battle of Mogadishu, or the First Battle of Mogadishu, the outcome of Operation Gothic Serpent. October 3–4, 1993, Task Force Ranger, made up largely of the 75th Ranger Regiment and Delta Force entered hostile urban area Mogadishu to seize two high ranking Somali National Army leaders. Two American UH-60 Black Hawks are shot down, 18 Americans are killed in action, with another 73 wounded, and 1 captured. The events of the battle were gathered in the book Black Hawk Down, which was later adapted to a movie of the same name. 1993: Macedonia: On July 9, 1993, President Clinton reported the deployment of 350 U.S. soldiers to the Republic of Macedonia to participate in the UN Protection Force to help maintain stability in the area of former Yugoslavia. 1994: Bosnia: Banja Luka incident, NATO become involved in the first combat situation when NATO U.S. Air Force F-16 jets shot down four of the six Bosnian Serb J-21 Jastreb single-seat light attack jets for violating UN-mandated no-fly zone. 1994–1995: Haiti: Operation Uphold Democracy, U.S. ships had begun embargo against Haiti. Up to 20,000 U.S. military troops were later deployed to Haiti to restore democratically elected Haiti President Jean-Bertrand Aristide from a military regime which came into power in 1991 after a major coup. 1994: Macedonia: On April 19, 1994, President Clinton reported that the U.S. contingent in Macedonia had been increased by a reinforced company of 200 personnel. 1994: Kuwait: Operation Vigilant Warrior began in October 1994 when Iraqi Republican Guard Divisions began repositioning within Iraq south near the Kuwaiti border. U.S. Forces countered with a movement of forces to the Gulf - the largest since Operation Desert Shield. The operation as officially terminated on December 22, 1994. Also seeUnited Nations Security Council resolution 949 1995: Bosnia: Operation Deliberate Force, On August 30, 1995, U.S. and NATO aircraft began a major bombing campaign of Bosnian Serb Army in response to a Bosnian Serb mortar attack on a Sarajevo market that killed 37 people on August 28, 1995. This operation lasted until September 20, 1995. The air campaign along with a combined allied ground force of Muslim and Croatian Army against Serb positions led to a Dayton Agreement in December 1995 with the signing of warring factions of the war. As part of Operation Joint Endeavor, U.S. and NATO dispatched the Implementation Force (IFOR) peacekeepers to Bosnia to uphold the Dayton agreement. 1996: Central African Republic, Operation Quick Response: On May 23, 1996, President Clinton reported the deployment of U.S. military personnel to Bangui, Central African Republic, to conduct the evacuation from that country of "private U.S. citizens and certain U.S. government employees", and to provide "enhanced security for the American Embassy in Bangui." United States Marine Corps elements of Joint Task Force Assured Response, responding in nearby Liberia, provided security to the embassy and evacuated 448 people, including between 190 and 208 Americans. The last Marines left Bangui on June 22. 1996: Kuwait: Operation Desert Strike, American Air Strikes in the north to protect the Kurdish population against the Iraqi Army attacks. 1996: Bosnia: Operation Joint Guard, On December 21, 1996, U.S. and NATO established the SFOR peacekeepers to replace the IFOR in enforcing the peace under the Dayton agreement. 1997: Albania: Operation Silver Wake, On March 13, 1997, U.S. military forces were used to evacuate certain U.S. government employees and private U.S. citizens from Tirana, Albania. 1997: Congo and Gabon: On March 27, 1997, President Clinton reported on March 25, 1997, a standby evacuation force of U.S. military personnel had been deployed to Congo and Gabon to provide enhanced security and to be available for any necessary evacuation operation. 1997: Sierra Leone: On May 29 and 30, 1997, U.S. military personnel were deployed to Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and undertake the evacuation of certain U.S. government employees and private U.S. citizens. 1997: Cambodia: On July 11, 1997, In an effort to ensure the security of American citizens in Cambodia during a period of domestic conflict there, a Task Force of about 550 U.S. military personnel were deployed at Utapao Air Base in Thailand for possible evacuations. 1998: Iraq: Operation Desert Fox, U.S. and British forces conduct a major four-day bombing campaign from December 16–19, 1998 on Iraqi targets. 1998–1999: Kenya and Tanzania: U.S. military personnel were deployed to Nairobi, Kenya, to coordinate the medical and disaster assistance related to the bombing of the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. 1998: Afghanistan and Sudan: Operation Infinite Reach. On August 20, President Clinton ordered a cruise missile attack against two suspected terrorist training camps in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical factory in Sudan. 1998: Liberia: On September 27, 1998, America deployed a stand-by response and evacuation force of 30 U.S. military personnel to increase the security force at the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia. 1999–2001: East Timor: Limited number of U.S. military forces deployed with the United Nations-mandated International Force for East Timor restore peace to East Timor. 1999: Serbia: Operation Allied Force: U.S. and NATO aircraft began a major bombing of Serbia and Serb positions in Kosovo on March 24, 1999, during the Kosovo War due to the refusal by Serbian President Slobodan Milošević to end repression against ethnic Albanians in Kosovo. This operation ended on June 10, 1999, when Milošević agreed to pull his troops out of Kosovo. In response to the situation in Kosovo, NATO dispatched the KFOR peacekeepers to secure the peace under UNSC Resolution 1244. ===2000–2009=== *2000: Sierra Leone: On May 12, 2000, a U.S. Navy patrol craft deployed to Sierra Leone to support evacuation operations from that country if needed. *2000: Nigeria: Special Forces troops are sent to Nigeria to lead a training mission in the country. *2000: Yemen: On October 12, 2000, after attack in the port of Aden, Yemen, military personnel were deployed to Aden. *2000: East Timor: On February 25, 2000, a small number of U.S. military personnel were deployed to support the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). *2001: On April 1, 2001, a mid-air collision between a United States Navy EP-3E ARIES II signals surveillance aircraft and a People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) J-8II interceptor fighter jet resulted in an international dispute between the United States and the People's Republic of China called the Hainan Island incident. *2001–2021: War in Afghanistan: The War on Terror begins with Operation Enduring Freedom. On October 7, 2001, U.S. Armed Forces invade Afghanistan in response to the 9/11 attacks and "begin combat action in Afghanistan against Al Qaeda and their Taliban supporters." *2002: Yemen: On November 3, 2002, an American MQ-1 Predator fired a Hellfire missile at a car in Yemen killing Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi, an al-Qaeda leader thought to be responsible for USS Cole bombing. *2002: Philippines: OEF-Philippines, As of January, U.S. "combat-equipped and combat support forces" have been deployed to the Philippines to train with, assist and advise the Philippine Armed Forces in enhancing their "counterterrorist capabilities." *2002: Côte d'Ivoire: On September 25, 2002, in response to a rebellion in Côte d'Ivoire, U.S. military personnel went into Côte d'Ivoire to assist in the evacuation of American citizens from Bouaké. *2003–2011: War in Iraq: Operation Iraqi Freedom, March 20, 2003, The United States leads a coalition that includes the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland to invade Iraq with the stated goal being "to disarm Iraq in pursuit of peace, stability, and security both in the Gulf region and in the United States." *2003: Liberia: Second Liberian Civil War, On June 9, 2003, President Bush reported that on June 8 he had sent about 35 U.S. Marines into Monrovia, Liberia, to help secure the U.S. Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, and to aid in any necessary evacuation from either Liberia or Mauritania. *2003: Georgia and Djibouti: "US combat equipped and support forces" had been deployed to Georgia and Djibouti to help in enhancing their "counterterrorist capabilities." *2004: Haiti: 2004 Haitian coup d'état occurs, The U.S. first sent 55 combat equipped military personnel to augment the U.S. Embassy security forces there and to protect American citizens and property in light. Later 200 additional U.S. combat-equipped, military personnel were sent to prepare the way for a UN Multinational Interim Force, MINUSTAH. *2004: War on terror: U.S. anti-terror related activities were underway in Georgia, Djibouti, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea. *2004–present: The U.S. deploys drone strikes to aid in the War in North-West Pakistan. *2005–2006: Pakistan: President Bush deploys troops from U.S. Army air cavalry brigades to provide humanitarian relief to far remote villages in the Kashmir mountain ranges of Pakistan stricken by a massive earthquake. *2005–2008: Operation WILLING SPIRIT, Colombia - the rescue of American hostages held hostage by the FARC. *2006: Lebanon: part of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit begins evacuation of U.S. citizens willing to leave the country in the face of a likely ground invasion by Israel and continued fighting between Hezbollah and the Israeli military. *2007 - The Mogadishu Encounter, on October 29, 2007, Somali Pirates boarded and attacked a North Korean merchant vessel. Passing U.S. Navy Ships and a helicopter that were patrolling at the time responded to the attack. Once the ship was freed from the pirates, the American forces were given permission to board and assist the wounded crew and handle surviving pirates. *2007: Somalia: Battle of Ras Kamboni, on January 8, 2007, while the conflict between the Islamic Courts Union and the Transitional Federal Government continues, an AC-130 gunship conducts an aerial strike on a suspected al-Qaeda operative, along with other Islamist fighters, on Badmadow Island near Ras Kamboni in southern Somalia. ===2010–2019=== *2010–present: al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen: The U.S. has been launching a series of drone strikes on suspected al-Qaeda, al-Shabaab, and ISIS positions in Yemen. *2010–2011: Operation New Dawn, on February 17, 2010, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that as of September 1, 2010, the name "Operation Iraqi Freedom" would be replaced by "Operation New Dawn". This coincides with the reduction of American troops to 50,000. *2011: 2011 military intervention in Libya: Operation Odyssey Dawn, United States and coalition enforcing U.N. Security Council Resolution 1973 with bombings of Libyan forces. *2011: Osama Bin Laden is killed by U.S. military forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan as part of Operation Neptune Spear. *2011: Drone strikes on al-Shabaab militants begin in Somalia. This marks the 6th nation in which such strikes have been carried out, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Yemen and Libya. *2011–present: Uganda: U.S. Combat troops sent in as advisers to Uganda. *2012: Jordan: 150 U.S. troops deployed to Jordan to help it contain the Syrian Civil War within Syria's borders. *2012: Turkey: 400 troops and two batteries of Patriot missiles sent to Turkey to prevent any missile strikes from Syria. *2012: Chad: 50 U.S. troops have deployed to the African country of Chad to help evacuate U.S. citizens and embassy personnel from the neighboring Central African Republic's capital of Bangui in the face of rebel advances toward the city. *2013: Mali: U.S. forces assisted the French in Operation Serval with air refueling and transport aircraft. *2013: Somalia: U.S. Air Force planes supported the French in the Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt. However, they did not use any weapons. *2013: 2013 Korean crisis *2013: Navy SEALs conducted a raid in Somalia and possibly killed a senior Al-Shabaab official, simultaneously another raid took place in Tripoli, Libya, where Special Operations Forces captured Abu Anas al Libi (also known as Anas al-Libi) *2014–present: Uganda: V-22 Ospreys, MC-130s, KC-135s and additional U.S. soldiers are sent to Uganda to continue to help African forces search for Joseph Kony. *2014–present: American intervention in Iraq: Hundreds of U.S. troops deployed to protect American assets in Iraq and to advise Iraqi and Kurdish fighters. In August the U.S. Air Force conducted a humanitarian air drop and the U.S. Navy began a series of airstrikes against Islamic State-aligned forces throughout northern Iraq. *2014: 2014 American rescue mission in Syria: The U.S. attempted to rescue James Foley and other hostages being held by ISIL. Air strikes were conducted on the ISIL military base known as "Osama bin Laden camp". Meanwhile, the bombings, Delta teams parachuted near an ISIL high-valued prison. The main roads were blocked to keep any target from escaping. When no hostage was found, the American troops began house to house searches. By this time, ISIL militants began arriving to the area. Heavy fighting occurred until the Americans decided to abandon the mission due to the hostages being nowhere in the area. Although the mission failed, at least 5 ISIL militants were killed, however 1 American troop was wounded. According to the reports, Jordan had a role in the operation and that one Jordanian soldier had been wounded as well. This was unconfirmed. *2014–present: American-led intervention in Syria: American aircraft bomb Islamic State positions in Syria. Airstrikes on al-Qaeda, al-Nusra Front and Khorasan positions are also being conducted. *2014–present: Intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant: Syrian locals forces and American-led coalition forces launch a series of aerial attacks on ISIL and al-Nusra Front positions in Iraq and Syria. * 2014: 2014 Yemen hostage rescue operations against al-Qaeda: On November 25, U.S. Navy SEALs and Yemeni Special Forces launched an operations in Yemen in attempt to rescue eight hostages that were being held by al-Qaeda. Although the operation was successful, no American hostages were secured. In the first attempt, six Yemenis, one Saudi Arabian, and one Ethiopian were rescued. On December 4, 2014, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) threatened to execute the Somers if the U.S. failed to the unspecified commands. AQAP also stated that they would be executed if the U.S. attempted another rescue operation. On December 6, a second operation was launched. 40 U.S. SEALs and 30 Yemeni troops were deployed to the compound. A 10-minute fire fight occurred before the American troops could enter where the remaining hostages (Somers and Korkie) were being held. They were alive, but fatally wounded. Surgery was done in mid air when flying away from the site. Korkie died while in flight, and Somers died once landed on . No American troop was killed/injured, however a Yemenis soldier was wounded. * 2015: April 30, 2015, U.S. sends ships to the Strait of Hormuz to shield vessels after Iranian seizure of a commercial vessel, . Iran fired shots over the bow, and seized the ship registered in the Marshall Islands, as part of a decade-long legal dispute between Iran and Maersk. * 2015–present: In early October 2015, the U.S. military deployed 300 troops to Cameroon, with the approval of the Cameroonian government; their primary mission was to provide intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights. * 2017: 2017 Shayrat missile strike: Tomahawk missiles launched from U.S. naval vessels in the Mediterranean hit a Syrian airbase in Homs Governorate in response to a chemical weapons attack against civilians south-west of Idlib. Seven were killed and nine wounded. * 2018: missile strikes were launched by the U.S. and allies on military targets in Damascus and near Homs in response to the Douma chemical attack against civilians in April 2018. * 2019: Operation Sentinel: U.S. Central Command was developing a multinational maritime effort to increase surveillance of and security in key waterways in the Middle East to ensure freedom of navigation. ===2020–present=== * 2020: Response to attack on the U.S. embassy in Baghdad. The U.S. embassy in Baghdad came under siege on December 31, 2019, following U.S. retaliation for an attack by the pro-Iranian Kataeb Hezbollah in which four service members were wounded and one civilian contractor was killed. In response, Marines and aircraft were immediately dispatched from Kuwait for defense of the embassy and overwatch. On January 2, 2020, the U.S. launched an airstrike on a convoy, killing Iranian Quds Force Major-General Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi militia leader Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. An additional 4,000 U.S. troops were mobilized to the region, including some 750 from the 82nd Airborne Division. In an annual report released by the Pentagon on May 6, 2020, it cited that approximately 132 civilians have been killed in 2019 as part of US military operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia and Syria. The Department of Defense (DoD) added that no civilian casualties were reported under the US military operations in Libya and Yemen civil wars respectively. *2021: February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria: On February 25, 2021, the United States military carried out an airstrike on a site believed to have been occupied by Iranian-backed Iraqi militias operating from across the border in eastern Syria in response to recent attacks against US and coalition forces in Iraq. *2021: June 27, 2021, the U.S. military conducted airstrikes on Iranian-backed militias on both sides of the Iraq–Syria border in response to drone attacks on U.S. forces and facilities in the region. *2021: American military intervention in Somalia (2007–present): July 20, 2021, U.S. military airstrikes were conducted on al-Shabab militants in Somalia, the first of its kind since US troops withdrew and President Joe Biden took office in January 2021. On July 22, 2021, further airstrikes were conducted by the U.S. Air Force against al-Shabab militants. *2021: 2021 evacuation from Afghanistan: as part of an ongoing, multi-national effort by NATO partner countries to extract citizens and Afghan partners from the country following the 2021 fall of Kabul to the Taliban. The U.S. deployed 6,000 troops to seize control of Hamid Karzai International Airport to serve as a base of operations for the evacuation effort. The DOD confirmed on August 16 that General Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr., Commander, United States Central Command, had met Taliban leaders in Qatar to secure an agreement. The Taliban reportedly agreed to allow American evacuation flights at Kabul Airport to proceed without hindrance. International airlifts of evacuees had resumed by August 17 following a temporary halt to clear the runway of civilians as the DOD confirmed the airport was open for all military flights and limited commercial flights. Pentagon officials added that evacuation efforts were expected to speed up and were scheduled to continue until August 31. On the evening of August 22, Lloyd Austin, United States Secretary of Defense, ordered the activation of the American Civil Reserve Air Fleet to aid in the evacuations, only the third time in history that the fleet had been activated. On August 26, 2021, two suicide attacks occurred outside the gates of the Kabul airport, killing at least 170 people including 13 U.S. military personnel (11 Marines, one soldier, and one Navy corpsman), along with over 150 wounded. On August 27, 2021, U.S. military forces conducted a drone strike in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan on a presumed "planner" for the ISIS-K militant organization in response to the Kabul airport attack that occurred on August 26, 2021. On September 6, 2021, the United States evacuated four American citizens (specifically, an Amarillo, Texas woman and her three children) from Afghanistan via an overland route, marking the first overland evacuation facilitated by the US Department of State since the military withdrawal. The Taliban was aware of the evacuation and did not make any effort to stop it. On September 17, 2021, the U.S. CENTCOM commander, General Frank MacKenzie, announced that an investigation by the U.S. military of the aforementioned drone strike found that it killed 10 civilians (including 7 children and a U.S. aid worker), and that the vehicle targeted was likely not a threat associated with ISIS-K. In December 2021, in response to the errant August strike, the Pentagon stated that no U.S. military personnel involved would be disciplined. As of November 2021, the U.S. State Department believes as many as 14,000 U.S. legal permanent residents remain in Afghanistan. *2021: On October 22, 2021, a U.S. airstrike in northwestern Syria killed senior al-Qaeda leader Abdul Hamid al-Matar as part of ongoing anti-terrorism operations in the region. * 2022: On July 31, 2022 al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri was killed in Afghanistan in an american drone strike ==Battles with Native Americans== * American Indian Wars * Genocides in history#Americas * List of Indian massacres ==Relocation== *Indian removal (1830s) **Trail of Tears (1835–1838) *World War II-Era German-American internment (1942–1945) *World War II-Era Japanese-American internment (1942–1946) *World War II-Era Italian-American internment (1942–43) ==Armed insurrections and slave revolts== See also: Slave rebellion, Tax revolt *Gloucester County, Virginia Slave Rebellion (1663) *Bacon's Rebellion (1676) *Leisler's Rebellion (1689–1691) *Stono Rebellion (1739) *Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766) *War of the Regulation (1764–1771) *Boston Tea Party (1773) *American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) *Shays' Rebellion (1786) *Whiskey Rebellion (1794) *John Fries' Rebellion (1799–1800) *Louisiana Territory Slave Rebellion (1811) *Nat Turner's slave rebellion (1831) *Buckshot War (1837–38) *Patriot War (1837–38) *Anti-Rent War (1839–1844) *Dorr Rebellion (1841–42) *Taos Revolt (1847) *Utah War (1857–58) *John Brown's Raid on Federal Armory at Harper's Ferry (1859) *American Civil War (1861–1865) *Green Corn Rebellion Oklahoma (1917) *Battle of Blair Mountain West Virginia (1921) *The Bonus March (1932) *Wounded Knee incident – Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1973) ==Range wars== *Franklin County War (Idaho, 1866–1872) *Mason County War (Texas, 1874–1877) *Colfax County War (New Mexico, 1875) *Lincoln County War (New Mexico, 1877–78) *San Elizario Salt War (Texas-Mexico borderlands 1877) *Johnson County War (Wyoming, 1892) *Pleasant Valley War (Arizona, 1886) *Sheep Wars (Texas-New Mexico borderlands, 1879–1900) *Posey War (Utah, 1923) ==Bloody local feuds== *Rowan County War (Kentucky, 1884–1887) *Hatfield–McCoy feud (West Virginia-Kentucky, 1878–1891) ==Bloodless boundary disputes== *Toledo War (1835, Michigan Territory-Ohio) *Aroostook War (1838–39, U.S.-Britain) *Honey War (1839, Iowa Territory-Missouri) *Oregon boundary dispute (1844–1846, U.S.-Britain) *Pig War (1859, U.S.-Britain) *Chamizal dispute (1895–1963, U.S.-Mexico) *Alaska boundary dispute (1907, U.S.-Canada) *Red River Bridge War (1932, Oklahoma-Texas) ==Terrorist, paramilitary groups and guerrilla warfare== ===18th and 19th century=== *Francis Marion (1780–1782) *Benjamin Forsyth (1812-1814) *Bleeding Kansas (1854–1860) **Wakarusa War (1855) **John Brown (1856-1859) *Utah War (1857-1858) *Cortina Troubles (1859–1861) *Quantrill's Raiders (1861–1863) **Bloody Bill Anderson (1840-1864) **Centralia Massacre (1864) *Red Shirts Hamburg massacre (1876) *Ku Klux Klan (1877) *Knights of the White Camelia *White League (1874) **Coushatta massacre (1874) **Colfax riot (1874) *Symbionese Liberation Army (1973-1975) ==Labor–management disputes== *Great Railroad Strike of 1877 *Homestead Strike (1892) *Pullman Strike (1894) *Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899 *Black Patch Tobacco Wars (1904–1911) * Aftermath of the Ludlow massacre (1914) *Battle of Blair Mountain (1921) ==State and national secession attempts== *Westsylvania (1776) *Green Mountain Boys (1777–1791) (Vermont voluntarily entered the Union in 1791) *State of Franklin (1784–1790) *Republic of West Florida (1810) *Republic of Indian Stream (1832–1842) *Confederate States of America (1861–1865) ==Riots and public disorder== *1863 New York City draft riots *Memphis riots of 1866 *Rock Springs massacre of 1885 *Seattle riot of 1886 *Lawlessness after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake *1919 Red Summer era **Washington race riot of 1919 **Omaha race riot of 1919 **Elaine massacre *1920 Lexington riots *Revere Beach riot of 1920 *Zoot Suit riots *1943 Detroit race riot *Battle of Alcatraz *Ole Miss riot of 1962 *Birmingham riot of 1963 *1967 Detroit riot *1968 King assassination riots in Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Baltimore *1989 riots in the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo *1992 Los Angeles riots *2005 civil disturbances after Hurricane Katrina *2020–2021 United States racial unrest *2021 Storming of the United States Capitol ==Miscellaneous== *Pennamite–Yankee War (1769–1784) *Oconee War (1784) *Burr conspiracy (1804–1807) *Chesapeake–Leopard affair (1807) *Little Belt affair (1811) *Railroad Wars (1853–1855) *Sinking of the General Sherman (1866) *Fenian raids (1866) *Brooks–Baxter War (1873) *Virginius affair (1873) *Canal Zone Riots (1964) *Kent State shootings (1970) *War on Drugs (~1972–) *Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) *Iraqi attack on USS Stark (1987) *Waco siege (1993) *Bundy standoff (2014) *Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (2016) ===Latter-day Saints=== *1838 Mormon War *Utah War (1857–58) ===Republic of Texas=== *Texas Revolution (1835–36) *Texan Santa Fe Expedition (1841) ==See also== *American imperialism *Awards and decorations of the United States military *Declaration of war by the United States *Foreign policy of the United States *History of the Central Intelligence Agency * List of the lengths of United States participation in wars *List of wars involving the United States *Military history of the United States *Military operations other than war (US) *Monroe Doctrine *Foreign interventions by the United States *Relative costs of American wars *Territorial evolution of the United States *Timeline of the War on Terror *United States Armed Forces *United States Department of Defense *United States military casualties of war *United States war crimes ==References== ;Citations ;Sources * * * * * ==Further reading== *Allan Reed Millet & Peter Maslowski For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States. Simon & Schumpeter Adult Publishing Group, 1994. *Bill Yenne Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West , Wholesome, 2005 *Crandall, Russell (2006). Gunboat democracy: US interventions in the Dominican Republic, Grenada and Panama (Latham, Maryland: Rowman & Little-field Publishers). ==External links== *America's Wars: Bloodiest Battles – slideshow by LIFE magazine *Congressional Research Service report RL30172: Hundreds of instances of the employment of U.S. military forces abroad *Conversations with History: Militarism and the American Empire – With Chalmers Johnson, President of the Japan Policy Research Institute – RealVideo format. *Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798–1993 by Ellen C. Collier, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States History events

['Congressional Research Service', 'United States Armed Forces', 'Central Intelligence Agency', 'United States National Guard', 'American Revolutionary War', 'British Empire', 'Thirteen Colonies', 'Cherokee War of 1776', 'Cherokee', 'Kentucky', 'Tennessee', 'Northwest Indian War', 'Ohio', "Shays' Rebellion", 'Articles of Confederation', 'Whiskey Rebellion', 'Trans-Appalachia', 'Quasi-War', 'French First Republic', 'Dominican Republic', 'United States Marine Corps', "Fries's Rebellion", 'Pennsylvania Dutch', 'First Barbary War', 'Kingdom of Tripoli', 'Ottoman Empire', 'Barbary pirates', 'Zebulon Pike', 'Rio Grande', 'James Wilkinson', 'Colorado', 'Gulf of Mexico', 'New Orleans', 'Mississippi Delta', 'West Florida', 'William C. C. Claiborne', 'Louisiana', 'James Madison', 'Mississippi River', 'Perdido River', 'Amelia Island', 'War of 1812', 'Royal Navy', 'Northwest Territory', 'Mobile Bay', 'Marquesas Islands', 'French Polynesia', 'United States Army', 'Nuku Hiva', 'Andrew Jackson', 'United States Navy', 'Cuba', 'Puerto Rico', 'Santo Domingo', 'West Indies', 'Algiers', 'Second Barbary War', 'Barbary states', 'Stephen Decatur', 'Tunis', 'Negro Fort', 'Seminole War', 'Seminole Indians', 'Edmund P. Gaines', 'James Monroe', 'Amelia Island Affair', 'Oregon', 'Columbia River', 'Oregon Country', 'Oregon Treaty', 'Arikara War', 'Matanzas', 'Sagua La Grande', 'Greece', 'Kimolos', 'Myconos', 'Andros', 'Falkland Islands', 'Silas Duncan', 'Puerto Soledad', 'United Provinces of the Río de la Plata', 'First Sumatran expedition', 'Sumatra', 'Indonesia', 'Buenos Aires', 'Peru', 'Florida Territory', 'Caroline affair', 'Navy Island', 'Upper Canada', 'Upper Canada Rebellion', 'William Lyon Mackenzie', 'Republic of Canada', 'Fiji', 'McKean Island', 'Gilbert Islands', 'Samoa', 'Upolu', 'Thomas ap Catesby Jones', 'Monterey, California', 'San Diego', 'Ivory Coast', 'John Tyler', 'Republic of Texas', 'Mexican–American War', 'Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo', 'Texas', 'Nevada', 'Utah', 'Arizona', 'New Mexico', 'Wyoming', 'Smyrna', 'Jaffa', 'Anjouan', 'Nicaragua', 'Bonin Islands', 'Naha', 'Mosquito Coast', 'San Juan del Norte', 'Uruguay', 'Montevideo', 'Panama State', 'Republic of New Granada', 'Utah War', 'Mormon', 'Utah Territory', 'Charles Henry Davis', 'Cornelius Vanderbilt', 'Hiram Paulding', 'Lewis Cass', 'Waya Island', 'Levant', 'Paraná River', 'Juan Cortina', 'Angola', 'American Civil War', 'Southern United States', 'Confederate States of America', 'Battle of Shimonoseki Straits', 'Shimonoseki campaign', 'Reconstruction Act', 'Tamaulipas', 'Andrew Johnson', "Red Cloud's War", 'Lakota Sioux', 'Cheyenne', 'Arapaho', 'Powder River Country', 'Bozeman Trail', 'Fetterman Fight', 'Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)', 'Great Sioux Reservation', 'Managua', 'Osaka', 'Nagasaki', 'Yokohama', 'Boshin War', 'Manuel Murillo Toro', 'Battle of Boca Teacapan', 'Teacapan Estuary', 'Honolulu Courthouse riot', 'Hawaiian Kingdom', 'Kalākaua', 'Great Sioux War', 'Black Hills', 'Battle of the Little Bighorn', 'Lincoln County War', 'Nathan Dudley', 'Lincoln County Regulators', 'Burning of Colón', 'Samoan crisis', 'Samoan Civil War', 'Honolulu', 'Argentina', 'Wounded Knee Massacre', 'Pine Ridge Indian Reservation', 'South Dakota', 'Wounded Knee Creek', 'Haiti', 'Navassa Island', 'Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations', 'Itata Incident', 'Valparaíso', 'Homestead Strike', 'Pinkerton National Detective Agency', 'Johnson County War', 'TA Ranch', 'Sanford B. Dole', 'Grover Cleveland', 'Bluefields', 'Tianjin', 'Beijing', 'First Sino-Japanese War', 'Seoul', 'Spanish–American War', 'Cuban War of Independence', 'Philippine Islands', 'Philippine–American War', 'Boxer Rebellion', 'Separation of Panama from Colombia', 'Panama', 'Honduras', 'Puerto Cortes', 'Syria', 'Ethiopia', 'Russo-Japanese War', 'Tongmenghui', 'Xinhai Revolution', 'Panama Canal Zone', 'Oriente Province', 'Havana', 'First Balkan War', 'Mexican Revolution', 'Dominican Civil War (1914)', 'Tampico Affair', 'Pancho Villa Expedition', 'Venustiano Carranza', 'John J. Pershing', 'World War I', 'Zimmermann Telegram', 'Battle of Ambos Nogales', 'Mexican Army', 'Vladivostok', 'Red Army', 'Arkhangelsk', 'American Expeditionary Force Siberia', 'American Expeditionary Force North Russia', 'Serbs', 'Constantinople', 'Jiujiang', 'La Ceiba', 'Emiliano Chamorro Vargas', 'Hankou', 'Bonus Army', 'Anacostia', 'Hooverville', 'Douglas MacArthur', 'Gerardo Machado', 'Bermuda', 'Antigua', 'Trinidad', 'British Guiana', 'World War II', 'German declaration of war against the United States', 'Occupation of Japan', 'South Korea', 'Trieste', "Yugoslav People's Army", 'Venezia Giulia', 'Jerusalem', 'Berlin Airlift', 'Nanjing', 'Korean War', "People's Liberation Army", 'Republic of China Armed Forces', 'First Taiwan Strait Crisis', 'Alexandria', 'Suez Crisis', '1958 Lebanon crisis', 'Lebanon', 'Camille Chamoun', 'Cuban Revolution', 'Vietnam War', 'South Vietnam', "Vietnam People's Navy", 'Gulf of Tonkin incident', 'Lyndon B. Johnson', 'Gulf of Tonkin Resolution', 'Cuban Missile Crisis', 'Operation Power Pack', 'USS Liberty incident', 'Israel Defense Forces', 'Ho Chi Minh trail', 'Cambodia', 'Laos', 'Operation Commando Hunt', 'Cambodian Campaign', 'Viet Cong', 'North Vietnam', 'Vietnamization', 'Operation Linebacker II', 'Hanoi', 'Haiphong', 'Operation Nickel Grass', 'Yom Kippur War', 'Turkish invasion of Cyprus', 'Operation Frequent Wind', 'Gerald Ford', 'Operation Eagle Pull', 'U.S. Embassy, Saigon', 'Tan Son Nhut Airport', 'Mayaguez incident', 'Kampuchean Revolutionary Army', 'Korean Demilitarized Zone', 'Zaire', 'Operation Eagle Claw', 'Iran hostage crisis', 'Sinai Peninsula', 'Operation Bright Star', 'Egyptian Armed Forces', '101st Airborne Division', 'USS Nimitz', 'Multinational Force and Observers', 'Operation Urgent Fury', 'Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)', 'Gulf of Sidra', 'Operation El Dorado Canyon', 'Muammar Gaddafi', 'Dassault Mirage F1', 'Iraqi Air Force', 'Operation Nimble Archer', 'MV Sea Isle City', 'Kuwait', 'Operation Earnest Will', 'Iran–Iraq War', 'Iran Ajr', 'Operation Praying Mantis', 'Operation Prime Chance', 'United States Special Operations Command', 'Operation Golden Pheasant', 'Iran Air Flight 655', 'Manuel Noriega', 'Operation Classic Resolve', 'Clark Air Base', 'Luzon', 'U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay', 'United States Embassy in Manila', 'Operation Desert Shield', 'Operation Provide Comfort', 'Kinshasa', 'Central African Republic', 'Operation Silver Anvil', 'Joseph Saidu Momoh', 'United States European Command', 'Air Mobility Command', 'Freetown', 'Rhein-Main Air Base', 'Dakar', 'Operation Provide Promise', 'Bosnia and Herzegovina', 'Yugoslav Wars', 'Iraqi no-fly zones', 'Operation Northern Watch', 'Operation Southern Watch', 'Operation Deny Flight', 'Operation Gothic Serpent', '75th Ranger Regiment', 'Delta Force', 'Mogadishu', 'Somali National Army', 'Banja Luka incident', 'U.S. Air Force', 'F-16', 'J-21 Jastreb', 'Operation Uphold Democracy', 'Jean-Bertrand Aristide', 'Operation Vigilant Warrior', 'Operation Deliberate Force', 'Bosnian Serb Army', 'Croatian Army', 'Dayton Agreement', 'Operation Joint Endeavor', 'Bangui', 'Operation Desert Strike', 'Iraqi Army', 'Operation Joint Guard', 'Operation Silver Wake', 'Tirana', 'Sierra Leone', 'Nairobi', 'Operation Infinite Reach', 'International Force for East Timor', 'Serbia', 'Kosovo', 'Kosovo War', 'Slobodan Milošević', 'Albanians', 'Nigeria', 'Aden', 'Yemen', 'United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor', "People's Liberation Army Navy", 'Hainan Island incident', 'War on Terror', 'Operation Enduring Freedom', 'Taliban', 'MQ-1 Predator', 'Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi', 'USS Cole bombing', 'Bouaké', 'Iraq War', 'Second Liberian Civil War', 'Monrovia', 'Liberia', 'Nouakchott', 'Mauritania', 'Djibouti', 'MINUSTAH', 'Kenya', 'Eritrea', 'War in North-West Pakistan', 'Kashmir', '24th Marine Expeditionary Unit', 'Hezbollah', 'Battle of Ras Kamboni', 'Islamic Courts Union', 'AC-130', 'Robert Gates', '2011 military intervention in Libya', 'Operation Odyssey Dawn', 'Abbottabad', 'Pakistan', 'Operation Neptune Spear', 'Uganda', 'Syrian Civil War', 'Patriot missiles', 'Chad', 'Mali', 'Operation Serval', 'Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt', '2013 Korean crisis', 'Tripoli, Libya', 'Anas al-Libi', 'Joseph Kony', 'Osama bin Laden', 'Strait of Hormuz', 'Marshall Islands', 'Maersk', 'Cameroon', '2017 Shayrat missile strike', 'Damascus', 'Homs', 'Douma chemical attack', 'Qasem Soleimani', 'Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis', '82nd Airborne Division', 'Iraq', 'Afghanistan', 'Somalia', 'United States Department of Defense', 'Libya', 'Joe Biden', 'NATO', 'Hamid Karzai International Airport', 'Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.', 'United States Central Command', 'Lloyd Austin', 'United States Secretary of Defense', 'Civil Reserve Air Fleet', 'Nangarhar Province', 'ISIS-K', 'US Department of State', 'Ayman al-Zawahiri', 'American Indian Wars', 'List of Indian massacres', 'Indian removal', 'Trail of Tears', 'German-American internment', 'Italian-American internment', 'Slave rebellion', 'Tax revolt', "Bacon's Rebellion", "Leisler's Rebellion", 'Stono Rebellion', "Pontiac's Rebellion", 'War of the Regulation', 'Boston Tea Party', "Nat Turner's slave rebellion", 'Buckshot War', 'Patriot War', 'Anti-Rent War', 'Dorr Rebellion', 'Taos Revolt', 'Green Corn Rebellion', 'Battle of Blair Mountain', 'Wounded Knee incident', 'Mason County War', 'Colfax County War', 'San Elizario Salt War', 'Pleasant Valley War', 'Sheep Wars', 'Posey War', 'Rowan County War', 'Hatfield–McCoy feud', 'Toledo War', 'Aroostook War', 'Honey War', 'Oregon boundary dispute', 'Chamizal dispute', 'Alaska boundary dispute', 'Red River Bridge War', 'Francis Marion', 'Benjamin Forsyth', 'Bleeding Kansas', 'Wakarusa War', 'Cortina Troubles', "Quantrill's Raiders", 'Hamburg massacre', 'Ku Klux Klan', 'Knights of the White Camelia', 'White League', 'Coushatta massacre', 'Colfax riot', 'Symbionese Liberation Army', 'Great Railroad Strike of 1877', 'Pullman Strike', "Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899", 'Black Patch Tobacco Wars', 'Ludlow massacre', 'Westsylvania', 'Green Mountain Boys', 'State of Franklin', 'Republic of Indian Stream', 'New York City draft riots', 'Memphis riots of 1866', 'Rock Springs massacre', 'Seattle riot of 1886', '1906 San Francisco earthquake', 'Red Summer', 'Washington race riot of 1919', 'Omaha race riot of 1919', 'Elaine massacre', 'Zoot Suit riots', '1943 Detroit race riot', 'Battle of Alcatraz', 'Ole Miss riot of 1962', 'Birmingham riot of 1963', '1967 Detroit riot', 'King assassination riots', 'Hurricane Hugo', '1992 Los Angeles riots', 'Hurricane Katrina', 'Pennamite–Yankee War', 'Oconee War', 'Burr conspiracy', 'Chesapeake–Leopard affair', 'Little Belt affair', 'Railroad Wars', 'Fenian raids', 'Brooks–Baxter War', 'Kent State shootings', 'War on Drugs', 'Waco siege', 'Bundy standoff', 'Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge', 'Texas Revolution', 'Texan Santa Fe Expedition', 'American imperialism', 'Awards and decorations of the United States military', 'Declaration of war by the United States', 'Foreign policy of the United States', 'List of the lengths of United States participation in wars', 'List of wars involving the United States', 'Military history of the United States', 'Military operations other than war (US)', 'Monroe Doctrine', 'Foreign interventions by the United States', 'Relative costs of American wars', 'Territorial evolution of the United States', 'United States war crimes', 'Chalmers Johnson', 'Japan Policy Research Institute', 'RealVideo']

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51120)], [(51283, 51288)], [(51293, 51301)], [(51325, 51347)], [(51463, 51477)], [(51572, 51598)], [(51631, 51654)], [(51684, 51695)], [(51863, 51883)], [(52298, 52318)], [(52323, 52343)], [(52361, 52378)], [(52504, 52533)], [(52998, 53023)], [(63313, 63318)], [(53257, 53277)], [(90992, 91011)], [(54719, 54734)], [(53532, 53553)], [(53589, 53610)], [(53683, 53706)], [(54237, 54247)], [(54678, 54711), (54777, 54810)], [(55706, 55727)], [(57049, 57083)], [(54160, 54173), (54283, 54296), (54435, 54448), (57063, 57076), (57223, 57236), (60121, 60134)], [(57339, 57365)], [(57591, 57606)], [(57776, 57794)], [(57802, 57817)], [(57894, 57917)], [(58088, 58104)], [(58118, 58124), (58151, 58157), (58475, 58481), (62489, 62495), (64321, 64327), (64406, 64412), (66907, 66913), (67049, 67055), (68542, 68548), (82086, 82092)], [(58209, 58231), (59225, 59247)], [(57829, 57842), (58243, 58256), (59157, 59170)], [(58694, 58702)], [(58752, 58776), (59269, 59293)], [(59001, 59023)], [(59030, 59070)], [(59476, 59501)], [(59672, 59691)], [(59857, 59871), (61908, 61922)], [(61181, 61206)], [(61297, 61311)], [(61315, 61320)], [(61421, 61446)], [(61462, 61493)], [(62293, 62316), (67145, 67168)], [(62873, 62898)], [(63396, 63404), (63473, 63481)], [(63539, 63563), (67935, 67959), (68084, 68108), (77039, 77063)], [(63624, 63646)], [(63701, 63719)], [(63723, 63753)], [(63874, 63894)], [(63929, 63937), (69388, 69396)], [(63960, 63979)], [(64044, 64049)], [(64095, 64120)], [(64071, 64093), (64160, 64182)], [(64194, 64207)], [(64563, 64581)], [(65030, 65054)], [(65056, 65080)], [(65101, 65122)], [(65509, 65533)], [(65596, 65616)], [(65621, 65632)], [(65449, 65458), (65483, 65492), (65660, 65669), (74952, 74961)], [(65696, 65716)], [(66212, 66231)], [(66294, 66308), (77255, 77269), (77977, 77991), (83617, 83631)], [(66309, 66313)], [(66358, 66370)], [(66458, 66484)], [(66643, 66665)], [(66915, 66941)], [(67300, 67326)], [(67405, 67422)], [(67651, 67664)], [(67697, 67713)], [(67791, 67815)], 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72433)], [(72485, 72512)], [(72563, 72579)], [(73025, 73031)], [(57834, 57842), (58248, 58256), (59162, 59170)], [(73360, 73385)], [(62135, 62143), (70542, 70550), (73482, 73490)], [(61983, 61990), (62204, 62211), (68386, 68393), (70368, 70375), (73351, 73358), (73367, 73374), (73492, 73499), (73611, 73618)], [(73536, 73546)], [(73548, 73558), (73622, 73632)], [(73653, 73661), (73736, 73744), (74239, 74247)], [(74145, 74153)], [(69943, 69948), (70013, 70018), (70118, 70123), (74249, 74254)], [(74277, 74284)], [(74346, 74372)], [(74523, 74530)], [(74728, 74758)], [(74904, 74913), (81926, 81935)], [(75328, 75349)], [(75402, 75422)], [(75477, 75483)], [(75905, 75917)], [(76107, 76142)], [(76144, 76166)], [(76336, 76346)], [(74364, 74372), (74386, 74394), (74550, 74558), (76348, 76356), (76550, 76558)], [(76368, 76391)], [(76598, 76604), (76648, 76654), (77661, 77667), (77741, 77747)], [(76729, 76745)], [(76817, 76833)], [(56262, 56266), (56449, 56453), (76899, 76903), (76960, 76964)], 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(79397, 79401), (82260, 82264), (82583, 82587), (82966, 82970), (83096, 83100), (83211, 83215), (91025, 91029)], [(70144, 70155), (70307, 70318), (72125, 72136), (72241, 72252), (72313, 72324), (76537, 76548), (82589, 82600), (83689, 83700), (85206, 85217), (85495, 85506), (86300, 86311), (86564, 86575)], [(65430, 65437), (75319, 75326), (75637, 75644), (76447, 76454), (77246, 77253), (77443, 77450), (82602, 82609), (83344, 83351), (83449, 83456)], [(91898, 91933)], [(54147, 54152), (54262, 54267), (54314, 54319), (54461, 54466), (55513, 55518), (56462, 56467), (57042, 57047), (57259, 57264), (57332, 57337), (57531, 57536), (57572, 57577), (60107, 60112), (60236, 60241), (60307, 60312), (60339, 60344), (76137, 76142), (76261, 76266), (76576, 76581), (77552, 77557), (82737, 82742)], [(83519, 83528)], [(65228, 65232), (66233, 66237), (66289, 66293), (67357, 67361), (67826, 67830), (68743, 68747), (70767, 70771), (71131, 71135), (83750, 83754)], [(83930, 83964)], [(84069, 84092)], [(84105, 84134)], [(84678, 84690)], [(84692, 84726)], [(84767, 84790)], [(85186, 85204)], [(85250, 85256), (86035, 86041)], [(85587, 85609)], [(86532, 86549)], [(86640, 86660)], [(86695, 86719)], [(86736, 86750)], [(86761, 86775)], [(86806, 86832)], [(86922, 86949)], [(87012, 87027)], [(87029, 87039)], [(87093, 87110)], [(87119, 87138)], [(87152, 87167)], [(87176, 87195)], [(87209, 87230)], [(87244, 87260)], [(87439, 87467)], [(87476, 87488)], [(87500, 87511)], [(87523, 87536)], [(87550, 87564)], [(87576, 87587)], [(87710, 87730)], [(87748, 87772), (89551, 89575)], [(87819, 87840)], [(87933, 87949)], [(87970, 87987)], [(88050, 88071)], [(88141, 88160)], [(88178, 88188)], [(88232, 88241)], [(88279, 88295)], [(88319, 88338)], [(88408, 88418)], [(88452, 88465)], [(88491, 88500)], [(88534, 88557)], [(88615, 88631)], [(88658, 88681)], [(88703, 88723)], [(88833, 88847)], [(88861, 88877)], [(88891, 88906)], [(88921, 88933)], [(88989, 89005)], [(89019, 89038)], [(89126, 89142)], [(89151, 89163)], [(89172, 89200)], [(89202, 89214)], [(89224, 89242)], [(89252, 89263)], [(89272, 89298)], [(89342, 89371)], [(89398, 89412)], [(89421, 89469)], [(89471, 89495)], [(89527, 89542)], [(89626, 89638)], [(89647, 89666)], [(89728, 89745)], [(89792, 89817)], [(89909, 89934)], [(89936, 89957)], [(89959, 89980)], [(89990, 90010)], [(90034, 90063)], [(90070, 90080)], [(90087, 90115)], [(90118, 90141)], [(90144, 90159)], [(90210, 90225)], [(90227, 90249)], [(90251, 90269)], [(90271, 90292)], [(90294, 90317)], [(90319, 90336)], [(90343, 90367)], [(90444, 90458)], [(90460, 90482)], [(90514, 90531)], [(90634, 90654)], [(90668, 90678)], [(90687, 90702)], [(90716, 90741)], [(90750, 90768)], [(90777, 90790)], [(90843, 90855)], [(90864, 90881)], [(90940, 90960)], [(60702, 60714), (90969, 90981)], [(91059, 91069)], [(91078, 91092)], [(91101, 91151)], [(91245, 91261)], [(91273, 91298)], [(91320, 91340)], [(91342, 91394)], [(91396, 91435)], [(91437, 91472)], [(91519, 91577)], [(91579, 91619)], [(91621, 91658)], [(91660, 91699)], [(91701, 91716)], [(91718, 91760)], [(91762, 91793)], [(91795, 91837)], [(91977, 92001)], [(92732, 92748)], [(92767, 92798)], [(92801, 92810)]]

Jim Hodder may refer to: * Jim Hodder (musician) (1947–1990), American drummer * Jim Hodder (politician) (born 1940), Canadian politician for Port au Port

['Jim Hodder (musician)', 'Jim Hodder (politician)']

['Q1689114', 'Q6195678']

[[(27, 48)], [(81, 104)]]

Ralph is an unincorporated community in Harding County, South Dakota, United States. Although not tracked by the Census Bureau, Ralph has been assigned the ZIP code of 57650. The community was named for James Ralph Howard, the original owner of the town site. ==References== Category:Unincorporated communities in Harding County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

['South Dakota', 'ZIP code']

['Q1211', 'Q136208']

[[(56, 68), (330, 342), (382, 394)], [(156, 164)]]

Redig is an unincorporated community in Harding County, South Dakota, United States. Although not tracked by the Census Bureau, Redig has been assigned the ZIP code of 57776. Centrally located between Buffalo and Belle Fourche on state highway 85, the town is nearly 22 miles from the nearest grocery store and gas station. As of 2018, there are a few occupied mobile homes, as well as some buildings, and a general store and post office. The population is estimated to be near 5. The community has the name of the Redig brothers, local ranchers. ==References== Category:Unincorporated communities in Harding County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

['South Dakota', 'ZIP code', 'Belle Fourche']

['Q1211', 'Q136208', 'Q947052']

[[(56, 68), (617, 629), (669, 681)], [(156, 164)], [(213, 226)]]

Renner is an unincorporated community in Minnehaha County in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Renner has been assigned the ZIP code of 57055. The demographics of Renner are not listed separately by the United States Census Bureau, but are included within those of Mapleton Township. The 2000 Census reported a total population of 2,128 for all of Mapleton Township. Renner lies just north of Sioux Falls on South Dakota Highway 115. It lies in the valley of the Big Sioux River on a line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad, now owned by the state of South Dakota and operated by D&I; Railroad. After completing the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in May 1927, Charles Lindbergh made a stop in Renner on August 27, 1927. Contemporary estimates reported that between thirty and forty thousand people came to Renner to welcome him. ==History== Renner was founded in 1898, and a depot along the Milwaukee Railroad was built here in 1907. The town is named after Leonard Renner, a local farmer on whose land the depot was built. One of the earliest rural electrification projects in the United States was undertaken here by Northern States Power Company in 1923, three years before a better-known project near Red Wing, Minnesota. Both projects were a success from the farmers' standpoint, but the overall cost to the company for each project versus the small revenue from each generally dissuaded the company from further attempts at rural electrification. ===Renner Church=== Renner Lutheran Church, founded in 1868 as Nidaros Church by Norwegian immigrants, is reportedly the oldest ELCA church in South Dakota. The church is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Renner Lutheran Sanctuary. ==References== ==External links== *History of Renner Lutheran Church *Charles Lindbergh in Renner *Gallery of photos and images about Renner Category:Unincorporated communities in Minnehaha County, South Dakota Category:Sioux Falls, South Dakota metropolitan area Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

['Renner Lutheran Church', 'U.S. state', 'South Dakota', 'ZIP code', 'United States Census Bureau', 'South Dakota Highway 115', 'Big Sioux River', 'Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad', 'Atlantic Ocean', 'Charles Lindbergh', 'Northern States Power Company', 'Red Wing, Minnesota', 'National Register of Historic Places']

['Q7313310', 'Q35657', 'Q1211', 'Q136208', 'Q637413', 'Q809187', 'Q859274', 'Q1071804', 'Q97', 'Q1618', 'Q7058996', 'Q862727', 'Q3719']

[[(1515, 1537), (1793, 1815)], [(65, 75)], [(79, 91), (406, 418), (571, 583), (1638, 1650), (1945, 1957), (1980, 1992), (2050, 2062)], [(122, 130)], [(201, 228)], [(406, 430)], [(461, 476)], [(494, 543)], [(674, 688)], [(702, 719), (1817, 1834)], [(1161, 1190)], [(1247, 1266)], [(1680, 1716)]]

Reva is an unincorporated community in Harding County, South Dakota, United States. Although not tracked by the Census Bureau, Reva has been assigned the ZIP code of 57651. The community has the name of Reva Bonniwell, the daughter of a first settler. It is the location of the annual Reva Turtle Races. ==History== The Battle of Slim Buttes occurred here on September 9–10, 1876, in the Great Sioux Reservation between the United States Army and Miniconjou Sioux during the Great Sioux War of 1876. It marked the first significant victory for the Army since the stunning defeat of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in June. One hundred fifty troopers led by Captain Anson Mills from the 3rd U.S. Cavalry surrounded the village of thirty-seven lodges and attacked it the next morning, shooting anyone who resisted. Taken by surprise, the Native Americans fled, with a mortally wounded Chief American Horse the elder and fifteen women and children hiding in a nearby ravine/draw. Having refused treatment by the army surgeons after surrendering, American Horse eventually lost his life, as well as two women and one child. One tribal boy was found alive in the village, having slept through the initial fighting. Those Sioux who escaped spread the word to neighboring Sans Arc, Brulé and Cheyenne villages, telling Crazy Horse and other leaders that they had encountered 100-150 soldiers. Unknown to them, Crook's main column of infantry, artillery, and other cavalry had their arrival."Battle of Slim Buttes Historic Site - Reva, SD" (waymarking.com) ==References== Category:Unincorporated communities in Harding County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

['South Dakota', 'ZIP code', 'Battle of Slim Buttes', 'Great Sioux Reservation', 'United States Army', 'Miniconjou', 'Sioux', 'Battle of Little Bighorn', 'Anson Mills', '3rd U.S. Cavalry', 'Sans Arc', 'Brulé', 'Crazy Horse']

['Q1211', 'Q136208', 'Q786821', 'Q5599966', 'Q9212', 'Q1737293', 'Q107434', 'Q205422', 'Q4770732', 'Q223205', 'Q1670848', 'Q992401', 'Q44555']

[[(55, 67), (1641, 1653), (1693, 1705)], [(154, 162)], [(320, 341), (1506, 1527)], [(388, 411)], [(424, 442)], [(447, 457)], [(394, 399), (458, 463), (481, 486), (1238, 1243)], [(611, 635)], [(687, 698)], [(708, 724)], [(1287, 1295)], [(1297, 1302)], [(1334, 1345)]]

HMS Fox, pennant number A320, was a Bulldog-class hydrographic survey ship of the British Royal Navy. ==References== ;Notes ;Bibliography * Baker, A. D. The Naval Institute Guide of Combat Fleets of the World 1998–1999. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press. . * Moore, John. Jane's Fighting Ships 1985–86. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1985. . Category:Bulldog-class survey vessels Category:Survey vessels of the Royal Navy Category:1967 ships Category:Ships built in Lowestoft

['Lowestoft', 'Bulldog-class survey vessel', 'Royal Navy']

['Q986007', 'Q4996706', 'Q172771']

[[(475, 484)], [(360, 387)], [(90, 100), (420, 430)]]

Royal Phnom Penh Airways was an airline based in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. It operated domestic services, as well as regional flights to Thailand out of Phnom Penh International Airport and Angkor International Airport, Siem Reap.Flight International 12–18 April 2005 == History == The airline was established on 24 October 1999 and began international services on 28 December 2000. It was wholly owned by Prince Norodom Chakrapong. It was planned to extend international services to Ho Chi Minh City, to China and to Singapore,People's Daily 2 January 2001 but the airline was shut down in 2004.World Airline Directory == Services == At closure, Royal Phnom Penh Airways operated the following services: Country City Airport Notes rowspan="5" Battambang Battambang Airport Phnom Penh Pochentong International Airport Ratanankiri Ratanankiri Airport Siem Reap Angkor International Airport Stung Treng Stung Treng Airport Bangkok Bangkok International Airport == References == ==External links== Category:Defunct airlines of Cambodia Category:Airlines established in 1999 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2004 Category:2004 disestablishments in Asia Category:Cambodian companies established in 1999

['Phnom Penh', 'Cambodia', 'Pochentong International Airport', 'Angkor International Airport', 'Thailand', 'Siem Reap', 'Flight International', 'Norodom Chakrapong', 'Ho Chi Minh City', 'China', 'Singapore', 'Battambang', 'Battambang Airport', 'Ratanankiri', 'Ratanankiri Airport', 'Stung Treng', 'Stung Treng Airport', 'Bangkok']

['Q1850', 'Q424', 'Q1054163', 'Q1054472', 'Q869', 'Q11711', 'Q1428742', 'Q4923558', 'Q1854', 'Q148', 'Q334', 'Q748336', 'Q2265750', 'Q747846', 'Q3496522', 'Q10859501', 'Q8215574', 'Q1861']

[[(6, 16), (49, 59), (149, 159), (649, 659), (770, 780)], [(61, 69), (1020, 1028), (1157, 1165)], [(781, 813)], [(186, 214), (856, 884)], [(133, 141)], [(216, 225), (846, 855)], [(226, 246)], [(409, 427)], [(480, 496)], [(501, 506)], [(514, 523)], [(740, 750), (751, 761)], [(751, 769)], [(814, 825), (826, 837)], [(826, 845)], [(885, 896), (897, 908)], [(897, 916)], [(917, 924), (925, 932)]]

Ridgeview is an unincorporated community in Dewey County, South Dakota, United States. Although not tracked by the Census Bureau, Ridgeview has been assigned the ZIP code of 57652. The community was so named for the elevated town site's location upon a drainage divide. ==References== Category:Unincorporated communities in Dewey County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

['South Dakota', 'ZIP code']

['Q1211', 'Q136208']

[[(58, 70), (338, 350), (390, 402)], [(162, 170)]]

Rutland is an unincorporated community in Lake County, South Dakota, United States. Rutland was laid out in 1906, and named after Rutland Township. Rutland is served by the Rutland School District, which has a single Pre-K through 12 school located in the town. ==References== Category:Unincorporated communities in Lake County, South Dakota Category:Unincorporated communities in South Dakota

['South Dakota']

['Q1211']

[[(55, 67), (329, 341), (381, 393)]]

The Shape of Jazz to Come is the third album by jazz musician Ornette Coleman. Released on Atlantic Records in 1959, it was his debut on the label and his first album featuring the working quartet including himself, trumpeter Don Cherry, bassist Charlie Haden, and drummer Billy Higgins.Litweiler, John. "II." Ornette Coleman: A Harmolodic Life. New York: W. Morrow, 1992. 67. Print. The recording session for the album took place on May 22, 1959, at Radio Recorders in Hollywood, California.Kaplan, Fred M. "Ch. 22 – The Shape of Jazz to Come." 1959: The Year Everything Changed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. 198–211. Print. Although Coleman initially wished for the album to be titled Focus on Sanity after the LP's fourth track, Atlantic producer Nesuhi Ertegun suggested the final title, feeling that it would give consumers "an idea about the uniqueness of the LP." In 2012, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry. The album was included in the Rolling Stone list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. AllMusic called it one of the 20 essential free jazz albums.Kelsey, C. Free Jazz: A Subjective History accessed August 25, 2011 The album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2015. ==Background== From 1948 to 1958, Coleman moved between New Orleans, Fort Worth, and Los Angeles, working various jobs and developing his own unique sound that was often met with hostility.Deveaux, Scott. "Jazz: W. W. Norton StudySpace." Chapter 15: The Avant-Garde. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2014 His unique approach to jazz initially made it difficult to make ends meet by playing music. While employed as an elevator operator in Los Angeles, he studied music theory and harmony and developed an idiosyncratic take on country blues and folk forms. Coleman's big break came in Los Angeles when he caught the attention of bassist Percy Heath and pianist John Lewis of the Modern Jazz Quartet. Lewis encouraged Coleman and his trumpeter Don Cherry to attend the Lenox School of Jazz (a seminal summer jazz education program) in Massachusetts in 1959, at which Lewis was the director. Lewis also secured Coleman a deal with Atlantic Records, who paid his tuition at the Lenox School of Jazz.Johnson, Martin. "Bluesy and Achingly Beautiful." The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, 18 Apr. 2009. Web. 06 Oct. 2014 Though both Coleman and Cherry were already rather accomplished by this point in their careers, Lewis wanted to use their attendance at the Lenox School of Jazz to generate buzz amongst jazz circles. Their presence at the school was not without friction amongst students and faculty alike, but in the end, their attending the school accomplished what Lewis hoped to achieve. After his stint at the Lenox School of Jazz, Coleman was booked by Lewis to play at the 1959 Monterey Jazz Festival in California.Litweiler, John. Ornette Coleman: A Harmolodic Life. New York: W. Morrow, 1992. 68–70. Print. These were all pivotal events in Coleman's career, who in June 1959 suggested to Nesuhi Ertegun, who handled Atlantic's jazz recordings, that he was considering abandoning music in order to study religion. Ertegun, confident of Coleman's potential, urged him to reconsider. ==Content== Coleman's quartet, like Gerry Mulligan's, was unusual in that it did not employ a chordal instrument such as a piano or guitar. Each composition contains a brief thematic statement, then several minutes of free improvisation, followed by a repetition of the main theme. While this resembles the conventional head-solo-head structure of bebop, it abandons the use of chord structures. The Shape of Jazz to Come found Coleman and his quartet elaborating on the sound and themes he had been developing throughout his career. One prominent feature of Coleman's signature sound was that he played a plastic Grafton saxophone, which some feel contributed to the harshness of his timbre. He coined the term "harmolodic", a combination of harmony, movement, and melody, to describe his philosophy of improvisation which heavily emphasized melody rather than harmony. It was early in his career, in an attempt to further emphasize focus on melody over harmony, that he stopped including a piano as a part of his ensembles. Coleman continues with this tradition on The Shape of Jazz to Come, dispensing with harmonic accompaniment and focusing solely on improvised melodies and variations on themes and motifs. Coleman had a unique approach to pitch as well. His use of microtonal intervals was central to his sound, and he even went as far as to suggest that the same pitch should sound different when played in different contexts, stating that "jazz is the only music in which the same note can be played night after night, but differently each time".Giddins, Gary, and Scott DeVeaux. Jazz. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 2009. Print. The album was a breakthrough and helped to establish the free jazz movement. Later avant-garde jazz was often very different from this, but the work helped to lay the foundation upon which much subsequent avant-garde and free jazz would be built. ==="Lonely Woman"=== The album contains one of the few Coleman compositions to achieve jazz standard status, "Lonely Woman". Coleman was moved to compose the song when, while on a lunch break from his job in a department store stock room in Los Angeles in the early 1950s, he came across a photograph of a woman in a gallery. Coleman describes the photograph as follows: > In the background there was everything you could imagine that was wealthy – > all in her background – but she was so sad. And I said, 'Oh my goodness. I > understand this feeling. I have not experienced this wealth, but I > understand the feeling.' I went home and wrote 'Lonely Woman'... I related > the condition to myself, wrote this song, and ever since it has grown and > grown and grown.Mandel, Howard. Miles, Ornette, Cecil Jazz Beyond Jazz. New > York: Routledge, 2008. Print. Fred Kaplan wrote: > 'Lonely Woman' begins with Haden playing a slow bass dirge. Higgins follows > with a fast drum riff (a pairing of slow bass and fast drums was unusual > enough). Then Coleman and Cherry, in unison, blow a sorrowful melody, both > of them bending notes, wailing, so naked with emotion that it still raises > shivers a half century later. After reciting the theme a couple times, > Coleman takes his solo, which wanders off in a different direction; if you > were expecting to hear an improvisation on harmony, it might seem like a > different song. But he's improvising on other aspects of the song, > especially its emotion. The other players do the same. Somehow it all hangs > together, and toward the end, they come back to the theme, come back down to > Earth, with aplomb. ==Reception and legacy== On November 17, 1959, shortly after the release of the album, Coleman's quartet began its residency at the Five Spot.Davis, Francis. "Ornette's Permanent Revolution." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, Sept. 1985. Web. 06 Oct. 2014 This engagement was arranged by John Lewis and was initially scheduled to last two weeks; it was eventually extended to months. The performances were well attended and generated controversy amongst attendees, critics, and jazz musicians alike. Some musicians and critics praised Coleman for an inventiveness not seen since the emergence of be-bop, including Charles Mingus, who said "It’s like organized disorganization or playing wrong right. It gets to you emotionally like a drummer." Others, including Miles Davis, were unimpressed by Coleman's music. The album was ranked number 246 in Rolling Stone magazine's 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The album's rank dropped to number 248 in the 2012 update of the list, and to number 417 in the 2020 update. The album was identified by Chris Kelsey in his AllMusic essay "Free Jazz: A Subjective History" as one of the 20 Essential Free Jazz Albums. In its ninth edition, The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album a "crown" accolade, in addition to a four star rating. The album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2015. Two outtakes from the session, "Monk and the Nun" and "Just for You", would later be released respectively on the 1970s compilations Twins and The Art of the Improvisers. ==Track listing== ==Personnel== * Ornette Coleman – alto saxophone * Don Cherry – cornet * Charlie Haden – bass * Billy Higgins – drums ==See also== *The Shape of Things to Come *The Shape of Punk to Come ==References== Category:1959 albums Category:Albums produced by Nesuhi Ertegun Category:Atlantic Records albums Category:Avant-garde jazz albums Category:Free jazz albums Category:Ornette Coleman albums Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings Category:United States National Recording Registry albums Category:Albums recorded at Radio Recorders

['Ornette Coleman', 'Radio Recorders', 'Avant-garde jazz', 'Atlantic Records', 'Nesuhi Ertegun', 'Charlie Haden', 'Billy Higgins', 'Hollywood, California', 'Library of Congress', 'National Recording Registry', 'Rolling Stone', 'AllMusic', 'New Orleans', 'Los Angeles', 'Percy Heath', 'Modern Jazz Quartet', 'Lenox School of Jazz', 'Gerry Mulligan', 'Grafton saxophone', 'The Penguin Guide to Jazz', 'Charles Mingus', 'Miles Davis', 'The Art of the Improvisers', 'The Shape of Things to Come', 'The Shape of Punk to Come']

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The Red River Valley and Western Railroad is a regional railroad operating in the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota. It began operations in 1987 in an era of railroad restructuring. Its of track, originally acquired from the Burlington Northern Railroad, included: * Wahpeton, North Dakota to Oakes, North Dakota * Breckenridge, Minnesota to Brushvale, Minnesota * Wahpeton, North Dakota to Casselton, North Dakota * Chaffee Junction, North Dakota to Chaffee, North Dakota * Casselton, North Dakota to Marion, North Dakota * Oakes, North Dakota to Jamestown, North Dakota * Horace, North Dakota to Independence, North Dakota * La Moure, North Dakota to Edgeley, North Dakota * Jamestown, North Dakota to Minnewaukan, North Dakota * Pingree, North Dakota to Regan, North Dakota * Carrington, North Dakota to Turtle Lake, North Dakota * Oberon, North Dakota to Esmond, North Dakota Shortly after it began operations, the Red River Valley and Western Railroad acquired a rail line between Oakes, North Dakota and Hecla, South Dakota from the Dakota, Minnesota, and Eastern Railroad. It abandoned of this rail line, beginning just south of Oakes, North Dakota, on September 7, 2001. Currently, the Red River Valley and Western Railroad owns and operates of trackage which includes: * Breckenridge, Minnesota to Brushvale, Minnesota * Wahpeton, North Dakota to Oakes, North Dakota * Wahpeton, North Dakota to Casselton, North Dakota * Chaffee Junction, North Dakota to Chaffee, North Dakota * Oakes, North Dakota to Jamestown, North Dakota * Horace, North Dakota to Independence, North Dakota * La Moure, North Dakota to Edgeley, North Dakota * Jamestown, North Dakota to Maddock, North Dakota * Pingree, North Dakota to Woodworth, North Dakota * Additional trackage rights on the BNSF Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway from Ransom Junction, North Dakota to Lucca, North Dakota, from Casselton, North Dakota to Jamestown, North Dakota, and from Breckenridge, Minnesota to Geneseo Junction, North Dakota The Red River Valley and Western Railroad is affiliated with the Twin Cities and Western Railroad and the Minnesota Prairie Line. Andrew Thompson is the chief executive officer of all three railroads. ==References== * AAR Railfan Club (2005), Railway Age Names Shortline, Regional Railroads of the Year. Retrieved March 10, 2005. * Red River Valley and Western Railroad (2005), Company Profile. Retrieved March 10, 2005. ==External links== * Red River Valley and Western official website Category:Minnesota railroads Category:North Dakota railroads Category:Regional railroads in the United States Category:Spin-offs of the Burlington Northern Railroad Category:Wahpeton, North Dakota

['North Dakota', 'Minnesota', 'United States', 'Burlington Northern Railroad', 'Hecla, South Dakota', 'BNSF Railway', 'Canadian Pacific', 'Twin Cities and Western Railroad', 'Minnesota Prairie Line']

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MK Airlines Ltd. was a cargo airline from Ghana (registered in the United Kingdom from 2006 onwards, with its headquarters in Hartfield, East Sussex),"Preserved airline website at web.archive.org" MK Airlines. Retrieved on 9 September 2010. which was operational between 1990 and 2010, concentrating on freight services to and from Africa. The airline routed most of its transported freight via its European bases at Gatwick Airport, Kent International Airport, Ostend–Bruges International Airport or Luxembourg- Findel International Airport. The African hub was located at OR Tambo International Airport, serving Johannesburg. ==History== thumb|An MK Airlines Boeing 747-200 at Filton Airfield (2004). Four days after this picture was taken, the aircraft was destroyed in the crash of Flight 1602. The airline was founded by Michael C. Kruger as MK Air Cargo d'Or in 1990 (MK stands for its founder's initials). Headquartered and registered in Ghana, a network of cargo flights with hubs at Kotoka International Airport and Gatwick Airport was set up, which was served with only one aircraft, a Douglas DC-8. In 1993, the MK Airlines branding was adopted. Between 1995 and 1996, the headquarters of the airline were located in Nigeria. From 1999 onwards, MK Airlines expanded its fleet with cargo configured Boeing 747-200 airliners. The last of its DC-8s was put out of service in 2006. In September 2006, MK Airlines was issued a new airline licence by the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority. In November 2007, plans for a rebranding of the airline as British Global were announced. The company had its airline code changed to BGB accordingly,Civil Aviation Authority Consumer Protection Group Official Record Series 2 Number 1836, 12 February 2008 (ISSN 0306-4654) but in March 2008, the rebranding was postponed indefinitely. Due to financial problems, MK Airlines had to suspend all flight operations on 10 June 2008, and went into administration. After an investment had been received from Trans Atlantic Aviation, a subsidiary of the Belfairs Group, a limited extent of operations could resume on 20 June of that year. Following a reorganization of the airline's funding, bankruptcy administration could be left on 24 June 2009. Plans for an acquisition of more fuel-efficient aircraft of the Boeing 747-400 type could not be realized. The financial burdens of the company could not be alleviated in the short term. On 9 April 2010, all operations ceased with surrender of the Air Operators Certificate to the UK CAA on the same day. An attempt was made to secure a company voluntary arrangement in order to be in a position to apply for a relaunch of operations. The CVA was successfully challenged by creditors as having been irregularly conducted and was rejected by the High Court of Justice on 5 October 2010. ==Fleet== Over the years of its existence, MK Airlines operated the following aircraft types: Aircraft Introduced Retired Douglas DC-8 Boeing 747-200 ==Accidents and incidents== *On 15 February 1992, an MK Air Cargo d'Or (as the company was called at that time) Douglas DC-8 (registered 9G-MKB) crashed and subsequently caught fire while approaching Kano Airport on a flight from London. The five persons on board survived the accident. *On 17 December 1996, an MK Airlines DC-8 (registered 9G-MKD) struck trees upon approaching Port Harcourt International Airport following a flight from Luxembourg. The pilots did not manage to perform a go-around, and the aircraft touched down without being fully controlled, causing it to veer off the runway, thus being destroyed beyond repair. The four crew members remained uninjured. *On 27 November 2001, another MK Airlines aircraft (this time a Boeing 747-200 registered 9G-MKI) crashed when descending to Port Harcourt completing a cargo flight from Luxemburg in bad weather on short final. Nigeria's Ministry of Aviation produced a Civil Aviation Accident Report (FMA/AIPB/389) which found the pilot was using a nonstandard final approach on autopilot below . Of the thirteen persons on board, one died in the ensuing fire. *The crash of Flight 1602 on 14 October 2004 with its seven fatalities marks the worst accident in the history of MK Airlines. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 747-200 registered 9G-MKJ, did not get airborne upon take-off from Halifax Stanfield International Airport following a fuel stop en route to Zaragoza, Spain. The runway was overshot, and the airliner broke up and burst into flames. There were no survivors. TSB investigation into the accident revealed that the crew had used a wrong aircraft weight for calculating the necessary take-off thrust. ==See also== * List of defunct airlines of the United Kingdom ==References== ==External links== * Category:Defunct airlines of the United Kingdom Category:Defunct airlines of Ghana Category:Airlines established in 1990 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2010 Category:Ghanaian companies established in 1990 Category:2010 disestablishments in Ghana

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A flag officer is a commissioned officer in a nation's armed forces senior enough to be entitled to fly a flag to mark the position from which the officer exercises command. The term is used differently in different countries: *In many countries, a flag officer is a senior officer of the navy, specifically those who hold any of the admiral ranks; the term may or may not include the rank of commodore. *In some countries, such as the United States, India, and Bangladesh it may apply to all armed forces, not just the navy. This means generals can also be considered flag officers. *In most Arab armies, liwa (Arabic: لواء), which can be translated as flag officer, is a specific rank, equivalent to a major general. However, "ensign" is debatably a more exact translation of the word. In principle, a flag officer commands several units called "flags" (or "ensigns") (i.e. brigades). ==General usage== The generic title of flag officer is used in many modern navies and coast guards to denote those who hold the rank of rear admiral or its equivalent and above, also called "flag ranks". In some navies, this also includes the rank of commodore. Flag officer corresponds to the generic terms general officer, used by land and some air forces to describe all grades of generals, and air officer, used by other air forces to describe all grades of air marshals and air commodores. A flag officer sometimes is a junior officer, called a flag lieutenant or flag adjutant, attached as a personal adjutant or aide-de-camp. ==Canada== In the Canadian Armed Forces, a flag officer (French: officier général, "general officer") is an admiral, vice admiral, rear admiral, or commodore, the naval equivalent of a general officer of the army or air force. It is a somewhat counterintuitive usage of the term, as only flag officers in command of commands or formations actually have their own flags (technically a commodore has only a broad pennant, not a flag), and army and air force generals in command of commands or formations also have their own flags, but are not called flag officers. Base commanders, usually full colonels, have a pennant that flies from the mast or flagpole on the base, when resident, or on vehicles that carry them.Canada – National Defence: A-AD-200-000/AG-000 The Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces, Chapter 14, Section 3. A flag officer's rank is denoted by a wide strip of gold braid on the cuff of the service dress tunic, one to four gold maple leaves over a crossed sword and baton, all beneath a royal crown, on epaulettes and shoulder boards; and two rows of gold oak leaves on the peak of the service cap.Canada - National Defence: "Navy Rank and Appointment Insignia: Navy " Since the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968, a flag officer's dress tunic had a single broad stripe on the sleeve and epaulettes. In May 2010 the naval uniform dark dress tunic was adjusted—exterior epaulettes were removed, reverting to the sleeve ring and executive curl-rank insignia used by most navies. commodores' uniforms display a broad stripe, and each succeeding rank receives an additional sleeve ring. There are no epaulettes on the exterior of the tunic, but they are still worn on the uniform shirt underneath.Note: The referenced website, above, has not yet been updated to reflect the change as of July 9, 2010. ==India== In the Indian Armed Forces, it is applied to brigadiers, major generals, lieutenant generals and generals in the Army; commodores, rear admirals, vice admirals and admirals in the Navy; and air commodores, air vice marshals, air marshals and air chief marshals in the Air Force. Each of these flag officers are designated with a specific flag. India's honorary ranks (five star ranks) are field marshal in the Army, Marshal of the Indian Air Force in the Air Force and admiral of the fleet in the Navy. A similar equivalence is applied to senior police officers of rank Deputy Inspector General (DIG), Inspector General (IG), Additional Director General (ADG) and Director General (DG). ==United Kingdom== In the United Kingdom, the term is only used for the Royal Navy, with there being a more specific distinction being between a "flag officer" and an "officer of flag rank". Formerly, all officers promoted to flag rank were considered to be "flag officers".See e.g.King's Regulations and Admiralty Instructions Volume I 1913., §192 The term is still widely used to refer to any officer of flag rank. Present usage is that rear admirals and above are officers of flag rank, but only those officers who are authorised to fly a flag are formally called "flag officers" and have different flags for different ranks of admiral. Of the 39 officers of flag rank in the Royal Navy in 2006, very few were "flag officers" with entitlement to fly a flag. For example, a Commander-in-Chief Fleet flies an admiral's flag whether ashore or afloat and is a "flag officer". The chief of staff (support), a rear admiral, is not entitled to fly a flag and is an "officer of flag rank" rather than a "flag officer". List of fleets and major commands of the Royal Navy lists most admirals who were "flag officers". A flag officer's junior officer is often known as "Flags". Flag Officers in the Royal Navy are considered as Rear-Admirals and above. Equivalent ranks in the British Army and Royal Marines are called general officer rather than flag officers, and those in the Royal Air Force (as well as the rank of air commodore) are called air officers, although all are entitled to fly flags of rank. ==United States== Captain was the highest rank in the United States Navy from its beginning in 1775 until 1857, when Congress created the temporary rank of flag officer, which was bestowed on senior Navy captains who were assigned to lead a squadron of vessels in addition to command of their own ship. This temporary usage gave way to the permanent ranks of commodore and rear admiral in 1862. The term "flag officer" is still in use today, explicitly defined as an officer of the U.S. Navy or Coast Guard serving in or having the grade of admiral, vice admiral, rear admiral, or rear admiral (lower half), equivalent to general officers of an army. In the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, the term "flag officer" generally is applied to all general officers authorized to fly their own command flags—i.e., brigadier general, or pay grade O-7, and above.Kapp, Lawrence. General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress , Congressional Research Service, February 18, 2016. As a matter of law, Title 10 of the United States Code makes a distinction between general officers and flag officers (general officer for the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force; flag officer for the Navy and Coast Guard). Non-naval officers usually fly their flags from their headquarters, vessels, or vehicles, typically only for the most senior officer present.Army Regulation 840-10, Flags, Guidons, Streamers, Tabards, and Automobile and Aircraft Plates Department of the Army Institute of Heraldry website on General Officer Flags In the United States all flag and general officers must be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Each subsequent promotion requires renomination and re-approval. For the Navy, each flag officer assignment is usually limited to a maximum of two years, followed by either reassignment, reassignment and promotion, or retirement. ==References== ==External links== * Compared US Armed Forces Flag Officer Personal Rank Flags Officer Category:Military ranks Category:Military terminology

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